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If just thinking about ticks makes you squeamish, then you'll want to stay away from Dolores Hill's lab in Beltsville, Maryland. There, in tiny glass vials and Styrofoam containers, Hill keeps several hundred blacklegged deer ticks, scientifically known as Ixodes scapularis.
A parasitologist for USDA's Agricultural Research Service, Hill collects the blood-sucking ticks as part of a 5-year project to biologically control the pests with microscopic roundworms, called nematodes.
Hill's goal is to formulate the worms into a product that could be sprayed in residential areas, like backyards, where homeowners can be bitten by ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. In 1996, the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, received more than 16,000 reports of the tickborne disease. Ninety percent came from the northeastern United States, where I. scapularis is most prevalent.
Humans aren't the tick's first choice of hosts. But suburban sprawl into wooded habitat has placed people in closer contact with white-tailed deer, the adult ticks' natural host and chief transportation source.
"If deer are feeding on azalea bushes at the back of your yard, that's where a female tick may drop off and lay her eggs. So that's also where you'd want to spray the nematodes," explains Hill, who is with the ARS Parasite Biology and Epidemiology Laboratory.
Her top tick-fighting recruits include nine strains of the nematode species Steinernema and four strains of Heterorhabditis. Both are well known to science, she says. While harmless to higher vertebrates (humans and livestock, for instance), the nematodes are renowned for attacking many insects pests.
"But few people have really looked closely at whether these nematodes will infect and kill ticks," says Hill. Ticks aren't insects, but arachnids--like mites, scorpions, and spiders.
Her studies show the worms may be most effective against adult female ticks, which lay as many 2,000 eggs. "If you find an engorged adult deer tick on you," says Hill, "it's most likely a female taking a blood meal so she can reproduce."
But tiny tick offspring are as much of a menace as grown adults.
This is especially true of the nymphs, a juvenile stage about the size of a pepper flake. They are more likely than adult ticks to transmit Lyme disease to humans, says Hill. Their tiny size allows nymphs to feed longer without being detected, giving them enough time to pass the Lyme bacterium into their host's bloodstream.
One tick-fighting strategy is to spray an infested area with an appropriate insecticide or acaricide. "But many people don't want to have those chemicals sprayed in their backyards," notes Hill.
Many of the tick-killing chemicals are toxic, and their use may have adverse environmental effects. They may also require repeat applications as new ticks are brought in by deer and other animals searching for food.
The nematodes could offer the advantage of sticking around longer, taking up residence in soil, leaf litter, or other places ticks seek shelter. "This may offer a new way of controlling these tick populations without affecting the environment," says Hill.
Her approach targets adult female ticks, to curb the size of the next generation of offspring. "We've studied nymphs, larvae, flat (unfed) adult ticks, and engorged (fed) females," says Hill. "So far, the only stage that is susceptible to the nematodes is the engorged adult female."
Getting the Wherewithal for Testing
For her research, Hill must first rear large numbers of the nematodes inside the bodies of greater wax moth larvae. She keeps these host insects in a sealed plastic container with oatmeal and other high-fiber cereals for food.
To extract the worms, researchers place the infected larvae in two petri dishes--one inside the other. After feeding inside their hosts, the worms crawl out of the larvae into the first petri dish and then into the second, which is filled with water. Hill then drains the water into another container and stores it at room temperature.
To test their ability to infect ticks, Hill adds either 500, 1,000, or 1,500 of the test nematodes to a petri dish containing five ticks. She uses the procedure with each tick growth stage.
Her tests show that adult females that have fed on blood are most vulnerable to nematode attack because feeding expands natural body openings. And the nematodes aren't picky about where they enter: It can be the tick's breathing holes (spiracles), mouth, anus, or genital pore.
The Steinernema nematodes, more so than the Heterorhabditis, rely on these openings. The latter species sports a short, sharp tooth it can use to gnaw through a tick's hard outer cuticle. This may give the toothy worm a slight advantage over Steinernema--especially in trying to penetrate the flat bodies of unfed ticks.
Hill has viewed Steinernema's unsuccessful attempts under a microscope. The unfed ticks, she says, "bat away the nematodes that are trying to get into them."
But engorged female ticks aren't so lucky. Once infected, death comes quickly. "Less than 50 nematodes will cause the death of fed females in 24 hours," notes Hill.
Interestingly, it's not the worms that kill the ticks. Rather, it's a species of symbiotic bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus that the nematodes carry in their gut. Once inside a tick, the worms release the bacteria, which in turn liquefy the tick's fat bodies and other tissues.
The nematodes then feed on this nutritious soup and mate, giving rise to tens of thousands of offspring, called infective juveniles. Once the nutrition source is exhausted, these juveniles leave the tick's body in search of a new host to infect.
Though successful in the lab, the true test of the nematodes' tick-killing prowess will come with outdoor studies. Hill is now planning several small experiments to that end at ARS' Beltsville (Maryland) Agricultural Research Center. Such tests will help in compiling data on where, when, and how best to apply the nematodes--and at what concentrations.
She also hopes to identify cold-hardy strains that can withstand fluctuating temperatures that characterize much of the East's fall, winter, and spring months. "Female ticks are abundant in the late fall and early spring," she says, "so you want to have nematodes capable of withstanding temperature extremes at those times of the year."
Plotting a Fungal Demise
Hill's colleague, ARS chemist Patricia C. Allen, is pursuing another form of biological tick control. Her approach calls on naturally occurring fungi that infect adult ticks--as well as nymphs, larvae, and eggs. Allen has already isolated several fungi from ticks that have died of natural causes in the Beltsville area and nearby Patuxent Wildlife Center.
Allen tests each new fungal isolate for production of a protease enzyme. This protein-degrading enzyme is essential to a fungus' penetration of a tick's outer protective cuticle.
To test the infectivity of a promising candidate fungus, the researcher dips healthy, live ticks into a preparation containing 100,000 to 1,000,000,000 fungal spores. She may also place the ticks in small plastic tubes with spore-treated paper wedges at the bottom. She maintains the tubes at room temperature with 100 percent humidity and observes the ticks daily for signs of fungal activity.
Allen and ARS colleague Gary Samuels have tentatively identified one of the most promising fungi as Gliocladium roseum. In one experiment, the microbe killed 70 percent of unfed ticks, compared to 100 percent killed by a well-known fungus--Metarhizium anisopliae--that Allen uses in her studies as a kind of benchmark to help gauge the infectivity of new isolates. Her research lays the groundwork for building an arsenal of tick-fighting microbes that could perhaps be deployed under varying environmental conditions.
"The ultimate aim of this research, however," says Allen, "is to develop a practical method of applying pathogenic fungi to the Lyme disease tick."
One possibility is to formulate fungal spores into a preparation that could be sprayed onto leaf litter, shrubs, or other vegetation where ticks wait for a passing host.
But first, says Allen, any new fungus with biocontrol potential would have to undergo toxicity tests to ensure human, animal, and environmental safety.
On another front, deer could bring ticks to their doom in a new, ARS-led experiment to fight Lyme disease. ARS and collaborating university scientists began the 5-year, USDA Northeast Regional Tick Control Project last fall at test sites in Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey. Maryland's participation in the project begins this spring, says entomologist John F. Carroll of ARS' Parasite Biology and Epidemiology Laboratory in Beltsville.
Carroll will coordinate the installation and use of 25 experimental deer-feeding stations on a 2-square-mile test site along Maryland's Baltimore-Washington corridor. The site will include residential areas, says Carroll, "because they typify situations where people are at risk of Lyme disease."
The stations, called four-posters, treat deer with amitraz, a chemical that kills ticks but doesn't harm the animals. Each station has a bin of corn and four upright rollers coated with amitraz. To get to the corn, deer must brush their head, neck, and ears against one of the rollers at the station's four corners.
ARS entomologist Mat Pound, engineer Allen Miller, and biological lab technician Craig LeMeilleur developed, tested, and patented the four-poster technology. They are at ARS' Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory in Kerrville, Texas.
In studies there, use of the four-posters controlled up to 97 percent of lone star ticks, which plague cattle and humans. [See "Ticked Off!" Agricultural Research, April 1994, p. 4.]
Carroll and other scientists participating in the Northeast project hope for similar success against I. scapularis. The project's goal: to reduce up to 90 percent of the tick population, especially nymphs, at each state's test site by August 2000.
Despite the use of insecticides, repellents, protective clothing, and other measures, blacklegged deer ticks continue to pose a serious public health concern--particularly in midwestern and northeastern states.
Hiking, hunting, and other outdoor recreational activities during spring and summer months also place humans at greater risk of contracting Lyme disease from infected nymphs. "The nymphs are out there at a time when people are engaged in activities that heighten their risk of exposure to ticks," says Carroll.
If the Northeast project is successful, the scientists will transfer the four-poster technology to public health officials, pest control experts, and others in Lyme-plagued communities.--By Jan Suszkiw, Agricultural Research Service Information Staff, 6303 Ivy Lane, Greenbelt, Maryland 20770, phone (301) 344-2173. ARS.
Dolores E. Hill, Patricia C. Allen, and John F. Carroll are at the USDA-ARS Parasite Biology and Epidemiology Laboratory, Bldg. 1040, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705-2350; phone (301) 504-8300, fax (301) 504-5306.
"Tackling Ticks That Spread Lyme Disease" was published in the March 1998 issue of Agricultural Research magazine. Click here to see this issue's table of contents. | <urn:uuid:be62a91e-3ca3-4b25-ad25-6e455d209ee3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/1998/mar/tick | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.939828 | 2,520 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Through implementation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) remarkable gains have been achieved in the management of HIV infection; nonetheless, the neurocognitive consequences of infection remain a pivotal concern in the cART era. Research has often employed norm-referenced neuropsychological scores, derived from healthy populations (excluding many seronegative individuals at high risk for HIV infection), to characterize impairments in predominately male HIV-infected populations.
Using matched-group methodology, we assessed 81 HIV-seropositive (HIV+) women with established neuropsychological measures validated for detection of HIV-related impairments, as well as additional detailed tests of executive function and decision-making from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB).
On validated tests, the HIV+ women exhibited impairments that were limited to significantly slower information processing speed when compared with 45 HIV-seronegative (HIV-) women with very similar demographic backgrounds and illness comorbidities. Additionally, select executive impairments in shifting attention (i.e., reversal learning) and in decision-making quality were revealed in HIV+ participants. Modifiers of neurocognition in HIV-infected women included detectable HIV plasma viral load, active hepatitis C virus co-infection, and self-reported depression symptoms. In contrast, leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of cellular aging, did not significantly differ between HIV+ and HIV- women, nor was LTL associated with overall neurocognition in the HIV+ group.
The findings suggest that well-managed HIV infection may entail a more circumscribed neurocognitive deficit pattern than that reported in many norm-referenced studies, and that common comorbidities make a secondary contribution to HIV-related neurocognitive impairments. | <urn:uuid:11cefdb4-9dcb-49f5-9308-d60e57519f78> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.telomerescience.com/select-neurocognitive-impairment-in-hivinfected-women-associations-with-hiv-viral-load-hepatitis-c-virus-and-depression-but-not-leukocyte-telomere-length-24595021.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.935443 | 383 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Beyond name or image recognition, there is more that Hitchcock did to build his brand. Before anything else was intentionally accomplished, it was important for Hitchcock to specialize quickly and stick to it. Other than Psycho and The Birds, the rest of Hitch’s films are suspense. And even Psycho and The Birds are suspenseful as well (but skew more towards the horror genre than suspense-thriller. Hitchcock specialized in the art of suspense. And you can learn more about this specific subject by reading the book Suspense with a Camera by Jeffrey Michael “the Hitchcock Whisperer” Bays. Having grown up in the silent film days, Hitchcock took the visual storytelling techniques used in those films and adapted them to “talkies.” Interestingly, while so many were turning visual films (a bit redundant since films should be visual) and including expansive dialogue (on the verge of sounding like a stage play), Hitch embraced the power of silence and minimalist dialogue that was truly an extension of the plot itself. The camera was the unspoken star of the movie.
Hitchcock was not only a master of suspense but was also a master at surrounding himself with talent. A quick glance over his prolific filmography (approx. 50 feature films plus many TV shows) reveals that he almost exclusively worked with the best talent on screen and behind the camera. Princess Grace Kelly, Janet Leigh, Jimmy Stewart, Carry Grant, Ingrid Bergman, Kim Novak, Tippi Hedron, Gregory Peck, and more. Hitchcock worked to forge relationships with the actors he wanted to work with. He made himself out to be someone they wanted to work with too. Of course, his reputation preceded him so many were predisposed to wanting to work with him even before meeting Hitch. This concept is referred to as branding by association. And you and I engage in this practice everyday on social media by following, commenting on, and tagging other users. We hope to be noticed, or we make ourselves someone that other influencers want to engage with. If you do all these actions under your name, then you are building your brand.
Creating engaging content, in which you are specialized, without knowing your audience can end in a lackluster performance. As a former marketing and sales professional, Hitch knew that he needed to identify his target audience to craft a story that would instantly resonate in a call to action (i.e. buying tickets). Through his studies and experience in marketing research and development, he knew how the human imagination worked and what cinematic elements would impact the audience most. Hitch started with the end result he wanted and worked backwards. Researchers call this inductive reasoning. By approaching his films this way, Hitch knew that the elements he chose to use and the method by which to execute them, he would achieve the desired result. The end result points us back to the “specialization’ step in the branding process because Hitch mastered the art of suspense with a camera evident in his ability to achieve it consistently. No one knew his audience better than Hitchcock did.
Although all the steps in Hitch’s branding process are vitally important, one step stands out in particular as perhaps the most important element. Take credit for your work. In no director today–or ever, really–have I witnessed a better and more entertaining example of taking credit for one’s work than Hitchcock. Between his famous cameo appearances and his show running of his title television program, which is largely what is responsible for making him a household name outside of cinephiles and film buffs, Hitchcock injected himself into our theatres and living rooms. And it’s that TV show’s opening that made the nine stroke profile sketch of Hitch world famous. In addition to taking credit for ones own work, there is also a need to allow others to promote you. And that’s where the critics and television hosts come in. Because of Hitch’s sense of humor and his mastery of cinematic storytelling, he was always a crowd favorite. Even though he never won an Academy Award (though, nominated several times), he was bestowed other awards in the US and UK. In fact, he was knighted by the Queen! So, we really should address him as Sir Alfred Hitchcock.
When many writers and directors were going full-talkie after Warner Bros. The Jazz Singer, in order to stand out from the crowd, Hitch made the decision to hold back on dialogue. Sometimes, Hitch would even have extended periods of near silence to place emphasis on the visual aspects of the conflict. Hitch described this practice of holding back on the dialogue, as holding back your cards. Using a poker game analogy, don’t lay all your cards on the table. Hitch desired to add multiple layers of conflict or dramatic irony to each scene. This process layers the story by adding new dimension to the conflict and dramatic irony. Hitchcock made it a point to guide the audience through the story versus telling them what was happening. Practices like this reinforce the idea of the Hitchcock brand.
Hitchcock’s mastery of suspenseful cinematic storytelling is demonstrated through his lack of detail-giving throughout his stories, whether we are talking his films or television shows. This action contributes to just why his films and shows are brilliant! In many ways, Hitch provides opportunities for the audience to figuratively contribute to the dialogue in the films. There is a high degree of anticipation as the audience does throughout the story; and it’s this heightened sense of anticipation that contributes to to engagement factor. Again, it may seem that there are other directors who have also done this, but Hitchcock was the first. And this is part of his brand.
What sets Hitchcock apart from his contemporaries as the first director to brand himself, is the important step of the branding process that requires the content, service, or product creator to elevate the product or service to an art form. We have plenty of examples of this today such as Apple, Lego, Disney, and yes even Michael Bay. Think about it. As soon as I mention Michael Bay, you instantly form an image of his style of motion pictures to mind. Furthermore, you know precisely what you are going to get (and not get) and you’re guaranteed to get more than two hours of explosions, homophobia, over-sexualization of women, lack of coherent plot, car chases and more. In fact, the concept of an explosion is synonymous with Michael Bay; it is his brand, so to speak. Hitchcock accomplished creating his brand decades before Bay. Whether talking about Hitchcock films today or back when they were first-run movies, the general public knew precisely what they were going to get with a Hitchcock film. Interestingly, this is why Psycho was such a big deal because Hitch broke some of his own rules to redefine the American horror film. And it’s this breaking of cinematic rules that made the film a success then and now.
Just because you have a logo, a recognizable name, and a record of successes, that does not mean that you are a brand. It’s like this: just because you have all the ingredients to make that fancy dish you had at that exclusive restaurant, that does not mean you can replicate the dish. You need the recipe that details the order and amounts. That is not unlike becoming a brand in the art and science of motion pictures. Part of being a brand goes beyond the product or service in which you have demonstrated specialization; you have to take all the respective elements of brand building, and then create an experience for the audience. Motion picture director branding is experiential. More than a couple hours of exceptional entertainment, the audience desires greatly to experience the director’s vision. Through his understanding of audience, Hitchcock knew how to activate movie goers and create an emotional connection between his name and image and what they desire for the best cinematic experience possible.
While the knowledge for motion picture producers and directors to use logos, color pallet, typography, iconography, design, and imagery strategically was not new with Hitchcock, he was the first director in Hollywood to combine the power of all those elements and the others that have been mentioned in this essay. Separately, each of the aforementioned elements can be influential tools; but combined, they are extremely powerful for developing a brand.
Ryan is a screenwriting professor at the University of Tampa. If you like this article, check out the others and FOLLOW this blog!
Thrillz (theme parks): Thrillz.co | <urn:uuid:86d68694-9613-469b-a7c0-c0f8c8cabec1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rlterryreelview.com/tag/marketing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.973079 | 1,752 | 1.640625 | 2 |
While there are times when it is appropriate, desirable and prudent to make those comparisons and even borrow the imagery and words of some of our leaders like Dr. King and others to highlight those similarities, there are times when it is not contextually appropriate or historically incorrect to do so.
In a recent press release by NYTRO (New York Transgender Rights Organization) protesting a June 12 drag show done by Westchester County, NY legislators at a White Plains, NY seniors home, NYTRO State Director Joann Prinzivalli stated,
"The Westchester County legislature has failed for nearly eight years to amend the county human rights law to explicitly protect transgender people ... It is shocking to see county legislators who have dragged their feet on this vital issue doing the equivalent of a KKK blackface show to mock my people."
Joann, while I have much respect for you and the work you've done in the New York area over the years, that 'equivalent of a KKK blackface show' comment was not only an incorrect application of the history of blackface, but went a tad overboard.
If you really want to see an example of a blackface drag show, check out any Shirley Q. Liquor performance by Chuck Knipp near you.
Oops, you'll probably have to check it out on the Net, since he's had a penchant for getting them protested or shut down on a regular basis. As a matter of fact, there was one that was shut down on Martin Luther King Day in New York back in 2002.
Jasmyne Cannick, myself, and a long list of African-American GLBT peeps, our straight African-American and other allies have since 2002 complained, written columns and numerous blog posts about this nouveau minstrel show that many white GLBT peeps for some strange reason find funny. There's even a banshireyqliquor.com website.
It's a mild irritant to me as the child and godchild of historians and a back-to-back champion History Prep Bowler when my people's history is quoted incorrectly or used out of context.
Blackface minstrel shows of the 1830's, popularized by Thomas D. Rice and his minstrel character Jim Crow were originated by white men who used burnt cork, greasepaint or shoe polish to darken their skin. Their acts, like Chucky's, centered around the caricature of African-American people as lazy, overly-cheerful, uneducated and musical.
Those portrayals not only led to negative perceptions of African-Americans that persist today, but also led to a wide array of 'Darkie' products that perpetuated the negative image deep into the 20th century.
The Rev. Jesse Jackson Sr. went to Japan in the late 80's to protest a leading department store there that had mannequins with bulging eyes and large protruding lips. There was a brand of toothpaste sold in the Asian market called Darkie that changed its packaging and name to Darlie in 1985 after its parent company was bought by Colgate and civil rights groups here in the US protested the name and logo.
While I feel you and deplore what the Westchester County legislators did in terms of dragging their feet (pardon the pun) on passing transgender rights and feeling the need to mock transgender people at the same time, that's not a blackface drag show.
The Westchester County legislators, unlike Chucky, aren't doing repeat performances of it, nor are they selling demeaning products on a website designed to profit from the image they created. It's simply a drag performance that was in very poor taste and it's not correct to call it the 'equivalent of a KKK blackface show'. | <urn:uuid:3dca32e2-0c2c-403d-bc50-5ad861b7a504> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://transgriot.blogspot.com/2008/06/umm-joann-this-is-blackface-drag-show.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720468.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00488-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962572 | 774 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Americans' confidence in religious institutions has hit an all-time low, with only 44 percent expressing a "great deal" of confidence in organized religion, according to a new Gallup survey.
This follows a downward trend since the 1970s, when 68 percent of Americans had a high degree of confidence.
Gallup cites two big blows to confidence in organized religion: 1980s scandals involving televangelists like Jim Bakker and the Catholic sex abuse scandal in the 2000s.
Perhaps as an outgrowth of the abuse scandal, Catholics lag far behind Protestants in their confidence in the church, by a margin of 10 percentage points.
But the scandals of recent decades, and the ensuing lack of confidence in organized religion, are not necessarily affecting the importance of religion in peoples' lives, Gallup finds.
"While various sex abuse scandals involving U.S. clerics have likely played a role in Americans' growing skepticism about the church and organized religion, the decline in confidence does not necessarily indicate a decline in Americans' personal attachment to religion," writes Lydia Saad of Gallup. "The percentage of Americans saying religion is very important in their lives has held fairly steady since the mid-1970s, after dropping sharply from 1952 levels."
It's also worth noting that organized religion is far from the only institution in which Americans are losing confidence. Americans also are souring on schools, banks and television news, according to Gallup's survey.
sounds like it's time for a new religion, or at least a reboot of the current ones. Buddy Christ anybody? | <urn:uuid:4766f810-5c38-4500-8446-4dccbe8cfedf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://gamingtrend.com/forums/political-religious-nonsense/christie-makes-fun-of-fat-jokes/?prev_next=prev | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00431-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953785 | 313 | 1.9375 | 2 |
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If you are looking for the best way to learn math, you should try a course online that features interactive learning. These lessons are a better way to learn than a ten-minute video. You can also learn math by watching videos of mathematics in action, such as juggling, dancing, and playing soccer. These math courses are designed with active engagement in mind, so you can start with them immediately. They also come with no prerequisites and can be completed over a long weekend.
The Learn Math Fast System starts with addition and takes students from the very basics to high school geometry. It is an excellent option for beginners because it helps students add numbers mentally. Once they master this skill, they will have an easier time solving larger multiplication problems. Students will also develop self-confidence as they master new skills. This way, they will not have to worry about failing math tests or failing in class. And when they feel that they are not up to the challenge, they can turn to the Learn Math Fast System for assistance.
While math homework is useful for anyone, it is especially helpful for younger children. The best arithmetic sites offer easy-to-follow instructions, use more images than text, and let students practice with numbers. Those whose primary objective is to learn theory or history should avoid sites that do not focus on practice and theory. So, the best math websites provide practical guidance for children and adults of all ages. The best math resources are available right at your fingertips.
The programs also come with an array of tools for teachers. The Plus Teacher Toolkit includes downloadable worksheets, big books, and lesson plans. The free math resource also has a forum where students can interact with teachers about math concepts and problems. This is also useful for teachers who want to incorporate social and emotional learning into their lessons. If you’re looking for a math course that is both entertaining and educational, you should consider checking out Desmos.
You can also check out Khan Academy, a free math website that allows users to track their progress. These tutorials are customizable and available by grade level and subject. They are also standards-based. Homeschoolers should choose these sites to learn math online. It’s important to know that math can be challenging for some people. Nonetheless, the Khan Academy website is an excellent choice for parents and teachers who want to provide their children with a great learning environment.
Another online math program that combines fun learning activities and interactive activities is Mathseeds. This program is highly personalized and designed for elementary students. It also offers in-built reports to measure the student’s progress. Mathseeds is especially appealing for young children in grades K-3. Its child-friendly design and easy-to-follow lessons make it an ideal choice for young learners. It also provides a curriculum matrix and a detailed learning plan.
Calling Canada – How to Learn Math Online At Home
If you’re looking for a great way to learn mathematics, then you’ve come to the right place. This article provides a few tips and tricks to get you started. You’ll learn about the different aspects of number sense, including its relationships and rules, as well as the factorial system and the rules governing the division of numbers. If you’re looking for a math tutor online, you’ve come to the right place.
The ability to count with understanding is a critical number skill. Along with mastering counting, children must learn how to perceive subgroups. Different mental strategies are triggered when given objects in varying configurations. For example, six stamps in a group of four prompts a child to think that four and two make six. However, different mental strategies may be used for the same object. To help children develop number sense, consider providing opportunities for your child to practice number sense by asking him or her a question related to the concept.
Good number sense develops early on. Children with strong number sense can manipulate numbers in different ways and can estimate the answer before calculating. They can spot patterns and connections among numbers and can predict what will happen next. Developing number sense helps children understand more complex math concepts. These activities are easily adapted for children of various ages. Moreover, children benefit from activities that help them see and compare numbers in natural ways.
Learning math facts without number sense is counterproductive and can lead to a wide range of classroom practices. Ineffective teaching methods such as speed pressure, timed testing, and blind memorization may result in poor learning outcomes. High-achieving students are capable of developing number sense through the process of connecting abstract numbers with concrete examples. They can also develop their number sense by practicing counting games. These games can help your child develop number sense even from early grades.
Calling Canada – Number relations
If you’re looking for a fun way to learn mathematics, number relations could be the perfect choice. This online course features videos from professor Jo Boaler, and includes problem-solving activities and demonstrations. The videos also feature examples of math in action, such as juggling and dance. The pedagogy behind this course is centered on active engagement and no prerequisites. But before you can begin learning, you need to take a look at the course description.
A strong verbal representation of quantities and relationships is essential for students with dyslexia. Most people develop a visual-spatial mental representation. For students with dyslexia, however, it can be challenging to create consistent, descriptive verbalizations. The language that they use to express mathematical procedures is also important. This requires a lot of patience. But once they have established a verbal representation, they can begin to apply math procedures and written computations.
To understand the motivation of a student for learning mathematics, it’s crucial to understand their interests. In order to develop a good self-concept, students need to understand their own learning style. Whether you want to learn through a textbook or study online, it’s essential to understand how the learning style works best for you. And once you understand your own learning style, you’ll find that number relations are a natural choice for online math studies.
The best way to learn Divisibility rules is to practice using them. Try playing the Divisibility Challenge game to review these rules with your students. You can choose from several different types of cards and practice which number is divisible by two. You can also try the game with your interactive whiteboard or 1:1 classroom devices. You can even learn Divisibility rules online at home with the help of a teacher. Whether you use a teacher’s whiteboard or a computer, learning the rules can be a great way to reinforce this concept in your home.
For a home learning option, try a divisibility rules PowerPoint that is well structured and includes practice activities for children to complete. You can find a variety of slides on the topic on different websites. You can even create a worksheet from a PowerPoint presentation. You can easily modify and add your own activities for your students to practice. Learning Divisibility rules online will be a great way to reinforce what you’re teaching to your child.
A lesson on divisibility will provide a solid foundation for your child’s mathematics education. Understanding how numbers are broken down will help them reason better, solve problems, and understand the process of mathematics. Using divisibility rules will help your child gain a deeper understanding of numbers, so they can use these rules to their advantage. They are also useful when it comes to comparing numbers and understanding the relationships between them.
When you’re learning math online, you may encounter the term factorial. Factorials are questions about numbers that involve the sum of all possible outcomes of an event. To find a factorial, you multiply the number of possible events by one-half, then add two to each other. You can also find factorials as a part of a problem-solving program. Using these resources can help you master this difficult concept.
One useful tool to learn Factorials is the Full Precision Calculator. It allows you to perform calculations with much higher precision. You’ll be able to learn math facts faster using this program than ever before. Using a full-precision calculator will help you calculate even more precisely. The universe is thought to contain 60 million atoms, or the number Googol, which is a single digit followed by one hundred zeros.
Graphing calculators are useful tools for learning math. They can be used for a variety of purposes and can provide more data than paper and pen. A graphing calculator can also be used to manipulate data and can make it easier for students to finish their homework in a timely manner. There are several benefits to using a graphing calculator for learning math online at home. The following are just a few of the reasons why.
The TI-84 Plus CE is the best all-around graphing calculator. It features a high-resolution color display, rechargeable batteries, and most popular applications pre-loaded. The Casio PRIZM FX-CG50 is an affordable option. It has a high-resolution screen and picture plot technology. It also offers a simple, intuitive menu. This calculator is recommended for students who do not need advanced functions.
Graphing calculators are ideal for students who do not have extensive math background. They allow students to perform calculations quickly, with ease, and they are easy to use. They can also be used to connect different mathematical models, which helps students develop their skills. The sixth purpose of graphing calculators is still to aid students with problem-solving. This will require future studies, but they are already useful for learning math online at home.
Zearn Math Learning
Zearn Math is a leading e-learning and educational technology company. Its curriculum covers all subject areas, grades, and standards, including math, social studies, science, and more. With more than 300,000 registered teachers and students in the U.S., Zearn Math’s curriculum has been used by one-third of the nation’s public school children. Its innovative approach enables you to tailor the curriculum to your child’s needs.
Zearn Math focuses on continuous diagnostic assessment to provide individualized math practice sets. It also makes recommendations based on discrete math skills and includes explanations, practice problems, and ongoing assessment. With the flexibility to select the assignments, Zearn Math enables both students and teachers to monitor their progress. Its math software is compatible with most computers and tablets, allowing both parents and teachers to access the same content without needing to leave the comfort of home.
IZearn Math offers a variety of supplemental math content for students in grades PK-12. Grade-level math content includes practice problems, explanations, and more. The interactive format allows parents and teachers to monitor progress through feedback, and Zearn Math also provides personalized learning experiences based on the diagnostic assessment results. By providing interactive content and motivational awards, Zearn Math is an excellent way to boost children’s math skills. | <urn:uuid:9823451e-e68f-4fb5-9a55-668980a6bc21> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://truecallingcanada.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.942797 | 2,287 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Life on the ‘home front’ topic of Fort Devens Museum talk
DEVENS — What were people doing and thinking on the “home front” as the Second World War raged in Europe and the Pacific with Americans fully involved from late 1941 well into 1945? A panel of individuals who grew up in that at-war era will reminisce at Fort Devens Museum on Saturday, Dec. 19, at 1 p.m. about how their lives were affected by it all.
If you have vivid memories of growing up then too or if you learned about the war from older relatives or if you’re growing up now several decades after it happened, come to hear what home life was like during this pivotal time period, the better to understand the times and where we are in the world today.
Each speaker will offer his or her own perspective: One talking about growing up quite near Fort Devens, others speaking of their lives lived closer to Boston, and still another sharing memories of the West Coast. Hopefully women as well as men will be telling their story. And for contrast, expect to hear from one who grew up in an occupied country, Belgium, during the war.
The Fort Devens Museum is located at 94 Jackson Road, Devens, on the third floor and is wheelchair accessible. This program is free and open to the public with donations appreciated. For more information please call 978-772-1286 or email email@example.com.
Boy Scouts plan gift wrapping fundraiser
TOWNSEND — Eight Troop 81 Boy Scouts accepted to The Philmont Scout Ranch in New Mexico for a July 2016 trek are planning fundraisers to offset the $2,500 each must raise for the trip.
Bring holiday gifts to Father Mealy Hall, 1 School St., on Dec. 20, noon to 5 p.m. for gift wrapping in exchange for a donation.
If you have no gifts to wrap and would like to make a donation you may send them to Troop 81 Townsend, Philmont Crew, 1 School Street, Townsend, Mass. 01469. For more information contact firstname.lastname@example.org
Festival of Lessons and Carols planned for Christmas Eve
AYER — The year, St. Andrew’s Episcopal Church, Ayer, will present the traditional Anglican Festival of Lessons and Carols as its Christmas Eve service at 10 p.m.
The public is invited. Visitors and newcomers are welcome. This service tells of the fall of humanity, the promise of a Messiah, and the birth of Jesus through nine Scripture readings. Each reading is followed by a choir anthem and congregational carol. Choir anthems will include: “O Magnum Mysterium;” John Rutter’s, “All Bells In Paradise,” and “Whence Is That Goodly Fragrance Flowing;” the congregation will join the choir in all the great Christmas carols. Organ and piano will be joined by a heavenly ensemble of violin, cello, flute, and harp
Most Americans know of this uplifting musical tradition via the annual broadcast of the King’s College Choir in Cambridge England broadcast all over the world by the BBC. Come and experience it in person.
St. Andrew’s Choir is directed by Daesik Cha. Daesik a PhD candidate in Musicology at Brandeis College has studied organ at The Cincinnati Conservatory of Music and piano at The Netherlands Royal School of Music. In addition to serving at organist and choirmaster at St. Andrew’s, Daesik is a music instructor at MIT.
Holy Communion will be also offered as part of the service. All are welcome to receive this Sacrament. Please join us at St. Andrew’s in this wonderful tradition.
Townsend Rod and Gun Club plans archery leagues
TOWNSEND — The Townsend Rod and Gun Club is sponsoring two archery leagues this winter. They will be held at the club’s indoor archery range, at 46 Emery Road, Townsend, off Rt. 13. Pre-registration is necessary.The slots fill up quickly, so don’t delay!
The Friday night 7 p.m. archery league begins Jan. 8, and runs through March 11. The cost is $60. To sign up, or if you have questions, call Ron at 978-764-6941.
The Saturday morning, 9 a.m. archery league begins Jan. 9, and runs through March 26. The cost is $72. To sign up, or if you have questions, call Jon at 978-597-2440. | <urn:uuid:29b14abf-8fc9-46a8-ae3b-ff032b924036> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nashobavalleyvoice.com/2015/12/11/news-briefs-34/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.949358 | 982 | 1.820313 | 2 |
One of the things that I am constantly reminded of, and need to remind myself of, is that like any sport shooting is a set of skills that are built upon. You have to have a solid grounding in the fundamentals and be able to execute them consistently every time.
Shooting like, hockey, or golf demands your ability to be able to execute multiple activities concurrently. As an example, if you have to concentrate on skating your passing and shooting will suffer. If you to concentrate on puck handling, your passing and maneuverability suffer.
I ran across this video from the MGM Junior camp from 2012. The drills here are a notch above fundamentals (grip, sight alignment, trigger press, reloading, etc.) but they are some great tools to develop some intermediate skills, and the reasoning behind why the techniques work. A great reminder of why and how we position ourselves for specific shots. It’s a little long but there is some good stuff here. | <urn:uuid:e5b8df8c-fb9f-488a-b0e1-0c9e1e2c7c63> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://havoc-five.com/fundamentals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.952027 | 195 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Temple launched a new program today to give kids dental care, and educate families on why a healthy mouth is important.
Project ENGAGE won't just work through clinics, but will also include home visits, making the program unique.
The home visits will reinforce good dental habits, as well as providing information on healthy eating and other programs offering free dental care.
Many of those programs are under-used, even though there is a significant need for care.
Right now, only 30 per cent of the area's kids see a dentist on a regular basis.
Dr. Amid Ismaili, the dean of the Temple Dental School, says, "2 out of 5 children aged zero to 5 have dental decay.
He adds, "No child should have dental decay. This disease can be prevented."
The program will also guide families to other free help.The program is being funded with a $1 million dollar grant from United Health Foundation and another $750,000 from UnitedHealthcare. | <urn:uuid:49bb2fed-7344-40d6-9488-76a239900855> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://6abc.com/archive/8990447/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00124-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952714 | 204 | 2.8125 | 3 |
|Grammar to automation translation at runtime (NOT at compile time)? firstname.lastname@example.org (2003-05-14)|
|Re: Grammar to automation translation at runtime (NOT at compile t email@example.com (2003-05-18)|
|Re: Grammar to automation translation at runtime (NOT at compile t firstname.lastname@example.org (2003-05-18)|
|Re: Grammar to automation translation at runtime (NOT at compile t email@example.com (Oliver Zeigermann) (2003-05-18)|
|From:||Oliver Zeigermann <firstname.lastname@example.org>|
|Date:||18 May 2003 23:53:53 -0400|
|Posted-Date:||18 May 2003 23:53:53 EDT|
> I can load a XML schema (can be compared to grammar) and validate a
> XML document dynamically. I understand this is possible in XML
> because of the standardization of syntax (since XML is a meta
> language) and parser reuse at meta language/language level for XML
> based languages. This important syntactic standradization makes
> dynamic XML validation (in the sense of a language conforming to a
> grammar) possible. I could be wrong if XML schemas are refused to
> be considered as a grammar but then there are many XML validation
> technologies are available.
Well, although neatly disguised you can only define regular languages
with XML DTDs or schemas. Construction of Finite State Automatons from
regular grammars is thoroughly understood and very efficient
algorithms exist for it.
> Therefore, my question is if there is any thought/effort to make the
> grammar to automation (a computational service) make available at run
> time? I am interested in CFG based generators (current impls are
> JavaCC, ANTLR).
I think the main problem is speed. The best known algorithm to contruct
a parser for a random CFG has polynomial time complexity. The trick
ANTLR, YACC, etc. use is to restrict the set of allowed grammars from CF
to LL(k) resp. LALR(1). Although construction of those parsers is not
linear in general, actually parsing with them is.
Return to the
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Summary and Info
Investment Valuation Tools and Techniques for Determining the Value of Any Asset Valuation is at the heart of every investment decision, whether that decision is to buy, sell, or hold. But the pricing of any financial asset has become a more complex task in modern financial markets. Now completely revised and fully updated to reflect changing market conditions, Investment Valuation, Second Edition, provides expert instruction on how to value virtually any type of asset–stocks, bonds, options, futures, real assets, and much more. Noted valuation authority and acclaimed NYU finance professor Aswath Damodaran uses real-world examples and the most current valuation tools, as he guides you through the theory and application of valuation models and highlights their strengths and weaknesses. Expanded coverage addresses: Valuation of unconventional assets, financial service firms, start-ups, private companies, dot-coms, and many other traditionally valued assets Risk in foreign countries and how best to deal with it Using real option theory and option pricing models in valuing business and equity The models used to value different types of assets and the elements of these models How to choose the right model for any given asset valuation scenario Online real-time valuations that are continually updated A perfect guide for those who need to know more about the tricky business of valuation, Investment Valuation, Second Edition, will be a valuable asset for anyone learning about this critical part of the investment process. | <urn:uuid:c12286cd-10a3-4bdb-9542-adc56fbed5b8> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://libdl.ir/book/38539/investment-valuation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720941.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00519-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922896 | 290 | 1.765625 | 2 |
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Adding a touch of green to your work space carries proven wellness benefits, from boosting productivity to purifying the air. But windowless cubicles and wacky watering schedules can bring most plant varieties to an early demise.
Which makes picking the perfect office plant challenging.
Avoid getting stuck with a sad plant cemetery on your desk by choosing one of these air-cleaning, mood-boosting varieties that are also nearly impossible to kill.
For a little extra guidance, click through to the last page for a list of plant-at-your-own-risk picks you should skip at work.
The 5 Best Office Plants
Spider plant. Image Source: Flickr – Kathryn Rotondo
1. Spider plant
Perfect for high shelves and hanging baskets, the low-maintenance spider plant thrives in partial sun or shade – making it ideal for your cubicle or windowless office.
As an added bonus, spider plants carry loads of benefits for improving indoor air quality and reducing stress at work, as noted by researchers from the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
A report published by the university’s Cooperative Extension Service cited the humble spider plant as one of the top varieties for removing VOCs and other pollutants from indoor air.
Air-cleansing plants also boost relative humidity and decreases particulate matter (aka dust), which can have a relaxing effect on workers and reduce common allergy symptoms, according to the report.
Indoor air pollution is a major problem in many offices and the spider plant is highly effective in cleaning that air. This makes the spider plant our number one office plant pick!
Care instructions: Plant your spider plant in a size-appropriate pot or hanging basket with rich potting soil. This pick is resilient enough to withstand infrequent watering and thrive with little more than fluorescent light. But if you notice droopy or brown leaves, simply move your plant to a brighter location for a few days to bring it back to its full glory.
Short on time but need some new office plants? Order a bundle of the four best air cleaning plants.
Lemon Balm. Image Source: Flickr/Quinn Dombrowski
2. Lemon Balm
Super-fragrant lemon balm plants can tolerate full sun or full shade, meaning they’ll be happy even if the nearest window is all the way across the office. In addition to being seriously hardy, research suggests that having a lemon balm plant around may also improve your mood and boost workplace wellness.
An Ohio State University study showed that while the scent of lemon doesn’t carry the medicinal healing properties touted by some aromatherapy proponents, its sweet smell did show a clear mood enhancement. So, for the often stressful office environment, it certainly couldn’t hurt.
Care instructions: Plant your lemon balm in a size-appropriate pot with good drainage and rich potting soil. Your plant will thrive in almost any light conditions but it should be kept moist, so don’t forget to water it!
Order a live lemon balm plant.
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Photo Gallery: Parris Island keeps recruits busy before sunrise [Image 2 of 8]
PARRIS ISLAND, SC, UNITED STATES
Rct. Caleb Lang, left, and Rct. Jordan Fisher, help clean the floor Dec. 10, 2013, on Parris Island, S.C. Recruits clean the barracks every morning and learn how cleanliness reflects their discipline as a unit. Lang, 18, from Cincinnati, and Fisher, 20, from Dayton, Ohio, are scheduled to graduate with Platoon 3009, India Company, 3rd Recruit Training Battalion, on Feb. 14, 2014. Parris Island has been the site of Marine Corps recruit training since Nov. 1, 1915. Today, approximately 20,000 recruits come to Parris Island annually for the chance to become United States Marines by enduring 13 weeks of rigorous, transformative training. Parris Island is home to entry-level enlisted training for 50 percent of males and 100 percent of females in the Marine Corps. (Photo by Cpl. Caitlin Brink)
||PARRIS ISLAND, SC, US
||CINCINNATI, OH, US
||DAYTON, OH, US
This work, Photo Gallery: Parris Island keeps recruits busy before sunrise [Image 1 of 8], by Sgt Caitlin Brink, identified by DVIDS, is free of known copyright restrictions under U.S. copyright law.
MORE LIKE THIS | <urn:uuid:f611a57a-8ecd-4a61-9595-79a9f79fb013> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.dvidshub.net/image/1141505/photo-gallery-parris-island-keeps-recruits-busy-before-sunrise | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00568-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.846988 | 295 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Edited by Fr Peter Joseph
With a foreword by Cardinal George Pell, this book is a revised and enlarged version of the biography of Edmund Campion written in 1867 by George Simpson, a convert from Anglicanism. It is regarded as the definitive account of this English saint's life.
687 pages - Hardback - $60.90
Benedict XVI and Cardinal Newman
Edited by Peter Jennings
In this attractive, profusely illustrated coffee table book, Peter Jennings has assembled contributions on Newman by prominent churchmen, a chronology of Newman's life and a large selection of pictures.
176 pages - Hardback - $58.50
The Essential Belloc
Edited by Rev C. John McCloskey et al
This is a timely new compilation of Hilaire Belloc's insights on religion, politics, Western history and culture, an ideal reference for Christians as they contend with the inroads of secularism. Also included are a number of Belloc's lighter, humorous writings.
289 pages - Softcover - $35.90
The 13th Day
A Film by Ian & Dominic Higgins
Shot on location in Portugal, The 13th Day dramatises the true story of the three shepherd children of Fatima who witnessed six apparitions of the Virgin Mary between May and October 1917. The writer-directors have used state-of-the-art technology to illustrate the visions and final miracle.
DVD - Booklet & Extras - $39.95
Damien of Molokai
Edited Don Mullan
Contained here is the impassioned defence of Father Damien of Molokai by famed author Robert Louis Stevenson along with his prophesy that Damien would one day be canonised.
88 pages - Softcover - $15.00
Christianity in Iraq
Christianity in Iraq played a major role in the early centuries of the Church bringing the faith to India, China and Central Asia. This authoritative account fills is timely in light of recent events in Iraq.
265 pages - Softcover - $29.95
The Path to Rome
Edited by Dwight Longenecker & Dwight Blamires
In this tenth anniversary edition, extensively revised and updated, the editors of The Path to Rome have gathered the stories of American and British adult converts to the Catholic faith, including several public figures. 379 pages - Softcover - $39.95
True Devotion to Mary
Saint Louis De Montfort
Considered by many to be the greatest single book of Marian spirituality ever written, True Devotion to Mary is St Louis De Montfort's classic statement on the spiritual way to Jesus Christ through the Blessed Virgin Mary. It was translated from the French original by Fr Frederick Faber.
301 pages - Softcover - $23.90
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It’s often said that amps kill, not volts. However, this is an oversimplification. Other factors play an important role. For example, high amperage current flowing through your foot into the ground can damage your foot without killing you explains a NYC electrocution accident attorney at the F&A injury law firm. On the other hand, a relatively low amperage current that interferes with heart function can cause a cardiac arrest. Clearly, the pathway taken by electricity through the body matters.
Voltage also plays an important role. Voltage is the driving force that pushes amperage through your body. While a thick piece of wood will insulate against low voltages, it’s not enough to prevent serious electrical shock or electrocution from a high voltage power line. The resistance of something (how well it acts as an insulator), is important as well. For a given voltage, less amperage will flow through dry skin, than through wet skin, which has less resistance. Finally, the longer electricity flows through the body, the more damage it can do.
The Physical Damage Caused by Electricity
The injury caused by electrical shock depends on the current and the areas of the body affected. High current literally burns the tissue along its pathway, whether it’s muscle, the spinal cord, or the liver. It can induce extreme muscular contractions that break bones. Both high and low current levels can damage nerve and brain tissue.
Because electricity can affect a wide variety of body structures, the list of injuries and their symptoms is extensive. Heart attack, tingling, renal failure, unconsciousness, personality change, or death from massive internal injury caused by searing electric current are just a few examples.
Your Exposure to Electrical Hazards
Severe electrical shock or electrocution is possible at your job. If you work in construction, exposure to high voltage power lines is a concern. In an industrial environment, improperly wired machinery is a hazard, while frayed extension cords are dangerous to workers in an office.
If you live in an apartment, the landlord’s negligence can expose you to many hazards. For example, he may have an unqualified handyman do much of the electrical work, which may expose you to electrical shock. Three prong power outlets may not have the third prong connected to ground. The ground connection provides a pathway for electricity (instead of your body) when using a defective electrical appliance. Neglected swimming pools and hot tubs can cause electrocution if electrical components such as pumps aren’t correctly installed or regularly maintained. Another source of exposure is old electrical work that’s not up to current codes.
If your employer failed to provide a safe workplace, or your apartment is unsafe because of a landlord’s negligence, or a manufacturer produced a defective product, they may be held liable for any resulting injury or death from electrical shock. Electrocution electrical accident attorneys can help you get compensation for recovery, suffering, lost wages, or the loss of a loved one. Contact us for a free initial consultation. | <urn:uuid:5c398f1d-7c66-412e-8b49-27a31f16a480> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://866attylaw.com/blog/electrocution-accident-attorneys-discuss-the-danger-of-electricity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.927521 | 641 | 2.703125 | 3 |
An article that recently appeared in the ABA Journal described yet another disastrous consequence of a “do-it-yourself” estate plan. In the Florida Supreme Court case of Basile v. Aldrich, the decedent drafted her own will with the “guidance” of an “E-Z Legal Form,” an online service that allows consumers to draft their own legal documents. The decedent left several specific items to specified beneficiaries but failed to include a “residuary clause.”
The purpose of a “residuary clause” is to dictate how any assets that are not specifically identified are to be distributed. A “residuary clause” is a basic estate planning concept that is fundamental to any will or trust. It often serves as a “catch all” clause to address any assets that are not specifically identified by the estate planning document.
In the Aldrich case, the decedent acquired certain assets after she drafted her will but never updated her will to specify to whom those additional assets should be distributed. Because there was no “residuary clause” to control the distribution of such non-specified assets, the Florida Supreme Court ruled that such assets should be distributed to the decedent’s “intestate heirs,” those persons who would inherit had the decedent not established a will in the first place. The decedent’s intestate heirs were never mentioned in her will and it was readily apparent that the decedent did not intend for those heirs to inherit from her.
In the opinion, Florida Supreme Court Justice Barbara Pariente stated:
While I appreciate that there are many individuals in this state who might have difficulty affording a lawyer, this case does remind me of the old adage “penny-wise and pound-foolish.”
I therefore take this opportunity to highlight a cautionary tale of the potential dangers of utilizing pre-printed forms and drafting a will without legal assistance. As this case illustrates, that decision can ultimately result in the frustration of the testator’s intent, in addition to the payment of extensive attorney’s fees—the precise results the testator sought to avoid in the first place.
This story illustrates two common ironies with respect to “do-it-yourself” legal services.
First, as is noted in the Justice’s comments, it is likely that the decedent was attempting to save legal fees by using the E-Z Legal Form. However, the poorly drafted will forced her beneficiaries to battle her intestate heirs in the court system, presumably for years. The will likely resulted in tens of thousands of dollars in legal fees for the decedent’s family. I am reminded of a sign I once saw in a TV repair shop showing three tiers of fees: “Standard Rate: $40 per hour; “Rush Job: $70 per hour; “You Already Tried to Fix It: $140 per hour.” I am also reminded of the old slogan for Fram Oil Filters: “You can pay me now, or pay me later.” In this case, the decedent’s family certainly had to pay their lawyers later, much more than a properly drafted estate plan would have cost.
Second, in establishing her will, the decedent attempted to override Florida’s intestate rules by giving her assets to individuals who would not inherit from her by operation of law if she did not create an estate plan. Because her will failed to include a residuary clause, a significant portion of her estate was distributed to her intestate heirs nevertheless.
It is not clear why the decedent’s will did not include the basic concept of a “residuary clause.” It could have been that the will form was poorly drafted or it could have been the fact that the decedent failed to select that option, not comprehending the nature of such a clause. In either case, this story reinforces the notion that complex legal tasks should be performed with the aid of a knowledgeable attorney.
(Source: ABA Journal,“Estate dispute caused by ‘E-Z Legal Form’ is a ‘cautionary tale,’ says justice,” by Debra Cassens Weiss.)
KRASA LAW is located at 704-D Forest Avenue, PG, and Kyle may be reached at 831-920-0205831-920-0205.
Disclaimer: This article is for general information purposes only. Reading this article does not create an attorney-client relationship. Because the law is so complex and everybody’s situation is unique, you should consult with a qualified attorney licensed to practice law in your community before acting upon any of the information contained within this article. | <urn:uuid:9f0baacb-c41e-4f04-900d-80431fa96ed3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://krasalaw.com/2014/04/18/an-e-z-legal-form-turned-out-to-be-not-so-easy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.968952 | 1,014 | 1.578125 | 2 |
European politicians have lodged 7,000 amendments to Common Agricultural Policy reform proposals.
The revelation casts further doubt on whether Brussels’ aim of a simpler, cheaper, greener policy can be achieved by the proposed start date of 1 January 2014.
The reform proposals were first published by EU commissioners back in November 2011. Since then member states have taken away the details and discussed them within their own administrations.
But the result is the tabling of a plethora of amendments that reflects each country’s attempt to make the original draft fit its distinct social, economic and geographical needs.
- Direct payments legislative proposals: 2,292
- Rural development proposals: 2,127
- Single market proposals: 2,094
- Finance and cross-compliance proposals: 769
UK politicians have been shocked by the scale of the requested changes. Liberal Democrat MEP for Scotland, George Lyon, said the number of amendments was “unbelievable”.
“That is the equivalent of a complete rewrite of the proposals many times over and demonstrates the huge interest there is in the reform from members right across the parliament.”
Previously tabled sets of amendments amounted to 1,200-1,300, Mr Lyon said.
“We had to work extremely hard to cope with 1,200-1,300, but the task of sorting 7,000 out is of a whole different scale and magnitude.
“The deadline set for the amendments to be negotiated and voted on is the end of November, which only gives us 12 weeks to turn the 7,000 in to a sensible set of compromises that will deliver for farmers,” he said.
“There is a huge danger that we could end up with an incomprehensible muddle if we are not careful. It will therefore be essential for the key negotiators from each of the main political groups to work closely together to separate the wheat from the chaff and agree on sensible compromises that will work for farmers across the UK,” Mr Lyon added.
For more visit our dedicated CAP page. | <urn:uuid:def5a45d-0c33-4de7-aed5-20b42c175d86> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.fwi.co.uk/business/meps-table-7-000-changes-to-cap-reform.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00283-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953196 | 422 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Controversial ride-hailing company Uber says it has received a taxi brokerage license from the City of Toronto for its taxi service.
Uber spokeswoman Susie Heath says it has been working with the city's licensing division for the brokerage for its service, Uber Taxi, that connects riders with cab drivers in the city through a mobile app.
The move does not affect the company's controversial cheaper service, UberX, that connects riders with unlicensed drivers, which is a practice the city says is illegal.
Heath says this is another step toward a comprehensive regulatory solution that includes services like theirs.
Parts of downtown Toronto was shut down last month as taxi drivers protested Uber and demanded change from Mayor John Tory.
Tory has said the city is working on a new regulatory framework with the goal of incorporating new technologies such as Uber's into its taxi bylaws. | <urn:uuid:03a3e86e-368e-49da-8bd7-dc2777188544> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/uber-brokerage-licence-1.3416343?cmp=rss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00559-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974105 | 174 | 1.632813 | 2 |
An independent report commissioned by the Department of Health contains information that may prove useful to road safety professionals when planning interventions.
‘Influencing Public Behaviour to Improve Health and Wellbeing’, by Geoff Mulgan, was published in February 2010.
In the foreword, the author says: “Persuading people to adopt healthier behaviours has become a central theme of modern public health policy. Yet it is rarely easy. Most of us do things that damage our health. And most of us have habits that we would like to change.
“The question I was asked to address was what is known about what works in changing behaviour. To answer the question we looked at insights coming from the many fields concerned with behaviour – from commercial advertising to the latest academic insights from behavioural psychology.
“It was soon clear that this is as much an art or craft as it is a science. There are many promising ideas, and there are some success stories. However the evidence base is thin.
“Behaviours can change in fundamental ways – but usually through the interaction of incentives, information, peer pressures and changes to the environment, rather than because of any one set of measures.
“Some of the lessons suggest the need to shift direction. For example, we are increasingly learning about the importance of networks in shaping how people behave, and how behaviour can be changed. Who you know shapes how you act. This suggests the potential for much more targeted action rather than mass advertising.
“Other lessons are about the tone that communications should adopt. Sometimes very stark messages are unavoidable. But against a backdrop of huge volumes of communication, it’s important to be economical, and often more can be achieved by positive messages, that emphasise personal wellbeing rather than just stoking fears.” | <urn:uuid:c9c1a83a-2d37-4324-a7d7-9dcc18b76fb9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://roadsafetygb.org.uk/news/public-behaviour-report-has-pointers-for-road-safety-professionals-939/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.967141 | 369 | 2.671875 | 3 |
“We used to think schizophrenics were simply loonies,” said Dr. Andreas Kalbfleisch, president of the National Union of Therapists and Shrinks. “Now that this new behavior has invaded our public spaces, we’ve had to reconsider, and even re-assess our traditional ideas of sanity.”
The behavior in question is associated with the modern phenomenon of cellular telephony. So commonplace is the new behavior—solitary individuals screaming at no one in particular, making strange faces, gesticulating wildly, and laughing hysterically—that it has almost become an accepted part of modern life.
Nevertheless, a significant percentage of those who frequent public spaces is growing increasingly annoyed with cell-phone addicts blabbing away with zero consideration whatsoever for the emotional equilibrium of their fellow citizens. For example, I recently witnessed an incident that is becoming all too familiar. I was enjoying a quiet cup of coffee at a local hot-drink emporium when I became aware of an agitated conversation in another section of the establishment.
Actually, the conversation did not consist of the traditional two-part interplay but was rather a one-man show, a high-decibel monologue audible not just to the customers of the coffee establishment, but also, according to the police reports, to shoppers within a 300-yard radius.
The vociferous soliloquist was, to all appearances, an upstanding and respectable citizen: approximately 30 years of age, white shirt and tie, gray polyester trousers, and polished square-toed shoes. But he was behaving like one of those benighted creatures neglected by our mental health system, exhibiting the classic symptomology (as itemized by the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) of schizophrenia: disorganized speech, delusions, auditory hallucinations and paranoia.
From my angle, I could detect no handheld telephonic gizmo that often correlates with such symptoms. Only when he let out a heart-rending cry—“I’m losing you, I’m losing you” (Paranoia? Delusions?), bolted from his chair, and sprinted outside, did I observe the telltale device attached to his ear. After roaming through the parking lot, zigzagging this way and that, his ejaculations and gesticulations sending frightened shoppers to seek safe shelter, the gentleman lurched inside, scattering his sheaf of documents as he importuned his absent interlocutor, “Don’t let your policy lapse, don’t let your policy lapse!”
Within minutes, an ambulance came wheeling and wailing into the shopping center and halted just outside our door.
Two grim-faced paramedics strode inside and proceeded to initiate a capture of the wireless lunatic. But he was oblivious to their efforts to take him into custody, yelling, “You’re breaking up, you’re breaking up,” as they pursued him through a slalom of tilted chairs and upturned tables. Finally, after a Tasered takedown, he was gagged, bound and carried away.
Such scenes will become all too common as the population of cellular lunatics grows. The psychiatric establishment is currently in the midst of a furious debate about how to treat this new disorder. Many mental-health professionals are now taking issue with the preliminary grouping of CLD, or cellular lunacy disorder, with schizophrenia.
These mental-health professionals point out that schizophrenia is now thought to have biological causes—perhaps increased dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway, or low levels of glutamate receptors in the hippocampus, or neurotransmitters gone wacky. Cellular lunacy disorder, on the other hand, seems purely behavioral. Thus far, antipsychotics like clozapine and single-malt whiskey, have had little or no effect on CLD sufferers.
A splinter group of hardliners has come to the conclusion that drastic measures are necessary to restore CLD sufferers to sanity. These hardliners subscribe to the tough-love school of treatment, and point to the success of the Soteria method of “interpersonal phenomenologic intervention” in treating traditional schizophrenia. As Dr. Aldeni Ensernos, the renowned Portuguese psychiatrist, describes it, “The only way to stop these lunatics is to rip those telephonic thingamajigs right off their ears.”
Already, roving bands of interpersonal phenomenologic interveners have targeted coffee shops, restaurants and athletic venues for flagrant cellular behavior. “Cellular lunacy in automobiles and airplanes is difficult intervention-wise,” said Dr. Ensernos. “But we’re working on a system to zap people through the cell phone or earpiece itself. If all else fails, we have a bill in Congress to subject CLD sufferers to the stocks and rotten tomatoes.”
D.P. Sorensen writes satire for City Weekly. | <urn:uuid:0e842124-cf2a-4dff-9c5e-71fc3aae0e14> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/deep-end-hear-me-roar-wireless-headset-talkers-join-the-ranks-of-the-mentally-disturbed/Content?oid=2131490 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00118-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949191 | 1,039 | 1.59375 | 2 |
NewCityPatch is reporting that Rockland County has distributed a press release warning residents that West Nile Virus has been discovered in mosquitoes in their county. The New York Department of Health made this discovery and relayed the information to Dr. Patricia Schnabel Ruppert, Rockland County Commissioner of Health. This is the first reported instance of mosquitoes carrying the virus in New York State this year.
West Nile Virus in Rockland County
The press release noted that West Nile Virus can be dangerous and warned residents of Rockland County to take steps to avoid being exposed to infected mosquitoes. Disease or even death is possible should one be bitten by a mosquito containing West Nile Virus, although the greatest risk is to small children and the elderly.
What Can You Do?
- Avoid allowing water to pool in even small quantities. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in locations like these.
- Decrease exposure to mosquitoes by wearing clothes that cover exposed skin and avoiding going outside during periods of the day when mosquitoes are more likely to be active.
- If you believe you may have contracted West Nile Virus from a mosquito bite seek medical attention immediately.
- Contact JP McHale Pest Management to learn more about our mosquito control programs for your home or business. | <urn:uuid:2621ef28-90a3-490b-95ed-14239d3aad38> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.nopests.com/mosquitoes-carrying-west-nile-virus-discovered-in-rockland-county/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717954.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00509-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949162 | 250 | 3.015625 | 3 |
From: J. Andrew Rogers (email@example.com)
Date: Sun Nov 30 2008 - 01:07:45 MST
On Nov 29, 2008, at 9:39 PM, Philip Hunt wrote:
> It's true that any Turing-complete language can emulate any other, but
> that's not what I was talking about. The advantage of Lisp is that
> it's *very easy* to implement another language in it, a lot easier
> than going to the trouble of writing a compiler/interpreter.
It depends on what you mean by "going to the trouble", though LISP
does excel at this in many cases. For well-defined simple/elegant
language/model implementations, there are a number of programming
languages that can do most implementations in a trivial amount of
code. I don't consider a complete language implementation in less
than a hundred lines of code to be particularly onerous. However, the
really small, "pure" languages usually require ugly hacks to implement
some constructs in other small, "pure" computational models. Or at
least I cannot think of one that does not, and that was my main
point. You could find yourself trying to implement something in your
chosen language that is all "ugly hack".
I would guess that one of the pragmatic reasons for designing impure
languages in the first place is to create idiomatic shortcuts that
bypass necessarily ugly hacks in purer languages.
> When you talk of implementing a Forth-like language in Python, I
> assume you mean something like this:
> forthlikeProgram = [3, 4, '+'] # adds 3 and 4
> def runForth(program):
> #... runs 'program' in a stack-based language
> Now obviously the same thing could be done in Lisp. However, Lisp
> s-expressions are a less verbose encoding than Python lists, so the
> forth program would look like:
> (3 4 +)
> This isn't a big deal when the program only has 3 elements, but if it
> was bigger, it would be an issue.
> So I would say that Lisp is better than Python at working in the
> Forth idiom.
The semantics and dynamics of compositional and applicative languages
can be pretty different, that they both have superficially similar
list-like structure was not really the point. You can do things in
the former that are kind of ugly in applicative languages even when
using LISP macros and similar since they bury their abstractions in
different places and ways. Python's notion of lists is sufficiently
general and featured (read: "impure") that it can do both applicative
and compositional semantics pretty easily, though Python's native
dictionaries are somewhat inadequate for the latter purpose (so it is
only a half-win). Python was just an easy example.
For many vanilla language implementations you will not exercise the
differences between compositional and applicative computational models
-- a lot of common computer science works very well with applicative
models. On the other hand, there are interesting computational models
that make the theoretical differences obvious and have a preference
for expression on one implementation language over the either i.e.
implementation on a FORTH-like language and a LISP-like language would
have substantially differing complexity, not always in favor of LISP.
LISP macros are slick indeed if you know you probably won't be better
off with something different.
My original point on this thread is that we have no idea what we
really need, at least not well enough to declare a particular
implementation language to be optimal for AGI. I have a subjective
preference for applicative models when doing implementations, but back
when I was prototyping computational models there were a few
interesting ones that were not a natural fit for LISP-like languages
and I got a lot of mileage out of the fact that Python could support
other abstract models with a minimum of fuss. A reasonable argument
could be made that a more generally expressive language rather than a
small, pure language is a conservative choice.
And if you are implementing in C/C++ for speed and scalability, it
will be moot anyway.
> Which for hard problems will often be the case. AI programming vcan be
> thought of as a special case of explotratory programming, where you
> don't know what the solution will be when you shart coding. Therefore
> it helps if the language is flexible, e.g. if a variable's type is
> determined at run time not compile time.
Yet another pragmatic tradeoff. The extent to which different typing
model will help you depends on the nature of the code that is being
written. Some times code is ugly and evil without dynamic typing
other times there are no significant costs with static typing (and
obvious benefits). I think the argument for strong typing is a bit
more biased though.
Choosing the best tool for the job is dependent on rigorously defining
"the job". Absent that, you are left with a bunch of pragmatic
concerns like comfort using the language and flexibility.
J. Andrew Rogers
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.1.5 : Wed Jul 17 2013 - 04:01:03 MDT | <urn:uuid:fc043ef4-e9f0-4742-b839-31ed6e0865a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://sl4.org/archive/0811/19547.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.937469 | 1,175 | 2.296875 | 2 |
May 20, 2011
Entergy Plans Maintenance Shutdown of Indian Point 2 Nuclear Power Plant
Buchanan, N.Y. – Control room operators will remove Indian Point’s unit 2 nuclear power plant from service this evening in order to replace three high voltage bushings on a main electrical transformer.
There are two main electrical transformers at unit 2, located outdoors in a non-nuclear area of the plant. Transformers increase voltage for transmission onto the electrical grid. Transformer bushings connect the transformer to the overhead lines that carry electricity to the grid.
In November one of unit 2’s two main electrical transformers failed, caused by a defect in one of its high-voltage bushings. Entergy is replacing the bushings, which are similar to those that failed, on the second transformer as a precautionary measure. There presently is no indication of a potential failure.
Unit 3 continues operating at full power and has been online for 43 continuous days since returning to service following a refueling shutdown.
Unit 2 will have operated for 178 continuous days prior to tonight’s shutdown.
Indian Point Energy Center, in Buchanan, N.Y., is home to two operating nuclear power plants, unit 2 and unit 3, which generate approximately 2,000 megawatts of electricity for homes, businesses and public facilities primarily in New York City and Westchester County. | <urn:uuid:dcb082e6-944e-44c0-b6e7-2bd15d83b2b5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.safesecurevital.com/newsroom/press-releases/entergy-plans-maintenance-shutdown-of-indian-point-2-nuclear-power-plant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00300-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934161 | 280 | 1.609375 | 2 |
|Nucleus · Nucleons (p, n) · Nuclear force · Nuclear structure · Nuclear reaction|
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is transformed into a neutron, or vice versa, inside an atomic nucleus. This process allows the atom to move closer to the optimal ratio of protons and neutrons. As a result of this transformation, the nucleus emits a detectable beta particle, which is an electron or positron.
Beta decay is mediated by the weak force. There are two types of beta decay, known as beta minus and beta plus. In beta minus (β−) decay a neutron is lost and a proton appears and the process produces an electron and electron antineutrino, while in beta plus (β+) decay a proton is lost and a neutron appears and the process produces a positron and electron neutrino; β+ decay is thus also known as positron emission.
An example of electron emission (β− decay) is the decay of carbon-14 into nitrogen-14:
6C → 14
7N + e− + ν
In this form of decay, the original element becomes a new chemical element in a process known as nuclear transmutation. This new element has an unchanged mass number A, but an atomic number Z that is increased by one. As in all nuclear decays, the decaying element (in this case 14
6C) is known as the parent nuclide while the resulting element (in this case 14
7N) is known as the daughter nuclide. The emitted electron or positron is known as a beta particle.
An example of positron emission (β+ decay) is the decay of magnesium-23 into sodium-23:
12Mg → 23
11Na + e+ + ν
In contrast to β− decay, β+ decay is accompanied by the emission of an electron neutrino and a positron. β+ decay also results in nuclear transmutation, with the resulting element having an atomic number that is decreased by one.
Electron capture is sometimes included as a type of beta decay, because the basic nuclear process, mediated by the weak force, is the same. In electron capture, an inner atomic electron is captured by a proton in the nucleus, transforming it into a neutron, and an electron neutrino is released. An example of electron capture is the decay of krypton-81 into bromine-81:
36Kr + e− → 81
35Br + ν
Electron capture is a competing (simultaneous) decay process for all nuclei that can undergo β+ decay. The converse, however, is not true: electron capture is the only type of decay that is allowed in proton-rich nuclides that do not have sufficient energy to emit a positron and neutrino.
The generic equation is:
ZX → A
Z+1X' + e− + ν
Another example is when the free neutron (1
0n) decays by β− decay into a proton (p):
- n → p + e− + ν
At the fundamental level (as depicted in the Feynman diagram on the left), this is caused by the conversion of the negatively charged (−1/3 e) down quark to the positively charged (+2/3 e) up quark by emission of a W− boson; the W− boson subsequently decays into an electron and an electron antineutrino:
- d → u + e− + ν
The beta spectrum is a continuous spectrum: the total decay energy is divided between the electron and the antineutrino. In the figure to the right, this is shown, by way of example, for an electron of 0.4 MeV energy. In this example, the antineutrino then gets the remainder: 0.76 MeV, since the total decay energy is assumed to be 1.16 MeV.
β− decay generally occurs in neutron-rich nuclei.
In β+ decay, or "positron emission", the weak interaction converts an atomic nucleus into a nucleus with atomic number decreased by one, while emitting a positron (e+) and an electron neutrino (ν
e). The generic equation is:
ZX → A
Z−1X’ + e+ + ν
This may be considered as the decay of a proton inside the nucleus to a neutron
- p → n + e+ + ν
However, β+ decay cannot occur in an isolated proton because it requires energy due to the mass of the neutron being greater than the mass of the proton. β+ decay can only happen inside nuclei when the daughter nucleus has a greater binding energy (and therefore a lower total energy) than the mother nucleus. The difference between these energies goes into the reaction of converting a proton into a neutron, a positron and a neutrino and into the kinetic energy of these particles. In an opposite process to negative beta decay, the weak interaction converts a proton into a neutron by converting an up quark into a down quark by having it emit a W+ or absorb a W−.
Electron capture (K-capture)
In all cases where β+ decay of a nucleus is allowed energetically, so is electron capture, the process in which the same nucleus captures an atomic electron with the emission of a neutrino:
ZX + e− → A
Z−1X’ + ν
The emitted neutrino is mono-energetic. In proton-rich nuclei where the energy difference between initial and final states is less than 2mec2, β+ decay is not energetically possible, and electron capture is the sole decay mode.
If the captured electron comes from the innermost shell of the atom, the K-shell, which has the highest probability to interact with the nucleus, the process is called K-capture. If it comes from the L-shell, the process is called L-capture, etc.
Competition of beta decay types
Three types of beta decay in competition are illustrated by the single isotope copper-64 (29 protons, 35 neutrons), which has a half-life of about 12.7 hours. This isotope has one unpaired proton and one unpaired neutron, so either the proton or the neutron can decay. This particular nuclide (though not all nuclides in this situation) is almost equally likely to decay through proton decay by positron emission (18%) or electron capture (43%), as through neutron decay by electron emission (39%).
Helicity (polarization) of neutrinos, electrons and positrons emitted in beta decay
After the discovery of parity non-conservation (see history below), it was found that, in beta decay, electrons are emitted mostly with negative helicity, i.e., they move, naively speaking, like left-handed screws driven into a material (they have negative longitudinal polarization). Conversely, positrons have mostly positive helicity, i.e., they move like right-handed screws. Neutrinos (emitted in positron decay) have positive helicity, while antineutrinos (emitted in electron decay) have negative helicity.
The higher the energy of the particles, the higher their polarization.
The Q value is defined as the total energy released in a given nuclear decay. In beta decay, Q is therefore also the sum of the kinetic energies of the emitted beta particle, neutrino, and recoiling nucleus. (Because of the large mass of the nucleus compared to that of the beta particle and neutrino, the kinetic energy of the recoiling nucleus can generally be neglected.) Beta particles can therefore be emitted with any kinetic energy ranging from 0 to Q. A typical Q is around 1 MeV, but can range from a few keV to a few tens of MeV.
Consider the generic equation for beta decay
ZX → A
Z+1X’ + e− + ν
The Q value for this decay is
where is the mass of the nucleus of the A
ZX atom, is the mass of the electron, and is the mass of the electron antineutrino. In other words, the total energy released is the mass energy of the initial nucleus, minus the mass energy of the final nucleus, electron, and antineutrino. The mass of the nucleus mN is related to the standard atomic mass m by
That is, the total atomic mass is the mass of the nucleus, plus the mass of the electrons, minus the binding energy Bi of each electron. Substituting this into our original equation, while neglecting the nearly-zero antineutrino mass and difference in electron binding energy, which is very small for high-Z atoms, we have
This energy is carried away as kinetic energy by the electron and neutrino.
Because the reaction will proceed only when the Q-value is positive, β− decay can occur when the mass of atom A
ZX is greater than the mass of atom A
The equations for β+ decay are similar, with the generic equation
ZX → A
Z−1X’ + e+ + ν
However, in this equation, the electron masses do not cancel, and we are left with
Because the reaction will proceed only when the Q-value is positive, β+ decay can occur when the mass of atom A
ZX exceeds that of A
Z-1X’ by at least twice the mass of the electron.
The analogous calculation for electron capture must take into account the binding energy of the electrons. This is because the atom will be left in an excited state after capturing the electron, and the binding energy of the captured innermost electron is significant. Using the generic equation for electron capture
ZX + e− → A
Z−1X’ + ν
which simplifies to
where Bn is the binding energy of the captured electron.
Because the binding energy of the electron is much less than the mass of the electron, nuclei that can undergo β+ decay can always also undergo electron capture, but the reverse is not true.
+ e− + ν
(beta minus decay) 22
+ e+ + ν
(beta plus decay) 22
+ e− → 22
Beta decay does not change the number A of nucleons in the nucleus, but changes only its charge Z. Thus the set of all nuclides with the same A can be introduced; these isobaric nuclides may turn into each other via beta decay. Among them, several nuclides (at least one for any given mass number A) are beta stable, because they present local minima of the mass excess: if such a nucleus has (A, Z) numbers, the neighbour nuclei (A, Z−1) and (A, Z+1) have higher mass excess and can beta decay into (A, Z), but not vice versa. For all odd mass numbers A, there is only one known beta-stable isobar. For even A, there are up to three different beta-stable isobars experimentally known; for example, 96
42Mo, and 96
44Ru are all beta-stable. There are about 355 known beta-decay stable nuclides total.
Usually, unstable nuclides are clearly either "neutron rich" or "proton rich", with the former undergoing beta decay and the latter undergoing electron capture (or more rarely, due to the higher energy requirements, positron decay). However, in a few cases of odd-proton, odd-neutron radionuclides, it may be energetically favorable for the radionuclide to decay to an even-proton, even-neutron isobar either by undergoing beta-positive or beta-negative decay. An often-cited example is 64
29Cu, which decays by positron emission/electron capture 61% of the time to 64
28Ni, and 39% of the time by (negative) beta decay to 64
Most naturally occurring isotopes on earth are beta stable. Those that are not have half-lives ranging from under a second to periods of time significantly greater than the age of the universe. One common example of a long-lived isotope is the odd-proton odd-neutron nuclide 40
19K, which undergoes all three types of beta decay (β−, β+ and electron capture) with a half-life of 7016402990552000000♠1.277×109 years.
Double beta decay
Some nuclei can undergo double beta decay (ββ decay) where the charge of the nucleus changes by two units. Double beta decay is difficult to study, as the process has an extremely long half-life. In nuclei for which both β decay and ββ decay are possible, the rarer ββ decay process is effectively impossible to observe. However, in nuclei where β decay is forbidden but ββ decay is allowed, the process can be seen and a half-life measured. Thus, ββ decay is usually studied only for beta stable nuclei. Like single beta decay, double beta decay does not change A; thus, at least one of the nuclides with some given A has to be stable with regard to both single and double beta decay.
"Ordinary" double beta decay results in the emission of two electrons and two antineutrinos. If neutrinos are Majorana particles (i.e., they are their own antiparticles), then a decay known as neutrinoless double beta decay will occur. Most neutrino physicists believe that neutrinoless double beta decay has never been observed.
Bound-state β− decay
A very small minority of free neutron decays (about four per million) are so-called "two-body decays", in which the proton, electron and antineutrino are produced, but the electron fails to gain the 13.6 eV energy necessary to escape the proton, and therefore simply remains bound to it, as a neutral hydrogen atom. In this type of beta decay, in essence all of the neutron decay energy is carried off by the antineutrino.
For fully ionized atoms (bare nuclei), it is possible in likewise manner for electrons to fail to escape the atom, and to be emitted from the nucleus into low-lying atomic bound states (orbitals). This can not occur for neutral atoms with low-lying bound states which already filled by electrons.
The phenomenon in fully ionized atoms was first observed for 163Dy66+ in 1992 by Jung et al. of the Darmstadt Heavy-Ion Research group. Although neutral 163Dy is a stable isotope, the fully ionized 163Dy66+ undergoes β decay into the K and L shells with a half-life of 47 days.
Another possibility is that a fully ionized atom undergoes greatly accelerated β decay, as observed for 187Re by Bosch et al., also at Darmstadt. Neutral 187Re does undergo β decay with a half-life of 42 × 109 years, but for fully ionized 187Re75+ this is shortened by a factor of 109 to only 32.9 years. For comparison the variation of decay rates of other nuclear processes due to chemical environment is less than 1%.
Beta decays can be classified according to the L-value of the emitted radiation. When L > 0, the decay is referred to as "forbidden". Nuclear selection rules require high L-values to be accompanied by changes in nuclear spin (J) and parity (π). The selection rules for the Lth forbidden transitions are:
where Δπ = 1 or −1 corresponds to no parity change or parity change, respectively. The special case of a transition between isobaric analogue states, where the structure of the final state is very similar to the structure of the initial state, is referred to as "superallowed" for beta decay, and proceeds very quickly. The following table lists the ΔJ and Δπ values for the first few values of L:
|First forbidden||0, 1, 2||yes|
|Second forbidden||1, 2, 3||no|
|Third forbidden||2, 3, 4||yes|
A Fermi transition is a beta decay in which the spins of the emitted electron (positron) and anti-neutrino (neutrino) couple to total spin , leading to an angular momentum change between the initial and final states of the nucleus (assuming an allowed transition ). In the non-relativistic limit, the nuclear part of the operator for a Fermi transition is given by
A Gamow-Teller transition is a beta decay in which the spins of the emitted electron (positron) and anti-neutrino (neutrino) couple to total spin , leading to an angular momentum change between the initial and final states of the nucleus (assuming an allowed transition). In this case, the nuclear part of the operator is given by
with the weak axial-vector coupling constant, and the spin Pauli matrices, which can produce a spin-flip in the decaying nucleon.
Beta emission spectrum
Beta decay can be considered as a perturbation as described in quantum mechanics, and thus Fermi's Golden Rule can be applied. This leads to an expression for the kinetic energy spectrum N(T) of emitted betas as follows:
where T is the kinetic energy, CL is a shape function that depends on the forbiddenness of the decay (it is constant for allowed decays), F(Z, T) is the Fermi Function (see below) with Z the charge of the final-state nucleus, E = T + mc2 is the total energy, p =√(E/c)2 − (mc)2 is the momentum, and Q is the Q value of the decay. The kinetic energy of the emitted neutrino is given approximately by Q minus the kinetic energy of the beta.
As an example, the beta decay spectrum of 210Bi (originally called RaE) is shown to the right.
The Fermi function that appears in the beta spectrum formula accounts for the Coulomb attraction / repulsion between the emitted beta and the final state nucleus. Approximating the associated wavefunctions to be spherically symmetric, the Fermi function can be analytically calculated to be:
where S =√1 − α2Z2 (α is the fine-structure constant), η = ± αZE/pc (+ for electrons, − for positrons), ρ = rN/ℏ (rN is the radius of the final state nucleus), and Γ is the Gamma function.
For non-relativistic betas (Q ≪ mec2), this expression can be approximated by:
Other approximations can be found in the literature.
A Kurie plot (also known as a Fermi–Kurie plot) is a graph used in studying beta decay developed by Franz N. D. Kurie, in which the square root of the number of beta particles whose momenta (or energy) lie within a certain narrow range, divided by the Fermi function, is plotted against beta-particle energy. It is a straight line for allowed transitions and some forbidden transitions, in accord with the Fermi beta-decay theory. The energy-axis (x-axis) intercept of a Kurie plot corresponds to the maximum energy imparted to the electron/positron (the decay's Q-value). With a Kurie plot one can find the limit on the effective mass of a neutrino.
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Discovery and characterization of β− decay
Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel in uranium, and subsequently observed by Marie and Pierre Curie in thorium and in the new elements polonium and radium. In 1899, Ernest Rutherford separated radioactive emissions into two types: alpha and beta (now beta minus), based on penetration of objects and ability to cause ionization. Alpha rays could be stopped by thin sheets of paper or aluminium, whereas beta rays could penetrate several millimetres of aluminium. (In 1900, Paul Villard identified a still more penetrating type of radiation, which Rutherford identified as a fundamentally new type in 1903, and termed gamma rays).
In 1900, Becquerel measured the mass-to-charge ratio (m/e) for beta particles by the method of J.J. Thomson used to study cathode rays and identify the electron. He found that m/e for a beta particle is the same as for Thomson's electron, and therefore suggested that the beta particle is in fact an electron .
In 1901, Rutherford and Frederick Soddy showed that alpha and beta radioactivity involves the transmutation of atoms into atoms of other chemical elements. In 1913, after the products of more radioactive decays were known, Soddy and Kazimierz Fajans independently proposed their radioactive displacement law, which states that beta (i.e., β−) emission from one element produces another element one place to the right in the periodic table, while alpha emission produces an element two places to the left.
Neutrinos in beta decay
Historically, the study of beta decay provided the first physical evidence of the neutrino. Measurements of the beta particle (electron) kinetic energy spectrum in 1911 by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn and in 1913 by Jean Danysz showed multiple lines on a diffuse background, offering the first hint of a continuous spectrum. In 1914, James Chadwick used a magnetic spectrometer with one of Hans Geiger's new counters to make a more accurate measurement and showed that the spectrum was continuous. This was in apparent contradiction to the law of conservation of energy, since if beta decay were simply electron emission as assumed at the time, then the energy of the emitted electron should equal the energy difference between the initial and final nuclear states and lead to a narrow energy distribution, as observed for both alpha and gamma decay. For beta decay, however, the observed broad continuous spectrum suggested that energy is lost in the beta decay process.
From 1920–1927, Charles Drummond Ellis (along with James Chadwick and colleagues) further established that the beta decay spectrum is continuous. In 1933 Ellis and Nevill Mott obtained strong evidence that this spectrum has an effective upper bound in energy, which was a severe blow to Bohr's suggestion that conservation of energy might be true only in a statistical sense, and might be violated in any given decay.:27 Now the problem of how to account for the variability of energy in known beta decay products, as well as for conservation of momentum and angular momentum in the process, became acute.
A second problem related to the conservation of angular momentum. Molecular band spectra showed that the nuclear spin of nitrogen-14 is 1 (i.e. equal to the reduced Planck constant), and more generally that the spin is integral for nuclei of even mass number and half-integral for nuclei of odd mass number, as later explained by the proton-neutron model of the nucleus. Beta decay leaves the mass number unchanged, so that the change of nuclear spin must be an integer. However the electron spin is 1/2, so that angular momentum would not be conserved if beta decay were simply electron emission.
In a famous letter written in 1930, Wolfgang Pauli suggested that, in addition to electrons and protons, atomic nuclei also contained an extremely light neutral particle, which he called the neutron. He suggested that this "neutron" was also emitted during beta decay (thus accounting for the known missing energy, momentum, and angular momentum) and had simply not yet been observed. In 1931, Enrico Fermi renamed Pauli's "neutron" to neutrino and, in 1934, he published a very successful model of beta decay in which neutrinos were produced. The neutrino interaction with matter was so weak that detecting it proved a severe experimental challenge, which was finally met in 1956 in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment. However, the properties of neutrinos were (with a few minor modifications) as predicted by Pauli and Fermi.
Discovery of other types of beta decay
In 1934, Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie bombarded aluminium with alpha particles to effect the nuclear reaction 4
2He + 27
13Al → 30
15P + 1
0n, and observed that the product isotope 30
15P emits a positron identical to those found in cosmic rays by Carl David Anderson in 1932. This was the first example of β+ decay (positron emission), which they termed artificial radioactivity since 30
15P is a short-lived nuclide which does not exist in nature.
The theory of electron capture was first discussed by Gian-Carlo Wick in a 1934 paper, and then developed by Hideki Yukawa and others. K-electron capture was first observed in 1937 by Luis Alvarez, in the nuclide 48V. Alvarez went on to study electron capture in 67Ga and other nuclides.
Non-conservation of parity
In 1956, Chien-Shiung Wu and coworkers proved in the Wu experiment that parity is not conserved in beta decay. This surprising fact had been postulated shortly before in an article by Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang.
- Alpha decay
- Particle radiation
- Tritium illumination, a form of fluorescent lighting powered by beta decay
- Pandemonium effect
- Total absorption spectroscopy
- Tuli, J. K. (2011). Nuclear Wallet Cards (PDF) (8th ed.). Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Sin-Itiro Tomonaga (1997). The Story of Spin. University of Chicago Press.
- The Live Chart of Nuclides - IAEA with filter on decay type | <urn:uuid:66c11031-d2ef-40eb-9164-14e5caf9c778> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://yovla.com/en/article/Beta_emission | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00153-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914951 | 5,505 | 4.40625 | 4 |
It’s Indigenous People Day. Lora Horgen is a member of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma. She has worked in the local fashion and boutique scene for over a decade is a strong supporter of Indigenous fashion and style. She now works at the National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition, but continues to stay involved in the local style and design by curating, styling, and collecting Native designers. Lora introduces us to three Native designers.
Dyani White Hawk (Sičáŋǧu Lakota) is a visual artist and independent curator based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She also designs the Četáŋ Ská jewelry line, which can be found here. Her collaboration with Faribault Woolen Mills can be found on their website here.
CEO and Artist Sarah Agaton Howes started Heart Berry to create contemporary Ojibwe design for all. Howes is Anishinaabe from Fond du Lac, where her business is based. She is also part of the Inspired Natives project with Native lifestyle brand Eighth Generation. Heart Berry’s designs can be purchased here.
Niniijanis One of Ones is a social enterprise that supports Indigenous children through an artist collective that sells handmade items from Native designers.
Brook LaFloe (Turtle Mountain Ojibwe) is the owner of Niniijanis. | <urn:uuid:575bfa2d-f507-4efc-80ef-10c14061746a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.twincitieslive.com/fashion/35891/native-designers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.94074 | 286 | 1.578125 | 2 |
La Belle Liseuse. Léon-François Comerre (1850-1916). French. Oil on canvas. Mallett Gallery, London. Comerre was a French academic painter, famous for his portraits of beautiful women. Studied in Paris at the famous École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts in the studio of Alexandre Cabanel. There he came under the influence of orientalism. | <urn:uuid:00d5b5af-3a8b-450e-9c96-56bfabc451ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://jp.pinterest.com/pin/321444492124089765/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00402-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91014 | 95 | 1.726563 | 2 |
USC Assistant Professor Mary Helen Immordino-Yang received the 2013 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Early Career Award for Public Engagement With Science and Technology.
Immordino-Yang’s research focuses on the neuroscience of social emotion, self-awareness and culture, and its implications for development and schools. Since she entered the field in 2006 as a postdoctoral fellow, she has dedicated a significant portion of her early career to engaging the education community and the general public in thinking about neuroscience.
She has authored numerous essays explaining her findings for teachers, which have been disseminated to K-12 schools worldwide. She also gives several talks per month to teachers, parents, administrators and superintendents, and since 2006, has taught an annual four-day residential course for teachers on neuroscience in the classroom.
The course, which will be hosted in Miami this year informs teachers about social-affective neuroscientific research and also serves as an opportunity for teachers to shape the most promising directions for future research. She also collaboratively developed an online master’s-level course for educators based on her workshops, which was used by more than 17,000 individuals around the world in 2012, its first year.
Immordino-Yang has made multiple efforts to engage the lay public as well. With every academic lecture she gives about her research, she makes it a priority to reach out to the general public. In October, for example, she delivered the Ellbogen Symposium keynote at the University of Wyoming, delivered lectures and taught classes for pre-service teachers and met with state lawmakers.
Despite her full schedule, she also gave a coffee hour talk at a public Montessori preschool, taught a sixth grade science class and gave a public television interview on how neuroscience and education can inform one another.
She is passionate about getting K-12 students interested in the neuroscience of social emotion. She has taught classes on the topic at several grade levels and has invited classes from urban schools to her lab to observe neuroimaging. Each summer, Immordino-Yang also hosts three local high school students from among the least advantaged schools in the city for internships, among many other outreach efforts.
Immordino-Yang serves as an assistant professor of education at the USC Rossier School of Education and an assistant professor of psychology at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences’ Brain and Creativity Institute. She is also a member of the USC Neuroscience Graduate Program Faculty. Currently, she is leading a $600,000 National Science Foundation Career-funded study on how community violence and culture can influence the way social emotions, self-identity and inspiration about one’s future develop neurobiologically and psychosocially among adolescents in three Los Angeles area high schools.
She will accept the AAAS Early Career Award at the association’s annual meeting in Chicago on Feb. 14.
The AAAS seeks to “advance science, engineering and innovation throughout the world for the benefit of all people.” Its goals include enhancing communication among scientists, engineers and the public, promoting and defending the integrity of science and its use, and fostering education in science and technology. | <urn:uuid:75866688-b4f7-4519-aaa1-770fc76db0a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.usc.edu/58056/professor-awarded-for-public-engagement-in-neuroscience/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00390-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965919 | 658 | 1.953125 | 2 |
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Most popular at the top
- Taylor and Francis 2013; US$ 80.00
Of the many conceptual distinctions present in psychology today, the approach-avoidance distinction stands out as one of, if not the, most fundamental and basic. The distinction between approach and avoidance motivation has a venerable history, not only within but beyond scientific psychology, and the deep utility of this distinction is clearly evident... more...
- Elsevier Science 2014; US$ 142.00
Elsevier are proud to introduce our brand new serial, Advances in Motivation Science. The topic of motivation has traditionally been one of the mainstays of the science of psychology. It played a major role in early dynamic and Gestalt models of the mind and it was fundamental to behaviorist theories of learning and action. The advent of the cognitive... more...
- Elsevier Science 2015; US$ 142.00
Advances in Motivation Science , Elsevier's new serial, focuses on the ways motivation has traditionally been one of the mainstays of the science of psychology, not only playing a major role in the early dynamic and Gestalt models of the mind, but also playing an integral and fundamental part of the behaviorist theories of learning and action. ... more...
- Elsevier Science 2016; US$ 142.00
Advances in Motivation Science , Elsevier's brand new serial on the topic of motivation science, is a timely serial on an area of study that has not only been a mainstay of the science of psychology, but also a major influence in early dynamic and Gestalt models of the mind and fundamental to behaviorist theories of learning and action. The advent... more...
- Guilford Publications 2013; US$ 71.99
This important handbook provides a comprehensive, authoritative review of achievement motivation and establishes the concept of competence as an organizing framework for the field. The editors synthesize diverse perspectives on why and how individuals are motivated in school, work, sports, and other settings. Written by leading investigators, chapters... more...
- Elsevier Science 2011; US$ 420.00
The practical need to partition the world of viruses into distinguishable, universally agreed upon entities is the ultimate justification for developing a virus classification system. Since 1971, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) operating on behalf of the world community of virologists has taken on the task of developing a... more...
- Royal Society of Chemistry 2007; US$ 272.00
This book includes the latest information on DNA photolesions and repair, as well as the key mechanisms of solar UV in skin cancer initiation and development. more... | <urn:uuid:ea72db45-ac51-4436-af9d-528056b05b91> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ebooks.com/searchapp/searchresults.net?term=Elliot%2C+Andrew+J.&restrictBy=author&page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00276-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8519 | 738 | 2.328125 | 2 |
NY Senate District 3
Bayport: A delightful community in which to live and raise a family. Nestled on Long Island’s south shore. Residents enjoy the small town atmosphere and numerous aquatic activities on Great South Bay. Bayport Blue Point High School has been designated as a Reward School by the New York State Education Department.
Bellport: Historic village on the South Shore of Long Island and named after the Bell family, early settlers of the area. Home to the Gateway Playhouse, a popular summer attraction, and sister city to Sainte-Maxime, France.
Blue Point: A bay front hamlet on the South Shore. Blue Point, a quaint residential community, first gained notoriety in the early 1800’s when Bluepoint oysters were found in the waters of the Great South Bay off Blue Point.
Brentwood: In 1844, Brentwood began as Thompson Station and Suffolk Station on the expanded Long Island Railroad. Brentwood was renamed in 1864 after a community in Sussex, England. History reveals that the hamlet is based on individual sovereignty and individual responsibility. Today it is a bustling community rich in diversity. | <urn:uuid:3dc8b583-9244-42e4-84ca-c938b5bf442e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.nysenate.gov/district/3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00001-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950491 | 234 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Financial literacy skills are the building blocks of development and self sufficiency. We believe that by teaching youth early about money management, they will develop a foundation for understanding the basic skills needed to care for themselves and their community. Below are links to various educational sites providing information about financial literacy.
Lights, Camera, Save!
If you’re a student between the age of 13-18, you can win up to $3,000 to fund your savings goal, plus $1,500 for your school. Here’s how! Lights, Camera, Save! is a part of the Teach Children to Save campaign, a national movement of volunteer bankers who guide young people towards lifelong savings habits. Since 1997, the campaign has reached some 5 million young people with the help of more than 100,000 banker volunteers. Learn more about the contest at lightscamerasave.com.
For Youth of All Ages
U.S. Currency, Know Your Money
Provides information and activities about new currency and new designs.
Pre-K – Grade 2
Children begin to understand notions of cost and value in their preschool years. We think it’s important to put young children on the path toward financial literacy by introducing them to money basics at an early age.
Master the skills needed to succeed in school and in life…the fun way.
Grades 3 – 6
We believe it’s important to build smart money management by introducing simple saving, banking, and cost comparison concepts at an early age.
Master the skills needed to succeed in school and in life…the fun way!
Grades 7 – 8
This is a critical time for students to build on financial basics learned in elementary school, while creating a strong foundation for the money management skills they will learn in high school and beyond.
Grades 9 – 12
We believe it’s beneficial for high school students to understand the personal finance and proper money management skills needed to succeed in life after high school.
A teenager should already have a strong background in financial fundamentals by the time he or she graduates high school. It’s important to build upon that foundation with the skills required to meet a lifetime of financial challenges.
Provides information for college students on budgeting, campus life, textbooks, and more.
Love Your Money
Provides tools needed to manage money, set goals, save, and invest wisely.
Approved by the Council for Exceptional Children, these lesson plans enable students with learning disabilities to gain important personal finance skills.
Citizens National Bank receives no financial consideration from the financial literacy website links and entities on this page. These links are provided purely for the benefit of the public. CNB does not endorse the products or services offered.
VIRTUAL ENTERPRISE CONVENTION | <urn:uuid:1b7c94bc-828d-4224-a22c-88b3480b3d4c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.cnbtn.com/about/youth-financial-literacy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00342-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928606 | 575 | 3.421875 | 3 |
It’s mind-boggling how long this acrimonious debate has been raging among various experts. I remember myself as a fat little kid first hearing the word “calorie,” but was too busy chewing my second Snickers bar to pay much attention. By 11 or 12, I was taken (or rolled) to a weight loss “specialist” and remember receiving an assortment of pills, even as my mother guesstimated the calories in our usual dinner of fried chicken, French fries, broccoli with Hollandaise sauce, and hot fudge sundaes for dessert.
Then an immense best-seller appeared, the now-forgotten Calories Don’t Count (1961), by Herman Taller, MD. His book may have been the first to suggest that in terms of weight loss, food selection trumped the calorie count of any individual food. Teller was, as Atkins would be some decades later, a pro-fat/low-carb advocate, and since many people really do prefer a breakfast of bacon and eggs to a bowl of granola, the dozens of low-carb diets that rode the book’s wake have remained quite popular.
Ornish vs Atkins
Dean Ornish, MD, the famous cardiologist, put the brakes on our steaks with his book Reversing Heart Disease. Fat, he felt (and does to this day), was the enemy in our midst. In an acrimonious debate between two diet gurus, Ornish called the Atkins Program the ultimate in nutritional irresponsibility. But people themselves preferred Atkins. To many men, a steak, salad, and martini are a semi-orgiastic pleasure, far removed from the concept of dieting, and many who followed Atkins did lose weight.
Women, who need some carbs to produce enough of the stress-buffering neurotransmitter serotonin (men have more to begin with) liked the weight loss, but found themselves with a serotonin deficit-induced snarkiness that nutritionists dubbed “Atkins Attitude.”
Ornish countered all this weight loss success with a fuss-budgety approach of ends not justifying the means. Although weight loss might have occurred, he maintained that in the process your arteries got clogged with fat. As you’ll see, this didn’t turn out to be the case.
The last diet you’ll ever need?
If you type “diet books” into the Amazon search bar, you’ll be rewarded with 142,278 selections. You can trim (pardon the pun) this down to a mere 1,598 titles if you choose “top selling diet books of 2014,” keeping in mind 2014 isn’t over yet and there are likely more to come.
But today, I’m going to report on a study that should save you the bother of ever buying another diet book in your life. The researchers are physicians from Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans. I thought this was a good location for such a study, since Louisiana is the fourth most obese state in the US, with nearly one in three Louisianians officially classified as obese. (Good food, though. I feel for them.)
The researchers’ goal was simple: if you take as diet goals both weight loss and preventing heart disease, which of the two major diets—low-carb or low-fat–gives you the most bang for your buck?
For the study, they selected 148 men and women of all races between the ages of 22 and 75. None had evidence of cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Their BMIs (a measure of relative weight to height) ranged from 30 to 45. Keep in mind that all values above 29.9 are officially categorized as obese.
The volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two groups, either the low-carbohydrate (fewer than 40 grams of carbs daily) or the low-fat (less than 30% of calories from fat, with less than 7% from saturated fat). Both groups received counseling at frequent intervals.
Approximately 80% in both groups completed the year-long study, which is a very good result for studies like these. The important conclusions were published as the lead article in this month’s Annals of Internal Medicine. In comparison to a low-fat diet, those following the low-carb diet:
- Lost significantly more weight.
- Had greater improvement in body composition (lean body mass, as opposed to fat).
- Increased their HDL (good cholesterol) levels.
- Improved their total cholesterol/HDL ratios.
- Lowered their CRP (a marker of inflammation).
- Improved their estimated ten-year coronary heart disease risk.
So that you don’t agonize over what to eat and what to avoid, here are the basics:
Meat, fish, eggs, vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, high-fat dairy, healthy oils (see below). Allow yourself some potatoes (not a lot) and some non-gluten grains (ditto).
Sugar, high fructose corn syrup, seed oils, trans fats, artificial sweeteners, “diet” products, processed foods.
Sugar Soft drinks, fruit juices, candy, ice cream, cakes, cookies.
Gluten grains Wheat, spelt, barley, and rye. Includes breads, pastries, pasta.
Trans fats Includes hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated oils.
High omega-6 seed and vegetable oils Soybean, sunflower, cottonseed, etc.
“Diet” and “low-fat” products Just walk away from this junk.
Processed foods If it came off an assembly line, don’t eat it.
Enjoy these low-carb foods
Meat Beef, lamb, pork, chicken. Grass-fed is best.
Fish Salmon, trout, haddock, many others. Wild-caught is ideal.
Eggs Omega-3 enriched, pasteurized, or from a free-ranging flock.
Vegetables Virtually any and all.
Fruit Apples, pears, blueberries, plums, strawberries, melon.
Fats and oils Coconut oil, butter, lard, olive oil, avocado.
Enjoy in moderation
Tubers Potatoes, sweet potatoes.
Non-gluten grains Rice, quinoa, oats, many others.
Legumes Lentils, black beans, pinto beans.
Dark chocolate Organic with 70% cocoa or higher.
Wine and spirits Dry wines with no added sugar, spirits like vodka, gin, or bourbon without sugared mixers (use soda water and citrus instead).
Snacks A piece of fruit and cheese, full-fat yogurt, two hard-boiled eggs, baby carrots, a handful of nuts, last-night’s leftovers.
Reject the bread basket. Order a meat or fish-based dish. If fried, request that it be fried in real butter. Ask for a double portion of vegetables or salad (dressed with vinegar and oil) instead of bread, potatoes, or rice.
Prepared food from grocery stores
Personally, I wouldn’t bother, simply because you have no information on the ingredients or source (organic, wild-caught), or even how long it’s been sitting on the steam table.
If all this sounds onerous, don’t despair. Our friends at The World’s Healthiest Foods offer 100 recipes made with real food to get you started.
And if you need help with limiting carbs, knowing which fats are good, or the basics of sensible shopping, schedule an appointment with one of our nutritionists, Marla Feingold, Seanna Tully, or Marcy Kirshenbaum. Health insurance companies seem a bit more oriented toward prevention than in the past. This means nutritional counseling is now a covered benefit of many policies.
David Edelberg, MD | <urn:uuid:d334c2d6-5092-40ec-817a-baf242bc9b79> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://wholehealthchicago.com/2014/09/29/low-carb-vs-low-fat-the-debate-is-over/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00497-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93783 | 1,667 | 1.8125 | 2 |
By: Nat Bayjay
Grand Bassa County, home to the country’s second largest seaport, is an enviable county with investment opportunities and prospects that paraded the likes of LAMCO, LAC, Palm Bay now Equatorial Palm Oil or EPO), Flour Mill, TIMCO and other timber companies, among others.
Now, the county in its post-war era now has ArcelorMittal (which replaced LAMCO), LAC, and other companies of which the former BRE was a part but had to roll-up its operations mainly due to similar political pressure from county administrators in addition to the company’s own problems it may have had. As a result, hundreds of Bassa citizens and other Liberians who migrated to the county from other parts of the country are currently jobless and still seeking to re-start their lives.
Though politics, many say, is a game that the politicians use to get whatever they deserve even at the expense of the people whose interest they claim to represent but when politicians do it so desperately then it baffles me.
A very specific case in point is the way in which some legislative members of Grand Bassa County have been handling the issue of the protested expansion of the EPO which speaks volumes about how politics is hurting concession in an economic-prone county like Grand Bassa.
Locals in the EPO area which is few miles away from the port city have been protesting the re-surveying of land in the area on grounds that their areas are not supposed to be part of the concession agreement between the Liberian Government and the concessionaire initially signed in 1964 and revisited in 2007. Moreover, they fear that the scars of Palm Bay which EPO is inheriting are still fresh among them as they have nothing to show since Palm Bay shut down operations in 1990 during the onslaught of the civil war.
And so, news on the international wire as well as local media has been that the locals’ protests had been allegedly on the orders of some members of the county’s legislative caucus. And my presence in this weekend’s long meeting held in the port city of Buchanan further confirmed these allegations on the part of some Bassa lawmakers who came out of their shells and openly displayed that they have been supporting the locals’ protest against the EPO expansion.
Just-elected Senator Nyonblee Karnga-Lawrence and Representative Byron Brown were clear in their support of the locals’ protest: Senator Karnga-Lawrence’s point is that 34,500 acres of land cannot be possibly found in the New Cess area alone and at such the agreement needs to be revisited while Representative Brown openly accused Representative Robertson N. Siaway right in front of Hon. Siaway’s own constituent people of collecting US$600 from the company apparently as a compromise. (Obviously, Rep. Siaway came back strong in self-defense as he clarified a number of issues, a situation that further brewed tension in the already tension-packed Administration Hall in Buchanan on Saturday).
But what continues to puzzle many including me is how could a concession agreement in crystal clear terms, ratified by the very legislators now opposing it, be misconstrued and interpreted differently to the locals most of whom are illiterate or have no access to the agreement?
That a Justice Minister who is the Acting President of the entire country had to leave Monrovia to simply read the section of the agreement that authorizes the company to expand its operation clearly points to some of the Bassa lawmakers’ personal and political reasons because according to Section 3 of the concession agreement with the Liberian government, which calls for a resurvey of the 34,500 acres that EPO surveyed the area via the Global Positional System (GPS) technology, New Cess and other additional areas are mentioned in acquiring the required acres of land.
For the locals to be insisting that the concession areas only include the New Cess area and not other adjacent parts, buttressed by Senator Karnga-Lawrence and Rep. Brown when it is clearly spelt out can only speak to how hidden political agendas are written on the wall.
For instance, Rep. Brown was one of those who ratified the renegotiated agreement in 2008 as a new representative who had just won a by-election. Why didn’t he contend the phrase “New Cess and other parts” or why is he not clarifying to the locals that other parts mentioned in the agreement ratified by them could mean other adjacent towns and villages being affected now?
For Senator Karnga-Lawrence, why has she labeled the concession agreement ‘bad’ when she must have read it with clarity before going on to encouraging the locals to protest the resurveying of the land? But again, from the manner in which Elder Abba Karnga, father to the Senator, during the meeting was pushing the lines of his daughter meant some family lines were being maintained and campaigned for as opposed to the interest of the locals.
As in the direct words of Justice Minister Christiana Tah during her intervention that “Some people have some [personal] agendas sometimes”, it is about time that the politicians of that county put aside their personal agendas and focus on the county’s well-being.
Yes, we all do agree that there have been terrible concessions in our country and Liberians now are more alert for such companies and their bad labor practices; but the best to go about this is ensuring that during the time of the signing (by the Executive) and subsequent ratification (by the Legislature), all of these would-be bad stuffs be handled and taken care of such as the concessionaire’s response to its Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) instead of signing and ratifying and even re-negotiating them (as in the case of the EPO agreement) and then later going back and creating problems that could scare both present and future investors.
Let’s be keen on our latest experience with the LAC expansion saga which led to the death in late 2007 of a Belgium national named Bruno Michiel, then plantation manager which had Liberia in the international news for all the bad reasons.
If our dearest county Grand Bassa is to realize its full economic potential of being the country’s economic hub as prospects dictate, then it’s time that the political leaders of the county divorce their politics from the vital survival of the very people who they should be protecting.
Even on the heels of next year’s mid-term senatorial election and other future legislative elections in the county, let it be BASSA NOW, BASSA FOREVER!!!!!!!!!
Nat Bayjay, firstname.lastname@example.org (231-777-402737, 231-886-402737) | <urn:uuid:34bf7bd6-955f-4788-917f-7520636f4dc1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.theperspective.org/2013/0930201302.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00556-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974994 | 1,412 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Juvenile curfew laws restrict the presence of minors in certain locations during certain hours. Curfew laws can restrict minors from certain public areas, such as mall, or from public areas in general, such as city streets. Curfew laws are typically created by local or state governments as a means of combating juvenile crime.
Juvenile curfew laws should describe the age group who are restricted, the specific hours of restriction, the locations the age group cannot be in, and any exceptions or exemptions that may apply. For example, a juvenile curfew law may state “a person under the age of 16 cannot be in a public place within the City of San Jose without adult supervision between the hours of 10:00pm and 5:00am.”
What If a Juvenile Violates a Curfew Law?
Parents are often liable for their minor child’s violation of curfew laws. Penalties often involve fines of about $400-$600, community service, driver’s license restrictions, and/or jail time.
Are There Any Defenses?
Juvenile curfew laws often come with a list of exemptions so that the laws are in line with the Constitution. Common exceptions include:
- Being accompanied by an adult.
- Engaging in gainful employment.
- Being engaged in a school, religious, or civil organization related activity.
- Seeking emergency or medical assistance.
- Exercising First Amendment Rights.
- Emancipation from parental control.
Although curfew laws are often used to protect minor children and other citizens, those same laws cannot unduly burden constitutional rights such as free speech or free exercise of religion.
Curfew laws can also be challenged if they are arbitrarily enforced. If police officers use curfew laws to target minors of color, there may be an equal protection challenge to the curfew law.
Seeking Legal Help
If you and/or your child are accused of breaching a juvenile curfew law, you should contact a juvenile attorney to learn more about your rights and any possible defenses that are available to your situation. | <urn:uuid:df13f7ae-81ed-4558-90e4-349cf540b3be> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/juvenile-curfew-laws.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.940658 | 421 | 3.09375 | 3 |
We examined the effects of undernutrition and recovery on body composition and blood and urinary profiles of 6 captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) between 18 December 1984 and 3 May 1985. Deer were weighed, and blood and urine were collected every 2 weeks from 10 January to 3 May. At Weeks 2, 8, and 14, body composition was estimated by the dilution of tritiated water technique and standard predictive equations. Feed intake decreased and cumulative mass loss increased during nutritional restriction. Baseline body composition included 62.1 .+-. 0.9 (SE)% water, 11.9 .+-. 1.0% fat, 20.5 .+-. 0.7% protein, and 4.5 .+-. 0.0% ash. Percent protein loss was linearly related (r2 = 0.91, P < 0.001) to percent mass loss. Peak mass loss from the beginning of the study (12.8 .+-. 2.0%) occurred at Week 12; estimated protein loss was 12.5%. Fat reserves were 85% depleted from Week 2 to Week 14. Elevated packed cell volume (PCV), serum calcium (Ca), cholesterol, triglycerides, and cortisol; and diminished serum urea nitrogen, thyroxine (T4), urinary urea nitrogen:creatinine and potassium:creatinine were associated with reduced food intake, mass loss, and decreases in body water, fat, and protein. Altered values of most of these blood and urinary characteristics reflected initiation of nutritional recovery after nutrition improved. Sequential data collection and the use of a combination of indices in blood or urine will yield the most useful assessments of animal nutrition and condition.
Additional publication details
Effects of winter undernutrition on body composition and physiological profiles of white-tailed deer | <urn:uuid:e77477bb-43f0-4128-a654-63f4e4a7c352> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5222237 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00496-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927738 | 372 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Nowadays, small and flat loudspeakers are requested by the market for home and mobile entertainment. One major problem of such small devices is the reproduction of lower frequencies due to physical limitations. A lack of low frequencies has a negative impact on the perceived audio quality. To obtain good audio quality even with small loudspeakers, the utilization of psychoacoustical effects is conceivable. Basic principles of psychoacoustical bandwidth extension, concretely implemented algorithms and parameter set-tings for a considerable extension of bandwidth are explained. Furthermore, a listening test method for evaluating perceived audio quality in comparison to bass extension is described. Based on that, an assessment of increased bandwidth extension and sound coloration is done and a conclusion is drawn.
Click to purchase paper as a non-member or login as an AES member. If your company or school subscribes to the E-Library then switch to the institutional version. If you are not an AES member and would like to subscribe to the E-Library then Join the AES!
This paper costs $33 for non-members and is free for AES members and E-Library subscribers. | <urn:uuid:e2329c04-9f87-4f9a-adf7-c7488a0adc1e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=15085 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.932675 | 249 | 2.375 | 2 |
The religious education considering and designed religious upbringing , education and socialization in the view of the relevant religious community and its spirituality. It conveys the doctrine of faith under religious studies, pedagogical and methodological-didactic aspects, taking into account the respective social, legal, economic, social and cultural context.
A limitation of religious education solely on the place of learning school ( religious education ) falls short: It is more generally about education , education , socialization , learning and development in a religious community ( church ) school (public and private) and community ( church ) or at religious place ( church education ). The target groups of religious education are therefore not only children and young people, but also adults ( adult education ), men (men's work) and women (women's work). Special tasks arise e.g. B. for marriage preparation , accompanying young parents, the elderly or the sick (see sick pastoral care ).
In Christianity, the differentiation between religious education in the narrower sense - as more closely related to the school as a place of learning and religious instruction - and community education as an education that is more closely related to the ( parish ) community. The training for these two areas has different focuses. Practical theology at the universities is responsible for adult and parish pastoral care, and religious education at universities and colleges for the training of religious teachers .
In the school sector, there are considerations and attempts at denominational-cooperative religious instruction, which can be supported by a sometimes joint training of religious teachers of different denominations (as at the Church of the University of Education in Vienna / Krems ).
Work is underway in Germany and Austria to develop an Islamic religious education system. There are similar endeavors for Buddhism .
Christian religious education
From a Christian point of view, religious education is originally the proclamation of the faith and catechesis (i.e. teaching and learning to be a Christian), but is also considered a theological discipline ( practical theology ) related to social sciences , education and psychology . In the sense of catechesis, the “working level” of religious educators is the relationship between man and God .
Nowadays, when large parts of the population are to be regarded as remote from the church , religious education in schools is often the first encounter with representatives of the church . Therefore, before any faith is imparted, religious knowledge must first be imparted , e.g. . B. also shapes the first weeks of first communion classes.
In contrast to this pastoral care for those who are distant, in the second area of religious education - parish education in parishes or for Christian class groups - the aspect of knowledge takes a back seat to the actual pastoral care . Congregational education therefore has a much higher proportion of personal aspects such as spiritual support and encouragement, any life support, conversations about the Bible and the image of God , introduction to prayer and much more. Church work can therefore be defined as a motivated endeavor for people in their wholeness and their relationship to God .
In some areas of religious education, psychotherapeutic action can also be appropriate, for example Carl Rogers' access to personal or partnership motivation and so-called pastoral psychology . It is by no means the clergy alone who are challenged here, but - especially in the Protestant as in the Catholic understanding - every adult Christian. The resulting network of relationships through listening , empathizing, supporting, exchanging ideas, etc. also serves to build a modern Christian community. Since the 1970s, the importance of other religions (formerly: “foreign religions”, today “world religions”) has grown in religious education. The pioneers in the Protestant field include Karl Ernst Nipkow , Udo Tworuschka , Jürgen Lott and Johannes Lähnemann . In the Catholic area, Hubertus Halbfas and Werner Trutwin should be mentioned. Since the 1990s, there has been less talk of “world religions in religious education” and more of “interreligious learning”. Stephan Leimgruber , Herbert Schultze and Hans-Georg Ziebertz are among the pioneers of this religious educational concept .
Islamic religious education
Islamic religious education is still in its infancy in Germany at the beginning of the 21st century. As early as the 1990s, there were individual efforts to develop a corresponding teaching. Since then, the Institute for Interreligious Didactics and Pedagogy in Cologne has stood out with its work. Under the direction of Rabeya Müller , the first concepts for Islamic religious instruction were developed, teaching materials were created and advanced training courses were offered. In recent years, the Islamic scholar and religious educator Lamya Kaddor has played an important role in the further development of this discipline. She has written and published several publications on this. Among other things, in cooperation with Rabeya Müller, she has been working with the Koran for children and adults since 2004, both the first child-friendly translation of the Koran and the first state-approved textbook for Islamic religious instruction "Saphir". Harry Harun Behr was also involved in the publication of the textbook . With his appointment to the professorship for Islamic Religious Education at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , the young discipline found its first access to the German higher education system. The developments in recent years have been favored above all by the political efforts to establish Islamic religious instruction at state schools in Germany.
In Germany and Europe, Bülent Ucar from the University of Osnabrück, who has made a significant contribution to the development of Islamic religious education in Germany with numerous publications, is considered an expert in the field of Islamic religious education . In his writings he advocates contemporary, modern Islamic religious education. In March 2008, the German Islam Conference reaffirmed the efforts to introduce regular religious instruction.
In Austria, Islamic religious education was established at the University of Vienna in 2007.
Buddhist religious education (in Austria)
With the legal recognition of Buddhism in Austria in 1983, the authorization to give Buddhist religious instruction in public schools was connected. The Austrian Buddhist Religious Society (ÖBR) developed a first curriculum for all school levels, which was announced by the Minister of Education in May 1992. In September 1993 Buddhist religious instruction began in Graz, Salzburg and Vienna and was expanded in the following years. In 2001, the Buddhist Religious Education Institute of the ÖBR (BRPI) was established in Salzburg, central to the whole of Austria. The founder and director of the institute, Kurt Krammer, was also a specialist inspector for Buddhist religion. In 2008 a new curriculum came into effect. Due to the diversity of Buddhist traditions in Europe, there are very different expectations of religious education. Most of the students in Buddhist religious education come from an Asian migrant background . A total of around 200 students take part in Buddhist religious instruction throughout Austria.
Academic training in religious education takes place at church universities (e.g. at the Protestant universities of applied sciences , the Catholic University of Eichstätt , the Catholic Foundation University of Munich, Benediktbeuern Department, or the Catholic University of Mainz ) as well as at state universities (e.g. University of Lucerne , University of Tübingen , University of Hamburg , University of Münster ) and in Baden-Württemberg at the universities of education in Freiburg , Heidelberg , Karlsruhe , Ludwigsburg , Schwäbisch Gmünd and Weingarten . Corresponding distance learning is also possible at the Cathedral School in Würzburg , as well as at the Pedagogical University of the Diocese of Linz . Not least in Berlin, the training at the EFB as a FH-certified religious educator has completely replaced or replaced the multi-level and part-time training course for catechists .
In Islamic Religious Education, academic training has so far taken place at three locations. After the above-mentioned professorship in Erlangen-Nuremberg was filled, a second chair has now also been filled at the University of Osnabrück . The owner is the scientist Bülent Ucar . At the Center for Religious Studies of the University of Muenster , the Islamic religious education is under construction. The associated professorship was already represented by Lamya Kaddor for one semester in winter 2007/2008 . Professorships are also being planned in Baden-Württemberg . In addition to academic training, the ministries of the federal states that offer Islamic religious instruction or Islamic studies offer appropriate training in Islamic education for teachers.
Important founders of religious education
- Martin Luther (1483–1546)
- Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560)
- John Calvin (1509–1564)
- Johann Amos Comenius (1592–1670)
- August Hermann Francke (1663–1727)
- Johann Jakob Rambach (1693-1735)
- Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768–1834)
- Friedrich Adolph Wilhelm Diesterweg (1790–1866)
- Christian Palmer (1811-1875)
- Friedrich Niebergall (1866–1932)
- Joseph Göttler (1874–1935)
- Otto Eberhard (1875–1966)
- Gerhard Bohne (theologian) (1895–1977)
- Oskar Hammelsbeck (1899–1975)
- Helmuth Kittel (1902–1984)
- Martin Stallmann (1903–1980)
- Martinus Jan Langeveld (1905-1989)
- Adolf Exeler (1926–1983)
Important religious educators after the Second World War
- Ednan Aslan (* 1959)
- Albert Biesinger (* 1948)
- Peter Bubmann (* 1962)
- Albert Höfer (* 1932)
- Lamya Kaddor (* 1978)
- Hans Bernhard Kaufmann (* 1926)
- Eta Linnemann (1926-2009)
- Hans Mendl (* 1960)
- Rabeya Müller (* 1957)
- Karl Ernst Nipkow (1928-2014)
- Horst F. Rupp (* 1949)
- Friedrich Schweitzer (* 1954)
- Dietrich Steinwede (* 1930)
- Bülent Ucar (* 1977)
- Siegfried Forty (* 1923)
- Dieter Walther (1930-2013)
- Klaus Wegenast (1929-2006)
- Mirjam Zimmermann (* 1969)
- Erich Feifel , Robert Leuenberger , Günter Stachel, Klaus Wegenast (eds.): Manual of religious education. Volume 1: Religious Education and Upbringing. Gütersloh, Zurich, Einsiedeln Cologne 1973; Volume 2: Didactics of Religious Education - Theory of Science. Gütersloh, Zurich, Einsiedeln, Cologne 1974; Volume 3: Religious educational fields of action in church responsibility. Gütersloh, Zurich, Einsiedeln, Cologne 1975.
- Udo Tworuschka , Dietrich Zilleßen (ed.): Topic world religions. A discussion and work book for religious educators and religious scholars. Frankfurt am Main, Munich 1977.
- Friedrich Schweitzer : Life story and religion. Religious development and upbringing in childhood and adolescence. 2nd Edition. Munich 1991.
- Anja Lüpken : Religious Didactics - On the Way to a New Discipline. In: Handbook of Religions. Churches and other religious communities in Germany. Landsberg / Munich since 1997, four additional deliveries per year, EL 26.
- Christian Grethlein : Religious Education . Berlin, New York 1998.
- Norbert Mette , Folkert Rickers : Lexicon of religious education. Neukirchener, Neukirchen-Vluyn 2001, ISBN 3-7887-1745-9 .
- Gottfried Bitter, Rudolf Englert , Gabriele Miller, Karl Ernst Nipkow: New handbook of religious pedagogical basic concepts. Kösel, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-466-36598-8 .
- Christoph Bizer , Roland Degen, Rudolf Englert, Norbert Mette , Folkert Rickers , Friedrich Schweitzer (eds.): Religionsdidaktik. In: Yearbook of Religious Education (JRP) Volume 18 (2002). Neukirchen-Vluyn 2002.
- Werner Simon : Modern religious education. Kaiser, Gütersloh 2005.
- Ulrich Becker , Harry Noormann, Bernd Trocholepczy (eds.): Ecumenical workbook religious education. 3. Edition. Stuttgart 2007.
- Jürgen Court , Michael Klöcker (ed.): Ways and worlds of religions. Research and mediation. FS Udo Tworuschka for his 60th birthday. Frankfurt am Main 2009, pp. 731–762 Bibliography of the works of Udo Tworuschka.
- Wolfram Reiss : Expert opinion on the books used in Islamic religious instruction in Austria. Published by the Federal Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Austria, Vienna 2012.
- Lucas Graßal : How to teach religion (s)? Religious Education in German Religious Education Concepts in the Light of the Pluralist Theology of Religion by John Hick , Berlin 2013 (Pedagogical Contributions to Kulturbegegnung 30).
- Horst F. Rupp: Religious Education and Religious Education in Germany. In: Handbook of Religions. Churches and other religious communities in Germany / in the German-speaking area, ed. by Michael Klöcker and Udo Tworuschka. 35th supplementary delivery, Munich 2013.
- Mirjam Zimmermann, Heike Lindner (eds.): The scientific-religious-pedagogical lexicon on the Internet (WiReLex) 2015ff. (Online: http://www.wirelex.de )
- rpi-virtuell - cross-denominational internet platform of the EKD for religious education workers in schools, training and further education, in cooperation with the religious education institutes in Austria
- rpp-catholic - portal for catholic religious education with current information from religious education, school, church, media education; Sponsor: German Bishops' Conference
- Twitter: rpp_katholisch - tweet about religious education, school, church, media education
- Religious Education Institute Loccum - material portal for religious education with current news, lesson plans, online lectures
- Theo-Web - Journal for Religious Education
- Owlfish - Limburg magazine for religion and education
- ÖRF-Austrian Religious Education Forum - Open Access Journal for Religious Education - interdenominational and interreligious
- Annotated literature list of the current EKBO vicars course
- Daniel Arnhold: Resilient Religiosity. Promotion of resilience in religious education through the development of religious concepts in primary school. Leipzig, 2012
- Claudia Zieroff: Subjective construction of religious self-concepts in the context of religious socialization and religious change. Dissertation University of Oldenburg, 2006
- IPD Cologne
- The Koran for children and adults, Beck-Verlag, Munich 2008, 2nd ed.
- Saphir 5/6 religious book for young Muslims, Kösel-Verlag, Munich 2008
- Wiener Zeitung 2013 on Buddhist religious instruction: "However, there are currently only 190 Buddhist students in Austria."
- Interdisciplinary Center for Islamic Religious Education izir.uni-erlangen.de
- University of Osnabrück - Chair for Islamic Religious Education | <urn:uuid:651cd67b-0483-489f-8c42-8bba27dbd487> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/Religionsp%C3%A4dagogik | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.90873 | 3,358 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Parti Sosialis Malaysia and Jerit are not amused by the continuous flip-flop and gymnastics surrounding the Minimum Wage Act and the proposed amendments to labour laws.
Over the years the Government has consistently implement anti-labour laws/pro-capitalist laws. It is common knowledge that previous trade Unions laws and Industrial Relations Acts were specifically designed to help foreign companies investing in Malaysia.
The stark reality is that the ruling government is not interested in implementing a retrenchment fund, a Minimum wage Act, automatic registration of trade unions and priority of wages and termination benefits over other Debts (to override the Companies Act).
What the ruling Government does is to curb workers rights and union rights, in perpetuity. Today this government unabashedly continues to propose new amendments to please foreign investors and perpetuate the neo-liberal regime.
The failure of the market
PSM is pleased to hear that the Minister has finally realised the failure of market forces. PSM had over the years cautioned and condemned the Government for relying on market forces to determine the well being of the workers, who happen to be the greater majority of the people.
We have all the while called for state intervention in resolving the woes of the workers. The government until now has been telling the world that it cannot implement a Minimum Wage Act because of its strong adherence to the market philosophy as duly noted by the former Human Resources Minister Fong Chan Onn: The government will not adopt the minimum wage policy but instead allow market forces to determine the salary level. That was the government’s basic philosophy.’
Now the government has to eat its own words as the current Human Resources Minister Dr S Subramaniam said that a National Employment Return study in 2009 stressed the need for wages to be increased, especially after the ministry discovered that it was difficult to rely on market forces alone.
Human Resource Minister’s failure
Although Subramaniam has recognised the low wages earned by workers and the importance of a minimum wage, he is not taking any concrete efforts to address the matter. It has been two years and yet the Human Resource Minister fails to bring any positive changes for the betterment of the workers. For example, the withdrawal of the implementation of a minimum wage for security guards – which should have been implemented on 1 July 2010. Recently, the Minister was also pessimistic about the Indonesian government’s proposal to introduce a minimum wage of RM600 for maids. The Ministry also seemed to be lacking in seriousness when they conducted a survey on minimum wage through the Ministry’s blog. The Deputy Human Resource Minister announced in Parliament that minimum wage can’t be implemented due to poor response by the workers. When we met the Minister on 1 July this year, the Minister kept mentioning that the Government had to safeguard the interest of
the investors; as such, it is difficult to implement minimum wage. It shows that the Minister has failed to exercise his political will to safeguard the interests of the workers. Now the Minister talks about more time to study the proposals.
Income disparity – the rich and the poor
A study by the Human Resources Ministry on wages in the country revealed that almost 34 per cent or about 1.3 million workers earned less than RM700 a month, a level below the poverty line of RM720 per month. The Minister also cited a World Bank study which discovered that the wage trend in Malaysia had only recorded 2.6 per cent growth annually during the past 10 years compared with the increasing cost of living during the same period.
The richest 10 per cent in Malaysia control 38.4 per cent of the country’s economy whilst the poorest 10 per cent control 1.7 per cent.
These alarming statistics demand that the government take drastic action to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. One way is to introduce a Minimum Wage Act or by subsidising the lower income group.
But right now the modus operandi of the government of the day is:
– to implement a GST (Goods and Services Tax), burdening further the poor who will have to pay higher taxes while the rich will be given further deductions of their income and corporate taxes. The fact that only 15 per cent of the population is paying income tax shows that the majority of Malaysian are in the low-income category.
– the private sector as the engine of growth in the Tenth Malaysia Plan, thus lessening the government’s role and enlarging the role of private sector. This move will definitely lead to more neo-liberal policies to the detriment of the poor.
– the reduction and lowering of subsidies will result in the relative and absolute escalation of prices with the drop of purchasing power, and, subsequently, the fall or crashing of the standard of living. The total government expenditure on subsidies is RM158 billion yearly, of which RM 74 billion is for subsidies enjoyed by all people and RM84 billion is for subsidies meant for the corporate rich and businesses. The current government subsidy cuts are targeted at the RM74 billion which are enjoyed by all. But the subsidies for the rich remain unchanged, thus blatantly helping the rich but not the poor.
– increasing FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), which will depress wages and result in tighter labour control and laws to protect foreign investors
It’s the corporate agenda that is driving the amendments to the labour laws, not the needs or welfare of workers.
The affected labour laws:
– Employment Act 1955/Akta Kerja 1955
– Industrial Relations Act 1967/Akta Perhubungan Perusahaan 1967
– Trade Unions Act 1959/Akta Kesatuan Sekerja 1959
Employment Act amendments
This has been tabled for first sitting without the support of labour groups such as the MTUC and Jerit. Overall, the amendments focus upon the increase in “labour flexibility” and to better define “sexual harassment” in the work-place.
As for labour flexibility, the biggest ploy will be the issue of the contractualisation of labour.
The proposed amendment recognises a new category of contractor – that is, the contractor of labour, whose job is merely to supply labour. Previously, a “contractor” was also part and parcel of the work of the principal.
Now this amendment recognises the contractor of labour as the “Employer” rather than subservient or responsible to the principal. These changes will surely make it easier to summarily lay off workers. In short, the Principal can escape from paying benefits because these wage earners are not his workers. Also if EPF and Socso are not paid properly, the contractor can say that he is not the actual employer – that he is not responsible. In summary, the workers are short changed in this “catch-22” drama.
Section 12 – Notice of termination of contract
To standardise the notice period for the termination of contract for employees to four weeks irrespective of the years of service. With this amendment, long-serving workers get much lesser time to prepare for termination and hence will be compensated less.
Section 19 – Time of payment of wage
To allow employers to delay payment of overtime work for as long as 30 days. Currently it must be paid within seven days. Most Malaysia workers rely on overtime to make ends meet. With this amendment, they will be only paid their rightful dues three weeks later
Below are safeguard provisions which were placed to safeguard workers’ interest. The government amendments plans to do away with these safeguard. Among the safeguards are:
Section 25A – Payment of wages through bank
The current provision requires employers to acquire the consent of workers to change the mode of payment of salaries. If the only mode of payment is going to be banks, than it is going to bring further hardship, inconvenience and also further cost to the workers. And in Section 28 – Restriction on places at which wages may be paid, the amendment can mean that the employer can give wages to workers in brothels, pubs and toddy shops.
Also currently under Section 34 – Prohibition of night work, there is a provision for the DG to allow for this on a case to case basis. With the removal of these provision, it would mean workers especially female workers can be called in at odd hours, without much rest, to do work.
Section 44 and Section 61 require a register of allowances paid and workers details to be kept, and this can be checked upon request. Under the new amendment, the employer can keep soft copies in computers which can be subject to abuse
Section 60A – Hours of Work. The provision allows employers to set unreasonable working hours; the employer can even set work to start as early as 5.00am.
Sexual harassment at the work place
We welcome this provision in the Employment Act as it will address the problems of sexual harassment. Coverage is for all employees irrespective of their wages or occupations. While the amendment is welcomed, there is a need to enact a comprehensive law on sexual harassment because the offence does not occur at the workplace alone.
Industrial Relations Act 1967
The IR Act was amended not too long ago in 2007 (during Fong Chan Onn’s tenure) and it has chiped away some rights of the workers.
The table below shows some of the amendments made:
– Apart from limiting back wages to 24 months, the courts are now mandated to take into account post-termination gainful employment and contributory conduct.
– However, the amendments did not mandate the courts to impose punitive damages in cases where in all fairness there must be another provision for the court to take into account the pain and suffering of workers when dismissed. Nor are there provisions for punitive damages where employers acted wantonly in dismissing workers whose only misconduct may be to promote or participate in a trade union in the workplace.
– To limit back wages for probationers to one year. Probationers could have left secure jobs to take up new employment (on probation).
The current Minister is proposing the following amendments which will further undermine the rights of workers. The amendments are as follow:
Section 20 – Representations on dismissals
Employees with less than one year of service (probationers) are excluded from seeking reinstatement via section 20 of the IRA;
Employees earning a basic salary of RM10,000 or more are excluded from seeking reinstatement via section 20 of IRA;
Employees with fixed-term contracts are excluded from seeking reinstatement via section 20 of IRA if termination is as per contract terms.
This would mean more workers will be excluded from protection under Section 20
– Mandatory conciliation at the Industrial Relations Department (IRD); dismissal cases would not be referred to the Industrial Court under certain circumstances such as:
Employee has accepted a mutual separation package;
Expiry of a fixed term contract;
Termination of an employee beyond the mandatory retirement age of the company;
Where the employee rejects reinstatement;
Cases of amicable settlement, and employee has accepted settlement.
– To allow HR specialists/consultants to represent parties in conciliation proceedings and hearings in the Industrial Court
– To enable the Industrial Court to strike out frivolous or vexatious cases
– To allow for direct appeal to the High Court pursuant to an Industrial Court Award on dismissals by way of rehearing instead of judicial review currently. This gives unfair advantage to employers given their financial resources. Unions and workers with limited or no resources cannot afford to engage lawyers to represent them at the High Court.
Besides the amendment to the Employment Act and IRA, there seems to be further plans to curb trade union activities.
Under Section 5(2)(B), Executive and Security categories are now prohibited from being members of trade unions; besides that, there are plans to empower the DGIR to review the status of a union which has been given recognition, upon request after a minimum period of five years. The proposed amendment will enable employers to perpetually deny workers collective bargaining rights.
PSM and Jerit demand:
1. Immediate steps must be introduced to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor and call for the need to;
– Introduce a Minimum Wage Act;
– Reduce subsidies to industries and businesses but maintain subsidies for the poor;
– Stop all measures to implement the GST and to maintain or increase the corporate tax
2. Stop tabling anti-labour legislation
– Stop all amendments to labour laws
– Introduce laws such as a retrenchment fund, a Minimum wage Act, the automatic registration of trade Unions and priority of wages and termination benefits over other debts (to over-ride the Companies Act)
3. It is time the government reviews its fundamental philosophy. The Tenth Malaysia Plan calls for a major role to be played by the private sector. It is proven that it is the social and political responsibility of the State to ensure the well being of its workers and the rakyat. We call for the government to safeguard key public sectors such as:
– public hospitals and the public health care system
– a free and affordable public education system
– affordable and decent homes
– efficient and cheap public transport
Parti Sosialis Malaysia & Jaringan Rakyat Tertindas (Jerit) | <urn:uuid:8c973e8d-8be7-4e5a-8135-df88cf5c1884> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://m.aliran.com/civil-society-voices/the-circus-around-the-minimum-wage-act | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.950026 | 2,719 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Burma: The Jewel of Asia
Impressions from Yangon
by Ralph A Ledergerber
About the Book
This book is a photographic documentary about everyday life on the streets of Yangon, markets, faces, portraits of people, the Shwedagon Pagoda during the annual 'Kason' Festival held in May, fading colonial architecture and more. A pictorial insight into Yangon, Burma's largest city formerly known as Rangoon under British rule. A fantastic photo essay illustrated with more than 50 amazing photographs. This book will be followed up with a more comprehensive version in late 2014. Stay tuned.
Features & Details
- Category Travel
Standard Landscape, 10×8 in, 25×20 cm
- Publish Date Feb 24, 2014
- Language English
- Tags South East Asia, Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Burma: The Jewel of Asia, Impressions from Yangon, Photo Documentary, Photo Essay, Ralph A. Ledergerber Photography, Asia, Burma, Myanmar, Yangon, Rangoon, Travel, Photography
Award-winning photographer Ralph A. Ledergerber has a unique passion for multiple genres, such as architecture, products, portraits, projects, events, nature and landscapes. His style captures clean lines and vivid colours, which evoke a sense of intense drama, while simultaneously inviting viewers to be drawn into silence and stillness. He shows great skill and is well grounded in all aspects of photography including computer applications, complemented by a strong commitment and attention to detail. Ralph A. Ledergerber was born in 1961 in Switzerland and migrated to Adelaide Australia in 1991 where he now lives and works. Some of his work was exhibited at Circulo Bellas Artes, Calle Alcala 42, Sala Antonio Palacios, Madrid (Spain), at the Morpho Gallery in Chicago IL (USA) in June 2010 and at the SALA Festival (South Australian Living Artists) in August 2010 themed 'Colours of Morocco'. | <urn:uuid:56e12471-8925-4715-82f3-ad013b2af1f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.blurb.com/b/5110561-burma-the-jewel-of-asia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00030-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926398 | 412 | 1.734375 | 2 |
THE Housing Executive has developed a new draft Rural Action Plan for the next two years to address the housing needs of people in rural areas.
A Housing Executive spokesperson explained, “People in rural areas suffer the same economic and housing problems as those living elsewhere but these are often made worse by geographic isolation.
“The draft rural action plan outlines our priorities over the next two years and details our actions to address housing need, improve housing conditions and regenerate communities.
“We want to work with rural communities and others to address their concerns. We have developed this action plan following an examination of the overall work we are planning to undertake over the next two years up to 2015.
“We are now seeking the views of people from rural areas to ensure their concerns are highlighted and addressed. “
Key actions in the plan include: Increasing the supply of social and affordable housing; Improving housing conditions;
Improving energy efficiency; Tackling rural homelessness; Regenerating rural communities; Developing rural community involvement; Promoting community cohesion.
The Draft Rural Action Plan 2013-2015 is available on the Housing Executive’s website http://www.nihe.gov.uk/rural_homes_and_people_draft_action_plan_2013-2015.pdf. The consultation runs until 22 February 2012. | <urn:uuid:fa1c5947-d507-4500-a2de-13130059c901> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.banbridgeleader.co.uk/news/politics/draft-rural-action-plan-is-launched-1-4648725 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00316-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942503 | 272 | 1.96875 | 2 |
gpsmap [-hviNIDVGMtbruapek] [-g config-file] [-o output-file]
[-f filter-list] [-F filter-type-list] [-z numthreads] [-S mapsource] [-c coords] [-s scale]
[-m usermap] [-d mapsize] [-n netcolors] [-O offset] [color-saturation] [map-intensity] [-R range-opacity] [feather-range] [-K bounds-opacity]
[-U hull-opacity] [-A scatter-opacity] [-B scatter-size] [feather-scatter]
[-P power-opacity] [-Q power-res] [-q power-colors] [-E center-opacity]
[-H center-size] [-l label-list] [-L label-orientation]
[-K legend-opacity] [-F feature-order]
GPSFile1 [GpsFile2 ... GpsFileN]
DESCRIPTIONgpsmap reads GPS and Network XML datafiles and plots networks on downloaded vector maps or satellite photos or user-supplied images.
- -h, --help
- Display usage
- -v, --verbose
- Verbose output
- -g, --config-file FILE
- Use alternate config file FILE
- -o, --output FILE
- Image output file
- -f, --filter LIST
- Comma separated list of MACs to filter
- -i, --invert-filter
- Process only MACs specified in the filter list
- -F, --typefilter LIST
- Comma separated list of network types (ap,adhoc,probe,turbocell,data,unknown) to filter
- -I, --invert-typefilter
- Process only MACs and types specified in the filter list
- -z, --threads NUM
- Spawn NUM threads for power interpolation calculations
- -N, --pure-avg-center
- Use old pure-average center to guess the center of a network by averaging all of the sample points, instead of the new code which tries to find the most relevant cluster of sample points.
- -S, --map-source SOURCE
- Source to download maps from (-1 = Null; 0 = Mapblast; 1 = MapPoint(broken); 2 = Terraserver; 3 = Tiger Census; 4 = Earthamap; 5 = Terraserver Topographic). Default: 4
- -D, --keep-gif
- Keep downloaded GIF file
- -V, --version
- Version of GPSMap
USAGE (IMAGE OPTIONS)
- -c, --coords LAT,LON
- Force map center to LAT,LON instead of automatically calculated location
- -s, --scale SCALE
- Force map scale of SCALE instead of automatically calculated scale
- -m, --user-map MAP
- Use custom map file instead of downloading one. If center and scale are specified in the map title they will be used.
- -d, --map-size X,Y
- Download map at XSIZE,YSIZE. Default: 1280x1024
- -n, --network-colors COLORS
- Color networks by COLORS (0 = Random rotation; 1 = Color based on WEP and factory default; 2 = Color based on network channel). Default: 0
- -G, --no-greyscale
- Don't convert map to greyscale
- --color-saturation PERCENTAGE
- Set background map image color saturation. 0 is greyscale, 100 is full normal colors.
- --map-intensity [-]PERCENTAGE
- Set background map intensity. Negative percentages cause the map to be layered over a black background, while positive percentages cause the map to be layered over a white background.
- -M, --metric
- Download map with metric measurements (if possible)
- -O, --offset XOFF,YOFF
- Offset map by XOFF,YOFF pixels.
USAGE (DRAWING OPTIONS)
- -t, --draw-track
- Draw travel track
- -Y, --draw-track-width WIDTH
- Travel track width. Default: 3
- -b, --draw-bounds
- Draw network bounding box
- -K, --draw-bounds-opacity OPACITY
- Opacity to draw bounding boxes with. Default: 10
- -r, --draw-range
- Draw estimated range circles
- -R, --draw-range-opacity OPACITY
- Opacity to draw range circles with. Default: 70
- Feather the range circles out into transparency
- -u, --draw-hull
- Draw convex hull for each network
- -U, --draw-hull-opacity OPACITY
- Opacity to draw convex hull with. Default: 70
- -a, --draw-scatter
- Draw scatter plot of data points
- -A, --draw-scatter-opacity OPACITY
- Scatter plot opacity Default: 100
- Feather the edges of scatterplot circles. VERY SLOW.
- -B, --draw-scatter-size SIZE
- Draw scatter at radius size. Default: 2
- -Z, --draw-power-zoom
- Power based scatter plot range for scaling colors [Default: 0] 0 determines upper limit based on max observed for network 1-255 is user defined upper limit
- -p, --draw-power
- Draw interpolated network power
- -P, --draw-power-opacity OPACITY
- Interpolated power opacity. Default: 70
- -Q, --draw-power-res RES
- Interpolated power resolution. Default: 5
- -q, --draw-power-colors COLORS
- Interpolated power color set. (0 is a ramp though RGB colorspace; 1 is the origional color set; 2 is weathermap radar style). Default: 0
- -e, --draw-center
- Draw dot at center of network range
- -E, --draw-center-opacity OPACITY
- Center dot opacity. Default: 100
- -H, --draw-center-size SIZE
- Center dot at radius size. Default: 2
- -l, --draw-labels LIST
- Draw network label types, comma-seperated list. Labels are drawn in the order given. Valid labels are bssid, ssid, info, location, manuf.
- -L, --draw-label-orient ORIENT
- Label orientation (0 upper left, 8 lower right) Default: 7
- -k, --draw-legend
- Draw map legend
- -K, --draw-legend-opacity OPACITY
- Legend opacity [Default: 90]
- -F, --feature-order ORDER
- String representing the order map features are drawn. (p: interpolated power; t: tracks; b: bounds; r: range circles; h: convex hulls; s: scatter plot; c: center dot; l: labels) Default: 'ptbrhscl'.
TRACK DRAWINGDraws a blue track along the traveled path, based on the track data saved by Kismet.
BOUNDING RECTANGLEDraws the bounding rectangle around the extreme points of each network.
RANGE CIRCLEEstimates the range of a network based on the average center and the distance to the closest extreme corner. Not exact, but often useful for estimating the range of the network.
CONVEX HULLConvex hull of all sample points for each network. This will display the exact detected range of the networks.
SCATTER PLOTDraws a dot for every detected packet point.
POWER INTERPOLATIONBy far the most CPU intensive, power interpolation forms a grid over the image and attempts to interpolate the power for points that aren't directly sampled. For this graph to be a reasonable representation of reality, samples around the entire area, preferably forming a grid or mesh, should be taken.
NETWORK CENTERSimply draw a dot in the averaged center of each network
LABELSLabels are drawn in the order requested in the list. Labels are drawn based on the center of the network and the label orientation. There is some logic to attempt to prevent label overlap, but on extremely crowded maps it will be unavoidable.
LEGENDDraws a legend on the bottom of the map with the coordinates, scale, total sampled networks, networks visible on the current plot, and dynamic information based on the plots selected and the network color methods requested.
BUGSWhile not technically a bug, source 1 (MapPoint) are nonfunctional. The vendors have changed their serivice in such a way that it is impossible to download the map images from them. GPSMap still supports these sources, but ONLY for predownloaded images that may have been kept previously. Attempts to use these sources when a user map is not available will fail. | <urn:uuid:6dacfc57-5ca0-4f0e-8767-d41cbd908359> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://manpages.org/gpsmap | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.73427 | 2,023 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Famed as “China’s Green Capital”, Nanning boasts subtropical scenery. In addition to its picturesque parks, waterfalls and caves, Nanning’s cultural attractions offer insight into its diverse ethnic groups.
Things to do in Nanning
Soak up the scenery of Nanning with a stroll through People’s Park in the downtown area. Enjoy the tranquil ambience of the bamboo trees and willows surrounding Bailong Lake, then climb the 141 steps up to a peak overlooking the city.
If you want to learn more about Nanning’s regional history, visit the Guangxi Ethnic Relics Centre. You’ll be welcomed by a huge bronze drum symbolic of the culture, before exploring the outdoor exhibition area that highlights the Guangxi minority communities through ancient relics, handicrafts and folk performances.
You can’t visit Nanning without exploring the scenic Qingxiu Mountain, surrounded by lush greenery and undulating hills. Make your way to the Longxiang Pagoda to marvel at the city below. The hike is particularly beautiful in spring when the peach trees are in full bloom.
Looking for a day trip? Visit Daxin County to marvel at its famous natural wonder, the Detian Waterfall. The largest waterfall in Asia at 70 metres tall and 200 metres wide, the three-tiered cliff is surrounded by verdant nature, such as bright red blossoms and kapok trees.
Getting around Nanning
The easiest way to navigate Nanning is by metro, bus or taxi. Nanning Wuxu International Airport is a 30-minute bus ride from the city centre and has domestic and international flights, while long-distance trains connect to Guilin, Beijing and Guangzhou. | <urn:uuid:b813c519-17d0-43bc-92ea-317dfcd65207> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hotelscombined.co.nz/Place/Nanning.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.910779 | 365 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Lucrecia Martel — “a decidedly polyphonic cinema”
by Dominique Russell
In his film sound manifesto, sound designer Randy Thom calls for films to be “designed for sound,” that is, to be conceived of aurally as well as visually. Rather than thinking of good sound as an add-on or as an effect at the service of the visual, Thom proposes that directors consider sound an “active agent,” one whose presence interacts with and therefore changes other elements of the film. In his words:
"What I propose is that the way for a filmmaker to take advantage of sound is not simply to make it possible to record good sound on the set, or simply to hire a talented sound designer/composer to fabricate sounds, but rather to design the film with sound in mind, to allow sound’s contributions to influence creative decisions in the other crafts."
While he gives examples as varied as Citizen Kane, Raging Bull, Eraserhead, The Elephant Man, Never Cry Wolf and Once Upon a Time in the West as films that were “thoroughly ‘sound designed,’ though no sound designer was credited on most of them,” Thom also theorizes more broadly what his ideal “aurally conceived” film would look like. Principally, a film that was “written for sound” would tell the story more-or-less through the point of view of one or more of the characters; have locations and sets which encourage sound as a player; and avoid non-stop dialogue. Thom then suggests a number of visual techniques that “starve the eye” and might heighten sound, allowing for sound to be part of the seduction of storytelling.
Reading this manifesto shortly after seeing Lucrecia Martel’s La niña santa (The Holy Girl, 2004),[open endnotes in new window] I was struck how her films answer Thom’s call for “aurally conceived cinema.” Here is a filmmaker who makes truly “audio-visual” cinema. Unlike those of many of her contemporaries, her soundtracks are not suffused with loud music and bone-rattling effects, yet sound stands out in her films. Her stunning first feature, La Ciénaga (The Swamp, 2001) tells the story of two families, one upper class and in decline, the other middle class and harried, and through them builds a devastating portrait of life in the Argentine provinces. The film is autobiographical in many ways. It is almost as if she had closed her eyes to remember the sounds of her childhood, so prominent, detailed and realistic is the soundscape. She herself has argued that its
“sound display […] defines a very profound thing of the film. Because, in the cinema, you might close your eyes, but you can’t stop listening” (qted in Martín Morán, 235).
Martel's next film, La niña santa, deals with the confused sexual awakening of adolescent girls. Much of the film foregrounds environment, especially the provincial hotel in which it takes place; and the film's spaces and drama are largely delineated in audio terms. This is not to attribute either films’ effects completely to sound aesthetics, of course — the heightening of ambiguity, for example, is a hallmark of the art cinema to which Martel's cinema belongs — but it does explain some peculiarities of Martel’s film style. Her films contain all the elements outlined by Thom, and then some. Limited point of view, carefully chosen locations, the use of close-ups and other means of what Thom advocates as “starving the eye,” characterize her features. In La ciénaga the precise manipulation of noise displaces dialogue in many instances and takes over many of the functions of a musical score, immersing the spectator in the life of the film's dysfunctional extended family while excluding her at the same time. La niña santa thematizes and visualizes sound as well, placing the question of sound at the heart of the screenplay and images. In the pages that follow I explore the mechanisms and effects of Martel’s soundtracks with an eye to demonstrating the originality of her sonic imagination by making comparisons with the conventions of film sound.
Martel and New Argentine Cinema
To understand this originality, it is important to place Martel's work in the context of the New Argentine Cinema, alongside filmmakers such as Martin Rejtman, Adrián Caetano, Pablo Trapero, Daniel Burman, to name the best-known. Her work emerges from this fervor of filmmaking that renewed Argentine cinema, and she is at once representative and exceptional within it. The New Argentine Cinema is less a movement than a generational shift that was facilitated by a boom of new film schools , the passing of the “Cinema law” which allowed for the recovery of some production costs, as well as the rebirth of film journals. All of this took place during and after the economic crisis that devastated the middle class. In some sense, the crisis helped inspire the boom, as middle class youth who might have studied medicine or law decided that if these professions offered no shelter from the storm, they might as well do what they loved.
To Read the Rest of the Essay | <urn:uuid:ee0bd813-f561-4af4-bdcb-fbe7e534d628> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dialogic.blogspot.com/2009/08/dominique-russell-lucrecia-martel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00558-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958376 | 1,113 | 2.15625 | 2 |
It's a sad thing to watch. A great brand and a company with a dominant position slides into obscurity.
Such would be appear to be the case with Research In Motion as competitors pounce on its missteps. The world appears to have found an alternative to its Blackberry addiction.
Innovation is the lifeblood of the technology business. Innovation is required as times change and consumer tastes evolve. It is often said that those who innovate are doomed to irrelevance and that certainly is the case in the technology space. Courageous strategic action is necessary that is less impacted by a blind trust in one's own perspective and instead recognizes that vision, coupled with pragmatism, is necessary for survival for success in the technology business.
Nokia, to their credit, has embarked on a rebirth plan. Though it may be a little too late, at least bold action was taken by leadership to try to differentiate their offering. One can only imagine what their current business condition would be if a more realistic and pragmatic approach was taken 5 years ago. But when all is going well, it is often most difficult to make the hard choices necessary to continue future business dominance. Innovation requires courage and a correct vision of the world and where it's headed. And the courage to change is sometimes hard to muster.
Innovation is a learned skill not often understood by senior management at companies. A few universities are attempting to make innovation a part of their offering as a way to embed into the DNA of leaders the need to be creative. This past week I was in Singapore teaching at National University of Singapore where I am a professor. The curriculum is clearly designed to help future business leaders understand complacency is a losing strategy. But not all leaders in the business community have the luxury of learning how critical innovation is while they are in the midst of business struggles. This is why it is so necessary for the natural ongoing perspective to be one that recognizes that constant reinvention must be an important part of business strategy.
For RIM, they too long believed that dominance meant a permanent correct perspective on the world and the future of technology. They had years to recognize that the world was changing and new competitors were not simply going to allow RIM to capture permanent market share. RIM leadership clearly loved their blackberries and could not imagine a time when they would switch to a new platform. But it does not matter what leaders love; it matters what customers love and demand. And not listening to customers and narcissistically focusing on one's own perspective has led this company towards growing irrelevance.
You might ask how Apple is any different as it's pretty clear at this company has strong belief in the products they offer. The differences is that Apple is focused on understanding what consumers want and where trends are headed. They then make business decisions based on that market understanding. And while public statements may suggest they are impervious to differing viewpoints, my contacts at Apple tell me there are continually vigorous debates about business strategy and product offerings. And yes, this occurred even when Steve Jobs was running Apple.
In a rapidly changing environment, the spoils go to companies which can adapt to competitive pressures and predict future trends. And companies that best capture market share are those that can operationalize great ideas, implement their plans efficiently, and tell the world their vision for the future. This requires a perspective rooted in innovation and committed to adapting to a changing environment.
Being a footnote in history was not RIM's goal. It is not what leadership expected when they had 50% market share 5 years ago. But such are the natural consequences of lethargy; your fate is inevitable if your thinking and action stagnates. It's startling to watch the collapse of a company that made such a difference and it's sad for RIM's employees and shareholders. But unfortunately, RIM appears headed towards irrelevance. What a difference 5 years can make if you fail to innovate.
Michael Yoshikami, Ph.D., CFP®, is CEO, Founder and Chairman of the DWM Investment Committee at Destination Wealth Management. Michael is a CNBC Contributor and appears regularly on the network. DWM is a San Francisco Bay Area-based independent money management firm that provides fee-based wealth management services to institutions and individuals around the world. Michael was named by Barron's as one of the Top 100 Independent Financial Advisors for 2009, 2010 and 2011. | <urn:uuid:2be113b1-4172-40a1-a84c-eb75fc8ca070> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cnbc.com/id/48012342?__source=yahoo%7Crelated%7Cplayer%7Ctext%7C&par=yahoo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00298-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970419 | 892 | 1.828125 | 2 |
ICC v. New York, N.H. & Hartford R. Co.
Annotate this Case
372 U.S. 744 (1963)
- Syllabus |
U.S. Supreme Court
ICC v. New York, N.H. & Hartford R. Co., 372 U.S. 744 (1963)
Interstate Commerce Commission v.
New York, New Haven & Hartford R. Co.
Argued February 28, 1963
Decided April 22, 1963
372 U.S. 744
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT
Appellee railroads proposed reduced rates for trailer-on-flatcar service between certain points also served by coastal water carriers. The reduced rates, with certain exceptions not relevant here, equaled or exceeded the railroads' out-of-pocket costs; in many instances, they equaled or exceeded the railroads' fully distributed costs; they were substantially on a parity with the water carriers' rates for the same traffic, but they were below the level maintained by the railroads for similar traffic between points not served by the water carriers. The Interstate Commerce Commission cancelled the reductions on the grounds that the water carriers could not compete with railroads at equal rates; that the reductions were an initial step in a general rate-cutting program which threatened the water carriers' continued existence; and that the water carriers were essential to national defense and an integral part of the national transportation system. The District Court reversed.
Held: The judgment is vacated; the order of the Commission is set aside to the extent that it disallowed certain railroad trailer-on-flatcar rates, and the cause is remanded to the Commission for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Pp. 372 U. S. 746-764.
1. In the light of the legislative history of §15a(3), added to the Interstate Commerce Act by the Transportation Act of 1958, there can be no doubt that its purpose was to permit the railroads to respond to competition by asserting whatever inherent advantages of cost and service they possessed, and that Congress did not consciously or inadvertently defeat this purpose when it included in §15a(3) a reference to the National Transportation Policy. Pp. 372 U. S. 753-758.
2. On the present record, the disallowance of the rates in question was not adequately supported. Pp. 372 U. S. 758-764.
(a) In the light of the legislative history of §15a(3), it is clear that Congress did not regard the setting of a rate at a particular level as constituting an unfair or destructive competitive practice simply because that rate would divert some or all of the traffic from a competing mode. Pp. 372 U. S. 759-761.
(b) This Court disagrees with the conclusion of the District Court that the needs of the national defense are not an operative part of the National Transportation Policy; but this Court concludes that the Commission's reliance on the factor of "national defense," and perhaps of "commerce," in disallowing the rates in question was not supported by adequate findings or substantial evidence. Pp. 372 U. S. 761-764.
199 F. Supp. 635, judgment vacated and cause remanded.
MR. JUSTICE HARLAN delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case, involving four consolidated appeals from a three-judge District Court judgment setting aside an order of the Interstate Commerce Commission to the extent that it rejected certain proposed railroad rate decreases, brings before us important questions relating to the role of the Commission in its task of overseeing competition among different modes of transportation. The case is the first in which this Court has considered the interpretation and application of § 15a(3) of the Interstate Commerce Act, added by Congress in the Transportation Act of 1958. [Footnote 1]
The two corporate appellants here, Sea-Land Service, Inc. (formerly Pan-Atlantic Steamship Corporation), and Seatrain Lines, Inc., are common carriers by water engaged in the Atlantic-Gulf coastwise trade; they are the only two companies now performing this service. Sea-Land, which had operated as a "break-bulk" [Footnote 2] carrier for many years, in 1957 suspended that service and converted
four ships into crane-equipped trailerships, each capable of holding 226 demountable truck trailers. With these ships, freight could be moved by highway trailers to the port of origin, the trailers lifted onto the ships, and the process reversed at the port of destination. As a result, Sea-Land was able to provide a motor-water-motor service which afforded door-to-door delivery of goods from and to all shippers and consignees, even if not situated on a railroad siding, in containers that would not have to be opened in transit. Traditionally water rates, including water-rail and water-motor rates, have been lower than the corresponding all-rail rates, and when Sea-Land inaugurated its new trailership service in 1957, it published reduced rates which were generally 5% to 7 1/2% lower than the corresponding all-rail boxcar rates. Some 700 of these reduced rates were placed under investigation by the Commission.
In Seatrain's service, freight is transported to the company's dock in railroad cars, the cars and their contents are then lifted onto Seatrain's vessels, and at destination the cars are unloaded and delivered by rail to the consignee. This rail-water-rail service is similar to railroad boxcar service, in that it permits carriage from shipper to consignee without breaking bulk when both shipper and consignee are located on railroad sidings.
Railroad "piggy-back," or trailer-on-flatcar (TOFC), service is like that provided by Sea-Land. A motor carrier trailer is hauled by road to a railhead, loaded onto a flatcar, and demounted at destination for delivery by motor carrier to the consignee.
Before 1957, railroad TOFC rates were generally higher than all-rail boxcar, water, and land-water rates. But in 1957, primarily in answer to the new improved service and lower rates offered by Sea-Land, the appellee railroads proposed to establish, on an experimental basis, reduced rates on 66 commodity movements between certain
eastern points, on the one hand, and Fort Worth and Dallas, Texas, on the other. [Footnote 3] These rates, which were substantially on a parity with Sea-Land and Seatrain rates on the same traffic, were suspended and placed under investigation by the Commission. In December, 1960, the Commission disposed of 43 docket proceedings by issuing a consolidated report embracing the railroad TOFC rates involved here, as well as a number of Sea-Land and Seatrain rates not now before us. 313 I.C.C. 23.
The Commission found that the proposed TOFC rates were compensatory, that is, they equaled or exceeded out-of-pocket costs, for all of the listed movements by railroad-leased flatcars capable of carrying two trailers (TTX cars), and for all but six of the listed movements by railroad-owned single trailer cars. [Footnote 4] The Commission further found that the proposed rates equaled or exceeded fully
distributed costs [Footnote 5] for 43 of the 66 movements by TTX cars and 14 of 66 movements by railroad-owned cars.
Having made these findings, the Commission addressed itself to what it considered the "most important" question -- "whether these (TOFC) rates constitute destructive competition." 313 I.C.C. at 44. It noted at the outset that, apart from the question of rates, most shippers prefer rail service to Sea-Land and Seatrain service, and that, in order to attract traffic, the latter carriers must therefore establish rates somewhat below those of the railroads. As to relative costs, the Commission stated that Sea-Land costs, both out-of-pocket and fully distributed, were below railroad TOFC costs for all 66 movements using railroad-owned flatcars and for all but 2 of the 66 movements using TTX cars. But the Commission explicitly refrained from relying on these findings. Instead, it concluded that, because of a number of factors:
"[W]e cannot determine on these records where the inherent advantages may lie as to any of the rates in issue. We must recognize, also, that cost is only one of the elements which may appropriately be considered in passing upon the lawfulness of rates. In the exceptional circumstances here presented, other considerations, herein discussed, appear to us determinative of the issues."
313 I.C.C. at 46. (Emphasis added.)
The Commission acknowledged that the recently enacted § 15a(3) prohibited it from holding rail rates up to a particular level merely to protect the traffic of another
mode, but emphasized that the prohibition was qualified by the phrase "giving due consideration to the objectives of the national transportation policy declared in this Act." [Footnote 6] In this case, the Commission stated, the reduced TOFC rates were an initial step in a program of rate reductions that could "fairly be said to threaten the continued operation, and thus the continued existence, of the coastwise water-carrier industry generally." 313 I.C.C. at 47. Since, in the Commission's view, the coastwise shipping so threatened was important to the national defense, to the shipping public, and to the economy of ports and coastal areas, [Footnote 7] it concluded that the objectives
of the National Transportation Policy required the establishment and maintenance of a differential between rail rates and those of Sea-Land and Seatrain which would enable the coastwise carriers to continue their service. The Commission decided that an appropriate differential to accomplish this purpose would be 6% over Sea-Land rates for TOFC service and somewhat less than 6% for boxcar service. Accordingly, the proposed TOFC rates were ordered to be canceled, without prejudice to the filing of new schedules in conformity with the Commission's views. [Footnote 8]
The appellee railroads then brought this action before a three-judge District Court seeking to have the Commission's
order set aside to the extent that it required cancellation of the proposed TOFC rates. In November, 1961, the court handed down its opinion, setting aside the Commission's order in part and enjoining the Commission from canceling TOFC rates which return at least fully distributed costs, except on the basis of certain specified findings. 199 F.Supp. 635. The court held that "at least on this record," § 15a(3) prohibited the imposition of a rate differential to protect the water carriers. The reference to the National Transportation Policy in § 15a(3), the court said, was intended to qualify the prohibition of mandatory differentials
". . . only when factors other than the normal incidents of fair competition intervened, such as a practice which would destroy a competing mode of transportation by setting rates so low as to be hurtful to the proponent as well as his competitor or so low as to deprive the competitor of the 'inherent advantage' of being the low-cost carrier."
199 F.Supp. at 642. The court went on to discuss in some detail its understanding of the way in which costs of service for the different transportation modes were determined, the possible reasons why the Commission had been reluctant to accept relative costs as critical, and the precise circumstances under which the Commission could properly require cancellation of certain TOFC rates. Finally, in rejecting the argument that a differential was required in the interests of the national defense, the court stated that the reference to the national defense in the National Transportation Policy was merely a "hoped-for end," not an operative policy, and that, in any event, the Commission's conclusion with respect to the national defense was not supported by adequate evidence.
We noted probable jurisdiction, 371 U.S. 808, because of the importance of the questions presented in effectuating the congressional design embodied in the Interstate Commerce Act. [Footnote 9]
The significance of § 15a(3) to the determination of these appeals can best be understood after consideration of the legislative history of this provision.
Section 15a(3) was the result of several years of congressional consideration of the problems of the transportation industry as a whole and of the railroads in particular. Concerned with their declining share in an expanding market, and with what they regarded as improper administrative interference with their efforts to compete, the railroads vigorously supported legislation introduced in 1955 on the basis of a proposal by the Secretary of Commerce. H.R. 6141, 84th Cong., 1st Sess. This bill, which became known as "the three shall-nots," would have amended § 15a(1) of the Act to provide that, in determining whether a rate is less than a reasonable minimum, the Commission
". . . shall not consider the effect of such charge on the traffic of any other mode of transportation; or
the relation of such charge to the charge of any other mode of transportation; or whether such charge is lower than necessary to meet the competition of any other mode of transportation. . . ."
This bill was strongly opposed by the Commission and by other carriers, and died in committee. A substantially similar bill, however, was introduced in the next Congress, H.R. 5523, 85th Cong., 1st Sess., and the Commission renewed its opposition. When, after hearings, a Senate subcommittee recommended a bill to its parent committee, it explicitly rejected the three "shall-nots." But, at the same time, it expressed its concern with "over-regulation," and emphasized that its own proposal to add a new § 15a(3) was designed to encourage competition among the difference modes and to permit each mode to assert its inherent advantages. S.Rep.No. 1647, 85th Cong., 2d Sess. 10, 18-19. The bill at this stage provided that, in a proceeding involving competition with another mode,
". . . the Commission in determining whether a rail rate is lower than a reasonable minimum rate, shall consider the facts and circumstances attending the movement of the traffic by railroad and not by such other mode."
Id. at 18. (Emphasis added.) At hearings before the full Senate Commerce Committee, the Commission opposed the bill as drafted not because it disagreed with the principles set out in the subcommittee report, but because it feared that the language used, particularly the italicized portion, was inconsistent with those principles, and was substantially equivalent to the three "shall nots." Hearings on S. 3778 before the Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 85th Cong., 2d Sess. 165-185. In particular Commissioner (then Chairman) Freas expressed concern that if the Commission were foreclosed from considering the effect
of a rate on a competing mode, it would be powerless to reject a railroad rate which covered the railroad's out-of-pocket costs, even if that rate had the effect of destroying the inherent advantages of a lower-cost carrier. He stated:
"Whenever conditions permit, given transportation should return the full cost of performing carrier service. . . . In many instances, however, the full cost of the low-cost form of transportation exceeds the out-of-pocket cost of another. If, then, we are required to accept the rates of the high cost carrier merely because they exceed its out-of-pocket costs, we see no way of preserving the inherent advantages of the low cost carrier."
Id. at 168. Commissioner Freas made it clear that the Commission believed the railroads should be permitted to assert their inherent advantages too, id. at 172, and suggested that any proposal specifically authorize the Commission to give "due consideration to the inherent cost and service advantages of the respective carriers," id. at 169. In further discussion, it was indicated that it would be inconsistent with the National Transportation Policy to permit destruction of the inherent advantages of any mode of transportation, id. at 170-171, 177, and when Senator Potter suggested the deletion of the phrase "and not by such other mode" and the addition of a reference to the National Transportation Policy, Chairman Freas answered: "We will buy Senator Potter's suggestion." Id. at 177-178. Senator Potter's suggestion was adopted in the final version of the bill.
Other testimony of particular interest here is that of John L. Weller, President of Seatrain, who testified on behalf of Seatrain and Pan-Atlantic (now Sea-Land). In opposing the bill recommended by the subcommittee, Mr. Weller emphasized that he did not seek any more than
to make it possible for the Commission to preserve the inherent advantages of the water carriers he represented:
"As I explained, our kind of operation can only exist with a differential under the railroad rates; that is No. 1. We are not entitled to have such a differential, nor do I urge one, except in the case where cost is lower than the railroad cost. We have no right to ask for anything more than that."
Id. at 30. (Emphasis added.)
The proposal reported out by the Senate Commerce Committee was in the form ultimately adopted by Congress and contained the key provision that rates
"shall not be held up to a particular level to protect the traffic of any other mode of transportation, giving due consideration to the objectives of the national transportation policy declared in this Act."
The Committee, quoting with approval the subcommittee's report, made it clear that the purpose of the proposal was to permit each mode of transportation to assert its "inherent advantages, whether they be of service of cost." S.Rep.No. 1647, 85th Cong., 2d Sess. 3. The new subsection, the Committee stated, was designed to reaffirm the intent of the 1940 Act, an intent that had been correctly construed by the Commission in 1945 in New Automobiles in Interstate Commerce, 259 I.C.C. 475, but which, in the Committee's view, had not been consistently followed. [Footnote 10] The particular passage in
the New Automobiles decision which the Committee endorsed contained the statement:
"[T]here appears no warrant for believing that rail rates, for example, should be help up to a particular level to preserve a motor-rate structure, or vice versa."
259 I.C.C. at 538.
This theme -- that Congress was firmly opposed to rates maintained by the Commission at an artificially high level merely to protect competing modes -- was repeated in the House Commerce Committee report, H.R.Rep. No. 1922, 85th Cong., 2d Sess., and in the debates on the floor of both Houses. 104 Cong.Rec. 10822, 10841-10843, 10858-10859, 12524, 12531, 15528. As stated by Representative Harris, Chairman of the House Commerce Committee, if a carrier could provide a rate that was "fully compensatory," the Commission could not force it up to a higher level "just because it is necessary to keep another mode of transportation in business." Id. at 12531. The mood of Congress was perhaps best summarized by Senator Smathers when he said:
"[W]e are going to eliminate some of the paternalism which has heretofore existed in the minds of the Interstate Commerce Commission. I think we will breathe into our whole system of transportation some new competition, which, of course, is needed, because the public and the consumer will benefit therefrom."
Id. at 15528.
This revealing legislative history fills out the contours of § 15a(3). There can be no doubt that the purpose of this provision was to permit the railroads to respond to competition by asserting whatever inherent advantages of cost and service they possessed. The Commission, in the view of the proponents of the bill, had thwarted effective competition by insisting that each form of transportation
subject to its jurisdiction must remain viable at all costs, and must therefore receive a significant share of the traffic. It had, in the words of one Congressman, become a "giant handicapper." [Footnote 11]
Moreover, it is clear that Congress did not consciously or inadvertently defeat this purpose when it included in § 15a(3) a reference to the National Transportation Policy. The principal reason for this reference, as the hearings show, was to emphasize the power of the Commission to prevent the railroads from destroying or impairing the inherent advantages of other modes. And the precise example given to the Senate Committee, which led to the language adopted, was a case in which the railroads, by establishing on a part of their operations a compensatory rate below their fully distributed cost, forced a smaller competing lower cost mode to go below its own fully distributed cost and thus perhaps to go out of business.
We agree with the District Court that, "at least on this record," the Commission's rejection of the TOFC rates here at issue and the requirement of a differential over the rates of the coastwise carriers were not consistent with the mandate of § 15a(3). In light of the findings and conclusions underlying the Commission's decision, and more particularly its putting aside the question of "inherent advantages," its insistence that TOFC rates, in the words of the prohibition in § 15a(3), "be held up to a particular level to protect the traffic" of the coastwise carriers cannot be justified on the basis of the objectives of the National Transportation Policy. Since the Commission appears to have relied principally on two aspects of that policy -- (i) the prohibition of "unfair or destructive
competitive practices," and (ii) the objective of preserving a transportation system "adequate to meet the needs of the commerce of the United States . . . and of the national defense" ( note 6 supra) -- we shall consider each of these aspects separately.
1. Unfair or Destructive Competitive Practices. -- If there is one fact that stands out in bold relief in the legislative history of § 15a(3), it is that Congress did not regard the setting of a rate at a particular level as constituting an unfair or destructive competitive practice simply because that rate would divert some or all of the traffic from a competing mode. Moreover, neither the Commission representative nor the witness who testified on behalf of the appellant carriers (supra, pp. 372 U. S. 754-756) took this position, since they too recognized that such an interpretation would be inconsistent with the mandate of the National Transportation Policy to "preserve the inherent advantages of each" mode of transportation. If a carrier is prohibited from establishing a reduced rate that is not detrimental to its own revenue requirements merely because the rate will divert traffic from others, then the carrier is thwarted from asserting its own inherent advantages of cost and service. Nor should the selective character of such a rate reduction, made in response to a particular competitive situation, be permitted, without more, to furnish a basis for rejecting the rate. Section 15a(3), in other words, made it clear that something more than even hard competition must be shown before a particular rate can be deemed unfair or destructive. The principal purpose of the reference to the National Transportation Policy, as we have seen, was to prevent a carrier from setting a rate which would impair or destroy the inherent advantages of a competing carrier, for example, by setting a rate, below its own fully distributed costs, which would force a competitor with a cost advantage on particular transportation to establish an unprofitable rate in order to attract traffic.
It is true that, in the present case, the Commission found that with respect to virtually all of the TOFC movements involved, Sea-Land's out-of-pocket and fully distributed costs were below those of the railroads. But the Commission at the same time explicitly stated that "we cannot determine on these records where the inherent advantages may lie as to any of the rates in issue." 313 I.C.C. at 46. (Emphasis added.) It is not for us to make this determination at this stage, or to decide in advance precisely how either carrier's inherent advantages should be measured or protected. [Footnote 12] It may be, for example, that neither a comparison of "out-of-pocket" nor a comparison of "fully distributed" costs, as those terms are defined by the Commission, is the appropriate method of deciding which of two competing modes has the cost advantage on a given movement. [Footnote 13] And even if the cost advantage on each movement were determined to lie with the coastwise carriers, it may be that some or all of the TOFC rates at issue here should be allowed to stand because they
would not unduly impair that advantage. [Footnote 14] These and other similar questions should be left for initial resolution to the Commission's informed judgment.
The court below set out at some length its understanding of the Commission's methods of arriving at carrier costs, its analysis of the role of "value of service" concepts in ratemaking, and its views of the precise circumstances under which the Commission could lawfully disallow the TOFC rates at issue. We find it unnecessary to consider that discussion in this instance, since we hold only that, on the present record, the disallowance of the rates in question was not adequately supported. Cf. Securities & Exchange Comm. v. Chenery Corp., 318 U. S. 80, 318 U. S. 87.
2. The Needs of the Commerce of the United States and of the National Defense. -- The Commission gave considerable weight to the factor of "national defense" and perhaps of "commerce" in arriving at its decision. But the District Court discounted these factors, concluding that the reference in the National Transportation Policy to the national defense (and presumably to commerce as well) represented merely a "hoped-for end," not an operative policy. We disagree with this conclusion, but hold that the Commission's reliance on these
factors was not supported by adequate findings or substantial evidence.
The primary reason for the reference to the National Transportation Policy in § 15a(3) was to confirm the Commission's power to protect the inherent advantages of all carriers from destructive competition. But we cannot conclude that this was the only reason, especially in view of the choice not to accept the Commission's proposal, which would have expressed the qualification in terms of the inherent advantage element alone. See p. 372 U. S. 755, supra. Nor can we conclude that the statutory references to such vital considerations as national defense are mere window dressing, without any practical significance in terms of the Commission's function.
"Congress unequivocally reserved to the Commission power to regulate reasonableness of interstate rates in the light of the needs of national defense."
On the other hand, by recognizing the relevance of such considerations as national defense, we do not imply that these broad policy factors may be applied so freely as to nullify either the more particularized mandates of the National Transportation Policy or the clear congressional design embodied in § 15a(3). Normally, it is these more specific considerations that should govern the lawfulness of proposed rates in a case involving intermodal competition. Only under extraordinary circumstances may the Commission properly permit them to be outweighed. To justify such a result, we believe it must be demonstrated that the proposed rates, in themselves, genuinely threaten the continued existence of a transportation service that is uniquely capable of filling a transcendent national defense or other public need.
Measured against this standard, the Commission's conclusions cannot be sustained. The Commission did state that the proposed rates were an "initial step" in a program
of rate reductions that "can fairly be said to threaten" the existence of the coastwise carriers, but it made no findings, and referred to no supporting evidence, to the effect that these particular TOFC rates would drive the corresponding water carrier rates below a profitable level or otherwise endanger the carriers' survival. Cf. Burlington Truck Lines, Inc. v. United States, 371 U. S. 156, 371 U. S. 167-168; Gilbertville Trucking Co. v. United States, 371 U. S. 115, 371 U. S. 130-131. It is not enough to rely on the possible effect of other rate reductions not here in issue, a situation with which the Commission has ample power to deal if occasion arises.
Nor did the Commission present an adequate basis for concluding that either the national defense or any significant segment of the country's commerce depends upon the operation of Sea-Land or Seatrain. [Footnote 15] We need not consider the question whether reliance on other additional sources might have been sufficient, [Footnote 16] for we believe that the question is one for initial determination by the Commission, and that all parties should have an opportunity to adduce relevant evidence, including any evidence tending to indicate that disallowance of the proposed TOFC rates might adversely affect the commerce
or the national defense of the country. Once raised, these considerations (like the factor of inherent advantage) do not exist solely for the benefit of protesting carriers.
In conclusion: we agree with the District Court that the Commission's order, insofar as it related to the TOFC rates at issue, must be set aside. We disagree, however, with that court's determination that the needs of the national defense are not an operative part of the National Transportation Policy, and we deem it inappropriate to approve or disapprove of other aspects of the court's opinion. Accordingly, we decide that the judgment below should be vacated, the order of the Commission set aside to the extent that it related to certain railroad TOFC rates described herein, and the cause remanded to the Commission for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
It is so ordered.
* Together with No. 109, Sea-Land Service, Inc. v. New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Co. et al.; No. 110, Seatrain Lines, Inc. v. New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Co. et al.; and No. 125, United States v. New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Co. et al., on appeals from the same Court.
Section 15a(3) of the Interstate Commerce Act, 72 Stat. 572, 49 U.S.C. § 15a(3), provides:
"In a proceeding involving competition between carriers of different modes of transportation subject to this Act, the Commission, in determining whether a rate is lower than a reasonable minimum rate, shall consider the facts and circumstances attending the movement of the traffic by the carrier or carriers to which the rate is applicable. Rates of a carrier shall not be held up to a particular level to protect the traffic of any other mode of transportation, giving due consideration to the objectives of the national transportation policy declared in this Act."
This break-bulk service involved the physical unloading of freight from rail car or truck and the loading of the cargo into the ships, with the operation reversed at the port of destination.
Since the establishment of these reduced rates would leave higher rates in effect to and from certain intermediate points involving shorter hauls, thus violating the long- and short-haul provisions of § 4(1) of the Act, 49 U.S.C. § 4(1), the railroads also applied to the Commission for the relief from these provisions which § 4(1) permits the Commission to grant. This fourth-section application was denied by the Commission because, for reasons summarized in the text of this opinion, the Commission found the proposed TOFC rates not shown to be just and reasonable. With respect to the fourth-section application itself, the Commission noted that "[n]o shippers or receivers located at the intermediate points oppose the granting of fourth-section relief." 313 I.C.C. at 33. Indeed, no individual shippers came forward to urge that the selective character of the reduced TOFC rates here involved in any way discriminated against them, and, in this Court, the National Industrial Traffic League, a nationwide organization of shippers, has filed a brief as amicus curiae urging affirmance of the decision below.
The rates for these six movements were withdrawn, and are not at issue. (The Commission had stated that it had no way of knowing the percentages of TOFC traffic that would move in TTX cars and the percentage that would move in railroad-owned cars, and had thus concluded that the rates for the six movements in question had not been shown to be compensatory.)
The Commission has stated, in discussing railroad costs, that:
"Fully distributed costs based on the out-of-pocket costs plus a revenue-ton and revenue ton-mile distribution of the constant costs, including deficits, indicate the revenue necessary to a fair return on the traffic, disregarding ability to pay."
New Automobiles in Interstate Commerce, 259 I.C.C. 475, 513 (1945).
The National Transportation Policy, 54 Stat. 899, 49 U.S.C. preceding § 1, was added to the Interstate Commerce Act in 1940. It provides:
"It is hereby declared to be the national transportation policy of the Congress to provide for fair and impartial regulation of all modes of transportation subject to the provisions of this Act, so administered as to recognize and preserve the inherent advantages of each; to promote safe, adequate, economical, and efficient service and foster sound economic conditions in transportation and among the several carriers; to encourage the establishment and maintenance of reasonable charges for transportation services, without unjust discriminations, undue preferences or advantages, or unfair or destructive competitive practices; to cooperate with the several States and the duly authorized officials thereof; and to encourage fair wages and equitable working conditions -- all to the end of developing, coordinating, and preserving a national transportation system by water, highway and rail, as well as other means, adequate to meet the needs of the commerce of the United States, of the Postal Service, and of the national defense. All of the provisions of this Act shall be administered and enforced with a view to carrying out the above declaration of policy."
In support of these conclusions, the Commission quoted with approval passages from a 1955 report of the United States Maritime Administration, "A Review of the Coastwise and Intercoastal Shipping Trades," which emphasized the national defense importance of break-bulk cargo ships; from a 1950 congressional report, S.Rep.No.2494, 81st Cong., 2d Sess. 17, which referred to "the importance to national defense of having domestic tonnage readily available"; and from a 1945 Commission decision, War Shipping Admin. T. A. Application, 260 I.C.C. 589, 591, which spoke of the "dependency of ports and coastal areas upon the existence of water transportation."
Five of the 10 Commissioners then in office joined in the entire report. A sixth, Commissioner Hutchinson, concurred, stating that he was "in general agreement with the majority report," 313 I.C.C. at 50, adding his own view that
"the ultimate effect of approval of the (TOFC) schedules would be to allow rates of the high-cost carrier (TOFC) to gravitate to a level whereby the low-cost carrier (sea-land) will be forced to go below its full costs in order to participate in the traffic."
Id. at 51. He also expressed some doubt as to whether a 6% differential was warranted. Commissioner McPherson, concurring in part, would have approved all compensatory rates but would have imposed no differential. Three Commissioners (Commissioner Freas, joined by Chairman Winchell and Commissioner Webb) dissented on the ground that the Act neither required nor permitted "blanket protection" for water carriers or for any mode of transportation. Id. at 51-52.
In view of our disposition of this case, it is not necessary to consider whether, in light of Commissioner Hutchinson's concurrence, the "majority report" in fact represented the views of a majority of the Commission and, if not, whether the Commission's decision could be sustained in the absence of any rationale commanding the support of a majority of the agency. Cf. Securities & Exchange Comm. v. Chenery Corp., 318 U. S. 80.
There is some question as to precisely what rates are in issue here; the United States and the Commission suggest that these appeals relate only to the TOFC rates which are equal to or exceed fully distributed costs, since the court below did not enjoin the Commission from canceling compensatory TOFC rates under that level. As we read the opinion and judgment below, however, the Commission's order was set aside insofar as it canceled all of the proposed TOFC before the court, and thus any order entered by the Commission in the future with respect to those rates would be subject to full judicial review. Accordingly, we reject as too narrow the position that the relevance of the present appeals is limited to TOFC rates that return at least the fully distributed costs of carriage.
During the hearings, Senator Smathers had referred to several Commission decisions, e.g., Petroleum Products in Ill. Territory, 280 I.C.C. 681, 691 (1951); Petroleum Products from Los Angeles to Arizona and New Mexico, 280 I.C.C. 509 (1951), which were believed to have substantially departed from the principles laid down in New Automobiles. Hearings on S. 3778 before the Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 85th Cong., 2d Sess. 174-175.
Hearings, supra, note 10 at 82.
It was argued below, and at least intimated here, that the railroads had failed to sustain the burden of proving that they had the relative cost advantage. But we agree with the court below that if a carrier shows a proposed rate to be just and reasonable from the standpoint of its own revenue requirements, it is for a protesting carrier who relies on a claim of inherent cost advantage to bear the burden of persuading the Commission of the existence of that advantage. Of course, when such an issue is raised, each carrier should bring forward the data relating to its own costs that are required for resolution of the issue. See Various Commodities from or to Ark. & Tex., 314 I.C.C. 215.
The utility of the concepts of fully distributed and out-of-pocket costs may be limited to the area in which they have traditionally been used -- that of determining the reasonableness of a rate from the standpoint of a carrier's own revenue requirements. If so, some different measure may be preferred for comparing the costs of two or more modes of transportation.
Even though carrier A may have lower costs than carrier B, the overall advantage may rest with B, for example, if the difference in cost is very slight but the service of B is so superior as to out-weigh any such marginal cost difference. In this event, a rate established by B may be lawful even if it has the effect of diverting some or all of A's traffic.
Conversely, the cost advantage of A over B may be so great that even if B were to reduce its rate to the level of its out-of-pocket costs, A might be able to continue to compete effectively and still charge a profitable rate. In this event, B's reduced rate would not appear to impair A's inherent cost advantage.
The materials relied upon by the Commission are referred to in note 7 supra. These materials were general in nature, and the most recent dated back to 1955. Further, they were not sufficiently related to the specific service rendered by Sea-Land and Seatrain, which, we were informed by Sea-Land's counsel at oral argument, have a combined total of only eight ships currently in operation.
The Commission in its brief has cited the 1960 testimony of Vice Admiral Wilson and of the Mayor of Savannah, Georgia, in Decline of Coastwise and Intercoastal Shipping Industry, Hearings before the Merchant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 86th Cong., 2d Sess. 83-86, 105-106, and has also cited a 1961 letter from Vice Admiral Sylvester to Senator Butler, reproduced at 107 Cong.Rec. 7299-7302. | <urn:uuid:d9e2d2df-a4f6-4c84-90f6-7a6071430bf5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/372/744/case.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00528-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959146 | 8,316 | 1.578125 | 2 |
The fifth month of your child’s life is a lot of a month of progress for both you and your infant. For Happy 5 Months Baby, there is a fairly wide scope of physical, formative, and psychological milestones that your infant will reach during this time. Your child will be very active this month, and you’ll surely be receiving the benefits, taking on the whole those cute laughs and little stunts that you won’t be able to get enough of! During the 5th month, along with changes in the body and brain, the sleep schedule and feeding schedule of the baby must also be taken into serious consideration. I am sure you must be a part of our amazing Facebook page Tinydale to stay updated with our latest posts and videos! Here are the things to expect from the 5th month of your baby’s life i.e. with 5 month old baby!
Your baby’s developmental milestones become more important and sophisticated during the 5th month. A lot of changes take place in the brain and the body and another set of milestones are reached when the baby turns 5 months old.
Milestones for the brain
Your infant will start discovering things. Logical thinking comes into play when a baby turns 5 months old. for example, your baby may start to realize that activities like dropping food off of the great seat or kicking their legs, can cause a response. As soon as your baby starts to discover responses and reflexes, he/she will do these activities over and over again to explore more.
Your infant will also find that things don’t just disappear when they are out of visual perception. Babies around the age of half-year start to realize that you leaving the room doesn’t mean you vanished, it simply means you’re not there anymore, and This may likewise mean your little one will cry when you leave the room.
As soon as your child turns 5 months old, Your child’s vision will consistently bring an expanded clearness. It doesn’t mean your child will have fully developed eyesight but it just means that the vision would become clearer and more expanded for your little one. Check Out Top 5 Tips On How To Boost Baby Brain Development?
Happy 5 Months Baby – Milestones for the body:
- Your baby would easily turn over from front to back.
- Your baby will start to Bear his weight on his legs.
- During the 5th month, your baby may even start to sit, with help. Your infant may even begin pushing up to a sitting situation on their own later on this month.
- You’ll notice that soon enough, your baby will be able to Hold up their head and chest all alone.
- In the 5th month, your infant will effectively start to reach out to the things and objects he/she spots and wants.
- The baby will also Follow objects with eyes.
- You’ll also see that the baby will start Biting on his/ her hands when hungry.
Since taking a sleeping schedule and eating schedule with eating habits into consideration is also very important as soon as the baby turns five months old baby. Here are the Sleeping basics, eating basics, and routine of a five month old baby:
A long period of good rest for your child will rely upon your little one figuring out how to nod off and fall back to rest without any help or assistance from you.
For your baby to fall back asleep on his own, you may need to work your way with some objects or things that your baby may need.
Building up an easy sleep time routine for your Five-month-old baby is a good start.
You may also have to start preparing for a sleep mission, Which includes learning and reacting to rest signals (eye scouring or surliness, for example), taking care of your infant while he/ she is actually conscious, leaving him/ her room, and being ready for a cry and some tears. Making reading to tiny babies a habit.
A good sleep routine and trying to sleep on his/ her own is basically the major sleeping milestone that a 5-month-old baby should reach.
Feeding Milestones Of Happy 5 Months Baby
- As for the feeding routine of a 5-month-old, you will have to gear up for your baby’s first feedings.
- Try to substitute as many things as you can in your baby’s meals to keep in check the serving size. On the off chance that there are (at least two) servings in there, you’ll get twofold (or even triple) the measure of fat, calories, and sugar if you eat the entire thing. So always keep in check the serving size for your baby’s feeds to make sure eating habits remain subtle.
- Blend things up in your baby’s meals, i.e, try attempting new combos or flavors that your baby may even start to like.
- Try using a plastic-covered model, like a plastic spoon rather than a silver spoon for feeding your baby. It is a lot simpler on delicate gums.
- Feeding your baby properly is one of the most important things you need to do during his/ her 5th month. It won’t be long before you’re gonna start putting a cloth on your baby’s mouth because of all the spills!
All About Happy 5 Months Baby Milestones
Every infant grows and develops at his/ her own pace. These milestones are just a brief of what, you, as a parent should expect from your infant during the 5th month. Although, all these milestones might not be reached by all babies because of the slower growth pace. It’s totally normal.
Signs To Look Out For
But, your baby still might be facing some problems that you need to look out for. So here are some signs, that if showed by your baby, might be a cause of worry:
- If your little one Has crossed eyes.
- Little one Doesn’t appear to react to or is uninterested in your face or anything you do to get a response.
- If a Little one Has acquired under 50% of their introduction to the world weight.
- Baby Can’t hold their head up
- If Baby Can’t sit up at all, even with the help
- If he/ she Isn’t giving even a slight grin
- Five-month-old baby Can’t carry hands or different things toward the mouth
- Baby Doesn’t watch things, objects, or individuals as they move or go away.
As soon as you start noticing these signs in your five-month-old baby. You should ask for assistance from your baby’s pediatrician and seek medical help.
Being a parent, all you need to do is constant care. Support your little one in growth and development. Try to be patient with your little ones.. Because a little one really doesn’t have all the sense of the world. Being cautious and careful with your baby is the most important thing to do to help your growing baby stay away from a lot of problems that may show up shortly. Mother plays the most important role in a baby’s growth, but likewise, a father needs to be caring and supportive too!
So, here is the complete guide for five-month-old baby growth and milestones. Hope you all enjoyed reading this part. Please do share with your family and friends as we are readily available on all social media platforms.
I am sure you are part of our amazing page Baby World To stay updated With posts and videos. Reach out to us via our email if you want to share your story on our platform. | <urn:uuid:e5f50740-9557-4987-b236-02171e227616> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tinydale.com/happy-5-months-baby/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.945059 | 1,615 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Vision 2015 is a three year funding plan to sustain and expand the work of Jean Vanier and L’Arche across Canada. It aims to create new L’Arche homes and programs across Canada; build the organizational capacity of L’Arche Canada; and change the way Canadians think about intellectual disability through education and advocacy.
The Story: Forging the Human Connection
Social and spiritual entrepreneur Jean Vanier made a personal commitment to live with two men who were severely intellectually disabled. In so doing he responded to their deepest need to “belong” by fusing friendship into care. L’Arche has replicated this experience tens of thousands of times over the past forty years and is a model for compassionate care throughout the world. It is simple and powerful. Everyone wins when we break down the barriers between the helper and the one being helped, and replace them with friendship.
The Vision: A Society Where Everyone Belongs
Thousands of Canadians, our most vulnerable, are at risk due to rejection and isolation. L’Arche Canada exists to change this. L’Arche sees a society where everyone belongs and is given the opportunity to make his or her unique contribution. L’Arche’s role is to pay attention to the needs and the gifts of people with an intellectual disability.
The Impact: Transformed Lives
L’Arche transforms the lives of many people across Canada– people with an intellectual disability , their families and hundreds of young worker-interns each year who grow personally and as leaders through their L’Arche experience. | <urn:uuid:bf30f9a5-3adb-4203-a1c8-79ef31e34a77> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.larchefoundation.ca/en/vision_2015 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00462-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948611 | 327 | 1.773438 | 2 |
The Dodge Caravan is a minivan manufactured by Chrysler, along with its rebadged variant, the Plymouth Voyager. Both were introduced in November 1983, for the 1984 model year - followed by the Dodge Grand Caravan and Plymouth Grand Voyager long-wheelbase (LWB) models in 1987, the rebadged Chrysler Town and Country in 1990, and the Volkswagen Routan in 2008. Chrysler manufactures and markets its minivan series worldwide. Together with its nameplate variants, the Chrysler Town and Country, Chrysler Voyager, and Plymouth Voyager, the Chrysler minivans have ranked as the 13th bestselling automotive nameplate worldwide, with over 12 million sold.The Dodge Caravan is a minivan manufactured by Chrysler, along with its rebadged variant, the Plymouth Voyager.
|Author||:||Frederic P. Miller, Agnes F. Vandome, John McBrewster| | <urn:uuid:1796b4b7-1334-4c26-9798-2e8f5dc4d192> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.trafficineurope.eu/download-pdf-dodge-caravan-book.pdf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721027.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00551-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900481 | 180 | 1.554688 | 2 |
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Feast of Jordan — day of tradition, food & wagon rides at the Ukrainian Village
11 January 2017, 16:45 | Society-digest | 0 | | Code for Blog | |
The Christmas season concludes a little later for those who celebrate according to the Julian calendar. Visitors are invited to the Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village (UCHV) on Thursday, Jan.19 for Iordan – Feast of Jordan! This annual event at the UCHV provides some insight on the cultural and religious traditions celebrated during the Christmas season by Alberta’s early Ukrainian pioneers. It’s a day of traditional church services, water blessing at an ice cross, tasty Ukrainian food and free wagon rides!
Jan. 19 is a holy day in the Ukrainian church calendar. Iordan, also known as the Feast of the Epiphany, is observed annually to celebrate the baptism of Christ in the Jordan River. At the Ukrainian Village, this is commemorated with divine liturgies that include the blessing of water (vodokhreshchennia or vodosviachennia), and clergy visiting pioneers to bless their homes with holy water.
The Ukrainian Village will be open to public from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. (gates open at 9 a.m.) for this one-day event. Liturgies will commence at 9:30 a.m. at St. Nicholas Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and St. Nicholas Russo-Greek Orthodox.
Bring a glass jar!
At the conclusion of the liturgies, all participants are invited to witness a water blessing ceremony in front of an ice cross. This ceremony, starting at 11:30 a.m., features the priest blessing the water by making the sign of the cross in the water with his khrest (cross) and a trysvichnyk (a triple-pronged candle). Afterwards, a crowd favourite, especially for young children standing in the front row, is the priest using his kropylo (holy water brush-sprinkler) to sprinkle water over the participants.
After the water is blessed, visitors can collect a small amount of holy water to take home. After the ceremony, follow the clergy as they bless a number of historic homes at this open-air museum or enjoy a free wagon ride through the historical village. Wagon rides are available from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m.
What is a didukh?
The didukh is the ceremonial sheaf of grain that was brought into the home for Christmas Eve supper. It was traditionally the final sheaf of wheat, oats, barley or buckwheat collected during the fall harvest. On Christmas Eve, this sheaf was placed in a corner of the room where it remained until Iordan. On this feast day, the didukh was taken outside and burnt in the yard. Learn more about this at 1 p.m. and you may be invited to jump over the smoking didukh!
Try some festive foods!
Enjoy food service from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. with traditional Ukrainian fare from the Friends of the Ukrainian Village Society. The menu for this event includes: kutia (boiled wheat with honey and poppy seed), borshch (beet soup), pyrohy (perogies), and smoked pork shoulder roast. Coffee and tea will also be available in the morning beginning at 9 a.m.
When: Thursday, January 19 from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. (gates open at 9 a.m.)
Bishop Jan Sobilo to Catholics of Ukraine: “As one family, let us stand in solidarity with the war-affected brothers and sisters” | 13 January 2017, 16:28 | Society-digest |
Ten Things You Should Know about Russian Involvement in Ukraine | 13 January 2017, 14:55 | Society-digest |
Feast of Jordan — day of tradition, food & wagon rides at the Ukrainian Village | 11 January 2017, 16:45 | Society-digest
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20 December 2016, 21:31 | World of Protestantism | 22 December 2016, 21:17 | <urn:uuid:0ec53109-6347-4e3e-81d9-85b549912481> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://risu.org.ua/en/index/monitoring/society_digest/65718/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00229-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94857 | 1,016 | 2.125 | 2 |
Rudolfo A. Anaya’s (1937-) works project a Magical Realism that blends contemporary life with the hidden manifestations of humanity and cultural identity. In his books, the principal characters struggle with the sometimes contradictory notions of Chicano identity tied both to an Aztec and Spanish past and to the English-speaking world of the present. Most of Anaya’s developed characters are influenced by that duality. The struggle caused by these contesting notions elevates the Chicano human condition to that of every person. Anaya’s first three novels, Bless Me, Ultima, Heart of Aztlán, and Tortuga, best exemplify these themes and characterizations.
Bless Me, Ultima
Bless Me, Ultima is Anaya’s first novel of a trilogy, which also includes Heart of Aztlán and Tortuga. Bless Me, Ultima is a psychological and magical portrait of a child’s quest for identity. In this classic work, Antonio, the protagonist, is subjected to competing realities that he must master in order to grow up. These realities are interwoven with symbolic characters and places, the most powerful of which are Ultima, a curandera (healer) who evokes the timeless past of a pre-Columbian world, and a golden carp that swims the river waters of the supernatural and offers a redeeming future.
Antonio is born in Pastura, a very small village on the eastern New Mexican plain. Later his family moves to a village across the river from the small town of Guadalupe, where Antonio spends his childhood. His father is a cattleman, and his mother is from a farming family. They represent the initial manifestation of the divided world into which Antonio is born and a challenge he must resolve in order to find himself. Antonio’s father wants him to become a horseman of the plain, like his ancestors before him. His mother wants Antonio to become a priest to a farming community, which is the honored tradition. The parents’ wishes are symptoms of a deeper spiritual challenge facing Antonio, involving his Roman Catholic beliefs and those associated with the magical world of the pre-Columbian past. Ultima, the curandera and a creature of both worlds, is a magical character who guides Antonio through the ordeal of understanding and dealing with these challenges. She is there to supervise his birth; she comes to stay with the family in Guadalupe when Antonio is seven. On several occasions, Antonio is a witness to her power in life-and-death battles.
Antonio’s adventure takes him beyond the divided world of the farmer and the horseman and beyond the Catholic ritual and its depictions of good and evil. With Ultima’s help, he is able to bridge these opposites and channel them into a new cosmic vision of nature, represented by the river, which stands in the middle of his two worlds, and the golden carp, which points to a new spiritual covenant. The novel ends with the killing of Ultima’s owl by one of her enemies. Because the owl carries her spiritual presence, Ultima dies as well. However, her work is completed before her death: Antonio can now choose his own destiny.
Heart of Aztlán
Heart of Aztlán, Anaya’s second novel of the trilogy, is, like Bless Me, Ultima, a psychological and magical portrait of a quest for Chicano identity and empowerment. It is the story of the Chávez family, who leave the country to search for a better life in the city, only to discover that their destiny lies in a past believed abandoned and lost. The story focuses on two characters, Clemente Chávez, the father, and Jason, one of the sons. Jason best depicts the adjustments the family has to make to everyday life in the city. However, it is Clemente who undergoes a magical rebirth, which brings to the community a new awareness of its destiny and a new will to fight for its birthright.
The novel begins with the Chávez family selling the last of their land and leaving the small town of Guadalupe for a new life in Albuquerque. They go to live in Barelas, a barrio on the west side of the city where many other immigrants reside. The Chávezes soon learn, as the other people of the barrio have discovered, that their lives do not belong to them. They are controlled by industrial interests, represented by the railroad and a union that has compromised the workers. They are manipulated by politicians through Mannie García, “el super,” who delivers the community vote.
In Barelas, Clemente also begins to lose the battle for control of his household, especially his daughters, who have no regard for his insistence on the tradition of respect and obedience to the head of the family. The situation worsens when Clemente loses his job in the railroad yard during a futile strike. He becomes an alcoholic, and in his despair he attempts suicide. Crispín, a magical character who represents eternal wisdom, comes to his aid and shows him the way to a new life. With Crispín’s help, Clemente solves the riddle of a magical stone in the possession of “la India,” a sorceress who symbolically guards the entryway to the heart of Aztlán, the source of empowerment for the Chicano.
Clemente’s rebirth takes the form of a journey to the magical mountain lake that is at the center of Aztlán and of Chicano being. Reborn, Clemente returns to his community to lead the movement for social and economic justice in a redeeming and unifying struggle for life and for the destiny of a people. The novel ends with Clemente taking a hammer to the Santa Fe water tower in the railroad yard, a symbol of industrial might, before coming home to lead a powerful march on his former employers.
Tortuga, the third novel of the trilogy, is a tale of a journey to self-realization and supernatural awareness. In the story, Benjie Chávez, the protagonist, undergoes a symbolic rebirth in order to take the place of Crispín, the keeper of Chicano wisdom, who upon his death will pass his position to Benjie. At the end of Heart of Aztlán, Benjie was wounded by his brother Jason’s rival, fell from the railyard water tower, and was paralyzed. He was transported to the Crippled Children and Orphans Hospital in the south for rehabilitation. His entry into the hospital was also a symbolic entry into a world of supernatural transformation.
The hospital sits at the foot of a mountain called Tortuga (which means turtle), from which flow mineral springs with healing waters. Benjie is also given the name Tortuga after he is fitted with a body cast that makes him look like a turtle. What follows is a painful ordeal, both physically and psychologically, as the protagonist is exposed to every kind of human suffering and deformity that can possibly afflict children. Not even this, however, prepares him for the visit to the ward of the “vegetables,” the immobile children who cannot breathe without the help of an iron lung. There Tortuga meets Salomón, also a vegetable, but one with supernatural insight into the human condition. Salomón enters Tortuga’s psyche and guides him on the path to spiritual renewal.
Salomón compares Tortuga’s challenge with the terrible ordeal newly born turtles undergo as they dash to the sea. Most of them do not survive, because other creatures lie in wait to devour them. Tortuga must endure the turtle’s dash in order to arrive at his true destiny, which is called “the path of the sun.” Tortuga experiences a near-death ordeal, which includes a climactic moment when Danny, an important character, pushes him into a swimming pool, where he would have drowned if others had not rushed to his aid. Tortuga survives his symbolic turtle dash to the sea. The vegetables are not so lucky; one night Danny succeeds in turning off the power to their ward. With the iron lungs turned off, they all die. The end of novel and Tortuga’s rehabilitation also bring the news that Crispín, the magical helper of Tortuga’s neighborhood, has died. The news of Crispín’s death arrives along with his blue guitar, a symbol of universal knowledge, which is now Benjie’s.
The trilogy that ends with this novel, along with Anaya’s literary production as a whole, reflects a search for the meaning of existence as expressed in Chicano life. This search is often a journey that takes the protagonists into the past and the present and into the physical and mythical landscapes of the urban and rural worlds of the Southwest, revealing the relationship of these worlds to the social and political power structure of mainstream America.
Principal long fiction • Bless Me, Ultima, 1972; Heart of Aztlán, 1976; Tortuga, 1979; The Legend of La Llorona, 1984; Lord of the Dawn: The Legend of Quetzalcóatl, 1987; Alburquerque, 1992; Zia Summer, 1995; Jalamanta: A Message from the Desert, 1996; Rio
Grande Fall, 1996; Shaman Winter, 1999; Jemez Spring, 2005.
Other literary forms • In addition to his novels, Rudolfo Anaya has written short stories, children’s literature, essays, plays, and poetry. His early short stories are collected in The Silence of the Llano (1982). The Farolitos of Christmas, first published in 1987, is a children’s short story; it was published again as an illustrated edition in 1995. Anaya’s essay output is largely a result of his many lectures offered around the United States. An important exception, however, is A Chicano in China (1986), which is a daily account of a visit to China in 1984. The Anaya Reader (1995) is a collection of short stories, essays, a poem, and plays, including Who Killed Don José? (pr. 1987).
Achievements • Anaya became one of the foremost Chicano novelists of the twentieth century. He came to the forefront of the literary field as the Chicano movement of the late 1960’s began to strengthen its vision during the early 1970’s. His first novel, Bless Me, Ultima, won the Premio Quinto Sol literary award in 1972. The recognition of his work brought him into the center of an important discussion on the issues of the history, culture, and identity of the Chicano. Anaya answered the challenge of his new role as a force in the evolution of Chicano letters by publishing Heart of Aztlán, a novel that represents a search for the Chicano soul in the barrios of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Aztlán, the legendary homeland of the Aztecs and the term used as a symbol of unity during the Chicano movement, is a key term in Chicano history. With Heart of Aztlán the term also becomes important in literature. Alburquerque won the International Association of Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, and Novelists (PEN) Center West Award for fiction. Anaya’s work in children’s literature has also been recognized nationally. The 1995 illustrated edition f The Farolitos of Christmas, a warm tale of family love and a traditional Christmas, received the Southwest Texas State University Tomás Rivera Mexican American Children’s Book Award.
Other Major Works
Short fiction: The Silence of the Llano, 1982; Serafina’s Stories, 2004; The Man Who Could Fly, and Other Stories, 2006.
Plays: The Season of La Llorona, pr. 1979; Who Killed Don José?, pr. 1987; Billy the Kid, pb. 1995.
Screenplay: Bilingualism: Promise for Tomorrow, 1976.
Poetry: The Adventures of Juan Chicaspatas, 1985 (epic poem); Elegy on the Death of Cesar Chávez, 2000 (juvenile).
Nonfiction: A Chicano in China, 1986; Conversations with Rudolfo Anaya, 1998. Children’s literature: The Farolitos of Christmas: A New Mexico Christmas Story, 1987 (1995; illustrated edition); Maya’s Children: The Story of La Llorona, 1997; Farolitos for Abuelo, 1998; My Land Sings: Stories from the Rio Grande, 1999; Roadrunner’s Dance, 2000; The Santero’s Miracle: A Bilingual Story, 2004 (illustrated by Amy Cordova, Spanish translation by Enrique Lamadrid).
Edited texts: Voices from the Rio Grande, 1976; Cuentos Chicanos: A Short Story Anthology, 1980 (with Antonio Márquez); A Ceremony of Brotherhood, 1680-1980, 1981 (with Simon Ortiz); Voces: An Anthology of Nuevo Mexicano Writers, 1987; Aztlán: Essays on the Chicano Homeland, 1989; Tierra: Contemporary Short Fiction of New Mexico, 1989.
Source: Notable American Novelists Revised Edition Volume 1 James Agee — Ernest J. Gaines Edited by Carl Rollyson Salem Press,Inc 2008. | <urn:uuid:c0d791d7-1855-4ca5-8608-f93da62d0a6b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://literariness.org/2018/04/16/literary-criticism-of-rudolfo-a-anaya/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.957578 | 2,810 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Peugeot might have fast-tracked the electric vehicle development process with its iOn but it's available now and works extremely well. Now more affordable, Jonathan Crouch reckons it's worth a look.
Ten Second Review
For all the talk of zero emission vehicles, very few actually reach the stage where the public can buy one. Peugeot's iOn is different. Now more affordable, still eligible for a £5000 Government grant and with a six-hour plug-in recharge time giving a range of up to 80 miles, it's got enough about it to make it viable, albeit largely for image conscious urban businesses.
For the last few years virtually every mainstream car manufacture has been broadcasting their commitment to zero-emission vehicles. Peruse their price lists, however, and for many of them the greenest thing on their books remains a turbodiesel city car or, if they're a bit bolder, a petrol-electric hybrid. Not Peugeot though. It's gone the whole hog and has brought to market a fully electric, plug-in rechargeable city car called the iOn. It's not Peugeot's first dabble with electric vehicles; its first offering was the three wheeled VLV in 1941. More recently we saw what is still the best selling electric vehicle, the Peugeot 106 electric. It's worth bearing in mind that the iOn isn't one of those 'quadricycles' that are about as crash resistant as a greenhouse. This is a proper car with all the requisite safety systems. That's not to say Peugeot hasn't taken a short cut, and a huge one at that. Some of you will recognise that the iOn is effectively a rebadged Mitsubishi i-MiEV. It seems even lions aren't above a bit of opportunistic scavenging and, of course, Citroen has used exactly the same ploy with its C-Zero. Both models are now a lot more affordable than they were at launch - to the point where you'll be paying no more for one than you would for a decently specified family hatch.
After you've got over the fact that the iOn doesn't sound like a milk float and that you have to resist the temptation to bump other road users like dodgems, the iOn is surprisingly good fun. The permanent magnet synchronous motor is powered by a lithium-ion battery system and develops 64bhp from 3,000 to 6,000rpm.The real clincher is a maximum torque figure of 180Nm that's available instantly from 0 to 2000rpm which gives the little Peugeot a surprising amount of verve as it steps off the mark. The batteries can be charged by plugging the supply cord into a household 240-volt socket or using an industrial 400-volt supply which provides a 50 per cent charge in only fifteen minutes, or 80 per cent in thirty minutes. The iOn has a simpler transmission than its Japanese-market cousin. Use the first portion of throttle travel and the iOn is in Eco mode; give it a firmer prod and it surrenders the remaining power. On the road, the iOn has a top speed of 80mph, a 0-62mph time of 15 seconds and a range of around 80 miles over a standard combined cycle. Driver behaviour and traffic conditions will have a bearing on the range. For example, use of the heater can reduce range by between 5 and 45 per cent while air conditioning can dent your range by between 5 and 25 per cent on a hot day. I'm beginning to wonder what the power draw of my iPhone is.
Design and Build
Aside from the fact that you're very aware there's not a lot of metal in front of your seating position, the interior of the iOn feels fairly conventional, if rather narrow. Two big blokes might rub shoulders in one but it offers more space than you might expect for such a short vehicle. This is because the propulsion system is very compact and the underfloor batteries don't impinge too much on cabin space. There's actually more space in the back of the iOn than in most city cars and you get five doors as well. Don't count on carrying much baggage, though, as the boot is tiny with the rear seats in place. The styling isn't too wacky, as the ostensibly similar-looking Mitsubishi i petrol-powered car has been on sale in the UK since 2006 and the public is fairly used to seeing these egg-shaped tots. Interior build quality isn't too bad, either, despite the fact that much of it has clearly been built with an eye on keeping weight down. In fact the only clue most would have that this was anything but a conventional petrol powered citycar at standstill would be the fact that the dash displays a petrol pump with, somewhat oddly, an electric plug hanging out of it.
Market and Model
You can talk about 'buying' an iOn but the truth is that almost no one does. The few still considering outright purchase will be pleased to find that the total asking price has fallen hugely since launch. Helped by a £5,000 government grant, you'll be paying just over £21,000 - and you could pay that for a conventional Audi A1 Sportback supermini. Nearly all iON buyers won't be bothering themselves with that kind of calculation though, preferring instead to go the contract hire route. Here too, iON ownership is now more affordable, with rates at around £249 a month (over three years) that aren't much different to what you'd pay for any well specified supermini. Go the contract hire route and your deal will include the lease of the vehicle (the battery pack is considered part of it), full warranty cover, battery and electric power train for the period of the lease, full servicing and full maintenance for three years and use of Peugeot Connect Services. This includes PC or smartphone access to information about battery charging locations, and more detailed information about the car's battery charging status. In addition, Peugeot's Mu mobility service offers access to alternative vehicles that could be used for, say, one-off trips requiring a longer range than the iOn can provide. There's also a special version of the Peugeot Connect rescue service tailored for electric vehicles which obviously includes the instance of flat batteries. They won't pay your insurance or electricity bills but other than that, you're good to go.
Cost of Ownership
It's tricky to consider the iOn's cost of ownership while trying to ignore the elephant in the room that is the up-front 'purchase' package. Clamber beyond that and you have a car that typically costs around £2.50 in electricity to run for 120 miles. You also get low servicing costs and downtime - with only approximately 4 working parts compared to over 300 in a typical internal combustion engine. This car is exempt from road tax (saving approx £300 per annum), has zero benefit-in-kind company car tax, attracts a lower rate of VAT for domestic electricity, is exempt from congestion charges (saving up to £2,000 per annum in London) and qualifies for free parking in many London boroughs, and cities such as Milton Keynes. What's more, Peugeot will offer exactly the same mobility offer to the second user on a second four year contract at a reduced monthly amount giving a further four years of hassle-free motoring. Take these figures for a business operating in London as an example. No petrol or diesel costs - potential saving of £1515 per year - and no parking charges where applicable,(eg City of Westminster) would add another potential saving of £1939 per year (£10 x 230 days of parking, less admin fee). That's already £3,454 clawed back from the £4,980 it costs to lease the vehicle. If your existing vehicle wasn't congestion charge exempt, that saving would move to £5150 per year. Suddenly the maths start working in your favour.
The Peugeot iOn is an electric car that works and works well. It's not the cheapest car to buy or lease but the £5k Government grant eases the burden and, even before its introduction, Peugeot had experienced enthusiastic take up from metropolitan businesses. The iOn works surprisingly well as a low mileage urban commuter, although to get the best out of it, you'll need to have a high capacity 400V power supply. The 80 mile range tends to engender a bit of 'range anxiety' when driving it but as long as you're not too heavy with the throttle, it'll manage most duties with ease. Anyway, Peugeot Connect assistance is included in the leasing fee and they'll come to your aid in the event of your batteries running flat. If you work for an environmentally-conscious business, the Peugeot iOn looks like it could offer something refreshingly different. | <urn:uuid:49b56751-ee65-4c6c-9a75-e70b496330a7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rac.co.uk/drive/car-reviews/peugeot/ion/8970/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00185-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968624 | 1,831 | 1.726563 | 2 |
I was reluctant to watch 13 Reasons Why on Netflix but endured and watched each episode after hearing almost everyone I met with stating how it was relatable, triggering or reality. As a Mental Health Therapist I meet with "Hannah Baker" weekly. Disclaimer to those who thought it was not appropriate or too graphic with scenes of sexual assault, suicide and violence; I haven't met a teenager yet who thought it WAS. This is THEIR reality! Sexual assault happens on campus, at prom and parties etc. Violence is witness daily rather it is on campus or through the media. We have created a society of bystanders. Even as adults we are afraid to stand up for others or our believes out of fear, judgement or loss of opportunity. I have met with girls in high school who have been raped on and off of school property, drugged at prom and sexually assaulting in the parking lot with many people watching the violent act for enjoyment and entertainment.
- Hannah Baker's parents had no clue she was struggling with depression or premeditated suicidal thoughts, other parents were not aware that their daughter had been raped, had a drinking problem, used drugs, sneaking out at night etc.
(I meet these parents ALL THE TIME)
- School Professionals dismissed warning signs and attempts at reaching out for help and were unable to report criminal activity without proof, confession or statement of all details. This often leads to victim being suspended for risky behaviors following sexual assault or violence such as substance abuse on campus, skipping school, retaliation or disruptive behavior or being held back for poor school performance which are all possible signs of trauma or depression.
- Bullying was dismissed
- Bystander syndrome as many people did not step in to stop the violence or sexual assault from happening witnessing it or knowing it was happening.
- Reputation over remorse
- LGBTQ youth are still bullied, rejected, ridiculed and have the highest rate of suicide due to rejections, fear of judgement, bulling and lack of support.
- Teens are uneducated on the laws of having sex as a minor or sexual assault.
- Teenagers are unaware of their rights if violated or exploited whether they are under the influence, have broken other laws or rules to receive justice and treatment.
- Teenagers fear they will be in trouble or blamed if they disclose they were a victim which unfortunately is the reality of what happens.
- They do not disclose their pain because they do not want to hurt or burden others with their trauma. This is why counseling is always beneficial for any teen or preteen so they have a safe place to unload and disclose their pain outside of a school setting.
- Cries for help were seen as "drama"
- Alcohol, drugs and weapons are easily accessible
13. People cared about Hannah Baker and never expressed it.
Find Hope Today by sharing this page or contacting the National Suicide Hotline at 1-800-273-8255 | <urn:uuid:83289ace-1637-4f9e-ad8b-52fb1b0cb701> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://findinghopetoday.com/13reasonswhy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.974845 | 596 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Russia's emergency services ministry has dispatched a 280-truck convoy said to be carrying humanitarian aid to eastern Ukraine - but officials in Kiev warned that Russian military vehicles and personnel won't be allowed through the border.
The International Committee of the Red Cross also warned Moscow that it had yet to receive details of the convoy's contents, its travel route or how it intends the 2000 tons of food, water, medicine and other essentials to be distributed to those in need in separatist-held Luhansk.
Russian President Vladimir Putin has been pushing for weeks to send in relief supplies for the Russian-speaking communities in Luhansk and Donetsk, the last strongholds of a pro-Russia insurgency that has killed more than 1,200 people on the ground and 298 in the downing of a Malaysian passenger jet.
Ukrainian officials had previously rejected Moscow's insistence on sending aid into the two eastern Ukraine redoubts of the flagging separatist uprising, fearing the Kremlin would use the massive convoy to funnel in arms and fighters to revive the anti-Kiev rebellion.
As Putin and other Kremlin officials have been drumming up international support for a relief operation in the embattled eastern regions, Ukrainian and NATO officials have warned of a massive Russian troop buildup on the border. NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen on Monday said he considered a Russian invasion a "high probability," escalating Ukrainian wariness that the aid convoy could be a Trojan horse carrying military supplies to the insurgents.
"We are not considering any movement of Russian columns through Ukrainian territory," Valeriy Chaly, deputy head of Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko's administration, told reporters at a press conference in Kiev. He said only trucks owned or leased by the Red Cross would be permitted to carry aid to the separatist-held regions and that the convoy must enter Ukraine through a government-controlled border crossing.
Any attempt by Russian vehicles or personnel to enter Ukraine without Red Cross inspection and the Kiev government's approval will be regarded as "an act of aggression," Chaly said.
After more than four months of fighting between Ukrainian government forces and separatists bent on annexing strategic eastern Ukraine territory to Russia, water and electricity systems in Luhansk have been badly damaged and food, fuel and medical supplies to the city have been disrupted.
More than half of Luhansk's 465,000 population has fled, but the more than 200,000 still hunkered down in the city have been without water, power or communications for weeks.
The Russian Emergencies Ministry sent the convoy rolling from Moscow after a ceremonial blessing by a Russian Orthodox priest and broad coverage of the event by state-run media.
Russia's RIA Novosti agency said the miles-long convoy was expected to reach the border near the Ukrainian city of Kharkiv on Wednesday (local time) after the 725km journey.
Itar-Tass news agency said the trucks were carrying 2000 tons of aid, including water, cereal, sugar, baby food, medicine and medical equipment, sleeping bags and generators.
Poroshenko agreed to the aid delivery Monday after consultation with European Union leaders and President Barack Obama and on condition that the Red Cross and Western governments were involved in an "international operation."
But Laurent Corbaz, head of Red Cross operations for Europe and Central Asia, said the Swiss-based relief agency was still waiting for a detailed manifest from Russian authorities as well as security assurances from both sides in the conflict.
"We are in constant contact with both the Ukrainian and Russian authorities on this. They know what are our requirements. We are waiting for their feedback," Corbaz said.
-Los Angeles Times | <urn:uuid:3e592ede-b3a4-427a-9200-2f27bd92e839> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/europe/10376115/Ukraine-says-may-block-Russian-aid-convoy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00312-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958974 | 740 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Yellow River water professionals training in Australia
Fifteen Fellows from China’s Yellow River Conservancy Commission (YRCC), People’s Republic of China, have arrived in Australia for a six-week AusAID-funded Australian Leadership Award (ALA) Fellowship program in Integrated River Basin Management.
The cross section of staff was drawn from many divisions within YRCC, including water resource specialists, biologists, hydrologists, hydrogeologists, information technology experts and river dynamics specialist.
The Fellows face daily challenges of balancing China’s unprecedented economic growth and demand for water with ecological health. To maximise their learning in Australia, the Fellows have come equipped with case studies based on their own work environments in the Yellow River Conservancy Commission. These case studies serve as a foundation for discussion and learning about integrated river basin management in Australia.
The Fellows have spent a weekend on North Stradbroke Island off the east coast of Australia as an introduction to the broader concepts of integrated water management. They will also spend time in south-western Queensland learning about catchment management, as well as climate change, and erosion management.
At the end of the program the Fellows will travel through the Murray-Darling Basin, meeting with local groups and government representatives along the way. In Canberra, the Fellows will meet with the Murray-Darling Basin Authority and the Bureau of Meteorology, CSIRO, the National Water Commission and the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPAC) and finish their trip in Melbourne, where they will present their final case studies and reflections to the group. | <urn:uuid:7857b3a7-1665-4840-ba8e-9a72902530f3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://watercentre.org/news/yellow-river-water-professionals-training-in-australia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00088-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944623 | 337 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Hi ThereThe MDBT42Q works as stand alone, it connect to the train via bluetooth and runs the different command when the buttons are press. If you familiar with the arduino its very similar, In fact running it on a Arduino Nano RP2040 Connect or a esp32 would also work. If think a few people have made version of it that runs on a esp32. I have a esp32 and the train here so will try and see if i can get it to work over the weekend and feedback. What is you set up It sounds like you have the train already, do you have mac/pc as well ? if so what type ?CheersJames
Sorry for slow reply, Yes I think this is the same with mine as well, however I think you can get feedback from the sensor via one the code commands so you could build it in the program to check the sensor and it runs the train.
I am not very familiar wit raspberry pi but i pretty sure it will, have a look at https://nathan.kellenicki.com/node-poweredup/, it can run natively in node.js or in browserI hope that helpsCheersJames
I am not very familiar with raspberry pi but I would of thought it would and should a lot simpler have a look at https://nathan.kellenicki.com/node-poweredup/ that run can run in browser or in node.js
Sorry for late reply, I would love to say yes but unfortunately not at the moment
Just seen your made it, well done is looks great, did you make any improvements ?
Great well done, Please keep me updated on it
So for late replyI think they are the same chip but I guess you would need to flash is with Espriuno bootloader however this is really out of my depth, it properly worth asking the question on the Espriuno forums they really are quite helpful
Hi FgeerI would of though it would be possible of Arduino, I am temped to try but it's a on a long list of project i may never get round to doingI hope solder directly on to the chip goes well, I would love hear/see your finished project
I would of thought you could connect to the train using the arduino ble library and a arduino with bluetooth ie the 'Nano BLE', but I have never used ithttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/ArduinoBLE
That a real shame, What does it cost in the netherlands, the breakout option is on £20 in the uk https://shop.espruino.com/mdbt42q-breakout
Yes that correct
Thankyou that's very kind
Wooden Bluetooth Remote for Lego Duplo TrainView Instructable » | <urn:uuid:c2dd93a8-6106-4735-baf8-9e3a5a9c3045> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.instructables.com/member/ThePlayshed/?publicPreview=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.963248 | 581 | 1.859375 | 2 |
“Dairy as a naturally functional whole food, slow energy, weight wellness, healthy snacking and ‘permission to indulge’ all present a wealth of possibilities for food and beverage companies,” said Mellentin.
See a larger version of the infographic above on our Flickr channel.
Weight wellness – Weight management is no longer a special category of foods. Consumers now think about weight as part of their everyday food choices and as a way of maintaining wellness. Says Mellentin: “This is creating winners and losers. Unilever’s and Nestlé’s weight management strategies lie in ruins, because they are based on an understanding of the market that was out of date five years ago.”
Slim-Fast sales are down 80% and Nestle? is selling off most of its Jenny Craig business. Entrepreneurs who connect to consumers’ desire for an individualised approach based on normal foods, and who also connect to the most important trends, are the ones who are being most successful.
An example is thinkThin, which offers products that are gluten-free (another key trend), use minimal sugar, deliver 10g of protein and use natural ingredients such as dark chocolate to give people permission to indulge.
Slow energy – Worldwide, interest in products delivering ‘slow release’ or ‘sustained’ energy has increased sharply, driven by the global success of Belvita breakfast biscuits. Although many companies are thinking about slow energy and blood glucose control in relation to diabetes, in fact the biggest opportunity for the food and beverage industry lies in providing sustained energy to the mass market.
As yet, this is an early stage trend, the claims are complex and the consumer messaging is difficult to get right. Product developers are turning to slowly digestible carbohydrates such as oats, barley, sorghum and millet. New science is also underscoring dairy protein’s role in delivering slow energy.
Overlaying all of these trends is Naturally Functional. However, says Mellentin, “If you want to be successful, don’t use the word natural on your product. You run the risk of getting bogged down in a regulatory minefield, and there are plenty of other ways of communicating the naturalness of your product without ever using the word ‘natural’.”
The evidence is that in convenient product formats, ‘naturally healthy’ ingredients will help give your product a health halo, and increase sales – sometimes significantly. Examples include coconut water. Sales of coconut water (the liquid found inside green coconuts aged less than nine months) in the US have surged from zero in 2007 to over $390m on the back of its strong ‘naturally healthy’ and ‘nothing added’ image.
Mellentin predicts that Canadian maple water, which has a similar excellent all-natural nutritional profile to coconut water, and an appealing taste, will be one of the biggest growth areas over the next five years – if maple water brands get their marketing right.
Almond milk – From almost zero four years ago, US sales of almond milk rose 51% in 2013 to $497m (Spins/Nielsen). The great nutritional profile and health halo of almonds in the minds of consumers extends to most things that contain almonds.
© FoodBev Media Ltd 2017 | <urn:uuid:d80ab46d-ca03-414c-b953-1faf3032bd64> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.foodbev.com/news/key-trends-in-food-and-health-for-2014/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00506-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940715 | 692 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Queens of Bots
Their flame-throwing robots are smashing stereotypes.
Queens of Bots
Their flame-throwing robots are smashing stereotypes.
A group of girls gather around the schoolyard to witness a smash-up battle of epic proportions on a rainy Saturday afternoon.
The girls, along with a couple of boys, laugh, gasp, and cheer on their creations. A filing cabinet has already been smashed to smithereens, and now the combatants seem intent on pulverising each other with their mighty metallic weapons.
It’s an absolute thrill to see these robots come to life. In the face of outdated stereotypes about what girls and boys can accomplish, the girls at the Brentwood School in Essex have dedicated countless hours to building these fighting machines.
And they’ve put on a hell of show in the process.
The school recently sent an all-girl team to compete in the Chinese TV show King of Bots, hosted by Jet Li(opens in a new tab). It’s the “world cup” of robot shows and they were one of 100 teams to battle it out. They’ve also appeared on the BBC’s Robot Wars(opens in a new tab), and regularly battle their robots against adult teams in live shows around Britain.
“We’ve all the odds against us, you know. We’re children, we’re schoolkids, and a lot of us are girls and we’re making these robots,” said team captain Sabrina Skilling, 18.
“We’re not engineers, we haven’t learned a set way to do things. It’s really creative in the way we put things together. And that shows in the way we do things,” she said.
Brentwood School isn’t an all-girls school, although classes are separated by gender in the younger years. And there are boys on the robotics team, but it’s mostly girls -- a ratio that’s generally not reflected in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and maths) subjects, or in the profession of engineering as a whole.
In the UK, women make up 23% of those working in core STEM occupations, according(opens in a new tab) to WISE, which campaigns for gender balance in science, technology, and engineering. The 2017 statistics also show that women make up 11% of the engineering workforce.
These statistics are actually an improvement on previous years. But the long-term prospects for improving that ratio aren’t too promising -- while the number of women graduating(opens in a new tab) in STEM subjects increased in 2017, the proportion decreased from 25% to 24% because more men took up the subjects.
These are all things the team is very much aware of, and each has their own views on it.
“I think girls should be more into engineering and this sort of thing, because it is really fun and interesting,” said 17-year-old Rebecca Ashford.
“Because it is such a male-dominated thing, I guess they don’t necessarily want to,” she said.
Jemima Parasram is a new member of the team, and doesn’t see why girls can’t be interested in tech.
“Guys kinda think if I say, ‘Oh yeah I was designing a robot,’ they’d be like, 'Oh you were designing it?' Cause they seem kinda shocked a bit if I tell them that.
“It’s more seen as a guys’ kind of thing because fighting robots is what it’s all about. But no, it’s much more deep than that,” the 14-year-old said.
Parasram perfectly sums up what the team illustrates through their hard work: You don’t need to be a lone, male genius to succeed in tech. It’s about a team of people working together to solve problems.
Another team member, Jasmine Snowden, 14, is the go-to expert on CAD [computer-aided design] software. She relishes solving problems and likes the myriad of possibilities each challenge presents.
She showed us the design for a 3D-printed piece used for the safety key. “That’s the most exciting part about it, when it does start working. It’s so good,” she said.
Poppy Skingle, 14, showed us how the 3D-printed part fits into the Expulsion robot and explained how the mechanics work.
“You plug this in, and it will allow for the whole robot to work cause without it the circuit’s not complete. If we’re fighting, and this just falls out mid-fight, then the robot is going to turn off, which is pretty useless. So we made this so it stays in for longer,” she said.
“These wheels and the motors, they’re really, really difficult but it’s quite fun getting them in. It takes quite a long time, but it’s good when you get them in,” she said.
Skingle has a straightforward answer to the question about the number of women in STEM.
“There’s no difference between the ability of a male engineer and a female engineer so it shouldn’t make any difference,” she said.
Lily Jeffery, 14, showed the incredibly intricate maths behind the component that keeps the battery stable. It has to be a precise fit, or else the robot won’t work.
She said she’s always pursued her interest in engineering, despite media messaging that engineers are stereotypically male.
“I feel like I’ve definitely been discouraged from doing stuff like engineering or something that’s STEM-based because I’m a girl, but I didn’t really let that stop me, I just wanna do what I wanna do,” she said.
Lest you think the teens are running wild at school without supervision, there is indeed a teacher on the scene. STEM Coordinator Thomas Walland, 25, runs the Robot Club, but his hands-free approach spurs the students on to find their own ways of solving problems.
“I would consider myself to be the facilitator as opposed to the teacher, because when we first started doing this, I knew absolutely nothing about robots. I asked the pupils to go and research things, they would come back to me and they’d say, ‘Sir, can we do this?’” he said.
“Although I was buying the parts for them and taking an overview of the whole thing, it’s completely been led by them.”
He also has a front-line perspective on girls’ education and their interest in STEM subjects.
“When girls start secondary school at about age 11, they’re very enthusiastic, very much wanting to get into STEM subjects. And something that happens across the UK, which, we’re not really sure why it happens, is that their interest starts to dwindle,” he said.
“But I think what the pupils have shown here is that they’re very, very capable of taking on these problem-solving tasks, and we’re hoping they’ll be role models for future generations of pupils.”
This goes to prove the point that this whole thing isn’t really about pursuing a lifelong devotion to creating fighting robots. (Although the robots are really cool.) The girls want to put the problem-solving and tech skills to use in a variety of career fields.
Jasmine Snowden wants to bring her robotics skills to the veterinary field. Sabrina Skilling wants to go into design. Rebecca Ashford discovered her interest in art and graphics, and wants to pursue a design-based career. Lily Jeffrey enjoyed her Design Tech classes and is considering an engineering career.
There’s no doubt they have a bright future ahead, and it’s a credit to their school that their environment is so supportive and nurturing.
But attitudes in the real world can be much less nurturing, as several of them experienced in China. A few team members described men taking the tools off them to work on the robots, thinking that they were being helpful, but in reality taking over.
“They wouldn’t give us a chance to figure it out ourselves. They might have thought because we were young, and we’re girls, we might not be able to do it or work it out ourselves,” said Ashford.
But this team is living proof that girls can -- and will -- figure out any technical problem that comes their way.
Special thanks to
Thomas Walland and the Brentwood School Robot Club | <urn:uuid:b97e60d3-ffa9-4b72-beca-2e316c59763e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mashable.com/feature/girls-build-robots-school | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.962015 | 1,897 | 2.265625 | 2 |
| An artificial
set of legs, hinged properly and powered by pneumatic ‡muscles,‡
can pedal a bicycle if the visitor sequences the muscles properly.
This is done by pushing buttons that activate the pneumatic cylinders
(via pneumatic solenoids). It is surprisingly difficult to coordinate
the four ‡muscles ‡ into the simple act of pedaling and certainly
gives one an appreciation for the coordination of the human body
We'll be adding interesting info and links here.
If you have a good one, we need your feedback | <urn:uuid:3ed6b026-4206-4ee7-abe7-982099a72da9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.exploratorium.edu/xref/exhibits/bicycle_legs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00487-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874816 | 121 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Student Code of Conduct
STUDENT CODE OF CONDUCT
The PennWest Clarion community is committed to fostering a campus environment that is conducive to academic inquiry, a productive campus life and thoughtful study and discourse. All students at PennWest Clarion, whether they are taking classes on campus, online, or at a satellite site in Pittsburgh or Venango, are expected to uphold and abide by certain standards of conduct that form the basis of the Student Code of Conduct.
These standards are embodied within a set of core values that include integrity, social justice, respect, community and responsibility. Each member of the University community bears responsibility for their conduct and to assume responsibility for the behavior of others. When members of the community fail to exemplify these five values by engaging in a violation of university policy, campus conduct proceedings are used to assert and uphold the Student Code of Conduct.
The Student Code of Conduct applies to behavior that occurs on campus, at University-sponsored events, off-campus, or online. All students are encouraged to review the Student Code of Conduct so they understand the standards to which they are to adhere to, as well as understand their rights as a student at PennWest Clarion.
PENNWEST CLARION COMMUNITY STANDARDS
To further enhance the PennWest Clarion community, and the values that we expect all of our students to embody, the PennWest Clarion Community Standards document provides detailed information on the policies that guide the behavior and conduct of Clarion students.
The PennWest Clarion Community Standards includes policies related to the use of alcohol and illegal drugs, as well as policies on free speech, hazing, sexual misconduct, gambling, hosting guest speakers, posting/advertising information on campus, smoking, and policies regarding student organizations, including fraternities and sororities.
To access the PennWest Clarion Community Standards click HERE. | <urn:uuid:fcc26dab-14d8-4156-a184-9a063a485955> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.clarion.edu/student-life/student-affairs/conduct-policies-and-judicial-services/student-code-of-conduct/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.942897 | 380 | 1.601563 | 2 |
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Definition of the noun Ammobates Cockerelli
What does Ammobates Cockerelli mean as a name of something?
Ammobates cockerelli is a species of Ammobates, described by Popov in 1951.
- synonym: species Ammobates cockerelli
- kingdom: Animalia
- phylum: Arthropoda
- class: Insecta
- order: Hymenoptera
- family: Apidae
- genus: Ammobates
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Go to the thesaurus of Ammobates cockerelli to find many related words and phrases! | <urn:uuid:b67f734a-defc-4e9c-9491-c74d74a8c1ce> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.omnilexica.com/?q=Ammobates+cockerelli | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00383-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.736142 | 171 | 1.664063 | 2 |
By now, every so-called "Hardcore Gamer" knows where the modern video game came from. Everything we know was spawned from the cultural phenomenon known as Dungeons and Dragons. It introduced us to the concept of the modern role-playing game. It gave us the idea of a persistent character and dungeon crawling epics. From there, the video game scene exploded. CRPGs flourished until the advent of the video arcades, which popularized the quarter crunching games of the eighties and nineties.
But looking at a modern game, it might be hard to see the influence of these early games. But if you dig deeper, you can find these mechanics that have lasted generations. But if you were to look at a game like Left 4 Dead, it might be a little bit harder to find these influences. But deep down, the ember of these ideas still smolders on. | <urn:uuid:e0e9b20f-d405-4c29-8d58-351a7e62c361> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://n4g.com/news/1179331/left-4-dead-a-love-story | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00502-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955913 | 182 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Australian Care Economy
Education & Training
Paid Maternity Leave
The buoyant Australian economy needs increased workforce productivity to continue to grow. Australian families need family friendly working environments to allow increased productivity. Healthy families come from healthy parenting. Australian children and their parents need to have Opportunities for new parents to bond with their newborns Family friendly working environments on parents’ return to work, Access to good quality and affordable child care, and The children need love and hugs to grow into healthy adults. Australian businesses need Government policies to help achieve this. Access to paid maternal and paternal leave cannot be left to market forces. Currently, although 77% of women in the finance and insurance industries have access to paid maternity leave, only 1% of women in the retail sector are covered, and 2% in hotels and restaurants: most women work part time, most are in the industries with no cover.
Many small businesses cannot afford to pay for maternity or paternity leave, and many have difficulties managing where staff have extended leave from work. Rural women whose work is essential to the family farm have no coverage at all. This coalition of small business organisations, women’s organisations, and child development groups calls upon each major political Party Leader commit to the following: To establish on forming Government an expert committee to examine and advise on the options to achieve a cost-effective universal system of paid maternity and paternity leave for Australian families; To publish the report of the expert committee, and To undertake to implement the recommendations of the expert committee within two years.
More resources are available here
UN Security Council Resolution 1325
Security Council Resolution 1325 was passed unanimously on 31 October 2000. It invited Secretary-General Kofi Annan to “carry out a study on the impact of armed conflict on women and girls, the role of women in peace-building and the gender dimensions of peace processes and conflict resolution.”
Lifelong Learning for Women – Policy Paper
“Lifelong Learning: work related education and training; meeting the needs of Australian women” S4W in collaboration with WAVE, invested in a major research project with the focus on lifelong learning, particularly work-related education and training, for women and girls. This project consisted of five small-scale (vignette) research projects to investigate identified priority areas.
The research was funded through the Australian Government’s Office for Women (OfW) and enabled S4W to propose policy direction and strategic suggestions to better facilitate economic security for women. The research agenda was set within the broad global/local context of lifelong learning and OECD global policy priorities.
What Women Want
A strong alliance of national women’s organizations seeks to examine the potential impact on women of working age (in particular on low income women, sole parents and women with disabilities) of the legislative changes to income security or ‘welfare to work’, and the changes to the Industrial Relations framework, and the likely interaction of the two sets of policy changes. Now the legislation has been enacted the What Women Want project has turned its attention to establishing some robust benchmarking of women’s wages and conditions through a new research project ” Women’s pay and conditions in an era of changing workplace regulations” The first stage has been funded by NFAW, WEL and HREOC and it involves a comprehensive “stock-take” analysis of available data to identify key indicators of women’s pay and employment conditions and develop current benchmarks.
The second stage, which is not fully funded (please go to NFAW website for details about how you can contribute) involves a case study of 100 women across Australia as a way of understanding how, if at all, the legislative framework is impacting on their employment conditions. This part of the project has been designed with the potential to become a longitudinal study that tracks women’s experiences of workplace change over time. We envisage the research arising from this two-part project will play a critical role in informing the Australian Fair Pay Commission’s deliberations and the monitoring undertaken through various institutions. Download Workshop Proceedings, NATSEM modeling on the impacts of proposed changes on sole parents and people with a disability and Press releases here:
- Focus On Women information paper 5 – impact of the Work Choices industiral relations reforms on women (PDF 462KB)
- HREOC – workplace relations submission (PDF 515KB)
- What Women Want – media release 211105 (PDF 82KB)
- What Women Want – senate submission 211105 (PDF 82KB)
- What Women Want – media release 181105 (PDF 75KB)
- What Women Want – legislative review workshop 111105 (PDF 468 KB)
- What Women Want – key issues 180905 (PDF 83KB)
- NATSEM modeling – people with disability (PDF 260KB)
- Media release – welfare to work, sole parents (PDF 29KB)
- What Women Want – media release 030805 (PDF 17KB)
- NATSEM modeling – sole parents (PDF 260KB)
- What Women Want – workshop proceedings 120705 (PDF 156KB)
Working Women’s Centres
There are Working Women’s Centres in Queensland, South Australia, the Northern Territory and Tasmania. The Centres provide information, support, advocacy and advice to women on work-related issues.
They also recommend other services in Victoria (JobWatch) and Western Australia (Women’s Law Centre and Employment Law Centre) where there is not a WWC.
You can find out more about the Working Women’s Centres here.
On this site you will find information on Your rights at work, Awards and agreements, Workers compensation and health and safety, Work and family, Discrimination and harassment, Workplace bullying and Dismissal.
*Adobe Acrobat Reader is needed to view PDF files. If you do not have it, download it for free from Adobe’s Acrobat Page
- Engagement with grass-roots organisations through roundtables to inform what the women of Australia require to obtain economic wellbeing
- The re-establishment of the Time Use Survey
- Removal of the $450 threshold to earn Superannuation
- The implementation of paid parental leave to increase women’s workforce participation
- Girls can do anything project highlighting that STEM based subjects are for women too
- Collaborating with policy makers on the care economy and the impact on women’s economic security and workforce participatio
- Leadership programs established with partner organisation Femeconomy – Economic Security for Women program
- eS4W responded to the Inquiry into the Australian Government’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic first interim report. eS4W was one of the witnesses to the inquiry who presented to the Committee (Represented by Roselynne Anderson, eS4W’s Chair and Sharen Page, eS4W’s Finance & Project Officer). eS4W’s Submission was referred to a number of times in the report. | <urn:uuid:70182280-4a3e-47f9-bdb2-77f09ee5a390> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.security4women.org.au/resources/reports/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.926697 | 1,458 | 1.914063 | 2 |
How to paint wine bottles in about 5 minutes! This is an inexpensive and quick way to turn those wine bottles you have laying around into something beautiful!
Use a dowel rod to paint wine bottles. This is painted with chalk board chalk to write on.
Removing lables from bottles.
glittering the wine bottle for glittered wine bottle via @jennyonthespot // www.jennyonthespot.com
Rustic "JOY" Wine Bottles. Creative idea! And so cute! uses Silhouette More
Tinta spray e tinta dimensional e ...lindas garrafas!!!
how to paint wine bottles to look like stained glass - Google Search - http://www.diyhomeproject.net/how-to-paint-wine-bottles-to-look-like-stained-glass-google-search
Cute craft for Recycling your old wine bottles. Black chalkboard paint, twine, wooden letters, and decorative flowers.
What to Know Before Painting Glass; includes instructions for baking painted glass to increase durability | <urn:uuid:ed9da907-ec76-4189-963d-5aa18fb13e3b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://nz.pinterest.com/explore/paint-wine-bottles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00097-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.847091 | 226 | 1.617188 | 2 |
WASHINGTON A U.S. bank regulator is poised to fault Spanish lender Banco Santander SA (SAN.MC) SOVBAN.UL for doing too little to reach poor neighborhoods and will fail the bank on a test of community lending, according to sources familiar with the situation.
The decision by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) is due by early 2017, said the sources, who spoke on background because they were not authorized to talk about the pending action.
They said Santander would be listed as a bank that "needs to improve" under terms of the Community Reinvestment Act, which was enacted in the 1970s to help end discriminatory lending.
Such as listing would mean that Santander will face more regulatory hurdles if it wants to open more branches or seeks to merge.
The OCC and Santander both declined to comment.
Santander, which has about $85 billion in assets in the United States, is counted among the largest global lenders. In June, the bank failed a U.S. stress test meant to ensure the largest firms on Wall Street can weather a future financial crisis.
Santander's U.S. bank was the first to fail the test three years in a row.
The Federal Reserve, in its review of Santander, faulted the bank for poor risk management and financial planning rather than a lack of capital.
Consumer advocates said they were glad to see community concerns about Santander rise to the highest level of regulatory attention.
"Banks have an obligation to blue collar communities but they haven't always seen it that way," said John Taylor, head of the National Community Reinvestment Coalition.
Earlier this week, Reuters reported that Wells Fargo was also due be downgraded to 'needs to improve,' under terms of the Community Reinvestment Act.
The label means a bank must seek approval from the OCC before acting on many day-to-day management issues. Such banks are also expected to outline how they will expand credit to the poor.
Earlier this month, Thomas Curry, the head of the OCC, said he expected the agency to clear a backlog of Community Reinvestment reviews in the weeks ahead.
Officials have "already made great strides in working through the agency's existing backlog of CRA performance evaluations," he told a gathering of the National Association of Affordable Housing Lenders.
(Reporting by Patrick Rucker; Editing by Steve Orlofsky and Tom Brown) | <urn:uuid:1d9be0f2-e373-433d-8a60-10ae54d2b38c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-usa-banco-santander-lending-idUKKBN13Y2GO | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00065-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968727 | 508 | 1.59375 | 2 |
In the fast-paced, demanding world of today, we often find ourselves in tight situations, and it is in these situations that we are in need of many things. Problem is, we don’t do anything to achieve them. We may sit around and dream about that new car, or the money that we long to earn, and we may even speak of these desires, but that’s it. And after it seems like every solution, every plan of action has been through with, we give up and believe that what we seek will never be attained, what we long for will only remain a dream.
It is sad that we don’t even stop to think about making supplication (dua) to Allah (SWT) for these things, Allah (SWT) who is the All-Mighty, the All-Powerful. And even if we do, it’s always seen as a last resort, after every possible attempt has failed. Or even worse: we believe that we are self-sufficient enough to make things happen ourselves and simply neglect supplication altogether.
My sisters in Islam, supplication isn’t just a prayer that we perform whenever we are in need of something. It isn’t just a religious ritual that is practiced from time to time. Supplication is a personal conversation with Allah (SWT), the most uplifting, powerful, and transforming conversation we could ever have. Whenever we are lonely and need of someone, He is there; whenever we don’t know who to turn to for our problems, He is there. Allah (SWT) is the All-Knowing and the Most Merciful, and He will ALWAYS be around to listen to us. “And when My slaves ask you (O Muhammad SAW) concerning Me, then (answer them), I am indeed near (to them by My Knowledge). I respond to the invocations of the supplicant when he calls on Me (without any mediator or intercessor). So let them obey Me and believe in Me, so that they may be led aright.” (Surat Al-Baqarah, verse 186). How simple and beautiful could supplication possibly get?
Supplication is the weapon of the believer and the essence of worship. Supplication could help change fate, while we cannot; it solidifies a Muslim’s belief in the power and oneness of Allah (SWT), and shuns away all other false entities and doubts. Supplication cleanses our heart from anxiety, worry, and hatred, and makes us feel at peace with ourselves; we come out of it as stronger and happier people. In fact, the best supplication is probably one of repentance, for Allah (SWT) is the Most Gracious and Most Merciful, and He loves those who seek for His forgiveness. After all, one could never repent too much!
With supplication we should not just ask for big things that matter to us, but the little things as well, for there is nothing too big or small for Allah (SWT) to handle. We should also make supplication in times of happiness and comfort, as we do during those of distress and worry. In fact, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) states in a hadith: “Whosoever desires that Allah answers his supplications in unfavorable and difficult conditions, he should make plentiful supplication in days of ease and comfort.” We should always thank Allah (SWT) for the wonderful blessings He gave us, like family and shelter, because it is too often that we take them for granted and don’t appreciate them until they’re gone.
While we may make supplication for the things that we want in this world, we should also seek for those in the hereafter. After all, we are continuously on a journey, as our life on Earth is only temporary, while our life in the hereafter will be everlasting. This situation is like going to a king who gives you the chance to ask him for whatever you want, only to tell him, “I wish you could show me the way to the bathroom!” However, we should always balance our supplications, because as important as the hereafter is, we also need Allah (SWT)’s help to live a good life here as well.
Never neglect supplication. Don’t ever feel like it’s a burden to do, asking Allah (SWT) for help at all times, because supplication is truly a powerful form of worship and could transform your outlook on life completely. At some times, whenever I’m stressed or filled with anxiety, I make supplication and my emotions suddenly sink into a more peaceful mood – its like I never had any problems to begin with. Not only do you have a conversation with Allah (SWT) directly, but you also build up a closer relationship with Him. I believe that if we all put in the effort to make supplication a daily practice in our lives, we will see a positive change in ourselves and our connection with Islam.
Ramadan is less than three weeks away, so let’s all aim to make supplication as much as possible during this blessed month, so we could gain as many rewards as we can and get into the habit of this beautiful practice, insha Allah.
And as always, I remind myself before I remind anyone else.
May Allah (SWT) accept all our supplications. Ameen. | <urn:uuid:9613b97c-48e5-490a-abc2-b7df556f17c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://muslimgirl.com/dua-the-weapon-of-the-believer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.967297 | 1,135 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Protestors in Kyrgyzstan’s northwest have clashed with police and blocked a major road, alleging a Kazakh project to survey for gold is polluting the local environment. It’s the latest in a string of violent, mining-related clashes in the Central Asian state. Once again, mining experts in Bishkek are skeptical about the protestors’ motivations.
Early on April 3, several hundred protestors blocked the road leading from Talas, the largest town in Kyrgyzstan’s northwestern Talas Province, to Taraz, in Kazakhstan. By evening, the number had swollen to 500 and some reports circulated that two officials had been kidnapped. At least 19 police were wounded in a confrontation with stone-throwing residents, 24.kg reported, citing an Interior Ministry official.
The protestors are demanding Kazakh mining concern Altyn Kumushtak, which has been exploring the Shiraldjin gold deposit since 2005, stop. In an interview with Radio Liberty’s Kyrgyz Service, a self-identified participant in the riots, Nurlan Muzurov, said he and others “don’t want deformed children, pollution of the water and the air.”
In 2009, Altyn Kumushtak’s license had been annulled and given to a Chinese company in one of many murky exchanges during the presidency of Kurmanbek Bakiyev, who was ousted amid bloody street protests in 2010. In 2013 the Kazakh company successfully appealed and won back the rights to the deposit.
Protests targeting foreign miners are common in Kyrgyzstan. Though environmental fears can be legitimate, many observers believe powerful individuals manipulate locals in order to seize deposits, shake down foreign investors, or destabilize the government. Locals in such remote and impoverished areas often do not have access to alternative sources of information.
In August, two men who had previously led environmentally themed protests against the Canadian-owned Kumtor goldmine were caught on tape demanding $3 million from a Kumtor representative in exchange for an apparent guarantee not to orchestrate protests. They have since been sentenced to jail terms and protests demanding their release continue. One protest apparently on their behalf last fall saw the local governor kidnapped, doused with petrol, and threatened with matches.
Altyn Kumushtak has not begun tapping the deposit at Shiraldjin, said Kadyrbek Kaketaev, a senior advisor at the State Geology Agency who retired last year. He believes the protestors have been bribed by local powerbrokers to riot. “These peoples’ claims are groundless. Exploration does no such harm,” Kaketaev told EurasiaNet.org.
Altyn Kumushtak has suspended operations, director Rustam Tashiev told the Vechernii Bishkek newspaper on April 4. He believes opposition leaders are stirring up trouble to seek concessions from the government. "We don’t want to be a political card for the opposition,” he said, adding that the company is evacuating employees and equipment.
Elsewhere in the same province, Talas Copper Gold, a subsidiary of South Africa’s Gold Fields, was attacked twice by men on horseback wielding Molotov cocktails in 2011. The company has since pulled out of Kyrgyzstan. | <urn:uuid:e14aadbe-3fa2-435b-aa0f-1ac14f36c020> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68234 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00209-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958388 | 687 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Lesson 2 -- first quarter 2003
December 8, 2002
© Copyright 2002, Christian Light Publications
Righteous before God?
"And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless" (Luke 1:6). What an amazing thing to have the Bible say about you! It makes me wish I could have known Zacharias and Elisabeth; perhaps I could have learned the secret of their righteous blamelessness. I would like to have known some of the other Biblical characters who got this kind of incredible recognition from God. I'll point out two others.
First consider a man who "walked with God" and "was a just man and perfect in his generations" (Genesis 6:9). About this man, God declared, "Thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation" (Genesis 7:1). I suppose the references give away his identity: Noah. His society and acquaintances offered him no help in living that just, perfect, righteous life. So such a life is surely attainable for us in our generation!
The other man? Well, God said there was "none like him in the earth." Sounds like another Noah-type, doesn't it? God also said this man was "perfect and upright . . . and eschewed evil." When God looked in this man heart and when He considered this man's ways, He saw "one that feared God." Without question, Job also was righteous before God (Job 1:1,8). Job had such integrity that God Himself was quick to stand up for him. That assures me that even today, God stands up in defense of His people.
OK, fine. So there we have four people who get this kind of distinctive recognition for righteousness. Do these character snapshots offer us any kind of key that we might use to unlock the secret of their godliness? Just what enabled them to attain to righteousness before God?
I think the answer lies in their choices. Make that their daily choices. These people made God their foremost choice. Then that choice guided them in all their other choices which in turn affected or reflected their characters and lives. These people chose to walk with God, living righteously because of their communion with Him. This walk of theirs was visible and tangible because it found partial expression through obedience to His ways and commands. And do you know something else? You and I can make those same choices and experience the same results!
This is possible because Jesus gave Himself fully and without reserve for us, "that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works" (Titus 2:14). His selfless death for us makes it possible for Him to present us "holy and unblameable and unreproveable in his sight" (Colossians 1:22). I am amazed that this could be for . . . and about . . . Mark Roth. And it is no less for you! If we have been redeemed by the blood of Jesus, the coming of Jesus Christ will find our hearts established in unblameable "holiness before God, even our Father." Do you believe that? I do, because that is what 1 Thessalonians 3:13 says! This is possible because of "the righteousness of God which is by faith of Jesus Christ" (Romans 3:22).
So let's make the daily choices that are both demonstrations and results of our commitment to walk with God. Will you give your life to ongoing obedience to God and His Word? Then God Himself will find you righteous in your generation!
His lot was . . .
Luke 1:9 illustrates the faithfulness of Zacharias. He had an assignment, so he did it. And he did it the right way. What is your lot right now? No matter what God gives you to do, do it! And do it the right way! Your faithfulness in that makes it easier for God to show you your next lot. Remember, getting today's assignment done is more important than knowing what our assignment will be for tomorrow.
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Lighthouse Point Park is a public park located on South Atlantic Avenue in Ponce Inlet just south of Daytona Beach and Daytona Beach Shores. It is a 52-acre park located at the southern tip of Ponce Inlet and has many appealing activities, amenities, and facilities such as swimming, fishing, pavilions, an observation deck, nature trails, and much more.
The park is known for its natural beauty and wildlife. If you are wondering what to do in Daytona Beach with active kids, this is a great spot.
Visitors can see dolphins along the shoreline, and in the sandy areas there are many different kinds of animals such as armadillos, gopher tortoises, possums, raccoons, and several types of birds like birds of prey and shore birds.
5000 South Atlantic Avenue, Ponce Inlet, FL 32127
More day trip ideas: Tampa, Florida.
"Top Romantic Tourist Attractions in Daytona Beach, Florida" Back to Top
Vacation ideas: Palm Springs, Boise, Fort Wayne, Galena, Mackinac Island | <urn:uuid:2549aea6-7420-44f3-9b25-46b30f813a70> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://vacationidea.com/weekend_getaways/best-things-to-do-in-daytona-beach-fl.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00348-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949022 | 227 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Napoléon Bonaparte reportedly rode over 130 horses during his 14-year reign, but only one ended up as taxidermy: the Arabian stallion named le Vizir. The white horse has long been on view at the Musée de l’Armée in Paris, but the over 200-year-old specimen experienced significant deterioration, including a deep crack that crawled over his shoulder. Following a successful crowdfunding campaign called “Sauvons Vizir” (or “Save Vizir”) that raised over $22,000, le Vizir is getting a much-needed attention, with taxidermists at work in the museum to restore some of his former glory.
As the military museum shared on Facebook, conservators Yveline Huguet and Jack Thiney began the first phase of restoration work two weeks ago, focused on some initial cleaning. Visitors to the museum, AFP reported, will be able to witness le Vizir’s restoration. Previously, he was displayed in a quiet hallway that visitors might only discover while trying to find the restrooms, his case off to the side, the only distinguishing feature that might catch the eye being an imperial “N” topped with a crown branded on his thigh. The restoration project will include fixing the tears in le Vizir’s body, rehydrating the skin, restored coloration, and finally placing the horse in a new climate-controlled case.
Le Vizir’s gallop to fame began when an Ottoman sultan gifted the stallion to Napoléon in 1802. Just a couple of years later, his new owner was crowned Emperor (or, more accurately, crowned himself). Napoléon preferred small horses, and the svelte le Vizir quickly became a favorite. Albeit not as well-known as Marengo, who is believed to be rearing on his hind legs in the famed Jacques-Louis David painting “Napoleon Crossing the Alps,” le Vizir accompanied his master all the way to exile in Elba from 1814 to 1815. And he is thought to be portrayed in a painting by Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissionier, the horse with ears alert boldly stepping forward beneath a tumultuous sky. Born in Corsica, Napoléon didn’t start learning to ride until his military career began, and in his portraits he’s often on a beautiful horse, a testament to his pride in this animal relationship. Five years after the death of Napoléon, le Vizir passed away in 1826 at the age of 33, in the care of imperial stable officer Léon de Chanlaire.
— Musée de l’Armée – Invalides (@MuseeArmee) June 14, 2016
For most military steeds, that’s the end of the story, yet de Chanlaire decided it was important to preserve this faithful symbol of the late Emperor. However, after mounting the skin, he was concerned that the dead horse might be mistreated in post-Napoleonic France, so le Vizir was sent to England. His stuffing was pulled out so the horse could be flattened and fit into a traveling trunk, and le Vizir was puffed up again for display at the Manchester Natural History Society (now the Manchester Museum) in 1843. Those two taxidermy mounts, along with other restorations, caused the little horse to shrink even more. When Napoléon III, nephew of the Emperor, came into power, le Vizir returned from exile in 1868. The horse was in good favor until this Napoléon also tumbled from the throne, and le Vizir descended into storage at the Louvre. Three decades of obscurity followed before his worn body was unearthed and relocated to the Musée de l’Armée.
It’s quite a posthumous journey for a horse. Remains of Napoléon’s campaigns are strewn around Europe, including the skeleton of Marengo, who was seized as a war trophy at Waterloo and whose bones are currently at Britain’s National Army Museum. At the Musée de l’Armée, le Vizir remains close to his Emperor, buried at the nearby les Invalides, his remains a tactile connection to the many horses that served on the 19th-century battlefields.
Lebanese art dealer Georges Lotfi, who once helped authorities seize looted antiquities, is now accused of doing his own share of trafficking too.
An exhibition depicts how people have reimagined the medieval period in the centuries since, and how they have revealed their own interests and ideals with each new interpretation.
The Newark Museum of Art Presents Jazz Greats: Classic Photographs from the Bank of America Collection
Photographers Antony Armstrong Jones, Milt Hinton, Chuck Stewart, Barbara Morgan, and more capture a breadth of legendary and local musicians and performance artists. On view through August 21.
During his 84-year life, Liu Shiming helped shape a new Chinese cultural image rooted in the contributions and sacrifices of everyday people.
Playing at several film festivals this late summer, Ana Vaz’s It Is Night in America asks the viewer to take on unusual perspectives.
Art and photographs, publications from the 19th and 20th centuries, manuscripts, posters and more are set to cross the auction block on August 18.
The sealant used for gem-crusted ancient Maya teeth had medicinal properties that prevent tooth infections and decay, according to a new study.
Patrons can listen to a collection of 400 titles at the library and borrow them for up to three weeks.
The Los Angeles-based photographer offers an updated version of the mythologized American cowboy, calling rodeos “the traditional drag of America.”
At its core Line Berg’s Fra Far manifests the anguish of a family whose loved one is convicted of a serious crime.
At first, simply watching people read In Search of Lost Time might seem dull; by the end, you’ll be itching to read or reread it yourself. | <urn:uuid:8086ab64-3c40-4698-a109-858445fd302d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hyperallergic.com/310371/taxidermists-restore-napoleons-beloved-white-horse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.96107 | 1,277 | 2.625 | 3 |
Acrylic conformal coatings are a liquid conformal coating and can be applied four ways: spray, dip, brush, or robotics. Which method selected will vary by a couple of factors including: Quantity of products, complexity of masking requirements, and skill level of operators. They are usually applied between .002" and .005".
Parylene coating is applied through a vapor deposition process onto the substrate or material that is being coated. Depending on the coating type and required thickness, typical parylene deposition rates are about .2/mils per hour, so machine runs can vary from as little as 1 hour to over 24 hours. The process begins with raw dimer in solid state (these are: Parylene C, Parylene N, Parylene D, Parylene AF-4, or other variants) being placed into a loading boat, which is then inserted into the vaporizer. The parylene raw dimer is heated between 100-150º C. At this time, the vapor is pulled, under vacuum into the furnace and heated to very high temperatures which allows for sublimation and the splitting of the molecule into a monomer. The monomer gas continues to be drawn by vacuum one molecule at a time onto the desired substrate at ambient temperatures in the coating chamber. The final stage of the parylene deposition process is the cold trap. The cold trap is cooled to between -90º and -120º C and is responsible for removing all residual parylene materials pulled through the coating chamber. As you can see, the application process of parylene is quite different than a traditional wet chemistry coating like acrylics.
Parylene films are usually applied between .0005" and .002", but can be applied as little as .0001".
A common use of acrylics is on printed circuit boards for moisture protection.
While parylene can be used on printed circuit boards, it has a wide range of uses in medical products such as stents, catheters, and needles.
While there are some parylene disadvantages, it also has significant advantages. Automatically disqualifying parylene for consideration would be like disqualifying any other coating for parylene. Ultimately, different coatings are suited to different products. Considering all of the options for all of your projects can help your company find the right coating for every project, whether it ends up being parylene, acrylic, epoxy or polyurethane.
In applications that have an exposure to solvents, acrylic conformal coating is not the best choice. Acrylic conformal coating can be removed with a weaker solvent such as isopropyl alcohol or xylene. Whenever it faces even stronger solvents, it will not offer the protection that is needed, especially if your product is a mission critical device.
For products that require a high temperature application, acrylic coatings will fall short of expectations. For HumiSeal 1B31, arguably the most popular acrylic coating, the max continuous operating temperature is 125ºC. Compare this to silicone conformal coating, whose operating temperature can exceed 200ºC.
One disadvantage of parylene is cost. The cost for parylene is typically higher than other conformal coatings. This is because of many factors, such as the process itself, the raw materials involved, and the labor required to properly prepare a device for coating. While this is not necessarily true for all applications, typically for an item quoted in parylene and wet chemistry, the parylene pricing will be higher.
Another major issue that comes up often for several of our high volume manufacturers is the limited throughput of parylene. Runs of the parylene machine can take anywhere from eight to over twenty-four hours. As a result of the limited chamber space, there is a fixed amount of product that can be processed.
Parylene can only be deposited one way -- as a vapor in a vacuum. This requires highly specialized equipment that has limited capacity, making it hard to handle very large quantities of items. At the same time, since the coating process requires extensive preparation before it can start, the labor cost of coating makes parylene doubly unsuitable for small runs.
Being thin and being clear can both be parylene disadvantages. A thicker conformal coating, like the one that silicone can provide, can add an additional layer of cushioning and shock protection to the coated item. While parylene protects the items that it coats, especially given its cost, it is more likely to be applied in a thin coating.
Parylene's optical clarity makes it suitable for coating lenses and optical elements. However, this also means that anything coated with it is visible to anyone that looks at it, including someone that is interested in reverse engineering the item. Pigmented epoxy and polyurethane coatings can be used to completely cover the item, hiding its components. They also have roughly similar toughness to parylene, making it hard for someone to remove them.
Many of the less expensive parylene dimers have relatively weak resistance to ultraviolet light. This means that if they are used on a component that is mounted outdoors, they could yellow.
Parylene covers everything, everywhere. Since it is a vapor, it coats anything that air touches. While this can be a highly desirable feature, it also means that items that aren't intended to be fully coated need to go through a masking process that adds time and expense. Acrylic coatings, on the other hand, can be sprayed or brushed on by humans or robots. This makes it easier to only apply the coating where it needs to go.
There are many different industries that conformal coating plays a critical role in. | <urn:uuid:f4588ace-65bd-4def-8fa7-418fcaa47a29> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.paryleneconformalcoating.com/parylene-vs-acrylic-conformal-coatings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.952569 | 1,179 | 2.859375 | 3 |
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Learn English > English lessons and exercises > English test #9780: Mistakes
Find the mistake in each of these sentences and correct it. Good luck and have fun!
Find 10 mistakes in this text.
End of the free exercise to learn English: Mistakes
A free English exercise to learn English.
Other English exercises on the same topic : Several tests | All our lessons and exercises | <urn:uuid:508d0333-fe5c-44f6-850e-140fc55d01ca> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-9780.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00152-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.832597 | 136 | 1.914063 | 2 |
The bushfires that devastated huge swaths of Australia over the past six months have left the engagement policies at the center of the superannuation industry's efforts to address climate change risks under growing scrutiny.
The country's recent environmental disaster "put climate concerns front and center in people's minds," and one result has been greater pressure on super funds to explain why they choose to engage with portfolio companies seen as contributing to global warming rather than divest them, said Helga Birgden, Mercer's Melbourne-based global business leader, responsible investment.
The biggest fundamental change since the bushfires is the number of beneficiaries taking an active interest now in how their super funds are managing climate change risk and which fossil-fuel companies they have exposure to, agreed Simon O'Connor, Melbourne-based CEO of the Responsible Investment Association Australasia.
One example: web traffic in RIAA's online tools that help "consumers connect with funds that match their interests" doubled in January from December, an increase of thousands, Mr. O'Connor said.
Over the past month, two big Melbourne-based funds, UniSuper, a A$80 billion ($53 billion) industry fund serving the higher education and research sectors, and HESTA, a A$56 billion fund focused on health-care employees, have come under pressure from segments of their membership to expunge fossil-fuel companies from their portfolios.
Spokesmen for UniSuper and HESTA declined to comment.
Both campaigns were backed by Market Forces, a Melbourne-based affiliate of environmental activist group Friends of the Earth Australia launched in January 2013.
Julien Vincent, executive director of Market Forces, said his organization has been calling on super funds to divest pure-play fossil-fuel companies for five years now but the "heightened sense of awareness" spawned by Australia's recent cataclysmic weather events is resulting in more activism this year, with climate researchers and health-care workers at funds like UniSuper and HESTA leading the way. | <urn:uuid:297b9c8f-105e-437d-87c6-e7ea6f8f527f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pionline.com/esg/aussie-super-funds-get-heat-over-climate-change-stance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.959434 | 410 | 1.601563 | 2 |
TOKYO--Tokyo Electric Power Co. (9501.TO) said that up to 120 tons of contaminated water may have leaked into soil from one of the seven underground reservoir tanks at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, Kyodo News reported Saturday.
Around 13,000 cubic meters of contaminated water remain in the tank, with Tepco having begun transferring it to other tanks nearby with four pumps on Saturday morning, the utility said.
It will take roughly five days to complete the transfer, Tepco added.
Radioactive substances have been detected in water accumulated around the tank, which measures some 60 meters long, 53 meters wide and 6 meters deep and is covered by three layers of waterproof sheets.
According to Tepco and the Nuclear Regulation Authority, around 6,000 becquerels of radiation per cubic centimeter were logged Friday in water between the sheets. Trace amounts of radioactive substances were also detected in water between the outermost sheet and the soil.
The tank stores water used to cool down atomic reactors at the crippled plant after radioactive cesium is removed, but other radioactive substances are thought to remain.
The tank is around 800 meters from the ocean and Tepco believes the contaminated water is unlikely to flow into the sea.
Subscribe to WSJ: http://online.wsj.com?mod=djnwires | <urn:uuid:28d41f27-3888-416f-8c88-8abd4179f551> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.marketwatch.com/story/fukushima-tank-may-have-leaked-contaminated-water-2013-04-06?siteid=rss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717963.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00373-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956183 | 279 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Trying to find the Car Insurance coverage Estimate?
Every auto buyer goes by way of a checklist prior to buying his or even her brand-new auto. The most significant aspect of the list is the automobile insurance and the auto insurance estimate. A car insurance provides a protection for your car as a whole. Your insurance plan officer may will give you a varied range of auto insurances dependent on the kind of vehicle you own, the quantity of coverage a person need as well as the range of years an individual wish to have the protection for, inturn of an every year amount, known as the insurance premium.
When you incur an auto accident, the price of damages the auto bears is included in the car insurance policy you choose, this, however, is not sold with any destruction incurred above the overall automobile insurance volume. The value involving your auto insurance idea is calculated by simply the IDV or perhaps the Insured Announced Value of the vehicle; the IDV is the maximum amount the insurance company is planning to pay for the damages your current car incurs. Typically the amount of IDV roughly equals to be able to the actual selling price of the auto you have or the particular showroom associated with the car. The IDV thus is not a constant value plus keeps changing periodically. Upon renewal regarding your automobile insurance after a year, the importance of IDV will reduce because of the amount of devaluation charged on it after having a year.
Precisely what are the damages covered by the car insurance?
The particular car insurance is not going to cover all typically the damages your automobile faces, throughout the lifestyle of the insurance plan. Coverages in typically the US usually are seen in a cluster of three numbers separated by a dash, for example of this, 20/50/30 or 100/500/100. The first 2 numbers are typically seen for professional medical coverage. For 100/500/100 the insurance organization policy will shell out $100, 000 for each person as much as 500 usd, 000 combined regarding all people. The very last number covers damage made to the property, that is virtually any other vehicle or perhaps property you hit in an accident.
Extended Car Warranty will largely cover the following forms of damages:
The coverage furthermore commonly known because casualty insurance, generally covers bodily accidents and property injuries, that is injury to your car. The particular amount of insurance coverage will, however, differ from one jurisdiction to another. The insured is also allowed to boost the level of typically the insurance coverage (before the loss), to pay any loss sustained during the incident.
If in a great unfortunate circumstance, you hit a mobile phone pole with the car. In such a new case, the liability coverage covers the costs of the destruction caused to the pole. It, however, will not cover virtually any other expenses connected to the harm being caused such as disruption involving services claimed by the Telephone firm.
A bodily insurance coverage covers the covered from possible personal injury during the accident as well as covers your pet or her by any third get together damage caused simply by accident. The coverage covers the court costs and damage the insured is being sued for.
Entire coverage covers each collision and complete damages completed your current vehicle. The accident coverage covers your vehicle involved in collisions, by paying away for the repair of the destruction incurred or simply by spending the money value of the vehicle in case the particular vehicle is simply not repairable.
Comprehensive coverage protects the vehicle from damages not ordinarily considered as collision damages. The damages included in this protection are damage credited to theft, vandalism or impact using animals. Additionally , some sort of lot of insurance coverage companies also include ‘Act of God’ problems that is virtually any damage caused simply by event or occasions caused to aspects which can be beyond man control, such while cyclones, tornado, tsunami etc.
Apart from the key coverages stated earlier, insurance plan companies in typically the US provide typically the following coverages:
Damages done by uninsured/underinsured motorist (UM/UIM)
Reduction of work with
Emergency Road Service Coverage.
Mechanical Breakdown Coverage
Custom Pieces and Equipment Protection.
How can you calculate an auto insurance estimate?
A person can follow these types of simple steps, in order to correctly get your car insurance calculate:
Before buying an auto, narrow down in your choices.
Identify the amount regarding coverage you’d ultimately be needing. In the event that you are purchasing a new automobile, you should choose insurance that protects collision and comprehensive damages as fine. It is however certainly not mandatory in case of an utilized auto.
Compare insurance quotes for your vehicle. Different companies will have different insurance coverage costs for your own vehicle depending on the type and even market price involving the model. Evaluating the quotes will certainly help you filter down for the finest insurance for your auto.
Make the making your decision, based on typically the comparison chart.
Exactly what should your best car insurance calculate be?
There are a lot associated with factors that affect your car insurance estimate. Ideally, you must choose a program and amount, which usually covers most of the achievable damage that the car may incur in the lifetime. The number of insurance you decided to go with typically should become above the genuine cost of your overall auto.
The ultimate automobile insurance estimate can ultimately depend about your own alternatives and individual situation. It is usually advisable to consider a wide range associated with options and businesses offering automobile insurance right after calculating the auto insurance coverage estimate. Comparing insurance plan quotes, and precisely what they cover using each other will make sure you get typically the most away from your auto insurance. | <urn:uuid:30b07a9d-2b32-4704-a229-3958c6eb3b51> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.featherwolfmusic.com/trying-to-find-the-car-insurance-coverage-estimate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.956697 | 1,175 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Updated February 2016
“You have to make choices even when there is nothing to choose from.”
― Péter Zilahy
And you have to find perfect hooks for an essay even when you don’t know what to write about.
When you are asked to write an essay, it doesn’t mean that you don’t get to express your own thoughts and creativity. An essay shouldn’t be boring or too formal. As a writer, your first priority is to make sure that you are keeping your audience in mind and writing for them and to them. That means grabbing and keeping their attention so that they want to read every word.
This is exactly why the essay hook exists and is such an important tool.
An essay hook is the first one or two sentences of your essay. It serves as an introduction and works to grab the reader’s attention. The first couple sentences will help your reader decide whether they want to continue reading your essay or not.
The use of hooks in writing goes far beyond just essays and college papers. Every writer, copywriter, screenwriter, and storyteller uses this device to draw in readers and keep them hooked. For example, world-famous ad executive, David Ogilvy, relied on a list of 29 “magic words” that he used in titles in order to hook a client’s attention.
College essay hooks can be difficult to generate, especially when you are still working on clarifying what your essay is going to say. So, the very first step in writing a strong essay hook is to do some planning.
Consider the overall presentation of your work:
- What type of essay are you writing?
- What type of writing style and tone will you need to use?
- Who is your intended audience?
- What kind of structure do you need to establish?
Essay hooks ideas
- A literary quote
This type of hook is appropriate when you are writing about a particular author, story, literary phenomenon, book, etc. Using a quote will make your essay sound fresh and establish your authority as an author.
“So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.” These words of Nick Carraway perfectly describe…”
“Not all those who wander are lost.” And yes, indeed, every person is so…”
“When we love, we always strive to become better than we are. When we strive to become better than we are, everything around us becomes better too.” Agree or not, but these words from The Alchemist determine…”
- Quotes from Famous People
Including a quote from an authoritative and influential person can help support your argument and create an intriguing hook. The key is to make sure that you clearly show how the quote is relevant to your essay.
“John Wooden once said, ‘Never mistake activity for achievement.'”
“Learn to laugh” were the first words from my kindergarten teacher after Ralph Thorsen spilled paint on my daffodil picture.
Don’t be afraid to employ this type of hook. Remember, even if you start with a humorous anecdote, it doesn’t mean that your entire essay has to be funny. A bit of humor can help you grab readers’ attention and spark their interest in the topic.
“As my cousin and I pedaled our new bikes to the beach, 6 years old, suntanned and young, we met an old, shaggy-haired man weaving unsteadily on a battered old bike.”
“When I was a young boy, my father worked at a coal mine. For 27 years, he made it his occupation to scrape and claw and grunt his way into the bowels of the earth, searching for fuel. On April 19, 2004, the bowels of the earth clawed back.”
Keep in mind that most essay assignments will ask you to avoid using the first person. Be sure to check any requirements before using “I” in your writing.
- Pose a Question
Almost nothing can attract interest better than a well-constructed question. Readers will want to continue reading your essay in order to discover the answer. Be sure to avoid simple “Yes” or “No” questions and try to pose questions that ask reader to consider the other side or engage in some critical thinking.
“What would you do if you could play God for a day? That’s exactly what the leaders of the tiny island nation of Guam tried to answer.”
“Have you ever wondered, whether Anna Karenina still loved Alexei if she hadn’t decided to commit a suicide?”
- Set a Scene
People respond well to visual cues. Taking the time to set a detailed scene will help your reader have a clear picture in their minds and create an effective hook. You can describe an incident or detail the particular features of a person or a character to help the readers become immersed in your writing.
“The day of his birth began with Hurricane Charlie pounding at our door in Charleston, South Carolina.”
“Deciding to attend Hampton Roads Academy, a private school, was one of my most difficult decisions.”
- Include an Interesting Fact or Definition
These types of hooks start by surprising the reader with something that may not have known. Provide an interesting fact about something you are going to discuss in your essay’s body and your audience will want to keep reading to learn more.
“Spain, though hardly a literary juggernaut, translates more books in one year than the entire Arab world has in the past one thousand years.”
“Amiable is the best way to describe Elizabeth’s personality: she was friendly and caring.”
- State Your Thesis
There is no harm in getting right to the point. Start with your main argument and use the rest of your essay to support your point of view. If you have an interesting take on a subject, readers will want to see where you came up with your idea.
“It is time, at last, to speak the truth about Thanksgiving, and the truth is this. Thanksgiving is really not such a terrific holiday. . .”
“Humans need to invest more time and money into space exploration because Earth is on a certain path to destruction.”
- Reveal a Common Misconception
The most interesting essays will teach the readers something new. If you start your introduction by showing that a commonly accepted truth is actually false, your readers will be instantly hooked.
“Any parent will tell you that goldfish are a great first pet for a child. They hardly need any attention, and they won’t be around for too long. Flushing a goldfish in its first week is pretty common—it even happened to my first goldfish. But it turns out that goldfish aren’t as helpless as we all think.”
“While most coffee enthusiasts would tell you that their favorite drink comes from a bean, they would be wrong. Coffee is actually made from a seed that is simply called a bean.”
By listing proven facts at the very beginning of your paper, you will create interest that can be carried throughout the rest of the essay.
“The average iceberg weighs over 100,000 metric tons.”
“70% of all jobs found today were got through different networking strategies”
Update regarding your “can you write my essay” questions:
We started getting requests about editing help, tutoring or recommending someone for essay writing. Here’s the page to visit for more information: bid4papers.com/write-my-essay.
Depending on the style of essay you are writing (narrative, persuasive, personal, critical, argumentative, deductive, etc.), the type of hook you will want to use will vary. Remember, your essay hook is just a tip of an iceberg and it will not guarantee that the rest of your essay will work. Be sure to organize your research and start with an outline before deciding on the best hook to start your essay. The right choice can make your paper truly interesting and worth reading.
image source: WikiHow
Written by Lesley J. Vos, our blog writer and essay proofreader. Lesley is a big fan of reading, and she is always ready to help students come up with good ideas for their papers and reach their academic goals. You can always find her on Facebook and Google+. | <urn:uuid:fa2882da-8868-4957-a963-a7fdda2c1bbc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://bid4papers.com/blog/hook-for-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00428-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948512 | 1,802 | 2.40625 | 2 |
What is Payment gateway ?
Payment Gateway is an application service provider which can authorise payments for any purchase made by a person using either credit card, internet banking in a website. It is just like POS ( Point of Sale) for either website or any other monetary transaction in a secured way. Main function of a payment gateway is to collect credit/debit card information and process the transaction and provide back the result to the website.
Payment gateway has contributed a lot in growth of e-commerce by facilitating secured mode of credit card transaction online using various secured methods as Software As A Service model. Its working principle is quite straight forward. A payment gateway service provider is an authorised centre for making transaction for credit card companies like VISA, Mastercard, Online Bank transaction etc. When some one purchases any goods on internet in any website, payment gateway acquires credit card or banking details secured way, authorise the payment and return control to the website as per transaction result.
How IVR is being used in payment gateway ?
Recently, IVR ( Interactive Voice Response) System is also being used for making payments using phone as providing credit/debit card information using DTMF is easy and can be done on the move without any computer and internet connection.
In most of the IVR payment gateway systems, the banking or credit card details are stored by payment gateway company in a secured way and the transaction is completed with a simple 5-digit or 6 digit numeric password commonly known as PIN( Personal Identification Number). Keeping credit/debit card stored in the payment gateway makes the payment process much quicker as the user does not need to enter card details again and again for each transaction.
When credit/debit card details are not stored, then the details has to be entered using DTMF while processing the transaction. Entering 16 digit card number along with expiry date and CVV may be tedious for frequent users, but many people feel secured that way.
In most IVR payment gateways use outbound dialer to process the transaction. As soon as a person makes a purchase, IVR will make an outbound call to the registered phone number ( first level of security), announces the purchase details and asks him to confirm the purchase by pressing a key. When a purchase is confirmed, the user is asked to enter the numeric password ( PIN ) and on correct PIN, the transaction is completed by charging the credit/debit card.
Advantages of using IVR
There are few advantages of using IVR payment gateways. It is supposed to be more secure as ‘phone tapping’ is not as prevalent as online frauds!
Using IVR payment gateway, one does not need a PC and internet connection to make any purchase or making payment. One just needs a mobile phone or telephone number. Since mobile phone or telephone number already is considered proven identity, it may serve the first level of security.
In developing countries like India, where internet and PC penetration is low, IVR payment gateway can help grow e-commerce as owning phone is cheaper than owning a PC and internet connection. Also, internet connection may not be available all places all the time. So, people can use their mobile or land line phones to make payments using IVR payment gateways.
Drawbacks of IVR for payment gateways
Providing credit card details may be a tedious process for first time users. Also, apart from numeric PIN, it does not provide any other security. PINs are transmitted using DTMF which can be easily decoded.
With explosives growth of mobile phones, IVR payment gateway is logical extension for making phones more useful. | <urn:uuid:e9105ae1-80b2-42f4-8949-8a413a37d3e6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ivrsworld.com/ivr-applications/ivr-in-payment-gateways/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.939524 | 746 | 2.34375 | 2 |
George Freedman DDS, DiplABAD, FIADFE, FAACD, FASDA (firstname.lastname@example.org)
Adjunct Professor, Western University of Dental Medicine, Pomona CA
Paiman Lalla DDS, FIOCI, FIADFE, FAAIP, FICD
Esthetic Dilemma of the Gingival Margin
The data is clear; porcelain and composite resin are both biocompatible at the gingival margin and well tolerated.1-3 The caveat is that composite tends to cause tissue irritation if it intimate directly impinges on the gingiva.4-6 This ultimately causes unesthetic gingival recession.
Porcelain is less problematic, but marginal plaque build-up, activated by the thin layer of resin cement, leads to a similar free gingival irritation and, eventually, recession.7, 8
Even skillful subgingival margin placement will typically, within 3-5 years, due to aging, gingival irritation, or lack of home maintenance on the patient’s part, lead to unesthetic recession and full visible exposure of the darker dentinal tissue.9, 10
Thus, the restorative conclusion is to locate composite margins supragingivally,3, 11 with the resin material reasonably away (0.25-0.50mm) from soft periodontal structures and thereby unlikely to cause tissue irritation.
Today’s adhesives and restoratives make this a rather straightforward task.12-19 Later generation adhesives bond equally well, and predictably, to both enamel and dentin.14, 15 Significantly, 7th and 8th generation adhesives have similar bonding strengths to both enamel and dentin, eliminating the potential stresses caused by unequal polymerization contraction.17-19 It is clinically possible to create a continuous restoration through the dentino-enamel junction (DEJ), covering as much of the enamel and the dentin as necessitated by decay or abfraction (or both).
A significant esthetic predicament quickly presents, however. Dental restorative materials are designed to match the shade of the enamel position of the tooth. While some manufacturers offer “dentin” shades, these hues typically do not closely match the darker coloration of exposed dentin, particularly those observed in endodontically treated teeth. A typical central incisor measures approximately 10.5mm cervico-incisally (CI).20
A substantial increase in the apparent length of a tooth, specifically in the anterior labial region, detracts from the esthetic smile. When restoring a Class V decay or abfraction, or perhaps a small gingival recession, an enamel-colored resin is commonly placed at the labial DEJ. Increasing the maxillary central incisor’s vertical aspect (Fig. 1) by a mere 3mm adds 30% to the apparent vertical dimension, significantly altering the cervico-incisal to mesio-distal (CI:MD) ratio, totally upsetting the esthetic parameters of the smile. (Fig. 2) In situations where there is moderate recession, the visual imbalance is even further impaired. The CI:MD ratio impact is even greater on maxillary laterals and mandibular incisors (average 9.0mm CI). Maxillary and mandibular cuspids (average 10-11mm CI) are often the teeth most affected by gingival recession, and are also highly visible both anteriorly and laterally.
Individuals who have gingival recession, abfraction and/or decay tend to look older than they really are (long in the tooth). Covering the darker root dentin with an enamel-like resin simply makes their teeth more visible, seemingly longer, and correspondingly less esthetic.
The practitioner must solve this problem practically, esthetically, and with minimum invasiveness. The restoration must be functional, replacing missing dental structures to natural dimensions and contours. The restoration should restore lost enamel with enamel-shaded composite resin, and receded gingiva with gingival-shaded composite resin. By creating an artificial enamel-gingival junction in composite restorative material, the patient’s gingiva esthetics and smile can be restored.
Solving the Gingival Esthetic Dilemma
Beautifil II Gingiva (Shofu USA, San Marcos CA) has been specifically designed for the re-balancing of pink aesthetics in the cervical areas of the dentition. (Fig. 3) Beautifil II Gingiva is indicated for wedge-shaped defects, cervical decay, the esthetic rectification of gingival recession, shielding exposed cervical areas and splinting of mobile teeth.
The resin material is available in 5 tones (dark pink, light pink, brown, orange and violet) (Fig. 4) which can be layered and/or blended to achieve custom shades that allow the treatment of patients with various hues of gingival pigmentation, according to their clinical needs. (Fig. 5)
Beautifil II is a highly esthetic, fluoride-releasing composite resin material indicated for all classes of restorations. Numerous studies over the past 20 years have shown no secondary caries, no failures, no post-operative sensitivity and a high retention of both color match and surface luster. The material is based on Shofu’s proprietary Giomer technology. (Fig. 6) The significant advantage of the Giomer class of resins is that they not only release fluoride to protect the tooth at the restorative margin, but that their fluoride content can be recharged by toothpastes, fluoride rinses and varnishes. Thus, the Giomer’s fluoride releasing capacity does not decrease over time.
Another important consideration is that the gingival margin of the restorative material (whether pink or enamel in color) must be kept supragingival and slightly away from the free gingival margin.3, 4, 6
While a very narrow band of darker root structure may be visible towards the apex, the restoration’s enamel (coronal) and pink gingival (radicular) coloration will focus attention away from this area. With gingivally blended restorations, the professional can deliver both esthetic and supragingival margins within the same restoration. A supragingival margin facilitates ready access and effective home maintenance for the patient.
It is imperative that a restoration that is so close to the free gingival margin be placed under conditions controlled for moisture and bleeding. Rubber dam placement is impractical (target area is positioned apically) and retraction cord may physically or chemically compromise the working area. Ideally, the patient’s oral hygiene creates a healthy gingival microenvironment, with minimal pocketing and no bleeding on probing.
In most cases, however, the practitioner must modify the actual situation to increase the likelihood of clinical success. The easiest and best technique for predictable tissue sculpting is the use of the diode laser.21-23 Utilizing low power (1.0-1.5 watts), the dentist can produce an ideal, dry, clean, and blood-free working area in less than a minute.
Visible Recession and Decay
Remarkably, the patient’s chief concern was the gingival recession on the left maxillary lateral, not the mesial caries. (Fig. 8) Fortunately, the patient’s oral hygiene was relatively good, and restoring the MLB decay was straightforward (BeautiBond (Fig. 7) and Beautifil Flow Plus X, both from Shofu USA, San Marcos CA). The steps for the esthetic rectification of the buccal recession are:
1. Gently micro-abrade the receded area and the apical enamel to remove food debris and plaque. The nozzle of the abrader should be angled incisally to prevent gingival irritation and bleeding. Rinse thoroughly and lightly air dry, leaving the surface slightly moist (although the degree of moistness is not critical).
2. Apply BeautiBond, a 7th generation dental adhesive, and leave for 10 seconds. Thoroughly air dry the adhesive (very critical). Light cure with the Fusion 5 Curing Light (Dentlight, Plano TX), offering deep cure of composite resins within 3 seconds with a uniform 4000 mW/cm2 output. (Fig, 7A)
3. Select the appropriate Beautifil II Gingiva shade (Light Pink and Violet for this patient) and apply to the receded area to restore the buccal dimension and contour of the original soft tissue. Light cure. It is important to leave a small (0.25-0.50mm) gap between the apical margin of the restorative and the free gingival margin. (Fig. 9) This space prevents gingival irritation, is easily maintainable by the patient, and is generally not visible even with close-up photographs. (All photography done with the Shofu EyeSpecial camera, (Fig. 10) Shofu USA, San Marcos CA.)
Mandibular Anteriors Recession
This is the most commonly encountered recession in the oral cavity. The mandibular anteriors are small, close together, and not effectively cleaned by the tongue and the lower lip. (Fig. 11) Due to gravity, food debris and plaque tend to accumulate labially and interproximally. (Fig. 12) In this case, the major culprit for the recession is the frenum that pulls the attached gingiva apically. The preliminary process is a diode laser frenectomy to eliminate the muscular forces.21-23
The steps for the esthetic rectification of the buccal recession are:
1. Gently micro-abrade, in an incisal direction, the receded areas and the enamel nearest to the DEJ to remove food debris and plaque. Rinse thoroughly and lightly air dry, leaving the surface slightly moist.
2. Apply BeautiBond and leave for 10 seconds. Thoroughly air dry the adhesive. Light cure.
3. Select the appropriate Beautifil II Gingiva shade (Light Pink in this case) and apply to the receded area to restore the buccal dimension and contour of the original soft tissue. Light cure. Leave a small (0.25-0.50mm) gap between the apical margin of the restorative and the free gingival margin. (Fig. 13) This procedure restores the expected gingival height, and contributes to making the patient’s smile look younger.
Long-term at-home maintenance is best accomplished with procedures that are familiar to the patient and easy to implement. Regular toothbrushing is effective and practiced by most dental patients. Interdental string flossing less so.
Though well-documented, patient resistance to the process and irregular application limit its benefits. Water flossing (Water Pik Inc., Fort Collins CO) not only facilitates in the interdental cleaning process but has been shown to improve the results.24
While there are several models available, the Sonic Fusion offers a simultaneous water flossing and sonic brushing. (Figs. 14 and 15)
Beautifil II Gingiva enables the practitioner to overcome the gingival esthetic dilemma. The gingival rectification technique is predictable and can typically be accomplished without the need for local anesthetic or discomfort to the patient. These restorations are totally functional and replace both hard and soft missing dental structures to natural dimensions and contours with minimum invasiveness.
The restoration of the coronal anatomy with tooth-colored composite resins is well established; the development of an artificial enamel-gingival junction and the reconfiguration of missing gingival structures with composite resins is a novel solution that restores the patient’s smile and facial esthetics.
1. Freedman G: Ultraconservative Porcelain Veneers, Esthet Dent Update 2:224-228, 1997.
2. Freedman G: Ultraconservative Rehabilitation, Esthet Dent Update 5:80-85, 1991.
3. Freedman G, Fugazzotto PA, Greggs TR: Aesthetic Supragingival Margins, Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 2:35-38, 1990.
4. Newcomb GM: The Relationship Between the Location of Subgingival Crown Margins and Gingival Inflammation, J Periodontol 45:151, 1974.
5. Renggli H, Regolati B: Gingival Inflammation and Plaque Accumulation by Well Adapted Supragingival and Subgingival Proximal Restorations, Helv Odont Acta L6:99, 1972.
6. Waerhau SJ: Histologic Considerations which Govern where the Margins of Restorations Should be Located in Relation to the Gingiva, Dent Clin North Am 4:161, 1960.
7. Berman M: The Complete Coverage Restoration and the Gingival Sulcus, J Prosthet Dent 29:1301, 1973.
8. Marcum O: The Effect of Crown Margin Depth upon Gingival Tissues, J Prosthet Dent 17:479, 1967.
9. Freedman GA, McLaughlin G: The Color Atlas of Porcelain Laminate Veneers, St Louis, Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, 1990.
10. Freedman G: Contemporary Esthetic Dentistry, Elsevier Publishing, 2011 Chap 23; 551
11. Freedman G, Klaiman HF, Serota KT, et al: EndoEsthetics: Part II. Castable Ceramic Post and Core Restorations. Ont Dent 70:21-24, 1993.
12. Albers HF: Dentin-resin bonding. Adept Report 1990; 1:33-34.
13. Munksgaard EC, Asmussen E. Dentin-polymer Bond promoted by Gluma and various resins. J Dent Res 1985; 64:1409-1411.
14. Barkmeier WW, Erickson RL: Shear bond strength of composite to enamel and dentin using Scotchbond multi-purpose. Am J Dent 1994; 7:175-179.
15. Swift EJ, Triolo PT: Bond strengths of Scotchbond multi-purpose to moist dentin and enamel. Am J Dent 1992; 5:318-320.
16. Gwinnett AJ: Moist versus dry dentin; its effect on shear bond strength. Am J Dent 1992; 5:127129.
17. Freedman G, Leinfelder K: Seventh Generation Adhesive Systems. Dentistry 2003; January:15–18
18. Freedman G: 7th generation Adhesive Systems. Dental Asia (English) 2019; March-April:50-53
19. Freedman G: Adhesion: Past, Present, and Future. Oral Health 2019: July 109:7 8-14,82
20. Wheeler RC: A Textbook of Dental Anatomy and Physiology. W.B. Saunders 1965: 6:126
21. Goldstep F: Soft Tissue Diode Laser: Where Have You Been All My Life?. Oral Health 2009: 99:7;34-38
22. Goldstep F: Diode Lasers for Periodontal Treatment: The Story So Far. Oral Health 2009: 99:12;44-46
23. Goldstep F: Diode Lasers: The Soft Tissue Handpiece. Dental Asia 2011: Jan-Feb; 28-32
24. Rosema NAM et al. The effect of different interdental cleaning devices on gingival bleeding. J Int Acad Periodontol 2011; 13(1):2-10 | <urn:uuid:7f57b966-21d6-44ba-90d4-72010ca9471e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dentalnews.com/2021/10/21/restorative-esthetics-at-the-gingiva/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.837013 | 3,339 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Sharpe's Devil : Napoleon and South America, 1820-1821 Paperback
Part of the The Sharpe Series series
Richard Sharpe, asked to help an old friend, meets, at last, the greatest enemy.
Five years after the Battle of Waterloo, Sharpe's peaceful retirement in Normandy is shattered.
An old friend, Don Blas Vivar, is missing in Chile, reported dead at rebel hands - a report his wife refuses to believe.
She appeals to Sharpe to find out the truth. Sharpe, along with Patrick Harper, find themselves bound for Chile via St.
Helena, where they have a fateful meeting with the fallen Emperor Napoleon.
Convinced that they are on their way to collect a corpse, neither man can imagine that dangers that await them in Chile...Soldier, hero, rogue - Sharpe is the man you always want on your side.
Born in poverty, he joined the army to escape jail and climbed the ranks by sheer brutal courage.
He knows no other family than the regiment of the 95th Rifles whose green jacket he proudly wears.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 336 pages, map
- Publisher: HarperCollins Publishers
- Publication Date: 07/06/2012
- Category: Historical adventure
- ISBN: 9780007452910 | <urn:uuid:9b09fda8-5129-43c6-b7bf-7d67755d0d0b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.speedyhen.com/Product/Bernard-Cornwell/Sharpes-Devil--Napoleon-and-South-America-1820-1821/9001818 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00016-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902972 | 275 | 1.53125 | 2 |
3406 And 3408 Truck Engines
Description of Change: A different O-Ring seal is now used where the oil pump suction tube connects to the oil pump on 3406 and 3408 Truck Engines. See the illustration. The new O-ring is of a tan color and made from Viton while the former O-ring, which is of a yellow color, is made from Silicone. After a period of time, the O-rings made from Silicone can some times take a compression set and let air get into the oil pump suction line.
Location where O-ring seal is used on oil pump suction tube. | <urn:uuid:b8e8733f-b57d-4e8c-a5aa-73711bb37113> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://avsmanual.com/i.caterpillar/sebd65030003/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.94793 | 135 | 1.6875 | 2 |
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RESOLUTION STATING THE COUNCIL FOR THE CITY OF MARION'S SUPPORTING CURRENT COLLECTIVE BARGAINING LAWS AND STATING OPPOSITION TO SENATE BILL 5
Whereas, the City of Marion has a long history of productive labor relations with it employees and collective bargaining has been fair and equitable for both and labor and management; and
Whereas, labor unions helped build the middle class in Marion by securing good wages, benefits, and working conditions for thousands of families and has been at the forefront in civil rights and socially progressive causes; and
Whereas, hard-fought legislation and initiatives backed by labor unions-both at the local and state levels-have benefited all workers by guaranteeing them certain rights and making it possible for them to have financial and retirement security; and
Whereas, in 1984, Ohio enacted collective bargaining for public employees which afforded represented workers the legal right in negotiating workplace contracts with the public employers; and
Whereas, union shop security and public employee collective bargaining have benefited workers and consumers and created a vibrant middle class necessary in maintaining a strong local economy; and
Whereas, Ohio’s Legislature introduced legislation that would dismantle the collective bargaining law for public employees and eliminate the use of community workforce agreements; and
Whereas, successful attacks on unions will set working families back to a time when workers had no collective voice in the workplace. Now, therefore,
BE IT RESOLVED by the City of Marion, Marion County, Ohio,
SECTION I. That the City of Marion formally recognizes that labor relations would be severely eroded if legislation is passed and/or executive orders are written in a manner that restricts the scope of collective bargaining in the State of Ohio.
SECTION II. That the City of Marion calls on the executive and legislative branches of the State of Ohio to cease the development of policies and legislation that restrict the rights of workers and local governments.
SECTION III. That the City of Marion calls on the executive and legislative branches of the State of Ohio to cease the repeal of policies and legislation that support the rights of workers and local governments.
SECTION IV. That the City of Marion supports, as written, the current collective bargaining laws of the State of Ohio and specifically opposes SB 5.
SECTION V That the City of Marion recognizes the use of community workforce agreements on public construction projects benefits local government, local workers and local businesses that rely on local consumers.
SECTION VI. That the Clerk of the City Council is hereby authorized and directed to forward a certified copy of this Resolution to the Clerk of the Ohio House of Representatives and request he forward a copy to each of the duly elected State Representatives and also forward a certified copy of this Resolution to the Clerk of the Ohio Senate and request he forward a copy to each of the duly elected State Senators.
SECTION VII. That this resolution takes effect on the earliest date allowed by law.
Approved: Dave Edwards
President of Council
Mayor Scott Schertzer
Clerk of Council | <urn:uuid:f6c6897b-7564-46db-8454-76e519248303> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.marionohio.us/city-council/20110329/2011-9?mini=2014-03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00483-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919639 | 637 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Mars Roover made with primitives and vertices.
Here is my submission for my latest assignement in the Computer Graphics course i'm currently studying in. It's made with XNA Game Studio 3.1 and uses only primitives and vertices. I have different vertices with different colors and indices that connects them. All made with just code, no 3D modeling program whats so ever!
It's a little sad that I cannot use linux for these courses but on the other hand, it was quite easy to develop this in XNA.
In the future, I hope to develop some OpenGL applications for Android but right now it's XNA that's in focus. :/
Download the executable file for Windows and have a look!
If anyone want to look at the source code, I can upload it here later. | <urn:uuid:cee18c84-45c1-47f6-910f-2b0dea896935> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://daverix.net/blog/mars-roover-made-with-primitives-and-vertices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.961089 | 171 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Canada, Newfoundland, and Labrador and the Innu of Labrador participated in a signing ceremony for a trio of agreements that hold the potential to profoundly and positively impact the future of the Innu of Labrador and the Lower Churchill Project. “The Innu of Labrador have been waiting for this moment for a long time. I am here today to congratulate all the leaders in the communities who, throughout the years, have believed in this accomplishment which is so significant for the future of Natuashish and Sheshatshiu,” said Minister Penashue, the former Innu leader who now serves as the first Innu in the federal Cabinet.
Innu Nation’s Grand Chief Joseph Riche and Deputy Grand Chief George Rich joined Deputy Chief of the Mushuau Innu First Nation Simon Pokue and Chief of the Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation Sebastian Benuen to welcome guests to Natuashish. Guests included the Honourable Peter Penashue, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and President of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada, as well as the Honourable Kathy Dunderdale, Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador and Ed Martin, CEO of Nalcor Energy. They were joined by the newly appointed Honourable Nick McGrath, provincial Minister of Intergovernmental and Aboriginal Affairs and Minister Responsible for Labrador. The three documents signed during the ceremony included the Land Claim and Self-Government Agreement-in-Principle, the Upper Churchill Redress Agreement, and the Lower Churchill Innu Impact and Benefits Agreement which, collectively, have become known as Tshash Petapen or the New Dawn Agreements.
Innu Nation Grand Chief Joseph Riche recognized the contribution of elders and past leaders. “Today as we celebrate this moment in our history, I want to recognize and acknowledge the courage and wisdom of the elders and the leaders who went before us. Many of them did not live long enough to see this day, but it is their vision that we will carry forth as the foundation for future generations of Labrador Innu.”
Chief Sebastian Benuen of Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation expressed the appreciation of the Innu people to the federal and provincial governments and to Nalcor. “It has been a long road for us to get to this day, and many times we questioned whether it would ever happen. But we are here, and I want to thank Minister Duncan, Premier Dunderdale, and Mr. Ed Martin for their leadership and their confidence in the Innu people. We look forward to working with you as we implement the agreements being signed today.”
Innu control over their lives and their communities is taking a giant step forward with the signing of the Tshash Petapen Agreements. “These agreements will change the course of Innu history,” said Mushuau Innu Deputy Chief Simon Pokue. “We can see a future now where Innu once again will control our lives and our communities. The benefits from these agreements will be felt in our communities for literally hundreds of years.”
Today the Innu of Labrador have enhanced their ability to take responsibility for their own future, to provide for the health and well being of their society, and to contribute to the broader provincial and Canadian societies. “This signing is a proud moment for the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, for Canada, and especially for the Innu people,” said Premier Dunderdale. “Our government and the Innu have worked together to build an effective partnership to ensure that the interests of the Innu are respected. The signing of the Innu AIP and other New Dawn Agreements will secure important benefits for the Innu and represents another major step forward towards the development of Muskrat Falls, which is a significant project with benefits for this province and for our country.”
Honourable John Duncan, Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, stated, “This Agreement-in-Principle provides the basis for us to pursue negotiations towards a Final Agreement and helps build a foundation for economic growth for the Innu people, for the Province, and for this important region of Canada. All the leaders, past and present, in Sheshatshiu and Natuashish have contributed to this accomplishment that will shape the future of the Innu people of Labrador, a promising future based on partnership and opportunities.”
“The settlement of land claims brings clarity to ownership of land and management of resources, creating a more stable environment for the economic, social and cultural development of Labrador,” said Minister McGrath. “This government acknowledges the weight of responsibility that rests with the Innu as they consider historic land claims agreements that will shape the future of their children while paying tribute to their ancestors. We have made a firm commitment to negotiate a land claims and self-government agreement with the Innu Nation and we continue to offer support and encouragement as they work to secure a final agreement.”
The signing of the three agreements is another important step towards the development of the Lower Churchill Project. “Nalcor Energy is focused on building partnerships that will provide long-term benefits for the people of the province. The company’s commitment to a productive partnership with the Innu Nation will provide great benefit to all parties involved,” said Ed Martin. “We are developing relationships with our new partners as we move forward with Phase One of the Lower Churchill Project Muskrat Falls.”
On June 30, 2011, the Innu of Labrador voted in a referendum on the Agreement-in-Principle. A strong majority of the eligible members (70%) of the two Innu communities voted. Of those who participated, 88% voted in favour of the Agreement-in-Principle. The Innu of Labrador have a population of approximately 2,400 members living in the communities of Sheshatshiu and Natuashish, located respectively 55 km outside of Happy Valley-Goose Bay and 300 km north of Happy Valley-Goose Bay. | <urn:uuid:3cdaf4fb-7893-4b35-a5c0-bf19cf6f97c9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.firstnationsdrum.com/2011/11/a-new-dawn-for-the-labrador-innu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00397-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961149 | 1,247 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Become outfitted for the Linux adventure of your life
Posted on: 11/17/2003 01:45 PM
So, your boss says you're moving from Windows to Linux. He's decided he wants the stability, flexibility, and cost savings of Linux, but you have many questions in your head. Isn't Linux like Unix? Isn't Unix hard? Will you be able to do it? Where do you begin to make sense of all of this? Is there a map you can follow? No worries, you'll be able to transfer many of your existing skills to Linux with this gentle Windows-to-Linux roadmap. Now you can get away from your everyday Windows work and take these simple life-changing steps to Linux success! | <urn:uuid:a75da40c-c5c6-4d15-85ac-7bf19b6a7aae> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.linuxcompatible.org/news/printer/become_outfitted_for_the_linux_adventure_of_your_life.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00352-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94781 | 150 | 1.507813 | 2 |
28 December 2016
Pray for the persecuted church in 2017
As 2017 approaches join with the Religious Liberty Commission of the Evangelical Alliance in praying for the persecuted Church across the globe. Herod's Massacre of the Innocents is traditionally marked on 28 December and so we're asking you to pray for Christians suffering for their faith.
Open Doors, Release International and Christian Solidarity Worldwide are working in countries where Christians are restricted in meeting together to worship or stopped from sharing their faith openly. The war in Syria has increased the pressure on Christians in that country and across the region, while in many other parts of the world Christians risk their life to practice their faith. | <urn:uuid:d0390deb-f6c7-409d-b909-73dfde3299ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.eauk.org/church/networks/religious-liberty-commission/pray-for-the-persecuted-church-in-2017.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00145-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961529 | 133 | 1.5625 | 2 |
There are plenty of good reasons to examine how writing is taught in schools; however, this week, an article looked at how it probably shouldn’t be taught.
Also, a teenager writes about the value of writing outside the classroom, MAD magazine is celebrating a birthday, Google n-gram improves, and a look at the origins of the word “sketchy.”
More on the writing revolution: A few weeks ago, The Atlantic began a series of articles and essays about why American students can’t write. The root article explored a high school in New York that turned itself around by focusing on writing in all classes. That article’s author wrote a follow-up piece urging other schools to follow the example. Too often, she said, schools rely on creative writing classes as the only necessary writing instruction: “The assumption, it seems, is that coherent sentences spill from children as easily as tears or laughter, as long as teachers are nurturing and provide a safe space.” Instead, schools should do what New Dorp High School is doing by teaching kids to articulate thoughts through writing about any subject, according to the author.
A Teenager’s Take on The Importance of Writing: Reminding us that writing can aid learning in school or in life, the Learning Network blog at The New York Times featured a post from a teenager in a foster home, and how writing has helped him cope with loss. Also a good lesson on dedication—”three pages every night before I go to bed.” | <urn:uuid:148669a4-4677-4cee-af4c-b89d1b08f1ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.prdaily.com/how-not-to-teach-writing-in-schools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.9673 | 317 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Adolf Müllner is best known in German literature for his “fate tragedies” (Schicksalstragödien) Der neunundzwanzigste Februar (1812, revised as Der Wahn, 1818; the twenty-ninth of February) and Die Schuld (1813; Guilt, 1819). His sole contribution to detective fiction is his short novel Der Kaliber (1828; The Caliber, 1999), which is often called the first detective novel in German literature. The story is told in the first person, the narrator being the examining magistrate charged with investigating the murder of a young man who is killed in the presence of his brother. The brother believes himself guilty, but he is proved innocent because the bullet that killed his brother was of a larger caliber than the ones shot by his pistol.
This work was kept from complete oblivion by being reprinted in obscure anthologies several times, the last as late as 1908. It seems to have had little influence and is virtually unknown in the English-speaking world. Its interest is thus primarily that of a historical curiosity. | <urn:uuid:c9fde8ca-1166-433d-b366-5ab2d74032bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.enotes.com/topics/adolf-mullner/in-depth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00216-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97907 | 231 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Editor’s Note: Frida Ghitis, a former CNN producer and correspondent, is a world affairs columnist. She is a frequent opinion contributor to CNN and The Washington Post and a columnist for World Politics Review. The opinions expressed in this commentary are those of the author; view more opinion articles on CNN.
The first time I traveled to Sri Lanka, in 2010, a ghastly civil war had just ended. Military officers still manned checkpoints along major roads.
Whether we were passengers in a rickety tuk-tuk in Colombo, the bustling, leafy capital, or riding in an air-conditioned car across the countryside, armed men in olive-green uniforms would routinely order us to stop. They would check for explosives or for any sign that the violence that had plagued the country over nearly three decades might again threaten the peace won at such an appalling cost.
Those scenes seemed relegated to the past – until this week when terrorists killed hundreds of people, attacking churches and major hotels on Easter Sunday. More than 250 people are confirmed dead and hundreds more injured.
A decade ago, it made sense to me that travel brochures routinely referred to the country as a “teardrop shaped island.” Tears and Sri Lanka seemed to belong in the same sentence. I thought that had changed.
Up to 100,000 people died in a horrific civil war that ended in 2009. All wars are awful, but there was something particularly macabre about Sri Lanka’s – with its wave of suicide bombings by the fanatical Tamil Tigers; with its gruesome final battle – a civilian massacre by the government; with the still-visible scars in Jaffna, the capital of the Northern Province, and the rest of the battered war zones, where the radical members of the Tamil minority launched their brutal bid for independence, drawing a crushing response from the state.
I returned over the years, witnessing a country emerge from tragedy. On my most recent trip, 16 months ago, I stayed at Colombo’s lively Cinnamon Grand Hotel, one of the targets of the Easter Sunday attacks. I had breakfast every day – fish curry and chilled coconut juice – in the same restaurant where a suicide bomber detonated his explosives. I watched the lavish weddings in the cavernous rear lobby, soaking up performances from traditional Sinhalese musicians and trying to understand the symbolism of the rituals.
I rejoiced as a witness to Sri Lankans enjoying the fruits of peace: a normal life.
For the rest of the world, peace meant that the wonders of the small island in the crosscurrents of history were open and inviting. Tourists started arriving by the millions. But all was not well on the island known before independence as Ceylon, and before that as Serendib, the inspiration for the word “serendipity.”
After the war, Sri Lanka moved haltingly along the path of transitional justice, drawing international support but also criticism. Separately, domestic political battles reached dangerous levels. Last year, a constitutional clash between rival politicians left the country with competing prime ministers amid warnings that the country risked plunging back into a bloodbath. The police canceled vacations just in case.
The country’s giant neighbors, China and India, have vied for influence. Former President Mahinda Rajapaksa, close to China and accused of massive corruption, signed a gargantuan deal with Beijing for construction of a new port. Rajapaksa has denied the accusations. The cost was so high that Beijing ended up taking possession of the strategic facility, infuriating Sri Lankans.
China’s presence is inescapable. I once visited what would become another target of Sunday’s terrorists, the Shangri-La Hotel, a massive, luxurious structure facing the seashore, where Chinese workers are building yet another mammoth controversial project, this one building up in the sea. (China generally sends its own laborers to work on its foreign infrastructure projects.)
The economy has been performing well since peace returned. Gross domestic product, the poverty rate and life expectancy have all been moving in the right direction. And yet not long ago I noted that “the march toward a stable, peaceful and prosperous future is threatened” by the government’s hesitancy in dealing with the past and its reluctance to tackle emerging tensions.
Those new tensions include friction between Buddhists and Muslims, which burst to the surface during one of my visits.
According to the 2012 census, some 75% of Sri Lankans are ethnic Sinhalese, most of them Buddhists. Ethnic Tamils, the largest minority, make up little more than 11%. Most of the them practice Hinduism. Muslims make up just under 10% of the population, and Christians, most of them Catholic, are 7.6 % of the population.
Clearly, it’s a complicated country, shaped by the sweep of empires and merchants who brought their religions with them. For the most part, the different groups have and continue to live in peace, but the exceptions have proven catastrophic enough to warrant alarm.
Authorities are blaming an Islamist group, National Tawheed Jamath, for the carnage, saying it probably had help from abroad. Multiple warnings of an impending attack suggest that line of thinking is reasonable, and now ISIS has claimed responsibility.
One of the greatest risks now is that in its fully justified effort to uproot the organization that carried out Sunday’s attacks, the authorities may further spread the seeds of extremism, giving terrorists precisely what they want. Fanatics intent on sparking unrest, on boosting recruitment and weakening the state like nothing more than to see the state make life worse for their potential supporters.
Decisive action is required, but let’s hope cool thinking prevails. Sri Lanka’s peace is fragile.
Authorities were wise to block much of social media after the attacks. Fueled by rumors in Facebook posts, mobs of nationalist Buddhist extremists (you read that correctly) have clashed against Muslim groups. The government, dominated by Sinhalese Buddhists, has been slow to act. After one such attack, in 2017, the Sri Lankan human rights lawyer Gehan Gunatilleke told me that the government’s inadequate response is “legitimizing ultra-conservative” Muslim groups, noting that some of the Muslim groups are trying to outdo each on their radicalism to please their Middle Eastern backers.
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It’s the perfect brew for extremism to thrive.
Over the years I’ve met heroic Sri Lankans who fought to bring peace to their country. I’ve met Sinhalese and Tamils working for reconciliation. And I’ve heard worried Sri Lankans concerned about politicians squandering the country’s future. The checkpoints have been lifted. Peace has made inroads, but the shadow of the long war has not completely faded. Sri Lankans, heartbroken after the bombings, understand better than anyone how much is at stake.
This commentary has been updated from an earlier version to add that China often sends its own laborers to work on Chinese infrastructure projects in other countries.
Update: This story has been updated to reflect the death toll has been revised by the Sri Lankan Health Ministry. | <urn:uuid:6b3666be-9c74-48a0-ae47-2713589777cc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/23/opinions/sri-lanka-attacks-ghitis/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.960269 | 1,499 | 2.21875 | 2 |
The separation of student and instructor is the core characteristic of distance education (Simonson et al., 2012, p. 28), contributing to one of the biggest challenges to distance education—attrition (Dueber & Misanchuk, 2001, p. 2). By the very nature of distance education, students are different locations from one another and their instructor. The instructor’s challenge is figuring out how to make students feel connected and able to succeed in this new learning environment. The development of a sense of community is an effective and efficient way to help ensure the success of the distance education program and can directly address the challenge of distance education attrition. By developing a sense of community, an instructor can create an environment that is conducive to student success. This importance was demonstrated when the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Romance Languages and Literatures (ROML) transitioned their introductory Spanish course to a hybrid model.
Original Publication Citation
Moore, R. L. (2014). Importance of developing community in distance education courses. TechTrends, 58(2), 20-24. doi:10.1007/s11528-014-0733-x
Moore, Robert L., "Importance of Developing Community in Distance Education Courses" (2014). STEMPS Faculty Publications. 105. | <urn:uuid:c647827b-afed-492d-8595-04373661091c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/stemps_fac_pubs/105/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.849592 | 360 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Polygamy may still be illegal in most of the West, but, increasingly, marriages today often include more than just two members: husband, wife — and Big Brother. The latest example is a proposal in the United Kingdom that would make actions such as “bullying” and withholding money in intimate relationships jailable offenses. Writes the Telegraph’s David Barrett:
Husbands who keep their wives downtrodden could face prison under new plans set out by the Government today.
Theresa May, the Home Secretary, published proposals for a new offence of “domestic abuse” that would criminalise men or women who bully, cause psychological harm or deny money to their partners.
The law would make the worst cases of non-violent “controlling behaviour” a jailable offence.
Exact terms of the offence are yet to be defined, but it could involve humiliating, frightening or intimidating a partner, keeping them away from friends or family or restricting their access to money.
The plans are laid out in a 16-page “consultation” document in which the government states that it is focused on whether it “should create a specific offence that captures patterns of coercive and controlling behaviour.” While this is already illegal in Britain under legislation governing stalking and harassment, the proposed law would explicitly apply it to intimate relationships. And in this area, Home Secretary May clearly believes the government should play a larger role. As she told The Guardian, "Tackling domestic abuse is one of this government's top priorities. The government is clear that abuse is not just physical. Victims who are subjected to a living hell by their partners must have the confidence to come forward. Meanwhile, I want perpetrators to be in no doubt that their cruel and controlling behaviour is criminal."
Yet the U.K. isn’t the first country to boldly go where only marriage counselors have gone before. As the Daily Mail’s Peter Allen wrote in 2010:
Married couples in France could end up with criminal records for insulting each other during arguments.
Under a new law, France is to become the first country in the world to ban “psychological violence” within marriage.
The law would apply to cohabiting couples and to both men and women.
It would cover men who shout at their wives and women who hurl abuse at their husbands….
The law is expected to cover every kind of insult including repeated rude remarks about a partner's appearance, false allegations of infidelity and threats of physical violence.
Of course, many would agree that emotional abuse can transcend the physical variety; no small number of us might prefer one firm slap to a 20-minute nagging session. But critics would also ask: Is micromanaging such things the legitimate role of government? After all, physical abuse can leave bruises and broken bones, yet even in this area, false accusations are leveled and, sometimes, successfully used to gain leverage in court. So how much more nebulous can matters become when authorities must assess accusations of “humiliating, frightening or intimidating a partner”? And what of restricting “access to money”? How much restriction is too restrictive? Will women with Imelda Marcos silk-and-satin tastes and well-heeled husbands be judged by different standards? As psychologist Anne Giraud said when commenting on the French law, “Squabbling couples will allege all kinds of things about each other, but often it will be a case of one person's word against the other.”
Moreover, while the U.K. proposal would apply in letter to “abusers” of both sexes, critics might wonder about its spirit; they could note that new domestic-abuse laws are pushed by feminist groups and are invariably aimed at men, and that in court many men already feel as if they’re guilty until proven innocent. In fact, this targeted intent was even reflected in Barrett’s Telegraph headline: “Bullying husbands face jail under new proposals by Theresa May.”
Whatever the motivation, modern governments aren’t shy about inserting themselves into the family. Recently, for example, we learned of Britain’s new “Cinderella law,” which makes “emotional cruelty” to a child a crime and could give parents prison time for anything that deliberately impairs their offspring’s “physical intellectual, emotional, social or behavioural development.” And how could this cure be worse than the disease? The Telegraph’s Allison Pearson weighs in:
Here’s a brainteaser for you. For which new crime would the Queen, Evelyn Waugh, Margaret Thatcher, every single parent who sent their child to boarding school aged eight and pretty much any parent born before 1950 be jailed? Answer: emotional neglect of their children.
… The new offence of “emotional neglect” is both alarmingly vague and worryingly wide-ranging. For example, the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children claims that emotional abuse includes “making fun of what a child says or how they communicate”. Blimey.
One of the great pleasures of having children is seeing them stumble into the possession of language as they grow up. And, later, the attitudes that they start to try on. I remember Small Boy coming home and announcing: “In Sweden, parents aren’t allowed to shout at their children. In Sweden, parents have to be nice.”
“Well, go and live in Sweden then,” said Himself and I in unison. Does that count as belittling and abusive? Or was it two parents exercising their right to lightly mock their priggish offspring and set him right about the ways of the imperfect world?
But if traditionalists think Big Brother as compulsory marriage counselor and a Cinderella law are bad, know that at one time legislators in Germany and Austria proposed using state coercion to reverse, wrote the BBC, “the ‘Allerednic effect’ — that’s ‘Cinderella’ backwards — in which a prince marries a princess and turns her into a scullery-maid.” The German law would have forced husbands to do 50 percent of housework. How government would figure out the percentage performed is unknown, but perhaps politicians would use the same formulas they rely on to balance their budgets. | <urn:uuid:714b7b0f-e495-46e6-a81d-2220737a4b34> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/19008-u-k-may-make-psychological-abuse-humiliation-jailable-offenses | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00282-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964499 | 1,326 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Employers need to pay special attention to how they handled pregnant employees. Not to be confused with special treatment, attention to pregnancy issues will not only help avoid pregnancy discrimination at work but will also serve to foster a healthier pregnancy and work environment overall.
Pregnancy discrimination claims at work are among the fastest growing category of claims reported to the EEOC. Complaints range from being fired, demoted or treated differently as a result of a pregnancy. The main source of protection from such actions is provided by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act. But employers should also implement their own policies when it comes to pregnant employees in order to ensure compliance.
In reality, avoiding pregnancy discrimination at work simply requires common sense.
Today, the majority of women are working through their pregnancy and then returning to work shortly after giving birth. There are, of course, complications that may arise but the general approach should be to treat the female employee in the same manner that one would treat a temporarily disabled employee.
When it comes to health benefits, employers must provide the same amount of coverage to a pregnant single employee as they would a married one.
Another potential pregnancy discrimination issue to be aware comes before the employee is even hired: Asking interview questions relating to pregnancy or plans to get pregnant is highly illegal and could result in a lawsuit. As always, any pregnancy discrimination claims made by an employee should be taken seriously and handled promptly. | <urn:uuid:0b1f0040-1272-4425-9203-0e44431d9b81> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blogs.findlaw.com/free_enterprise/2010/12/how-to-avoid-pregnancy-discrimination-at-work.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00219-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96256 | 282 | 1.875 | 2 |
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ISBN-10/ISBN-13: 0761964223 / 978-0761964223 / Making Sense of Social Research (Sage Benchmarks in Social Research Methods) / Malcolm Williams 0761964290 / 978-0761964292 / A Beginner's Guide to Training in Counselling & Psychotherapy / 0761964398 / 978-0761964391 / The Internet Research Handbook: A Practical Guide for Students and Researchers in the Social Sciences / Niall O Dochartaigh 0761964428 / 978-0761964421 / Schools and Special Needs: Issues of Innovation and Inclusion / Alan Dyson, Alan Millward 0761964606 / 978-0761964605 / Environmental Planning: The Conservation and Development of Biophysical Resources (The Conservation & Development of Biophysical Resources) / Paul Selman 076196472X / 978-0761964728 / Representing the Family / Deborah Chambers 0761964770 / 978-0761964773 / Handbook of Visual Analysis / 0761964894 / 978-0761964896 / Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology Volume 2: Organizational Psychology / 0761964916 / 978-0761964919 / Evaluating Research in Health and Social Care (Published in association with The Open University) / Roger Gomm, Gill Needham, Anne Bullman 0761964924 / 978-0761964926 / Critical Practice in Health and Social Care (Published in association with The Open University) / 0761965025 / 978-0761965022 / Signposts for Educational Research CD-ROM 10 pack: A Multimedia Resource for the Beginning Researcher / Elizabeth Barrett, Vic E Lally, Sean Purcell, Robert Thresh 0761965033 / 978-0761965039 / Sign Posts for Educational Research: A Multimedia Resource for the Beginning Researcher / Elizabeth Barrett 0761965149 / 978-0761965145 / Understanding Culture: Cultural Studies, Order, Ordering (Theory, Culture & Society) / Gavin Kendall, Gary M Wickham 0761965181 / 978-0761965183 / Culture and Identity: Critical Theories (Politics and Culture series) / Ross Abbinnett 0761964169 / 978-0761964162 / Children with Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties (Working with Children and Adolescents series) / Ted Cole, Harry Daniels, John Visser 0761964185 / 978-0761964186 / Rethinking Welfare: A Critical Perspective / Iain Ferguson, Michael Lavalette, Gerry Mooney 0761964193 / 978-0761964193 / Counselling: The BACP Counselling Reader, Volume 2 / 076196424X / 978-0761964247 / Doing Case Study Research / Helen Simons 0761964274 / 978-0761964278 / Grounded Theory in Management Research (SAGE Series in Management Research) / Karen Locke 0761964282 / 978-0761964285 / Grounded Theory in Management Research (SAGE Series in Management Research) / Karen Locke 076196438X / 978-0761964384 / Single Case Studies: A Practioner's Guide to Design, Analysis & Interpretation (Clinical Psychology in Practice Series) / Stephen J Morley, Graham Turpin, Malcolm Adams 0761964630 / 978-0761964636 / Developing Writing for Different Purposes: Teaching about Genre in the Early Years / Jeni Riley, David Reedy 0761964711 / 978-0761964711 / Jungian Counselling in Action (Counselling in Action series) / Jean Stokes 0761965173 / 978-0761965176 / Doing Management Research: A Comprehensive Guide / Raymond-Alain Thietart, n/a et al 0761965327 / 978-0761965329 / A Beginner's Guide to Social Theory (Theory, Culture & Society) / Shaun Best 0761965483 / 978-0761965480 / The Sociological Ambition: Elementary Forms of Social and Moral Life (Theory, Culture & Society) (Published in association with Theory, Culture & Society) / Chris Shilling, Philip A Mellor 0761964177 / 978-0761964179 / Rethinking Welfare: A Critical Perspective / Iain Ferguson, Michael Lavalette, Gerry Mooney 0761964215 / 978-0761964216 / Making Sense of Social Research (Sage Benchmarks in Social Research Methods) / Malcolm Williams 0761964355 / 978-0761964353 / Innovative Forms of Organizing: International Perspectives / 0761964371 / 978-0761964377 / Single Case Studies: A Practioner's Guide to Design, Analysis & Interpretation (Clinical Psychology in Practice Series) / Stephen J Morley, Graham Turpin, Malcolm Adams
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by Ajai Shukla
Business Standard: 10th April 2007
Samuel Huntington, the American political philosopher famous for his provocative “Clash of Civilizations” thesis, initially shot to fame with his 1957 study of civil-military relations, “The Soldier and the State”. In that seminal work, Huntington concluded that “objective civilian control” over the armed forces keeps the military out of politics, by granting it a sphere of “autonomous military professionalism”. Granting the military control over its own realm, reasoned Huntington, motivates it to excel professionally as well as to stay out of the political space where civilian institutions hold sway.
Since independence, India’s civilian hierarchies have adhered to the Huntingtonian philosophy, stabilizing the country as a stable democracy. Both sides justifiably claim credit. The military, while earning respect for its professionalism, has nurtured an apolitical ethos, even through provocations like the 1975-77 Emergency and the BJP’s attempt to identify itself with the army in its electoral campaign after the 1999 Kargil victory. The civilian institutions, on their part, have provided reasonable political leadership, avoided politicising military promotions and selections, and granted the armed forces functional autonomy within the military sphere.
This unwritten separation is being increasingly tested, most recently by a Delhi High Court order of 19th March 07, which is a potentially troublesome judicial intrusion into the structure of the military hierarchy. Ruling on a writ petition filed by a serving army officer, Brigadier SB Chail, a two-judge bench has directed the army to consider his request for creating a major general’s vacancy for him. The court has ordered the Defence Secretary to personally meet the brigadier to understand his point of view. And, for the first time, the court has guarded against the military’s proclivity to kill such petitions by stonewalling them until the petitioner retires, after which a case against supersession becomes invalid. Aware that Brigadier Chail was retiring on 31st March, the Delhi High Court directed the army to consider Brigadier Chail’s request to continue to remain in uniform beyond 31st March on the “supernumerary strength” of the army.
In this order the courts have crossed a rubicon, intervening decisively on a matter relating directly to personnel management within the armed forces, and the structure of the officer cadre. Furthermore, by effectively placing Brigadier Chail on the army’s supernumerary strength, the courts have added teeth to their award. The mechanism of “supernumerary strength” allows an officer to continue in service beyond his retirement date by creating a special vacancy for him, over and above the vacancies already sanctioned by the government for the armed forces.
It is hard to believe that the Delhi High Court has jolted a finely balanced civil-military relationship without serious thought. The fact is that Brigadier Chail’s petition had merit that was difficult to overlook. As the Principal Records Officer of the Indian Army, he headed an independent organisation of over 500 officers, who ran 51 Records Offices that handled the policies and records related to the postings, promotions, pensions and salary entitlements of over 13 lakh soldiers. The Records Offices handle as much responsibility, a greater workload, and have far more officers than several other army departments headed by major generals (such as the Corps of Military Police, the Army Education Corps and, ironically, the Judge Advocate General’s Branch). The courts concluded that there was a prima facie case for the Records Offices to be headed by a major general. As the senior-most serving officer in the Records Office, Brigadier Chail would be entitled to that promotion.
The Delhi High Court faced a Hobson’s choice between respecting, on the one hand, the traditional hands-off policy towards military hierarchies and, on the other, issuing a decision because it believes the present structure is patently unjust. Putting off a decision, the court lobbed the ball back into the MoD’s court, giving it the opportunity to solve the issue internally. But MoD inflexibility has not helped. Having heard Brigadier Chail, as directed by the court, the Defence Secretary has decided that the MoD will continue to oppose his promotion before the Delhi High Court. The court, therefore, might be left with no option but to direct a change in the army’s internal hierarchy, an interventionist judgement by Huntington’s standards.
None of this is necessary. The Delhi High Court is deciding this case only because of parliament’s delay in passing the Armed Forces Tribunal Act, which was placed before it in 2005, for setting up a specialised quasi-military higher court to review cases relating to the military. The Armed Forces Tribunal Bill, 2005, will create an appellate mechanism, manned by retired heads of the MoD’s Judge Advocate General’s Branch and retired judges from the higher judiciary. This body will take over the 8500 military cases pending before the higher judiciary, allowing judges sensitised to military matters to rule on sensitive issues like court martial reviews, promotions, supersession and the military hierarchy. And since the Armed Forces Tribunals will be viewed within the armed forces as much military judicial bodies, civil-military separation will be reinforced.
For now, though, the Armed Forces Tribunal remain just a proposal. Parliament’s Standing Committee on Defence has sent the draft bill back to the MoD for clarifications and review. While the debate over “judicial activism” and “judicial intervention” raises dust and hackles, a mechanism to create an efficient and non-confrontationist judicial alternative gathers dust. | <urn:uuid:e8dd46a8-c11e-4598-b8e2-1631b6f89432> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ajaishukla.blogspot.com/2007/04/judiciary-and-military-shaping.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00243-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956358 | 1,187 | 1.570313 | 2 |
2-3-06- Egyptian officials say crews have pulled over 150 bodies from the Red Sea, with more than 1,000 still thought to be missing after a ferry sunk early Friday morning.
The ferry was coming from Saudi Arabia heading to Egypt. Coast Guard rescue ships have been searching for survivors since the ferry went down. About 260 people escaped on lifeboats. A presidential spokesman says there were not enough lifeboats on the ferry. About 1,400 passengers and a crew of 98 were on board. The ferry was carrying about 220 vehicles.
Egyptian maritime officials say the ship was carrying less than maximum capacity, and had recently passed safety tests for seaworthiness, but the swift sinking and an apparent lack of lifeboats have caused concern among officials that the vessel was in violation of safety requirements. | <urn:uuid:5aaa6f5c-3476-42d9-a89a-ec6e485a4a2c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.kxii.com/news/headlines/2254072.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00118-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985446 | 162 | 2.03125 | 2 |
North Carolina NAACP To Lead Historic Thousands On Jones Street RallyDecember 31, 1969
RALEIGH, NC – In a call for improvements in education, the economy and job creation, on February 27, the North Carolina NAACP State Conference will lead the Fourth Annual “Historic Thousands on Jones Street” People’s Assembly. The Assembly will commence at 9:30 at Shaw University’s Estey Hall. This year’s HK on J Assembly will focus on stopping the re-segregation of public schools in Raleigh and other school districts, while demanding economic investment and good jobs for communities and families in North Carolina devastated by the recession. NAACP President and CEO Benjamin Todd Jealous will also address the assembly via audio message.
?The NAACP?s continued battle for good jobs, good schools and a better tomorrow stems from the fact that the lack of these resources is often the barrier depriving our children of a legitimate opportunity to succeed,? said Jealous. ?We must continue to hold local, state, and federal government accountable for providing adequate jobs, educational resources, affordable health care, and safe communities ? all of which are fundamental aspects of human rights.?
The North Carolina NAACP State Conference has challenged the recent re-segregation of public schools in the Raleigh area. According to NC NAACP State President Rev. Dr. William J. Barber II, the re-organization of the school districts by ?neighborhood schools? was a calculated move on the part of national and local politicians, who seek to divide Blacks and Whites in the South who have united to advocate for common causes ? particularly education, jobs, and health care.
?The segregation of schools by socioeconomic status inevitably undermines our goal of high-quality experienced teachers for all students,? said Barber. ?By reducing the interaction between working-class Blacks and Whites, the re-segregation of schools stands to curtail the progress made by these groups to band together and focus on commonalities which affect all North Carolinians.?
The North Carolina State Conference will also report on the Coalition's request for Gov. Bev Perdue to sponsor a grassroots N.C Jobs Summit and call a Special Emergency Session of the General Assembly on Jobs and the Implementation of the Economic Stimulus Recovery Funds.
?We all need to hear first-hand the cries of hunger and hopelessness we hear every day,? Barber told Gov. Perdue. ?We must work together to address the issues of poverty, unlivable wages, and unemployment. Over 20% of African-Americans in N.C. are unemployed and need jobs today.?
Founded in 1909, the NAACP is the nation's oldest and largest civil rights organization. Its members throughout the United States and the world are the premier advocates for civil rights in their communities, conducting voter mobilization and monitoring equal opportunity in the public and private sectors. | <urn:uuid:e0cb352d-ff9e-4a51-a684-7c0bc00767b4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://donate.naacp.org/press/entry/north-carolina-naacp-to-lead-historic-thousands-on-jones-street-rally | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00091-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943746 | 580 | 2.140625 | 2 |
MRPT comprises a set of C++ libraries and a number of ready-to-use applications. This page describes the most interesting part for mobile robotics developers: the libraries.
The large number of C++ templates and classes in MRPT makes it a good idea to split them into a set of libraries or “modules“, so users can choose to depend on a part of the MRPT only, reducing compile time and future dependence problems.
Below is a dependence graph of the currently existing libraries in MRPT. An arrow “A -> B” means “A depends on B”.
Clicking on any of the libraries will take you to the Doxygen documentation, where a short summary of the library goals can be found.
Libraries are further divided into one or more “modules”: see the full list of modules.
(*): Experimental libraries
How to write a new MRPT library
In order to allow anyone to submit its own library to MRPT, there are a (very few) rules that the CMake build system expects about the directory layout, etc. Read more here. | <urn:uuid:869e329d-9392-4f74-be0a-1a0ec30d1bfe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mrpt.org/Libraries | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00197-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894344 | 233 | 1.859375 | 2 |
For the last 30 years Ali Mohammed Hindawi, aged 84, has lived alone in a rusty tin shack in south Lebanon, without water, electricity or a toilet, sleeping among chickens, flies and litter, and separated from his family by displacement and poverty.
“What do I think about at night? I think about my situation, that this is not a life for me,” said the frail old man, barely able to sit up after weathering another winter of freezing temperatures and downpours. “It is the life of a dog. All I want is to spend my last few years in a good way.”
Hindawi is one of tens of thousands of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon who live in unofficial “gatherings”, collections of homes built without official permission and left largely unserviced, by either the Lebanese state, the Palestinian Authority (PA) or the UN Palestinian refugee agency, UNRWA.
Driven from his home by Israeli troops who overran northern Galilee in 1948, the young Hindawi crossed into Lebanon and settled in an UNRWA tent, set up in the Kafr Bada area of south Lebanon, near Qasmiyeh river.
Many of these tents later grew into officially recognised refugee camps, with fixed boundaries and services provided by UNRWA. But for refugees like Hindawi - or Zahra Saeed and her family of 13 children living across the river in the Qasmiyeh “gathering” - no such certainties exist.
Photo: Hugh Macleod/IRIN
Norwegian Refugee Council is hoping to secure funds to upgrade poor
housing like Palestinian Ali Hindawi's shed in south Lebanon
“There has been no real interest in the `gatherings’, only in the camps,” said Ghazi al-Hassan, secretary of the Palestinian Popular Committee in Kafr Bada. “Now there’s a limit to the PA’s budget so they send very little here.”
Without a mandate to operate outside the 12 official refugee camps in Lebanon, home to around half the 400,000 Palestinians, UNRWA only makes food deliveries to Kafr Bada and other “gatherings” once every three months. With a budget of just US$100 a month, al-Hassan’s Popular Committee can do little more than collect rubbish and pay transport costs.
NGOs such as the Lebanese Popular Aid for Relief and Development (PARD) try to fill the gap in the dozens of “gatherings” across the country.
Hindawi - like the partially blind Mariam Dyabissa, a 94-year-old Palestinian refugee who shares her tin hut in Qasmiyeh with her mentally ill son - relies on kindly neighbours to bring him food, wash and dress him and light the fire at night.
Photo: Hugh Macleod/IRIN
|In the Qasmiyeh gathering, Zahra Saeed said her home of two rooms leaks when it rains, meaning little sleep for her 13 children|
The Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) is now conducting the first comprehensive household survey of Palestinian gatherings in Lebanon, which include areas adjacent to UNRWA camps. In the northern Nahr al-Bared camp, largely destroyed in fighting two years ago, reconstruction in the adjacent areas has been hampered by the absence of a clear mandate for any one agency to lead efforts inside Palestinian “gatherings”.
“Nahr al-Bared highlighted the issue. Lots of people think the Palestinians live in camps. They don’t know there are tens of thousands living in `gatherings’ in very mixed circumstances,” said Richard Evans, NRC Lebanon programme manager for shelter and rehabilitation in the Palestinian `gatherings’. “We feel there is a humanitarian need. These people are not getting adequate services.”
In 2005, the Danish Refugee Council (DRC) made a needs assessment of 39 “gatherings”, defined as having a minimum of 25 households. It found that the right to work and own property was the refugees’ main need. In the Qasmiyeh “gathering”, Zahra Saeed said she had received an eviction notice from the local court every six months for the last 10 years, Palestinians being banned from owning property in Lebanon.
NRC Lebanon, whose report is due out in June, is hoping to secure $2-$3 million which it said would allow them to upgrade the homes of around 250 families living in “gatherings” in south Lebanon.
For Ali Hindawi, that could mean spending his last days with at least a weatherproof concrete wall and door. But that may be little comfort in a life of such hardship. “If I feel happy or sad it doesn’t matter,” he said. “No one cares about me.” | <urn:uuid:9bf72d00-0ddc-4da7-a631-d30f17db16dc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.irinnews.org/feature/2009/05/18/tough-life-palestinians-neglected-%E2%80%9Cgatherings%E2%80%9D | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00125-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950943 | 1,039 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Guest Workers and Resistance to U.S. Corporate Despotism
Publication Year: 2011
Published by: University of Illinois Press
Title Page, Copyright
Preface and Acknowledgments
This book is the end result of five years of research on guest workers and transnational labor rooted fundamentally in my endeavor to understand the transformation of labor markets and worker representation from 2005 to 2010. In this historical era of neoliberal capitalism, individualism, and egoism, ...
Introduction: Guest Workers of the World
Much of the present debate on immigration policy revolves around the failure and unintended consequences of utterly inconsistent U.S. government policies to establish and regulate the flow of authorized and unauthorized migrants. Ineffectual regulatory policies have bifurcated migrant workers into two groups—undocumented laborers and guest workers. ...
1. Migration and Class Struggle
For about twenty-five years, since passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) in 1986, more and more U.S. businesses have been relying on a system of migrant labor that involves guest workers. A guest worker is a foreign laborer temporarily authorized to work in a host country with the knowledge and acquiescence of that country. ...
2. Political Economy of Migrant Labor in U.S, History: Fabricating a Migration Policy for Business
In a sweeping analysis of U.S. history from the colonial era to the early twenty-first century, historian Aristides Zolberg challenges as “mythology” the prevalent view that the United States is an open and welcoming country. Contrary to the conventional historical narrative, Zolberg asserts, in A Nation by Design, ...
3. India's Global and Internal Labor Migration and Resistance: A Case Study of Hyderabad
On September 29, 2005, Indian unions waged a general strike to protest a national government plan to privatize airline, railroad, and banking industries. The strike was a blow to foreign and domestic investors who had been pushing the Congress Party–Left Front coalition government to privatize India’s transportation network. ...
4. Temporary Labor Migration and U.S. and Foreign-Born Worker Resistance
As the Internet is used more and more as a medium of communication in the United States, we are entering a new era of collective action at “the point of production” that is growing in significance to workers as a form of resistance. The practice of organizing at the “point of production” is what socialist labor unionists consider the “purest form of unionism.” ...
5. The Migration of Low-Wage Jamaican Guest Workers
Every March, as the winter storms turn into spring breezes on the U.S. mainland, the temperature in the Caribbean islands becomes scorching hot. Right after spring break at U.S. high schools, colleges, and universities, the Caribbean tourist season comes to a close, business slows, ...
6. Who Can Organize? Trade Unions, Worker Insurgency, Labor Power
The appearance of the modern guest work program in the United States is in many ways an extension of the long-standing labor migration policies of the early twentieth century. But it is also a crucial aspect of the neoliberal globalization policies that have unfolded since the 1990s. ...
Further Reading, About the Author, Publication Information
Page Count: 232
Publication Year: 2011
Series Title: The Working Class in American History
See more Books in this Series
MUSE Marc Record: Download for Guest Workers and Resistance to U.S. Corporate Despotism | <urn:uuid:37ec53ab-cce8-4d2f-8d11-99af14378b5b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://muse.jhu.edu/book/18410 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00061-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922908 | 728 | 1.710938 | 2 |
TV Lamps, Page One
TV lamps were quite a phenomenon in the '50s and '60s, sparked by a perceived need to soften the contrast between the television screen and a darkened room. But their success, however brief, was perhaps due more to their decorative aspects. These lamps were made in great numbers at Texans Incorporated, and are undoubtedly the products the company is best known for. They are presented here in the approximate order in which they were initially released, but it must be stressed that this is an approximation, as company production records no longer exist. While not foolproof, it appears that the sequence of model numbers closely represents the order in which the lamps were introduced. There could be others, but the thirty-one TV lamp designs shown here are the only ones known.
This A505 panther, clearly the most popular of the eight "pre-Kron" TV lamps, was made by other potteries as well. The source of the original design is unknown.
The B-21 Planterlite TV Lamp. No confirmed examples are known, but the same design is sometimes found with a Harlaco marking.
A back view shows this to be what might be called a "stage 1" version, with the light fixture almost completely enclosed.
The model T70 was a distinctive design, with an almost identical lamp made by American Art Potteries in Morton, Ill.
Called the K119 Sportsman, this mallard was the first TV lamp designed by Howard Kron, and heralded the many distinctive products that were to come.
From the back it can be seen where the duck and planter, two separate castings, were fused together during firing.
The mallard was also done in a stained finish that was surprisingly effective at simulating woodgrain.
Rather like an abstract version of the comedy-tragedy masks, the curved base of the K136 "Modern Flare" was inspired by the awning of a Dallas building.
This K140 Planter Lamp is incomplete, missing the gold animal figurine that would straddle the two points.
The rare K163 Steer Head TV lamp is a wonderful testament to the skill and imagination of the Kron-Gunter design team. | <urn:uuid:6e3033fd-28f7-4960-9d8d-0e9fed6ad2c7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.texansinc.com/tvlamps.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00489-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985687 | 457 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Posted by Lisa
Gade, Editor in Chief, posted June 24, 2003
Toshiba along with HP,
was first to the gate announcing PDAs using the new Pocket PC
2003 (also called Windows Mobile 2003) operating system on June
23rd, 2003. The e355 looks nearly identical to its predecessor
the e330 but has a gunmetal finish
rather than silver, sports a Pocket PC 2003 sticker on the front
and has a transflective display. The e350 and e355 are the same
device—the e355 simply adds
ArcSoft PhotoBase software for image viewing and editing. Note
that the Toshiba e405, introduced
in Nov. 2003, replaces the e350.
What is Pocket PC 2003, aka Windows Mobile 2003?
Pocket PC2003 is based on Windows CE 4.2, while
prior Pocket PC and Pocket PC 2002 PDAs were based on Windows CE
3.0. Microsoft is calling all new devices based on Pocket PC 2003 "Windows
Mobile 2003", including Pocket PC Phone Edition PDAs with
the new OS. What's the difference between Pocket PC 2002 and Pocket
PC 2003 PDAs? You won't notice much difference at all. There are
numerous bug fixes, improvements in page rendering times for Internet
Explorer, a more friendly user interface for setting up network
connections, networking changes under the hood, and support for
3rd party applications that are written for the XScale processor.
The OS itself still has not been optimized for the newer and faster
XScale processor, but now developers can offer enhanced versions
of their applications that should run noticeably faster. This means
that demanding applications like multimedia players and games will
likely offer more features and run faster in the future.
There are two versions of Pocket PC 2003: Pro
for the more basic Pocket PC models and Premium for higher end
Pocket PCs. To the end user, the differences won't be terribly
important except for the absense of MS Reader from the Pro version.
Apps like Terminal Services, MS Reader and the new Pictures app
are built into the OS stored in ROM in the Premium Edition, while
you must install it from the CD into RAM on Pro Edition (or not
get it at all). You can download MS Reader for PPC 2003 here.
Features and Horsepower
The Toshiba e355 (that's the model we have, so
we'll use that model number) has a transflective display, an SD
slot that supports SDIO (but doesn't work with SD WiFi cards),
a 300 MHz PXA255 Intel XScale processor, 16 megs of ROM and 64
megs of RAM. The full amount of RAM is available to the user.
The e355 feels zippy in all operations, even
playing games, and videos in Pocket Windows Media Player 9 and
Pocket TV Enterprise. How fast is this unit? You can check out
the benchmark numbers for yourself below.
If you're familiar with either of the older Toshiba e310 and e330 models,
then the e355 won't hold any surprises since it uses the same casing
and design. The finish is gunmetal, which makes the unit look slicker
and more classy. The buttons are chromed, and the record button is at
the top left, as on previous models. The circular directional pad rotates
smoothly in a 360 degree circle and supports diagonals. It doesn't seem
to support multiple button presses, however. When playing Hexacto
Bounty Hunter Pinball, pressing two buttons simultaneously to activate
both flippers, instead only activated the left flipper. While many Palm
OS games make use of the PIM buttons to make up for the lack of a D-pad
on many models, not as many Pocket PCs rely on them, so this may not
be a deal breaker unless one of your favorite games relies on this feature.
The unit is quite slim and light. Though the diminutive
iPAQ 1900 series is the smallest Pocket PC, the e355 should easily fit
in your pocket, and is still one of the thinner and lighter Pocket PCs
on the market. It is noticeably longer than the iPAQ
2200 series, but it is a bit thinner.
The SD slot, IR port, headphone jack and power button
are located at the top of the unit, while the record and jog dial buttons
are on the unit's left side.
Despite the new OS version, most applications ran fine
on our e355. It's interesting that when installing a variety of applications,
I got a warning on the e355 that the software was written for Pocket
PC 2002 and might not work. I did not get this message installing the
same applications on the iPAQ 2215 Pocket
PC 2003 model, so I imagine it's not an OS warning, but rather Toshiba
has added this. What didn't run correctly? Pocket MVP, Thunderhawk, CNETX
FlashFormat, and prior versions of MS Money. You can now download Money
for Pocket PC 2003, but you'll need to buy or upgrade to MS Money 2004
if you want to sync Money on the Pocket PC to your PC. As for the other
apps, I'm sure in the coming month we'll see new versions that do work
well on Pocket PC 2003. Some demanding games didn't work properly, including Hexacto
Bounty Hunter Pinball (can't press multiple buttons at once and sound
drops in and out), Sorcery PDA, Geopod. Interstellar Flames runs fast
and flawlessly with particle effects; Bust
'Em runs fine, as does Age of
The e350 and e355 works with existing e310 and e330
accessories such as cradles and chargers, though 3rd party keyboards
may need a driver update.
Screen and Sound
Transflective displays are the best currently available
on PDAs, and the e355 has one .
It's a 3.5" display, which is the same size as most other budget
and mid-range Pocket PCs, and it looks much better than the reflective
screen used in the e330. The screen is brighter without looking milky,
and colors are richer and more accurate. While not as bright as the iPAQ
2200 series or the Dell Axim X5, it
is still a very usable and good quality display.
The speaker volume is adequate, and like other Toshiba
Pocket PCs, not very loud . MP3s sound great when using stereo headphones
connected to the standard 3.5mm audio jack. You can adjust the left and
right headphone balance and set automatic gain control for the built-in
The battery on the e355 is not user replaceable. It's
a 1,000 mAh Lithium Ion battery that gave us decent, but not spectacular
runtimes. For the average user who uses the PIM apps, Word, Excel, MP3s
and occasional games, you'll probably get about 3 hours on a charge.
I played games (intensive ones) for one hour straight, and had 50% charge
left. When using the unit for standard business and PIM purposes, and
MP3 playback for about 1 hour, I got 3 hours per charge.
This is a budget Pocket PC and you don't get
any bundled additional software other than Toshiba's Home application
(a launcher) and Backup. Pocket Windows Media Player 9 is included,
as are the usual suspects: Pocket versions of Outlook, Word, Excel
and Internet Explorer, MSN Messenger and Pocket MSN. MS Money is
no longer included and neither the version that ships with Money
2003 nor the version that came wtih Pocket PC 2002 PDAs will install. *Terminal
Services, MS Reader and the new MS Pictures applications are not
included. The Toshiba e355 runs Pocket PC 2003 Pro Edition and
comes with MS Outlook 2002 for the PC and ActiveSync 3.7.
Changes to MS Built-in Applications
1. Pocket Internet Explorer now supports HTML
4.0, xHTML, JScript 5.5 and WAP 2.0. It does render pages better
and more quickly, and better still, it requires less memory to
2. The Contacts app now supports vCAL and vCARD.
3. Media Player 9 is a great improvement: you'll definitely notice improved
framerates and buffering.
4. File Explorer now can connect to network shares (shared folders on Windows
5. You get a new game built into ROM, called Jawbreaker. It's the same as Bubblets.
Pro: A nice update to the successful e335 and
one of the first Pocket PC 2003 devices. The transflective display
is a welcome improvement and will be a strong selling point with
most users. The SD slot supports SDIO, which means you can use
Toshiba's Bluetooth SD card with the e355, but not SD WiFi cards
due to driver issues. The d-pad is very pleasant to use, and supports
diagonal movements for you gamers. It's a fast performer and 64
megs of RAM is generous for a budget Pocket PC. Con: The feature
set may not be competitive enough to fight off the upcoming iPAQ
1940. Battery isn't user replaceable. E-Book fans will be disappointed
that MS Reader isn't included with this model, but you can download
it from Microsoft's web site.
TFT color LCD, 65,536 colors, Screen Size Diag: 3.5",
Resolution: 240 x 320, .24mm dot pitch.
mAh Lithium Ion rechargeable. Battery is NOT user
XScale PXA255 300 MHz processor. 16 MB Flash ROM,
64 MB built-in RAM available to the user.
Size: 4.9" x
3.1" x .4". Weight: 5.3 oz.
in speaker, mic and stereo headphone jack. Voice
PC 2003 Pro operating system. Microsoft Pocket Office
suite including Pocket Word, Excel, Internet Explorer,
and Outlook. Also, MSN Instant Messenger for Pocket
PC, Pocket Windows Media Player 9 and Voice Recorder
as well as handwriting recognition. ActiveSync 3.7
and Outlook 2002 for PCs included. MS Reader is NOT
included, but can be downloaded from http://www.microsoft.com/reader/downloads/ppc.asp.
SD (Secure Digital) slot, supporting SDIO (but not
WiFi SD cards and doesn't have SDIO Now! support).
1-USB port (Client Host: optional cable required). | <urn:uuid:e1df0aab-9363-4282-b63f-37b3de0d9c55> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mobiletechreview.com/toshiba_e355.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00440-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89596 | 2,241 | 1.664063 | 2 |
These days, your smartphone, your DSLR camera, and your GoPro can all shoot high-quality, high-resolution video — but wow, the size of that video file can sure balloon quickly.
You will feel the pain when your memory card maxes out or you want to upload one of these videos to share on the Internet.
The good news is that you can reduce video file sizes fairly easily. The bad news is that unless you change the right settings, you will lose video quality. How do you balance the two? Which settings should you change to get reduce size without compromising quality? Read on to find out.
1. Pick the Right Software
You really should use a computer for this task, not a tablet or a smartphone. The powerful desktop tool Handbrake is the most useful cross-platform media convertor out there. It’s completely free and works the same on Windows, Mac, and Linux.
If you’re on Windows, you can also try the Freemake Video Converter, which has an easier interface. However, Handbrake does a better job of encoding and converting videos, so I would recommend learning its interface and going with that instead.
Download: Handbrake for Windows, Mac, or Linux (Free)
2. Start With the Audio
Before you begin chopping down the quality of your video, head to the “Audio” tab in Handbrake. You might be surprised how much space audio channels take up. Unless you’ve shot a concert, always tackle the audio first.
For any video where human speech is important or music isn’t a priority, here’s what you need to do.
- Check if there are more than one audio tracks. You just need one. If it’s a movie file, look for the “English” audio (or whichever language you want). If it’s a video you made, the first track will probably be the right one. Delete all the other tracks.
- In Codec, choose AAC (CoreAudio) or MP3. These are lossy compressed audio file formats that are good enough for most cases. In fact, even for concerts or other such videos, you can choose one of these lossy formats and sample it at a higher bitrate.
- In Bitrate, choose 160 by default for most videos. Choose a higher bitrate (256 or 320) if you’re converting a video where music is the main element.
I would recommend that you don’t mess with the sample rate and simply set it to Auto, but it can be tweaked to optimize audio file size. For human speech, set the sample to 32, and if music is important, set it to 48.
3. Choose the Best Codec and Container
Ideally, the original video you shoot should be using the highest quality video codec and container. When you’re ready to reduce the size, you pick the most efficient codec and container.
What’s the difference between the two? Basically, the codec is the encoder/decoder that turns a video into bytes (the “brain” that determines the base quality) whereas the container is the file format (the “body” that determines compatibility with different devices and services).
Choose H.264 as the codec. This is the most efficient and popular codec for high-definition videos and is said to be almost two times as good as MPEG-4 in compressing videos. It is also recognized by most devices today, be it a simple TV or the Raspberry Pi.
As of this writing, you don’t really need to bother with its successor, the new H.265 standard.
Choose MP4 as the container. Again, MP4 is efficient, but more importantly, it’s the most widely recognized file format for videos. In fact, YouTube, Vimeo, and Facebook recommend MP4 as the preferred container.
4. Reduce the Video Resolution
It’s great that your phone can shoot 4K videos, but do you even have a 4K-ready TV or monitor to play it on? Most people have HD Ready or Full HD TVs, but the big secret is that video resolution isn’t as important as you might think.
Resolution affects the size of the video greatly, but the quality may not be greatly affected. How far you sit from the screen, the upscaling technology of the TV, and the bitrate of the video are going to have as much or greater impact.
Here’s a list of commonly-used resolutions:
- 2160p (3840×2160)
- 1440p (2560×1440)
- 1080p (1920×1080)
- 720p (1280×720)
- 480p (854×480)
- 360p (640×360)
- 240p (426×240)
As a thumb rule to reduce file size by resolution, check the video’s original resolution and choose one level below it. In Handbrake, you will find this in “Picture Settings” in the top-right menu. You can even check out a Preview of the lowered resolution before you commit.
If you plan to simply upload your video to YouTube or Facebook, then 720p is the best way to go (assuming file size is more important to you than resolution). Facebook even caps the resolution at 720p but YouTube lets you go higher till 4K.
5. Bitrate Is the Last Resort
The biggest factor in determining the quality of a video is its bitrate, so make that your last resort. In simple terms, bitrate is the amount of data being shown in one second. The more data you allow, the more artifacts can be shown on the screen, and the better the video quality will be.
Most DSLRs record video at high bitrates as do most screen recording and screencasting software. Again, YouTube has some recommended bitrates that you can use as a thumb rule for any video file. Don’t go below these recommended numbers, but if your current bitrate is higher, you can safely reduce it.
It’s best to keep your bitrate variable rather than constant. In Handbrake select Video > Quality > Average Bitrate, and key in a number that best corresponds to your video’s resolution, using the above chart. Also check the box for 2-pass encoding.
6. Don’t Change Frame Rates
If anyone tells you that you should reduce the frame rate, don’t listen to them. Every video expert, video hosting site, and video editor says that you should keep your video at the same frame rate that it was recorded in.
The human eye only needs 24–30 frames per second (FPS) for a decent picture, so it might seem logical to lower the frame rate to that range. However, doing that can affect the smoothness of the video, and especially make movement seem jerky or unnatural.
So avoid this unless you are experimenting with slow-motion videos.
Got Any Other Tricks to Share?
With this guide, you should be able to substantially reduce the file size of a video without greatly affecting the quality. Remember, go step by step, you might hit your intended target size much before you need to reduce the resolution or the bitrate.
What tricks do you use to bring down the size of a video that you want to share? Do you like editing the video to make it shorter, or prefer messing with the settings?
Image Credits:scale pan by kulyk via Shutterstock | <urn:uuid:9e7dca63-a936-4f33-8551-7e2cac393706> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/reduce-video-file-size-without-sacrificing-quality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00185-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913554 | 1,584 | 2.0625 | 2 |
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