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Understanding coin values and determining your coins value at first seems daunting. It’s really a simple process that involves a little detective work and three simple steps.
Three factors define coin values:
- Condition of the Coin
- Rarity of the Coin
- Desirability of the Coin
Ultimately, coin values are determined by what someone is willing to pay when the coin is sold. In other words, the Law of Supply and Demand.
Coin values go up when supply is low and demand is high. Conversely, coin values go down when supply is high but interest in the coin is low.
A common misconception held by many beginning coin collectors is that because a coin is old it is valuable. For the vast majority of coins that’s just not true.
Modern coins can have a high collectible value because of a uniqueness particular to that coin.
The three factors we’ve defined above control coin values, so lets take a closer look at them.
Above all of factors, coin values are determined by the coins condition.
Severely worn or damaged coins, coins that have been cleaned, coins that have been altered in some way are going to be worth far less than “honest” coins.
So how do we define and describe a coins condition?
Systems to define the condition of a coin and its subsequent grade have evolved over the years.
In the very early days there were only 2 grades – New and Used. Pretty simple, right?
This evolved over the years into the system still used today to describe ungraded, or raw, coins.
Those grades are commonly called:
Poor (P), Fair (F), About Good (AG), Good (G), Very Good (VG), Fine (F), Very Fine (VF), Extra Fine (EF), About Uncirculated (AU), Uncirculated (U) and Brilliant Uncirculated (BU).
Grades from Poor to About Uncirculated are used to describe coins that have been collected from circulation. It is an indication of the wear a coin has experienced over its life.
Misconception – People will often describe a coin as being “Very Good”. But as you can see, a “Very Good” coin is not all that great. In “coin language” it means the coin is only average compared to other coins of its denomination collected from circulation.
An Uncirculated coin means just that. It has never been used for commerce, has absolutely no wear other than bag marks. It is as it came from the mint presses.
An Uncirculated coin may still not qualify as Brilliant Uncirculated, which is reserved for the most perfect of coins. The BU designation is reserved for those coins that have the best strikes from the press.
The Sheldon Scale
William Sheldon is credited with creating the coin grading system primarily in use today. Known as the Sheldon Scale, it is a numerical scale from 1-70 that corresponds to the system above with 1 being the Poor end of the scale and 70 being the perfect, or nearly pefect, Brilliant Uncirculated coin.
In the Sheldon Scale:
Poor=1, Fair=2, About Good=3, Good=4-6, Very Good=8-10, Fine=12-15, Very Fine=20-35, Extra Fine=40-45, About Uncirculated=50-58, Mint State=60-70 and Mint Proof State=60-70
If you’ve poked around a few coin shops or checked out the coin auctions like at eBay you’ll have seen coins designated VG, MS64, AU55, F45. Now you’ll know what those designations mean!
Grading coins, though, is subjective. What I may think of as an AU50 you may see as only a F45. Learning to grade coins is a skill you’ll want to start learning even before buying your first coin.
Rarity of Coin
The second factor that determines coin values is Rarity. How many of the coins were minted originally? How many have survived over the years? Some of this information can be found in the yearly mintage reports of the coin.
But mintage doesn’t account totally for rarity. How many coins have survived the years after loss and various meltings?
Of course scales have been designed over the years to measure rarity. The most commonly used, and the one simplest for me to remember, is the Sheldon Rarity Scale, developed by William Sheldon, in the late 1950s.
The Sheldon Rarity Scale:
- R1 Common, readily available
- R2 Less common – Available at most shows, but in limited quantity
- R3 Scarce – somewhat difficult to find, only a few likely at larger shows
- R4 Very scarce – may or may not find at larger shows/auctions
- R5 Rare – unlikely more than 5 at shows or auctions each year
- R6 Very rare – Almost never seen, only one may be offered for sale in a year’s time
- R7 Prohibitively rare – one may be offered for sale once every few years
- R8 Unique, or nearly so
The average collector will seldom consider the rarity scale.
How many collectors are looking for a particular coin impacts its value. A coin isn’t going to be very valuable if no one wants to buy it!
The desirability of a coin can be judged by keeping track of the market through auctions and other sales of the coin.
Several sources of this information are available but generally the most trusted information is that which you collect through your study of the coins you’re interested in.
While these 3 factors define coin values it takes a bit of detective work on your part to determine your coins value.
Handling and protecting your coins properly is important to its value. Learn how at Caring for Coins the Easy Way.
In the end a coins value is determined by what someone is willing to pay for it at any point in time. Understanding how to value a coin along with grading coins will help you buy the coin you want successfully or sell the coin you have for a fair price.
5 Quick Steps to Find Your Coins Value
Everyday brings a new inquiry from someone asking, Whats My Coin Worth?
Sometimes it turns out to be a very nice coin that has numismatic value.
But the unfortunate truth is this. The vast majority of circulated coins are worth exactly their face value.
The exception to that rule are coins that have silver or gold content.
There are also some special interest and “error” coins that fall outside the normal guidelines, too, but those are still the exceptions.
Prior to 1965 all U.S. dimes, quarters, half dollars and dollar coins contained silver. Pre-1933 American Eagle, Double Eagle, Half Eagle and Quarter Eagle coins all contained gold. How much gold or silver is dependent on their denomination.
Coins with silver content, which includes U.S. dimes, quarters, half dollars and dollars minted before 1965 that are not rare, scarce, proofs or uncirculated (basically uncirculated means it’s never been in anyone’s pocket) are going to be worth, with some exceptions, their melt value.
So, you’ve found this great old coin. How do you find out an approximate value quickly and easily? This just takes a little detective work and being honest with yourself about your coins condition.
- Identify the coin – Is this a coin minted in the U.S.? If not you’ll want to start your search with learning to Identify Foreign Coins.
- Locate the Mint Mark. If the coin was minted in the U.S., can you locate a mint mark? The mint mark will tell you which of the U.S. Mints produced the coin. Heritage Auctions provides a great resource for finding mint marks. The United States has used minting facilities at Philadelphia, Charlotte, Dahlonega, New Orleans, Denver, Carson City, San Francisco and West Point. The West Point mint is responsible for the beautiful American Eagle Gold and Silver bullion coins.
- Your coins mintage. Find out how many coins were produced. Knowing the number of coins like yours that were minted will tell you whether it may be a scarce or rare coin. Or maybe it is just one of millions produced.
- Determine your coins condition. This is the hardest part and requires being savagely honest with yourself about the condition of your coin.
- Your coins value. Once you’ve done the steps above it’s time to put it all together and find out a general idea of your coins value. You now know where the coin was made, how many were produced and, most importantly, the coins condition.
My favorite place for finding a coins value online is Numismedia’s Fair Market Value Price Guide. Remember it is a guide to coin prices not an offering to buy.
While I use Numismedia often you’ll always find a Guide Book of U.S. Coins on my desk.
It answers most of the questions you have to ask to determine the value of your U.S. minted coins.
- Grading Information
- Pricing Guides
- Mintage Numbers
And these are just some of the features! If you don’t have a copy you’re simply flying blind in the coin collecting world. Get a copy of A Guide Book of United States Coins today!
Keep in mind the coin values you find will be “retail” prices. If you’re trying to sell a coin, don’t walk into a coin dealer’s showroom expecting to receive the full retail value of a coin. You’ll be disappointed.
Coins that have been struck incorrectly…broken or worn dies, off center, on the wrong planchet or missing what should have been there…are known as error coins. Error coins are extremely popular, in many cases very affordable and in some cases can be quite valuable.
New ones are discovered daily! This is definitely a case for checking your pocket change cause you never know what might show up!
The challenge with error coins is they fall out of the typical price guides. Not everyone appreciates the odd, and sometimes ugly, coins that errors produce.
The resource I use the most for error coin valuation is Coneca, the Combined Organization of Numismatic Error Collectors.
5 Steps to What’s My Coin Worth
- Identify Your Coin
- Find the Mint Mark
- How Many Were Made
- Determine Coin Condition
- Check Price Guides
While the 5 steps to find Whats My Coin Worth above work in the vast majority of cases sometimes during this process you may indeed find you have a genuinely rare or scarce coin. In that case it is time to seek out a coin dealer in your area that you can trust to determine your coins true value.
Ultimately it’s up to you to determine you coins value. It’s your money, right? If you’re trusting all of your decisions based on what you read in an Internet forum or chat room you’re going to be disappointed more often than not.
Learn how to grade and value your own coins. You’ll become a far better, and happier, coin collector.
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Apple unveiled the new iPhone 5 earlier this week and the device is exciting to some, and disappointing to others.
For a company angered with Samsung for copying many of its patented features on its smartphones, Apple seems to have taken a few cues from Google this time around while creating the next-generation iPhone.
The most obvious example of Apple being inspired by Google is the company's decision to add panorama picture taking to the iPhone 5's camera's abilities.
Panorama first appeared on the Android platform with 4.0, Ice Cream Sandwich. The feature has made its way to many popular smartphones running the software such as the Galaxy S2, Galaxy S3, Galaxy Note, and the Droid Razr Maxx. Android 4.0, Ice Cream Sandwich debuted last November, launching on the Samsung Galaxy Nexus. Nearly one year later, Apple decided to add this feature to the iPhone.
Other similar Android features found on the new iPhone include some of the updates made to Siri.
The personal voice assistant now has the ability to find sports scores for a user's favorite team and can find a restaurant or fetch movie showtimes.
Most of these commands can be issued on Google Now, the company's answer to Apple's Siri that launched on Android 4.1, JellyBean.
So aside from the features spoken about here, is there anything original brought by Apple to the new iPhone?
Well the simple answer is no, and that is not necessarily a bad thing. Smartphone creators seem to have hit a dead end in terms of adding features and Apple is not excluded from this. Apple could crush the competition simply by adding the same features, but making them more smooth and efficient. This is something Apple is quite good at.
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Business Functions and Processes in Extended Mass Layoffs
In January 2007, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) began the collection of business function as part of the employer
interview in the Mass Layoff Statistics (MLS) program. Business function and the related concept of business process provide additional
insights into the impact of mass layoffs on firms and workers. Three tables with this information are now provided on the
BLS website each quarter as a supplement to the quarterly Extended Mass Layoff news release.
Business functions are the specific activities that a firm performs in order to produce its products
or provide its services. During the MLS interview, employers are asked to identify all the functions performed by the workers
who were laid off. For example, when a manufacturing plant has a layoff, workers involved in activities such as shipping,
inventory control, and administration may be let go in addition to those involved in actual production. Thus, the collection
of business function allows for a broader assessment of the impact of the layoffs than the industry classification alone
since that classification only reflects the main activity of a firm. Specifically, there are now data on the number and
type of business functions affected by all the extended mass layoffs that occurred during a quarter. These counts of
functions can be compared over time to determine if the number of functions affected has increased and if the kinds of
functions affected has changed.
Since the beginning of collection in 2007, many different business functions have been reported by employers.
In order to better understand how these functions are involved in the firm’s operations, a set of nine business
processes was identified and used by the MLS program that defines the full range of activities a firm engages in to
conduct its business. All functions can be assigned to a process, depending upon the industry of the establishment. The nine processes are grouped into core business processes and support business processes. As with business functions, it is possible to report the number of business processes affected by extended mass layoffs, compare how that number changed over time, and cross tabulate the number of business process by other information collected through the MLS such as reason for layoff and industry.
For a more complete description of the collection and definition of business function and processes in the MLS
program, please see the article Business Processes and Business Functions: a new way of looking at employment from
the December 2008 issue of the "Monthly Labor Review"
Changes Beginning with the First Quarter of 2010
Several changes to improve the collection and display of business function and process information were implemented with
first quarter 2010 data.
- The function “gaming services” was added in table 1. “Gaming services” include those activities directly involved with gambling.
- “Cafeteria services” was combined with the function “food services,” so that responses of either appear as
“food and cafeteria services” in table 1.
- “Clerical services” was combined with the function “administrative services,” so that responses of either appear
as “administrative and clerical services” in table 1.
- The business process “strategic management” was added to tables 2 and 3. Strategic management is defined as those
activities carried out at the highest managerial levels, which includes the formation, implementation, and evaluation
of cross-functional decisions that enable an organization to achieve long-term objectives.
Data in archived reports and tables may have been revised in subsequent releases.
Last Modified Date: May 29, 2013
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Peter Schöne Wotan
Stefan Röttig Donner
Angelos Samartzis Froh
Algirdas Drevinskas Loge
Judith Braun Fricka
Elizabeth Wiles Freia
Melissa Zgouridi Erda
Werner van Mechelen Alberich
Paul McNamara Mime
Markus Jaursch Fasolt
Hiroshi Matsui Fafner
Bettina Maria Bauer Woglinde
Valda Wilson Wellgunde
Carmen Seibel Flosshilde
Orchestre du Théâtre national de la Sarre
Sébastien Rouland Conductor
Prologue to the one-act Ring of the Nibelung, based on a booklet by Wagner, first performed in Munich in 1869.
Wagner’s Ring in Versailles, King Ludwig II of Bavaria's dream
For any opera house, Richard Wagner's Ring - the Ring of the Nibelung - is one of the high points of opera. Composed between 1853 and 1874, this cycle is a myth, constructed as a "stage festival" with a Prologue: Rheingold, and three days: Valkyrie, Siegfried, Götterdämmerung. The Tetralogy was created for the opening of the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1876.
King Ludwig II of Bavaria's absolute passion for Versailles and for Wagner creates a unique link between this Ring and the most beautiful Palace in the world...
To celebrate its two hundred and fiftieth anniversary, and the forthcoming hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Ring, the Royal Opera of Versailles has asked the Saarland National Theatre of Saarbrücken, which will be staging each of the four Ring operas over the next four years, to come to Versailles to present them in a concert version: the singers will perform their roles without a score, and the orchestra and chorus will also be on stage.
Since its creation in 1786, the Saarland National Theatre has become one of the most renowned theatres, ballet and opera houses in Germany, with seven hundred performances and 200,000 spectators each season. Its National Orchestra, founded in 1912, has been led by great permanent conductors, especially in recent decades, such as Jiří Kout, Christof Perick and Jun Märkl, and Frenchman Sébastien Rouland has been the incumbent since 2018. He will be conduct the entire Ring.
It is a tradition for every German opera house to regularly stage a production of the Ring. The singers of the permanent troupe, for whom it is a core part of the repertoire, are supplemented by guest soloists who perform the major roles in all German-language operas. It is therefore a project rooted in one hundred and fifty years of practice that the Saarbrücken Opera will present in Versailles over four years.
Royal OperaMore info
DOGE CATEGORY: Best seats, a free programme, an invitation to the cocktail reception (opening 45 min before the show) and unlimited champagne.
PRESTIGE VIP CATEGORY : Best seats in house with complimentary glass of champagne and programme.
PRESTIGE CATEGORY : Excellent seats with complimentary glass of champagne and programme.
REDUCED RATE applicable to under 26s, Chateau de Versailles Spectacles card holders and groups of more than 10 people (excluding special company offer).
To ensure the best welcome possible, people with limited mobility are advised to book their seats by telephone at +33 (0)1 30 83 78 89.
In case of any technical problem, the box office service remain available to complete your order by phone at +33 (0)1 30 83 78 89 (Monday-Friday from 11am to 6pm) or in our box office-shop (3 bis rue des Réservoirs, 78000 Versailles ; Monday-Friday from 11am to 6pm, and on Saturdays with concerts or shows except during the Musical Fountains Shows, from 2pm to 5pm).
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New Year’s Eve in Funchal – Spectacle of fireworks in Madeira is unique
The spectacle of fire Fireworks is one of the most important events in the archipelago . It is considered one of the nicest and biggest show of fire firework in the world .
Madeira Island is one of the most sought after by foreign and Portuguese to spend your New Year’s Eve . December is a month full of festivities and traditions in the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo , Madeira Dig Festival from religious celebrations and Masses of Childbirth , and Midnight Mass Market Night.
Another event not to be missed is the fire fireworks the End of the Year , one of the best fireworks shows in the world. In 2007 the record books ‘ Guinness World Records ‘ assigned to the New Year in Madeira the title of ‘ Biggest firework display World »
New Year’s Eve in Funchal
Every year , the Atlantic Festival ( June) is held a contest pyrotechnic with the participation of companies from around the world . The winner of this festival is responsible for submitting the fire fireworks year’s end .
The 31st of December is a day party in the region , in which family and friends move to Funchal to watch the fire firework that is accompanied by the rhythm of the background music. See the fire fireworks in the highlands of Funchal is one of the choicest options for islanders and visitors.
New Year’s Eve in Funchal
The view is stunning over the city of Funchal . Many cruises enjoy your stay in Madeira for moored and glimpse the spectacle of New Year’s Eve in Madeira . A bit all over the streets of Funchal join groups , all with their prog -rich pastries, homemade cakes and biscuits , sandwiches , snacks , liquors , dry wine and champagne .
At midnight on 31 December, the boats begin to beep and so starts the fire fireworks . It’s ten minutes fireworks in the skies of the city . At the end of the show , the party continues in the streets of Funchal , as well as bars , pubs and nightclubs . Take advantage of this special opportunity to spend your stay in one of several cottages Madeira and treat yourself to the greatest fire Fireworks World.
Madeira Guinness World Records – Performance of Fire fireworks on New Year’s Eve 2006/2007
Madeira Island is proud to announce its certificate of Guinness World Record , reached Madeira on 31 December 2006/2007 the greatest show of fire firework in the world . Tons of Fire fireworks used were 37 stations scattered around the area of Funchal , the inspectors of the Guinness World Records ® visited the various launch sites and analyzed their true size and the decision was announced at 1:30 am day January 1, 2007 assigning to Madeira the official title of winner.
It was an explosion of colors and truly amazing year after year Madeira is still the best place in the world to see the spectacle of fire Fireworks New Year’s Eve .
This particular event was run by Pyrotechnics Macedo a recognized brand nationally and internationally .
See the spectacle of fire Fireworks Madeira from the sea
The greatest spectacles of fireworks in Madeira during the New Year are officially recognized by the Guinness Book of Records as the largest fireworks show in the world . Every Saturday night in June , during the popular Festival of the Atlantic , is held a competition of fireworks to music .
These views are even more stunning sea views. Enjoy a beautiful boat trip aboard and come celebrate with family and friends . Once the sun sets , the skies over the bay of Funchal light with fascinating fireworks shows .
There is a variety of boats to enjoy , from the charming wooden caravel ” Bonita da Madeira” to ” Lobo Marinho ” – A passenger boat with bars and restaurants . Feel the wind in your hair catamaran “Sea Born Catamaran ” or opt for the ship ” Santa Maria de Colombo ” – a splendid replica of the flagship of Christopher Columbus , also known as the pirate ship Madeira .
Increasingly Cruise attend the end-of – year in Funchal
Are more 8-9 cruise ships that normally attend year-end show in Funchal . The port of Funchal usually have the presence of many large cruise night of the year-end , to the spectacle of fireworks which is considered the biggest tourist attraction of the island.
Last year, the December 31, 2013 were 11 cruise ships, they are: The World, Braemar, Balmoral, Aurora, Norwegian Spirit, Marco Polo, Saga Sapphire, AIDAstella, AIDAblu, Mein Schiff 1 and Saga Ruby, the latter on your last cruise ever, passing his last New Year’s Eve in Funchal. Joining the maximum capacity of these vessels, exactly, totaling a total of 18 538, ie, eighteen thousand five hundred thirty-eight tourists.
New Year’s Eve In Funchal
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During the last decade, genome-wide association research (GWAS) have propelled the discovery of a large number of loci connected with complex diseases. offering the greatest issues to determining efficiency, and compare editing and enhancing strategies offering different degrees of proof for variant efficiency. The review represents molecular insights into a few of these possibly causal variations and exactly how these may relate with the pathology from the trait and appearance toward upcoming directions for these technology in post-GWAS evaluation, such as for example base-editing. continues to be exploited to facilitate the targeting of genomic sequences: a proteins that depends on association with RNA to focus on the nuclease toward the DNA focus on (35). The CRISPR order PTC124 program has evolved being a security mechanism for bacterias against international nucleic acids such as for example plasmids and infections, where these sequences could be included between CRISPR do it again sequences encoded inside the web host genome. When these sequences are prepared into CRISPR RNA (crRNA), hybridization using a transactivating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA) is normally facilitated, developing a complicated with Cas9 nuclease. Cas9 is normally aimed toward the DNA series to become cleaved with the crRNA, where it needs a protospacer adjacent theme (PAM) to be there (5-NGG). This CRISPR program has been modified for make use of in genome-editing, whereby helpful information RNA (gRNA), shaped from a fusion between crRNA and tracrRNA, and Cas9 are introduced inside a organism or cell. Cas9 can TRIB3 be guided toward a particular site by RNA-DNA foundation pairing through the series of 20 nucleotides in the 5-end from the gRNA. It’s been demonstrated that double-strand breaks developed by Cas9 have the ability to bring about indels from NHEJ and HDR from either single-stranded oligonucleotides or double-stranded plasmid DNA (Fig. 1recognizing 5-YG-3 (32), or the Cpf1 nuclease out of this bacterias that identifies 5-TTN-3 (81) or 5-YTN-3 (23). CHARACTERIZATION OF LOCI IDENTIFIED BY GWAS You can find multiple methods genome-editing is defined to transform the practical evaluation of GWAS loci, and we’ll discuss some early types of the two primary approaches with regards to noncoding variations: that of analyzing the effects from the variant on downstream pathways which of determining the causal variant, and they are summarized in Desk 1. There is certainly opportunity to make use of genome-editing to review nearly all traits analyzed by GWAS, and right here we will concentrate on a subset order PTC124 of the. Desk 1. Usage of genome-editing ways to examine features of noncoding variations gene manifestation and improved HOXB13 transcription factor occupancy(44)CRISPR-Cas9Type 2 diabetesgene expression and long-range chromatin contacts(31)Type 2 diabetestranscript levels, mediated by PRRX1 transcription factor(32)lipidsgene expression observed upon differentiation of hPSCs into adipocytes(39)coronary artery diseasegene expression(40)obesityand gene expression(46)Parkinson’s diseasegene expression for order PTC124 carriers of the risk allele(47)ankylosing spondylitisgene expression were observed(48) Open in a separate window CRISPR-Cas9, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats with Cas9 nuclease; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; TALEN, transcription activator-like effector nucleases. TYPE 2 DIABETES A study by Claussnizter et al. (10) sought to examine the functionality of cis-regulatory variants causing predispositions to Type 2 diabetes (T2D) with integrative computational analysis of phylogenetic conservation. They examined enrichment for transcription factor binding within conserved transcription factor binding site modules at GWAS loci, and their analysis identified clustering of distinct homeobox transcription factor binding sites, specifically, identifying the paired-related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) factor as a repressor of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma gene (transcript levels, which was in accordance with experiments performing knockdown in human adipose stromal cells, where the risk allele-driven suppression of expression was reversed by silencing silencing did not,.
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The line talk to your doctor, which appears in so many medical-related advertisements, is apparently right. An analysis of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who maintained regular contact with their clinicians (doctors, nurses, specialists) indicates those patients are more likely to follow recommendations for detecting cancer recurrence than patients who do not. In fact, researchers found CRC patients were more than twice as likely to adhere to medical follow up procedures if they had regular patient clinician information engagement (PCIE).
The study was conducted by a team of researchers from the Center of Excellence in Cancer Communication Research (CECCR) at the University of Pennsylvanias Annenberg School for Communication. The research teamdoctoral student Andy S.L. Tan; Mihaela Moldovan-Johnson, Ph.D.; doctoral student Sarah Parvanta; Stacy W. Gray, MD; Katrina Armstrong, MD; and Robert C. Hornik, Ph.D.followed over 300 CRC patients since 2005. The results of their work currently appear in the journal The Oncologist, the official journal of the Society for Translational Oncology. The article title is Patient-Clinician Information Engagement Improves Adherence to Colorectal Cancer Surveillance after Curative Treatment: Results from a Longitudinal Study.
The patients in the studyroughly half male, half female; mostly white (88.5 percent); a mean age of 68; and most (72.5%) indicating concern about cancer recurrenceresponded to surveys over the three-year span of the study. All reported whether they had received specific follow up screening teststwo or more office visits, two or more serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tests, and one colonoscopy. The study tracked how often these procedures were received in comparison to the amount of interaction patients had with their clinicians.
While only 41 percent reported receiving all three surveillance procedures, the researchers did note that patients who had consistent PCIE were 2.8 times more likely to adhere to recommended follow up tests.
In the article the research team acknowledges that several socio-demographic and clinical factors affecting whether or not someone follows advice cannot be modified. These include the patients age, income level, race, and severity (stage) of the cancer. However, they note that understanding the impact and effects of PCIE can help health professionals develop pilot interventions to improve adherence through patient active engagement with their clinicians on cancer-related information.
We recommend that prospective studies be considered to determine if pilot programs encouraging active patient engagement with clinicians about cancer-related information would be beneficial in terms of increasing the proportion of patients receiving post-treatment surveillance testing, and ultimately in improving patient outcomes and survival, the researchers write in their conclusion.
Explore further: Patient navigators appear to improve colorectal cancer screening rate in ethnically diverse patients
The Oncologist August 2012 doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0173
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As a school-based occupational therapist, I receive many referrals for handwriting difficulties. Handwriting is a very complex function that requires many underlying skills. Many children struggle to acquire legible handwriting skills. For more information on the importance of handwriting legibility check out this post. Handwriting Legibility: Why Is It So Important?
Several factors can make a child’s writing difficult to read.
- Poorly formed letters
- Letters that are squished together or spread too far apart
- Words that are squished together or too far apart
- Poorly organized writing that is all over the page instead of aligned along the margin and lines of ruled paper
- Very faint print that is difficult to see due to inadequate pressure
- Very dark print that appears messy due to too much pressure
When looking at a child’s handwriting, it is important to figure out what is impacting legibility. Once you’ve identified what components need work, many times it’s best to grapple with one issue at a time. Why is this important? Often times kiddos with handwriting difficulties become frustrated and overwhelmed when trying to fix all the errors they’ve made. When this happens, little progress is made. It may seem like it will take too much time to tackle one problem at a time, but it really doesn’t and the end result is surely worth it. Once competency is gained in each area, the child is able to complete the editing process without getting overwhelmed. This is when you can have the child use a comprehensive checklist that addresses all legibility components and grammar if necessary. This post will focus on how to help kids learn how to space between and within words or improve visual processing skills (spatial relations).
Try one of these tips:
- Finger Spacing Have children place the finger of their non-writing hand after each word. A finger is just the right width or amount of space that should be left between words. I love this strategy because children always have access to their fingers. Unlike spacers and tools which often get lost, a child always has their finger on their person, ready to help them. Here’s a visual aid that can help children remember to do this. Place it on their desk or in plain sight while they are writing.
- Spaceman: Kids love spacemen. Spacemen are little wooden astronauts that help children learn how to space between words. Children place the spaceman after each word after it is written. There is a red line on the spacer indicating where to place it on the line.
Starting Blocks Plus Bundle- One Finger Spacer Handwriting Tool, Green and Two Finger Spacer Handwriting Tool, Blue
- Spacers: Some children have trouble with coordinating their hands to place a finger after each word. This has been particularly noted with lefties because their non-writing hand gets in the way. You can purchase spacers that function just like finger placement. The one-finger spacer is for use with wide-ruled paper (2nd grade or above). The two-finger spacer is for use with primary paper (kindergarten and 1st grade).
- DIY Spacers: Craft sticks work too! Have children decorate the popsicle stick to their liking. Simply place the stick after each word, much the same as any other spacer. In the primary grades, a wider stick is needed.
- Edibles: Many children are motivated by edible rewards. This technique is almost guaranteed to work. When teaching the child, have he or she place a candy after each word written. Once the child begins to learn the concept, using an edible during the editing process works like a charm. The child is only allowed to place a candy where there is enough space for it to fit. M&Ms and skittles are the perfect sizes for this activity.
- Stamps are another great option. Particularly if you want to avoid the use of edibles. The kids I’ve worked with were always excited to use stamps to help them space between words. Just the same, the child is to place a stamp after each word written. You can have them use it during the writing process or after as an editing tool.
What about kids that leave too much space between the letters of a word?
- Visual Aids We often see children who have trouble with spacing between words. But sometimes kids have trouble with placing the letters of a word together. They leave too much space between the letters. This is another handwriting issue you may see in children who struggle with spatial relations. I find visual aids are quite helpful when trying to get children to understand what to do. I like to use the analogy of houses on a street by saying “Letters of a word stay together, they live in the same house.”
Would you like a free PDF of the visual aids presented in this post?
As you can see, there are many ways to help children learn how to space between words. Figure out what works for your student or child. Like anything else, we all have our preferences. Let your student/child decide what works for them. For more information regarding how to improve handwriting skills, check out these posts:
As Always, have fun!
The Fun Strokes blog is designed for educational and informational use only for teachers, therapists, and parents. It is not intended as medical advice or therapeutic treatment that would be provided in an individualized treatment plan. If you suspect a child has delays, please consult an occupational therapist.
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Situation at SUNY Upstate Medical University
Despite the increased diversity of the general population, minority faculty have decreased at Upstate Medical University since 1989. Minorities are also hired at a lower rate than whites in several professional and administrative areas. This lack of visibility makes recruitment of underrepresented minority students, faculty and staff more difficult.
The Benefits of Diversity
The marketplace has shown that the people we serve—be they students, patients or even our own employees—relate best to those who share cultural similarities. Without a diverse faculty and staff, we run the risk of discouraging patients, students, residents and future employees.
By having our workplace better reflect the community we serve, we benefit in many ways:
- Keep and expand market share;
- Enhance customer satisfaction;
- Attract a good mix of students, residents and employees;
- Circumvent work shortages;
- Benefit from a wider range of personal experiences;
- Promote a fair and equitable workplace;
- Contribute to the community's economic base.
A National Trend
Upstate Medical University's effort to recruit and support people of color reflects what is taking place among the vast majority of companies in the United States. Much of this effort stems from the reality of the workforce—according to a recent article in Forbes, 75% of new entrants in the workforce are racial/ethnic minorities or women.
The Diversity Training Program develops resource teams to offer prevention-oriented programs to deal with prejudice and intergroup tensions. The program aims to enhance diversity awareness and teach members of the Upstate community that treating individuals with dignity, respect and generosity brings about a positive change for all. The education consists of University Executives' briefing session and a three-day "train the trainers" session for resource teams, delivered by the National Coalition Building Institute (NCBI). The initial orientation was broght to our campus by FSAD in conjunction with the President's Affirmative Action Committee, the Office of Diversity & Affirmative Action, the Office of Multicultural Resources, United University Professions (UUP) and National Coalition Building Institute (NCBI).
Research shows that support for diversity programs combine both ethical arguments (what is fair) as well as economic ones (it's good for business.) The same is true here. For the initiatives of the FSAD to succeed, a partnership is being cultivated between members and those who make hiring decisions in each department.
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Every day we turn on the tap and flush the toilet, but do we wonder where the water comes from, or indeed goes to?
Following a lengthy series of enquiries to Scottish Water seeking to establish where Kirrie’s water comes from, I am still at a bit of a loss.
I received the following response from the Customer Helpline of Scottish Water: “We have checked with various departments and can advise the Clash Reservoir still belongs to Scottish Water. This is currently undergoing the processes for removal as a Scottish Water asset.
“Kirriemuir’s water supply is served by Lintrathen Water Treatment Works. This is supplied by water from the reservoirs at Lintrathen and Blackwater. We have checked with numerous departments within Scottish Water and have no further information regarding Kirriemuir’s original water supply and when this was changed over.”
I checked and found the original sewage settling beds were constructed in the town in 1890 (down behind the skemmels). The method for treatment was by screening and settling by irrigation over pastureland, with the effluent discharging into the Gairie Burn.
This led to reports of pollution in 1909 when the Kirriemuir Free Press reported sewage was entering the Gairie Burn at Denmill, near the old mill and this resulted in negotiations with General Kinloch of Logie to comply with the Public Health Act. An outfall from these to beds at Logie was laid in 1911 to provide treatment at Logie.
Even as late as 1950, the situation in the Northmuir was very different and had been the source of controversy for many years as the drainage system consisted of a series of cesspools with no satisfactory outfall and remained to be connected to the town’s sewerage system.
As far as the water supply to the town of Kirriemuir goes, a Water Works tender for contract was announced on June 11, 1909. This contract was to construct a reservoir to hold some 600,000 gallons.
This reservoir can still be seen on the Hill although it is now covered over.
When the building of the present reservoir first came before the council in 1909 it was proposed to acquire ground on the Hill and east corner of the Hill. A meeting took place on January 29, 1909, when the clerk submitted a letter from Sir Leonard Lyell’s agent stating the council could have as much ground as they required for the purpose at the south east.
At a later council meeting in March a letter was read from Sir Leonard Lyell stating the council could have the necessary ground for the construction of the reservoir at a rental of £2 per acre with certain conditions attached to it. The reservoir was built by May 1910 when Provost Ogilvy turned on the water. Before 1909 some 9,000 gallons of water per hour came into the burgh but there was a great wastage at night. The reservoir was built to conserve water and as a result the supply was increased to 27,000 gallons per hour, sufficient to reach the highest parts of the town, which before had experienced frequent shortages.
It was reported in the Kirriemuir Free Press & Angus Advertiser of September 3, 1931 that Councillor William Doig said: “Kirrie’s water system was almost perfect in 1909 and the population has declined by 1,000 consumers.” With £723 still outstanding from the loan of £2,000 contracted in 1909 for the building of a storage reservoir, now a sum of £14,000 had to be raised for the building of a new reservoir at the Clash. These are the facts causing the ratepayers of Kirrie to think. Then the storage reservoir had capacity sufficient for three days’ emergency supply.
It was announced on December 21, 1951 that Kirriemuir’s ‘new reservoir’ at the Clash, Pearsie, was opened by a gentleman with a grand title - Vice Admiral Sir William Spencer Leveson-Gower, the 4th Earl Granville, DSO, CB, KJSt.J, KCVO, KG, GCVO., LL.D. (son-in-law of Claude George Bowes-Lyon 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and the Countess of Strathmore)
And so it seems we are still undergoing change, as the reservoir at the Clash that is being “removed as a Scottish Water asset” and the ongoing outfall works down by Dean Water from the Logie sewage treatment works to comply with the new regulations are still continuing.
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MacroDroid is a task automation and configuration app that focuses heavily on usability with a simple, attractive UI and logical step by step process.
From AndroidTapp.com: “MacroDroid is an completely good, and not more dear, alternative (to Tasker) that’s no doubt value attempting out” (4.6/5)
Please note MacroDroid is presently most effective on hand within the English language. Preliminary work is underway on a Spanish translation which we hope to make to be had within the coming months.
A few examples of what MacroDroid can automate:
• Shake the instrument to add the final photograph to Facebook.
• Turn on Wifi or Data connection whilst you launch a specific app (and off again when closed).
• Reply to an incoming SMS by using sending your current location. f000h
• Toggle the ability button to inform you the time (e.g. when its in your pocket).
• Use NFC tags to configure the device (turn on bluetooth, set volume etc).
Making a customized Macro is easy:
• Click ‘Add Macro’
• Choose a set off from a list – (e.g. Battery Level).
• Configure any set off particular settings – (e.g. Battery Level < 10%)
• Make a choice an motion from a list – (e.g Enable/Disable Wifi)
• Configure any motion explicit setting – (e.g. Disable Wifi)
• Add extra moves as required (up to 10)
• Optionally select a constraint from a list – (e.g. Day of the Week)
• Configure constraint as required (e.g. Saturday and Sunday)
• Add more constraints as required (up to 10).
• Make a selection a reputation and category for the Macro.
MacroDroid features a listing of template Macros to exhibit the facility and suppleness of the applying. These templates can be utilized as is, or customised to satisfy your needs.
A subset of the MacroDroid options are listed under:
Over 40 Different Triggers including:
Airplane Mode Enabled/Disabled, App Put in/Eliminated, App Opened/Closed, Battery Stage, Bluetooth Adventure, Day/Time, Instrument Boot, Tool Docked/Undocked, Dial Telephone Quantity, Headphones Inserted/Eliminated, Area Set off, Media Button Press, Cellular Carrier Standing, NFC Tag, Energy Button Toggle, Energy Related/Eliminated, Common Interval, Reveal On/Off, Shake Tool, SMS Obtained, SMS Despatched, Widget Button Press, Wifi State Exchange.
Over 70 Different Actions including:
Auto Answer Call, Control Media, Show Notification, Delete SMS, Allow/Disable Bluetooth & Connect with Audio Instrument, Permit/Disable Auto Rotate, Permit/Disable Auto Sync, Permit/Disable Knowledge, Enabled/Disable GPS (*), Allow/Disable Wifi, Let/Disable Wifi Hotspot, Ahead SMS, Kill Software, Launch Application, Make Call, Open Website, Play Sound, Popup Message, Reboot/Energy Off, Document Microphone, Say Present Time, Ship SMS, Set Brightness, Set Airplane Mode, Set Keyguard, Set MacroDroid Mode, Set Ringtone, Set Reveal Timeout, Set Quantity, Set Wallpaper, Share Place, Sleep Prior to Subsequent Motion, Talk Textual content, Take Image, Add Ultimate Picture, Vibrate
Over 25 Different Constraints including:
Battery Level, Bluetooth State, Call State, Day of the Week, Exterior Energy, Headphone Connection, MacroDroid Mode, Telephone Ringing, Ringer Quantity, Working Utility, Screen On/Off, Time of Day, Wifi State
The free version of MacroDroid is limited to five macros and a single action and constraint per macro. That you may improve within the utility to permit limitless macros with more than one movements and constraints.
We make each effort to check on as many units as that you can imagine, however sadly we will not are trying them all.
You probably have any characteristic requests or tips for enhancements then please let us know. We plan to fortify and replace MacroDroid lengthy in to the long run.
Added “Simulate Audio Button” option to Control Media action on 4.4+ (extra dependable on more apps).
Fixed one occasion of a uncommon side case the place all macros will also be misplaced.
Fixed memory leak related to the calendar trigger.
Fixed problem where incoming call trigger may hearth more than one instances.
Minor UI tweak.
Various Bug/crash fixes.
Note: all premium features available.
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Kentucky Real Estate Guide
Local Real Estate > KY Real Estate Guide • KY Real Estate Brokers
Frankfort is the fifth smallest state capital in the USA and home to Kentucky State University. It is a sleepy town with a slow pace of life, and its economy is driven by state government and major auto, tool and die, and whiskey manufacturers. Located in northern Kentucky along the Ohio River, Louisville serves as a center for shipping as well as industrial manufacturing and commerce. The city has a graciously southern feel and plays host to the Kentucky Derby every May. Production of automobiles and baseball bats aid the economy, followed by healthcare management. Lexington is the second largest city in Kentucky, and is the world capital of the horse industry. The economy is boosted by university and healthcare employment, and the University of Kentucky lends a college town feel. Healthcare facilities are excellent, and the attractive downtown provides an element of historic interest.
On this page you will find Kentucky real estate listing services as well as selected realtors and real estate agencies in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. For your convenience, this page also provides access to Kentucky real estate directories and realtor resources. A list of housing finance resources for the Commonwealth of Kentucky can be found on this Kentucky Housing Finance Agencies web page. Whether you're buying or selling a house in Kentucky, this wealth of information can help you get the process started.
Kentucky Real Estate Listings
Kentucky Real Estate Agencies
Kentucky Real Estate Directories
Kentucky Multiple Listing Services
Kentucky Realtor Resources
Real Estate in Adjacent States
Related Kentucky Links
Copyright © 2006-2015 Local-Real-Estate.com. All rights reserved.
For your convenience, certain links will open in new windows.
Kentucky Real Estate - Kentucky Realtors - Kentucky Homes
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The Kansas Firefighters Museum was home to the last horse-drawn fire station for the Wichita Fire Department. Construction for Engine House No. 6 was completed at the end of 1909 and went into service on January 2nd, 1910. The station was equipped with a combination hose and chemical wagon, a team of two fire horses (Tom and Dick), and four firefighters:
By 1918, all fire horses were retired from the city, making the Wichita Fire Department the first all-motorized fire department in the United States and the second in the world!
In 1953 Engine House No. 6 was closed, but it was not dead. It was manned and operated by the Civil Preparedness, reserve firefighters who answered calls in the city and county.
During the 1980’s, the Fire Reserve moved and the old engine house became a storage facility for the Wichita Fire Department.
Over the years, old Engine House No. 6 became increasingly rundown and was eventually scheduled for demolition.
However, in 1993 the Historic Preservation Alliance of Wichita and Sedgwick County formed an organization known as Friends of Engine House No. 6 which (combined with concerned firefighters and neighborhood residents) petitioned the city and stopped the demolition. These same good people came together and restored old Engine House 6 to its former glory, establishing the Kansas Firefighters Museum. One year later in 1994, the building was placed on the Kansas and National Registers of Historic Places.
In 2001 the Kansas Fallen Firefighters Memorial was added. A memorial park with a brick and granite wall which contains the names of fallen Kansas Firefighters, as well as the “Final Call” statue.
In 2007 the State of Kansas recognized the museum as the “official state firefighters’ museum.”
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These wonderful teaching cards will amaze your students as you teach the finer points of the Ancient Hebrew language. Use them to create words, exploring their pictorial values, and highlight the ancient Hebrew meaning of each letter in the process. Each card is designed to assist with learning, teaching and exploring the majesty in the language of YHVH!
Each set contains the 22 letters of the Ancient Hebrew Aleph Beyt, with extra letters for those used more frequently and a special “key” card with all letters on one card.
Many wonder how to validate that the Hebrew Letters have their origins in pictographs. The answer is within the letter itself! For example, the first letter, Aleph, is identified as an Ox. How do we know this? The letter Aleph is spelled, Alepf, Lamed, Pey, and is also the word for "Ox" in the Ancient Hebrew! See all 22 letters and their pictographic roots as depicted on these teaching cards.
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U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs
Carlos Figueroa monoskis in Aspen Snowmass on Thursday as part of a VA sports clinic for disabled veterans.
An Iraq war veteran who yearns to snowboard next March at the Sochi Paralympics recently told a priest he would give his left leg to compete for his country. And then, he did.
Six weeks ago, retired Army Sgt. Carlos Figueroa allowed a surgeon to amputate below his left knee — 10 years after an IED blast rendered the limb nearly useless. The decision was surprisingly simple, he said, because it sliced away a decade of mounting pain. Yet he also acknowledged: “I did give it up because I want to get into the Paralympics.”
“When I went in, my doctor asked me: ‘What’s your biggest goal?’ I told him: ‘Be on my board within three months.’ He just said, ‘Dude, most people aren’t walking within three months,’ ” Figueroa recalled.
Walking will come. What he can do — already — is carve down a mountain, the lone place Figueroa, 34, feels at peace: “Up there, I’m no different from anybody. No PTSD. I’m at my happiest.” On Thursday, Figueroa beamed while manhandling an Aspen, Colo., slope atop a monoski at a sports clinic for disabled veterans. As a familiar, cool breeze brushed his face, he also dreamed about racing in Russia.
“My love for snowboarding is about loss, the loss of what I had in the military, where you’re used to being on the move, on patrols, on raids. That’s how I treat my races. The moment that gate drops, it’s like the door opening on a raid. I go full blast. I’m able to get something back that I felt was taken away. That rush. I love it.”
U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs
"Up there, I'm no different from anybody. No PTSD. I'm at my happiest," said Carlos Figueroa of the feeling of carving down slopes.
The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have borne a bittersweet byproduct: scores of American Paralympic hopefuls. The Sochi Paralympics, to be held just after the 2014 Winter Games in that city, marks the inaugural Paralympic snowboarding event for disabled athletes. The U.S. men’s Paralympic snowboarding squad will consist of five members.
Figueroa (and those close to him) knows he’s the longest of long shots. His own coach, Mike Shea, estimates he took two years to, literally, make the leap from his own leg amputation to landing jumps. The raw nerve endings in an amputated limb must become desensitized to the harsh pounding. When the board hits the snow, the stump pushes into the prosthetic leg, “sending chills up your spine,” Shea said. “It doesn’t feel good.”
Then there’s the calendar. If Figueroa is indeed back on his board by autumn, he’ll have a limited number of sanctioned races — beginning in January 2014 — to rack up enough points to rank among the top five American men. And the U.S. Paralympic snowboarders, including Shea, compose the world’s deepest talent pool in that sport. The roster likely will be named in February.
“It’s a slim chance, a super, super small window,” Figueroa said, “but we’re still going to push.”
He needs only a sliver of possibility to kindle his hope — or better yet, someone telling him he can’t. He certainly doesn’t need two legs.
The Feb. 15 amputation came 10 years after a bomb detonated beneath his armored vehicle, ejecting him through an open roof hatch. A decade spent lugging a useless left limb (with no heel), suffering increasing back and knee pain, instantly convinced him to say “Let’s do it,” when an orthopedic surgeon in San Diego suggested, “Let’s cut.” He was done, he said, wasting another day “in a bubble” due to his injury, calling the operation “liberating.”
'Go fast and have fun'
Nobody who has heard that account is betting against Figueroa.
“With any military athlete, you can definitely see that sense of pride and determination above and beyond what you see with other athletes. Part of it is just a chance to represent their county again,” said Kevin Jardine, high performance director of Parlaympic alpine skiing and snowboarding for the U.S. Olympic Committee. “They’re willing to sacrifice a lot.”
Added Shea, who lost his leg in a 2002 wake-boarding accident: “Anything you tell Carlos, he’ll get it done. He always seems to find a way. He has no fear up there. He has passion. And I’ve learned from him the smiling gets you a long way in life.”
This week at the National Disabled Veterans Winter Sports Clinic in Aspen, organized by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Figueroa has been tempted to grab a board and shred. This is his fourth year attending. As a testament to his disregard for other people’s timelines, he couldn’t even stand on a snowboard four years ago due to his injury, yet he competed in a World Cup event for disabled snowboarders not long after that.
Until his prosthetic leg arrives, he’ll stick to monoskiing, during which he sits in a “bucket” atop one ski, using his arms to hold smaller, balancing skis.
“The first run, I took it slow. After that, I opened it up,” Figueroa said. “I just want to go fast and have fun.”
When the instructor noticed his raw speed, he warned Figueroa: “You do realize if you go down, you may peel off half your face.”
Figueroa simply grinned: “That’s alright.”
On the 10th anniversary of the war in Iraq, a special group of people in Vail, Colo., are also marking the tenth anniversary of their unique program designed to help war amputees regain independence through skiing. NBC's Kevin Tibbles reports.
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By Joannes Vermorel, December 2016
Backorders represent purchase orders made to the supplier for products that are already out of stock from a given location being served. Backordering is the process of selling inventory the company doesn’t have on hand. Backordering takes place only when the demand is captured in a formal manner: for example, in a retail store, most customers would simply move on when facing an out-of-shelf situation, without reporting the missing product to the store. Backorders represent specific challenges in terms of inventory optimization, as backordered units are typically associated with a degree of urgency coming from the client.
Overview of backorders
Backordering represents a way for clients to order a unit that is not presently available. This situation often arises in B2B sales contexts. For example, a pool of aircraft parts should be able to serve all the parts requested; and any request that cannot be immediately fulfilled from the stock on hand will trigger a backorder.
Backorders can also take place in B2C contexts, typically in e-commerce. Typically, the product will be flagged as available “within 2 weeks” or any other similar timeframe that represents the e-retailer’s best guess about how much time it will take to have the product delivered at the time the order is being made by the customer. Expensive products are also frequently backordered from the store with the help of a store clerk.
In B2C, the ordered product may not always be delivered to the customer in the end because the costs involved in delivering the product may vastly exceed the benefits (see the discussion on MOQs below). Therefore, when it is indeed possible to have recourse to backorders, it is advised to have a process in place to handle, as gracefully as possible, the situations where the product will not be delivered to the client within the originally advertised timeframe. This process typically includes a proactive refund for the product, but may also include an additional gift voucher as a compensation for the unfulfilled order.
Quantitative modeling of backorders
The backordering process is nearly always linked to clients experiencing extra sensitive to the actual duration of stock-outs. Indeed, with backorders, clients are taking an upfront commitment for purchasing a product that is not readily available, and extended product unavailability is going to be perceived as a lack of good service provided by the distributor.
From inventory control viewpoint, backorders are typically represented as negative values within the available stock. The available stock should not be confused with the stock on hand which represents the quantity of stock physically present on the shelf. By definition, the stock on hand value cannot drop lower than zero; while the stock available can take both positive and negative values.
From an inventory optimization viewpoint, when modeling the impact of backorders using the stock reward function
, the economic penalty associated with stock-outs in the specific case of backorders is typically assumed to be quite large, possibly equal or larger than the selling price of the product itself.
MOQs and backorders
When minimum order quantities
(MOQs) are present, they typically interfere with backorders: in this case, it is not possible to make a purchase order that exactly matches the backorder quantities since the purchase order needs to satisfy the MOQ constraints as well. When MOQs are large, it is not always a reasonable economic option to fulfill every single backorder because satisfying the MOQ constraint may result in creating a lot of dead stock.
The first step for avoiding this situation consists in refining the calculation that defines the availability of the product taking into account the MOQ constraint. The MOQ constraint is used to compute an advertized shipping delay aligned with the real delay that the customer will most likely have to face if she takes the option of backordering the product.
Furthermore, a prioritized ordering policy
needs to be used to correctly model the impact of the extra stock-out penalty generated by the backorders. In fact, order point inventory policies cannot properly handle this type of multi-product constraints since MOQs are typically satisfied not only by ordering the products presently associated with backorders, but also by spreading the quantities over multiple other products that happen to have lower inventory levels as well.
Returns and backorders
Some verticals, like fashion for example, get a steady amount of returns, sometimes representing up to 50% of the original demand. In such situations, a backorder might have a good probability of being fulfilled through the expected returns, and thus, might not even need an actual purchase order to be made to the supplier.
From an inventory optimization viewpoint, this situation is handled by combining both the probabilistic forecast of the demand with the probabilistic forecast of the returns. The two probabilistic forecasts are combined through a convolution which gives the net demand; a distribution of probabilities where negative demand values are possible and represent situations where the returns might temporally outweigh the demand.
Once again, a prioritized ordering policy needs to be used to properly unify the impact of backorders when returns are present at the same time. It also possible to combine returns, MOQs and backorders
, but this typically requires the use of a dedicated numerical solver.
Containers and backorders
Some distributors prefer to blur the line between backorders and regular orders when selling inventory while it is still being shipped by sea. Indeed, overseas imports typically involve very long lead times, up to 10 weeks or more. However, a precise analysis of the incoming stream of containers offers the possibility to sell products with substantially lower lead times, while not selling products that are effectively in stock.
Selling inventory that is still in transit stage represents significant advantages for distributors from a cash flow perspective, and also contributes to decreasing the overall inventory risk by reducing a company’s overall commitment relating to unsold inventory quantities.
In practice, selling inventory in transit, such as when containers are still at sea, requires reliable probabilistic lead time forecasts
, because the calculation of the shipping times advertised to customers requires a fine-tuned modelization of the economic risks associated with an incorrect estimation of the supplier lead times.
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I have to admit, I have been procrastinating about this blog post, rather as one might hesitate on the point of ripping off a large sticking plaster. The more I hear about UK National Health Service plans for a centralised database of patient records, the more I find to be alarmed and/or angry about. There are so many flaws with the project that it’s hard to know just where to start, or how long the list will end up being. I suspect the process will be painful and annoying, but is better when done briskly – so here goes.
Let’s start with the basics: the stated aim of the NHS care.data programme is to provide a nationwide repository of patients’ health records, as input to the strategic processes of quality management and resource planning. The records are not intended to be used for patient care. That bears repeating: this data will not be used for treating patients. This raises the first fundamental question: given the long-term, macro level of the stated objectives, what is the justification for collecting identifiable data at all? As long as this data is not intended to result in individual treatment decisions at the patient level, aggregated, statistical, non-identifiable data is all that is needed.
Perhaps I should stop whining about my own individual interests and contribute my data for the greater good: more data, held centrally, will improve healthcare in the long term. If provable, that is a valid rationale – but it still doesn’t explain (let alone justify) the need to collect data in identifiable form. Nor does the accumulation of data centrally equate to the effective or timely use of that data to improve outcomes. The UK’s recent history is littered with tragic evidence of that.
This potential long-term societal benefit is not the complete cost/benefit analysis, though. The data will also be made available to organisations commissioned to provide services to the NHS. That’s a rather broad category; what the organisations will have in common is that they will pay for the data. In other words, part of the cost/benefit analysis is that the healthcare records represent a revenue stream for the HSCIC (Health and Social Care Information Centre). Here’s the price list. One thing you may notice is that, although the HSCIC says it operates on a “cost recovery basis”, the cost of providing records that include personal confidential data is actually higher than the cost of filtering the personal confidential data out. In my experience, it takes more effort to produce a selective database query than to extract whole records, so I’m not sure that adds up. Either way, the financial and commercial benefits accrued by others will come whether or not any patient care benefits materialise in the long term, and regardless of any damage to patient confidentiality.
So what of the risk to patients? The NHS’ own Privacy Impact Assessment is reported as warning of the danger of re-identification of pseudonymised data; a danger that grows with time, as the techniques of re-identification evolve. In other words, data will be disclosed to commercial and other third parties, whose capabilities to secure it are indeterminate, and in the face of a growing risk that pseudonymisation provides little or no protection. In fact, if you were a recipient of data that someone assured you was anonymised, how careful would you feel you needed to be with it?
If this reliance on pseudonymity seems short-termist, consider how much worse the picture gets when patients’ DNA profiles are routinely a part of their medical record. At that point, whether you opt into or out of care.data will directly affect not just your own privacy, but also that of your siblings and offspring.
For those interested in the rapidly-evolving research area of de-anonymisation, here is a good introductory article including pointers to existing research done by Paul Ohm, Latanya Sweeney, and Narayanan and Shmatikov. Like me, you may conclude that a record containing your date of birth, gender, full postcode and NHS number might not be very anonymous.
But what of the risk to abusers of the system? Well, NHS England is clear: those granted access could attack the confidentiality of the data by combining it with data from other sources, but “such an attack would be illegal and would be subject to sanction by the Information Commissioner’s Office”. GIven the limited powers, reach and resources of the ICO, off-shore data brokers and health insurance providers must be quaking at that prospect.
Tim Turner offers an articulate analysis, here, of some of the specious defences currently being offered to explain why we shouldn’t concern our little heads about risk.
To recap: care.data creates a market for confidential data, with questionable safeguards and very little prospect of enforcement. How about consent?
First, here is the public mailshot to households; you will notice that it is glossy in content as well as in form, and that it is based on the presumption that every citizen is opted in by default. To opt out, you have to become aware of the issue, make a decision and act on it. Among those who have expressed concern about this, as the only consent mechanism in operation, are:
– Professor Ross Anderson, an information security specialist
– The MedConfidential campaign
The fact that GPs and their national body are concerned is especially significant. You might think that, as the current holders of the records in question, and as parties to the confidential relationship between an individual and their doctor, GPs would be able to exercise control over their release. But the legislation enabling care.data includes provision for the NHS to require GPs to provide the data, simply stating that doing so “does not breach any obligation of confidence owed by the person providing it”. It’s easy for them to say that – I’d beg to differ. Doctors’ role as a data controller has its own legal consequences, and there’s a distinct possibility that EU Data Protection law is heading in a direction that will bring it into direct conflict with care.data. Recall, also, the point I made earlier about DNA records and their privacy impact on your siblings and offspring. The NHS privacy impact assessment, incidentally, does not mention DNA.
Nor is the opt-out explained in specific detail in the material sent to households. The NHS leaflet contains the URLs of two pages, neither of which explains what opt-out codes will protect which items of data. The exercise of translating your “I would like to opt out, please” into specifics is left to the staff at your GP’s practice. And as Ross Anderson’s blog points out: opting out of the care.data upload is not the same as having opted out of the “Summary Care Record” scheme – despite ministerial assurances to the contrary at the time.
But it gets worse. The GP’s magazine, Pulse, is reported as saying that the data of “opted-out” patients will still be added to the database, but with the information “stripped of identifiers”. In other words, it is quite possible that the “opt out” is nothing of the sort. The HSCIC’s own website does little to clarify things; here’s the guidance it offers to GPs. As you will see, for any category of data whose extraction might be qualified or circumscribed in some way, there is another clause that permits or requires its extraction. I’ve read the text a few times, and can’t identify any data that it conclusively bars from extraction.
By now, you probably understand why I was reluctant to embark on this post. If you’ve made it this far down the rant, I offer you congratulations which I hope will offset the gnawing anguish and rage you are quite likely to be experiencing. You should probably see a doctor about that… just don’t expect it to remain private.
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The University of Pittsburgh encourages you to enrich your educational experience by participating in internship programs. Through internships, you can supplement your classroom learning with valuable hands-on experience in your field of interest.
Internships also allow you to establish contacts that often lead to future employment opportunities directly through the internship, through recommendations internship sponsors, and through the inclusion of the internship on your resume.
You can earn academic credit for the internship by working with a full-time faculty member in addition to the internship sponsor. The faculty member establishes course work designed to complement the internship and be appropriate for the number of credits desired.
Students from any major or program may participate in internship opportunities, and because Pittsburgh is a major corporate headquarters, you can find a wide variety of opportunities available here.
Examples of past internship programs:
- Allegheny County Coroner’s Office—Observe and participate in all aspects of forensic investigations
- American Cancer Society—Working in public relations
- The Andy Warhol Museum—Assist with departmental exhibitions
- Carnegie Museum of Natural History—Experience and training in basic aspects of scientific curation
- KDKA Radio and TV—Involvement in sales and public affairs
- Millennium Medical Technologies, Inc.—Utilize lab skills in the research and development of products
- Pittsburgh Magazine—Assistance with research projects, fact finding, proofreading
- Pittsburgh Penguins—Working in public relations
- Pennsylvania Wildlife Center—Assist in all aspects of wild animals
- Salomon Smith Barney—Prepare reports on financial status and proposals for clients
- United States Steel—Projects involving programming code
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic—Assistance with clinical research and management of data services
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Recorded Atlassian University Live Webinar
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A call to all parties in the conflict in Libya was made by the European Union aimed to finish all military operations on immediate basis and create a culture of peace and calmness.
According to a statement which Germany’s foreign minister including France’s and Italy’s published yesterday claimed that Josep Borrell; the foreign policy chief of EU, asked all parties to the Libya conflict to show solidarity with the statement of creating peace culture by agreeing immediately on a ceasefire and withdraw all foreign forces mercenaries and military equipment.
However, Merkel who is the Germany Chancellor had a discussion with Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi; the president of Egypt, focusing on country’s situations and circumstances on Monday, according to the report of Reuters.
Merkel further said to Al-Sisi that United Nations-backed negotiations have got to be considered the major purpose of the creatiLibya. peace process in Libya.
While, a statement was also released by UAE’s Foreign Minister Abdullah Bin Zayed Al Nahyan expressing the interest of Emirates in order to culminate the battle ruining Libya and its peace. He further also expressed accolades on Egyptian initiative to put in place a ceasefire is a shining beacon of hope to achieve that goal
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Early this morning (Saturday 23 April) a university lecturer was hacked to death in Bangladesh. Professor Rezaul Karim Siddique was a teacher of English Department.
The Guardian quotes a fellow English professor and friend of Siddique’s saying, describing an artistic man who played Tanpura, and wrote poems and short stories. “He used to lead a cultural group called Komol Gandhar and edit a biannual literary magazine with the same name. But he never wrote or spoke against religion in public”.
Police said that the killing bore all the hallmarks of recent attacks on atheist bloggers and activists. Students and teachers immediately protested the latest violence.
Less well-reported internationally is that, in the short time since the previous latest attack, the murder of Nazimuddin Samad (or Nazim Uddin) earlier this month, police have also arrested a Facebook user Jishu Chowdhury for supposedly “anti-Muslim” comments on the social network. Chowdhury actually wrote that if Bangladeshi was to become safe again, then people must protest and take military action (“kill”) the millitant Salafi terrorists; comments which have been intentionally distorted in the media to “kill all Muslims”.)
President of the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU), Andrew Copson, comments:
“With the government blaming the victims and presiding over a systemic and conceptual collapse of justice in the country, Bangladesh continues to commit suicide in the eyes of world. Its best hopes for a civilised future are being hacked down. The police and security services fail to make any real dent in the Jihadist networks behind these attacks. And the government in borrowing the attitudes of the killers themselves — condemning non-religious people who simply express their honest criticism of religious beliefs or parties, or as in the case of Rezaul Karim Siddique offer their own cultural contributions outside the narrow constraints of Islamism — is only helping to fan the flames of extremism.
“Unless the government immediately begins to defend the right to speak and write freely, without adding the unprincipled and anti-secular qualifications that it keeps applying to freedom of expression, then very soon the only voices that will be heard will be those of murderous extremists. It is long past time that the government reverses its retrograde attitudes and unapologetically condemns extremism and stands up in protection of the secular, free society that they were meant to be working to defend.”
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In his book on adult development first published in 1978, Daniel Levinson wrote that: “The mentoring relationship is 'one of the most complex and developmentally important' in a persons life.” The mentor, Levinson said, will…“assist and facilitate the realization of the dream.” While the business community early on recognized the critical role of mentoring in the professional accomplishments of its employees (most of my early education on mentoring came from papers published in the Harvard Business Review, not core medical journals), it is only over the past several years that there has been increasing interest in the importance of mentoring for career success and satisfaction in academic medicine. Research has found that faculty members across academic medicine who identify mentors are more productive and more likely to be promoted than their peers without mentors. Mentored faculty members are also more likely to obtain research funding and publish more papers and are less likely to leave their current institution.
Leaders in academic medical centers have taken note, and some have established new mentoring programs that aim to address issues of faculty career satisfaction, retention and productivity. At the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), for example, a recently established campus-wide faculty mentoring program as well as a Mentor Development Program under the auspices of the Clinical and Translational Research Institute (CTSI) provide career and research guidance and mentor training for junior and mid-level faculty members. In addition, faculty members at UCSF are required to document mentoring on their CV so it can be considered as part of the promotion package. This is an innovation that all academic medical institutions should consider adopting.
But while mentoring has only recently been integrated into the fabric of academic medical education and training, mentoring is not a new concept, and despite the frequent references to Odysseus and Telemachus in the mentoring literature, it is not an exclusively western idea. In fact, mentoring relationships seem to be intrinsic to most types of social organizations and are present in most if not all cultures. For example, in Japan, while there is no exact translation of the word “mentor,” mentoring is a central component of many work relationships both within and outside of medicine. In sumo wrestling, for example, there is a traditional mentoring system of sorts that is adhered to by all that live in the heya, or sumo training stable. The lowest rank of wrestler known as rikishi is responsible for cooking, preparing the bath, and even holding a towel for the sekitori, or higher ranked wrestler. A rikishi is expected to respect and obey their sekitori, and the sekitori in turn must guide, protect and teach their rikishi. While this system with its reliance on a strict hierarchy and subservience of the junior protégé to their senior sekitori would not work in the west, (I can’t recall the last time one of my mentees prepared my lunch), it works well as a functional mentoring system to help train young sumo wrestlers in the art and techniques of their chosen profession.
Mentoring relationships have also been central to medical training in Japan. In the Japanese medical model, originally adapted from Germany, the oben (from the German for “at the top” or “above”) is in charge of the medical or surgical team and is responsible for teaching and mentoring the junior kobun (or mentee). When this system works well, the senior physician (oben) will teach and protect the student and resident trainees on the team while expecting them to work hard and respect his authority, similar to the relationship between the sumo sekitori and the rikishi. The system may break down, however, if there is not good personal ‘chemistry’ between the oben (mentor) and kobun (mentee), as it is not socially or organizationally acceptable for the mentee to find a new oben.
As Rachel Hammer points out in her lovely essay about mentoring, “From the Shade into the Sun: In Search of a Mentor,” featured in this month’s Healing Arts, chemistry is the ineffable but crucial ingredient in most successful mentoring relationships. She writes: “A good match made between mentor and mentee is a romance, indeed. A curious chemistry…Mentoring relationships are critical in the cultivation of healthy, fruitful doctors. Eden born, I idealize. I wish the gardens were better organized; the fertilizer and soil more fairly distributed so there weren’t so many forlorn shoots among the grateful sprouts.”
Mentoring relationships, both formal and informal, albeit less hierarchical than is the rule in Japanese medical training, are becoming part of the fabric of academic internal medicine in the United States. In this issue of JGIM, Reid et al. examine mentorship, academic productivity and promotion among academic hospitalists in the US. They report on results of a web-based survey of 420 hospitalists and found that while most felt that having a mentor was important in academic career development, less than half reported having a current mentor. Further, they found that clinician-investigators were more likely to have mentors than clinician-educators, and that those with mentors were more likely to have publications (both peer and non-peer reviewed) and more likely to have led a session at a national meeting. The discrepancy in mentorship between clinician-investigators and educators has been reported in previous surveys and is a critical issue that must be addressed through the establishment of formal mentoring programs and mentor training for clinician-educator faculty.
In the spirit of mentorship, JGIM is pleased to be offering a new opportunity for senior GIM research fellows and junior GIM faculty interested in medical journalism. The JGIM Editorial Fellowship is a 1–2-year position in which fellows will work closely with a mentor to acquire skills in manuscript review, publication standards and all phases of manuscript adjudication. Visit this web page for more information on the program: http://www.sgim.org/index.cfm?pageId=325
Conflict of Interest None disclosed.
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“Big Data”, one of the hot topics in recent years, has been widely discussed. The impact of “Big Data” on competition interests both practitioners and scholars. The major concern from antitrust perspective is whether “Big Data” could facilitate monopoly, especially in the platform economy where data could be easily accessed or collected by platforms from multiple sides of the market. The purpose of this article is to review the role of data in different stages of platform development and analyze the possibility of monopoly based on the interplay between data and platforms. We will also discuss when and how authorities should intervene with the anti-competitive behaviors in the platform economy driven by “Big Data” in different scenarios.
General introduction of recent discussion about whether “Big Data” will facilitate monopoly
In the digital age, the volume and variety of data generated on a daily basis is growing at an unprecedented rate, so is companies’ ability to analyze and exploit it. The innovative application and exploitation of data is of immense value to businesses. This gives rise to concerns that the control of vast amounts of data gives such businesses enormous power. As observed by the Economist,
“[A] new commodity spawns a lucrative, fast-growing industry, prompting antitrust regulators to step in to restrain those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants that deal in data, the oil of the digital era. Vast pools of data can act as protective moats.”
1. Big data provides competitive advantage
(1) Better know your customer and provide better product/service
Data can help improve a business operator’s product or service, which can be achieved by the learning effects of computers. Take the example of a web search engine – by collecting and analyzing data on the searches and clicks of users, developers can improve and refine a search engine and its supporting algorithm. This can improve the quality of search results and thus increases the search engine’s popularity.
Data is vital to “matching platforms” or “sharing economy platforms” such as online dating platforms (e.g. Tinder) or online ride hailing platforms (e.g. Uber). The time taken to match participants depends on the number of participants on each side and the volume of data collected through intermediary services. Adding buyers gives sellers greater incentive to participate in a platform and vice versa. More participants lead to more data and consequently more efficient matching between the demand side and the supply side, which in turn attracts more new participants and thus increases the business value of the platform.
(2) Provide targeted advertisement and maintain user loyalty
Data can also be used to better target customers and to provide them with individualized advertising, services or products. Online advertising based on so-called “behavioral targeting” can serve as an example. “Behavioral targeting” is the serving of online ads to specific users based on (comprehensive) profiles of the users generated by observing their surfing habits. Internet platforms track and collect users’ browsing history and by analyzing these information platforms are able to understand user preferences and send targeted advertisements, thus reducing their advertising costs by addressing target customers only. Moreover, data collection may increase switching costs as the provider most used by an individual has more information on him or her and is able to tailor service offerings to that particular individual, which effectively maintains user loyalty.
(3) Explore new business opportunity or business model
Access to data enables firms to exploit new business opportunities. By reusing data gathered in the context of one service for a different purpose companies may provide new services based on these data, e.g. mobility data generated by mobile network operators and mobile phones are used by navigation service providers to better show traffic jams and route their users around them.
Admittedly, data helps platform operators better understand users’ needs, improve products or services quality, or provide innovative offerings, all of which contribute to enhanced user experience. Better user experience helps retain existing customers and attract new customers on both sides of the market as a result of network effects. The more participants/transactions a platform has, the more data it collects, and vice versa. Over time, the platform will accumulate a vast amount of users and data and eventually may obtain market power.
As noted by the Economist,
“[T]his abundance of data changes the nature of competition. Technology giants have always benefited from network effects: the more users Facebook signs up, the more attractive signing up becomes for others. With data there are extra network effects. By collecting more data, a firm has more scope to improve its products, which attracts more users, generating even more data, and so on. The more data Tesla gathers from its self-driving cars, the better it can make them at driving themselves—part of the reason the firm, which sold only 25,000 cars in the first quarter, is now worth more than GM, which sold 2.3m.”
2. Data is not valuable as it is not exclusive or irreplaceable (mainly due to multi-homing)
Data may confer competitive advantage on operators; however, some view this differently as they think data is ubiquitous, of low cost and widely available. Therefore it is only of limited value to businesses and the idea that market power can be obtained through the utilization of data is not well grounded.
Non-rivalry of data
Data are non-rival goods in the sense that someone having and using a dataset does not prevent others, be they competitors or not, from having and using the same data as well (provided they can access them).
Non-rivalry of data could be a result of “multi-homing”, i.e., when individual users switch among several platforms (for example, online shopping platforms – Taobao, Jingdong, Amazon; or social networking platforms – Wechat, Line, WhatsApp) that provide the same kind of services and thus give data about themselves to several providers, none of which has any exclusivity on those data. Some scholars are of the view that multi-homing reduces the market power of platforms, as competing platforms also have access to the same kind of data. Such non-rivalry of data makes it impossible for platforms to gain competitive advantages over others.
Non-irreplaceability of data
Many scholars also point out that data is neither unique nor irreplaceable, and thus cannot constitute barriers to market entry. Data can be collected from various sources and thus business operators have many alternative ways to obtain the data needed. A prominent example is the data broker in the US, which collects data from government sources, public available sources (for example social media, blog and the Internet), and commercial data sources. Data brokers then conduct data analytics and sell the products to business operators, in which case similar data is available to anyone who can afford to pay for it.
Could data give some firms market power? The interplay between data and platforms may provide insights into this question.
The role of data in different stages of platform development and how “big data” may facilitate monopoly
The “platform” has been widely recognized as the central element of digital markets or data-driven markets. Data-driven business models often involve multi-sided platforms. Companies offer consumer free services with the aim of acquiring valuable personal data to assist advertisers in better targeting them with behavioral advertisements. In such “free markets”,
“some zero priced services compete with price based services and/or that consumers may pay a price in other forms. This may take the form of nuisance stemming from being exposed to advertisements or by giving up privacy or by providing their data, hence using data as a kind of currency to pay with”.
The theory that data is a “consideration” in the platform economy supports the view that data provides a platform with “competitive advantage”.
It is not a new phenomenon that businesses rely on data. Even back in the “old economy”, customer data was an essential source of information for any undertaking. It will be interesting to review the role of data in different stages of platform development to better understand whether “big data” may facilitate monopoly.
1. Initial stage of the platform economy where data was not recognized as consideration
The discussion around platform economy dated back to 2000, when both the academic circle and the legal practitioners began to study the platform as an emerging economic phenomenon. From the international bank card network antitrust case to the competition in the media sector and among different operating systems, the basic theories regarding platforms and two-sided markets have gradually taken shape as scholars’ study into how platforms operate and compete differently (as compared to the traditional economy) deepens. At the initial stage of platform economy (exemplified by the bank cards, media and operating systems), data was not seen as consideration for the products or services supplied. Participants on both sides were required to pay for the products or services supplied by the platform in addition to providing data to it.
At the early stage of telecommunication services, telecom operators charged both the user making the call and the person answering the call. Likewise, credit card organizations such as MasterCard and VISA charged service fees from both merchants and card holders. Users participating in the transaction not only pay service fees to the platform but also provide it with personal data or information such as their name, address, and transaction data. (See Diagram 1 below)
2. Mature stage of the platform economy where data has been recognized as consideration paid by users of products or service at the free side of the market
In recent years, there has been a growth of “free” products and services. Operators in traditional industries such as print media and television offer free magazines or TV programs to consumers and recoup the product cost by charging service fees to advertisers. This business model where one side of the market is for free is commonly adopted by Internet platforms. For example, Taobao (the online shopping platform developed by Alibaba) provides free services to the purchasers on one side but collects fees from the merchants on the other side. Although products or services on one side of the market may exhibit a “price at zero”, they are not absolutely free. One of the wildly recognized explanation regarding this business model could be “it increases the overall profits they can earn from selling the free product and an accompanying product to either the same customer or different customers. The accompanying product may be a complement, a premium version of the free product, or the product on the other side of a two-sided market.”
However, there is no valid evidence to show that the price level of the products or services on the non-free side of the market is above the industry average such that the overall profits can cover the cost of all sides of the market. Have users on the free side paid any consideration other than the purchase price? More and more studies indicate that “zero-price markets feature at least two types of exchanged nonmonetary costs: information and attention costs”. Thus instead of raising the price in the non-free side of the market to cover the cost of free side of the market, the information and attention costs may have reduced the costs of products or services on the non-free side of the market and make the “free market” model feasible. In the ride hailing industry, platforms can match customers with drivers more efficiently by analyzing, using algorithm, the data about customers’ ride hailing habits and locations it collected. And online shopping platforms always predict the products that a specific user may be interested in based on the information about the user’s gender, age, purchase history or other aspects they have collected, and make recommendations to the user. This shortens the “on-shelf” time of products and reduces warehousing costs.
One question is worth considering: at the primary stage of platform development, the above information or data was already provided to the platform, and theoretically such data could be used to reduce the cost of the products or services on the other side of the market. But surprisingly no free market emerged at that time and data was not regarded as consideration. This is probably because data plays different roles at different stages of platform development. At the early stage, the volume and variety of the data collected were very limited and the analytic capability of platforms was not well developed, so little use could be made of the data collected. Additionally, early stage data analysis could only make small cost reductions to the paying side of the market, which is far from enough to cover the cost of the “free” side of the market. As a platform evolves, so does its capability to process and analyze massive data. And multi-sided platforms emerge at a later stage, whereby a large variety and volume of user data are collected and exploited, which greatly improves efficiency and reduces cost on the non-free side of the market. The interaction between big data and multi-sided platforms has made it possible for platform operators to recoup the monetary cost on the “free” side of the market by the gains on other sides of the market. (See Diagram 2 below)
3. The possible scenario of the rise of “big platforms” with a large volume and variety of data concerning multiple sectors and its impacts
Concerns about the rise of “big platforms” are mainly due to the snowballing effect generated by the interplay between “big data” and “multi-sided platforms”. Analysis and exploitation of big data help improve service quality and transaction efficiency, reduce cost, and help platforms explore more areas of business. Both the volume and variety of the data collected are critical in data analysis, which incentivizes platforms to explore diverse business areas as much as possible. Platforms engaged in multiple sectors are able to collect a larger volume and variety of data. As such data snowballs, the products or services on the other side the platform diversify and better serve the needs of customers. Under such circumstances “big platforms” across various sectors with numerous users may gradually arise.
Can “big platforms” monopolize? As discussed above, platforms can use big data to help their self-learning computer algorithms optimize behavioral advertisements, individualize promotions, and pricing. With more data about users, the pricing algorithms can better predict user behaviors and preferences and thereby may price discriminate in order to maximize profits, leaving no room for consumer choices. Moreover, in addition to providing a marketplace, platforms are gradually engaging their own dedicated suppliers to serve the platform’s customers. Like vertical integration in most markets, vertical integration in the platform economy could result in increased efficiency, but may in some circumstances result in an anticompetitive foreclosure. It is concerned that if a vertically integrated platform controls a large portion of supply, customers might be unwilling to switch to other platforms if those platforms do not have enough participating suppliers due to the network effect, and platform operators may utilize consumers’ reliance on or loyalty in their platforms to engage in anticompetitive behaviors like excessive pricing, discrimination and bundled sales, which is detrimental to consumers. (See Diagram 3 below)
It is undeniable that “big platforms” perform better in matching supply and demand; however, platforms with big data are more likely to monopolize. Where anticompetitive effects thus incurred prevail over efficiencies, should antitrust regulatory authorities intervene? And what are the appropriate measures to be taken?
1. Balancing efficiency/innovation and consumer protection in different stages of platform evolution in different industries
Although the platform economy is developing rapidly, platforms in many sectors have not yet evolved into the point where the use or exploitation of data and algorithms impedes competition. Traditional media platforms like print media develop slowly and the well-established card payment ecosystem has now been disrupted by third party online payment platforms.
New data-driven platforms are springing up, adopting two-sided or multi-sided market models where one or more sides of the market are free, such as news apps, web TV, ride hailing apps, and take-away platforms. The boom of new platforms in China is having a dramatic impact on traditional industries, but most of these platforms are not yet profitable or making sustainable profits. These innovative platforms share some common features, like innovative business models to meet consumer needs and very low prices to cultivate user habits. It is presumed that when the platform economy matures the cost reduction for the products and services on the non-free side of the market as a result of using and exploiting the data collected must be enough to cover the cost of the free side of the market. Based on this assumption, the reason why some platforms are unprofitable is probably because they did not fully exploit the value of the data collected, or the money paid by the participants on the non-free side(s) of the market does not cover the monetary cost on the free side of the market. In other words, these platforms have not matured to the point where the snowball effect is triggered by the interaction of big data and a multi-sided platform. As such, it might be too early for competition authority to intervene at the current stage, as the possible anticompetitive effects and the efficiencies brought about by innovative platforms need to be balanced. (See Diagram 4 below)
In sum, the evolutionary process of platform economy with interaction between big data and platforms suggests that antitrust authorities may need to take into account the different stages of platform development and the profitability of platforms in antitrust enforcement.
2. Consumer law, unfair competition law, or anti-monopoly law?
It is also noteworthy that platforms even still in the developing stage may already have a strong customer base, and their improper business conducts, such as sales below cost (on the “free” side of the market), refusal to deal, exclusive dealing and discrimination, may impede competition and harm consumers. In particular, there has been debate about whether the practice of platforms (e.g. ride hailing or bike sharing platforms) subsidizing users is anticompetitive. Some consider that subsidization by platforms constitutes predatory pricing under anti-monopoly law. However, as discussed above, these platforms are still developing without sustainable profits, and it might not be meaningful to establish a “dominant position” based on the number of users in this scenario as the platform is not mature enough to be the candidate of “big platforms”. Therefore, intervention by antitrust authorities at the current stage may chill innovation.
But if the commercial activities of platforms do impede competition and harm consumers, intervention by authorities shall be inevitable. If anti-monopoly law is not appropriate at this stage, would it be possible to regulate these behaviors by applying the anti-unfair competition law or consumer protection law? For instance, authorities may try to explore the feasibility of regulating the conducts of offering products or services free of charge or granting subsidies to the participants using the theory of “selling products below cost” under anti-unfair competition law, and regulating the behaviors of designating the trading counterparty by applying the consumer law. The anti-unfair competition law or consumer protection law may not perfectly serve the purpose, but we shall at least explore other options to adapt in the new era of data and platform.
In sum, we tend to believe that developing platforms that have not achieved profitability are unable to engage in anticompetitive monopoly conducts, while matured platforms with sustainable profits have better incentive and ability to carry out monopolistic behaviors. Should antitrust authorities intervene and when? This needs to be assessed on a case by case basis. Antitrust law, the Damocles’ sword for platform operators, should be applied prudently. Regulation can chill innovation by increasing costs and decreasing potential returns, thereby impeding or preventing new entry and depriving consumers of the benefits of new product and service offerings. Legislators and regulators face a challenging task in balancing these concerns. In the blossom of platform economy, regulators should call on antitrust, anti-unfair competition, or consumer law or even privacy law in their enforcement depending on the specific stage of platform development, so as to properly balance consumer protection with innovation in platform economy.
1 “The world’s most valuable resource”, The Economist May 6th 2017.
2 See, e.g., id.; Sarah O’Connor, The Gig Economy is Neither ‘Sharing’ nor ‘Collaborative’, FIN. TIMES (June 14, 2016), https://www.ft.com/content/8273edfe-2c9f-11e6-a18d-a96ab29e3c95.
3 Competition Law and Data , a joint report by the French and German competition authorities on 10th May 2016, page 10.
4 See smm Sales & Marketing Management: Behavioral Targeting, https://salesandmarketing.com/article/behavioral- targeting; What Is Behavioral Targeting?, CBS News, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-is-behavioral-targeting/.
5 Competition Law and Data , a joint report by the French and German competition authorities on 10th May 2016, page 28.
6 Competition Law and Data , a joint report by the French and German competition authorities on 10th May 2016, page 10.
7 “The world’s most valuable resource”, The Economist May 6th 2017.
8 Nils-Peter Schepp and Achim Wambach, On Big Data and its Relevance for Market Power Assessment, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 2016, Vol. 7, No. 2, p. 121.
9 Data brokers collect person data through various sources and sell these data to business operators.
10 “Competition policy: The challenge of digital markets”, Special Report No 68, by the Monopolies Commission in Germany in 2015.
11 “Big Data and Competition Policy”, Maurice E. Stucke&Allen P. Grunes.
12 Nicolai VAN GORP and Dr Olga BATURA, Challenges for Competition Policy in a Digitalized Economy, Study for the ECON Committee, July 2015, p. 55. Available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies.
13 “Competition Law and Data”, a joint repot by published by the French Competition Authority and German Federal Cartel Office. Available at http://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Publikation/DE/Berichte/Big%20Data%20Papier.html;jsessionid=AE7 DFD2E9E8858CFE8736871D812D9AB.1_cid378?nn=3599398.
14 Katz in 2001, Rochet and Tirole in 2002, Wright in 2004, and Roson in 2004.
15 David S. Evans. The Antitrust Economics of Free. Competition Policy International.2011.
16 If the price is above the industry average, the products or services on the non-free side of the market will be less competitive compared with similar products or services in the traditional marketplace.
17 John M. Newman. Antitrust in Zero-price Markets： Foundations .University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 2015.
18 Ariel Ezrachi and Maurice E. Stucke, Virtual Competition – The Promise and Perils of the Algorithm-driven Economy, page 94.
19 “Business operators shall not sell products at a price below cost, with the intention to exclude competitors from the market”, Article 11 of the Law of the People’s Republic of China against Unfair Competition, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China, effective as of December 1, 1993.
20 “Consumers have the right to choose the products or services independently”, Article 9 of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Consumers, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China, effective as of March 15, 2014.
Note: Whether “Big Data” Could Facilitate Monopoly in the Platform Economy and How We Shall Step In firstly published by CPI on June 11, 2017
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If you’ve ever dreamed of winning the lottery, you may be wondering how to play. In fact, there are many ways to play the lottery. The easiest way to win big is to purchase lottery tickets. You can purchase them through a lottery website or download an app. To start playing, make sure to set up a free account. From there, you can choose which game you want to play. Choose games that have a lot of options, clearly state how much a ticket costs, the winning criteria, the size of the jackpot, and other important details. Also, look for the date of the next draw.
In Maryland, the State Lottery and Gaming Control Agency employs the services of Creative Services. This department develops advertising campaigns and evaluates their effectiveness. It also purchases advertising space and time for winners’ awareness and promotions. It also manages the production of Lottery-branded materials for television, radio, and print. A team of professionals is dedicated to helping the public win big in the lottery. It’s a big job, but it’s well worth the work.
The US lottery has been around for a long time. In the colonial era, newspaper ads indicate hundreds of lotteries. In 1934, Puerto Rico became the first state in the US to launch its own lottery. New Hampshire became the first state to introduce a lottery in 1964. Today, the US is home to 45 state lotteries, Washington DC, and the Virgin Islands. There are many different types of lotteries, including instant win games and drawing games.
Some states have also legalized online lottery purchasing. Though online lottery sales are still in its infancy, it’s a growing trend in the US. Online lottery websites offer the same convenience and options as brick-and-mortar lottery retailers. Several states, including New Hampshire, have already introduced regulations for online lottery ticket sales. Others, like Kentucky, are considering the possibility. The choice is yours, so don’t hesitate to play the lottery online.
Another way to play the lottery is through an app. These lottery apps work just like the traditional lottery system, leaving you with an app icon on your desktop. While social casino and play-money lottery apps look similar, they don’t offer the possibility of winning a large sum of money. There are some drawbacks, however. However, these two methods aren’t for everyone. There are still a few things to consider before playing the lottery with real money.
The New Hampshire Lottery was founded in 1964, and offers several draw games including Powerball and Mega Millions. This lottery is a member of the Multi-State Lottery Association. Proceeds from this lottery go to the state’s general fund and public employee pension system. Similarly, the Delaware Lottery is a member of the Multi-State Lottery Association and offers six exclusive draw games. The state lottery profits from this lottery are distributed among public pension funds.
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Elsevier Science B.V., PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
Journal of geochemical exploration vol:89 issue:1-3 pages:108-111
This paper discusses the fluid flow evolution in the Veracruz petroleum province of eastern Mexico based on results of an integrated diagenctic, sedimentological and structural analysis. The area progressively changed from passive foreland towards an active fold-and-thrust belt into a passive belt with infill of the foreland basin and finally underwent transpressional deformation. This varied kinematic evolution resulted in numerous fluid flow events, among which were four different petroleum migration pulses. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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* Why does a company choose to form as a corporation? What are the steps required to become a corporation? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the corporate form of doing business? Corporations are created in order to separate the businesses finances from the person’s individual finances so that they can protect themselves financially. The advantages of forming a corporation are that the business can obtain the credibility so that consumers are more comfortable. Since consumers normally prefers to do business with a corporation. Also by forming a corporation the person protects their assets and name by forming a corporation. The disadvantages are that the process is lengthy and pricey. Also corporations often end up paying more in taxes. Corporations are also monitored very closely and must be in compliance with several entities.
* Why is preferred stock referred to as preferred? What are some of the features added to preferred stock that make it more attractive to investors? Would you select preferred stock or common stock as an investment? Why? Preferred stock is considered preferred because it has dividend preference over common stock. Preferred stockholders have the right to receive dividends before common stockholders. The per share dividend amount is stated as a percentage of the preferred stocks per value or as a specified amount. Preferred stockholders must ne paid their annual dividend plus any dividends in arrears before common stockholders receive any dividends. I would select referred stock over common stock because I want to get paid as quickly as possible.
* What are the different types of dividends corporations may issue? When should a corporation pay dividends? Do you prefer a stock dividend or a cash dividend? Why There are four types of dividends: 1. cash dividends, 2. property dividends, 3. scrip (note), and 4. stock dividends. A corporation should pay dividends when it has retained earning, adequate cash, and a declaration of dividends. I would prefer a cash dividend. If the corporation issues stock, they are not having to spend actual cash. I want to be reassured that the business actually has my money. I have seen it too many times where huge corporations lie and cheat on paper. I also do not really like the stock market and never have been good at buying, selling, or owning stock.
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Before Christmas, Microsoft added a bunch of new features to Azure. One that I've only really just noticed was Premium Storage. Azure provides several types of cloud storage (blogs, queues, tables and files) – with the files storage still in preview. Premium storage too is in Preview.
The basic idea if Azure Storage is that you can store your data in the cloud: whether that data is the VHD drive for an Azure VM, a message queue used to hook up different parts of an application, or whatever. Azure storage is a fundamental building block you use to create cloud computing systems based on Azure.
The new premium storage feature now allows you to store this data on SSD disks. This new storage option provides higher performance and lower disk latency. Not only that, but, at least during the preview, Microsoft offered three types of SSD: P10, P20, and P30. These disks are 128gb, 512gb and 1tb respectively. The bigger disk provide more IOPS and greater throughput.
I look forward to playing a bit more with Premium Storage! I suppose it goes without saying: you can easily use Azure PowerShell cmdlets to manage this storage. I hope to generate a few scripts to demonstrate this!
For more details on Azure Storage, See Sirius Kuttiyan's recent blog post. For fuller details on Azure Storage pricing, see: http://azure.microsoft.com/en-gb/pricing/details/storage/. Premium storage is still in preview, and is offered at a bit of a discount. The 128GB P10 disk, for example, is £5.47/month, while the 1TB P30 is £37.54/month.
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Whether or not your school provides explicit or implicit opportunities to address Passover, Easter, and other spring religious observances, our teens need us to use this time of year to have important conversations about aspirations.
Passover, in particular, has very rich symbolism, often around the Hebrew peoples' exodus from slavery and their journey to physical freedom and spiritual discovery. But the wider lesson of this season, which, for many of us, coincides with spring, is renewal. And this is especially important in light of a growing database speaking to the relationship between youth aspiration and youth accomplishment. The findings are just what you would expect: youth who do not feel they will graduate from high school, go to or complete college, find meaningful jobs, raise a healthy family, or contribute to their communities are significantly less likely to accomplish these goals than their similar peers with higher aspirations.
So we need to use this time of year to discuss renewal with our high school (and middle school) students and help them see this as a time to change their fate. The story of Moses -- born in a time when male babies were condemned to being drowned -- is a good example. He was set adrift by his parents but was found and nurtured and use the opportunity to become a prince of Egypt and eventually take his place among the most revered figures in history as a leader and a prophet.
But his story is not one of privilege and ease as it is one of resilience and bouncing back in the face of adversity. Whether or not we want to point out such role models from religion or elsewhere, there are many for us to point to. What we want teens to get is that even when the future looks bleak, it is possible to find a path to success.
This is where our vocabulary lesson comes in. Have your students look up this word: renewal.
Once they have definitions, ask them for examples of renewal they are aware of, including examples in their own lives or lives of people they know directly. Be sure to give historical examples as well. Then, have them look at synonyms to renewal. They are likely to find these:
resumption, recommencement, reestablishment;
regeneration, revival, reinvigorate, revitalization;
renovation, restoration, modernization, reconditioning, overhauling, redevelopment, rebuilding, reconstruction.
Examples for some or all of these can be solicited as well. Perhaps an aspirational essay can be written, or inspirational artwork created. The message for our students is that they can renew themselves to achieve aspirations that may now seem out of reach. That is a key meta-message of Passover.
Passover is fundamentally a testimony to how a group of people, and the individuals within them, could go from the most downtrodden to the most exalted. And this could not have happened without their own effort and courage. We know very little about the Hebrews who chose to stay where they were and not challenge their fate. Ultimately, any advantage, any path that is available will not yield results unless a choice is made to actively follow it with determination.
In this season of renewal, we must ignite our students' sense of aspiration. What they may have done in the past does not constrain them or confine them. They can rebuild, overhaul, reestablish, and revitalize themselves and head toward important goals. And then, we need to provide them with structured guidance and support so that they have a true shot at being successful. Passover is testimony to that, as well.
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Introduction: Magnetic Lock Box
Have you ever just wanted a box that you could put valuables or private items in that doesn't use a conventional method to open, such as a key? This project here might be a very simple and great method to have exactly that, and stump who ever tries to get into the box.
This project was an idea I had gotten off the internet. I have a weird fascination with just making boxes and I decided to try to mix it up this time around by actually making a more complex box, and it actually is fairly simple to achieve, so I'll show you how.
Step 1: Gathering the Materials
Since I didn't have a lot to work with, I had to salvage a few things that I thought would work.
Wood: Any type of wood would actually work for this, but to make an exact replica of what I made, you'd want some regular pieces of wood and plywood. I also used a piece of balsa wood and I'll explain for what, later. You could get this at a store like Lowe's or Home Depot.
Metal: I had a long flat piece of metal that was non-magnetic. I found this by tearing it off of a wall. The metal was not being used.
Hinges: I bought some small hinges from a store. You could get them at a hardware store.
Magnet: We had neodymium magnets laying around. You could probably buy them online if you needed to.
Screws: I bought fancier brass screws from a hardware store.
Super Glue: Bought from a hardware store, preferably using the master race of Gorilla Glue.
Band Saw: I had this in the work shop, and I used it to cut metal.
Sander/Grinder: I had a Sander/Grinder in the shop to both sand down wood and metal.
Drill: A drill for all your drilling needs.
Step 2: Getting the Box Put Together
I firstly started out by getting a single piece of wood, cutting it at about 7 inches long for each piece. This is probably the easiest part about doing this project, unless you do the optional step, which I did.
You could dovetail the sides of the wood, to make a nicer finish on the actual sides. More will be explained in the next step.
If you are skipping the optional step, we will continue here:
The box would then be screwed together on each side, then using a piece of plywood that I found, I put the bottom piece on to the box, and screwed it in.
Step 3: Optional Step
This is more details on the actual dovetailing for the box. The image above shows what a dovetail jig looks like. We had this jig handmade and brought into the wood shop. This jig worked wonders, and made things so much easier than they were when I tried making the dovetails by hand.
To use this jig, all you need is a router tool and the bit that will make sure it glides smoothly around the outlines made by the plastic. You can find a full metal version of this jig online, but they aren't too cheap, sadly. They can usually run for around $100+, which isn't worth it, unless you are looking forward to making more boxes or anything that could use dovetailing.
If you badly want to dovetail this and do not have a jig, you could easily watch multiple Youtube videos on how to actually dovetail by hand, but I will warn you, if you are an impatient person, dovetailing is not right for you. Dovetailing takes precise cuts and measurements to work.
Above is also shown the box put together, with the dovetails.
Step 4: The Locking Mechanism
This was probably the hardest part for me, because I not only had to try to find a nice way to make the locking mechanism work, but also work smoothly.
This step consisted of my having to literally tear metal off of a wall to get what is shown above in the image. After I took the metal off the wall, I drew a rough sketch in pencil and marker on the metal to the shape of what is shown above. At the bottom of the metal, there is a small, circular, neodymium magnet super glued on it.
After this, I drilled out a small hole in the actual box for the piece of metal (with a hole shown in it) and added a small dowel rod for the piece of metal to sit and freely swing on.
On the inside of the box I had to route out a little path for this piece of metal to slide across, so it could move in place. Above in the pictures is a good reference I used to actually make this path.
After that, I put a small nonmagnetic metal sheet on the inside to attempt to hide the actual route made, along with keeping the piece of metal that is freely moving, in place (again shown in the images above).
Step 5: The Lid
For the lid, I found a piece of scrap wood that was going to be trashed and thrown away, that had the perfect groove cut out of it, with a slight bit of damage on it (picture shown above). The cut out was meant to be a handle of sorts, but if you just have a piece of wood made, you can easily just cut it out by hand, or by using the router tool.
After I found that piece of wood, I had to take yet another piece of metal out of that dreaded wall, and make something for the metal hook I made, to hook onto. The finale of the lid is shown above with the metal piece inserted this time, and glued to stay there (with the help of the godlike Gorilla Glue).
The rest of the lid was put into place by hinges and extremely small screws that you could only take out with a specific screw driver, because the grooves on the screw were so small. (This makes it harder for people to break into the box, by just taking it apart. A picture of the hinges on the box are also included above.)
Step 6: Realizing How It Works
It isn't too hard to understand how it actually works, but I will explain it anyways for those who don't quite understand;
The box will sit in a neutral state of being locked. The hook is tightly slid against the metal piece on the top of the lid. The magnet that is on the inside, on the hook and another outer magnet, will be the only thing that will be used to unlock and re-lock the box. Basically, if you drag the magnet in the path that was routed out for the hook to slide across, it will unlock and open. Please note that normal magnets will not work on this though, as only neodymium will have enough strength to open the box.
Why is this useful?
This is extremely useful, because if someone finds this box, there will be no indication of how to actually open the box, let alone know what to use to get into it. If a thief broke into your house and saw this box, he/she would be pretty confused on how to open it. They wouldn't think that a magnet was supposed to be used to open it, and you could highly doubt someone would just have a spare neodymium magnet on them to open it up with.
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"Covid testing" causes symptoms, falsely attributed to "covid." Those who control the opposition and profit from the scamdemic would not tell you that.
"Covid testing" is an important tool for producing the symptoms of "covid."
It appears that the “covid testing” is one of the most powerful tools of the fraudulent “pandemic.” It is often falsely presented as harmless and is not spoken of enough. However, it is a completely misrepresented bioweapon — as to the degree of danger it poses and its role in the engineering of that “pandemic” scam.
Repeated damage to olfactory nerve makes the swabbed individuals defenseless against pathogens. Loss of smell and taste, attributed to “covid,” is also caused by the “covid test”
The “covid test” is performed by inserting a long swab into the nasopharyngeal cavity all the way to the olfactory nerve.
The olfactory nerve is the only cranial nerve that has stem cells which enable it to continually regenerate throughout life. These stem cells are so unique that they are being used to treat brain diseases and repair spinal cord injuries.
These olfactory ensheathing cells assist in innate immunity by engulfing various invaders, such as bacteria. Therefore, they are incredibly important in protecting the brain.
The olfactory nerve and bulb neurons both have a life span of four to eight months and are replaced continuously by the neural stem cells.
Repeated damaging of the olfactory nerve with nasal “covid” swabs serves the following purposes:
Creates a false impression of the “pandemic” because swabbed individuals whose olfactory nerves get damaged become defenseless against bacteria and other pathogens and get sick. Of course, with “covid.”
Further creates and maintains the false impression of the “pandemic” due to “unique” symptoms — loss of smell and taste, which in actuality are the result of the olfactory nerve damage.
Prematurely kills the population as repeated damage to the extraordinarily important olfactory nerves makes the odds of a 5-year all cause mortality four times higher in people aged 57- 85:
“Olfactory function is thus one of the strongest predictors of 5-year mortality and may serve as a bellwether for slowed cellular regeneration or as a marker of cumulative toxic environmental exposures.”
A “long covid” scam and more on the “covid specific” symptoms
Because a life span of the olfactory nerves is four to eight months, once damaged by the swab, it takes several months to fully heal and regenerate. That explains the “long covid” scam. Notice that the frauds that deliver the government-controlled narratives to the public under the guise of “dissidents” like to talk about “long covid.” In the video that I linked in my other article, Malone scares children with “long covid.” Kirsch writes about “treating” “long-haul covid.” You would hear the same narratives from other controlled opposition agents.
And what if the “covid test” is performed carefully, at a different angle so that the olfactory nerves are left intact?
If performed at a 30-degree “safe” angle, the swab would touch
the trigeminal nerve instead, which would also affect the senses of taste and smell and even sight:
Importantly, to cause loss of smell and taste, the swab need not harm either the olfactory or the trigeminal nerves, it needs only irritate the mucosa of the nasopharyngeal cavity. All these are the components of the same system and closely interrelated. Even a slight damage to any component would affect the entire limbic system.
This image of the limbic system shows why the swabbed individuals, “diagnosed” with “covid,” would experience the whole range of symptoms, fraudulently attributed to “covid.”
To recap, when people get “tested” with serrated swabs which, per the standard of the “covid testing” must be “rotated vigorously,” their epithelium gets damaged and irritated to the extent that it leads to loss of sense of smell and taste and makes them susceptible to various pathogens. When olfactory and trigeminal nerves are scratched aggressively with these serrated swabs, the extent of injury is even greater, as described above:
The “covid test” cannot identify “covid” even if it existed
Dr. Kary Mullis, inventor of the polymerase chain reaction technique, stated that PCR test cannot be used to “diagnose” anything:
“PCR is just a process that is used to make a whole lot of something out of something. It does not tell you that you’re sick or that the thing you’ve ended up with really was gonna hurt you.”
This video at 3:11.
And in this video he talks against the government frauds. Isn’t it a coincidence that he mysteriously died just a few months before the scamdemic?
The “covid virus” has never been isolated or purified
It appears that the entire “virology” is a hoax. This video has been made by a Russian naturopathic doctor and is largely based on the research of Stefan Lanka, PhD. Dr. Lanka is a former virologist who now calls himself a “nonvirologist.” In a concise way, the video demonstrates that “virology” is not based on scientific methods.
There are other good presentations on the subject, like this one with Christine Massey.
Christine has done a wonderful work on uncovering the lies of the scamdemic. She, together with a group of physicians, repeatedly tried to debate the controlled opposition heavy hitters on the subject of a virus isolation but they have been refusing to participate.
Here is another source — an email exchange between a British activist and an organization that approved the “covid vaccines” in the UK. In the emails, the organization confirmed to the inquirer that no “covid virus” has ever been isolated.
The pseudo-alternative media narrative is void of the truth regarding the scamdemic
If there is no virus then all that endless re-posting of the matters, related to “long covid,” masks, early treatment, “prevention,” “drug repurposing,” etc. is clearly useless and a method of distraction. The subject of the virus’ isolation is being carefully avoided by those who became the “leaders” and “heroes” of the dumbed-down “progressives” and who have been enriching themselves on that “pandemic” fraud.
Christine Massey has published this email exchange with Kirsch, McCullough, Rogers, Crawford, and Hodkinson. The most important facts that can be ascertained by examining that exchange is that Kirsch avoided the debate at all costs but continued whining to his readers that “no one would debate” him or his “team” and that McCullough and others have “significant financial ties to the industry that benefits from belief” in virology and from promotion of the carefully structured narratives of the controlled opposition. Apparently, being completely fed up with those characters, Christine finished her exchange by calling them “anti-science lunatics, malicious frauds, cowards, and phonies.”
If there is a harmless virus (which is very doubtful) then the government-approved narratives of the controlled opposition are still focused on all the wrong matters.
The existence of the virus is not the only topic which is being labeled as “irrelevant” by those covert agents and carefully avoided. In my future posts, I intend to touch on those topics.
The bottom line
No virus has ever been isolated or purified. The “covid specific symptoms” are created through the “covid testing” and possibly other things, unrelated to any “covid virus.” Even if there were a virus, the PCR test cannot identify it. The entire pandemic is a total scam but the government-controlled narratives would not tell you this as there are lots of money for them tied up in that fraudulent scheme.
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Dissident’s Essay is a reader-supported publication. To support my work, consider becoming a paid subscriber.
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World food costs fell for the first time in three months in April as dairy, sugar and vegetable oil costs declined, the Food & Agriculture Organization said.
An index of 55 food items dropped 1.6 percent to 209.3 points from 212.8 points in March, the Rome-based FAO wrote in an online report today. Prices are down 3.5 percent from a year earlier. An index of dairy costs slid 6.3 percent on increased production in New Zealand and improving prospects for output in the Northern Hemisphere, the United Nations agency said.
"The dairy market seems to be tempering on prospects of better supplies coming in," Abdolreza Abbassian, a senior economist at the FAO, said in a telephone interview yesterday. "Production is rising, which I think is the market’s response to the higher prices that we had seen earlier in the year."
Class III milk futures on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange are down about 6.5 percent since reaching a record last month amid drought in California and increasing demand from China. Milk collection across New Zealand, the top dairy exporter, rose 6.3 percent in the 10 months through March, compared with the same timeframe a year earlier, according to Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd.
An FAO index of vegetable oil prices dropped 2.8 percent in April to 199 points, spurred primarily by a drop in palm oil, according to today’s report. Palm oil futures fell to a three- month low today in Kuala Lumpur amid rising inventories in Malaysia, the second-biggest producing country.
World sugar prices fell 1.6 percent in April to 249.9 points on FAO’s index, amid ample supplies from countries including Thailand, India and Australia, the agency said. The FAO’s index of meat prices increased 0.4 percent during the month because of higher pork prices stemming from a disease outbreak in herds in the U.S, according to the report.
An FAO index of grain prices rose 0.5 percent last month to 206.9 points, the highest level since July, according to today’s report. Wheat prices have rallied 21 percent this year on the Chicago Board of Trade, the global benchmark, amid dry weather in the U.S. Great Plains and concern that unrest between Ukraine and Russia would disrupt shipments. Corn futures have climbed 22 percent this year in Chicago.
"The monthly increase was less pronounced than those registered in February and March" for grain prices, the FAO said in today’s report. "Weather conditions improved in the United States and tensions in Ukraine had little effect on the country’s pace of grain shipments."
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In this article we look at the taxation of holiday pay.
We quote from the IRD Payroll News as shown on the left.
In this IRD example an employee is taking three of their four weeks annual leave.
Whenever a payment of holiday pay is made in Ace Payroll, the following dialog is shown immediately afterwards
Due to increasing marginal tax rates, tax on holiday pay reduces if apportioned over a number of weeks.
If the holiday spans part of a week, use the next greatest full week. In other words for a holiday of 2 weeks and 1 day, use 3 weeks.
If after having selected a number of weeks as shown above, you then need to go back and change the value, this is done from the PAYE Deduction Analysis dialog. It is fully documented in an associated FAQ.
Payment For Sick Leave If Taken On A Public Holiday
You are not required to pay your staff time and a half if they call in sick on a public holiday they would have otherwise worked more..
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Enter your discount or quote number here:
This dramatic 26" x 39" world map captures the geography of the land and the ocean floor. Ridges, trenches, mountains, continental shelves, continental slopes, and islands are depicted. Shipped directly from our supplier, allow extra delivery time.
Raised Relief Map of the Ocean Floor with Teacher’s Guide
Teacher’s Guide for Ocean Floor Raised Relief Map
Sign-up for Email Updates
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- Date: November 3, 2002
- Type: Television Episode
The 13th Treehouse of Horror episode, consisting of three self-contained segments. Send in the Clones – Homer buys a hammock that can produce clones of himself. He creates numerous clones to help him around the house, but they soon overrun Springfield. The Fright to Creep and Scare Harms – Lisa petitions the town to get rid of their firearms after discovering the gravestone of a young man named William Bonney who died from gun violence. However, Lisa soon discovers that William Bonney is the real name of Western outlaw Billy the Kid, whose ghost, along with the ghosts of other infamous criminals, takes over the defenseless town. The Island of Dr. Hibbert – Dr. Hibbert invites the citizens of Springfield to his island resort, where he turns them into animals.
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Household debt down, but many Americans still defaulting
Although there has been an increase in positive consumer news over the past few months, much of it is still hiding negative statistics.
Research conducted by the Capital Economics Group found total household debt in the U.S. fell $77 billion in the second quarter, according to CNN. However, nearly half of this amount resulted from residential loan and mortgage charge-offs, showing that Americans are still finding difficulty handling their existing debt.
Outstanding credit card debt in the U.S. dropped $93 billion in 2009, CNN notes. However, $81 billion of this amount was due to consumers defaulting on their debt.
Household debt has fallen every quarter since 2008 when the recession originally began. Experts find it hard to use this statistic as an indicator of consumer health when banks are continuing to write off more accounts.
As more Americans continue to default on their credit cards and loans, analysts believe this may prolong the de-leveraging process. Consumer spending accounts for nearly 70 percent of the economy. Households struggling to pay off their existing debt may continue to be less inclined to splurge.
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Octopuses, crabs, lobsters and other cephalopods and crustaceans were recognized as sentient beings in the UK after Informe de la London School of Economics (LSE). This may lead to changes in the treatment and slaughter of these animals in the country. For example, boiling live lobsters may be prohibited.
The British government is now working to reform animal welfare laws. The bill, which has not yet been approved, lists cephalopods such as octopus or squid and decapods such as lobsters or crabs in the group of animals capable of feeling pain.
Octopuses and other cephalopods have been protected by science for years, but have not received any protection outside of science yet.
The proposed legislation was expanded after an independent review by the LSE, which analyzed more than 300 scientific studies and found “strong scientific evidence” that marine creatures can experience pain and distress.
Principal investigator and associate professor at LSE’s Center for Philosophy of the Natural and Social Sciences, Dr. Jonathan Birch, says the modification will help remove the “great contradiction.”
One of the ways the UK can lead in animal welfare is to protect these invertebrates that are often completely overlooked by humans.
“Octopuses and other cephalopods have been protected by science for years, but have not received any protection outside of science so far. One way the UK can lead animal welfare is to protect animals,” said Jonathan Birch, Principal Investigator and Associate Professor at the Center for Philosophy at the London School of Economics. These are invertebrates that have often been completely overlooked by humans.
For his part, UK Animal Welfare Minister Zach Goldsmith believes the new bill “provides crucial assurance that animal welfare is properly taken into account when developing new laws”.
However, this bill would not cause drastic changes to restaurants and fishing companies, although the report makes it clear that it is strongly against practices such as removing claws from crabs before returning them to water or boiling them in water.
Birch asserts that “in the event that an animal is accepted as a conscious being, it is necessary to apply the kind of principles accepted by other conscious beings.” He also considers that “humane slaughter requires training.”
The report also warned of the cruelty of raising octopuses in factory farms.
Elena Lara, director of fish research at the CIWF and author of the report, explains that the Academy Award-winning documentary “What the Octopus Taught Me” gave the world a moving insight into the lives of these unique, lonely and inherently vulnerable wild animals. They were dismayed to discover that there were plans to confine these wonderful, curious and sensitive creatures to factory farms. Their lives just wouldn’t be worth living.”
Do not boil or hit these animals
The report asks restaurants and businesses not to boil live lobsters without first startling them, not to sell decapods to handlers without having ideas about how to handle them and not to remove the claws from the crabs. However, it does not indicate a method that could be commercially viable for killing cephalopods such as octopuses.
As for octopuses, the report asks that they not be beaten, their brains chopped off or that they not suffocate in a mesh bag.
This bill will be passed to the British Parliament, the House of Lords and finally the House of Commons, after which it will be finally approved.
“Thinker. Professional twitter fanatic. Certified introvert. Troublemaker. Unapologetic zombie maven.”
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The Cayman Islands has developed a reputation as a jurisdiction of choice for Islamic finance structures, including sukuk. However, the rights held by the investors in the event of default under such structures are largely untested.
Shariah principles must be applied when structuring Shariah-compliant financial products, including sukuk. These principles include the avoidance of riba, gharar (uncertainty or speculation in contracts), unjust enrichment and prohibited activities or investments (such as gambling- and alcohol-related investments).
Undoubtedly, the Islamic finance term that is most commonly referred to in the financial newspapers of western countries is sukuk. The majority of recent sukuk structures have been sukuk ijarah, where the originator seeking financing transfers certain of its assets to a special purpose vehicle (SPV) that is often incorporated as an offshore company. SPVs become the issuers/trustees of sukuk ijarah. The SPV is typically owned by a charitable or a purpose trust (such as a Cayman STAR trust).
The SPV will issue sukuk or trust certificates to investors (the certificate holders) and invest the proceeds in assets. Trust arrangements are typically governed by English law. The SPV holds the assets in trust for the benefit of the sukuk holders pursuant to a declaration of trust using the income from the assets to make payments to the sukuk holders. There is typically a requirement that on maturity of the sukuk or upon an event of default, the originator has a purchase obligation to repurchase the assets, enabling the SPV to redeem the outstanding certificates and repay the sukuk holders.
In this regard, the rights of sukuk holders in the event of default will vary, depending on whether the sukuk structure is an asset-based or an asset-backed structure. This is important since we recognise that if the originator is in default of its obligations to make payments to the trustee for use of the assets under a sukuk ijarah, he may not be able to honour the purchase undertaking. Consequently, the SPV may not be in a position to repay the principal of the sukuk on maturity or default.
In an asset-based sukuk, the originator transfers only the beneficial ownership or equitable interest in the assets to the SPV issuer; therefore, there is no true sale. To maintain Shariah compliance, there must be a transfer of assets; since investors have no recourse to the assets, the transaction does not focus on asset risk but rather on the creditworthiness of the sponsors of the sukuk. If the originator fails to pay any amount payable pursuant to the transaction documents, the certificate holders normally have no recourse against the originator or the issuer/trustee.
These types of sukuk do not grant the certificate holders the right to cause the sale or other disposition of any of the trust assets on default. Typically, they can cause the trustee to call a meeting of the certificate holders and exercise their rights under the transaction documents, including issuing a notice to the originator pursuant to its undertaking to repurchase the assets on maturity or default of the sukuk.
In structuring the sukuk, additional security could also be granted by the originator, including share charges, mortgages and guarantees provided by related parties in the originator group. Alternatively, upon a default, the parties may agree to restructure the debt and related obligations, including an agreement to reduce the principal sums outstanding or granting standstills on exercising any rights under the transaction documents. Ultimately, asset-based sukuk are based upon the credit of the issuer, guarantor or other co-obligors.
Alternatively, in an asset-backed sukuk, the legal title to the underlying assets will typically pass by way of a true sale from the originator to the issuer SPV. On default by the borrower, sukuk holders are able to exercise certain rights of ownership and control over such assets. The elements of true sale, fundamental to a securitisation, must be present in an asset-backed sukuk. An asset-backed sukuk is similar to a securitisation in that it is a non-recourse obligation and credit risk performance is determined solely by the underlying asset.
To date, many sukuk issuers have been established as Cayman-exempted companies. As a result, issues may well arise under Cayman Islands law as to how investors in a sukuk will be treated and what recourse they may have in the event of a default or in the course of a restructuring. The difficulty in this regard stems from the fact that investors and the courts may well struggle to make legal sense of finance structures that are designed primarily to comply with Shariah. Moreover, the questions of governing law, jurisdiction and enforcement authority may be entangled.
As mentioned above, although a sukuk issuer is often incorporated as a Cayman Islands-exempted company, the transaction documents, including the declaration of trust, are typically governed by English law and the courts of England will normally have exclusive jurisdiction to settle disputes under such documents. Since the underlying sukuk assets may be located outside of the Cayman Islands or the UK (in the Middle East, for example), conflict of law issues arise.
Some foreign courts, for example, tend to guard their jurisdiction over a matter jealously and view the retention of jurisdiction as a matter of public policy. As a result, clauses purporting to grant exclusive jurisdiction to a Cayman Islands or UK court may be deemed to be contrary to public policy and not upheld. Furthermore, where there are no bilateral treaties for reciprocal enforcement of judgments between the Cayman Islands or the UK and the foreign jurisdictions where the assets are located, even if judgment is obtained in the Cayman Islands or the UK against the borrower, there may be additional hurdles to be overcome to have those judgments enforced in those foreign jurisdictions.
A great deal of attention focused on the East Cameron Gas asset-backed US$165.6 million, 13-year sukuk issued in 2006. In October 2008, East Cameron Gas filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 in the US Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Louisiana after its offshore Louisiana oil and gas wells failed to yield the expected returns, partly because of hurricane damage.
The ultimate question facing the court in the East Cameron case was whether the sukuk holders actually own a portion of the company’s oil and gas royalties. The company argued that there had been no transfer of ownership of royalties into the Cayman SPV formed to issue the sukuk. It submitted that the transaction was really a loan secured on those royalties, suggesting that sukuk holders would have to share the royalties with other creditors in the event of liquidation.
The bankruptcy court appeared to have rejected East Cameron’s secured loan argument when it said that “holders invested in the sukuk certificates in reliance on the characterisation of the transfer of the royalty interest as a true sale.” If East Cameron cannot advance additional arguments in support of its case, the sukuk holders’ rights will obviously be strengthened and they may be entitled to the stream of royalties.
According to a recent Moody’s report, most sukuk structures to date have been asset-based (rather than asset-backed), which equates them to conventional unsecured bonds. It should be noted that the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) recently approved new guidelines that will require investors to become the legal, rather than nominal, owners of sukuk assets. AAOIFI’s new guidelines have resulted in heightened investor awareness of sukuk structures that will likely result in increased investor preference for asset-backed sukuk.
However, although asset-backed sukuk are more consistent with the ideal of granting the investor an ownership share of the asset, asset-based sukuk may be more suitable where assets cannot be legally owned by investors (such as where there are restrictions on foreign ownership of certain asset classes such as real property). In addition, asset-backed sukuk may not be adequate in circumstances where the enforceability against the assets may be challenging (such as sovereign-related or owned assets).
Where sukuk are asset-backed or are structured as securitisations of a stream of revenue, the status of the transfer or sale to the issuer SPV is critical. As with other securitisations, if structured legally as a true sale, the sukuk holders will be better positioned to recover their investment through execution on the assets.
A true sale will also be fundamental in determining that the assets of the issuer will not be consolidated with the assets of the originator in the event of the bankruptcy of the latter. Where a Cayman Islands issuer is used, investors will have a right to the assets of a Cayman Islands company and Cayman Islands legal issues regarding security arise depending on the sukuk structure.
The Cayman Islands has no general system of registration of security interests to perfect or obtain priority. There are, however, registration systems in place for ships and aircraft registered in the Cayman Islands. Cayman Islands companies are required to keep an internal (private) register of mortgages and charges, but failure to make the appropriate entries does not, of itself, affect the creation of the security interest or its perfection or priority.
The law that governs the creation of the security interest, its perfection and the priority of the secured party depends upon the application of conflict of laws principles. In general, these principles require application of the laws governing the security agreement and the laws constituting the asset over which the security has been taken or the laws of the place where the asset, subject to the security interest, is situated. Hence, for sukuk, because of the interplay between different governing laws and assets typically located in a jurisdiction outside of the Cayman Islands, a myriad of complex legal issues will arise.
The continuing success of Islamic finance will depend on structuring Islamic debt financing that strikes a balance between creditor and borrower rights while maintaining Shariah compliance. The Cayman Islands has been a beneficiary of the emergence of sukuk as a burgeoning source of business finance. The restructuring of sukuk will pose new challenges for the Islamic finance market, including Islamic scholars and both onshore and Cayman Islands lawyers.
This article is not intended to be a substitute for legal advice or a legal opinion. It deals in broad terms only and is intended to merely provide a brief overview and give general information.
This article first appeared in Islamic Finance News (Vol. 7, Issue 3, 20 January 2010 issue). For more information, please visit www.IslamicFinanceNews.com.
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When people go to the gym, the first thing that they mostly do is to warm up and prepare for their upcoming workout. But there are still a number of things that you need to do before you step inside your Marina gym, there are some prep things that you need to do.
If this is your first time to join a fitness facility, be sure to keep in mind these pre-gym preps.
- Eat light
Some people think that they need to eat plenty before they go to the gym. But it can backfire to your workout. It can slow you down and might cause you to throw up in the middle of the workout. It would be best to eat something light before you do your workout, at least an hour before you step inside the gym. Do not proceed to doing your workout right after you eat. It will also make you throw up and your body needs time to digest the food to provide you the energy you need to move.
- Stay hydrated
It is important that you stay hydrated when you are working out. Apart from the sip of water you take during workouts, you need to ensure that your body have enough supply of H20 before you do your workout. Keep in mind that you will sweat profusely during your workouts. If you don’t have enough level of water in your system, it is likely that you will easily get tired, get dehydrated, and it can also lead to muscle cramping. Drinking lots of water before your workout is definitely essential.
- Dressed properly
Dressing appropriately for a workout session is important as it can help you to move freely and do your workout routines flawlessly. So, before you go to the gym, be sure that your workout outfit with you. It would be best if you can bring an extra shirt when you feel that you want to get rid of your shirt that is full of sweat.
- Prepare mentally
Preparing physically is important when you are doing your workout, but you also need to prepare your mind. You need utmost focus and concentration when you are working out. So be sure to forget your worries for the meantime so you can concentrate on your routines and what your personal trainer is saying.
Hop over to this website for more fitness tips.
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Pa. Firm To Construct Road To Flight 93 Memorial
PITTSBURGH (AP) – A Pennsylvania company has been awarded a contract to build an entrance road to the under-construction memorial for United Airlines Flight 93, which was hijacked and crashed on Sept. 11.
The National Park Service announced the $4.5 million contract with New Enterprise Stone and Lime Co. on Thursday. The company will build a 2.3-mile road connected to a highway near the memorial in Shanksville, a rural area southeast of Pittsburgh.
The Park Service says the work will begin soon and is expected to be completed in July.
Flight 93 was traveling from Newark, N.J., to San Francisco when hijackers took it over Sept. 11, 2001. It crashed into a field.
The first phase of the permanent memorial is expected to be dedicated in time for the 10th anniversary of the crash in 2011.
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by Patrick J. Buchanan – March 3, 2003
Prophecy is difficult, especially with respect to the future, said Mark Twain. And after the president’s speech to the annual dinner here of the American Enterprise Institute – Politburo of the War Party – the question remains unanswered: What course does the United States intend to pursue, after U.S. tanks have rolled into Baghdad?
As for war itself, that decision has been made. The United States intends to invade and occupy a nation that has not attacked us, to reshape its society, rebuild its government, and redirect its foreign policy to reflect American ideals and serve American interests.
Imperialism, pure and simple. Though President Bush declares our aims to be altruistic – liberation of the people of Iraq from the grip of a brutal dictator – this war is already seen in Arab eyes as a war of American empire.
Aware of the seething resentment in the Islamic world, Bush sought to send a signal to Arab capitals and the Arab street. He indicated that he still believes in a “viable” state for the Palestinians, he accepts the land-for-peace formula of the Oslo Accords and that, if terrorism ends, Israeli settlement-building on the West Bank must also.
In short, Bush seemed to be telling the Arab world that the West Bank does indeed belong to the Palestinians and must become the heartland of a Palestinian state.
But how does he intend to realize his vision and reshape the Middle East?
In part of his speech, the president seemed to be saying that after the liberation of Iraq, the peoples of Middle East will see, and seek out, the fruits of freedom.
Ariel Sharon and the War Party, however, have a less Utopian idea, and it does not rely upon example alone. After Saddam is ousted, they want U.S. ultimatums handed to Syria, Iran and Libya, ordering them to surrender their missiles, chemical and biological weapons, and nuclear programs, or face a U.S. attack.
Yet, in neither tone nor words did Bush endorse the Sharon Doctrine. What this portends is a fierce debate in this city, and a new struggle inside the War Cabinet, for control of the direction of U.S. Middle East policy once the Iraqi war is over – a struggle that will run right into the presidential year of 2004.
Here are the contending forces and clashing ideas.
The War Party rejects the Oslo Accords as suicidal folly for Israel. It rejects the Camp David plan brokered by President Clinton, the Barak Plan and the Saudi Plan, which calls on all Arab states to recognize Israel if Israel returns to its pre-1967 borders. It holds that the way to peace between Palestinians and Israelis is by smashing Arafat’s PLA and all the region’s regimes that are urging the Palestinians to fight on until Israel agrees to pull out of all lands occupied since 1967.
It believes the only secure peace for Israel is the peace of the sword, a peace dictated by a victorious America and Israel to a chastened Arab world
Sharon was first elected on a pledge to ditch the Camp David and Barak plans. His new cabinet contains militant Zionists who consider the West Bank sacred Jewish land. They will not give it up. They will not permit Jerusalem to become the capital of a Palestinian state even if Bush, triumphant in Iraq, tells them it must be done. They will fight him as they fought his father. And they will have the War Party in their corner.
The other course that will be pressed on Bush is the course his father took in 1991. After Kuwait was liberated, Bush I kept his word to his Arab allies, and brought the Israelis to a Madrid peace conference and tried to use the leverage of U.S. aid to halt the building of Israeli settlements. For this, Bush I was excoriated by Israeli zealots as an anti-Semite, and he set off a firestorm in the Israeli Lobby and the Congress of the United States.
Bush II believes that firestorm hurt his father badly in 1992.
Where will this President Bush go after Baghdad? If he seeks to pressure Israel into what the Israeli Right and the War Party think are premature and foolish negotiations, he will court a savage backlash in an election year, and fail. If he embraces the Sharon Doctrine and puts military pressure on Syria and Iran, he will do so without Tony Blair, without NATO and without U.N. backing, and he will be seen worldwide as the leader of a rogue superpower.
The Powell Doctrine – get in, win, get out and come home – may, by year’s end, have real appeal for a by-then beleaguered President Bush. For his problems do not end in Baghdad, they only begin there.
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An apprenticeship is a system for training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training, and often some accompanying study. Apprenticeships can also enable practitioners to gain a license to practice in a regulated profession.
An apprenticeship could be for you if it’s your first job, you’ve been promoted to a new role which has more responsibilities or different skills, you’re looking for a change of career, or you’re having to get a new job away from a manual role that’ll will require new skills.
More information available at: https://www.gov.uk/become-apprentice
You are never too old to start an apprenticeship! It isn’t just for someone to start a career. An apprenticeship goes beyond that- it’ll develop your job, qualifications and your career; and so will cover an expansive journey to help you become an expert. It will reignite your sense of curiosity, discovery and improvement within your job. Apprenticeships aren’t just a valuable route for school leavers, they can also be the catalyst for a career change and for pursuing missed opportunities. It’s just a new opportunity to gain more qualifications, or to update your skillset in a new industry.
An apprenticeship must last for a minimum of 12 months, but can vary in length for up to 24 months for Level 3 and Level 4 programmes.
Apprenticeships have equivalent education levels.
Level Equivalent educational level
Intermediate 2 GCSE
Advanced 3 A level
Higher 4,5,6 and 7 Foundation degree and above
Some apprenticeships may also give you an additional qualification, such as a diploma.
Off-the-job training is learning which happens outside of the normal day-to-day working environment, and leads to the achievement of an apprenticeship. This doesn’t mean you lose your apprentice for a fixed amount of time each week. Rather, your apprentice can set aside time to develop each week.
Examples of off-the-job training include classroom training, role play, coaching and mentoring, simulation exercises, online learning, work shadowing, manufacturer training, industry visits, self-study and assignment completion.
More information available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/apprenticeships-off-the-job-training
The Apprenticeship Levy is only due on annual pay bills in excess of £3 million, and is paid to HMRC through the Pay-as-you-earn (P.A.Y.E) process alongside payment of Income Tax and National Insurance contributions. It is held in a ‘digital fund’ that the employer can use to pay for apprenticeship training. A 10% contribution is added to each monthly payment by the government. Set at 0.5% of your annual pay bill, the levy is part of the government’s plans to increase the number of UK apprenticeships and improve how they are funded.
Non-levy paying employers will share the cost of training and assessing their apprentices with the government – this is called ‘co-investment’. The co-investment rate has changed for new apprenticeships starting on or after 1st April 2019. You will now pay 5% towards the cost of apprenticeship training. The government will pay the rest (95%) up to the funding band maximum.
You can get funding to pay for apprenticeship training and assessment costs through ‘The Apprenticeship Service’.
You will need an Apprenticeship Service account. You’ll use your account to:
The Adult Education Budget (AEB) is a government-funded programme that can be accessed by employers and individuals to fund a wide range of training and qualifications for all adults at the age of 19 or above:
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To be able to standardize the evaluation of prognosis and risk in individuals with SJS/TEN, different scoring systems have already been proposed. drugs are in “high” threat of inducing 10/SJS including: Allopurinol, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and various other sulfonamide-antibiotics, aminopenicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital and NSAID’s from the oxicam-type. Hereditary susceptibility to SJS and 10 is probable as exemplified with the solid association seen in Han Chinese language between a hereditary marker, the individual leukocyte antigen HLA-B*1502, and SJS induced by carbamazepine. Medical diagnosis relies generally on clinical symptoms alongside the histological evaluation of the skin biopsy displaying regular full-thickness epidermal necrolysis because of comprehensive keratinocyte apoptosis. Differential medical diagnosis contains linear IgA dermatosis and paraneoplastic pemphigus, pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid, severe generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), disseminated set bullous medication eruption and staphyloccocal scalded epidermis syndrome (SSSS). Because of the risky of mortality, administration of sufferers with SJS/10 requires rapid medical diagnosis, evaluation from the prognosis using SCORTEN, id and interruption of at fault drug, specific supportive treatment within an intense treatment device preferably, and account of immunomodulating agencies such as for example high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. SJS and 10 are serious and life-threatening. The common reported mortality price of SJS is certainly 1-5%, and of 10 is 25-35%; it could be also higher in older sufferers and the ones with a big surface of epidermal detachment. A lot more than 50% of sufferers surviving 10 have problems with long-term sequelae Ipfencarbazone of the condition. History, disease name and synonyms Stevens-Johnson symptoms (SJS) was initially defined in 1922, as an severe mucocutaneous symptoms in two youthful boys. The problem was seen as a serious purulent conjunctivitis, serious stomatitis with comprehensive mucosal necrosis, and purpuric macules. It became referred to as SJS and was named a serious mucocutaneous disease Ipfencarbazone with an extended course and possibly lethal outcome that’s generally drug-induced, and really should end up being recognized Ipfencarbazone from em erythema multiforme (EM) majus /em . Latest clinical studies show that the word ‘EM majus’ shouldn’t be used to spell it out SJS because they are distinctive disorders [1-4]. In 1956, Alan Lyell defined four sufferers with an eruption resembling scalding of your skin which he known as dangerous epidermal necrolysis or 10 . It had been only as even more sufferers with 10 had been reported in the years pursuing Lyell’s first publication, it became apparent that 10 was medication induced, and that one drugs such as for example sulfonamides, pyrazolones, barbiturates, and antiepileptics had been the most typical triggers of 10. To date Increasingly, SJS and 10 are considered to become two ends of the spectrum of serious epidermolytic undesirable cutaneous medication reactions, differing just by their level of epidermis detachment. Epidemiology 10 and SJS are rare illnesses in overall quantities with an occurrence of just one 1. 89 cases of TEN per million inhabitants each year reported for Western Berlin and Germany in 1996 . La Grenade et al survey similar outcomes, with 1.9 cases of TEN per Mouse monoclonal to A1BG million inhabitants each year predicated on all cases reported towards the FDA AERS database in america . Lower occurrence rates had been reported by Chan et al in Singapore . Certain infectious illnesses may have an influence in the occurrence of 10, which is clearly the situation for HIV where in fact the annual occurrence is around 1000-fold greater than in the overall inhabitants, with around 1 case per thousand each year in the HIV-positive inhabitants (. In a report of HIV positive sufferers of the higher Paris region in the past due eighties and early nineties, 15 situations of SJS/10 had been reported in sufferers with AIDS in comparison to 0.04 anticipated situations . In another research Ipfencarbazone just ten out of 50 situations of SJS/10 in HIV sufferers could be obviously attributed to the usage of Ipfencarbazone medicines, whereas in the various other cases a reason could not end up being determined because of insufficient data of medication intake or information . Regional distinctions in medication prescription, the hereditary background of sufferers (HLA, metabolizing enzymes), the coexistence of cancers, or concomitant radiotherapy [11,12], can impact in the occurrence of 10 and SJS. To a smaller extent, various other infections have already been reported as the only real trigger occasionally. Mycoplasma pneumoniae attacks are.
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No food you eat has a direct impact on your feet. Your diet can cause health issues, though, which make you more likely to experience joint pain, poor blood flow and nerve damage -- all of which can make foot pain happen. If you have diabetes, too much sugar in your blood can cause serious foot problems; while gout, which results from a buildup of uric-acid crystals, can also be caused by diet. For healthy feet, avoid foods that have an excess of added sugar, saturated fats or man-made preservatives and stick to whole foods.
Diabetes and the Feet
If you have diabetes, it's critical to keep your blood glucose levels as close as possible to the target your doctor has set. If you eat too much sugar and let those numbers get out of control, you may experience nerve damage, which makes it difficult for you to feel sores or blisters on your feet. If these become infected and your blood flow is also poor because of glucose buildup, the blisters may never heal, and they could result in gangrene, which is deadened tissue.
Blood Sugar Control
To control your blood sugar, eat consistently and never skip a meal. Avoid alcohol and sugary drinks, such as soda and fancy coffee drinks. White bread, baked goods, fried foods, and store-bought cookies and pies are full of quick-digesting carbs and added sugar that spike your blood sugar levels. Over time, these can lead to the diabetes complications that cause foot pain. Instead, reach for plenty of fresh vegetables, and consume a moderate amount of whole grains and fresh fruit. Lean proteins, such as skinless chicken, white fish and flank steak, are also excellent choices to control hunger and provide essential nutrition.
Gout is a form of arthritis that usually first strikes the big toe, but it can show up almost anywhere in the feet -- even in the knees, wrists, fingers and elbows. When your body processes purines, a compound found in all bodily tissues, uric acid forms. If purines aren't processed properly, uric acid builds up. This buildup causes gout, and it can have a genetic cause, but it is more likely if you are an overweight man, drink too much alcohol, have experienced lead exposure, have had an organ transplant or are on certain medications. Eating too many foods rich in purines can also cause gout, or aggravate an existing condition, resulting in foot pain.
Foods Containing Purines
Liver, organ meats and dried legumes are rich in purines and can exacerbate the foot pain from gout. Some seafood is OK if you have gout, but herring, anchovies and tuna are especially high in purines, so you should avoid those. Beer increases your uric acid levels and makes it difficult for your body to process the byproduct. Red meat, turkey and goose all contain higher levels of purine than other protein sources, so if you are trying to avoid a gout flareup, you should eat those only in moderation. Sugary drinks, especially those containing high-fructose corn syrup, also interfere with your body's ability to process uric acid.
Choose a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables, but moderate your intake of cauliflower, asparagus and spinach, which contain more purines than other vegetables. Most white-meat proteins such as chicken and flounder, tofu and pork are good low-purine protein options. Nuts and seeds, whole grains and olive oil round out a diet that won't aggravate gout.
A poor diet can intensify inflammatory foot conditions, such as plantar fasciitis, which causes pain in the thick band of tissue that runs across the bottom of your foot connecting the heel bone to your toes. Again, white flour products, processed vegetable oils -- such as sunflower or soybean -- and excessive trans fats or saturated fats can cause excess weight, high blood sugar or other conditions that exacerbate joint inflammation and foot pain. Aim for a whole-foods, balanced diet to moderate your weight, and keep your joints as healthy as possible.
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demonstration(redirected from Demonstration (disambiguation))
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Wikipedia.
(1) A procession, meeting, or other forms of expression of popular sentiments by the masses.
(2) A visual method of acquainting an audience with a phenomenon or object, such as a classroom demonstration of model animals and chemical reactions.
(3) Threatening acts by a state. Figuratively, deliberately accentuated, provocative behavior.
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Vernon Philander may not be the fastest of the South African lot but he’s a match winning bowler never the less. Accuracy with line and length is his greatest strength even though he isn’t the fastest. Philander is a wonderful bowler who can turn a game on its head single handedly.
He has a great ability to swing the ball both ways and that’s what makes him a dangerous customer with the ball. Vernon Philander is the second fastest to reach 50 test wickets having scalped a half century of test wickets in just 7 matches.
At Newlands in the first test between India and South Africa, Philander’s eyes were searching for someone in the stands every time he took a wicket. Who was the man Philander looking for and waving in to after picking wickets?
(Photo Source: Indian Express)
Philander’s special gesture for his mentor
The man Philander looked for every time he picked a wicket was the pacer’s mentor. Johannas Adams is the name of the man at whom Philander waved each time he knocked down a batsman.
It was Adams who found the spark in Philander when the pacer was at the pre teenage stage. Since then Adams has mentored him and trained him and Adams is the confidence and the main ingredient behind Philander’s success.
Philander recently completed his tally of 100 test wickets. He’s going strength by strength in his career and he holds a big soft corner for Adams who has mentored and groomed him. Often people forget where they came from when they get success but Philander isn’t one of them.
Philander knows who mentored him and respects him amply for having faith in him and making him reach the international pedestal. This amply sweet gesture by Philander is winning hearts everywhere.
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When we have taken our mind to buy a new computer as a beginner , it’s better to know some basic knowledge about computers. Such knowledge might be a little difficult for some newbies or beginners for the specialty. But it doesn’t matter; just several notes can guide us choose the right computer at our need.
Some people tend to buy cheap computers; this is mainly for the users who do not know so much about computers; they do not understand what the computer price levels depend on. Some others prefer brand computers since they are always brand-trusted. This, indeed, is the same case as the first one.
In fact, the most important thing when buying a computer to understand what performance you need and what will it be used for. Some families feel that buying an expensive brand computer can solve everything. Indeed, some of these not so cheap computers will be out of use within no more than three years because they weren’t purchased with their usefulness in mind.
The key to buying a computer is to know which group will use it, and what will it be used for. I think it would be better if we choose the computers according to the ages. In general, the configurations of family computer users are almost alike for the teenagers who are under fifteen and those more than 40 years old. This group does not play online games, neither to do large design, they use computers mainly for the Internet to get some information, check the data, speculate the stock market stocks, to watch movies and so on. So the ordinary configuration can meet their satisfactions. As a result, both INTER platform or AMD platform can be used on either machine. If you feel the platform can not satisfy your need, you can upgrade the Intel drivers or AMD drivers in the future.
The age groups between fifteen and forty are the persons who like playing online games; they are also persons who have high requirements for computers. So this group pays more attention to the performance ratio than others while buying computers. They require better configurations, at the same time; they will demand relatively higher graphics card and CPU when playing large online computer games, making 3D design or graphics design. Such groups are the computer needs of those high-end configurations. When playing online computer games, AMD platform is our first choice; while Intel platform is a better choice for those who engage in graphics design. Relatively speaking, they will take their advantages in due time. Of course, upgrading the intel graphics media accelerator driver is also a good method to make the computer up-to-date and to play games.
The another group is the computer workers, the computer is a necessity for them, these users need computer dealing with frequent and messy programs, they do not require a too high computer graphics card, nor do the high-end performances, but the overall performance should be stable.
These users’ configuration does not focus on the computer graphics or CPU but a reasonable stability and overall good collocation. They require a stable and fast deal with office software, so the users will tent to choose INTER-chip motherboard platform, of which stability is relatively high. Take the nowadays ordinary office, for instance; it’s enough for the office configurated with P4 machines with 512M memory, and integrated graphics. Furthermore, download drivers are capable of making sure the computer can work at high performance.
Low price and brand computers are usually someone’s first choice. It’s not a bad thing all the time. Just remember going to the official site to see the performance and configuration before making the final decision.
For the ultimate in Vancouver window tint go to NW Window Tint. Their amazing staff are the installation experts and can have you in and out in no time.
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Ascot Vale Kinder Oral Health education session
20 March, 2018
We love teaching kinder children how to brush, eat and drink well with interactive activities. The kids will also watch our brand new video “First Hygienist Visit” that will show them what to expect in their first visit to the dentist.
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Profits of Food Vs Profits of War
The profits from war industry are much more attractive than profits from food, It takes 3 months for a family of farmers with hard work to make produce 133 acres of land and make a profit of $ 25,000 if everything goes fine, counting with good weather and good crops.
What it Takes to Grow and Sell Corn
by Scott Brooks January 2, 2008 |
Recently, the young man who owns the farm north of me approached me about helping him farm his own land. They’ve been renting it out (to another farmer) for nine years, and now he wants to farm it himself and make some extra money now that he is entering manhood.
There are several reasons that he needs my help. He can’t read. He’s illiterate. You’d be surprised how difficult something can be when you don’t know the “code” (the written word). There’s no one else to help him. He’s been beaten down (psychologically) his whole life and now he’s 21 years old and trapped on a farm out in the middle of nowhere. He can’t even go anywhere because he can’t get a driver’s license because he can’t read and no one will help him study for it. So one of the first things we’ll undertake is that I’ll help him get his drivers license.
But let’s get back to farming….
This young man and I have spent a lot of time together over the years and this past week was no exception. We’ve been driving around going to local farm coops, the local FSA office, local banks, and to talk to other farmers, gathering data and information so that I can help him to become a farmer.
Here’s what I’ve found out about corn.
There are many types of seed corn that you can use. Prices range from as little as $45/bag to over $300/bag. The huge difference in price is in how the corn has been genetically altered. The more expensive the seed, the more things it is immune too, as well as being resistant to many various types of herbicides.
We settled on a seed corn that cost around $115/bag. Quite a bit more expensive than the $45/bag seed. But actually, if you want to grow a real crop with the $45/bag corn, you’d have to spend so much money on different sprays that the price differential isn’t much.
Each bag will plant about three acres of land, assuming 38″ rows.
Here’s what you have to do:
In March, you disk the ground smooth — assuming you didn’t do it in the fall, which is actually a good thing to do, allowing the snow and moisture to break down the soil and the water to seep into the soil.
You then spread fertilizer. In this area, on this type of soil, a good mixture is 18-46-60 (N-P-K). This will cost around $44/acre.
Next, you spread anhydrous over the land at a rate of about 120 lb/acre. This runs around $0.41/acre for the anhydrous and $0.01/acre rent for the tool bar, for a grand total of $0.42/lb which works out to be $50.40/acre.
Then, when the soil temperature exceeds 50 F, you will plant the corn. This is usually done in the second week of April or later. When you’ve planted your corn, you now need to spray. You’ll do a run of Atrozine spray mixed with cutworm spray. This will cost around $14/acre.
Here is where speculation really begins. If you plant too early, you’re taking a chance on having your corn come up and then getting hit with a late frost, possibly killing it. So maybe it’s better to wait to plant. But there are problems with that too. If you wait, then the spring rains come and you can’t plant because the fields are too wet, and by the time they dry, it’s possibly so late that your corn will be doing its main growing during the dry season and won’t get enough rain during its crucial “tassling” stage — when the corn is tassling, it is absolutely crucial that it gets water.
Of course, these spring rains hold problems for the farmer who got his crop in early and didn’t get hit with the frost. You see, in the spring, rain has a tendency to come in large amounts and all at once. It is not uncommon to see rainfall levels of 5+ inches in a week, sometimes in only a few days. Just as not enough rain can cause problems, too much rain causes problems.
In the bottoms, where the land is the most fertile, moisture gathers. The creeks fill up and sometimes spill over the banks. The higher ground drains all its moisture onto the bottoms, too. This causes water to accumulate in the bottoms. And in these areas of accumulation (large puddles or overly wet muddy areas) the crops won’t grow.
So you not only have to beat the frost, you have to beat the rains and then the dry season. If this ain’t speculation, I don’t know what is!
But let’s assume that you got your crop in succesfully. What you have to do now is check on your fields at least once a week to make sure that everything is going well.
In our area, we have problems with grasses and broadleafs, especially fescue grass. I’m pretty certain that cockroaches and fescue are the only things that really would survive a nuclear explosion. So the farmer will have to spray again, this time with Post, which runs around $6.50/acre. But if there’s a break of fescue, the farmer will have spray Round-up again, which will cost another $25/acre.
So if you add all this up and figure in all the different things that could happen, here’s what you come up with.
$38/acre for seed (figuring in a few different “extra things”)
$94/acre for N-P-K and Anhydrous
$20/acre for spray
For a grand total of $152/acre just to put a crop in. The farmer in question has 133 acres of bottoms. So it will cost him $20,000 just to put the crop in.
Now, keep in mind that we haven’t even added in the cost of fuel, which is quite substantial. Our best estimate is that it will cost around $5,000/year for fuel to put the crop in, take the crop out, and deliver it to market. So the cost for 133 acres is $25,000.
Now, keep in mind that it also costs you around $25/acre to spread lime on the ground — but you have to do that only every 3 – 4 years on aveage). But I think we’ve got enough “fat” built into the expenses above to safely assume that lime will fit in these numbers.
If you think we’re done now, you are mistaken. What’s missing? Does the farmer need to hire some help? Possibly on a small spread like this the son and father working together may be able to do it themselves. But they may need to hire some help. You see, when it comes time to sow or harvest, there is a very limited window to get things done. What if the fields are wet for a week, then dry out, but a heavy rain is forecast in two days? You may have to hire some help to get the crop out in such a short period. So you need to account for some possible cost for hiring some help.
What about bad things happening? You need crop insurance, too. Sure you can go solo and hope for the best — but, losses hurt you more than gains help you! This is especially true of farming. You’re better off insuring your crop and giving up some profit so that you can ensure that you don’t get wiped out. Frost, hail, disease and pests can wipe you out. It’s always best to give away a portion of your profit to ensure that you don’t get wiped out.
Further, we have to take into consideration the cost of equipment and the cost of repairs on that equipment. Farm equipment is really expensive, but luckily, my friend has most of the equipment already. But, unfortunately, it’s old and will need a lot of repairs. You simply can’t believe how things break on a farm. Farming is really, really hard on equipment.
As an aside, when I was planting my own foodplots, I would spend 3 hours repairing equipment for every 1 hour actually spent sowing. That’s on the high side, but you get the idea.
Now, on top of all of this, the speculating farmer has to further speculate with grain prices in the futures market.
Right now, in my area (as of last week) corn futures were trading for $4.10/bushel at the local grain elevator. The elevator operator even told us his spread on the deal (I don’t know if that is normal or not). He’s selling the contracts for $4.60/bushel on the exchange and buying from his farmer clients for $4.10. I simply don’t know enough about grain futures (especially at ground level) to know if this is a good deal or not, but my gut tells me that that’s a pretty high vig to pay.
So let’s say for the sake of discussion that paying help, insurance and repairs is going to run this farmer an additional $5,000/year. A grand total of $30,000 to plant 133 acres in corn, or just under $226/acre.
Now, lets look on the profit side of things.
First, to just break even, assuming that he gets $4.10/bushel, he’ll need to bring to market just over 55 bushels/acre. Believe it or not, that’s not to hard to do.
Realistically, this farmer expects to get around 125 bushels/acre on average. Now, note the phrase “on average”. Some years, he’ll get far less than that. We just had a bad year on my farm this year. My bottom land is right next to his, so our bottoms are basically the same, and we got 80 bushels/acre off my place. So it’s fair to say that he’ll end up with an average annual range of 80 – 150 bushels/acre.
At 125 bushels/acre, and assuming he’ll get $4.10/bushel (of course, we have no idea what grain prices are gonna be in the future), he’ll gross around $68,000, which will net him out a profit of $38,000 for 133 acres. Not too bad!
But if we look at the ranges of 80 – 150 bushels/acre, we find that he could get as low as $14,000 in profit to as high as $52,000. That may not seem too bad, except when you take into consideration that he could easily get $100 – $150/acre rent for that bottom land, thus guaranteeing a profit of $13,00 – $20,000/year.
Also, most farm land has some sort of government subsidy attached to it. The person who actually does the farming is the one who gets the subsidy. This amounts to around $10 – $25 acre (more or less depending on the land and circumstances).
And keep in mind that in order to get that guaranteed profit (by renting his land), the farmer has to do absolutely no work whatsoever. So, on the margin, his true profit (profit from work – profit from no work) is much less, since by renting out their land and taking the risk free profit, he could free himself up for other, potenitially, more profitable endeavours.
Why would anyone want to rent the land? Farmers who rent a lot of land usually own a lot of big time equipment and farm a lot of land. Their profit margins are smaller, but they make up for it on volume.
But in the case of my neighbor, he sees this as an opportunity to make more money and springboard himself to bigger and better things.
Now, it may look like being a farmer can be very profitable. Well, it could be. If you’re saavy and understand the land, you can make a good profit. But it doesn’t matter how good you are, if the weather goes against you.
Plus, since grain prices have gone so high so quickly, you may be thinking that there’s a lot of profit potential. There is, except that the other costs of everything listed above are going up proportionally, such that the profits available to the farmer are not really growing that much. Actually, the farmer makes a higher profit when grain prices go up quickly (assuming he can sell some contracts) but the providers (of seed, fertilizer, lime, equipment, etc) haven’t yet raised their prices. And make no mistake about it, the providers are raising prices to soak up the extra profit now available from increased grain prices.
Times like this (fast rising grain prices) are great opportunities for farmers. However, there is a much darker flip side to that coin. What happens when grain prices go up real fast, then providers raise their prices, and then grain prices go down fast? That is disaster for a farmer.
Now, if all that weren’t enough for the farmer to live through, he still has to become an actual speculator, out in the futures market.
You see, $4.10/bushel is a great price for corn, but the farmer can’t sell his entire crop since he doesn’t know how many bushels of corn he’ll actually produce. So he’ll sell some of his crop now, and some later. Many farmers sell 25% – 30% of their average crop (which is around 125 bushels) as long as it’s no more than 1/2 of their low end worst crop (which is 80 bushels).
So to do this math, 80 bushels X 133 acres = 10,640 bushels of corn, and 125 bushels would be 16,625. So this farmer would sell no more than 25% of 16,625 (4,156 bushels) but would do no more than 5,320 bushels (50% of the 10,649).
Now, future contracts are sold in 1,000 bushel increments. So this farmer would sell either 4,000 or 5,000 bushels at this contract level. So let’s say he sells 5,000 bushels at $4.10/bushel. He has locked in $20,500 of revenue, assuming he can deliver.
As the season progresses and he gets a better feel for how his crop is faring, he may decide it’s prudent to sell more contracts. Hopefully the price will have gone up, but you simply don’t know.
You see, if he’s having a good season and growing a good crop, that means the supply of grain will be good…..and the price will usually go down, so the contract prices will go down too. If he’s having a bad or off year, the supply of grain will be less and the prices will be higher, but he’ll have less crop to sell.
A good scenario is for our farmer to have a good year while other farmers are having a bad year (because things like drought can be very regionalized). However, a bad year is just the opposite — our farmer has a bad year (say a regional drought) while other area’s are doing great!
Of course, the goal is to have your first contract be the least profitable contract you sell all year while having a banner year! But hey, isn’t a scenario like that the dream of every speculator!
D. J. Kadrmas remarks:
Anything is better than listening to a boss, even gambling on the weather. Some small farmers have outside jobs, but I notice they usually quit them quickly. The wives, now, that is a little different.
Alan Millhone writes:
In Ohio around Columbus there are currently 50 gas stations that offer E-85 alternative fuel (if your vehicle can use it) at 30-40 cents less per gallon than conventional fuel and it is helping the environment. In the summer in my area we look forward to having fresh picked corn on the cob from from Reedsville, Ohio, along the Ohio River. If the E-85 takes hold the big boys will buy up all the locally grown corn for this fuel.
Michael Ott explains:
This is a common mistake. Corn on the cob is sweet corn. Corn made from ethanol is field corn. They are not the same thing, and the price of one has little to do with the other. Sweet corn is much more expensive than field corn because it is sold in smaller units to mostly retail customers. Field corn is sold in massive quantities to industrial producers, like many other commodities. A farmer gets a much greater return on sweet corn, but the market is much smaller and usually local.
Scott Brooks adds:
The article I wrote is about what Mike refers to as “field corn”. In my area we call it “feed corn.” Sorry for not being more specific about that. Most of the field/feed corn in my area is used for animal feed. Unlike delicious sweet corn, feed corn is definitely not very tasty, no matter how much butter, salt or pepper you put on it.
Also, keep in mind that the economics of growing and selling corn that I presented pertain to my area, northwest Missouri. The economics are different in other areas. For instance, whereas we expect to average around 125 – 150 bushels/acre, certain areas of Iowa can average 250 bushels/acre. I don’t know what the input cost are to sow/harvest corn are in Iowa.
Costly Drone (218 Millions)Is Poised to Replace U-2 Spy Plane (28 Millions)
Published: August 2, 2011
PALMDALE, Calif. — Tucked away here in the Mojave Desert, the assembly plant for the high-flying Global Hawk jet resembles a giant hobby shop.
J. Emilio Flores for The New York Times
The Air Force’s Global Hawk surveillance plane at Northrop Grumman in Palmdale, Calif. Five will be built this year.
Readers shared their thoughts on this article.
Work tables surround a handful of fuselages, and an unusually long wing — needed to slip through the thin air at 60,000 feet — is ready to be bolted into place. Open panels await controls for cameras and eavesdropping gear, and bright blue tool bins and parts vats are scattered around the concrete floor.
Just 50 people work in the factory and a test hangar, and only five of the drones will be built this year. But despite a spate of delays, second-guessing and cost overruns, the Global Hawk is once again on track to replace one of America’s most noted aircraft: the U-2 spy plane, famed for its role in the cold war and more recently Afghanistan.
The Air Force decided last month to stick with its $12 billion Global Hawk program, betting that the unmanned drone can replicate the aging U-2’s ability to sweep up a broad mix of intelligence from commanding heights, and do it more safely and for much longer stretches than the piloted U-2. The Navy is also onboard, with plans to spend $11 billion on a version that could patrol vast ocean areas.
The continued push for the Global Hawk reflects how drones are changing warfare and how critical high-altitude spying can be in any type of fight. Still, the program remains ensnared in military politics and budget battles, and the aircraft itself awaits some important technical changes that could slow its unveiling. In particular, creating the new models and their high-tech sensors, which can cost more than the planes, has been difficult.
And in an era in which remotely piloted planes are seen as relatively cheap and easy solutions, the Global Hawk has become the Escalade of drones, the gold-plated one that nearly broke the bank.
“The Global Hawk is a very impressive product, but it is also a very expensive product,” said Richard L. Aboulafia, an aviation analyst at the Teal Group, a consultancy in Fairfax, Va. “Those U-2s were paid for a long time ago.”
Since 2001, the cost of the Air Force program has more than doubled, and the service recently cut its planned fleet of Global Hawks to 55 from 77. That lifted the total estimate for each plane, including the sensors and all the research and development, to $218 million, compared with $28 million for the Reaper, the largest armed drone.
Pentagon tests also suggested last fall that the new Air Force model was not reliable enough to provide sustained surveillance. Parts failed frequently, and the equipment for intercepting telephone and radio conversations, a vital requirement for replacing the U-2, had trouble pinpointing the source of the calls.
Pentagon officials and executives at Northrop Grumman, which is building the Global Hawk, say they are trimming costs and replacing the faulty parts. Since March, commanders have rushed nine of the planes into use over Japan, Libya and Afghanistan, and they say they have done a good job in taking images of the earthquake damage in Japan and bombing targets in the war zones.
But analysts say the biggest test — and perhaps the next step in the shift from manned to robotic aircraft — will come if Northrop can field enough Global Hawks with better eavesdropping gear to make the commanders feel comfortable about retiring the U-2.
That transition was originally supposed to happen this year. Edward A. Walby, a business development director at Northrop, said the company now expected to have enough Global Hawks in the air by the end of 2012. That would give the Air Force time to check them out before phasing out the 32 U-2s by 2015.
But even that could change. Congress has said it will not approve any shift that would leave significant intelligence gaps. Mr. Aboulafia, the aviation analyst, said cuts in the military budget could also slow the transition. And critics of the military’s contracting practices say that instead of revamping the Global Hawk project, the Pentagon should have tabled it until all the technology was ready.
“Once again, we have a system that has failed to meet effectiveness and suitability requirements, but one that no doubt will proceed post-haste into full production and deployment,” said Thomas P. Christie, a former top Pentagon testing official.
The Global Hawks, monitored by shifts of pilots on computers in California, fly 24-hour missions, twice as long as a U-2 pilot can stay up, and the Pentagon says they will be cheaper to operate.
Like the U-2, they can peer down from twice the height of a commercial airliner and spot a group of insurgents or a tank 50 to 100 miles away. The images can be sent directly to troops in a firefight or to intelligence centers, where analysts examine them and send out more in-depth reports.
The U-2 was created in the 1950s to monitor Soviet nuclear sites. It is still used, as the Global Hawk will be, to supplement satellites by gazing into North Korea and Iran from outside their borders.
But the towering heights have also enabled the U-2 to survey so much territory in Afghanistan, and scoop up so many Taliban phone calls, that it has become one of the best sources of tips for where to send the Predator and Reaper drones, which fly at lower altitudes and fire missiles.
Intelligence officials say the combination of images and intercepted conversations from the same area provides a richer picture of what is going on, and they want the Global Hawk to be able to act as a similar trigger for dispatching other planes.
A more basic version of the Global Hawk has supplied battlefield images in Afghanistan and Iraq since shortly after the 2001 terror attacks. But the effort to enlarge the plane to carry eavesdropping gear and other new sensors required a more substantial redesign than expected. And Northrop is now trying to resolve the problems with the parts. It is replacing faulty electrical generators and navigation systems and improving the eavesdropping software.
Under the latest plans, the Air Force will buy 31 of the Global Hawks with upgraded cameras and the eavesdropping gear and 11 with a sensor that could more closely track the movements of enemy troops and vehicles. The Navy would build 68 of the maritime models, Germany is buying a few of the planes, and NATO might buy some, too.
Here in Palmdale, where Northrop also built the B-2 bombers and is now working on fuselages for the F-35 fighter, there is a sense of relief that the Global Hawk finally seems a little closer to moving from a sidekick role to the spotlight.
Inside the beige factory, Mr. Walby, the Northrop official and a former U-2 pilot, said he sometimes gets flak from his old buddies, who delight in having been able to keep the U-2 relevant. Most of the U-2 pilots know the changeover is inevitable. But a few would rather not acknowledge, he said, that the U-2 is also “limited by the man.”
Not only are there limits to how long each mission can last, but U-2 pilots are subject to disorienting decompression illnesses.
“And there’s a small group, when I’m at a U-2 reunion, that I have to remind about how we buried four U-2 pilots while I was with the program,” Mr. Walby said, referring to crashes. “I said: ‘Is it really worth it? Now that we have the technology to stop that from happening, is it worth it?’ ”
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- The first waterproof jacket was invented by Charles Macintosh, blending a fabric with rubber. His name was adopted for all raincoats in the UK, and is still used today.
- Rather than being waterproof, mammals that live in water form a waterproof barrier due to the denseness of their coats and the oil in their glands. These two factors combine to form a thick layer as close to a waterproof jacket as you can find in the wild!
- It is thought that cormorants hold their wings out to dry as they are unable to produce the levels of waterproofing oils for their feathers that other water birds rely on.
- The very first waterproof jackets made by humans are likely to have been made from vegetable fibres or seal intestines. The seams were sealed with glue made from boiling an animal’s connective tissues. Waterproof jackets are nothing new – they’ve simply evolved over time.
- The greatest challenge when making a waterproof jacket is to make it breathable – waterproof materials are all around us so keeping the rain off is the easy part. Stopping you from drowning in your own sweat whilst keeping dry is another matter, however.
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The debate was on. As we stepped out of the car at the gas station, we continued our argument.
It was a beautiful sunny morning in Colorado, and ETR Publisher Matt Smith and I had just finished our workout and started to discuss nutrition.
Each of us defended our positions, and, honestly, we were both trying to rationalize our beliefs. Eventually, it got to the point where we were arguing over the best type of fruit.
Finally, one of us realized this was nonsense. Whether you eat apples or grapes doesn’t matter. What really matters are the basics, not the minutiae of your menu.
In fact, there are many, many useless debates in the health and fitness world and few that really matter.
You see, there are really only Four Horsemen of your body’s apocalypse, only four simple factors you must control if you want to live a long and healthy life. Fortunately, they’re not that difficult to avoid.
The great news is that this short list will ease the process of designing your healthy lifestyle. You won’t have to get stressed about the infinite nutrition debates on whether it’s okay to “eat this, not that”. Just make sure you avoid these four factors, and you’ll increase your potential of living a long and happy life.
Here we go…
The first horseman of your body’s apocalypse is smoking.
Seriously, people still do this?
Unfortunately, the answer is yes, and this is one of the worst things you can do for your health.
However, smokers also teach us something about why so many “great health debates” are pointless drivel.
Smokers are inhaling poisonous gasses into their lungs repeatedly on a daily basis, and, according to research from Oxford University, this cuts a smoker’s lifespan by only ten years. Imagine that. You’ll only lose ten years off your life from inhaling smoke directly into your lungs on a daily basis for over 35 years.
It makes our argument about the best type of fruit look silly, and it is.
If you smoke, please try to stop. And never, ever, ever give up on trying to quit. It may take many attempts, but you can do it. That might be the hardest horseman to beat, but the second one isn’t easy either.
That second horseman of your body’s apocalypse is excessive alcohol intake.
This horseman killed my father and for that I would like to whip this horseman’s butt. But alas, I cannot.
But, perhaps, I can spare your child a lot of pain and misery by convincing YOU to take a good look at your own alcohol intake. Alcohol is the third leading cause of preventable death in the United States (with smoking and obesity ranking first and second).
The bad news is that it’s really easy to drink excessively. Many casual drinkers, who certainly wouldn’t consider themselves alcoholics, could be doing damage to their bodies. Research suggests that more than two drinks per day for a man, and one for a woman, will add up into health problems over time. Binge drinking – six drinks or more in a single session – is even worse.
My father, who drank much more than two beers per day for thirty years, died prematurely at 69 years old. Who doesn’t hit 70 years old in Canada in this day and age?
Don’t make the same mistakes he did. Please. You know the facts. Make the right decision.
The third horseman bringing premature death is obesity.
Today, all over the world, this is probably the most popular destructive horseman of the four. It’s such a shame, but businesses are rewarded for creating conditions that lead to obesity. And it’s been tough to change. Levels of obesity have not shrunk despite a much greater awareness of the problem. Worse, children as young as three years old are being diagnosed with type-2 diabetes due to childhood obesity.
Fortunately, I believe obesity is still easier to overcome than an addiction like cigarettes and alcohol. However, while cigarettes and alcohol are thought of as ‘more evil’ than simple obesity, a recent study from the journal “Health Affairs” concluded:
“Obesity appears to have a stronger association with the occurrence of chronic medical conditions, reduced health-related quality of life, and increased health care and medication spending than smoking or problem drinking has. Only 20 years’ aging has similar-size effects.”
Did you catch that message?
The author concluded that if you’re obese, then you have the health of someone twenty years older than your current biological age. So if you’re a 55 year old obese individual, you’re living with the body of a 75 year old. (And surely not a fit 75 year old.)
That’s what makes this Horseman so dangerous. You might not be buying socially unacceptable items like cigarettes and alcohol, but your body is losing an important fight if you’re obese.
So fight back.
Diet is your sword against this enemy, and exercise is your shield.
Take up your weapons and fight him. I’ll be right by your side.
You’ll need me, because the fourth Horseman of your body’s apocalypse often fights in tandem with his partner.
The fourth horseman of your body’s apocalypse is a lack of exercise.
Ever so cunning, the fourth Horseman is thought to be innocuous.
What’s the big deal, right? You don’t struggle with cigarettes, booze, or obesity, so why should you worry about exercise, right?
That’s exactly what this Horseman wants you to think. You’ll let your guard down and then… Wham!
The deadly powers of the 4th Horseman are rarely noticed until it’s too late.
Perhaps your slim mother may have gone 75 years without health issues, but because of her lack of exercise – a lack of strength training in particular – she soon loses her ability to perform daily tasks. One day, balance, which is determined predominantly by strength, fails her, and she tumbles. A broken hip is nearly impossible to overcome.
A little strength training done on a consistent basis will mean so much to us in the future. Take up exercise as your sword today, because it’s never too late at any age.
As you can see, the four Horseman of your body’s apocalypse are serious enemies. Fortunately, these Four Horsemen can be avoided with a simple, healthy lifestyle. I urge you, if you’re fighting with any of these Horsemen, to get weapons and support for your battle.
You CAN beat them. You CAN win. You CAN live a long and healthy life without massive sacrifices.
Let us fight these enemies together.[Ed. Note. Craig Ballantyne is the Editor of EarlytoRise.com and Financial Independence Monthly. He also coaches executives of companies with sales over $1 million. Later this summer, Matt Smith and Craig will be offering a new virtual private mentoring program for Financial Independence Monthly subscribers.]
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British Science Week: Fun with Photography
Saturday 14 March / 11.00am, 1.00pm & 2.00pm
Recommended age: 5+
£4 per child / Adults go free / Booking Essential
Join the experts to learn about the amazing science of photography. See curious science demonstrations and make your own creative photographic artworks inspired by the Received Wisdom exhibition.
This event is part of the learning and engagement programme for Received Wisdom – An Arts Council Collection National Partners Programme Exhibition. Find out more about our Arts Council Collection partnership.
Image credit: John Stezaker, Pair V, 2007. Arts Council Collection, Southbank Centre, London © the artist
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It’s very important to discovering methods to the problem prior to familiarize ourselves using the description of leaky gut foods. Well, frequently we see individuals visiting a health care provider with weird signs and in most cases with chronic diseases. Sometimes also the doctors are flummoxed concerning the real cause of those diseases. The condition of the leaky gut problem is particularly attached to the foods we ingest. Our bodies do not digest entirely a sizable majority of the meals we eat. Undigested foods may pull harmful bacteria, spend and toxins into the body system. Some microbes produce toxins like a by-product of the metabolism which could trigger an antibody reaction from the defense mechanisms of the body which lead to the problems which could give rise to leaky gut.
The standard digestive process happens without incident all of the time. We all know that consuming sufficient diet is essential to the health but the handful of us know about it affects your body and what happens for the food because it has been digested. Everyone has a fundamental knowledge of the truth that nutritious, dietary meals are healthy and what give to the power, power. However, they likewise have the ability result in major damage insurance and to prevent our health. For this reason, it’s therefore very important to completely understand the complex relationship between leaky gut digestive health as well as the body’s overall good health.
Leaky gut represents a disease where the colon lining toxins to integrate the body and becomes affected, producing a worsening of the stomach walls, thus enabling waste materials. Your body’s own immune defenses send antibodies to strike these unusual substances and toxins which could lead to allergy symptoms along with other signs including edema, temperature, sickness and stomach problems.
It’s very important to solve the problem the moment possible because leaky gut can impact the rest of the methods of your body. You should consult a doctor the moment you start to think you’re struggling with a leaky gut. You can test out some natural remedies if you should be somebody who enjoys seeking alternate strategies rather. The colon surfaces drop their capability to produce the required chemical levels required for the body due to the leaky gut syndrome and may undergo substantial damage. Which means that you’ll need to help your own body’s digestive tract with enzyme products which means that the whole digestive tract, pancreas, as well as your liver, obtain the necessary hydrochloric acids. Numerous chemical products can be acquired which could expose healthy bacteria into the stomach fight diseases and conditions of several types and to be able to offer assistance towards the defense mechanisms.
To be able to provide the health of your belly back-up to level, there are many more methods you can apply. Make sure that you consume many, smaller parts of food during the day, and that you consume an adequate quantity of fiber. Take measures to make sure that your meals are chewed carefully, and not swallowed whole. Consuming large levels of water may be the many important, and ultimate, the section of treating your condition.
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Editor's Note: The following is a guest post from Jerry C. Jones, chief ethics and legal officer and executive vice president of Acxiom.
On Jan. 28, much of the marketing community observed Data Privacy Day, an annual, international effort to spotlight the importance of respecting privacy, safeguarding data and enabling trust. While the day came and went, our responsibility continues. In fact, the reality is that we have a real and ongoing opportunity to raise awareness, discuss various rules and regulations, and address attitudes around the collection and use of consumer data.
A brief look at current news headlines confirms which topics are getting the most media coverage right now: the latest data breaches, proposed regulations, consumer sentiment and fears. That there's broad consensus around the need to protect personal data against theft and misuse is indisputable, and security should be a top priority for any company responsible for safeguarding consumer data.
When asked, most people are also strongly in favor of protecting personal privacy, but unlike security, which has distinct and pragmatic parameters, privacy is a concept laden with deep emotions and is difficult to clearly define.
A conversation around privacy can evoke strong feelings which are heavily dependent on the context. In fact, the very meaning and scope of the word can change over time, according to culture, geography or from person to person. In today's data-driven economy, companies with access and permission to use personal data in return for better experiences and products need more specific guidance. "Privacy" as a term has outlived its usefulness in driving a more nuanced discussion around what exactly constitutes appropriate use of data.
Shifting the narrative to ethics
For brands, marketers and others whose role is to reach and engage with customers, access to the ever-expanding troves of consumer data is essential. Among consumers, there is a growing expectation that brands will provide relevant offers and information, personalization and improved experiences — all of which are reliant on data.
To truly respect the consumer in a data-driven world, companies must be equipped to assume responsibility for making decisions about how they access and use data every day. Like other groups who rely on professional codes of conduct — physicians, lawyers and accountants to name a few — marketers need to develop an ethical approach that not only provides a set of principles to guide decision-making, but that also outlines consequences for inappropriate actions not necessarily bound in legal nuance.
This is especially important since, while there are legal guidelines around the use of consumer data, the pace at which legislation is passed often cannot keep up with the speed of business and technology, limiting the usefulness of relying solely on laws to inform data use practices. This realization led Acxiom to shift the discussion of data use to one that exists within an ethical framework, rather than solely a legal one.
This shift in onus presumes that companies should act in a virtuous manner, whether there are specific laws that dictate this or not. Likewise, so does the term "ethical data use," which counts on data being used in an ethical and appropriate manner within the confines of the law and beyond. When the conversation begins with ethical data use it becomes less antagonistic; ethics can provide a "lighted path" through the grainiest ambiguities of tensions and conflicts that businesses face.
The need for self-regulation
When we approach consumer data use from an ethical perspective, it raises the industry's sensitivities as a whole and allows for considerations that the law may not address. With regard to how data is captured and used, governments are structured to react to events with legislation after the fact. Conversely, data stewardship from within the industry will yield a proactive, decentralized and adaptive "communal regulation."
A proactive posture that comes from the industry self-regulating within a framework of ethical data use enables foresight that goes beyond merely complying with legal or regulatory guidelines. Experts and practitioners within the industry can anticipate change and be sensitive to cultural norms, responding more quickly than laws and regulations are able to and ensuring adherence to consumers' expectations.
Sentience determining data context
The growing conversations around the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and algorithms to provide additional context for consumer information also comes into play. For the past decade, new technology has enjoyed an almost exalted status, but we've started to objectively consider how to best integrate these technical advances within the ethical data use framework. Within the data realm, the need often arises for contextual use of information in order to better understand people and their milieu.
While humans are used to ambiguity, computers are not always equipped to determine data's contextual relevance. In a world where the use of AI is increasingly widespread, we must ask whether advanced technology is as adept as humans at making good decisions about how to utilize information. Can AI and algorithms be relied upon to ask the right questions and interpret data appropriately? It's precisely here that putting an ethical framework around data use becomes a timely endeavor, as we lay the foundations for a data-driven future.
Our collective dependence on data shows no sign of waning. The path forward to increasingly advanced uses of data need not be clouded with suspicion and doubt. By establishing an ethical data usage framework, organizations can mold an industry conscience that elicits long-term public trust and ultimately drives business value.
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Once you finish the process of opening a bank account, you will have to start with some savings for your future. You shouldn’t spend all your cash down. Bad times can befall you at any time and there is no guarantee for how long a good time can exist. Hence you will have to be prepared for your bad times as well. This is why saving accounts by banks have been introduced. There are even high yield savings accounts with which you can earn good returns. Let us look about it more.
What are high interest bank accounts?
Holding on your money has become little hard these days because the prices of almost all the commodities have reached its pick where saving has become quite impossible for a common man. Investing in stock market at such financial condition can really be foolish because the market rates are fluctuating and with the thirst of making your money double, you will end up losing all. This is when high interest bank accounts come to rescue. There are many banks offering such facilities to the public. We must be wise enough to pick the ideal one that suits all our needs. With such accounts there will be 100% guaranteed income and they have less risks. You can earn the interest on the amount you deposited and since it is bank, they are completely safe.
What are high yield savings accounts?
These types of accounts are for people who don’t want to take high risks but still want to possess a sturdy income. There are many savings account which offers high yield and hence you will have to make a thorough research on them so that you can be sure that you are picking the ideal one. Some of the banks that offer high yield savings are as follows:
- Discover Bank: This bank offers about 1% rate of interest when you at least sustain 500 US dollars in your account. It is well known and reputed bank with complete security.
- Ally Bank: It also offers high yield when it comes to savings account. This bank offers about 0.89% interest to the public. This bank has positive feedbacks from its customers as there is no requirement of having a minimum balance.
- ING Direct: This is yet another bank which offers good yield and is trustworthy for the dropping your money in. It offers an interest rate of about 0.85% on the cash you deposit and doesn’t require any minimum balance.
- Ever Bank: This requires you to have a minimum balance but the yield is really high and offers about 0.76% interest rate. You are supposed to have a minimum balance of about $1500.
- FNBO Direct: This offers 0.70% interest and it does not require any balance in the account you open with them.
Before you decide to move on with the accounts, you will have to examine with all the things. You must know about all the charges involved with the transactions.
What is savings account interest calculator?
When it comes to savings, definitely you will have to maintain the account with calculations. Sometimes calculations can really be very complex and this is why the savings account interest calculator has been introduced in the market. They are there in online and can be readily downloaded. It helps you in knowing about the future earnings and assists in customizing the financial situation. It helps in making complex calculations easier for you. You can even calculate the compound interest which you can earn on the cash you have saved in the bank. Before you download one such calculator, you will have to check about its reviews and ratings.
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US violin maker Edward Campbell died on 18 July at the age of 86. A founder member of the Violin Society of America (VSA), he made more than 180 instruments during his long career, while the apprenticeship programme he set up at his shop in Boiling Springs, PA, helped introduce many young luthiers to the craft of instrument making.
Born in 1929 in Pennsylvania, Campbell worked at a local violin maker's shop during his teenage years. He received a degree in industrial engineering from Penn State University in 1955 and worked in that field in Chicago. In 1960 he returned to his home state, where he and his wife Mary established the Chimneys Violin Shop at Boiling Springs.
Largely self-taught, Campbell received several awards at the VSA violin making competitions: two gold medals and a certificate for tone in 1976; two certificates for workmanship in 1978; a certificate for tone in 1980; a gold medal and certificate for tone, and three certificates for workmanship in 1982. For his three gold medals he was designated a VSA 'hors concours' maker. For 25 years he also ran a second workshop in Tucson, Arizona, and in 1970 set up the apprenticeship programme.
Photo: courtesy thechimneysviolinshop.com
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|March 29, 2006||Posted by William Dembski under Intelligent Design|
About a year ago I was asked to commission and collect 30 or so articles on science for an apologetics website run by my denomination, the SBC. The URL for this apologetics website as a whole is www.4truth.net and for the science section is www.4truth.net/site/c.hiKXLbPNLrF/b.786349/k.CAAC/Science.htm.
I want to call your attention to two particularly insightful articles, written by two world class engineers (one on faculty at UCDavis, the other at Baylor University):
“Intelligent, Optimal, and Divine Design” (go here)
“Evolutionary Computation: A Perpetual Motion Machine for Design Information?” (go here)
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Using the relevant clauses of the Code of Canon Law, the author explains in detail the Catholic understanding of marriage and the goals of the catholic doctrine on marriage. He writes of the possibility of marriage impediments due to impotence and sterility (that lead to childlessness) and recommends not only a thorough pre-marriage preparation but also a continual formation of marriage couples as efforts that could check the increasing rate of divorce and polygamy due to childlessness. But the author knows that childlessness can still occur despite all precautions. He therefore recommends adoption (instead of polygamy) as the ultimate panacea to childlessness in marriage. The author condemns in unmistakable terms the mentality among the Igbo which blames and traumatizes the woman in cases of childlessness.
Fr. Augustus Chukwuma Izekwe is an indigene of Akokwa in Ideato North Local Government Area of Imo State (Nigeria). He was born in 1974. He holds Bachelor's degree in Philosophy and Theology (Seat of Wisdom Seminary Owerri, Nigeria). He was ordained a catholic priest in 2003. Spurred by his thirst for knowledge, he acquired Master's degree in Religious Studies (from Imo State University, Nigeria) in 2009 and the doctorate from Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg in 2014.
|Versandkostenfrei innerhalb Deutschlands|
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Gray Gourmet provides over 200 home delivered meals a day for senior citizens throughout Mesa County, but rising gas and food prices are putting the program in jeopardy.
Delivery is becoming a challenge due to the rising costs of gas for the volunteer drivers. Gray Gourmet depends on volunteer drivers to deliver the meals to awaiting homebound seniors. The program reimburses the drivers fifty and a half cents per mile. The program has met the challenge of 4 dollar a gallon gasoline without cutting any meals. They say while future gas prices are unpredictable, they hope they never have to think about not feeding those in need.
Sharon Meiklejohn is the project supervisor. She says, "We did make a rate increase recently in order to retain volunteers and to help recruit new volunteers because it's very hard on them to use their own vehicles and not get mileage reimbursement."
Gray Gourmet needs volunteer drivers. Sixty drivers a week are needed to fill the 12 routes taken each weekday. It takes most drivers an average of 2 hours to finish their route. Gray Gourmet says most of their drivers volunteer for one shift a week.
If you would like to volunteer you can call Gray Gourmet at 243-9844 or visit their office at 551 Chipeta Ave.
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One thing I have learned about the terminology of ancient books is that the term "scroll" applies only to biblical texts, whereas all other texts receive the term "roll". <br /><br />The roll was held in both hands and read from left to right, not top to bottom, so the text had the appearance of a bunch of pages arranged side by side, and as you read, you would unroll the next page from one side and roll the page you were reading into the other. The books were not held or read with one hand above the other.<br /><br />Now the book in roll form was a pretty impractical thing. Imagine having to flip to the back of that to consult the glossary for instance.
People had to read a book and keep it all in their heads because it was too difficult to go back to check something later. Eventually this problem is resolved by unrolling the book and cutting the roll between each of the columns of text. All these loose sheets were then bound into something calld a codex
, which is the direct ancestor of our books. <br /><br />I think, but I am not entirely certain of this, that those funny numbers refer to each of the columns of text that were originally pages in the codices (pl. of codex), however, you also see a different set of numbers that indicate the different chapter headings or new paragraphs in the text, as each page in the codex from the cutting of the papyrus roll into does not necessarily correspond to one section of the work.<br /><br />The expert on this is William A. Johnson at the University of Cincinnati. Among other things, he is a scholar of reading and of the book culture in the ancient world. He was working on a book and I think it will be coming out soon, if it has not already been published. You can also find information on this stuff in a book called Scribes and Scholars
, now in the 3rd edition.<br /><br />This is a fascinating topic. Johnson published an award winning article a few years ago that will bring you up to date on the scholarship going on in this field. You can find it in the American Journal of Philology (APA) Winter 2000, volume 121, Number 4, pp. 593-627. I can't wait until his book comes out.<br /><br />I should check with him to see if the information I gave in this message is correct. He will probably blush and deny being the leading expert, but it's because he's modest.
Hopefully he will be willing to post some notes for us.<br /><br />take care,<br /><br />Sebastian
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... Get more on our partner encyclopedia - Browse this webpage: read this.
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Florida inmates completing their sentences walk out of prison with a change of clothes, a bus ticket home and $50. But many ex-offenders lack the most important asset to help them re-enter society — a state-issued photo identification card. State and local officials should be able to correct the situation without waiting for the Legislature.
Without the most basic ability to identify themselves, ex-convicts can't apply for a job or even open a bank account. And that is a dangerous recipe for recidivism. But the Florida Legislature this past session failed to pass a broader measure designed to help inmates re-enter society that included help in getting an ID card. Providing offenders with an ID so they can get jobs and become productive members of society is not being soft on crime. It is common sense.
As Tampa Bay Times Tallahassee bureau chief Steve Bousquet reported, about 100 inmates are released every day from state correctional facilities. But many of them are consigned to nonperson status after they return home because they lack a government-issued identification card. The Florida Legislature had an opportunity to fix that with HB 7121. The House passed the bill, which would have created a sensible program to help inmates with less than three years to serve prepare for life outside prison, including tracking down birth certificates to get that much-needed ID. But the bill died in the Senate, and Gov. Rick Scott vetoed a similar bill in 2012.
The state's 67 tax collectors could have the answer. Florida law allows tax collectors to waive the $25 state fee for an ID card for anyone claiming to be homeless. Many tax collectors, including those in Hillsborough, Pasco and Hernando and several other counties, also have waived their own $6.25 processing fee for the cards. The same consideration given homeless citizens could be extended to released inmates. Waiving the ID card fees for ex-offenders would be a modest investment in rehabilitation compared to the expense sending former inmates back to prison for committing more crimes.
The state of Florida has an interest in making sure ex-offenders remain ex-offenders. Helping men and women released from prison to obtain a government identification card would be an important step in meeting that goal.
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Consumer 3D printing market is growing at a very fast pace with 45% CAGR for next five years.
The Inception of 3D printing happened in 90’s but was chained to industrial application. From past 5 years the industry marked its entrance into consumer products. The Consumer 3D printing market is growing at a very fast pace with 45% CAGR for next five years. The pullulating market is supported by strong demand from the consumers. By the early 2010s, the terms 3D printing and additive manufacturing developed senses in which they were synonymous umbrella terms for all AM technologies. Although this was a departure from their earlier technically narrower senses, it reflects the simple fact that the technologies all share the common theme of sequential-layer material addition/joining throughout a 3D work envelope under automated control.
There is an increase in the demand for desktop 3D printers in schools and universities, allowing students to incline more toward inspiring and practical 3D modeling experimentations. There is also a rise in the personal usage of desktop 3D printers being to develop sculptures, custom avatars, characters, and figurines. Availability and reduction in the price of new materials such as metals and wax are driving the market for desktop 3D printers.
The benefits of laser metal deposition (LMD) printing technology include reduction of material waste, tooling costs, repair of parts costly to replace, reduction in lead time, customization of parts as per customers’ requirements. LMD technology involves repairing, cladding, and producing parts.
As of October 2012, additive manufacturing systems were on the market that ranged from $2,000 to $500,000 in price and were employed in industries including aerospace, architecture, automotive, defense, and medical replacements, among many others. For example, General Electric uses the high-end model to build parts for turbines. Many of these systems are used for rapid prototyping, before mass production methods are employed.
REPORT SCOPE: Market Segmentation:
Market By Price Ranges: Less than $500, $500-$1000, $1000-$2000, Greater than $2000.
Market By Materials: Plastics, Metals, Ceramics, etc.
Market By End Users: Homes, Educational Intuitions, Small And Medium Businesses, Architects and Designers, Service Providers, Others
Get Free Sample PDF Brochure @ http://industryarc.com/pdfdownload.php?id=79
The prominent players profiled in this report are:
Materialise and others.
IndustryARC™ is the Leading Provider of Market Research Reports, Custom Consulting Services, Data Analytics and Industry Analysis. Our goal is to provide the right information required by the stakeholder at the right point of time, in a format which assists an intelligent and informed decision making process!
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Executive Board Motion on Conceptual Frameworks for New Science Education Standards
In July 2010 the Committee on Conceptual Frameworks for New Science Education Standards (a committee of the National Research Council) released a draft report titled A Framework For Science Education that presented a vision of the scope and nature of education in science and engineering that is needed in the 21st century. The document described the major scientific ideas and practices that all students should be familiar with by the end of high school.
The committee sought public comment, so the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT), the American Physical Society (APS), and the American Institute of Physics (AIP) sponsored a focus group that met during the 2010 AAPT Summer Meeting in Portland, Oregon. A representative from David Heil & Associates, Inc facilitated the group. The members were all science/physics education experts from throughout the United States.
The NRC Science Conceptual Framework Discussion Group Meeting Summary can be read on the AAPT website at http://www.aapt.org/Resources/upload/100815-Focus-Group-Report-on-Draft-Frameworks.pdf.
Executive Board Motion
The AAPT Executive Board, on behalf of the Association, strongly encourages the NRC to address the following aspects in the next version of the Framework document:
- The Vision for science education in the document should explicitly address the need for students to learn science every year of their K-12 education.
- The Physical Science Core Disciplinary Ideas expressed in the document should adequately present fundamental physics concepts. The document currently combines physics concepts with chemistry topics. Since these disciplines have very different fundamental principles and discuss the principles using very different language; we believe that a more effective approach would be to explicitly define the core ideas for each discipline separately and then build bridges between the two content areas.
- The Science Practices listed in the document should be expanded to include additional accepted aspects of the nature of science including: predicting and falsifying, problem solving, the necessity for proposing multiple hypotheses, the use of multiple and independent means for verifying conclusions, the use of creativity, and that this process is cyclic in nature so that scientists can enter the practice at multiple points. The document should also include specific language that science must be communicated, generally through the peer reviewed publication process and organized presentations, so that work can be replicated over a period of time.
- The document should have a stronger emphasis on the concepts of design and problem solving in the context of science. This may mean reducing the current emphasis on Engineering Practices listed in the document.
- The Engineering Practices listed in the document should be recast so that they focus on the processes or core concepts related to engineering rather than the nature of engineering. Moreover, these concepts should be accessible by teachers as part of their teacher preparation program. The current draft document identifies engineering concepts that very few teachers have adequate training to teach.
The AAPT commends the NRC for tackling these difficult topics by incorporating some of the educational research in teaching and learning over the last 15 years. Further, we recommend that they continue to examine discipline specific educational research as they work to prepare the next draft of the Frameworks.
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Corp co-founder Paul Allen
, the man who persuaded school-friend Bill Gates
to drop out of Harvard to start what became the world's biggest software company, died on Monday at the age of 65, his family said.
Allen left Microsoft in 1983, before the company became a corporate juggernaut, following a dispute with Gates, but his share of their original partnership allowed him to spend the rest of his life and billions of dollars on yachts, art, rock music, sports teams, brain research and real estate.
Allen died from complications of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a type of cancer, the Allen family said in a statement.
In early October, Allen had revealed he was being treated for the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which he also was treated for in 2009. He had an earlier brush with Hodgkin's lymphoma, another cancer, in the early 1980s before leaving Microsoft.
Music-lover Allen had a list of high-profile friends in the entertainment business, including U2 singer Bono, but preferred to avoid the limelight at his compound on Mercer Island, across Lake Washington from Seattle, where he grew up.
Allen remained loyal to the Pacific Northwest region, directing more than $1 billion to mostly local philanthropic projects, developing Seattle's South Lake Union tech hub that Amazon.com Inc calls home and building the headquarters of his Allen Institute for Brain Science there.
Gates described Allen as following the Microsoft partnership with a "second act" focused on strengthening communities and in a statement said, "I am heartbroken by the passing of one of my oldest and dearest friends."
Current Microsoft Chief Executive Satya Nadella on Monday called him a "quiet and persistent" man who changed the world.
"He is under-appreciated in Seattle," said David Brewster, founder of local news website Crosscut.com and the Seattle Weekly newspaper. "He's remote and reclusive. There's too much Howard Hughes in the way he behaves for Seattle truly to appreciate a lot of the good that he does."
Paul Gardner Allen was born in Seattle on Jan. 21, 1953, the son of a librarian father and teacher mother. He was two years older than Gates but when they met in the computer room at the exclusive Lakeside School in Seattle in 1968, they discovered a shared passion.
"In those days we were just goofing around, or so we thought," Gates recalled in his 1985 book "The Road Ahead."
FROM BOSTON TO ALBUQUERQUE
Allen went on to Washington State University but dropped out in 1974 to take a job with Honeywell in Boston. While there, he pestered Gates, who was studying at nearby Harvard, to quit school and join the nascent revolution in personal computing.
Gates finally agreed and in 1975 the two jointly developed BASIC software for the Altair 8800, a clunky desktop computer that cost $400 in kit form.
The pair moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, close to the Altair's maker, and formed a company. It was Allen's idea to call it Micro-Soft, an amalgam of microcomputer and software. The hyphen was later dropped.
Allen was in charge of Microsoft's technical operations for the company's first eight years, making him one of the handful of people who created early software such as MS-DOS and Word that enabled the PC revolution and thrust Microsoft to the top.
But he had ceased to be on the cutting edge of software development by the early 1980s. He never displayed the commercial instinct of Gates, who generally is credited with powering Microsoft's rise to ubiquity in the 1990s.
Allen left Microsoft in 1983 after falling out with Gates and his new lieutenant, Steve Ballmer, in December 1982, only months after being diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma. As he recalled in his 2011 memoir "Idea Man," he overheard Gates and Ballmer secretly plotting to reduce his ownership stake.
"They were bemoaning my recent lack of production and discussing how they might dilute my Microsoft equity by issuing options to themselves and other shareholders," Allen wrote.
Gates and Ballmer later apologized but the damage was done and Allen left Microsoft, although he remained on the board until 2000.CANCER BATTLES
Allen recovered from his cancer after radiation treatment but in 2009 was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, another form of blood cancer. He went into remission in April 2010 but the disease resurfaced in 2018.
Allen held onto his share of the company. His 28 percent stake at Microsoft's initial public offering in 1986 instantly made him a multi-millionaire.
His wealth peaked at about $30 billion in late 1999, according to Forbes magazine, but Allen was hurt by the sharp decline in Microsoft stock after the dot.com bubble burst in 2000 and some unprofitable technology investments.
In October 2018, Forbes magazine estimated his wealth at $21.7 billion and said he was the 44th richest person in the world.
Allen, the owner of 42 U.S. patents, liked to cast himself as a technology visionary who drove Microsoft's early success and saw the future of connected computing long before the Internet.
"I expect the personal computer to become the kind of thing that people carry with them, a companion that takes notes, does accounting, gives reminders, handles a thousand personal tasks," Allen wrote in a column in Personal Computing magazine as far back as 1977, long before portable computers became a reality.
In the same year, he outlined an early vision of what turned out to be the Internet to Microcomputer Interface magazine.
"What I do see is a home terminal that's connected to a centralized network by phone lines, fiber optics or some other communication system," he said. "With that system you can perhaps put your car up for sale or look for a house in a different city or check out the price of asparagus at the nearest grocery market or check the price of a stock."
Allen later called this sweeping idea the "wired world," which has broadly come to fruition. He was not alone in predicting connected computing but was one of the most prominent.
Yet Allen's technology ventures after Microsoft, which focused on areas he thought would grow with the advent of the "wired world," were not as successful. He lost $8 billion in the cable television industry, chiefly with a bad bet on cable company Charter Communications, while technology ventures he bankrolled such as Metricom, SkyPix and Interval Research were costly failures.SPORTS TEAMS, A YACHT AND HENDRIX
He had better luck in sports and real estate. Allen bought the Portland Trail Blazers
basketball team in 1988 and became a local hero in 1997 when he purchased the Seattle Seahawks
football franchise after the previous owner had tried to move the team to California. The Seahawks won the Super Bowl in February 2014 and both franchises are now valued at many times what Allen paid for them.
Allen also made hundreds of millions of dollars redeveloping South Lake Union, a shabby area of downtown Seattle that became a gleaming technology Mecca and site of Amazon.com's glass "spheres" headquarters.
All the while, the never-married Allen pursued myriad personal projects and pastimes. He owned one of the world's biggest yachts, the 400-foot (122 meters) Octopus, which was the venue for many lavish parties and the base for scuba expeditions.
A rock 'n' roll aficionado, Allen had a band on call to jam with when he wanted, and spent more than $250 million building a museum devoted to his hero, Jimi Hendrix, which morphed into a music and science fiction exhibit designed by Frank Gehry.
He spent millions more on a collection of vintage warplanes and funded the first non-government rocket to make it into space. He also collected priceless antiquities and works by Monet, Rodin and Rothko to put in his extensive art collection.
Like Gates, Allen was a dedicated philanthropist, giving away more than $1.5 billion in his lifetime and pledging to donate more than half his wealth to charity.
Through various vehicles, Allen focused his giving on brain science, motivated by the loss of his mother to Alzheimer's disease, along with universities and libraries.
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- Author: Betty Homer
When gardeners speak of “perennial vegetables,” the edible plants that often come to mind include asparagus, rhubarb, and artichoke. The purpose of this article is to introduce you to other rare and/or unusual perennial vegetables which may be worth cultivating in your own backyard garden.
My quest for rare and unusual perennial vegetables led me to a plant sale recently held at the Occidental Arts & Ecology Center in Occidental, California (see www.oaec.org for more information). Although I purchased a number of perennial vegetables at the sale, most of which I have no experience growing, this article will feature two of those plants, which seem to be thriving thus far in my Solano County backyard garden. I will report back on other weird and wonderful perennial vegetables in the coming months, depending on how well they fare.
I had been searching for yacon (Polymnia sonchifolia), also known as Bolivian Sunroot, for quite some time, and was thrilled to have found it at the OAEC plant sale. Yacon is considered one of the “Lost Crops of the Incas.” Yacon is a relative of the sunflower and and native to the high Andes. Although my yacon plant is currently 5 inches tall, the literature I have read indicates that my yacon plant should reach 5-feet tall at maturity. To harvest yacon, the tubers are dug up in the autumn (so I have another a year to wait). Yacon is a versatile plant, as it can be eaten raw like fruit, or can be stir-fried, roasted, baked or made into pies and chips. Some cultures use the leaves of the yacon plant with which to wrap their food. Although I have never tasted yacon as it is not readily available in the markets that I shop at, I have read that yacon tastes like jicama, only better. Another description that I found, said that yacon tastes like a cross between celery and a Granny Smith apple. Yacon is best grown in full sun and in well-drained, fertile soil.
In recent years, yacon has grown in popularity, both in gardening literature and in nurseries specializing in rare plants. This may be due to the fact that yacon is an up and coming “super food,” as food companies are developing yacon into various products such as yacon syrup, which is a low-calorie sugar substitute appealing to both diabetics and people on diets.
Although I debated whether to buy malabar spinach (Basella rubra) at the OAEC plant sale, I gave in, as I knew malabar spinach to be a staple for those interested in permaculture/creating an edible food forest in their backyards. It is not actually spinach, but has the flavor of spinach, and can be substituted in recipes which call for spinach (note that malabar spinach is fleshy and mucilaginous, and is best consumed cooked and not raw). Under the right conditions (e.g., full sun, and fertile, well-drained soil), malabar spinach which is a vine requiring trellising, can reach 8-10 feet in length. Because malabar spinach is so prolific, I have read that one vine is sufficient to feed a family of 4. Malabar spinach is frost tender and may need to be dug up and brought indoors during the winter.
I will report on other unusual perennials growing in my backyard in the coming months, so stay tuned for updates.
- Author: Trisha Rose
I stroll pretty frequently through our neighborhood with dogs in tow. Many of my neighbors are gifted gardeners and I get a chance to check out and share in their summer bounty. While some of the "suburban farm plots" are shutting down for the season, others are still pumping out the tomatoes and squash. 'Bearss' Lime and 'Improved Meyer' lemon trees are bearing next to a driveway, volunteer squash are flowering by a hose spigot, baby lettuce is keeping company with Kranz aloe and bags of tasty tomatoes and squash appear at my front door along with peppers. Even okra grown from seeds brought in from Northern India is growing very well in the August sun.
Besides all this, one of my neighbors just brought over a dozen fresh eggs naturally colored in shades worthy of an Easter Egg Hunt. This hard working gardener has lots of that great by-product of chicken life she uses throughout her own salad bowl garden and orchard of fruit trees. And she lets a local beekeeper use a back corner for hives which produce lovely honey they both share.
Lots to see here when I put on my walking shoes and start looking around. It's a great way to stay in touch with my neighbors and share in their success as gardeners both literally and visually.
- Author: Betty Homer
My current gardening obsession is hunting for nurseries and resources that carry perennial vegetables. Such plants are usually available in the U.S. during the Spring (they are currently available at this time of year in Australia), but being the impatient personality that I am, I am anxious to get going now.
But this post is not about perennial vegetables—that will come in a later post once I succeed in acquiring said unusual and rare plants (such vegetables will go well beyond asparagus and artichoke), which may occur sometime in August (if you are interested, see www.oaec.org). It was my pursuit of these perennial vegetable plants that led me to recently stumble across a wonderful bakery and a small edible garden tucked behind it, which is the subject of this post.
So you ask—where is this place where one can find both amazing food and a beautiful garden? The answer--in Freestone located in Sonoma County. The bakery is called “Wild Flour Bakery” and features tasty creations such as sticky bun bread, scones dotted with strawberry and white chocolate, and savory goods (see http://www.wildflourbread.com/). The garden behind the bakery is cleverly named “Wild Flower Gardens” (play on the word “Flower” and “Flour”) which I suspect supplies some of the fruit used in the bakery’s baked goods. Unlike many edible gardens that can become overgrown because there is so much to manage, Wild Flower Gardens is, on the whole, well-ordered. In that space, you will find a small grove of young fruit trees consisting mostly of pears and plums. Also, in that space, are edible plants (kale, lettuce, raspberries, grapes, herbs, etc.) combined with ornamentals, the arrangement of which always interests me, because I enjoy seeing how people integrate these seemingly disparate groups of plants so that they look harmonious together. Best of all, there is seating scattered throughout the garden where you are invited to bring your fresh baked goods in to sit down and enjoy. It is a great little weekend getaway, just slightly over an hour from Solano County--not to be missed!
- Author: Marian I Chmieleski
As the summer vegetable garden's bounty is harvested it is time to think about a second planting to keep things going and even begin to move towards cooler-season crops. According to Renee's Garden (firstname.lastname@example.org) this is the perfect time to plant short season varieties. You can go to their website for planting information and even garden plans, but generally it is a good time to begin all the brassicas, lettuces and other salad greens, peas and several herbs. And it's a great time to think about companion planting.
A couple of months ago I was curious and did some research on companion planting and found that not only do some plants do better with certain others, but some are actually harmed (or at least hindered) by some others. I found, for instance, that you should never grow basil with sage. Oh. I had just planted a lovely couple of basil plants right next to my sage. And no herbs with the chard. Again, my little garden is a perfect example of what NOT to do. So here are a few things I learned and a couple of resources you might find interesting before you put in your next crops.
Do NOT plant any of the brassicas (cabbages, kale, kohlrabi, cauliflower) near tomatoes, beans, peppers, or strawberries. Likewise, do NOT plant potatoes near tomatoes or squashes; nor peas near onions, garlic, leeks or chives. Do plant your basil right next to your tomatoes. The basil actually improves the flavor of the tomatoes on the vine. Beets go well with lettuces, onions and the brassicas and are helped by catnip, garlic and mint.
If you find that your strawberries are being eaten by worms, try planting borage near them to strengthen their resistance to insects and disease. A border of thyme around those strawberries will also help deter the worms. Borage, in fact, along with loveage and geraniums, is a very good companion to almost everything including your cabbage.
Cilantro/coriander is good with spinach; sage will help repel moths from your cabbage crops and dill is a good companion to lettuce, cabbage and onions. But don't plant it near your tomatoes as it will attract the tomato hornworm.
Parsley sacrificially attracts insects that attack tomatoes. Tarragon's scent is disliked by most pests and is thought to have "nurse properties", enhancing the flavor of crops grown with it. Marigolds are a "wonder drug" in the garden, and FRENCH marigolds (Tagetes patula) produce from their roots a pesticidal chemical that will last in the soil years after the plants themselves are gone. Nasturtiums attract aphids so they will leave your other plants alone and the nasturtium petals and young leaves are great in a salad.
There is a wealth of information out there on companion planting and you can find information on just what you intend to plant. Below are some sources that I found helpful with one caveat: sometimes I found conflicting information in different sources. As always, gardening can be an adventure--but a beautiful and tasty one!
http://ucanr.edu (Search: Companion Planting)
- Author: Karen Metz
The concept of edible landscaping has been growing in popularity for the last few decades. It proposes that we integrate edible plants into our regular landscape design and plantings. Its proponents argue that since plant-able soil is at a premium for many people, using all our space makes sense. They also point out that in addition to helping us eat healthier by growing some of our own fruit and vegetables, many of these plants are downright pretty.
I found myself on the flip-side of edible landscaping the last few years. I have two raised beds, six by six feet in my back yard that I have grown herbs and vegetables in for years. Several years ago I bought some dahlia tubers at the San Francisco Garden Show. When I got them home, I realized I didn't know where I could plant them. Front and side yards all had established plantings that weren't amenable to some potentially four foot neighbors. I decided to put them in the very back of my raised vegetable beds. Over the years, I got a few more varieties. I thought the foliage and flowers made a nice backdrop for my vegetables.
Then I saw some corms for the most beautiful two-toned gladiolas. I tried a few in the front yard but they kept getting blown over by the wind. The backyard seemed my only solution. I reasoned that since the leaves were tall but slender I really shouldn't have to worry too much about shading out my vegetables. I planted them in a big line right across the front of both raised beds.
The first year was beautiful and my plan worked well. Gradually though the gladiolas multiplied and I found myself with a thick wall of foliage last year. I tried pulling the foliage to each side of the tomatoes to try and let some sunlight in, but it was the worst year for tomatoes I had ever had.
After growing season, I dug up the gladiolas, gave some away and replanted some farther back in the bed in little clumps not solid rows. When it came time to put in the tomatoes this year, I placed them on the edges and right in front. This year the tomatoes are doing much better.
Just to let you know I am a firm believer in edible landscaping. In other parts of the yard I have a fig, a crabapple and an olive tree. I have pomegranate and pineapple guava shrubs and some smaller blueberry bushes. I have artichoke, and lavender plants and some herbal plants and ground-covers.
I love food and I love flowers. As long as we can give them the soil, the light, and the water they need, they will get along just fine.
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Why We Spend Too Much Money
If you spend more than you want to – you are not alone. But it’s not your fault. You have been taught to think about money the wrong way – which results in spending too much. But we came up with a simple method that will help you spend less and feel good about your money decisions.
We are Trained to Spend Money
The main reason we spend too much money is because we have been taught to look at all the wrong numbers. Our brains like to simplify the math for us (I mean… who likes doing math, right?). So if you make $50,000 per year, then that os the number your brain uses for reference.
Let’s say your refrigerator is getting old and ugly. You decide to look for a new one. Why get a new one when yours is still working? Because it is old and ugly – and doesn’t have the cool new features, such as text message reminders to get milk (just kidding – but not really). Well, you make $50,000 per year so you should be able to get a new refrigerator, right?
When you get to the store, you look at various refrigerators and their features and prices. Fridge A is only $1,000 while fridge B is $1,800. Well, you make $50,000 per year, so you should be able to afford $1,800. This is a no-brainer.
Stop right there – Some of you are already better than this. You know enough to say, “I already break this number down smaller… I only make about $4,000 per month.” Great! Now let’s look at again. Fridge A is $1,000 and Fridge B is $1,800. But you make $4,000 per month and this fridge is likely to last at least 10 years, so maybe it is worth it. So not only do you buy a refrigerator when yours is not broken, but you bought the more expensive one. Or, maybe you bought the one for $1,000 and feel really good about your decision. But was it a good decision?
Small Purchases are Even Worse
Okay. Let’s break it down to smaller purchases. The reason small purchases are worse is simply because we make so many more small purchases. And we can justify a few more dollars for each of them. But this adds up to thousands per year.
You want to purchase a cellphone case. You can get a case for $10, $25, or $60. Given that you make
$50,000 per year about $4,000 per month, then does it really matter if you pay $60 and get the case you really want? You don’t have to do a lot of math to figure out what a small percentage of your income that is.
Next, let’s say you want to buy your lunch at work instead of packing. It costs about $2 to pack your lunch and $8 to buy it. For $6 more you might as well just buy your lunch. I mean what is $4 out of $4,000 in your monthly income anyway?
Finally, assume you are negotiating when buying a car. At the end of the day, so what if you don’t get the absolute best price or the absolute best interest rate? All that haggling and negotiating will only result in about $20 per month savings at best. Out of $4,000 each month, it really isn’t a big deal.
You Don’t Make that Much Money!
The problem with this line of thinking is that you don’t really make that much money. Oh, you earn that much money. But you don’t really have that much money to spend. Let’s break it down:
How to Spend Less
The key to spending less is to not think about how much you make each month, but to think about how much you have available to spend each month. Let’s continue with our example. Now, each time you make a decision (“Should I go ahead and buy that new fridge?”, “Should I get the nicer fridge?”, “Can I just buy my lunch instead of packing?”, “Is it okay to get the $60 cell phone case?”) you do so relative to your spending money – $150 per month.
When you make your spending decisions based on the small dollars that are actually available to you, you will make better spending decisions. You won’t overspend because you will be more cautious with your money.
For individual purchases, such as a $60 cellphone case, you now see that it will cost you close to half your available monthly spending money! By comparing every small purchase to your $150 of spending money, you will only be willing to spend it on those things that are really important to you.
Plus, think about monthly expenses. For example, negotiating a little more on your car might have saved you just $20 per month. Compared to your $4,000 so what? But compared to your $150 in spending money, that would have been a 13% increase in spending money – from $150 to $170! Buying lunch out just 4 times per month will cost an extra $20 compared to packing. That could bump you up to $190, and so on as you start making smart money decisions.
The point is that as you go through your line item of expenses, you can see where making small adjustments to spend smarter will result in large savings each month. By prioritizing your spending in this way you are sure to always make the most of your money and are less likely to regret your purchases later.
As part of my blogging journey, I have started to join in on some link parties. Here are some below:
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Wal-Mart is noted for making money both from lower wholesale prices and from low employees' pay. When employees in Quebec sought to unionize in order to bargain for better pay, Wal-Mart shut down their store. A Wal-Mart in Saskatchewan managed to unionize in 2008 and remain unionized, but the battle against unions continues apace.
So now, Goldman Sachs is planning to use the Wal-Mart decision in the U.S. to win its own case of discrimination. Goldman Sachs and Wal-Mart deserve each other.
Goldman Sachs fights bias lawsuit, cites Wal-Mart
By Moira Herbst - Reuters
(Reuters) - Goldman Sachs Group Inc (GS.N) said a recent landmark decision throwing out a class-action lawsuit against Wal-Mart (WMT.N) means it should not face a wide-ranging case accusing it of systematic bias against women.
The investment bank in court papers said the three women who sued it last year have highly individual claims that cannot be readily applied to a wider class of plaintiffs.
Last month, the U.S. Supreme Court said a gender bias case against Wal-Mart on behalf of a group believed to exceed 1.5 million workers could not proceed because the plaintiffs' claims did not have enough in common to sue as a group. The plaintiffs allege that Goldman underpays women and promotes them less often than men.
A grant of class-action status can result in larger awards and make it easier for people who otherwise could not sue on their own to recover.
Read the whole article here
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Fish and shrimp can suffer from a wide range of health problems, including poor digestion, a lack of disease resistance, and a condition known as swim bladder disorder. A diet containing enzyme inhibitors can cause these health problems. Additionally, enzymes can improve the lives of aquaculturists. The following are the five most important advantages of feeding enzymatic fish food to aquatic organisms.
Reduce Feeding Cost
The first benefit of feeding enzymes to fish and shrimp is that it reduces the amount of feed required to grow shrimp. Fish and shrimp are given digestive enzymes to aid in the digestion of their food, thereby promoting faster growth. If they didn’t have these enzymes, they’d have to eat more food to break down all the nutrients in the food so that the digestive system could absorb them. Nutrients will be lost, and food will be wasted as a result.
Providing fish and shrimp with enzymes can reduce the amount of food they require to grow. This will reduce the amount of money aquaculture farmers spend on feeding, which is one of their largest expenses. This will also save money in the long run and allow more profit to be retained.
Increase Growth Rate
The second advantage of feeding fish and shrimp enzymes is that it increases their growth rate. When an animal consumes food, its digestive system breaks down the food’s nutrients before the body can absorb them. If an animal lacks sufficient enzymes, this process will take longer because its digestive system will have to perform more work before these nutrients can be absorbed into the body. With longer intervals between meals, an animal’s growth rate will slow because it takes them longer to digest their food before absorbing it into their bodies, a process that requires energy.
Fish and shrimp require these proteins for growth, but they cannot produce them on their own. They must be fed.
When enzymes are added to fish or shrimp feed, the animals grow faster because their bodies do not have to work as hard to digest the food. Instead, they can simply consume it and let the enzymes do the work for them.
Fish and shrimp are known for their delicate flavor, but they also have a delicate digestive system. Fish and shrimp are unable to digest their food on their own, so they rely on the enzymes in their feed to break down the nutrients so that they can be absorbed.
Enzymes are essential for digestion because they aid in the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into simpler compounds that their bodies can use for energy. Without enzymes, most food would pass through a fish’s body without being digested or assimilated into the body.
The best way to improve digestion in fish and shrimp is to feed them a diet high in enzymes. This will help them in digesting their food better so that they can get more out of it.
Decreases Mortality Rate
Feeding enzymes to fish and shrimp can have tremendous benefits for the health and longevity of your fish and shrimp. Fish and shrimp are extremely sensitive to environmental conditions, and their nutritional needs fluctuate depending on the temperature, water salinity, and other factors. As a result of this variability, the best way to ensure that your fish and shrimp are receiving proper nutrition is to feed them enzymes.
When fish and shrimp eat food that has not been broken down properly, it can lead to malabsorption of important nutrients, which can lead to malnutrition. This malnutrition can cause malformations in young fish or slow growth in older ones, as well as a general lack of energy. If left untreated, this malnutrition can eventually lead to mortality rates rising as a result of poor health.
By adding enzymes to your fish or shrimp’s food, you ensure that they receive all the essential nutrients they require to thrive.
Reduces the Amount of Ammonia Produced
Fish and shrimp are two of the most popular seafood choices in the world, but they’re not always easy to raise.
In addition to having specific dietary requirements, they produce ammonia as a normal part of their metabolic processes. This is a problem if you want to raise fish or shrimp in an enclosed environment, as ammonia can quickly build up and cause severe harm to your fish or shrimp.
Enzymes reduce the amount of ammonia produced by your fish or shrimp, which means that you won’t have to worry about cleaning out their tanks as often or changing their water as much. In other words, you’ll save money on maintenance costs.
Reduction of Stress Levels
The reduction of stress levels in your fish or shrimp may allow them to live longer, healthier lives. This is because enzymes help break down proteins, which can be stressful for animals that do not have enough enzymes.
Enzymes also help promote digestion by breaking down food particles into smaller pieces that are easier for your animal to digest. This will reduce their risk of developing digestive problems such as constipation or diarrhea.
Enzymes Are Safe and Non-toxic to Your Fish and Shrimp
The main positive when feeding enzymes to your inhabitants is knowing that it will not harm them. In addition to being completely harmless to your fish and shrimp, enzymes can make your life a whole lot easier. They are derived from natural ingredients, making them ideal for fish and shrimp.
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Caring for a loved one can be stressful, especially when all your energy goes toward supporting their needs and there’s nothing left over for you. This is why it’s important to remember to care for yourself as well. You are an essential part of your loved one’s life, so breaks from caregiving will be a benefit to both of you.
Respite care can take many forms. It gives you a break from your responsibilities, whether it’s for a few hours or a few weeks. Respite services are often in high demand so try to schedule as far in advance as possible.
Types of Respite
In-home respite can be arranged through Continuing Care or through a private provider. A respite worker will come to your home for a few hours to provide company and supervision. They will also make sure your loved one is safe so you can relax and take a break. Call Caregivers Nova Scotia to talk about your needs and we may be able to help you find the service that's right for you.
Program-based respite can be found at Adult Day Programs across the province or through local recreation centres or community volunteer organizations. Day programs can run for a few hours to as long as all day. The caregiver is normally responsible for transportation. For more information, please see Adult Day Program listings on our website.
Facility-based respite is for longer periods, from days to weeks. This service is provided in a long-term care facility and you usually have to pay a fee. Access to the Facility-Based Respite program is through Continuing Care. A list of facilities that have a respite bed can be found in the LTC Facility Directory. At the end of each facility listing, it will tell you how many beds they have, as well as how many are for respite care. In some cases, the fee for facility-based respite can be reduced or waived. The policy and request form regarding fee review can be found here.
Private providers - Some families hire respite services through an agency or organization. This might be more attractive in that it is likely that the agency has confirmed the credentials of their employees. A list of private providers can be found on the CNS website.
The Department of Community Services (DCS), Services for Persons with Disabilities has programs that might provide help with some of the cost of respite. The Direct Family Support Program provides funding to eligible families to enable them to support their family member with a disability at home. The Flex Program provides funding to participants who live at home with their families or live independently. The funds are used to purchase supports, promote independence, and offer an alternative to residential placement.
For those families who decide to hire their own staff, the Nova Scotia Respite Guide offers some helpful tips on advertising, interviewing, hiring, and training your own employees who may be better able to respond to your loved one's specific needs. Additional care must be taken that the person being hired is screened to ensure that they can provide safe and quality care.
Every caregiver has a right to enjoy their life, even if their care recipient cannot join in with them. Self-care doesn’t just happen. You have to make sure you keep your own sense of self.
We all need time to rest and recharge. Giving devoted care to your loved one, without giving a thought to caring for yourself, is all too familiar for most caregivers. However, this reluctance to self-care will eventually take its toll.
It is important to make your health and well-being a priority. Studies show that when caregivers take time for themselves, it improves their ability to give care in the long run. Having access to and taking advantage of respite is one way for caregivers to take some time to look after their own needs.
Sometimes just stepping away from the situation for a short period will allow you to look at it with fresh eyes. If any changes need to be made it will be easier to tell what they are. Caregivers Need Breaks Too: 5 Benefits of Respite will help you understand that everyone benefits when you are rested and refreshed.
Even if you don’t know what to do with time off, schedule it. Then call us to find out about recreational opportunities in your community so we can help you make a plan for some time for yourself.
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A half century of curing and caring
(Page 3 of 6)
Tullo, who lives just a few blocks away from the hospital, agreed that the takeover was necessary. “In my opinion, it was the best thing for the hospital,” she said, adding that North Shore-LIJ has put a lot of money and effort into maintaining the building.
Growing and shrinking
As Franklin Hospital got bigger and began serving more patients in the first few decades after its opening — growing eventually to 305 beds — more space was needed for parking. The hospital acquired land from the state that abutted the Southern State Parkway to build more lots.
Parkway ramps had to be reconfigured in order to accommodate the growing medical center. The two-story parking garage and adjacent lots were built over former exit and entrance ramps for the Southern State. The road along the north side of the hospital, now known as Blakeman Drive, had to be moved.
Albert Dicker, who served as the director of the hospital from 1964-99, said getting that land from the state was very helpful. “We needed it,” he said. “People were parking in the streets.”
Dicker led Franklin through it’s growth, both in size and in terms of care provided. He said the construction never disrupted Franklin’s ability to function and all work was always done on time.
The hospital has added numerous services over the years, and several departments, such as radiology and the emergency room, required more space. The original emergency room was just five beds plus a cardiac room and an orthopedics room for casts. Hottendorf said there are plans to expand it again in the near future.
One area that closed was the maternity ward, which shut its doors on June 6, 2005. Tullo, who had both of her children at the hospital, said the area’s aging population meant fewer people in Valley Stream and surrounding communities were having kids.
“There were not enough births per year to constitute keeping the maternity unit open,” she said. By 2004, there was an average of fewer than two births per day.
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AVIA detects defects by comparing images of items or scenes of interest to their respective stored reference images. AVIA optimizes its accuracy and repeatability by relaxing assumptions about image registration and employing proprietary image processing techniques. In doing so, it can perform the corrections necessary to accommodate variations that can occur across images of materials that experience unpredictable nonlinear distortions during manufacturing. All differences that AVIA identifies as exceeding user-specified size and contrast thresholds are located, marked, ranked and tabulated.
To date, AVIA has not been used to replace human inspectors. It has, instead, been used to enhance the speed and accuracy of laborious inspection and proofreading processes by inspecting some products up to 200 times more quickly than humans and freeing them from the type of tedious, repetitivereview work that routinely results in errors. The operators of AVIA-based systems remain the ultimate arbiters, because they review the Internet-compatible (HTML) defect/error reports that are generated, annotate them as required, initiate the appropriate corrective actions when necessary, and prepare final reports submitted for record keeping.
Currently only available in forms suitable for implementation on WinTel-compatible platforms, AVIA’s most common use is as the defect detection engine of label inspection and automated proofreading systems in the pharmaceutical and medical industries where the accuracy and quality of printed information are of utmost importance. The positive results of feasibility analysis testing done on security codebooks, surveillance photos, paper currency, stamps, casino playing cards, etched microcircuits, flexible circuits, semiconductor die and brain slices suggests that these items could also be effectively inspected by AVIA-based systems. Inquiries are welcome from OEMs and system integrators interested in establishing strategic alliances to pursue such opportunities.
For more information, visit http://www.The-V-E-A.com, email firstname.lastname@example.org or call (617) 492-1252.
About The Value Engineering Alliance
Established in July of 1987, THE VALUE ENGINEERING ALLIANCE specializes in the conceptualization, development, marketing, selling, and implementation of machine vision solutions that lower the overall costs of laboratory and industrial manufacturing operations (analysis, assembly, inspection, test, control, identification, etc.) while achieving equivalent or enhanced levels of system/process performance and reliability.
Renowned as the supplier of application-specific vision software libraries used by several of the vision industry’s premier players to enhance their existing offerings or expand into new application arenas, The VEA has been equally successful as a supplier of vision software and systems used in numerous industries by OEMs, system developers/integrators and automation engineers inside end user organizations. Based in Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA), the VEA operates worldwide via its extensive network of allied organizations and individuals. For additional information about the VEA’s activities and areas of expertise, visit www.The-V-E-A.com.
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[i]This article was taken from [i]The WIRED World in 2016 -- our fourth annual trends report, a standalone magazine in which our network of expert writers and influencers predicts what's coming next. Be the first to read WIRED's articles in print before they're posted online, and get your hands on loads of additional content by subscribing online.[/i][/i]
Digital wallets have long been considered to be an ideal of modern life. Apple Pay, Android Pay and the other, similar, platforms available in 2016 will mean that we will deal less with cash -- we will be freer, more flexible, spend less time on managing our money, and have a much clearer understanding on what we spend our money on. A sort of utopian era of technological bliss. The queue at Starbucks will be shorter. We won't have to wait to sign the credit-card receipt at the end of a nice dinner. We won't miss the Tube while trying to top up our Oyster cards.
And that is just the start. As these digital wallets, and others, develop further, much of the hassle involved with paying could be eliminated. A post-money economy would be upon us.
But, is this kind of future good news for us? Do we truly want to eliminate all the friction that comes with spending cash and swiping credit cards?
In 2011, a study published in the journal Obesity described an experiment in which some people got one 400g bag of crackers, while others got the same quantity of crackers, but in four separate, 100g bags. In which of the two cases did people eat fewer crackers? You guessed it: when the crackers were given in four bags. What made them stop sooner? When crackers were divided into multiple bags, people stopped at the end of a bag.
We call this the "decision point". When we get a large bag of crackers, we sit watching a movie and just eat without thinking much. But, when the bag is finished, we stop. And when we stop we think. And, as we think, we are more likely to ask ourselves if we really want to stop or continue. Sometimes we conclude that we should stop (and on quite a few we even do stop).
If we approached cracker consumption in the way we're currently thinking about digital wallets, we would be trying to build cracker dispensers that give people a continuous supply of crackers without thinking much and while minimising physical effort. But is this the world we want to create? When it comes to crackers, it seems clear that a world in which people eat crackers without thinking is not a good world for the individuals in question or for society (though it might be good in the short-term for the people producing crackers).
The importance of slowing down to think is important for cracker consumption, but it applies with even more force to money. Some friction, and the need to stop and think can, in fact, be good for us. Saving money is already very hard, as we compare something that we want right now -- and we can almost taste and feel it -- to something abstract that we might get in the future if we forgo the purchase and saved the money. Do we really need to make the process of spending any easier?
In the money domain, the feeling we get when we stop to think about spending is called "the pain of paying". This is a sort of agony that we feel when we part with our cash. It is the feeling that we have when we pay in notes and coins at the end of an expensive meal, compared with paying for the same meal with a gift certificate or a credit card. It is basically the unpleasantness that comes with thinking about the money that is leaving us -- and the more we think about it, the more pain of paying we get, and the less fun and exciting the purchasing becomes.
With this understanding of the pain of paying in mind, it is all too obvious why retailers and credit-card companies want digital wallets to eliminate the pain of paying. But, do we -- as the people using digital wallets to part with our money -- want the same process? Whereas the pain of paying can make us feel guilty after an expensive dinner, it can also prevent us (to some degree) from impulsive shopping. In a future with digital wallets the way that they are envisioned now, and with almost all frictions eliminated from the payment system, we are likely to fall for temptation at a much higher rate. It will be almost as if we got to spend the whole day sitting on a table full of fresh doughnuts, cheesecake and truffles, all within reach. The result? Not good for our long-term health or savings rates.
The idea that electronic wallets should get us to think about money does not end with thinking about spending. What about savings? Could we add things to electronic wallets that would change the way in which we think about savings, and by doing so make us save more? Saving is an area of life that doesn't cross our minds often, and even when it does, it rarely produces increased results. To test the extent to which the design of digital wallets could influence savings behaviour, Duke University conducted an experiment with more than 2,000 customers of a mobile money savings plan in Kenya. We randomly assigned participants to receive one of many different services from the savings plan. Some participants received two text messages every week: one at the start of the week to remind them to save and another one at the end of the week to report a summary of savings.
In addition to these text messages, other participants also received a gold-coloured coin with 24 engraved numbers (the numbers one to 24), to indicate the 24 weeks that the plan lasted. At the end of the week, if these participants had saved money, they were asked to take a sharp knife and scratch the number for that week in a way that indicated what they had saved during that week. Other participants got a different type of reminder message: a text that was framed as if it came from the participant's child, asking them to save for "our future". Yet another group of participants got a match for their savings. They received a bonus of ten per cent of their weekly savings, deposited in their account at the end of each week. There was also a group of participants who received a 20 per cent match. (We had some other conditions as well, but they did not end up being that interesting.)
At the end of six months, the service that performed spectacularly better than every other service was... the coin. Every other service, that is the text message from kids, the extra deposits and our other approaches, increased savings only slightly. Those who received the coin saved, on average, about twice as much as those who only received the simple messaging service.
How did a simple coin make such a difference in behaviour?
We believe that it made the act of saving salient by changing what people were thinking about as they were going about their day. From time to time they saw the coin in their hut; from time to time they touched it, talked about it. By being physically present, the coin brought the thought about saving, and with it the act of saving, into participants' daily life.
How will our relationship with money evolve? With digital wallets, we are exploring a completely new medium -- and this is a good point to ask how the future might be shaped. The answer is that it will depend on design. If the people putting these products into the market focus on minimising friction and thought, then more money will be spent with less thought and attention. But, if we understand the places where we fail when it comes to thinking about money and try to use technology to augment our memory and attention in order to help us think better, the future might be much better.
Dan Ariely's latest book, Behavioural Economics Saved My Dog, is out now (Oneworld)
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Mennonites, Politics, and Peoplehood: Europe - Russia - Canada, 1525-1980
Urry looks at the Mennonite reaction to politics and political events from the Reformation onwards and focuses particularly on those people who settled in Russia and their descendants who came to Manitoba. Using a wide variety of sources, he takes an interdisciplinary approach to reveal the Mennonites, far from being the "Quiet in the Land," have deep roots in political life.
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This activity is closed to further registration.
This program will introduce your children to the game of basketball if they are beginners or if they need the know how to get to the next level. Basic skills of dribbling, passing, shooting, and defense will be taught. Games will also be played to show the importance of teamwork in game situations. Basketball (II) & (III) are a continuation of Basketball. Equipment: Provided
Gymnasium - MSRC at Main Street Recreation Center
Glen Ellyn Park District
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Flubaroo is a completely free online grading tool created for teachers or users to create assignments and grade students online. All This is done through the help of Google Docs and users need to have a Google Docs account to use this tool. Teachers can create a form in Google Docs and add the questions they want to ask in it. This form is shared with students over Email. All the submissions made by students appear in the spreadsheet that is generated along with the form. Teachers can then install the Flubaroo option on their spreadsheet and grade all the submissions made by students. A complete description of how to use this tool is given as we go through this article.
This online grading tool comes to serve as an easy way out for teachers who have to go through the laborious task of manually checking all the test papers and grading them. This online grading tool saves them a lot of time and energy. Simply create a form, share it with students, and grade all of them based on their performances.
How This Online Grading Tool Works?
Using Flubaroo is very easy and it becomes much more easy if you already know how to create a form and share spreadsheet in Google Docs. Instructions are also given on the home page of the website that tell you how to complete the task. You just have to make sure that you are logged in your Google Docs or Gmail account while using this tool. If you’re already logged in, start creating a form.
In the new form, teachers have to add the questions they want to ask. After that, they have to share the form with their students. The name of students who keep submitting their answers keeps appearing on the spreadsheet generated along with the questionnaire. The teacher also has to make a submission, giving answers to the questions asked. This is done because the tool requires a answer key while grading the submissions of other students.
After all the students have answered the questions and the spreadsheet is updated, the teacher can install the Flubaroo option on their spreadsheet. This is done by clicking on the script option in Insert dropdown menu. Once, it is installed, a two step grade checking system is performed automatically. Teacher’s submission is selected as the answer key and all other submissions are judged on that basis. However, some other submission can also be selected to be the answer key.
Once the grading is finished, all the statistics, including marks for all the students appear on a single sheet. These marks can be sent to all students individually with the help of their email id’s.
Along with the the marks and percentage of every children, a lot of other statistics are also generated by Flubaroo. These statistics are:
- Maximum possible marks
- Average marks
- Total Submissions
- Number of low scoring questions.
A grade chart option is also available that can be accessed by students to generate a graphical view of grade distribution statistics.
Flubaroo is an excellent online grading tool that reduces the burden of teachers considerably. It is very efficient and very easy to use.
Try Flubaroo here!
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Clustered both geographically and academically, the seven Claremont Colleges—five undergraduate and two graduate campuses—enable their students to attend a small, tightly-focused college even as they enjoy the benefits their "big school" seven-college consortium offers—cross-enrollment in classes; participation in a host of multi-campus social, academic, political, creative and religious organizations; all-campus dining privileges; and participation on a host of highly competitive NCAA Division III men's and women's athletic teams.
Established in 1887, Pomona is the founding member of The Claremont Colleges. Pomona offers a traditional liberal arts program, with majors in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, to approximately 1,520 men and women.
Claremont Graduate University
With an enrollment of just over 2,000 students, the Claremont Graduate University was founded in 1925 and offers master's and doctoral degrees in the humanities and social sciences, government, economics, mathematics, botany, management and education.
Claremont University Consortium
Claremont University Consortium (CUC) is the central coordinating and support organization for a highly regarded cluster of seven independent colleges known as The Claremont Colleges located in Southern California. Originally established in 1925 as part of Claremont University Center, in July 2000, CUC incorporated as a freestanding tax-exempt organization with a visionary Chief Executive Officer, committed Board of Overseers and 350 full-time employees.
An undergraduate women's college with a current enrollment of nearly 900 was founded by Ellen Browning Scripps in 1926. Scripps is well known for its core curriculum in the humanities and its emphasis on interdisciplinary study. Scripps offers concentrations in the arts, language and literature, philosophy and religion, science and social studies.
Claremont McKenna College
Claremont McKenna College is a highly selective, co-educational, liberal arts college educating leaders in business and public affairs. CMC was founded in 1946 and has a current enrollment of approximately 1,200 students.
Harvey Mudd College
A coeducational, 735-student college, Harvey Mudd joined the consortium in 1955 and offers undergraduate programs in engineering, science and mathematics, while also emphasizing the humanities and social sciences. The school produces highly competent scientists, mathematicians and engineers who understand the impact of their work on society.
With a curriculum that emphasizes the social and behavioral sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, anthropology and political studies, Pitzer was founded in 1963 and is a coeducational college that enrolls nearly 950 students.
Keck Graduate Institute
The seventh and newest member of The Claremont Colleges was founded in 1997, KGI has a current enrollment of 85 students. The first American graduate school dedicated exclusively to the emerging fields of the applied life sciences, KGI offers professionally-oriented master's degrees. Its mission is to combine the vast power of ongoing developments in molecular biology, chemistry and related fields with creative, application-centered engineering.
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Researchers from the CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology in Palampur have identified organic chemicals in tea plants that could be potentially used to stop the proliferation of the novel coronavirus1.
They have found that the chemicals, known as polyphenols, bind to a specific viral protein more efficiently than three commercially available anti-HIV drugs approved for treating COVID-19 patients.
These chemicals, they say, might block the activity of the viral protein that helps the virus to thrive inside human cells.
Tea polyphenols have been shown to inhibit the growth of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These chemicals also possess anticancer and antidiabetic properties. However, their roles against the coronaviruses, particularly the novel coronavirus, were largely unexplored.
Using computer-based models, the scientists screened 65 bioactive chemicals found in tea plants. They then tested these chemicals’ efficiency in binding to the main protease, one of the proteins that the coronavirus uses to grow inside human cells.
They detected a few polyphenols that could bind efficiently to the viral protein. Of the effective polyphenols, theaflavin-3-O-gallate, oolonghomobisflavan-A and theasinensin-D formed stable bonds with the viral protein. They found that the bonds between the polyphenols and the viral protein were stronger than those formed by anti-HIV drugs such as atazanavir, darunavir and lopinavir.
The researchers say that olonghomobisflavan-A formed the strongest bond with the viral protein. This polyphenol could outperform the anti-HIV drugs in inhibiting the activity of the viral protein, they add.
1. Bharadwaj, K. V. et al. Identification of bioactive molecules from Tea plant as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. J. Biomol. Struct. Dynam. (2020) doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1766572
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A penalty called when a player impedes another player's ability to catch a downfield pass prior to the ball's arrival. Pass interference can be called on either the offense or the defense, although it is more commonly called on the defense. On defensive pass interference, the penalty is assessed by awarding the offense a first down at the spot of the foul. On offensive pass interference, the offense is penalized ten yards and must replay the down.
Pass interference can only be called if the player could reasonable have made a play on the ball. Also once a forward pass is tipped or deflected, pass interference is no longer a foul.
Pass interference is most often called when a defensive player makes contact with an offensive player before the pass arrives, and that contact inhibits the offensive player from catching the pass. Examples of this contact can be a defensive player who trips up a wide receiver, grabs the arm of a player so that they cannot catch the ball, or a defender who makes contact with an offensive player without looking for the location of the ball. Offensive pass interference is most often called when an offensive player pushes off on a defender in order to become more open and make it easier to catch the football. Pass interference is a judgment call, and can differ depending on the officiating crew. In the event that both players were making equivalent amounts of contact, it can be termed "incidental contact" and no penalty is called.
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ERIC Number: ED425420
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1998
Whole to Part Phonics: How Children Learn To Read and Spell.
Dombey, Henrietta; Moustafa, Margaret
Intended for teachers in primary education, this book draws together the most helpful contemporary thinking and research evidence about the learning and teaching of reading, especially in relation to graphophonics, and shows how these findings can be translated into effective classroom practices. The book summarizes evidence on how children learn about letter-sound relationships and their use. The book states that, by drawing on children's wider experience of reading and on their preferred modes of learning, whole-to-part phonics offers an exciting alternative where students focus on the construction of meaning rather than the decoding of text. Following an introduction, part one contains three sections: "How Phonics Works in English" (Henrietta Dombey); "Whole-to-Parts Phonics Instruction" (Margaret Moustafa); and "Learning to Spell" (Olivia O'Sullivan). Part two contains sections labeled "Ages 4-6" (with subsections on Classroom Contexts, Whole Words in Context, From Whole to Part, and From Part to Whole); and "Ages 6-8" (with subsections on Classroom Contexts, From Whole to Part, From Part to Whole, Children with Literacy Difficulties, and Summary of Classroom Activities). (Contains 17 references.) (CR)
Descriptors: Classroom Techniques, Context Clues, Foreign Countries, Instructional Improvement, Phonics, Primary Education, Reading Comprehension, Reading Instruction, Reading Strategies, Spelling, Teaching Methods, Word Study Skills
Heinemann, 361 Hanover Street, Portsmouth, NH 03801-3912; Tel: 800-793-2154 (Toll Free); Fax: 603-431-7840; Web site: http://heinemann.com ($9).
Publication Type: Books; Collected Works - General; Guides - Classroom - Teacher
Education Level: N/A
Audience: Practitioners; Teachers
Authoring Institution: N/A
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A
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The term modern furniture refers to the furniture that is produced from the later 19th century through modern times. Almost every home and business has some type of furniture that is used to better accommodate the areas within. Those living in DC have plenty of stores to visit when they are in need of new furnishings. These modern furniture DC stores have everything from beds and sofas to desks and chairs. Charles Darwin could possibly be called the first inventor of the office chair because he was the first to put wheels on a standard armchair. Obviously, office chairs have been modified to be much more comfortable and appealing in modern times. Anyone in search of modern furniture DC furnishings should consider going on the internet to find the best place to shop.
The word chairman comes from the proven fact that only important people were privileged to have chairs back in the day. There are so many different types of contemporary furniture dc items out there that it would be hard not to find what you need. Business owners looking to facilitate their building with all the most comfortable and practical furnishings should head over to a modern furniture DC store and have a look at the selection. Homeowners that wish to add some accessories to their home can also browse a modern furniture DC retailer either online or in person depending on what is most convenient.
Couches were originally akin to daybeds as they were a piece of furniture that reclined. Nowadays, couches and other Dc contemporary furniture have been advanced to provide the most extreme comfort and appeal. The internet is a fantastic place to perform research and shop for theodores and other DC modern furniture. Here you can compare prices of various modern furniture DC locations to pinpoint the most affordable store across the country. Even further, you will have the luxury of being able to browse the widest selection of modern furniture DC items as there are countless places to look.
Did you know that in 2009, the premiere German Office Chair Racing Championship was held in Bad Koenig Zell? Not only can furniture be used for comfort and luxury, but apparently can be a great deal of fun if you think creatively. Residents in and around DC in search of furniture should really take some time to browse all that is out there by visiting multiple modern furniture DC stores before making a hasty purchase.
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Former Zambian president Frederick Chiluba was charged Monday with 60 counts of “theft by a public servant.”. He has since been released on a hundred thousand dollars bail. The offenses Mr. Chiluba is charged with range from undervaluing the price of Zambia's minerals for personal gain and the loss of over $20 million to an arms dealer.
The former Zambian leader is also believed to have used for personal reasons the account of the Zambia Intelligence Security Service. The charges come days after the Supreme Court upheld the decision last year by parliament to lift Mr. Chiluba's immunity. Parliament made the decision following revelations to the house by President Levy Mwanawasa that Mr. Chiluba's administration mismanaged the economy and financial resources of the country. But Mr. Chiluba went to court claiming that parliament erred in law by withdrawing his immunity without giving him a chance to defend himself. Mr. Chiluba, who has since been released on bail, is expected to be in court on the third of March.
The administration of President Mwanawasa has set up a task force to probe office abuse and economic mismanagement under the previous government of Mr. Chiluba. This is in the context of Mr. Mwanawasa program of zero tolerance against corruption. Mr. Chiluba was in office for two five year terms which came to an end at the end of 2001. He came into power on the platform of economic liberalization and respect for human rights. During his administration, Mr. Chiluba privatized almost all state companies, which numbered over 200. But the handling of the privatization program was heavily criticized for throwing people out of employment and its alleged lack of transparency.
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http://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-02-24-36-former-66309457/542637.html
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A community newsletter may be a good idea, but it won’t be worth much if people are least bothered about it, not showing any interest or not reading it at all. You are putting in a lot of efforts, and all of them seem to be simply going down the drain. What to do then? How to make people take an interest in it?
Well to begin with, people will read your community newsletter if it has something interesting to offer, it is lively and vibrant. Most importantly, it contains content that they might find some relevance to them. You can ask the local people and the town committee to pour in some ideas. It should be good if a person remains at its line of thoughts, you need to gather information. There is no way on earth that information will come running to you. If you plan just to sit back, making no efforts at all, you might as well just pack everything up.
There are many people who are not open; they will not give away information quite easily. To put their thoughts down on a piece of paper, you will have to make some efforts on your own and talk to them, ask them questions, start off an interesting discussion with them. Gather all that you get from them and turn the information or discussion into an article. But before you publish this content, make sure that this runs through their eyes at least once to ensure all you’ve put there is what they said or had in mind.
There is much other community news out there; you can get heaps of inspiration from them. We also can put our request for the copy of their newsletter and when the time comes, you can always return the favor. Check out their pattern, the stories they cover, the demography that is mainly targeted. Gather as many ideas as you can from other community newsletters to make yours interesting. Don’t follow the same pattern as theirs, but at least you will know which direction to head.
Gathering information is not an easy job. You need to be well organized; you need to plan out everything. People need to be well informed about when you need information from them so they don’t miss out on that date. That time will have to come when you need chase them, you will have to remind constantly them that you need information before time. You need to accept all this chasing as a part of your job.
The articles that you produce should be interesting to read, should be short and precise, and all the information clearly stated in them. Your news should contain information about your group; when the next meeting will take place and where, informing your local community members what you have been doing for others, sensational and inspiring stories about committee members and the likes. Make sure you add the activities going around in your community and all those of the other groups. It should also have local news, information, tips and advice. If you have the space, it should have a section for the young ones too.
There are plenty of ideas to add to your newsletter. Just make sure all that you do add is interesting and reach out to every person in the community from young to old.
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.fairfieldcommunity.net/
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“Don’t staying evil,” Google’s two creators, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, once proclaimed during the manifesto these people printed just before his or her organization moved open, in 2004. Staying clear of evil advised a reasonably lower club, but the promise itself—along employing the creators’ have that “our company tactics tends to be beyond reproach”—was an invitation locate contrary examples. There was clearly many nominations, such as the announcement, in 2012, that yahoo would keep track of its buyers’ Gmail missives, Web hunt, and YouTube consumption, which had the effect of assisting publishers target potential clients. (One title announced, “Google’s Broken hope: the termination of ‘Don’t getting bad.’ ”)
The big g nevertheless goes through e-mail and tracks Website hunt.
This could be, the fact is, their organization model—your Gmail membership and look expense no cash; you only pay for this by allowing men and women advertise to you based upon keywords included in looks and e-mails. One of the many corporation’s further successful marketers over the years currently payday lenders, those garments help to make short term loans—often for several merely fourteen days—at extremely high percentage of interest, frequently to individuals therefore eager for quick finances people say yes to scurrilous terms hence bad that they’re not able to repay the borrowed funds when it comes due. Applicants have to pay limitless curiosity on credit that never vanishes entirely. The typical online bank recharges a yearly number rate of interest of roughly 1000 and fifty %, in accordance with a 2014 research from the Pew Charitable Trusts. That very same research, called “scam and Abuse on the internet: detrimental techniques in net paycheck credit,” learned that one in three customers said these people noticed a lender generating an unauthorized departure from their account. Unsurprisingly, ninety % for the issues about payday loan providers for the bbb happened to be about on the internet financial institutions.
Google’s codependent function through the rise for the on the internet payday-lending business perhaps place it straight at odds featuring its high perspective of by itself. And a couple weeks ago, Bing tacitly recognized this if it established it may no longer start selling advertisements to payday lenders. “Financial providers is the place most of us look into very closely because we want to shield individuals from deceitful or unsafe financial products,” Google’s David Graff stated. As manager of Google’s international product or service insurance policy, Graff established just what he identified as “an improve for our AdWords rules.” (The corporate previously will not provide adverts to peddlers of fake products, unlawful medication, weapons, and “products or solutions that allow shady attitude.”) People will still be able to utilize the yahoo search engine to uncover an online paycheck loan company if that’s their unique purpose. But establishing on July 13th, the corporate won’t start selling search terms to your company generating that loan because in sixty nights or fewer. Inside U.S., the business is banning ads from any lender asking interest rates above thirty-six percent per annum, regardless the lifetime of the loan. “This changes is built to secure all of our people from misleading or unsafe financial products,” Graff blogged.
Graff couldn’t handle the function the corporate experienced played as a trusted contribute generator your globe’s a large number of aggressive internet based financial institutions, letting them buy search terms (“credit counselors,” claim, or “late obligations”) to lure potential clients their internet sites.
Yahoo also had unique pay day businesses by itself if, in 2012, the firm’s venture-capital supply, Bing Ventures, ordered an item of LendUp. This business have Silicon area credibility—one co-founder experienced worked well at Yahoo and Zynga, as well as its associates add in a couple of Valley’s a lot more luminescent capital raising firms, Kleiner Perkins Caufield Byers and Andreessen Horowitz. It offered to disrupt the payday market by place consumers with a low Pennsylvania quick cash payday loans credit score on a significantly better course. But still according to the LendUp website, the annualized proportion price on the two-week, two-hundred-dollar newbie funding happens to be 300 and ninety-six percent. That pose Google through the embarrassing place of declining to work with a firm partially purchased by online Ventures, these days called GV, which can be an element of Alphabet, the retaining team Google made, in 2015, to contain the a variety of subsidiaries. (Alphabet passed on the “don’t be evil” motto for “do best factor.”)
Google’s commitment to decrease adverts from payday creditors will cost the corporate quick cash. Yahoo tends to make revenue by charging for your presses on advertisements which come awake for those who investigate a particular label. Obtaining data for the 2014 report, Pew ordered facts from numerous online analytics vendors and found that conditions concerning payday lending expense between $4.91 and $12.77 per hit. Discomfort an internet loan provider am probably paying Bing significantly more than five bucks for everyone exactly who engaged right through to surely their advertisements. Sean Murray, the founder of a financial-services help and advice webpage referred to as deBanked, announced the class of “loans”—which contains pay day but also cars and house loans—is Google’s second-most profitable sounding browse. “Payday financial loans happened to be certainly one of Google’s much more costly ad-word queries,” Nick Bourke, that guides Pew’s small-dollar lending products visualize, said. The only search term he remembers becoming costlier than “payday lending” was “bankruptcy”—which on the web paycheck creditors likewise generally got in pursuit of buyers just who may be determined enough to accept to their particular mortgage keywords.
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Dynamics of a Family Business
He noted that 70 percent to 80 percent of small businesses are family owned and operated - and the failure rate is higher than nonfamily businesses. "For a lot of us our business is our life," Dougherty said. "We have a lot tied up into it, some are far into debt because of it. So why would anybody want to buy a business like this?"
GOING BACK TO THE BEGINNINGDougherty said that despite the growing competition from high-tech sophisticated retailers and the shrinking labor pool, there are stories of startup successes of family-owned businesses. But success can have its drawbacks.
"Some people are spoiled by the quick success of a business - and they bring in all of the family members to help run it," he said. "Then the business grows and grows until the family gets older and then they wonder how to get off the rollercoaster.
"One of the hardest things about transitioning a business is walking away from it."
"Some contractors never make it beyond blunder, others prosper and move forward, and others fail to maintain that leading edge position," Dougherty said. "Business is a never-ending challenge."
THE FAMILY MAY COMPLICATE THINGSIf a business owner can successfully steer through these phases, Dougherty sees a successful model. Still, he knows that passing along a business to a family member and continuing its success is not easy.
"How are we going to pass our business along to someone whose ethics are different from our own?" he asked. "The priorities may be different. Work, family, and fun may turn into fun, family, and work."
He also mentioned the conflicts that arise between family members and employees, such as how to justify different pay scales or giving jobs to family members although other employees may be better qualified for the job.
But those are problems that have to be dealt with, often on a daily basis. The long-term health of a business should be the owner's biggest concern, especially if he or she is turning it over to a family member. The next generation should not be put at risk.
"The last thing I am going to do, as a business owner, is put my son or daughter into a financial equation that does not work," Dougherty said. "Don't set your children up for failure."
Dougherty suggests sitting down now - not later - and determining who is going to be the next person to run the business. Often, the owner is the glue that makes the business stick together and the next owner should also possess that same glue.
BUYING OR SELLING THE BUSINESSDougherty believes that the selling process, whether it involves family members or not, is too important to make without input from other people, namely employees. He advises gathering the people around and communicating with them.
"Find out if the person you pick to run the business is capable of doing it," he suggested. "If that person doesn't buy into the company philosophy, you need to get rid of him or her and move on."
The stakes are very high when it comes to buying or selling. Dougherty said that 60 percent of all business acquisitions fail and 70 percent fail to meet expectations of new owners. "If this is true, why would somebody want to buy a business?" he asked.
The best way to safeguard against failure is to do due diligence on a business before buying it, to know what the business is all about, and unveil any hidden surprises. Fortunately for buyers, they have an advantage over sellers.
"The buyer is at a tremendous advantage because he or she can walk away at any time," Dougherty said. "The seller has to prepare the business for sale and the buyer can walk away, despite all of the work that both sides put into it.
"This also affects the employees, and the time the seller has spent on the sale and not on making money in the business."
Dougherty's key advice was to get a business in order before selling it. Give the buyer a clear and precise picture of the business. It may cut down on a future failure.
There is the fear that the business won't survive if a family sells it to a nonfamily member. One way to ensure that the business carries on, according to Dougherty, is to have processes and procedures built in so the new owners can take over and know how the business works.
"Have you McDonald-ized your business yet?" he asked attendees.
Know the value of the business and understand that a business is only worth what someone is willing to pay for it, he added. Dougherty also said that the more time spent on preparing a business for sale, the more the owner can finally realize the hard rewards of putting money back into a business instead of taking it out.
"Every year you leave the money you earned in the business and you ask, "When am I ever going to get my money?" Dougherty said. "You get your money when you sell the business."
He said it is important to check the references and background of potential buyers and to not make "the assumption that someone can afford to buy the business."
Dougherty said it is good to have a "heart-to-heart discussion with yourself before selling your business. Running the business is hard enough - selling it is even harder."
Publication date: 03/20/2006
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This paper investigates navigational risks that local traffic exposes to transit passing vessels through Istanbul Strait. Risk analysis was performed at the South entrance area of the Istanbul Strait, where the local traffic is most congested. For this Purpose, the research area was created digitally and simulation studies were carried Out using ship handling Simulator which can imitate the effects of topographic features, vessel traffic and meteorological conditions. Furthermore, the results Of the Simulation were analyzed using Environmental Stress Model of Inoue (2000) which provides an opportunity to analyze vessel traffic risks quantitatively. As the result of the study, the danger that is exposed by the local traffic to the transit-ships was demonstrated and lie most dangerous spots in the research area were seized for further precautions.
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How design considerations permeate the typical Ford car is more extensive than you might think, according to Parrish Hanna, the automaker’s global director for the human machine interface.
That initial two-second impression you get when you first open the driver door and glimpse at a car interior has a huge impact on your decision to buy. The design of the instrument cluster can either give a driver pleasure or mounting annoyance for years to come. And the way a new autonomous driving feature is implemented can either seem perfectly natural or freak the hell out of you.
“We need to design an impression, an impression for the first time and an impression for every time you use that vehicle,” Hanna said, speaking at Gigaom’s Roadmap conference on Wednesday.
While that focus has been mainly on industrial design throughout Ford’s century-long existence, Ford is now venturing into the world of digital design, shifting much of the design focus to the interior controls of the vehicle, Hanna said. Consequently, Ford has been hiring up people like Hanna to build the car interface of the future, and a lot of the features being envisioned aren’t coming out of Dearborn, Michigan, but rather Silicon Valley, he added.
One of the biggest results of that shift is Ford is now less focused on “features” — which in typical cars can number in the hundreds — to “experiences.” Ford is adding more displays, more information and more ways to customize that information as well as semi-autonomous driving technologies that anticipate your actions before you make them. It’s wrestling with the design problem of tying all of those feature together in a coherent way without changing the fundamental “stereotypes” of the car: the steering wheel, the shifter and the speedometer, Hanna said.
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I know some of you enjoy these, so here’s the latest free content from my fishing over at Quora.com’s well-stocked pool.
Back in October of last year I answered this question: “What are the most practical and effective steps we can take to reduce gun violence in the US — mass shootings, domestic violence and gun crime generally?”
Here’s my answer:
You are aware that the United States has experienced about twenty years of DECLINING violent crime – including homicide?
Homicide has declined from 8.2/100,000 population to 4.5/100,000 since 1995. That’s a 45% drop. Whatever it is we’re doing, we should keep doing it. Oh, right – with respect to gun laws, we’re making it easier for people to get concealed-carry permits.
And the number of people with permits is increasing.
And, of course, we’ve had record shattering gun sales numbers over the last decade.
So apparently More Guns = Less Violence.
Now if we want to address the “non-mass shooting/gun violence” we really need to identify where it’s happening and who is doing the shooting and getting shot, and contrary to popular opinion it’s not Joe Average “just snapping” and killing his significant other. Yes, that does happen, but it’s the exception rather than the rule – unless Joe Average has a long rap sheet and is involved in the drug trade along with his significant other.
People who commit murder overwhelmingly fit into a small, easily identifiable demographic: They have a fairly long history of interactions with law enforcement, usually with an escalating level of violence, and the majority of them live in urban areas. And not only urban areas, but specific neighborhoods of urban areas. And they tend to be young and male. And, yes, I’ll say it because facts are not racist: young black men are disproportionately both the victims and the perpetrators of homicide.
In fact, if homicide was actually treated as a disease, epidemiologists would call this “a clue,” and would work aggressively to reduce deaths among this relatively small demographic that skews the national statistics so very badly.
Instead, we talk about passing “gun control laws” that only affect the people who AREN’T out there murdering.
With respect to reducing mass shooting incidents, in a nation of 300,000,000 people these events are about as common as people getting killed by lightning strikes. Yet in almost every case they share these commonalities:
- They occur in “Gun Free Zones.”
- The perpetrator has a known history of mental issues and likely has been treated with psychotropic drugs, but has never been involuntarily committed.
- The perpetrator only stops when he decides he’s finished, or when confronted by someone else with a gun.
- They want attention, that’s why they do it.
So if we want to lower the number of these incidents, first I recommend that we stop putting the names and pictures of the perpetrators on TV, magazines and newspapers. Second, I recommend that we stop thinking that “Gun Free Zone” signs have any effect on criminal activity. If someone’s willing to rob you, rape you, and/or murder you, do you think a SIGN is going to stop them? And honestly, with ten people dead and seven injured, would a defender with a gun, right there right then, actually have made the situation WORSE?was willing to risk his life to protect others, but was disarmed by those “Gun Free Zone” signs.
I got a few positive responses, but just this Tuesday it was discovered by someone new. Here’s that exchange:
Your whole post is listing facts but fails to avoid deductive fallacies.
There is no correlation of concealed weapon licences and reduction in homicides, as in “bad guys think twice before committing a crime”. None whatsoever.
You can quote mine statistical data for a lot of things that increased since 1995, and then attribute the reduction in violent crimes to…say, cellphones. Vast increase in cellphones, the probability of a “victim” or someone in the vicinity having a cellphone and calling for help – and as of lately recording you too – is insanely more probable to deter a “baddy” vs. the fear of a vigilante shooter. Its a loose probability, but still far more plausible than the fear of “the white hat gunner”.
For the biggest part of the late 90s and early 2010s there was a huge % increase of MP3 players…with your deductive logic I could correlate the decrease in violent crimes to listening to good 90s music…but that again would be a deductive fallacy.
“There is no correlation of concealed weapon licences and reduction in homicides, as in “bad guys think twice before committing a crime”. None whatsoever.”
No, the correlation exists. As you note, increases in “smart phones” and MP3 players also correlate. It is causation that cannot be proven statistically. (Incidentally, your use of the word “vigilante” says a lot about your personal bias on this topic.) Yet if the worst thing you can say about the massive increase in concealed-weapons permits nationwide is “It may not have contributed to the dramatic decrease in violent crime,” then I submit that “More guns = more crime” has been decisively dis-proven, no? And hasn’t that been the chant of gun-control forces forever?
The definition of vigilante is irrelevant to personal biases: “A member of a self-appointed group of citizens who undertake law enforcement in their community without legal authority, typically because the legal agencies are thought to be inadequate.”
If you don’t like the use of this word that describes nearly perfectly the way legal possession of concealed weapons would deter crimes with the implied threat of capital punishment without due process, well, tough luck.
Now, for how many guns are “too many” according to people, or when a critical mass is reached after which adding more is irrelevant, or which chants touch which simpletons on one side and which on the other, makes no difference. Its another fallacy to think that a popular belief has any merit “ad populum”.
“If you don’t like the use of this word that describes nearly perfectly the way legal possession of concealed weapons would deter crimes with the implied threat of capital punishment without due process, well, tough luck.”
So do these meet your definition of “the way legal possession of concealed weapons” deters crime?
Now in a few cases above we won’t be seeing any recidivism from the perpetrators of the crimes since they’ll be pushing up daisies and not contributing to future violent crime, but in each case crimes were deterred with either implied or actual deadly force, what you term “capital punishment.”
Here’s a clue as to the difference: “deadly force” is legally authorized – to anybody – in the immediate defense of life and health of oneself or others. The threat of deadly force is legally valid to stop the commission of a felony involving deadly force (see the fifth example – robber had a knife, defender had a gun, nobody got killed). Cops have that power as do private citizens. Capital punishment is punishment carried out by the State only after due process of law. The two are not equal.
Vigilantism as you express it involves the use of deadly force not to stop a felony in progress, but one or more persons being “judge, jury and executioner” after the fact. That’s why vigilantism is illegal. It’s literally outside the law. Self-defense and defense of others is well within the law.
Your personal bias seems to indicate that you believe self-defense is “vigilantism,” or you cannot tell the difference between them, because the word not only isn’t “nearly perfect,” it’s completely wrong.
“Now, for how many guns are “too many” according to people, or when a critical mass is reached after which adding more is irrelevant…”
And again, you misinterpret. If your theory was correct and we reached a “critical mass” at some point in the past “after which adding more is irrelevant” then violent crime would have reached some plateau that, at best, would have remained constant with respect to population. But that’s emphatically not the case. Violent crime has been on the decline for the better part of two decades while the “number of guns” in private hands has skyrocketed, especially over the last decade. Thus the argument you hand-wave away as irrelevant is, as I note, disproven. Yet it’s the fundamental one on which “gun control” arguments – and you admit this – are based: “There are too many guns.” You just suggest that adding more hasn’t had any further deleterious effect.
I did not put out the argument more guns = more crime. You did. And you swiftly rushed to say it is dis-proven, not based on scientific research, just by arbitrarily pairing statistical facts: Fact 1) A has gone up, Fact 2) B has gone down, thus A lowers B.
Also the # of legal guns out there is irrelevant out of context, as for example a single gun owner might own hundreds. % of people asking for stricter gun control is going up. That’s a statistical fact. The sales of guns are statistically rising far beyond population growth. Thus it is not a “A equals B” type of a stretch to think that gun ownership could be going up overall, but a large % of those guns go to the same people. Good, law-abiding people that want to have guns and don’t feel satisfied with one. Or ten. Much like I like to have many photographic lenses & cameras for example “just to be ready”.
All these are a matter that needs serious studies and research to produce any significant findings. All the links you’ve posted are no “Studies”…are – again – by definition anecdotal. Even when something is based on a true account, it is still of not scientific significance in itself.
As for the vigilantism and what is after the fact and what before the fact, well, I hope you realize that this is out of the control of any individual, police representative etc. It is not the time of Minority Report (yet), the “offence” has to come before the 3rd party responds, with deadly force or not. It has to be after the fact.
Also, if “trained” police officers clearly & often misjudge situations that “threaten” them, and automatically warrant the use of deadly force, giving to all individuals the right to “hold their ground” and do the same, is a recipe for more and not less grief for all parties involved.
“I did not put out the argument more guns = more crime. You did. And you swiftly rushed to say it is dis-proven, not based on scientific research, just by arbitrarily pairing statistical facts: Fact 1) A has gone up, Fact 2) B has gone down, thus A lowers B.”
No you didn’t. You didn’t have to. It’s been the mantra of the gun control side for decades – and one you appear to agree with when you stipulate to a “critical mass” argument. And you misunderstand the argument. It isn’t that “1) A has gone up, 2) B has gone down, thus A lowers B” it’s that the argument is that 1) if A goes up then 2) B must also – and it hasn’t. Dodge that all you want with your “critical mass” argument, but it’s 3) C a fact. It hasn’t gone up, it hasn’t remained level – it’s gone down.
“Also the # of legal guns out there is irrelevant out of context, as for example a single gun owner might own hundreds. % of people asking for stricter gun control is going up. That’s a statistical fact.”
Is it now?
That’s Gallup, CNN/ORC, Pew and Rassmussen. All of them disagree with your “statistical fact” concerning the percentage of people in favor of stricter gun control going up, and at least one details an increase in the number of new gun owners in the U.S.
“All the links you’ve posted are no “Studies”…are – again – by definition anecdotal. Even when something is based on a true account, it is still of not scientific significance in itself.”
Yet you’re in favor of disarming those people so that you feel safer.
Tell each of them that they’d have been better off unarmed.
“It is not the time of Minority Report (yet), the “offence” has to come before the 3rd party responds, with deadly force or not. It has to be after the fact.”
Care to parse that sentence so it makes some kind of sense? I don’t want to misinterpret it.
“Also, if “trained” police officers clearly & often misjudge situations that “threaten” them, and automatically warrant the use of deadly force, giving to all individuals the right to “hold their ground” and do the same, is a recipe for more and not less grief for all parties involved.”
And THAT is the “more guns = more violence” argument. “Oh noes! If mere citizens are allowed to carry guns, there’ll be shootouts over fender-benders and Wal*mart sales!” We heard that in each and every state contemplating “shall-issue” concealed carry legislation, and it never happened anywhere.
Cops walk into situations in progress. Citizens are the ones the situation is directly affecting. They’re pretty damned sure whether there’s a crime going on and who the assailant is. The cops have to figure it out when they get there.
Are you advocating the disarmament of police so that there will be “less grief for all parties involved”?
Your links are not relevant, much like your imposed correlation between more guns being bought vs. violent crime going down.
People have more disposable income in shear numbers, they buy lots of pointless consumer goods, some buy guns.
Very few people consider gun ownership being a OMFG most important problem…gun owners that identify themselves as little more than gun owners are those making a big deal out of it.
And that is the reason you are so obsessed with your totally inconclusive and uncorellated discovery, and you quote-mine headlines that inside the text or the actual polling number speak of fluctuations that happen between 1–2 years, and ofc is something totally natural given the small actual # of people being polled. You are so invested in this Truism tho, that you are committing all logical fallacies in the book, talking in circles and destroying one straw-man after the other.
You want trends: Gallup historical data on Guns. Like, google search #1…it is not in favor of your arguement.
And Gallup is not the only polling organization.
Give or take the % of people with guns in their homes are the same or slightly declining. If it is true that more and more guns are being sold, it has to be true that the same people are buying them
You devolved this ad nauseum to a personal arguement starting from the point that I am your stereotypical gun-control arch-enemy. Something that was never stated or implied.
As for the “dissarm police” thing, again, another strawman that was never implied. What was said is that policemen prove themselves too often to be applying excessive force…are you arguing that the Police doesn’t need more training?
“Citizens are the ones the situation is directly affecting. They’re pretty damned sure whether there’s a crime going on and who the assailant is. The cops have to figure it out when they get there.”
Thats hillarious…exaclty the “vigilante” stereotype that I did not mean to imply but you accused me of: the “citizen that is pretty damn sure” that whomever wronged them (according to their own account) should pull a gun…
Sorry mister, you are hopeless…good luck.
With all the typos, I could almost see the foam at the corners of his mouth. So I had to get in one last shot:
“Your links are not relevant…”
Because you say so, right? You made an assertion – the percentage of people in favor of stricter gun control was growing. I gave FOUR DIFFERENT POLLS that refuted that assertion. But they’re “not relevant.” Check.
“…much like your imposed correlation between more guns being bought vs. violent crime going down.”
Once again, with feeling: You’re misunderstanding (deliberately?) my argument. MORE GUNS DOES NOT MEAN MORE VIOLENT CRIME. And your counter argument was that some “critical mass” of guns had been reached at some point in the past. If that were true, then VIOLENT CRIME SHOULD BE STABLE. But it’s NOT. It’s been trending down for the better part of two decades. I’ve repeated myself twice now. Perhaps this time you’ll get it?
“People have more disposable income in shear numbers, they buy lots of pointless consumer goods, some buy guns.”
Right. More people are in favor of stricter gun control, but they go out and drop several hundred dollars not on a new HDTV or computer, but a gun. Pointlessly. Just because. When was the last time you spent $300–$500 on something that didn’t really interest you? Grasping at straws much?
“And Gallup is not the only polling organization.”
No indeed. Which is why I included Pew, CNN and Rasmussen.
“Give or take the % of people with guns in their homes are the same or slightly declining. If it is true that more and more guns are being sold, it has to be true that the same people are buying them.”
Obviously math is not your strong suit (much like understanding the difference between correlation and causation). I’ve addressed this question of DECLINING GUN OWNERSHIP!! before. If you use the General Social Survey results the percentage of households containing a firearm has dropped from 50% in 1970 to 35% in 2012. If you use the Gallup numbers
the percentage has declined from 50% in 1991 to 47% in 2011.
According to this site:
the total number of households has increased from 63.5 million in 1970 to 114.8 million in 2010. In either case, that’s a net increase of 8 million households in which there is a firearm over those two periods. Assuming one firearm owner per household, that’s minimum 8 million NEW firearm owners. And there’s reason to believe that this number strongly under-represents reality.
And now you shift the goalposts to “mass shootings”? I think we’ll skip this one and move on.
“You devolved this ad nauseum to a personal arguement starting from the point that I am your stereotypical gun-control arch-enemy.”
Oh no! You give yourself far too much credit. Stereotypical, yes. Arch-enemy, no. You’re the average, everyday gun control supporter. You’re absolutely sure of your “facts” and completely unaffected by anything that contradicts them. When confronted by someone who can refute you, you bob, weave, obfuscate and move the goalposts. Commonly the next step is reasoned discourse
“Thats hillarious…exaclty the “vigilante” stereotype that I did not mean to imply but you accused me of: the “citizen that is pretty damn sure” that whomever wronged them (according to their own account) should pull a gun…”
So if confronted by an armed robber, they should….?
“Sorry mister, you are hopeless…good luck.”
Pot? Meet kettle.
Understand, I don’t write these things to change your mind. I do it so that the truly undecided can read what people like you have to say and what I have to say and perhaps look into the facts for themselves and make up their own minds. Judging from the polls, this has been pretty effective! 😉
No further replies today, but the thread is still up. “Reasoned discourse” has not yet been implemented.
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Created in 2003 within the framework of the Global Strategy for the balanced, representative and credible World Heritage List, as a pilot activity for the identification of the sites connected with astronomy, the Thematic Initiative on Astronomy and World Heritage, aims to establish a link between Science and Culture towards recognition of the monuments and sites connected with astronomical observations dispersed throughout all the geographical regions, not only scientific but also the testimonies of traditional community knowledge.
This Initiative offers to the States Parties a possibility to evaluate and recognize the importance of this specific heritage, in terms of enrichment of the history of humanity, the promotion of cultural diversity and the development of international exchanges. It provides an opportunity not only to identify the sites connected with astronomy but also of keeping their memory alive and preserving them from progressive deterioration, through the through inscription on the World Heritage List of the most representative properties.
Table of contents
Why "Astronomy" and "World Heritage"
The sky, our common and universal heritage, forms an integral part of the total environment that is perceived by mankind. Including the interpretation of the sky as a theme in World Heritage is a logical step towards taking into consideration the relationship between mankind and its environment. This step is necessary for the recognition and safeguarding of cultural properties and of cultural or natural landscapes that transcribe the relationship between mankind and the sky.
Properties relating to astronomy stand as a tribute to the complexity and diversity of ways in which people rationalised the cosmos and framed their actions in accordance with that understanding. This includes, but is by no means restricted to, the development of modern scientific astronomy. This close and perpetual interaction between astronomical knowledge and its role within human culture is a vital element of the outstanding universal value of these properties. These material testimonies of astronomy, found in all geographical regions, span all periods from prehistory to today.
The first international experts meeting on scientific and astronomical heritage organized by the World Heritage Centre in collaboration with the UNESCO Venice Office and the support of the Government of the United Kingdom, was held in Venice, Italy (17-19 March 2004). The main goal of the meeting was to define the strategy of the thematic initiative and a methodology which will aid States Parties in identification of the sites connected with astronomy. The results of this activity, including the thematic project “Astronomy and World Heritage” was presented during the 28th session of the World Heritage Committee.
In 2004, the World Heritage Committee at its 28th session (Decisions 28 COM 9, para. 6 , Suzhou, China) requested the World Heritage Centre to submit, for its consideration at its 29th session, the Thematic Initiative of the World Heritage Centre on “Astronomy and World Heritage”.
In 2005, the World Heritage Committee at its 29th session (Decision 29 COM 5B , Durban, South Africa) requested the Director of the World Heritage Centre to further explore the Thematic Initiative “Astronomy and World Heritage” as a means to promote, in particular, nominations which recognize and celebrate achievements in science. This Thematic Initiative including UNESCO’s Astronomy and World Heritage Timeframe were presented at the International Symposium organised by the Institute of Astronomy of Russian Academy of Sciences, held in June 2005 in Moscow (Russian Federation).
In 2007, during the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Sputnik organized by ESA/CNES , the World Heritage Centre launched a new research proposal « Odyssey of human creative genius: towards protection of space technological heritage connected with space exploration ».
In 2008, the World Heritage Committee at its 32nd session (Quebec City, 2008) examined the Integrated Implementation Strategy of the Thematic Initiative “Astronomy and World Heritage” (document WHC-08/32.COM/INF.5C , Decision 32 COM 5). This strategy, prepared in coordination with the National Focal Points in charge of the implementation of the Initiative, Advisory Bodies and the International Astronomical Union (IAU), aims to improve the identification, conservation and management of the specific types of properties connected with astronomical observations and traditional astronomical knowledge.
In October 2008, UNESCO signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as a result of which the IAU has become integrally involved in the process of advancing the initiative. One of the first actions of the IAU was to set up a Working Group on Astronomy and World Heritage. For more information on its activities visit the Working Group’s website at www.astronomicalheritage.org.
In order to facilitate the identification and nomination process of astronomical sites, a cycle of activities Astronomy and World Heritage: across time and continents was launched by the Director-General of UNESCO in 2009 during the opening ceremony of the International Year of Astronomy “ The Universe, Yours to Discover ”.
In order to raise the credibility of the World Heritage Convention, numerous events were organized by the States Parties, in coordination with the World Heritage Centre and Advisory Bodies, in 2009 and early 2010. The main activities are the followings: an International Youth Summer Camp on Astronomy and World Heritage , organized by the WHITR-AP Suzhou Centre (Suzhou, China, July 2009), an International Conference on "Astronomy and World Heritage: across time and continents" organised and hosted by the Russian Federation (Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, August 2009), an International Seminar on Astronomical Heritage organized by the Egyptian National Commission for UNESCO, with support of the World Heritage Funds (Cairo, Egypt, February 2010).
In 2010, the Committee at its 34th session (Decision 34 COM 5F.1 , Brasilia, 2010) requested the World Heritage Centre to disseminate among the States Parties the Thematic Study on Astronomical Heritage jointly prepared by ICOMOS and the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group, in line with Decision 32 COM 10A (Quebec City, 2008) and within the framework of the Integrated Implementation Strategy of this Initiative. A second Statement of Working Methods and Formal Processes for the Implementation of Activities was established within the framework of the Memorandum of Understanding between UNESCO and IAU extended in October 2010.
At its 34th session (Brazil, July 2010), the World Heritage Committee inscribed on the World Heritage List two properties connected with astronomy:
- the Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (India) , an astronomical observation site built in the early 18th century comprising 19 large instruments for naked-eye observation. This represents one of the most complete and impressive collections in the world of telescopic masonry instruments in functioning condition;
- the 13th-century Dengfeng Observatory in China, inscribed as one of the components of the Historic Monuments of Dengfeng in “The Centre of Heaven and Earth” (China). This extraordinary horizontal gnomon and 31m-long measuring scale was used for accurately measuring the length of the sun's noontime shadow, and hence for determining the length of the tropical year and the curvature of the earth.
In 2011, at its 35th session of the World Heritage Committee (Decision 35 COM 9C , UNESCO, Paris) encouraged States Parties to take into account the recommendations provided by the Science and Technology Expert Working Group in the context of World Heritage Nominations (London, 2008), as well as recommendations developed within the framework of the Thematic Initiative “Astronomy and World Heritage” while preparing nominations to the World Heritage List.
In 2011-2012, the network of partners was reinforced, international efforts to recognize astronomical heritage were coordinated, a new transnational project “Route of European Observatories” was initiated by the French authorities, a new project proposal on Space Technological Heritage was launched by the Russian authorities and the “Paris Declaration on astronomical heritage” was adopted by the participants during the International Seminar ”Protection of Heritage of Astronomy” (Paris, September 2011) .
At its 36th Session (St. Petersburg, 2012), the World Heritage Committee welcomed financial and technical support provided by States Parties and the International Astronomical Union for Thematic Initiative “Astronomy and World Heritage”, since 2003 and also encouraged cooperation between the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, specialized agencies and relevant interdisciplinary scientific initiatives towards the elaboration of a Global Thematic Study on Heritage of Science and Technology, including studies and research on technological heritage connected with space exploration. The Committee further encouraged States Parties, international organizations and other donors to contribute to the thematic programmes and initiative and also requests an updated report on Thematic Programmes to the World Heritage Committee at its 38th session in 2014.
The WHC informed the States Parties by a circular letter CL/WHC-12/14/AWH/AS ( restricted access only for the States Parties) on the implementation of the World Heritage Committe decision 36.COM/5D adopted at its 36th Session.
Portal to the Heritage of Astronomy
The Portal to the Heritage of Astronomy has been developed in partnership with the World Heritage Centre to support UNESCO's Thematic Initiative “Astronomy and World Heritage”. It exists to raise awareness of the importance of astronomical heritage worldwide and to facilitate efforts to identify, protect and preserve such heritage for the benefit of humankind, both now and in the future. The public launch of this portal took place at the 28th IAU General Assembly in Beijing, China, on 24 August 2012.
This Thematic Study jointly prepared by ICOMOS and the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group , constitutes the background for a comparative analysis that could be carried out to assess the Outstanding Universal Value of a specific site of the same type proposed for World Heritage listing.
This Thematic Study:
- identifies the main characteristics and astronomical values of the generic type of heritage site from a World Heritage perspective,
- examines a select number of representative examples included or not included in the World Heritage List,
- determines possible gaps in the latter and, with reference to the Operational Guidelines,
- indicates the criteria under which such sites might be nominated for inscription on the World Heritage List.
Read more about this Thematic study:
Heritage Sit es of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention - A Thematic Study
Statement concerning dark skies and celestial objects
Taking into account the growing number of requests to UNESCO concerning the recognition of the value of the dark night sky and celestial objects, the World Heritage Centre made its first statement in 2007 underlining that the sky or the dark night sky or celestial objects or starlight as such cannot be nominated to the World Heritage List within the framework of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.
The World Heritage Centre wishes to underline that the « Starlight » Initiative developed by a group of international experts is not part of the UNESCO Thematic Initiative "Astronomy and World Heritage ».
The World Heritage Centre has been informed that during the « Starlight » Initiative's meeting in 2009 that the Working Group "Starlight Reserves and World Heritage" developed a concept "Starlight Reserve". The ICOMOS-International Astronomical Union Global Thematic Study on Astronomical Heritage includes a study on "Starlight Reserve" proposal.
However, neither Starlight Reserves, nor Dark Sky Parks can be recognized by the World Heritage Committee as specific types or categories of World Heritage cultural and natural properties since no criteria exist for considering them under the World Heritage Convention.
- International Seminar ”Protection of Heritage of Astronomy” Paris, France, September 2011
- International Seminar on Astronomical Heritage, Cairo, Egypt, February 2010
- Edizione 2009 del Colloquium Daniel Chalonge (Scuola Internazionale di Astrofisica de l’l’Observatoire de Paris), Torino Palazzo Lascaris 21-24 ottobre 2009
- Joint Symposium: Astronomy and its instruments before and after Galileo, 28 September – 3 October 2009, Venice, Italy
- International conference: Astronomy and World Heritage: Across Time and Continents, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation, August 19, 2009 - Aug 24, 2009
- International Workshop and Expert Meeting on Starlight Reserves and World Heritage held in Fuerteventura, Spain March 16, 2009
- Symposium: The Role of Astronomy in Society and Culture January 19, 2009 - January 23, 2009
- Science and Technology Expert Working Group in the context of World Heritage Nominations , London, 2008
- International ICOMOS Symposium Cultural Heritage of Astronomical Observatories : From Classical Astronomy to Modern Astrophysics , Hamburg, Germany, October 14–17, 2008
- Celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Sputnik organized by ESA/CNES, Paris, 2007
- Starlight Conference u nder the Honorary Presidency of H.R.H. Felipe de Borbón Prince of Asturias , Teatro Chico, Santa Cruz de La Palma, Spain , April 2007
- International Symposium, Institute of Astronomy of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, June 2005
- First international experts meeting on scientific and astronomical heritage , Venice, March 2004
Books and Proceedings
- ICOMOS / International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group
Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention - A Thematic Study, 2010
- STARLIGHT RESERVE CONCEPT : Recommendations, March, 2009
- Proceeedings of the International ICOMOS Symposium Cultural Heritage of Astronomical Observatories : From Classical Astronomy to Modern Astrophysics , Hamburg, Germany, October 14–17, 2008
- From Stone Age to Space Age: Astronomy & World Heritage Thematic Study released, Report co-authored by Prof. Clive Ruggles, Emeritus Professor of Archaeoastronomy, University of Leicester, 6 August 2010
- World Heritage Review n°54 dedicated to the Initiative “Astronomy and World Heritage”
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre
F irst international experts meeting on scientific and astronomical heritage
World Heritage Newsletter N° 44, April - May 2004, page 4
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Archaeo-Astronomical Sites and Observatories
World Heritage Newsletter N° 42, November – December 2003 / January 2004, page 3
- UNESCO and International Astronomical Union sign new agreement Friday, 3 May 2013
- International Workshop and Expert Meeting on Starlight Reserves and World Heritage held in Fuerteventura, Spain Monday, 16 March 2009
- L’OREAL-UNESCO Awards 2009 "For Women in Science" - Professor Beatriz Barbuy - Laureate 2009 for Latin America Monday, 2 March 2009
- UNESCO and the IAU sign key agreement on Astronomy and World Heritage Thursday, 30 October 2008
- United Nations 62nd General Assembly proclaimed 2009 the International Year of Astronomy Thursday, 20 December 2007
- Hawaiian, Oceanic and Global Cultural Astronomy: Tangible and Intangible Heritage 16-Aug-2015-20-Aug-2015
- Astronomical Heritage: Progressing the UNESCO–IAU Initiative 11-Aug-2015-13-Aug-2015
- UNESCO World Heritage and Aerospace History 05-Jul-2015-05-Jul-2015
- Astronomy and World Heritage Initiative — achievements and issues 01-Jul-2015-01-Jul-2015
- Studies and research on technological heritage connected with space exploration : Implementation of the Astronomy and World Heritage Thematic Initiative 05-Aug-2014-06-Aug-2014
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FALMOUTH, Maine — Parents across the country are trying to keep up with their kids at home. With classes canceled, trying to limit screentime while everyone is cooped up in quarantine is becoming a challenge, and the arts and crafts supply may be already running low. If you are looking for another engaging option, there might just be an app for that made by a Maine couple who are both teachers.
Zigazoo is a free project-based application and it’s a way for parents to find fun educational activities that they can do at their home. The progress can be shared with other families and friends in 30-second videos.
“Your kids are home all day long, there’s no preschool and there is no regular school for your kids, and we are feeling that very acutely at our household,” said Zak Ringelstein, the founder of Zigazoo. Ringelstein was a former Democratic candidate for Senate in 2018. “We feel like kids should have education in their lives, they have joy in their lives during this time, and as much as possible they're shielded from the effects of COVID.”
The projects are categorized by literacy, science, math, and arts and music. The first activity set to be released is how to make a volcano using homemade ingredients.
Zigazoo can be downloaded on the Apple App Store now. If you are an Android user, please sign up on the Zigazoo website and you'll be notified when it launches on the Google Play store later this week.
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Create a Site
The gPanel Sites module helps you stay on top of all Google Sites within your domain. The list of sites in the sites menu includes all Google Sites in your domain. Sites can be selected from the list or you can search based on the Site Name.
Create a site
1. Click Add in the top right corner.
2. Enter the Site Name and Summary.
Here’s a pro-tip! The internal URL that is created will match the name you’ve initially given to the Site. The name can be changed later, but the URL cannot. So keep this in mind as you’re naming your new site.
Click Create when you've entered all information.
3. The site is now created and shows at the top of the list of all sites. Now you can edit the site and it's sharing settings.
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Adjustment Mechanisms in a Currency Area
Both the euro-area and the United States suffered an initially quite similar housing and financial shock in 2007/8, with several states in both regions being particularly badly affected. Yet there was never any question that the worst hit US states would need a special bail-out or leave the dollar area, whereas such concerns have worsened in the euro-area. We focus on three badly affected states, Arizona, Spain and Latvia, to examine the working of relative adjustment mechanisms within the currency region. We concentrate on four such mechanisms, relative wage adjustment, migration, net fiscal flows and bank flows. Only in Latvia was there any relative wage adjustment. Intra-EU migration has increased, but is more costly for those involved in the EU (than in the USA). Net federal financing helped Arizona and Latvia in the crisis, but not Spain. The locally focussed structure of banking amplified the crisis in Spain, whereas the role of out-of-state banks eased adjustment in Arizona and Latvia. The latter reinforces the case for an EU banking union.
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Decressin, Jörg & Fatás, Antonio, 1994.
"Regional Labour Market Dynamics in Europe,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
1085, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:fmg:fmgsps:sp212. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
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We are a public forum committed to collective reasoning and the imagination of a more just world. Join today to help us keep the discussion of ideas free and open to everyone, and enjoy member benefits like our quarterly books.
Every genocide is hideous, each in its own grotesque way. Searching for the origins and distinctiveness of the genocidal violence that has convulsed the Sudanese region of Darfur in the last year—leaving tens of thousands dead and perhaps a million people displaced and in danger—we must go to the remotest desert-edge settlements in Northern Darfur near the border with Chad, to the basalt stubs of mountains that march southward until they fuse in the 10,000-foot Jebel Marra massif in the center of Darfur, and to Sudan’s capital in Khartoum, far to the east.
Geography helps to explain much. Darfur is huge and distant from the capital, and events in neighboring Chad and Libya have often exerted more influence over it than the national government, whose ignorance of its western region and indifference to the welfare of its inhabitants spurred a rebellion in 2003, organized by the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM).
This journey will introduce us to these Darfur rebels, including members of the Fur, Zaghawa, Masalit, and Tunjur ethnic groups, who have been the primary victims of the violence; to their neighbors, the Darfurian Arabs—including the branches of the northern Rizeigat (Jalul, Mahariya, and Ereigat), Beni Halba, and Salamat—some of whom have been recruited to the infamous Janjawiid militia, the perpetrator of the worst massacres in the conflict; and to the Sudanese Government itself, which has suppressed the rebellion with brutal tactics rehearsed in the recently concluded 21-year civil war with southern Sudan.
We will see that the story is not as simple as the conventional rendering in the news, which depicts a conflict between “Arabs” and “Africans.” The Zaghawa—one of the groups victimized by the violence and described in the mainstream press as “indigenous African”—are certainly indigenous, black and African: they share distant origins with the Berbers of Morocco and other ancient Saharan peoples. But the name of the “Bedeyat,” the Zaghawa’s close kin, should alert us to their true origins: pluralize in the more traditional Arab manner and we have “Bedeyiin” or Bedouins. Similarly, the Zaghawa’s adversaries in this war, the Darfurian Arabs, are “Arabs” in the ancient sense of “Bedouin,” meaning desert nomad, a sense that has only in the last few decades been used to describe the Arabs of the river Nile and the Fertile Crescent. Darfurian Arabs, too, are indigenous, black, and African. In fact there are no discernible racial or religious differences between the two: all have lived there for centuries; all are Muslims (Darfur’s non-Arabs are arguably more devout than the Arabs); and until very recently, conflict between these different groups was a matter of disputes over camel theft or grazing rights, not the systematic and ideological slaughter of one group by the other.
As we dig through the layers of causation of this complicated war, we will come to see it as a deeply sad story about the struggles of resilient people, poor even by Sudanese standards, who have been pitted against each other by a forbidding environment, a long history of political neglect, and a ruthless national government.
Furawiya, the “valley of the shepherds,” is a Zaghawa village that used to be the last permanently inhabited settlement before the vastness of the Sahara. North of Furawiya, a water course called Wadi Howar flows for just a few days every few years. But when it does flow, the grasses that grow there are so lush that camels can feed on them for 40 days without needing water.
For such a tiny and remote place Furawiya has had some remarkable progeny. Two leading figures in the Darfurian drama grew up there: the president of Chad, Idris Deby, and the spokesman for the Darfurian opposition movements, Professor Sharif Harir, who lives in Eritrea, far away on Sudan’s eastern border. The military commander of the biggest rebel movement, the Sudanese Liberation Army, is Mini Arkoy Minawi, a Zaghawa from nearby.
Furawiya is now burned to the ground, many of its men murdered and its women raped. It was attacked within weeks of the outbreak of war in Darfur in February 2003, when the Sudanese government dispatched helicopter gunships to the rebel headquarters at Karnoi, 30 miles to the south. A band of villages from there to the Chadian border at Tine were destroyed in the first wave of scorched earth, which has become a distinctive feature of Sudanese counterinsurgency. The survivors have fled to refugee camps in Chad. The devastation of the village with its remarkable way of life is only one terrible casualty of the current conflict in Darfur.
But to understand the demise of Furawiya, we must go back to the last humanitarian disaster to strike the area, the drought and famine of 1984–1985. When that famine was drawing to a close, I spoke with a young woman in Furawiya called Amina. The widowed mother of three children, she harvested barely a basketful of millet in September 1984, when the third successive year of drought was devastating crops. Rather than eating her pitiful supply of food, she buried it in her yard, mixing the grains with sand and gravel to stop her hungry children from digging it up and eating it. Then she began an epic eight-month migration, not atypical of the journeys that ordinary Zaghawa rural people make. Amina started by scouring the open wildernesses of the Zaghawa plateau for wild grasses, whose tiny grains can be pounded into flour. Together with her mother (who was, like most older rural women, something of a specialist in wild foods), she spent almost two months living off wild grass and the berries of a small tree, known locally as mukheit and to botanists as boscia senegaliensis. Mukheit is toxic and needs to be soaked in water for three days before it is edible; although it has a sour taste, it contains about a third of the calories of grain.
Having lived solely on wild foods for eight weeks, and having stored enough provisions for a week’s journey, Amina left her eldest daughter in the care of her mother and walked southward. She found work on farms in better-watered areas, collected firewood for sale in towns, and sold a couple of her goats (for a meager return, since the market was flooded with distressed rural people selling animals). She finally made it to a relief camp in June, just before the rains were due, and collected one set of rations. (The USAID sorghum was known as “reagan,” giving rise to much speculation among the less-well-informed villagers as to the identity of this generous man. “Who is this Reagan?” one farmer asked me. “He ought to be promoted!’) With a couple of kilos of sorghum on her back, Amina and her two other children promptly left the camp and walked home (it took one week), dug up the seed Amina had buried the previous fall, planted it, and watched it grow for another three hungry months (again living off wild foods plus the milk from the herds of camels and goats that the Furawiya residents were bringing back from southern Darfur). Finally she harvested her first post-famine crop, which she was threshing the day I arrived.
A remarkable story of sheer toughness and survival skill, Amina’s story brought home to me just how marginal we outsider agents of relief are to the survival of ordinary Darfurian villagers. We provide little help and even littler understanding. A Zaghawa refugee in Chad today, looking across the border to the small town of Tine, with its gracious mosque, sees not a desert but a land in which she can survive, if only given the chance.
The Zaghawa showed extraordinary tenacity and skill in surviving the famine, but by the late 1980s they were poorer and more desperate. Over the previous decade, Zaghawa had been fanning out across Darfur, Chad, and Sudan in search of land and economic niches in towns where they could start kiosks. They cannot simply be described—as they often are—as “nomads” or “farmers”: they are both, and more besides. For sheer business acumen, the Zaghawa surpassed all contenders in Darfur, making spare but impressive profits in an economy that seemed to have no surplus. After 1985, these networks swelled with another outflow of migrants from the desert-edge villages seeking livelihoods elsewhere. By then, the reserves of fertile land in southern Darfur had been claimed by waves of settlers, Khartoum’s economic neglect of the region meant that trade was declining, and conflicts were breaking out across the central farming belt of Darfur, principally between impoverished former nomads seeking land to farm and established villagers who sought to keep the best land for themselves.
The current crisis has roots in those conflicts over resources. As communities armed themselves in their struggle for survival, Khartoum withdrew from governing Darfur, resorting solely to divide-and-rule—and chiefly siding with the Arab nomads. Today’s famine is man-made and will push the Zaghawa and other groups to their limits. In some cases, people are being deliberately starved; in others, they are being prevented from moving freely about to find the plentiful wild foods or from returning to their farms to cultivate. In addition to the killings, then, we can expect pockets of extreme suffering (estimates of 100,000–350,000 more deaths seem credible), along with widespread hunger and impoverishment across Darfur. But understanding how these things have come to pass will a require a shift in geography.
When I first visited Furawiya in the fall of 1985, I found the herds of the Zaghawa and the Jalul Rizeigat Arabs grazing side by side. I was in search of the camels of a famous paramount chief of the Jalul, a man of notable charisma and unbending pride known as Sheikh Hilal Musa. For most of his 80 years, Hilal had herded camels from the desert edge near Furawiya to the massif of Jebel Marra in the center of Darfur. Without any place to call home, he had set up his camps on the pastures that separate villages, exchanging meat, milk, and transport with the farmers, who in turn sold grain and ironwork. Only in his final years, too old to travel on the back of a camel, did this aging Bedouin agree to settle, setting up court in a big black tent in a place called Aamo, where he entertained visitors with his limitless hospitality.
Aamo is about 200 miles south of Furawiya, in a grim plain surrounded by basalt volcanic cores that stick up like broken teeth. When the history of the today’s convulsions is written, Aamo may perhaps rank as its epicenter. The sheikh’s son, Musa, is the leader of the Janjawiid, and ranks first on the State Department’s list of suspected war criminals. The first notable Janjawiid massacre took place just a few miles from Aamo on August 3, 2003, when several dozen villagers were murdered by Musa Hilal’s forces in the wake of an attack by the Darfurian rebel movements, the SLA and the JEM, on the district headquarters at Kutum. Seeking a cheap and effective proxy force, Khartoum began organizing the armed nomads into a paramilitary force as soon as the conflict broke out, elevating Musa Hilal to command one of its most ruthless brigades.
When we met, the old Sheikh already seemed a ghost from a past age. His lifetime included the entire history of imperial rule in Darfur. The independent Fur Sultanate, founded in the 17th century, was overthrown by a British expeditionary force in 1916, and the last Sultan, Ali Dinar, was killed. The British ruled this vast and remote region of no appreciable natural resources with just twelve district officers. That now seems extraordinary, especially since their first decade was studded with uprisings by messianic preachers and the dead Sultan’s loyalists.
To rule Darfur, the British sought to co-opt the traditional leadership one ethnic group at a time. One of their favored means of doing this was to award a tribal “dar” or homeland to each group and to give the paramount chief jurisdiction over the civil affairs within that territory. Paid a pittance but given considerable executive and judicial powers, the paramount chiefs’ most important tasks were allocation of land and settlement of civil disputes. It was administration on the cheap, with only minimal health and education services provided.
The old social order, in which the Fur had been politically dominant and in which an array of more than 30 other groups (many Arabic-speaking and semi-nomadic, many speakers of Sudanic languages and mostly farmers) were tributary subjects, was swept away. The fluidity of social relations and ethnic boundaries, whereby both individuals and entire groups could move between and among ethnic categories, was replaced by a fossilizing “native administration.” But the imperial hand was light. A characteristic Darfurian flexibility and knack for innovation meant that people moved at will, and many mixed communities grew up, especially as people moved south to settle the frontiers of the forest zone.
While almost all of Darfur’s 35-odd groups were awarded “dars,” half a dozen nomadic groups were not, including Sheikh Hilal’s Jalul Rizeigat. As true nomads, they moved vast distances with their herds and never settled.
Sudan’s independence came just 40 years later, in 1956. The agitators for independence were from the ruling elites of Khartoum, and Darfur was again neglected. Its chief role was as a labor reserve for the lower ranks of the army and the irrigated cotton schemes along the Nile. In 1964, a young Fur politician called Ahmed Diraige—the son of a Shartai who used to host Hilal’s clan at the southernmost end of its annual migration—founded the Darfur Development Front to campaign for the region’s interests. But although Darfur is a formidable electoral bloc (its votes have decided the outcomes of Sudan’s general elections in the periods of civilian rule in the 1960s and 1980s), Diraige never succeeded in forming a consolidated political front, to lay claim to its rightful share of Sudan’s national wealth.
For most Darfurians, life under independence continued as before. Sheikh Hilal laughed when he described how the socialist government tried to abolish native administration in 1970. Although they gave the Jalul some territory for the first time, his people blithely ignored the decree and continued to follow their Sheikh, using the little administrative centre established at Fata Borno—an hour’s drive from Aamo—solely as a post office and a place to meet junior government officials. The government had intruded briefly in Darfur in the 1970s, but salaries were no longer paid, the clinics were abandoned, and the police had neither fuel for their Land Rovers nor bullets for their decrepit rifles. If there was a serious crime, the district police chief would come to Sheikh Hilal’s tent, sit humbly on a Persian carpet on the sand, and ask the Sheikh to find the culprit.
Hilal’s tent was pitched in a barren waste. He could have had a comfortable if modest house in Fata Borno, or persuaded the local Tunjur farmers to provide him a farm next to the seasonal water course, Wadi Kutum, lined with date palms and vegetable gardens. But instead he chose stony Aamo; he insisted that the only respectable way of life for a Jalul was camel nomadism, and he and his people would never stoop to cultivation. He waved at his young grandson, saying, “Even he has camels!” But the reality was different. Over the brow of the hill was a small village of Jalul whose camels and goats had died in the drought, who were trying to farm a sandy hillside. And Sheikh Hilal must have known the reality. He brooded on the disturbances brought about by drought, and how the familiar landscapes were turning into dying forests and spreading sand drifts. Most of all he regretted how the villagers—Zaghawa in the north, Tunjur around Aamo, and Fur further to the south, no longer readily accepted their nomadic guests, who without a “dar” relied on their customary rights to migrate and pasture their animals. The Fur villagers had taken to enclosing their grazing areas with thorn fences or even burning grasses to stop the herders passing their way. “The world is coming to an end,” he said darkly, before rousing himself to present me with a fly whisk made from a giraffe tail and sending me on my way to seek his sons and their camels.
Musa Hilal, now in his 40s, became known as a ruthless leader of armed nomads even before the current conflict. He thrived on the lawlessness in Darfur since the drought of 1984, when local disputes were rendered more deadly by the proliferation of light weapons. With no effective police force, all of Darfur’s communities armed themselves. In the past, intercommunal conflicts were settled by tribal conferences, but the last of these—held in 1990—showed glimmerings of a Darfurian united front to challenge Khartoum’s neglect. That conference called for the disarming of both the Arab Janjawiid (the first time the name appears in an official document) and the Fur militia. It also demanded a much stronger administrative presence and social and economic development. But these and other recommendations from the conference were never implemented. Cynically, the central government played the politics of divide-and-rule, usually supporting Darfur’s Arab tribes.
In April 2002, the young men of one village in central Darfur complained to the district authorities that they were being harassed by an Arab militia group; the authorities responded by confiscating the men’s weapons and jailing them. A young Fur lawyer, Abdel Wahid Nour, took up their case; he was imprisoned too. From his prison cell he wrote a passionate letter documenting the invisible sufferings of his Fur kinsmen. On his release, community elders asked Abdel Wahid to represent them; he became the chairman of the Darfur Liberation Front, which set up camps in Jebel Marra and, from there, attacked a police station on February 26, 2003, to take back the lost weapons. This was the spark that set Darfur afire.
At first the local authorities tried to contain the insurrection, but without funds or arms, it was a lost cause. Abdel Wahid is Fur, from Darfur’s largest ethnic group. He teamed up with young leaders from the other two large communities—Zaghawa and Masalit. Senior posts in the movement are distributed among these groups. The organization was renamed the Sudanese Liberation Army. The government’s first major counterattack was on Karnoi and Furawiya; the rebels responded by mounting a daring attack on the regional capital, el Fasher, on April 25, destroying half a dozen military aircraft and taking a general as a hostage. The same day, together with the newly created Justice and Equality Movement, they also attacked Kutum.
At the time of the attacks. Musa Hilal was in prison and had been accused of murder. Like many Janjawiid leaders, he has a criminal record. But senior leaders in Khartoum intervened and had him released and flown back to Darfur, where he was given leadership of a Janjawiid brigade, armed and supplied by the government. Musa Hilal’s murderous campaigns over the last 12 months make it hard to look at the Darfurian Arab communities, sinned against as well as sinning, and recognize that they too are historic victims of neglect and the gradual squeezing of a nomadic, pastoral way of life. Tragically, this way of life has died abruptly.
A month after leaving Aamo, I reached Wadi Howar, but I couldn’t find Musa Hilal or his father’s camels. The desert was too huge, and my companions and I were warned not to stray too far from the villages. Libyan trucks were bringing arms and mercenaries across the desert into Darfur to establish a staging post for Colonel Muammar Qaddafi’s irredentist ambitions in Chad. We saw their tracks in the sand; when we saw their silhouettes in the distance, we turned back to Furawiya.
This was the first augur of Darfur’s descent into violence. Poverty, desertification, and the collapse of the police force all contributed, but the first war in Darfur erupted in 1987 because Libya was using the region as a back door into Chad. Fighters from the “Islamic Legion,” recruited from Darfurian and Chadian Arabs, Tuaregs, and others, set up camp close to the border. They brought guns, which they also distributed to their kinsmen in Darfur, and most disturbing of all, they brought a new racial ideology, Arabism. Qaddafi’s designs went beyond annexing northern Chad: he dreamed of carving an Arab homeland out of the Sahel.
The 1987 war also provided the first glimmerings of the new racism that has rent Darfur’s social fabric. There were fights before, but never organized along “Arab” versus “non-Arab” lines. In exile in Libya, Darfur’s black African Bedouins had imbibed notions of Arab solidarity; in 1987 a group of them wrote an “Arab letter” to the prime minister in Khartoum, demanding recognition and support. This prompted a response from other Darfurians. Sharif Harir, then a professor of social anthropology at the University of Khartoum, began to document the “Arab belt” ideology.
In Chad, resistance to Libya was mounted by force of arms, with Zaghawa commanders in the front line. The Chadians pioneered a form of mobile warfare using Toyota land cruisers mounted with machine guns, striking with stunning speed and running rings around the ponderous tanks of the Libyan army and its mercenaries. In 1988, at the Chadian oasis of Ouadi Doum, Qaddafi’s expansionist dreams were destroyed by just such a Chadian force. Its deputy commander and, ultimately, the nemesis of Chadian Arab supremacism was Idris Deby. After this defeat, the mercurial Libyan leader turned his attention elsewhere. But in Darfur, collateral damage had been done. For the black Arabs of Darfur, who were among the most disadvantaged of all Darfur’s communities, the Islamic Legion offered a heady promise of emancipation: it linked them to the Arabs of the Nile and the Mediterranean littoral.
Most of Sudan’s political elite have never visited Darfur and certainly have no awareness of the complexities of the region. But for them, too, the “Arab” label provided a comforting feeling of familiarity. Darfur’s “Arab Alliance” was established in 1987 and served as the vanguard of an Arab supremacism defined by an ideology and political language that we would call “racial” if the concept were not so alien and inappropriate to Darfur. For Darfur, “Arabism” is nothing more than an ideologically constructed political label. But it began to stick as Darfur’s communities became militarized along these lines.
In reaction, Darfur’s non-Arab communities sought a common label. There were two candidates. One was “African,” in alliance with the Southern Sudanese, who under the leadership of Dr John Garang, the commander in chief of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), were seeking allies in their protracted war against Khartoum. This is the label—also unknown 20 years ago—that sticks today.
The other option was “Muslim.” Until the 1980s, political Islam in Sudan was dominated by an Arabized elite, hailing from the river Nile, with strong links to Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Theirs is the Arabism of Cairo and Damascus: for them, the Darfur Bedouins were illiterate nomads, not fellow Muslims. And there was no love lost between Libya and Sudan’s Islamists. But the leader of Sudan’s Islamists, Dr. Hassan al Turabi, was a political innovator who broadened the agenda and constituency of the Islamist movement. Of most immediate relevance, he recognized the authenticity of western Sudanese and West African Islam. This is embodied in his treatment of the Sudanese of West African origin, the Fellata. This group, several million strong, consists of ethnic Hausa and Fulani whose ancestors migrated to Sudan from Nigeria, Mali, and Niger, either on their way to Mecca or as labor migrants for the colonial-era cotton schemes. Devoutly Muslim, they follow variants of the West African Mahdist tradition. Until the National Islamic Front took power in 1989 they were not recognized as Sudanese citizens. Turabi granted them citizenship and increased the status of their sheikhs, thereby correcting a longstanding anomaly and creating a strong electoral constituency.
In Darfur, too, Turabi reached out to the religious leaders of the Fur, Masalit, and other groups. The military governor of Darfur in 1991–1992, Colonel Tayeb Ibrahim “Sikha” (“the iron rod,” so known for his skill in wielding reinforcing rods at student demonstrations), made a point of praising the Fur for their piety and taking lessons in the Fur language. The concept of common citizenship through common Islamic faith was attractive to many Darfurians, and the Islamist embrace neutralized the Darfurian critique of the region’s neglect by Khartoum and its marginalization. In practical terms, little changed. A handful of Darfurians were elevated to high positions in the party and government. But the Islamism of the “westerners” was not accepted on its own terms: the government’s “civilization project” focused on the elevation of Arabic values and culture so that some non-Arab groups even began to identify themselves politically as “Arabs.” One example is the Gimir, a small group whose “dar” lies on the Chad–Sudan border, but who also have local diaspora settlements in southern Darfur. They lost their native language, adopted Arabic, and took to calling themselves “Arabs.” Even some Fellata leaders did the same. This wasn’t a coercive Arabization: non-Arab Darfurians continue to aspire to learn the Arab language, adopt Arab cultural traits, and live peaceably with their Arab neighbors.
Why, then, did the Muslim option ultimately not prevail? The answer lies in Khartoum.
The third place to look for the roots of today’s crisis is Sudan’s national capital. The real power in Khartoum is not President Bashir, who is a pious, tough soldier, but a cabal of security officers who have run both the Sudanese Islamist movement and the Sudanese state as a private but collegial enterprise for the last 15 years. Around this core is a fissiparous coalition, in which all civilian politicians are ultimately dispensable—including, as it turned out, their own Sheikh, Dr. Turabi. And the members of this cabal are serial war criminals.
Before Darfur, we can identify three separate episodes in the Sudanese civil war, each of which can arguably be counted as genocidal. The first was in the late 1980s, when the government mobilized militias from the cattle-herding Arabs of southern Kordofan and southern Darfur as a militia to attack the Southern communities that were identified as supporting the SPLA. Three seasons of vicious raiding by these militias, abetted by military intelligence, not only massacred tens of thousands of Dinka villagers but created a uniquely horrible famine in which camps of displaced people were deliberated starved to death en masse. This was Khartoum’s first large-scale use of the “militia strategy,” a counterinsurgency taken to extremes by using the cheap tactics of starvation and robbery.
The second episode followed the 1992 declaration of Jihad in Kordofan. The occasion for this was the rebellion in the Nuba Mountains led by the SPLA. The Nuba are a collection of non-Arab peoples, distinct from their Sudanese Arab neighbors in appearance, culture, and way of life. Like the Darfurians they have suffered neglect and exploitation, and in the 1980s young Nuba rose in revolt. Central to their rebellion was an assertion of Nuba cultural distinctiveness. Kordofan, unlike Darfur, is marked by a cultural and racial polarity. Khartoum’s response was more than the repression of revolt; it was an attempt to create an Islamic state by force of arms. The aim was to relocate the entire Nuba population away from their ancestral lands into what were called, with Orwellian aptness, “peace camps.” The Jihad failed: SPLA resistance was too strong, and Khartoum’s resolve faltered.
The distinctive Islamist color of the Nuba Jihad showed a government at the height of its ideological ambition. In retrospect, there were clear fissures in the ruling coalition that fatally compromised the plan and ultimately brought about a schism in the Islamist movement itself. While the regime’s ideologues in Turabi’s Arab and Islamic Bureau were intent on radical social re-engineering, the generals just wanted a ruthless military campaign. Vice President Zubeir Mohamed Saleh, who commanded the offensive, tried to stop the wholesale ethnic removals policy. Turabi himself stayed aloof from this contest, traveling abroad at the critical moment.
The third example is the clearance of the oilfield zones of the Upper Nile province in Southern Sudan after 1998, when the army was dispatched to remove any obstacles to oil drilling. Again, militias were used as an adjunct to the regular army and air force, and again, deliberate starvation was a favored tactic. This time, however, there was no pretense to an Islamist program: it was just about money and power. The split within the Islamist movement had become irreparable, and in 1999 President Bashir moved decisively against Turabi, removing him from his position as the speaker of the National Assembly in December 1999 and later imprisoning him.
Key to Bashir’s triumph was Vice President Ali Osman Taha’s shift from the Turabi to the Bashir camp. While Turabi was the charismatic mentor to the young Islamists, commanding the loyalty of most of the rank and file, Ali Osman was the operator who turned philosophy into policy. The split rent the Islamist coalition down the middle. The security elite, controlling the military and various off-budget security agencies, stayed with Bashir. The students and the regional party cells mostly went into opposition with Turabi. Among other things, the dismissal of Turabi gave Bashir the cover for making an opening to the United States and sending Ali Osman, the real power in Khartoum, to negotiate with John Garang in a serious peace process—which finally led to the signing of a peace agreement in Kenya in June. It is almost unbearably ironic that just as southern Sudan is on the brink of peace, Darfur—and with it the entire north—is convulsed by another war.
The linkage is not accidental. The Islamist split quickly took on regional and ethnic dimensions. The west Africans and Darfurians who had come into the Islamist movement under Turabi’s leadership left with him. The opening to Darfur, which had dampened if not neutralized Darfurian critiques of Khartoum for a decade, was over. In May 2000, Darfurian Islamists produced the “Black Book” in which they detailed the region’s systematic underrepresentation in national governments throughout Sudan’s independent history. It caused a stir throughout Sudan. In essence, it condemned the Islamist promise to Darfur as a sham. The Black Book was a key step in the polarization of the country along politically constructed “racial” rather than religious lines, and it laid the basis for a coalition between Darfur’s radicals, who formed the SLA, and its Islamists, who formed the other rebel organization, the Justice and Equality Movement. The JEM has a smaller military presence but more educated leaders and an abler public-relations machine.
And when Vice President Ali Osman was finalizing the peace agreement with the SPLA, the security clique made it clear that they felt he had given away too much power. Their message was, thus far and no further. They rejected out of hand the mediators’ suggestion that Khartoum grant regional autonomy. To the contrary, they urged a ruthless response, not only to wipe out the Darfur rebels but also to deter other insurgencies. Khartoum’s security chiefs in particular have their eye on eastern Sudan, where the Beja ethnic group are also discontented and armed, and neighboring Eritrea is ready to foment a war. Sharif Harir lives in Eritrea and has worked closely with the Beja opposition for the last ten years; some suspect that he sees a two-front war closing on Khartoum from both the west and the east. The government’s overreaction to opposition in Darfur is fueling such bitter ambitions.
What we now see, then, is a regime bereft of its legitimating ideology, run by a security clique that is concerned solely with power and its associated riches. There is no longer a recognizable Islamist ideology at work (and in fact the rebels, especially the JEM, have stronger Islamic credentials than the government). And one of the reasons for the reliance on the Janjawiid is that the national army, which includes many foot soldiers and noncommissioned officers from Darfur, cannot be counted upon to fight the rebels. In fact, as more and more Sudanese pierce the veil of secrecy that the government has draped around Darfur, the level of popular outrage deepens. The Darfur crisis represents a more profound challenge to the government’s legitimacy than the war in the south ever did.
This past July, the U.S. Congress voted unanimously to condemn the events in Darfur as “genocide.” Thus far, the Bush administration and the United Nations have stopped short of taking that step formally, although Secretary of State Colin Powell used the term in testimony to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on September 9. Human-rights groups have been less coy. But, as I have tried to show, the simplistic characterization—used, for example, by Human Rights Watch—of “Arabs” killing “Africans” doesn’t fit. Let’s examine some key questions that bear on the issue of genocide.
First, is the killing in Dafur bad enough to be genocide? Darfur doesn’t look like the Nazi Holocaust or Rwanda, and it is different in important ways from the Nuba Jihad. But “genocide” is a legal term of art, and the actions covered by the 1948 Genocide Convention are considerably wider than the lay definition of “genocide,” dominated as it is by the Holocaust. Article II of the Convention defines a genocide as
acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
Extreme manifestations are not legally necessary for a crime to count as genocide: the Genocide Convention does not distinguish “ethnic cleansing”—which Darfur certainly is—from “genocide.” Darfur doesn’t fit the lay definition, and there are legitimate concerns about lowering the bar for what counts as “genocide,” but the Genocide Convention’s definition is what counts in law.
Second, are the groups that have been targeted sufficiently clear and distinct to warrant the name “ethnic groups”? The Arab–African dichotomy is historically and anthropologically bogus. But that doesn’t make the distinction unreal, as long as the perpetrators subscribe to it. A comparable problem was faced by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in prosecuting Jean-Paul Akayesu for genocide. In that case, the tribunal concluded that “a stable and permanent group, whose membership is determined largely by birth” was a sufficient criterion, along with the fact that Rwandese subjectively identified individuals as belonging to the categories “Hutu” and “Tutsi.” A similar argument will work in Darfur, with the additional factor that most of the targeted communities speak non-Arabic languages.
And, sadly, the violence itself is creating newly polarized identities. The relaxed reciprocity of earlier decades is gone, and the sharp divisions of a contrived racism are being nurtured by bitterness and fear. Darfur’s social fabric cannot be stitched back together quickly or easily.
Third, what about intent? Perpetrators are unlikely to admit genocidal intent, so how is it to be ascertained? Again, the ICTR decision on the Akayesu case is helpful. It found that intent could be inferred from a number of presumptions of fact: namely, a general context in which other culpable acts are systematically directed against a group. Again, the events in Darfur appear, prima facie, to meet the conditions. The International Criminal Court certainly has sufficient evidence to mount an investigation.
The perpetrators’ motives are hazy and mixed. For the Janjawiid leaders: power, loot, and land. For their backers in Khartoum: counterinsurgency taken to its annihilatory limit and a demonstration of ruthlessness intended to deter any further resistance in Darfur and elsewhere. At the end of the day, however, this is genocide by habit alone. The security cabal lives in a decades-old ethics-free zone, dispatching its officers with impunity to do whatever is necessary to preserve its power.
The United States and the United Nations are frightened that if they utter the word “genocide” they can no longer do business with the Sudanese government, that the peace deal for the south (a massive achievement) will unravel, and that they will be obliged to send troops. But does a diagnosis of genocide really imply military intervention? The Genocide Convention is silent on this issue. This silence implies intervention as one option, but not the only one. Stopping the killing in Darfur, and reconstituting its social fabric, will be a slow and complicated business. An international military presence is needed, but that doesn’t imply a foreign occupation. The key is a strategy that combines humanitarian action, security, and a political settlement.
On July 30, the UN Security Council gave Khartoum 30 days to disarm the Janjawiid. But how? There are many different militia groups, ranging from entire nomadic clans that have armed themselves to protect their herds, to the brigades of trained fighters headed by Musa Hilal and some of his Chadian Arab comrades in arms. The Janjawiid paramilitaries are the direct responsibility of Khartoum and can be demobilized, but the armed nomads will be more difficult. In a region where every community has armed itself, confiscating all arms is frankly impossible: what can be done is community-based regulation of arms, gradually marginalizing criminal elements through a process of political reconstruction.
The Genocide Convention requires punishment for the architects and perpetrators of massacres. Darfur could be a first case for the International Criminal Court; a prosecutor could be appointed, and then the law could do its work and remove some of the most undesirable individuals from Sudan’s political scene—not only the Janjawiid leaders but their mentors in the security cabal as well. But preventing a repetition of today’s horrors will require more than legal deterrence; it will require painstaking social and economic development.
Foreign correspondents have done a fine job of putting the Darfur genocide in our newspapers and on our television screens. As we seek to understand the massacre and famine, and put a stop to it, we need to remove the lenses of Rwanda and Southern Sudan and come to understand the uniqueness of Darfur and the constellation of circumstance and criminality that has led its long-suffering people into their current tragedy.
The finding of genocide is a half-truth. But it must not come in full armor. The security cabal that controls Khartoum has repeatedly shown that it will stop its violations only when it is given no other option. But that is only a beginning: 20 years of decay and militarization cannot be undone in a few weeks.
Alex de Waal is Executive Director of the World Peace Foundation at the Fletcher School at Tufts University. He is the author of Mass Starvation: The History and Future of Famine, The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power, and editor of Advocacy in Conflict: Critical Perspectives on Transnational Activism.
…we need your help. Confronting the many challenges of COVID-19—from the medical to the economic, the social to the political—demands all the moral and deliberative clarity we can muster. In Thinking in a Pandemic, we’ve organized the latest arguments from doctors and epidemiologists, philosophers and economists, legal scholars and historians, activists and citizens, as they think not just through this moment but beyond it. While much remains uncertain, Boston Review’s responsibility to public reason is sure. That’s why you’ll never see a paywall or ads. It also means that we rely on you, our readers, for support. If you like what you read here, pledge your contribution to keep it free for everyone by making a tax-deductible donation.
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In her new book, Danish poet Olga Ravn writes with open love, pity, and compassion for her strange yet familiar creations.
Draconian individual punishment distracts from systemic change and reinforces the cruelest and most racist system of incarceration on the planet.
Our well-being depends on a better understanding of how the logic of labor has twisted our relationship with pleasure.
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Skills Transferable to Business
Learners develop foundational business skills to help them successfully graduate and prepare for the workforce. The focus is on preparing learners for professional employment by developing the following essential employability skills: personal and information management, leadership and team work, and communication and problem solving techniques. Using a professional setting, learners participate in the following workshops: goal setting, time management, secondary research techniques, leadership and team building, decision making, project management, conflict resolution and speaking and presentation skills. Learners develop an awareness of their strengths and weaknesses and develop strategies for successful lifelong learning. Learners' ability to demonstrate these skills is essential as they participate in their academic and professional paths.
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James Joyce didn’t have a reputation for difficulty for readers a century ago this month, only for his publisher. Dubliners, his first foray into fiction, was released this month, but only after seven years of contending with a publisher worried about offending the Roman Catholic Church, real-life originals all too close to their print counterparts, and anyone bothered by his treatment of contemporary mores. To all of these, as he would continue to do through the rest of his life, Joyce refused to bend.
Unlike with Ulysses and, even more so, Finnegans Wake, readers do not need to know much if anything about ancient literature, obscure scraps of Latin, or the like to appreciate Dubliners. This is not to say, however, that Joyce does not make readers work, nor that the text doesn’t present its own challenges.
Young readers in what can be called post-Catholic Ireland, for instance, might have a difficult time understanding the exalted but problematic nature of the Church early in the 20th century in their country. In the anthologies where these tales have found honored places, reading them out of their original context means that readers will miss the “links of syllable and image” noted by novelist-critic Thomas Flanagan.
Moreover, though Joyce put virtually everything in Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, Dubliners, like the early tales of Hemingway, often focuses more on “the thing left out.” In the opening story, “The Sisters,” for example, Old Cotter says of Father Flynn that he “wouldn’t like children of mine…to have too much to say to a man like that.” But the priest’s exact vice is never spelled out.
Ostensibly, the stories in Dubliners progress from childhood to maturity. But one of the words that Joyce uses most commonly is “paralysis,” a condition leading not just to physical but also to intellectual, spiritual and emotional death. The highlight of the collection is, in fact, the sublime novella “The Dead.” There is a movement from “The Sisters” to this story, but it is a circular one. “The Sisters” is written from within the consciousness of a boy who, even if he is some years beyond the events of the tale, still tries to contend with the passing of Fr. Flynn. “The Dead,” while centering on an adult intellectual, deals with a similar dilemma: the attempt to make sense of the death of someone (in this case, the youth that his wife loved before their marriage).
Dubliners was published the same week that Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo. Little if any notice was taken at the time of the work of Joyce, and few copies of the book were sold for a number of years. In time, however—especially with the notorious publication, eight years later, of Ulysses—the essential truth was confirmed of Joyce’s boastful prediction to his timorous publisher: “I seriously believe that you will retard the course of civilization in Ireland by preventing the Irish people from having one good look at themselves in my nicely polished looking-glass.”
For many, though, it is far more than a “nicely polished looking glass. Novelist Colum (Let the Great World Spin) McCann speaks for them when he proclaims, “For me, James Joyce is the original energy behind all contemporary literature.”
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Energy Use and Sustainable Development: Evidence from the Industrial Sector in Nigeria. By Fidelis O.Ogwumike and Omo Aregbeyen Department of Economics University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria. Outline of the Presentation. The focus of the Paper Energy and Sustainable Development Nexus
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Energy Use and Sustainable Development: Evidence from the Industrial Sector in Nigeria.
FidelisO.Ogwumike and OmoAregbeyen
Department of Economics
University of Ibadan
- level of information on energy efficiency;
- awareness and knowledge about implementing energy efficiency projects;
- conduct of external energy audit to discover areas where efficiency can be enhanced;
- existence of active policy on identifying and repairing leakages such as air, heat and steam, through a combination of both internal and external energy audit;
- investments in energy efficiency;
-possession of clear information on energy efficiency options; and
- availability of funds for investment in energy efficiency projects.
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Hope College is one of a select number of institutions in the United States chosen by the Nippon Foundation of Tokyo, Japan, to receive a collection of books intended to serve as useful guides for those who want to understand present-day Japan.
Through the program, "100 Books for Understanding Contemporary Japan," the foundation is providing English-language books that consider Japan from the perspective of topics including foreign policy, business and management, society and culture, films and animation, classic and contemporary literature, and history. The foundation is making the collections available to a total of 300 selected key libraries, universities and other institutions in the U.S., planning to expand the initiative to other nations and regions in future years.
Kelly Jacobsma, who is director of libraries at Hope, praised the set as an important resource that will serve the college's students well.
"These books will be an important addition to the library's collection on Japan, and we are extremely grateful to the Nippon Foundation for its support of our program," she said. "Although we have a strong selection of materials about Japan, including a significant collection of books in Japanese, we had previously only owned 20 of the books that the foundation is presenting in its gift."
The college's ties to Japan extend to the 19th century. The six members of the college's Class of 1879 included two students from Japan; Hope had been chartered only 13 years before, in 1866. Hope has had an exchange relationship with MeijiGakuinUniversity since the 1960s, and has had relationships with FerrisUniversity and TechnosCollege since 1989 and 1992 respectively. Hope offers a Japanese studies composite major as well as an academic minor in Japanese.
The Nippon Foundation was established in 1962 as a non-profit philanthropic organization, active in both Japan and abroad, and is the largest private foundation in Japan. In addition to focusing on the maritime and shipping fields to bolster Japan's economic development, the foundation is active in fields including education, social welfare and public health, both within Japan and in more than 100 other nations.
The foundation developed its list of 100 books through the work of a selection committee of 10 experts chosen for their extensive knowledge of the country and representing a variety of backgrounds and points of view, including business, academia, the media, government, culture and non-governmental organizations. Following the first phase of the project, the foundation will be seeking to have additional significant books translated into English and others that are currently unavailable to be reprinted.
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Mist showers at Auschwitz? Museum defends step as Jewish visitors take offense (VIDEO)
Israeli Jewish visitor Meir Bulka was shocked when he spotted the mist-spraying machines at the death camp.
“As a Jew who has lost so many relatives in the Holocaust, they looked like the showers that the Jews were forced to take before entering the gas chambers,” the 48-year-old told the Jerusalem Post.
He added that he wasn't the only Israeli left disturbed by the presence of the mist machines.
“All the Israelis felt this was very distasteful,” he said. “Someone called it a ‘Holocaust gimmick.’”
He then went to the main office, asking management for an explanation.
“The management decided that it was a good way to cool people off on a very hot day,” Bulka said. “They said they were sorry if I was offended, and I told them that there is no way to apologize to the victims of the Holocaust.”
Colette Avital, the chairwoman of the Center of Organizations of Holocaust Survivors in Israel, said the showers were a sign of carelessness.
“We would expect people who deal with the Holocaust, especially in a place like Auschwitz, to think before they act and to be more sensitive,” she said.
But not everyone has taken offense to the showers. In fact, the local Jewish community and Holocaust victims' advocates suggested the situation has been blown out of proportion, though they said they understood the negative reaction.
“Temperatures reached 40 degrees C and the administration wanted to ensure the safety of their visitors,” Chief Rabbi Michael Schudrich said. He did, however, state that a “more sensitive construction and location could have been found.”
Piotr Kadlcik, the immediate past president of the Union of Jewish Religious Communities in Poland, agreed with the rabbi, saying “the Germans twisted the concept of shower – a source of cleanness and relief – into the equivalent of pure horror. We shall not follow this path.”
Museum spokesman Pawel Sawicki said the sprinklers were installed because of Poland’s current heat wave, saying they are located in an area “in the open sun and without any possibility of hiding in the shade.”
“We must do everything possible to minimize the risks connected with the heat and high temperatures and take care of the safety of health of our visitors,” he added, saying the sprinklers would be removed when the temperature drops.
Some 1.1 million people, mostly Jews, were killed at Auschwitz between 1940 and 1945, before it was liberated by Soviet troops.
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To celebrate Tolkien’s 130th birthday on 3 January 2022, the Tolkien Society invites all Tolkien fans to raise a toast to the Professor.
Share your pictures and videos on social media using #TolkienBirthdayToast.
After Bilbo left the Shire on his eleventy-first birthday in The Lord of the Rings, Frodo toasted his uncle’s birthday each year on 22 September.
J.R.R. Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein on 3 January 1892, and we invite you to celebrate the birthday of this much loved author by raising a glass at 9pm your local time.
The toast is simply:
All you need to do is stand, raise a glass of your choice of drink (not necessarily alcoholic), and say the words “The Professor” before taking a sip (or swig, if that’s more appropriate for your drink). Sit and enjoy the rest of your drink.
Note that we do not condone drinking alcohol if it endangers the health or safety of the drinker or others, or contravenes the law.
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شکاف جنسیتی سلامت روان در شهری در هند: الگوها و روایات
|کد مقاله||سال انتشار||مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی||تعداد کلمات|
|37861||2012||13 صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید||محاسبه نشده|
Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)
Journal : Social Science & Medicine, Volume 75, Issue 9, November 2012, Pages 1660–1672
Women report significantly higher levels of mental distress than men in community studies around the world. We provide further evidence on the origins of this mental health gender-gap using data from 789 adults, primarily spousal pairs, from 300 families in Delhi, India. These data were collected between 2001 and 2003. We first confirm that, like in other studies, women report higher levels of mental distress and that gender differences in education, household expenditures and age do not explain the mental health gender-gap. In contrast, women report significantly higher levels of distress than men in families with adverse reproductive outcomes, particularly the death of a child. Controlling for adverse reproductive outcomes sharply reduces the mental health gender-gap. Finally, mental health is strongly correlated with physical health for both men and women, but there is little evidence of a differential response by sex. We complement this empirical description with anthropological analysis based on ethnographic interviews with 100 men and 100 women. With the help of these ethnographic interviews we show how adverse life events for women are experienced as the inability to maintain the domestic, which seems to be at stake within their life worlds. We raise issues for further research on the apparent finding that the mental health of women and men are differentially affected by adverse reproductive events in the family in this sample.
Community and epidemiological studies of mental health consistently find that women report worse mental health scores than men (Davar, 1999, Kessler, 2006 and Patel et al., 1999 and World Health Organization, 2009). In addition, the relation between women’s mental and reproductive health has received considerable attention in recent years as it has come to be recognized that reproductive health conditions can impose a considerable burden on women’s health and lives (Patel, 2005 and Patel and Ooman, 1999 and World Health Organization, 2009). While these studies have added to our understanding of the association between socioeconomic conditions and reproductive and mental health, the literature thus far has focused primarily on high-income countries. Thus, the World Health Organization (2009) report on reproductive and mental health emphasizes that most research on the topic comes from Australia, Canada, USA and Europe. In fact, only 10 percent of the studies on the link between maternal mental health and child health were from low and middle-income countries. Resource poor settings are also research poor settings for mental health issues. In this paper we study the factors associated with poor mental health among men and women in the low-income setting of Delhi, India. We use the empirical regularity that women report worse mental health scores than men as a lens through which to unpack the specific conditions of women’s lives that produce both poor mental health outcomes at the population and individual level. Specifically, we present quantitative and qualitative evidence on the association between women and men’s mental health, reproductive events, socioeconomic characteristics and physical morbidity using a long-term study of morbidity and mental health among 300 households, both poor and non-poor, in the city. This study, carried out by the Institute of Socioeconomic Research on Development and Democracy (ISERDD) between 2001 and 2003, observed 300 households in seven neighborhoods of the city over a 2-year period with an average of 35 observations for every household in the survey. During the course of the survey, ISERDD collected detailed information on socioeconomic characteristics, reproductive events and morbidity in the sampled households. In addition, ISERDD implemented an 80-question module on mental health with 789 adult men and women in the same households once during the 2-year period. These data were complemented with 363 open-ended ethnographic interviews conducted by researchers at the institute who were first trained by anthropologists. These data thus present a unique opportunity to construct measures of mental health and illness at a level of detail typically not available in other surveys. The data also present an opportunity to combine methods from empirical economics and anthropological research in ways advanced by Kanbur and Shaffer (2007) and Rao and Ibáñez (2005), whereby the production of quantitative results is understood in terms of the complex community processes and family dynamics that are uncovered through qualitative work. We submit that such a combination presents a step forward in understanding the production of mental health in low-income countries and the identification of fertile areas for future research. We situate our contribution within three strands of the existing literature. First, the fact that current evidence is skewed in favor of countries with higher standards of medical care and lower risks of maternal and child mortality and maternal morbidity, implies significant gaps in our understanding of the association between reproductive and mental health in resource poor settings. For instance, the WHO (2009) report, states that, “In developing countries where pregnancy loss of all kinds is more common, it is arguable that miscarriage may be felt as more profound, especially if it represents to the women the loss of her role as mother in a society where alternate roles are limited or nonexistent.” ( WHO, 2009, page 68). Yet, this conjecture remains unsupported by references to any specific research and, as anthropological studies of reproductive failures in families steeped in poverty and high child mortality suggest, the reality may be more complicated. Maternal grief may be mediated by differences in cultural constructions of pregnancy loss and reproductive health ( Cecil, 1996, Pinto, 2008 and Ramasubban and Singh, 2001). Further, in some contexts mothers may invest more emotional resources in children who are likely to survive, rather than those who are sickly and judged as likely to die ( Scheper-Hughes, 1993). Second, perhaps because of the dominant medical model in public health that treats a woman as an isolable individual and the individual body as a location for disease ( Foucault, 1973), there is a relative neglect of the texture of familial relations and their impact on mental health. Thus, most studies of the intersection between mental health and reproductive health focus on a limited number of reproductive health conditions (such as pregnancy loss or menopause) treating them as discrete events that impact on the mental health of women ( WHO, 2009). In contrast, if we take the life-course as a continuity, we embed the discrete events of reproductive failure in the context of other household events, such as illnesses of other family members and self and declines in the economic conditions of the household ( Batra, 2003 and Kessler et al., 1993). As argued by the World Mental Health Report ( WHO, 2001) we need to think of mental health not only as a set of symptoms but also as a cluster of adverse conditions and disabilities that ultimately influence the capabilities of men and women to care for themselves and others ( Desjarlais, Eisenberg, Good, & Kleinman, 1996). Yet, there may be severe limitations to a purely quantitative approach in understanding these complex inter-linkages. For instance, as Murray and Lopez (1998) argue, dependent co-disability whereby one disability (taking disability in the broad sense of both physical and social disability) increases the likelihood of another is hard to quantify. It seems necessary, then, to expand our methods to include such qualitative methods as the narrative analysis of life stories in order to understand the cluster of conditions within which the relation between poverty, reproductive failures and mental health can be analyzed. Finally, it is important also to address the unconscious bias that may arise from limiting our questions to the way in which the poor mental health of a woman affects her ability to offer care, treating women as exclusively responsible for care giving in the home, to the neglect of other questions (Boyce, Hickey, & Parker, 1991). We need to ask how women’s own capabilities are affected by the behavior of others, such as male partners or other members of extended families and kinship networks, co-workers, as well as by pressures from the wider society to adhere to strictly defined gender roles (Kittay, 1998). For instance, there is some evidence that the risk of physical violence increases among young women in low-income communities if they find employment suggesting that there might be a backlash against women who might be seen as threatening the authority of men although it is not clear if older women face similar risks (Krishnan et al., 2010). Such a shift of emphasis on relationships rather than individual bodies would also make it imperative to treat mental health of women and men as related and even mutually constitutive. The particular approach we follow, of treating the household as the constitutive unit, eliciting information on mental health for both men and women, and complementing the quantitative analysis with qualitative information thus allows us to broaden the discussion beyond the specific link between reproductive outcomes and an individual woman’s mental health. Our paper is organized as follows. We first detail the sample and study instruments, concluding with a basic description of the data. We then present the quantitative specifications and results and follow the discussion with selected case-material from ethnographic interviews.
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