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Letter writing is a very important activity in day-to-day business, personal and academic life. It is said that letter writing is nothing but an art. Even though letters have transformed into e-mails and SMSes, the art still remains, only the medium has changed. Letters can be broadly classified into formal letters and informal letters. As the name suggests, formal letters include business letters, official letters, applications, complaints, letter to editors, letters written to people whom we want to convey certain important information. On the other hand, informal letters include personal or private letters, letters that are written to our friends and family. While formal letters follow certain format, one can be flexible while writing informal letters. Nonetheless, letter writing is a skill that needs to be sharpened over time with practice. It is a pleasant task once you know the basic rules.
Letter-writing is a skill that has to be developed. It is part of the required curriculum. It comprises of a standalone element teaching correct styles of letter writing. Quite apart from curriculum requirements, being asked to write letters is a task that appeals to one and all.
Letter writing is an art. A well-written letter is always a pleasure to read. Writing a letter is about conveying a message. Letter writing is much different from other kind of writing. The context can be casual or formal. There are other essentials to be noted as to whom the letter is addressed and if there is any tone required in the language. The flow of thoughts has to be continual.
The skill of writing letters is not always an easy one to acquire, yet letter writing remains an important activity in our daily lives. The first impression left by our letter is not only critical to the success of our message, but also to the image we wish to present.
If the letter we have written carries the wrong tone, contains grammatical or spelling errors, or is poorly structured, then we’ve successfully sent the wrong message and the wrong impression of ourselves. To make matters worse, the recipient now has a permanent copy to refer to. It is extremely difficult to ‘undo’ the damage that can be introduced by poorly written letter.
Letters are important means of expressing different feelings and needs. Writing them down helps to organize thoughts and states a clearer message. We encounter different kinds of letters in our routine. We get personal letters from friends.
We receive professional letters at work, and some other letters from offices. These letters are integral parts of our lives since we were babies. It is interesting to learn the different kinds of letters.
Writing letters encourages good social skills, learning to say thank you and asking for information politely. Writing imaginary letters to people can encourage understanding the nuances of better life skills. It will improve communicative, social and handwriting skills, and teach us what we need to know about writing and structuring letters.
Before we begin to go deep into this topic, it is important to know that the outward form of a letter makes great contribution in conveying its purpose. The quality of the writing material and the letter pad indicate the amount of interest the writer has in the addressee to whom he writes.
In a good letter, not only should the matter be well phrased and written but also the paper should be of a suitable quality, the envelope properly addressed and stamped, the size of the sheet handy to read and easily foldable.
How to write a letter depends on why one is writing a letter and to whom. Letter writing, whether by post, fax, or e-mail needs all the formalities of writing a letter.
The typical lay out of a particular kind of letter together with its parts written in their places concerned amount to the format related gives the letter the currency of acceptance.0
PARTS OF A LETTER
Irrespective of the kind of a letter, it is essential that every letter has the following parts in it, at minimum.
1. The Heading (the writer’s address)
2. Salutation (greeting)
3. The Body of the Letter (message)
4. Leave Taking (conclusion)
5. Subscription (writer’s name)
6. Superscription (to address)
1. The Heading: This contains the return address (usually two or three lines) with the date on its last line. It is written at the top right corner of the page. Sometimes it may be necessary to include a line after the address and before the date for a phone number, fax number, e-mail address or something similar.
2. The Inside Address: (in fact, it is superscription. Formal Letters do have it.)
* This is the address of the addressee.
* Make it as complete as possible.
* Include titles and names if you know them.
* This is always on the left margin.
* Skip a line after the heading before the inside address.
* Skip another line after the inside address before the greeting.
3. Salutation: (Also called The Greeting)
It starts from the Left Margin. (Below the inside address in Formal Letters)There is no inside address in Informal Letters.
* Salutation in Formal Letters:
Sir, / Madam, (usually) Honourable Sir, Respected Sir, (customized)
* Salutation in Informal Letters:
Dear Madhav, (in case of friends)
Dear father / mother / sister / brother . . . (in case of family members and relatives)
Dear Sir / Dear Madam (acquaintances)
4. The Body of the Letter:
* The body is written as text.
* Depending on the letter style you choose, paragraphs may be indented.
* Regardless of format, skip a line between paragraphs.
* Skip a line between the greeting and the body.
* Skip a line between the body and the close.
5. Leave Taking: (Also known as the Complimentary Close)
It is a short and polite closing paragraph. It starts at the left margin with para indentation.
It begins at the same column the heading does.
* Formal Letters: Yours faithfully, Yours sincerely, Yours truly,
* Informal Letters: Yours lovingly, Yours affectionately,
IMPORTANT: Apply no apostrophe in the word Yours'
► Signature Line: Skip two lines and type out the name to be signed and include the name of the letter writer in brackets in capital letters. Signature is not always clear. We should facilitate the addressee know the name of the writer.
* This is address to which the letter is sent.
* It is also used as inside address in Formal Letters.
Note: స్నేహితులకు, కుటుంబసభ్యులకు, తల్లిదండ్రులకు, బంధువులకు, పరిచయస్తులకు, కలం స్నేహితులకు, మనతో వ్యక్తిగత సంబంధం ఉన్నవాళ్లకు రాసే ఉత్తరాలను informal letters (personal letters / letters private letters) అంటారు. ఆఫీస్, ఉద్యోగ, పత్రికా, వ్యాపార, ఫిర్యాదు సంబంధిత లేఖలన్నీ formal letters (official letters) పరిధిలో ఉంటాయి. రాసే ప్రతి ఉత్తరంలోనూ పైనతెలిపిన అన్ని భాగాలూ చోటుచేసుకుంటాయి.
Features of a Letter
We observe the following features to distinguish the kinds of letters from one to another.
Address — business or private?
Greeting — formal or informal?
Style of letter — friendly or business?
What is the message?
How does the letter end?
Broadly speaking, in general, there are two types of letters: formal, that are written to convey official business and information and informal, which are personal letters to communicate with friends, acquaintances and family.
KINDS OF LETTERS
Letters are broadly classified into two kinds, of course, excluding Business Letters.
1. Formal Letters
2. Informal Letters
Formal letters are very important for any organization and business. There are certain rules to be followed when writing a formal letter. Most of the business letters are formal letters so never use an informal language while writing them.
In a formal letter your address and the address of the person you are writing the letter should be written in the top left hand corner of the letter. After the address, the date is specified and then the salutation and ending a letter. Always end a formal letter with yours faithfully, yours sincerely and with your signature.
In the content of the formal letter, the first paragraph should be brief and contain the purpose of the letter whether it is a request or an enquiry or a complaint. The next paragraph should contain the details of the information like the date, time, venue for an interview, etc. The formal letters shouldn’t be too long so it should be written clearly and to the point. Last paragraph should state what you expect the reader to do or what action to be taken.
There are certain abbreviations, which are widely used in a formal letter like ASAP i.e. as soon as possible, PTO i.e., Please Turn Over and RSVP, i.e., Reply if you please.
The different examples of formal letters are the cover letter, enquiry letters, request letter etc. Which ever kind of formal letter it is, state clearly what you want in the beginning and ending of the letter. Be to the point and straightforward while writing a formal letter.
When writing formal letters like the complaint letter, job application or covering letter provide necessary documents related to the letter. When you are asking for some information or requesting the format, make it short and simple as if you do not know much about the subject. Cleary asks the details and information and end the letter.
Writing a letter formally implies officialdom. They are often non-routine. Formal letters include – Letters to Offices, Authorities, Companies, Public Representatives, Organizations, different government Officials, Executives, Administrators, Bureaucrats, Spokespersons, Ministers, Employers, Principals, Consulates, Institutions, Societies, Associations, Unions, Bodies, Controlling Officers, Coordinators, Managements, Establishments and so forth.
Formal letters are usually known as official and business letters. They are written in a strictly formal style. Such letters are always written on an A4 (8" x 11“) sheet of paper. They can be folded three times so that the address to which the letter is being sent can appear in the window of a business envelope. The layout is always the same.
Structure of Formal Letter
* The senders address and the date are written at the top right hand side of the paper. (Include telephone number and e-mail if available.)
* The address of the person receiving the letter goes on the left hand side below the
* Salutation : Sir / Madam (starts at left margin) (You can use adjectives like Honourable, Respected, Esteemed …before the nouns indicated here.)
* The message (can be divided into paragraphs accordingly)
* Leave Taking – end with a requisition for the action to be taken
* Subscription — Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely or Yours obediently
* Below the signature, write name in block letters (this is to ensure that the person receiving the letter knows exactly who has sent it. Signatures may not be very clear.)
Personal letters are written to family and friends who stay far away from you and you want to be in touch with them. It is usually written as though you are talking to the person directly. These letters are written to someone you know well so the language of the letter need not be formal.
Personal letters can be written to congratulate someone or thank someone or share some news describe what happening in your life or just to say you are missing someone. The best thing about a personal letter is that you can write the letter any way you like. There are certain elements to be included like the date you are writing the letter, your name and address, start the letter by greeting the reader, write clearly what you want to convey like your future plan, trip with the family, old memories etc. It can also be used to share your problems and get advice from someone close. Close the letter in the way you like to, depending on how close you are to the reader like lovingly, with regards etc.
It is one of the best ways to be in touch with those who stay far away. With the letters, you can share the old memories that you had spent with the reader and also share the things that are happening now in your life.
Informal letters are letters to friends, members of a family, relatives, pen friends, acquaintances , phone friends, lovers, strangers and people we know well etc.,
Structure of Formal Letter
* The senders address and the date are written at the top right-hand side of the paper. (Include telephone number and e-mail if available.)
* Salutation (Greeting) : Dear ..., / Dear father, (Starts at the left margin of the paper.)
* The message (can be divided into paragraphs accordingly)
* Leave Taking – complimentary close
* Subscription — Yours lovingly or Yours affectionately
* Below the signature, write name in block letters (this is to ensure that the person
receiving the letter knows exactly who has sent it. Signatures may not be very
Commit to Memory
* Receiving a letter from a loved one or a surprise connection is a pleasant feeling.
* Formal letters require a subject line that has to be brief. For example,
Sub: Disconnection of my internet.
* Make the Letter Clear and simple –Use short words, clear words as much as possible.
* Avoid jargon or vague words which may confuse the letter reader.
* Make your letter come Alive – Try to address the letter directly to the reader.
* Visualize the reader ahead of you and imagine yourself talking with him
through your letter
* Everyone would like to read a pleasant letter when it appears specially written for him.
* Avoid spelling errors, poor grammar and mistakes in your letter.
* Think about to whom you are writing the letter.
* Use the right style of writing and language —formal or informal, business like or friendly.
* Lay out your letter using paragraphs. This makes it easier for the reader.
STANDARD LETTER FORMAT STYLES
1. Block Style
All sections of the letter are flush against the left margin of the page. Each paragraph in the body of the letter begins flush left margin, with a one space line dividing each paragraph.
2. Semi-block Style
The date, signature, and address heading (if not on preprinted letterhead stationary) are aligned on the right side of the page. All other sections are flush left margin. Paragraphs in the body of the letter begin flush left with a one space line dividing each paragraph.
3. Indented Style
The date, signature, and address heading (if not on preprinted letterhead stationary) are aligned on the right side of the page. The greeting is flush left. Paragraphs in the body of the letter are indented with no space line between paragraphs. Postscript and notations are flush left.
4. Memorandum Style
This is a business format that is best used for interoffice correspondence. Directly above the body of the memorandum, are the following sections flush left:
“To:” Name or column of names of those people to whom memorandum is being sent. (listed in alphabetical order by surname).
“From:” Writer’s name. Title, if any, listed directly below name.
“Ref:” or “Subject:” Subject line may be emphasized by underlining, bold font or all capital letters.
- Body text may be indented or block format.
- Signature of writer not required on Memorandums
PRINCIPLES OF LETTER WRITING
* Be brief and direct.
a. Convey maximum information in minimum number of words.
b. unnecessary details and long introduction should be avoided
* Be clear and precise.
a. Choose suitable words to express the text.
b. Be careful in your sentence structure.
c. Select fit and precise diction. d. Prefer Active Voice.
* Be polite and positive
a. Maintain courtesy in your writing.
b. Avoid the use of negative expressions.
Letters also serve as memories. Most letters today are in the electronic medium and hence a hand written letter has a personal touch. To enable students perform letter writing in academic examinations is in fact the very purpose of lesson item. Apart from the exigency of distance, every letter has some definite advantages over speech. That is why; some people prefer to communicate through correspondence even while at the same station, same locality and at times, even the same house.
Perhaps no form of professional writing reflects the personality of an individual so vividly as does a letter. A slip in speech can be corrected but a mistake in writing can never be! Observe all the models of letters offered in your text book for the application of the concepts.
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California’s been described as a nation unto itself. Could it be?
“Yes California,” a pro-secession group, filed paperwork with the state attorney general in November for a proposed 2018 ballot measure to strike language in the state constitution binding California to the United States.
This month, the group announced the opening of a “cultural center” in Moscow — “the first of many planned California culture centers which will serve to build a bridge between the nation of California and the nations of the world,” read a statement on Yes California’s website.
If its ballot measure succeeds, Yes California would pursue a 2019 vote to declare the state’s independence. At least half of the state’s voters would have to cast ballots and 55 percent would have to choose independence for California to become its own nation, according to document Yes California filed with the Attorney General’s office.
Talk of California secession is nothing new. But it gained momentum after Donald Trump’s election. Hillary Clinton got 62 percent of California’s vote in defeating Trump, the largest margin of victory for a presidential candidate in the state since 1936.
The November election, which gave Republicans the White House and continued congressional dominance, underscored California’s political divergence from the rest of the country.
While the GOP controls most state legislatures and governorships, Republicans are a shrinking minority in the Golden State, where Democrats control the Legislature, 39 of 53 congressional seats and all statewide elected offices.
California’s Democratic leadership has vowed to fight Trump over his plans to deport undocumented immigrants and repeal Obamacare, and California’s battle against global warming is at odds with climate change skeptics in Trump’s cabinet.
In arguing for independence, Yes California contends that the state’s tax dollars subsidize the rest of America and that red-state politics marginalize California’s more progressive values. California can stand alone as a world economic power, secession advocates say.
“We believe in two fundamental truths,” reads a statement on Yes California’s website. “(1) California exerts a positive influence on the rest of the world, and (2) California could do more good as an independent country than it is able to do as a just a U.S. state.”
Even if a ballot measure qualifies — 585,407 signatures are needed — and a majority of Californians want to secede, an independent republic of California faces very steep odds. The question of whether states can split was answered in blood by the Civil War and in law by an 1869 U.S. Supreme Court decision that found no right to secession in the U.S. Constitution.
According to Yes California, a path to secession exists through the U.S.-ratified United Nations charter. But it’s hard to see Washington recognizing UN authority on this issue, nor is it clear how many nations would risk America’s wrath by recognizing an independent California, home to 12 percent of the U.S. population and a vital part of the nation’s economy and food supply.
Independence activists could pursue a constitutional amendment to let California secede. But that requires ratification from three-fourths of the state legislatures.
California can assert itself in ways other than secession, said Jack Pitney, a professor of politics at Claremont McKenna College.
“Federalism allows each state wide latitude in setting its own polices,” he said. “As (Gov.) Jerry Brown says, we could launch our own climate satellite (to study climate change) if the feds don’t want to.
“State officials can also push back in federal court, which is why Brown picked Xavier Becerra as attorney general,” Pitney added. Becerra, a Democratic congressman from Los Angeles, is widely expected to challenge the Trump administration in court, especially over immigration policy.
SPLIT THE STATE
Throughout California history, there’s been talk about splitting up the state and discussions of splitting from America. The state is politically divided between coastal and inland regions and the more liberal urban cores versus more conservative rural areas.
While Clinton won the statewide vote, Trump won many of California’s less-populated, more inland counties, including Siskiyou and Modoc counties in the north and Kern County north of Los Angeles County.
The state of Jefferson concept, which would combine parts of rural Northern California with southern Oregon, dates back to at least the 1940s. In recent years, county lawmakers and voters in five Northern California counties have approved ballot measures or passed resolutions in support of Jefferson.
In 2009, then-GOP Assemblyman Bill Maze proposed the state of Coastal California consisting of 13 counties, including Los Angeles and San Francisco. Maze argued that coastal liberals politically drowned out California’s more conservative regions.
The desire to create a conservative haven led then-Riverside County Supervisor Jeff Stone in 2011 to propose the state of South California. Thirteen counties, including Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino, would have been part of this 51st state.
In 2013, venture capitalist Tim Draper sought to split California into six states, which he said would be more responsive to local residents and easier to govern. A measure putting the six-state concept before voters failed to gain enough signatures.
So, it’s doubtful California will be divided into multiple states or split from the rest of the nation — unless the San Andreas Fault gets active. Remember those “California’s shaking away” earthquake fears?
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Leeds has a vast amount of stunning architecture and landmarks.
Harewood House is a very large building in Harewood, Leeds. It has a Bird Garden which is worth visiting to see the 90 different species, 30 of which are believed to be endangered. For those of you who are Emmerdale fans, Harewood House has a realistic timber village which is used for outdoor scenes in the soap.
The famous Reclining Woman is a bronze sculpture which can be seen outside the City Art Gallery. Famed for its Picasso-esque jaggedness and surrealism as well as its curves, this sculpture is certainly worth going out of your way for.
The Town Hall has to be one of the most stunning buildings in the city. It dominates the town centre, in between the Central Library and the Britannia Chambers. The hall has many impressive elements. Built in the 1850s, this hall is an example of classical Victorian architecture with its period features such as ornate ceilings and a domed clock tower.
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The Henry Brant Collection, Vol. 1
Open iTunes to preview, buy, and download music.
One maverick composer of the "old guard" American avant-garde, other than Elliott Carter, is still here and making music today — Henry Brant. Like Carter, Brant was in the first generation of American composers to benefit from the direct influence of the music of Charles Ives. Since 1950 Brant has pursued a unique interest in expanding instrumental resources through stereophonically conceived "spatial" scoring. Whereas Carter is regarded as an institutional icon, throughout his career Brant has received very little "love" from institutions of any kind. Recordings of Brant's works have been few and far between, and known only to a tight minority of the hardest-core collectors of American contemporary music. But recently in the concert and academic spheres there have been signs that this is turning around, especially since Brant was honored in 2002 with a Pulitzer Prize for his composition Ice Field.
The Minnesota-based contemporary music label Innova has finally begun to redress the balance with The Henry Brant Collection, Vol. 1, which contains one huge work, Northern Lights Over the Twin Cities (1985), and a little one, A Plan of the Air (1975). Northern Lights Over the Twin Cities is a wild, noisy, crazy celebration of the kitchen-sink effect in music — the multiplied instrumental groups contrast massive tone clusters against a dance band playing Glenn Miller-styled phrases, the huge chorus wails through the roof, and jagged instrumental lines tangle and separate from one another from a variety of places in the hall. Though the piece runs a whopping 96 minutes and is spread out over two CDs, it is never dull — there's always something striking and unusual happening, and like some music of Ives, parts of Northern Lights Over the Twin Cities tickle your funny bone. A Plan of the Air is less ambitious and also more serious in tone — big, dissonant chords move slowly over an area of negative space in a manner akin to "high holy minimalism," although this work was written quite a bit before that trend in music was singled out as being something specific.
American composers in the experimental tradition whose roots go back to before World War II use a distinctive tonal palette that is free of the structural rigors of serialism, and though highly dissonant, still connects with something in your brain that indicates forward direction. Brant comes right out of the center of that tradition — while there is plenty of music on this collection that sounds unusual and out of the way, there is little that sounds unfamiliar or difficult to grasp. One reservation, and it's a considerable one, is the sound. These are university-made recordings of live performances, and are far from being top quality — the recorded image is not placed in a discreet stereophonic ambience so much as it merely represents the multiple instrumental groups as being either close or far away. Some of the music that is played further away demonstrates telltale signs of tape hiss, and here and there parts of the tape of Northern Lights Over the Twin Cities break up a bit. But these are the sole recordings of works that have been performed only once or twice, and they will certainly do for now. Mastering engineer Teo Macero seems to have gotten the best than can be had out of these sources, which weren't made for commercial release in the first place. If you are a frequent flyer in the realm of American contemporary music, The Henry Brant Collection, Vol. 1 is a trip that you will want to take, not miss.
Born: September 15, 1913 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Years Active: '50s, '60s, '70s, '80s, '90s, '00s
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Your email address will be used for Wildy’s marketing materials only. We will never give your email address to any third party.
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A Sourcebook on Equity and Trusts in Australia can be used as both a freestanding casebook and as a companion to the Equity and Trusts in Australia textbook.
This casebook follows the structure of Equity and Trusts in Australia and provides a selection of primary legal materials together with accompanying commentary and discussion, covering the principal areas of equity and the law of trusts taught in Australian law schools.
Cases have been carefully selected based on the needs of undergraduate law and Juris Doctor students approaching this subject for the first time. Case extracts give a clear account of the facts and issues considered by the court, and the detailed commentary is accompanied by problems and discussion questions to enhance student learning.
Clearly written by authors with extensive experience in the field, A Sourcebook on Equity and Trusts in Australia encourages students to engage with the principles of equity and the law of trusts and to understand how they apply in the real world.
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Learning Goal: I'm working on a business discussion question and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.Why is the identification of favorable and unfavorable variances so important to a company? How can the identification of the variances help management control costs? Please explain.As you are considering the flexible budgeting topic of the week, it is important for you to look at this analysis as a significant contribution to the management of the company. Knowing what the bottom line profit or loss is important. But what is more important is to understand how your actual results varied in terms of units sold versus how the actual cost of each unit differed from the budget.Please do watch the video available in this week’s resources – you can turn the sound off and read the script on the right side if you need to. The lecturer has an excellent example that will help you.Do you have an example that you can share? Sometimes that’s the best way to answer the question.
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Scientists Discover That Fish Can Recognize Human Faces
Trending News: That Fish You Just Caught Knows Who You Are
Why Is This Important?
Because fish are a lot smarter than we thought.
Long Story Short
By training amazing archerfish to recognize human faces, research teams at universities in the United Kingdom and Australia have shown that simple brains can perform highly complex tasks.
That guppy in the counter top fish bowl is not just a pretty set of gills. Those gills have skills. In fact, scientists have just discovered fish can recognize human faces.
Now, why fish would be able to do such a thing is a very good question. Researchers haven’t figured out the answer yet but give them a break — their heads are still spinning after just learning fish can figure out faces.
Given the relatively small size of fish brains, the finding is very surprising. Throughout evolution, it has always made sense for humans to differentiate familiar faces from unfamiliar ones. It’s believed the fusiform gyrus in the temporal lobe of the human brain is solely dedicated to facial recognition.
Don’t expect to find the fusiform gyrus in fish, an animal with no logical evolutionary reason to develop the subtle techniques needed to tell one human face apart from another.
Researchers at two universities, one in the United Kingdom and the other in Australia, trained archerfish to spit water at familiar faces in order to get food (to eat, the amazing archerfish spits a stream of water at insects to knock them out of the air or off of branches).
RELATED: Gross Guy Shotguns Beer Out Of Fish
The scientists trained the archerfish to recognize a specific facial image. They would then display two images at a time on a computer monitor positioned above the fish tank. When the fish spat water at the correct face, they were rewarded with a pellet of food.
Even with scientists jumbling the correct face together with as many as 44 different faces, the results were off the hook.
According to the study, the fish selected the correct face 81% of the time.
The research teams at University of Oxford and University of Queensland took it up a notch. They made the test even more challenging by standardizing the images, making them black and white, and the head shapes more similar.
Undaunted, the archerfish brilliantly hit the correct face 86% of the time.
That fish are unthinking, unfeeling creatures is a notion people have bought, hook, line and sinker. Clearly there’s more to fish than meets the eye.
Some species of fish use rocks to smash sea urchins. Channel catfish can recognize human voices calling them to offer food, and goldfish can remember the colors of food dispensing tubes even up to one year later.
Lead author, Dr. Cait Newport of Oxford University’s Department of Zoology, says, “The fact archerfish can learn this task suggests that complicated brains are not necessarily needed to recognize human faces.”
The researchers have plans to continue testing archerfish to see what else they can recognize.
The study appears in the journal Scientific Reports.
Own The Conversation
Ask The Big Question: Is it time we all just go vegetarian?
Disrupt Your Feed: With research suggesting fish think and feel pain, it’s time we end unnecessary cruelty and begin treating fish, like cows, pigs and chickens, more humanely, and with more respect.
Drop This Fact: In 2011, people ate about 132.3 million metric tons of fish, worldwide.
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Scrabble word: HOMESTEADER
In which Scrabble dictionary does HOMESTEADER exist?
Definitions of HOMESTEADER in dictionaries:
- noun - someone who settles lawfully on government land with the intent to acquire title to it
There are 11 letters in HOMESTEADER: A D E E E H M O R S T
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to HOMESTEADER
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word HOMESTEADER plus a wildcard: HOMESTEADER?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word HOMESTEADER
11 letter words
9 letter words
8 letter words
7 letter words
6 letter words
5 letter words
4 letter words
3 letter words
2 letter words
Images for HOMESTEADER
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.
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Lambsdorff’s office said in statement that he died suddenly Saturday in the former West German capital Bonn. The cause of death was not immediately clear.
The aristocrat was long one of the leading lights of the pro-business Free Democratic Party (FDP), which served in most coalition governments since World War II including Chancellor Angela Merkel’s current centre-right alliance.
A fiscal conservative and former economy minister, he recently blasted Merkel’s government for planning tax cuts in the face of a ballooning budget deficit while continuing heavy spending to emerge from the economic crisis.
“If you are taking in less, you must spend less – it’s as easy as that,” he said.
Born Otto Friedrich Wilhelm von der Wenge Graf Lambsdorff on December 20, 1926 in the western city of Aachen, he pursued studies in law before entering politics.
Known for his sharp tongue, bushy eyebrows and the walking stick he used after a leg injury in the war, Lambsdorff joined the FDP in 1951 and was elected to the Bundestag lower house of parliament in 1972.
He rose quickly through the ranks and became economy minister in 1977 under the Social Democratic chancellor Helmut Schmidt. But he successfully agitated for Schmidt’s ouster in favour of the Christian Democrat Helmut Kohl in 1982.
His image tarnished in the wake of a major political contributions scandal linked to the Flick conglomerate and he was forced to step down as minister and later pay a DM180,000 fine (€90,000). But he retained his seat in parliament and in 1988 was elected chairman of the FDP, which he led until 1993.
Merkel said Sunday Lambsdorff as among the “great personalities” behind Germany’s unique “social market economy” which advocates free markets with respect for social justice, and praised his work to compensate forced labourers.
In 1999, then chancellor Gerhard Schröder appointed Lambsdorff to lead negotiations with the US government and lawyers and organisations representing victims of the vast Nazi-era programme on a reparations plan funded by the German government and industry.
After two years of talks, the result was a DM10-billion package that garnered international praise.
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Izzy comes from a family of excellent burglars. But every time Izzy takes something that doesn’t belong to her, she gets a bad feeling in her stomach that won’t go away. She tries to tell her parents about the bad feeling, but whenever she mentions it, they tell her she needs to be a good burglar.
Izzy finds ways to make the funny feeling in her stomach subside. She and her friend, Frog, start by tidying up as they burgle. They make the beds, dust, wash the dishes, and do the laundry. When the people come home, some of their things will be gone . . . but at least they won’t have any chores to do.
But that isn’t quite enough. So Izzy also starts baking her special double chocolate brownies with gooey caramel chunks. When the people realize they’ve been burgled, at least they will have a nice, tidy house with no chores to do and something sweet to eat.
But that isn’t quite enough either. Will Izzy ever find a way to get rid of this funny feeling she gets every time she has to steal? Will she find a way to be a good burglar and a good person, too? Readers will fall in love with this little troublemaker with a very big heart.
A sweet picture book with an important message about doing what's right and not giving in to peer pressure for children ages 3 to 6.
Sky Pony Press, with our Good Books, Racehorse and Arcade imprints, is proud to publish a broad range of books for young readerspicture books for small children, chapter books, books for middle grade readers, and novels for young adults. Our list includes bestsellers for children who love to play Minecraft; stories told with LEGO bricks; books that teach lessons about tolerance, patience, and the environment, and much more. While not every title we publish becomes a New York Times bestseller or a national bestseller, we are committed to books on subjects that are sometimes overlooked and to authors whose work might not otherwise find a home.
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Construction Scheduling Software - Q. Scheduling
Q. Scheduling software is a revolutionary construction scheduling software that has evolved in response to the widely recognized failure of the majority of construction contractors to fully use CPM or PERT, and adopt it as a basic construction scheduling technique, which suggested that there is some fundamental failure in the Critical Path Method and PERT network technique. This unwillingness flies in the face of a great deal of publicity promoting the use of Critical Path Method and PERT in construction scheduling. Such publicity has been supported by academic research which has failed to ask the basic question as to the feasibility of Critical Path Method or PERT for construction. If some contractors have to provide a Critical Path Method/PERT network in the bid at the request of the client, they usually employ an outside consultant to do it, pass his fee on to the client as part of the bid, and continue to manage the project in their own more appropriate manner. Therefore, it can be said that the construction industry has to a large extent rejected the Critical Path Method and PERT concepts, same as human bodies would reject medically transplanted organs from non related humans.
The low weighting on cost control and efficient use of resources in the concept of Critical Path Method and PERT resulted in a model that is not the best approximate model of the construction process. Q. Scheduling core concept is ensuring a continuation of work flow for each group of employed resources in order to minimize associated costs.
Q. Scheduling is quantitative scheduling in the context that quantities to be executed at different locations of the construction project form the elements of the schedule. Also Q. Scheduling is Queue Scheduling in the context that trades pass through the different segments of the project in a queue sequence. No interference between two activities is allowed at the same location. It is derived basically from the Line of balance technique with some modifications to allow for the non repetitive models that is characteristic of the majority of construction projects
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As I sipped my gin and tonic in the lavish bar of the Ellington Hotel, I couldn’t help but think how excited I was to return to Nice. Nearly two years later, I felt like I never really got to know the city. And even better, later that Friday night we were headed to Place Masséna, the main square to watch the first Gay Carnival event (called Lou Queernaval) in the history of more than 130 years of Carnival in Nice.
Costume, check! Glitter and confetti, check! Excited for the parade and seeing the nightlife afterwards, check! Previous knowledge about the history of Carnival in Nice and what Lou Queernaval was all about….no f*cking idea! But I was about to get the inside scoop since we got to meet the team organizing the event.
As we were chatting with Erwann, the announcer for the night’s event, before dinner I finally blurted out, “What exactly does Lou Queernaval mean?” I’m not really the journalist type that does his research in advance when visiting a place, so I was certain everyone else in the room knew except me and that this was indeed a stupid question. “It just means The Queernaval,” he said. “Of course it does,” I thought…stupid question confirmed.
But he then explained that “Lou” is actually the Nissart (Nice’s regional language) word for “the” and that the organizers named the event this way so the residents of Nice could find a local identity in the name. Ok, so stupid question it was not, as clearly the rest of my group had no idea either. He added, “Even French people outside of Nice probably wouldn’t understand the meaning.”
A Brief History…
Yes, Nice has its own regional language and to be honest, it doesn’t even really feel French to me. As you walk the streets of the old town, you’re surrounded by bright colors, Belle Epoque, Art Deco and Neo-Classical architecture and an outdoor café culture that feels very Italian. In fact, Nice was actually part of Italy in earlier generations and had been an independent region for hundreds of years before that. But while almost no one in the area speaks Nissart anymore, you’re subtly reminded of the history as all the street signs in the old town are marked in both French and Nissart.
When you think Carnival, Nice is probably not the first place that comes to mind – does it even come to mind at all? You probably conjure up images of elaborately dressed dancers competing in the parades of Rio de Janiero, the largest and most famous Carnival in the world taking place during six days in the blistering Brazilian summer in February. But as it turns out, Nice’s Carnival is the 3rd largest in the world by the number of visitors and it takes place over 17 days, with Lou Queernaval happening the final weekend this past February.
It had the feeling of a Carnival parade but with a sprinkling of glitter, drag queens and shirtless men rocking six packs.
The Main Event
A massive stage, seating for thousands of viewers and an elaborate light and sound system exemplified the event. At 9pm sharp, Erwann, half dressed in drag, began announcing the 1st Queernaval in both French and English. Shortly after, the Carnival parade began with Mr. Gay France, Armando Santos, dressed as an angel and leading the procession. It had the feeling of a Carnival parade but with a sprinkling of glitter, drag queens and shirtless men rocking six packs. Not completely unlike a gay pride parade, but it was definitely different as the focus was truly Carnival.
The event was fun, entertaining and drew a crowd much bigger than I imagined, and apparently bigger than the organizers expected as well. The creation of the event was a grassroots effort by leading members of the LGBT community to gain recognition and increase visibility in the yearly Carnival tradition. The program was incredibly well organized and the city eventually got behind them with strong support.
How It All Came Together
I was also surprised to learn how big the LGBT community is in Nice and how truly gay-friendly the city is. Sure, David and I visited Nice briefly in 2013 but we didn’t stay long nor did we take much time to explore the gay scene. As it turns out, Nice has a thriving gay scene which was evident by the crowd at Le Glam at 4am – a local gay club hosting the most popular Queernaval party of the weekend. And with dozens of gay business catering to LGBT people including bars, clubs, saunas, hotels and restaurants, it’s amazing how this city of less than 400,000 has such a large offering. Institutions like Bar Bitch and Bar Butch proudly keep their doors open as gay establishments in the old town while many other business are thriving on Rue Bonaparte, now considered the new gay street in Nice.
Nice is not just the playground of the rich and retired anymore as some people might think. Nice’s old reputation is truly different than the city it has become over the past decade and it’s easily one of the most gay-friendly cities in France probably second only to Paris. So whether you decide to visit next year for the 2nd edition of Lou Queernaval or if you plan your trip sooner, you surely won’t be disappointed with this beautify city, the amazing clear blue waters that line the coast and the friendly and welcoming atmosphere that will leave any LGBT visitor happy and wanting to return.
Have you ever considered a trip to Nice before? Would a visit during Queernaval even more motivation to go? Let us know what you think in the comments below!
Note: The Nice office of tourism sponsored my visit to Queernaval. As always, rest assured all opinions are 100% our own. In fact, we highly recommend visiting Nice whether during Carnival or in any other season and this 2nd trip really makes us want to visit a 3rd time!
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The Copernicus programme, previously known as GMES, Global Monitoring for Environment and Security programme, has been established to fulfil the growing need amongst European policy-makers to access accurate and timely information services to better manage the environment, understand and mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure civil security.
Under the leadership of the European Commission, Copernicus relies largely on data from satellites observing Earth. Hence, ESA – in accordance with the European Space Policy – is developing and managing the Space Component for the initiative. The European Commission, acting on behalf of the European Union, is responsible for the overall initiative, setting requirements and managing the services.
To ensure the operational provision of Earth-observation data, the Space Component includes a series of six space missions called 'Sentinels', which are being developed by ESA specifically for Copernicus.
In addition, data from satellites that are already in orbit, or are planned, will also be used for the initiative. These so-called 'Contributing Missions' include both existing and new satellites, whether owned and operated at European level by the EU, ESA, Eumetsat and their Member States, or on a national basis. They also include data acquired from non-European partners. The Space Component forms the European contribution to the worldwide Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS).
ESA's new Sentinel missions will provide information for all domains for Copernicus, starting with the all-weather, day and night radar imaging from Sentinel-1 for land and ocean services. Sentinel-2 will deliver high-resolution optical imaging for land services and Sentinel-3 will provide services for ocean and global land monitoring. Sentinel-4 and Sentinel-5 will provide data for atmospheric composition monitoring from geostationary and polar orbits, respectively. Sentinel-6 will provide radar altimetry data to measure global sea-surface height, primarily for operational oceanography and for climate studies.
A Ground Segment, facilitating access to Sentinel and Contributing Mission data, complements the Copernicus Space Segment.
The acquisition of reliable information and the provision of services form the backbone of Europe’s Copernicus programme. Services will be based on data from a host of existing and planned Earth observation satellites from European and national missions, as well as a wealth of measurements taken in situ from instruments carried on aircraft, floating in the oceans or positioned on the ground.
The resulting services will bring a broad range of socio-economic benefits to many sectors of society. Policy makers will have ever-better information on which to base decisions for the protection, preservation and management of the environment as well as benefit from related cost savings.
Services provided through Copernicus fall into six main categories: services for land management, services for the marine environment, services relating to the atmosphere, services to aid emergency response, services associated with security and services for monitoring climate change.
These services have the potential to significantly improve many environmental concerns such as natural resource management, food security, biodiversity and air-quality forecasting. In addition, information through Copernicus will lead to a better understanding of climate change issues. The services component of Copernicus is under the responsibility of the European Commission (EC).
The Copernicus in situ component is based on an observation infrastructure owned and operated by the large number of national and European stakeholders coordinated, in some cases, within the framework of European and international networks. The in situ component is under the coordination of the European Environment Agency (EEA).
In essence, Copernicus will help shape the future of our planet for the benefit of all. ESA is contributing by providing a proven framework for the development of operational systems on behalf of the user community, paving the way for investment in future generation systems. ESA is exploiting its 30 years of expertise in space programme development and management to contribute to the success of Copernicus.
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Comfort women were women and girls forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army before and during World War II. The name "comfort women" is a translation of the Japanese euphemism ianfu (慰安婦) and the similar Korean term wianbu (위안부). Ianfu is a euphemism for shōfu (娼婦) whose meaning is "prostitute(s)".
Estimates vary as to how many women were involved, with numbers ranging from as low as 20,000 to as high as 360,000 to 410,000, in Chinese sources; the exact numbers are still being researched and debated. Many of the women were from occupied countries, including Korea, China, and the Philippines, although women from Burma,Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan (then a Japanese dependency), Indonesia (then the Dutch East Indies), East Timor (then Portuguese Timor), and other Japanese-occupied territories were used for military "comfort stations". Stations were located in Japan, China, the Philippines, Indonesia, then Malaya, Thailand, Burma, New Guinea, Hong Kong, Macau, and French Indochina. A smaller number of women of European origin from the Netherlands and Australia were also involved.
According to testimony, young women from countries in Imperial Japanese custody were abducted from their homes. In many cases, women were also lured with promises of work in factories or restaurants; once recruited, the women were incarcerated in comfort stations in foreign lands.
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Most of the time repairing or replacing fence posts is a hugely awkward, difficult job. Usually the existing wooden post has rotted at ground level because it has been concreted in by someone who did not take 5 minutes to trowel the top of the concrete to a slight dome allowing the rain water to run off. Instead of that, the water sits on the concrete, at the base of the post, slowly rotting and weakening the post until the wind blows the fence panels and the post breaks.
Problem number 1 is the fact that the broken post has to be removed from between the two panels it is fixed to and problem number 2 is the fact that the bottom third of the post (See our project on concreting fence posts) is fixed firmly in a whole wheelbarrow load of concrete.
If you ignore both of these problems then simple remedies like fixing a fence post spur, shown on the left, are available to you.
Fixing a concrete spur post involves digging down alongside the old post and concreting in the new spur. It is always advisable to have, at the very least, 450mm of spur under the ground but 99% of the time the existing fence post concrete stops this happening. If you do not fix a spur solidly it actually helps the fence to wobble about even more!
One answer is to break out the concrete or pull out the whole lump. The concrete can be broken fairly easily with the right tools and these can be seen in our breaking concrete project. Once the concrete, or some of it, is broken out a spur can be fitted properly but by the time you have got to this point you might be feeling its worth carrying on to remove all of the concrete and the old post, and start again with a new post and new concert. We would agree with you !
One small problem here is that, once you have finally excavated all of the post and concrete, you have loosened all of the soil and have a gaping hole looking a little like a bomb crater!
This is easily rectified with some old timber and perhaps a couple of spare paving slabs which can be put inside the hole and used as "formwork" to form a box inside the hole and to hold the new concrete in place. The image below shows an old hole with bits and pieces of timber pushed in to form new sides around the post in the centre. Some earth is pushed in behind these pieces of timber so when the concrete is tipped in the earth will stop the new sides ( Also known as shuttering or formwork) from pushing out. As long as you have 6 inches of concrete either side of the post it will be strong. Refer to our concreting posts project to see how to keep the water from the top of the concrete.
The final way of effecting a proper repair to a fence is to ignore the broken post hole completely. This is more of a major job but there are situations where it is far more practical than other methods. It also involves cutting a fence panel down which is a really handy thing to know how to do anyway. See our project on cutting down fence panels.
The image above shows the broken post (A). This post is removed and cut off at the very top of the concrete so it finishes below ground level. This leaves the two fence panels flapping in the breeze so they need to be taken off too. Presuming the fence panels are 6 foot panels, dig two new fence post holes in positions D and E and using our project on concreting fence posts, put 2 new posts in.
One of the panels you have removed is now fitted between posts D and E and the other panel is cut in half and the two halves are fitted between C and D and E and B.
Yes, it is noticeable but if the next door neighbours has a patio which comes right up to the fence...........How many choices have you got ?!
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In his masterful 1988 novel Libra, Don DeLillo imagines an analyst alone in his office, tasked with writing the secret history of President John F. Kennedy’s 1963 assassination in Dallas, Texas. It is an assignment of gnomic breadth, forever seen through contradictory lens as classified files, recordings and statements are studied. The assessor, John Branch, works in official seclusion, trying to discern the truth. He has been doing so for 15 years.
That is the America of old, where conspiracies remain buried. In America now conspiracies are a form of currency – belief is sold in public transactions that stretch plausibility. The measurement system is online obsession, the comments, reactions and counter-theories that attach themselves to conspiracies like cells fusing together, a DNA derived from Twitter, Facebook, 4chan, Reddit, and YouTube.
By that metric two of the most popular sources of conspiracy theories are the anonymous intelligence leaker QAnon and HBO’s science-fiction television series Westworld. At first glance the two could not be more different: the former is an anonymous fabulist who has created a shonky narrative where surreptitiously President Donald Trump works in tandem with Robert Mueller, the special counsel investigating the Trump’s campaign possible collusion with Russia; the latter is an expensive fictional drama about an amusement park whose android hosts start to malfunction. Both, however, speak to the moment, to the point where they’re intertwined.
QAnon was first sighted on 4chan’s /pol/ board on October 28 last year. Those involved – the anonymous posts often use ‘we’ rather than ‘I’ – started a thread titled ‘Calm Before the Storm’, in which they claimed to be a government insider with a high-level Q security clearance. A series of posts, or “crumbs”, laid out an America where Trump was not Mueller’s target. Instead they were working together against monstrously corrupt Democrats, George Soros, Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama. The mission would smash the so-called “Deep State”.
The claims quickly reached the fantastic, such as Obama directing ISIS or Satanic child abuse, but they spoke to the paranoid fantasies of America’s far-right. QAnon’s claims were quickly picked up and amplified; the absurd had become viral. Basic clues, like a number code of 4, 10, and 20 (D, J, and T, or Donald J. Trump), added to the sense of cracking a mystery. Those connecting the dots became convinced, through spurious linkage, that QAnon was at one point posting from Air Force One while on board with Trump.
The engagement with QAnon is staggering, suggesting a committed following in the hundreds of thousands. One popular (and fervent) YouTube “explainer” video for QAnon currently has approximately 190,000 views; comic Roseanne Barr linked to it on Twitter before she had her hit show, Roseanne, cancelled due to a racist tweet against a former Obama staffer. Lola Zinke, whose husband Ryan is Trump’s Secretary of the Interior, retweeted QAnon claims of 30,000 pending indictments.
QAnon promises cataclysmic closure, but it is a mirage. In November last year they claimed mass arrests were imminent, complete with military support. Nothing of the like ensued, but QAnon has simply carried on. In that respect it resembles Westworld, a show whose labyrinthine plotting constantly peels new layers from a narrative that has unknown parameters. Revelations on Westworld don’t answer questions as much as pose many more new ones. The show, like QAnon, is self-perpetuating.
Rebooting Michael Crichton’s 1973 film, Westworld was created by the married team of Lisa Joy and Jonathan Nolan (brother and sometimes co-writer of Christopher). Currently in its second season, it’s an elaborate mystery about free will: the humans supposedly running and visiting the vast Wild West theme park are losing their freedom, while the increasingly independent (and vengeful) androids have attained a measure of self-awareness and independence.
There are, depending on which website you frequent, five different timelines surreptitiously at work in the current season, while a recent episode added an alternate digital reality that housed the consciousness of Robert Ford (Anthony Hopkins), the park’s co-creator who had previously been killed in the season one finale. Like a conspiracy theory, the show purports to explain inexplicable events that have already occurred, and by obscuring the answers they encourage creative interpretations that take on a life of their own.
Conspiratorial obsession is a way of making right a world you don’t want to recognise, let alone acknowledge. Modern America makes no more sense to QAnon’s followers than Westworld’s storylines do to its audience – both offer, but never provide, the contentment of an unhindered explanation. “Is this … now?” are the first hushed words uttered on the television program’s current season, and to not even have a sense of time is an indication of how dense the conspiracy’s fog is.
There’s no direct correlation between QAnon followers and Westworld watchers, although there is some small section of crossover. Instead both are a type of cultural phenomenon for a puzzle box age, one that that appears to embrace confusion but ultimately provides comfort. Neither asks to be challenged, or genuinely interpreted, they simply want to be believed. What unites them is how they turn the illusion of ending uncertainty into a kind of faith: the Clintons will be arrested, the true purpose of Westworld’s corporate owners will be discovered.
No-one actually leaves the Westworld theme park. The character most intent on getting out, android bordello madam Maeve (a sometimes remarkable Thandie Newton), turned back on the cusp of escape at the end of the first season. Whether out of choice or programming was unknown. But conspiracies always turn inwards, even as they grow, because they live on the fringe and obsess over the centre.
“A conspiracy is everything ordinary life is not,” concludes John Branch in Libra, remaining diligently at work while making no real progress. But now conspiracies are ordinary life. QAnon and Westworld are both pored over and discussed, evaluated and exaggerated as part the everyday for their followers. The political conspiracy theory has cliff-hangers, the television show purported leaks. Neither has an end in sight.
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Shipments of iron ore on the Great Lakes totaled 6.4 million tons in May, an increase of 15.1 percent compared to April, the Lake Carriers’ Association said.
However, the association noted the amount was a decrease of 6.6 percent compared to a year ago. Loadings also trailed the month’s long-term average by 4.8 percent.
Shipments from U.S. ports totaled 5.8 million tons, a decrease of 2.9 percent compared to a year ago. The May total included 380,000 tons shipped to Québec City for loading into oceangoing vessels and delivery overseas. Meanwhile, cargoes from Canadian ports totaled 556,000 tons, a decrease of 33.5 percent compared to a year ago.
Year-to-date, the Great Lakes ore trade stands at 17.2 million tons, a decrease of 8.6 percent compared to a year ago. Loadings are 3.1 percent below the long-term average for the January-May timeframe, the association said.
The Lake Carriers’ Association represents 17 American companies that operate 57 U.S.-flag vessels on the Great Lakes.
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Beijing's air does not pose any health risk for athletes, officials and other visitors, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) said Tuesday.
Dispelling all fears over overcast and hazy skies in the city, the IOC said data on Beijing's air quality is being assessed on an hourly basis.
Haze does not mean poor quality air, a senior Beijing environmental official said a week ago.
Arne Ljungqvist, chairman of the IOC medical commission, said at the ongoing 120th IOC session Tuesday: "We are using World Health Organization (WHO) standards for evaluation ... They are fairly tough to meet, but in many aspects, Beijing does."
"I am sure and confident that the air quality will not pose any major problem to the athletes and visitors."
Praising Beijing's green efforts, Sarah Liao Sau Tung, environmental advisor to the Beijing Olympics organizing committee (BOCOG) said the city had created an "unprecedented environmental legacy", which will benefit millions of people in the days and years to come.
The photo taken on Aug. 1, 2008 shows the National Stadium, namely the Bird's Nest, standing with its reflection image under the blue sky in Beijing, capital of China. [Xinhua]
With just three days to go for the Beijing Olympics, a section of the international media has raised the bogey of Beijing's air quality again, saying it fails to meet the WHO standards.
But Ljungqvist said the WHO representative in Beijing has expressed "extreme dissatisfaction" with such media for exaggerating the city's pollution problem. Ljungqvist met with the WHO official recently.
"The WHO standards are not intended for temporary visitors," Ljungqvist said. "They are for permanent residents" to guard them against long-term risks.
Since being awarded the 2008 Games, Beijing has spent billions of dollars to improve its environment. It has implemented a number of drastic measures, including stopping work at construction sites and closing polluting factories, to improve air quality during the Games.
The IOC's top medical official praised China for its efforts. It has "done a lot The Beijing Olympics will be a good example of what can be done with the Games in a city".
Quoting weather experts, Sarah Liao said it was unlikely for any of the 17 days during the Games to experience a stagnant atmosphere that would trap pollutants and deteriorate the air quality. And it is least likely to happen on Friday, the opening day of the Games.
Liao said the likelihood of using any of the "special contingency measures" to improve air quality during the Games was minimum because the emission reduction efforts, such as the even-and-odd vehicle license plate number scheme, have proved effective.
Since July 20, vehicles with even and odd license plate numbers have been allowed to hit the roads only on alternate days, reducing emission by about 20 percent, the Beijing municipal environmental protection bureau has said.
Though Beijing will not retain all the temporary measures it has taken to reduce pollution, its "environmental legacy" is likely to be extended to other parts of the country after the Games.
"The Olympics is like a catalyst," she said. "Without it, Beijing would have probably taken 20 to 30 years to do what it has done in seven years."
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Resilience is defined as the ability and process to transform adversity into opportunities for growth and adaptation. Resilience may be especially important for people living with HIV (PLWH), who are susceptible to anxiety and depressive disorders, which are commonly linked to risk behaviors (i.e., alcohol and drug abuse), poor adherence to medical regimens, increased risk of morbidity and mortality, and related stigma and discrimination. To date, few studies have examined the impact of resilience on health-related behaviors and outcomes among PLWH, particularly among minority women living with HIV (WLWH) who are dealing with multiple stressors impacting their health. This study used a convergent parallel mixed-methods design to collect, analyze, and integrate qualitative and quantitative data from a subsample of WLWH enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). The aims of the study were to (1) qualitatively examine the resilience perspectives of 76 marginalized WLWH, and; (2) quantitatively assess the associations of resilience with HIV health outcomes - adherence to antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression - in the context of differing levels of internalized HIV-related stigma and depressive symptoms (n = 420). Findings from this mixed-methods study suggest that resilience is an important resource that can aid WLWH in coping constructively with adversity by capitalizing on intrapersonal traits and states, interpersonal and institutional resources, and spiritual and/or religious practices. Given the complex medical and social needs of marginalized WLWH, intervention strategies should focus on mitigating psychosocial burdens of stigma and depression, in addition to building resilience.
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Art nouveau artisans introduced glass, prints, jewelry, wallpaper, silver, fabrics and a potpourri of other peacock-related objects. Even the trusty fire screen, designed to shield one from the glare of the fireplace, fell under this passion for peacocks.
Value guide: fire screen, tapestry panel, peacock, 1900, $550.
Q: How valuable is my two-tier pink tidbit tray in the Dogwood design?
Virginia Beach, Va.
A: Dogwood, a Macbeth-Evans depression glass design, was produced between 1930 and 1934.
A bit of controversy exists about the flower depicted on the pattern. Dogwood is quite acceptable, but others perfer calling it Apple Blossom, B pattern, Magnolia or Wild Rose. Casting horticultural problems aside, it can be found in cremax, crystal, green, monax, pink or yellow.
Only a doggedly determined shopper is likely to spot a Dogwood two-tier pink tidbit tray for less than $75.
Q: Have you any clue about the worth of my 1912 Theodore Roosevelt bandanna?
A: Around the turn of the century, the bandanna was regarded as a suitable political campaign memento. Workers responsible for conducting Theodore Roosevelt's run for the White Hosue utilized them quite effectively.
For the 1912 campaign, a red and white bandanna urged voters to vote for Teddy. A sepia portrait of the candidate appeared in the center. The wording read: ''Progressive/Roosevelt/1912/ Battle Flag.''
Those electing to add this piece of Americana to their collections should plan on parting with $70.
Q: Are Tarzan items in great demand?
San Francisco, Calif.
A: Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875-1950) really got into the swing of things when he created the Tarzan character. With plots ranging from adventures in Africa to faraway planets, he captured the public's imagination.
Tarzan books, movie items, toys, magazines and records are devoured by devotees. Books having their pictorial dust jackets are preferred. Even material pertaining to the actors who portrayed Tarzan sells on sight.
Yes, Tarzan and Jane are familiar faces to flea market fanatics. Value guide: poster, ''Tarzan and Slave Girl,'' 1950, $50.
-- Haviland & Company bone dish, Autumn Leaf decor, $17.
-- Art nouveau hat pin, sterling silver, maiden with long hair, $40.
-- Mickey Mouse bisque figure playing saxophone, 3 1/2 inches tall, 1930s, $165.
-- Screenland magazine, Shirley Temple cover, October, 1934, $35.
-- DeVibiss atomizer, cranberry, gold trim, 9 inches tall, $200.
-- Big Little Book, Gangsters in Action, No. 1451, 1938, $20.
-- Bear trap, handwrought iron, 1860s, $175.
-- Morris chair, pierced wide stretchers, Limbert, 1910, $600.
-- Jubilee pattern depression glass creamer and sugar, yellow, $25.
-- Buck Rogers pocket watch, copyright J.F. Dille Co., 1930s, $675.
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Superfoods are the high achievers of the food world. They include certain fruits and vegies that you may already include in your diet like blueberries or broccoli, as well as the weird and wonderful foods straight from the Amazon, likes Acai berries. What they all have in common is that they are incredibly rich in nutritional goodness!
We’ve come up with some ideas to include superfoods in your everyday meals, that even the little ones will enjoy.
- 1. Goji berries: Dried goji berries contain over 20 vitamins, minerals and antioxidants and are perfectly matched with nuts like almonds, Brazil nuts and cashews for an interesting and nutritious mid-morning snack for kids and adults alike.
- 2. Kale: Kale is often called the "queen of greens" because it’s a little nutritional powerhouse loaded with vitamin A, C and K as well as calcium, iron, fibre and more. Steam kale for 5 minutes and add it to wholemeal pasta with feta, pinenuts and a little olive oil for a quick deliciously nutritious meal.
- 3. Acai berries: The Amazonian wonder, acai berries make a fantastic addition to a morning smoothie and will be simply irresistible to kids with their chocolatey-berry flavour. Why not blend a cup of milk (cow’s, soy, rice or almond) with 1 banana and a handful of frozen acai berries to kickstart your day. Quick and delicious!
- 4. Broccoli: Often dismissed as being a bit boring, the humble broccoli packs a real nutritional punch. Add broccoli to a simple stirfry with chicken (or tofu), cashews, mushrooms (also superfoods in their own right!), ginger, lime and soy sauce. Add brown rice or noodles and voila! An easy and nutritious, non-boring dinner is served.
- 5. Quinoa: Once only the domain of “alternative” stores, quinoa (pronounced keen-wah), is now found in mainstream supermarkets. It’s a great replacement for grains like rice or cous cous and best of all it can be used in sweet or savoury dishes. Quinoa is rich in protein and antioxidants and is gluten-free and low in fat. For a kid-friendly tasty lunchbox idea, add green beans, snow peas, cucumber and avocado to cooked quinoa with a yoghurt dressing (Greek yoghurt, lemon, mint and a bit of sweet chilli sauce).
- 6. Coconuts: The tropical coconut has been elevated to superfood status in recent years. Coconut water is a rich source of electrolytes (minerals that keep you hydrated) so is perfect on a hot day or after playing sport. Coconut oil is said to be one of the best oils for cooking because of its high heat tolerance and nutritional benefits so why not give it a go in your next dish.
- 7. Cacao: Cacao (raw, unprocessed chocolate) is full of antioxidants called flavonoids, as well as magnesium and is believed to make you feel happier (hence why we all often crave it!). For a healthy afternoon snack the whole family will enjoy, make cacao brownies with three simple ingredients – 1 cup walnuts, 1-1.5 cups of dates, ¼ cup of raw cacao. Mix in a food processor, press into a small spring-form pan and refrigerate until firm. We think these are just as good (or maybe even better) than traditional chocolate brownies. Warning: they are highly addictive!
- 8. Chia seeds: These cute little black seeds are jam-packed with goodness. They are a good source of protein, contain essential fats, and are super high in dietary fibre, minerals and antioxidants. We like to sprinkle them on our morning porridge and salads to keep us going all day long.
- 9. Purple carrots: You may have recently noticed these in your local supermarket, but did you know all carrots used to be purple?! The orange carrot was actually developed from the purple carrot by the Dutch in the 17th century. What makes purple carrots special is they contain all the usual nutrients of orange carrots, plus important antioxidants. But they taste just the same, so you can cook them the way you would a “typical” carrot and brighten up your dinner plate! Why not try roasted, honey glazed carrots with a mixture of orange and purple varieties for something a little different.
How do you include superfoodsin your family meals?
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Parents lose sleep over newborns
Babies cost parents as much as six months sleep in the first two years after their birth.
A survey among 1,000 parents has shown that on an average parents get just about four hours of uninterrupted sleep at night, which is an hour less than the minimum they require.
Two in three respondents said they had only three and three-quarters hours of sleep in one go, the Daily Express reported Friday.
There were also those who lamented that they had less than two-and-a-half hours of uninterrupted sleep.
The Express quoted Iftikhar Mirza, a sleep expert who commissioned the poll for mattress firm Silentnight, as saying: "What parents don’t realise is that it’s the lack of ‘basal’ sleep that’s the problem.
"You need a minimum of five hours uninterrupted sleep in one go. An hour here and there doesn’t negate ‘sleep debt’. Parents can eat healthily to boost immune systems and take regular, gentle exercise to release endorphins, which should lower the risk of mood swings."
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Nuclear plant looks to end emergency planning role
MONTPELIER, Vt. (AP) -- The soon-to-close Vermont Yankee nuclear plant wants to stop paying for emergency services in the region, but a watchdog group opposes that, saying nuclear waste on-site will create continuing risks.
Plant officials have told the Nuclear Regulatory Commission that the radioactive spent fuel will have cooled enough by mid-2016 that they can then stop paying to maintain the 10-mile emergency evacuation zone around the plant.
The plant is closing at the end of this year.
The zone extends out from the reactor in Vernon in Vermont’s southeast corner to six Vermont towns and parts of neighboring New Hampshire and Massachusetts.
There’s concern that a breach of the plant’s spent fuel pool could create a fire and large release of radioactivity.
TALK TO US
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Decontamination of houses under way, The Daily Yomiuri, Nov. 15, 2011:
According to the municipal government, decontamination operations were conducted on 26 households in two districts during the three weeks from Oct. 26 through Nov. 14. However, radiation levels dropped to target levels at only four of the households.
An official at the municipal government’s radiation-control division acknowledged the difficulty of removing radioactive substances. “Radiation levels will not drop as easily as expected. It takes a lot of time to decontaminate each house.”
Published: November 16th, 2011 at 8:54 am ET
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The closing words of the Old Testament speak of a messenger who would prepare the way for the Messiah (Mal. 3:1). The work of this messenger is further described in Malachi 4:5-6, "Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord. And he will turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the hearts of the children to their fathers, lest I come and strike the earth with a curse."
During His earthly ministry our Lord explained how John the Baptist was the "Elijah" who was to come. "Assuredly, I say to you, among those born of women there has not risen one greater than John the Baptist; but he who is least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he. And from the days of John the Baptist until now the kingdom of heaven suffers violence, and the violent take it by force. For all the prophets and the law prophesied until John. And if you are willing to receive it, he is Elijah who is to come." (Matt. 11:11-14). After His transfiguration, our Lord would further expound upon this topic. "Then Jesus answered and said to them, 'Elijah truly is coming first and will restore all things. But I say to you that Elijah has come already, and they did not know him but did to him whatever they wished. Likewise the Son of Man is also about to suffer at their hands.' Then the disciples understood that He spoke to them of John the Baptist." (Matt. 17:11-13).
Jesus said that "among those born of women there has not risen one greater than John the Baptist" (Matt. 11:11). Let us look at the life of this great man of God, the one who prepared the way for the Messiah.
Under the Law of Moses, all priests had to come from the tribe of Levi, but not all Levites were priests. The family of Aaron was selected as the priestly family (Exod. 28:1, 43; Num. 3:10; 18:7).
When the land of Canaan was divided, the Levites were not given their own territory -- certain cities located in the territory of other tribes were given to them (Num. 35:1-8; Josh. 21:1-42). When the priests became numerous it was not necessary for them all to reside in Jerusalem continuously. To establish an order and system, David divided the priests into twenty-four courses (1 Chron. 24:1-19). These courses served by turn in the temple and each course had a chief -- hence, the origin of the term "chief priest."
John's parents, Zacharias and Elizabeth, were both from priestly families -- Zacharias was of the course of Abijah (Luke 1:5-6).
Zacharias and Elizabeth "were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless" (Luke 1:6). Though they were both advanced in years, they desired a son (Luke 1:7).
The angel Gabriel appeared to Zacharias while he served in the temple and told him that Elizabeth would bear a son, whom they would name John (Luke 1:11-13). The angel also spoke of John's greatness, telling Zacharias that "you will have joy and gladness, and many will rejoice at his birth. For he will be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine nor strong drink. He will also be filled with the Holy Spirit, even from his mother's womb. And he will turn many of the children of Israel to the Lord their God. He will also go before Him in the spirit and power of Elijah, 'to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children,' and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just, to make ready a people prepared for the Lord." (Luke 1:14-17).
John grew up in the hills and wilderness of Judea (Luke 1:80). This environment gave him time for meditation and communion with God -- as his character matured he was unspoiled by the world. This gave him great boldness in denouncing sin and error.
There was a general expectation among righteous people that a Deliverer would come about that time "and all reasoned in their hearts about John, whether he was the Christ or not" (Luke 3:15). Righteous and just men like Simeon were "waiting for the Consolation of Israel" (Luke 2:25), for "it had been revealed to him by the Holy Spirit that he would not see death before he had seen the Lord's Christ" (Luke 2:26). Anna, a prophetess from the tribe of Asher, was one of the many "who looked for redemption in Jerusalem" (Luke 2:38).
As John preached in the wilderness of Judea, the Jewish religious leaders in Jerusalem sent a delegation of priests and Levites to John to learn if he was the Messiah (John 1:19-27).
As John preached in the region around the Jordan, he was preparing the way for Christ. Quoting from Isaiah, Luke tells us how "every valley shall be filled and every mountain and hill brought low; and the crooked places shall be made straight and the rough ways made smooth" (Luke 3:5). The imagery is drawn from the building of a highway. John was not literally digging down the hills and filling up the valleys -- he was dealing with people. "Every valley shall be filled" -- the downcast, the hopeless, the dispirited, needed to be lifted up, and to have their hopes rekindled. "Every mountain and hill brought low" -- the self-righteous, the arrogant, the haughty, the proud, must be brought to a true humility of spirit and bow at God's word. "The crooked shall become straight" -- those who had been crooked in their dealings with their fellowman needed to be straightened out. "The rough ways made smooth" -- otherwise good people who were rough in their ways and inconsiderate of the feelings of others needed to learn gentleness, forbearance and consideration.
Another work that John had was to point out and identify the Messiah to Israel. John pointed out who the Messiah was (John 1:32-34). After John baptized Jesus in the river Jordan, "John bore witness, saying, 'I saw the Spirit descending from heaven like a dove, and He remained upon Him. I did not know Him, but He who sent me to baptize with water said to me, 'Upon whom you see the Spirit descending, and remaining on Him, this is He who baptizes with the Holy Spirit.' And I have seen and testified that this is the Son of God.'" (John 1:32-34).
John brought unto the nation of Israel the message of repentance and the imminent establishment of the kingdom of heaven (Matt. 3:2). John also warned of the judgment and eternal punishment which awaits the wicked (Matt. 3:12).
The message which finally cost John his life was doctrine of marriage and divorce (Matt. 14:3-4). John had taught that there are some marriages which are "unlawful" even though recognized by the civil government. Our Lord taught he same thing (Matt. 19:1-9).
John's baptism was a "baptism of repentance for the remission of sins" (Luke 3:3). It was preceded by a confession of sins (Matt. 3:5-6), and accomplished purification (John 3:22-26). The common people and even the tax collectors accepted John's baptism and thus "justified God" (Luke 7:29), "but the Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God for themselves, not having been baptized by him" (Luke 7:30).
Three classes of people came to John. Some men came "confessing their sins" -- these John baptized without question or delay (Matt. 3:6). There were also those who claimed they were already saved -- these John refused to baptize (Matt. 3:7-9). The third category consisted of a single case, i.e., the sinless Son of God (Matt. 3:13-15).
Jesus was the exception to the rule. Jesus could not confess His sins prior to His baptism, for He was sinless, thus John did not want to baptize Him. Jesus told John to, "permit it to be so now, for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness" (Matt. 3:15). Jesus was baptized because it was a commandment of God.
If to reject the baptism of John was to reject God, what is it to reject the baptism which Jesus Christ commands (Luke 7:29-30)?
It is hard to believe, but there are some people who are under the mistaken idea that John the Baptist established a church and they claim to be a member of it. However, John the Baptist was dead and buried when Jesus promised to build His church (Matt. 14:10; Matt. 16:18). John was never a member of the church Jesus promised to build (Matt. 11:11).
John's death is recorded in Matthew 14:1-12 and Mark 6:14-29. After John had rebuked Herod for his unlawful marriage, John was cast into prison and his judgment deferred because of the multitudes.
After John's rebuke of Herod for his unlawful marriage, it seems Herod's first wave of anger had passed and there returned a growing respect for John. However, in Herodias there burned a thirst for John's blood.
On Herod's birthday he gave a supper at which wine freely flowed. Herodias shamelessly sent Salome, her daughter by Philip, to perform a licentious dance. Herod was so pleased with the dance that he vowed to give her anything -- up to half of his kingdom. Acting on the advice from her mother, Salome asked for the "head of John the Baptist on a platter" (Mark 6:24). The king was "exceedingly sorry," but he would rather commit murder than break his word. John's head was brought in on a silver platter and given to Salome, who in turn gave it to her mother, "and when his disciples heard of it, they came and took away his corpse and laid it in a tomb. Then the apostles gathered to Jesus and told Him all things, both what they had done and what they had taught" (Mark 6:29-30).
Jesus summed up the life of John by saying, "among those born of women there has not risen one greater than John the Baptist; but he who is least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he" (Matt. 11:11).
You and I have a tremendous opportunity that John did not have -- we can become members the church Jesus built and citizens of the "kingdom of the Son of His love" (Col. 1:13).
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The World Economic Forum's annual meeting broke up on Saturday night amid warnings that attendees were too relaxed and optimistic about the state of the global economy.
Delegates left the congress centre in Davos with the words of Axel Weber, chairman of Swiss bank UBS, ringing in their ears. "In my view the mood [at Davos] borders on complacency," Weber said. "The mood has been good, in brackets too good to be true."
Many speakers at the four-day meeting at the Swiss ski resort predicted that the worst of the financial crisis was over, as stock markets continued to rally this week. Weber, though, warned that an unexpected event could easily puncture the mood, citing political events such as autumn's general election in Germany.
"My fear is that 2013 will be a repeat of 2012," explained Weber in a panel session to debate the global agenda for the next 12 months. He said that last year also began well, with companies posting solid financial results, before markets became gripped by fears that Greece would topple out of the eurozone.
Christine Lagarde, managing director of the International Monetary Fund, was also cautious, describing the recovery as "fragile and timid".
Influential Chinese economist Li Daokui cited the disagreements in the US over its debts as a key risk to the global economy this year.
"In the eurozone we have had promises of action … In the US, my observation is that we've not even had promises," said Li, a former adviser to the People's Bank of China's Monetary Policy Committee. He suggested there was a 30% risk that the investor panic of summer 2011, when stock markets tumbled, would return this year if solid progress was not made in America.
Last Wednesday the US House of Representatives passed legislation suspending the legal limit on government borrowing for four months, which means the issue could dominate most of the first half of 2013.
Weber, the former head of the Bundesbank, also took issue with Mark Carney's assertion earlier in the day that monetary policy was not "maxed out".
"I think monetary policy now is too loose", Weber warned, saying investors were struggling to "price risk" now that central banks have expanded their balance sheets and pumped huge amounts of liquidity into the markets.
Frederico Curado, president of Brazilian aircraft manufacturer Embraer, agreed that businesses are much more confident about economic prospects. "Companies are sitting on probably unprecedented amounts of cash. Hopefully this optimism we are seeing will translate into investments."
Curado also reminded the Forum that the real economy needs further help, describing unemployment across the world as a "huge, huge issue for everyone."
This article originally appeared on guardian.co.uk
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We support spin-offs
Using inventions and scientific discoveries to found a company. The Technical University of Munich wants to motivate its researchers even more to do this - with "TUMentrepreneurship".
Forming the start-up idea from a discovery: TUMentrepreneurship accompanies researchers in this process, especially in the scientific fields of the future with great added value for society:
The goal of TUMentrepreneurship is to actively promote start-ups from research. The strategy therefore focuses on four pillars. They support each other and are continuously developed further:
- Spin-Off Process
- International Entrepreneurship Network
- Best practice methods for people interested in founding a company
- Vibrant start-up culture
At the heart of TUMentrepreneurship lies the spin-off process, through which more start-ups are initiated from academia and continuously supported until they successfully enter the market.
The process is divided into three parts:
- utilization of research results / technologies in spin-offs.
- Development of entrepreneurial talent from science
- Establishment of growth-oriented companies
Measures relevant to success are offered for each phase of the spin-off process. In special formats, possible applications of new technologies are identified, selected and evaluated at an early stage. In workshops and seminars, those interested in founding a company are given entrepreneurial qualifications. The start-up consultancy accompanies technology teams individually during the start-up phase. The exchange in our start-up network supports and motivates researchers in the pre-start-up phase of their company.
International Entrepreneurship Network
TUM is part of a strong regional, national and international entrepreneurship network. With TUMentrepreneurship, this network is made accessible to TUM founders. Internally, the network actors include start-up ambassadors who represent the start-up topic as ambassadors, multipliers and role models at each of the 15 faculties. Scientific advisors are available to advise start-up projects on the state of the art in technology and research and establish contacts with other experts from science and industry. Externally, experts from industry are involved as mentors for start-up teams.
Best practice methods for people interested in founding a company
The effective implementation of the proactive spin-off process of TUMentrepreneurship requires the use of modern methods and tools to support founders. These tools concern e.g. business development, business process management, team building, growth and quality management. Entrepreneurship Research develops specific methods and tools for founders in close cooperation with the start-up consultancy. The use and success of the measures, methods and tools are checked by Entrepreneurship Research via a feedback and monitoring system. All entrepreneurship research activities are bundled in the TUMentrepreneurship Research Institute (TUM ERI).
The Entrepreneurship Steering Committee steers the entrepreneurship activities of TUM and advises the Presidential Board on strategic entrepreneurship decisions. The UnternehmerTUM, a legally independent affiliated institute of the university, is also represented on this committee. Coordinators in TUM's central entrepreneurship institutions ensure the implementation of the strategy, processes and activities.
We accompany tech founders on their way to success.
In our incubation program for students, scientists, and alumni, we strengthen ideas and explore opportunities, providing support, training, and resources such as tools and co-working spaces.
Our community inspires entrepreneurial talent and strengthens teams to build leading global companies with a significant positive impact on society.
2020: Establishment of the TUM Venture Labs in key technology fields with the aim of making Munich the leading European metropolis for technology start-ups.
2019: For the third time in a row, TUM achieved the title of "University of Excellence" with the future concept "TUM Agenda 2030".
2019: Winner of the EXIST Potentials funding by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy with the concept application "TUM Global DeepTech Venture".
2018: TUM launches Global Food Venture Initiative in the EIT Food Initiative and thus actively supports start-up projects in the food sector.
2015: Opening of the new building in Garching by TUM and UnternehmerTUM, which will be home to the TUM Entrepreneurship Center (incl. Entrepreneurship Research Institute and TUM Incubator), as well as UnternehmerTUM and the MakerSpace.
2015: The "European Venture Program" is launched as a joint initiative of TUM and the partner universities of the EuroTech Alliance.
2015: AMBA accreditation of the Executive MBA Program in Innovation and Business Creation.
2013: TUM hosts the "TUM Entrepreneurship Day" with integrated start-up fair for the first time, which from then on takes place annually and grows steadily.
2012: together with UnternehmerTUM and the Zeidler Research Foundation, the "TUM IdeAward" is launched to honor outstanding start-up ideas from academia
2012: TUM as winner of the second round of the Excellence Initiative and founding of the TUM Entrepreneurship Research Institute.
2012: TUM wins multi-year funding from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy within the program "EXIST IV - die Gründerhochschule" with the concept "TUMentrepreneurship
2010: Establishment of the first chair for entrepreneurship at TUM
2006: TUM as winner of the Excellence Initiative with the strategy "TUM. The Entrepreneurial University"
2002: The founding of the affiliated institute UnternehmerTUM GmbH - Center for Innovation and Founding.
2021: Third Unicorn from TUM is Personio TUM thus takes first place in the Unicorn success list of German universities.
2020: Second Unicorn from TUM is Lilium.
2020: TUM spin-off Kumovis wins the German Innovation Award.
2019: Successful nomination of TUM rewards start-up Celonis with highly endowed award of the German Future Prize by the German Federal President
2018: For the third time in a row, TUM ranks first in the German Stifterverband's start-up radar as the most start-up-friendly among major German universities
2018: First unicorn among TUM spin-offs is chosen: Celonis receives billion US dollar valuation
2016: TUM is once again awarded first place among major universities in the Gründungsradar, the ranking of the Donors' Association for the Promotion of Sciences and Humanities in Germany
2016: TUM takes top spot in the "Reuters Top 100: Europe's Most Innovative Universities" ranking, making it one of the five most innovative universities in Europe
2015: TUM spin-off Dynamic Biosensors wins German Innovation Award 2015
2014: TUM ranked #1 in the Start-up Radar and the best large university for entrepreneurs in Germany
2011: Ranked #1 as a university for start-up support in the study "From Student to Entrepreneur".
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Research Article - Clinical Investigation (2017) Volume 7, Issue 3
A randomized, double-blind, controlled study to evaluate clinical efficacy and safety of novel filmogen osmotic treatment for pharyngitis
- Corresponding Author:
- Monika Rousse
R&D Department, Vitro-Bio Research Institute, Issoire, France
E-mail: [email protected]
Submitted: 27 June 2017; Accepted: 12 July 2017; Published online: 18 July 2017
Background: Pharyngitis is caused principally by primary viral infection: virus growth causes lysis of throat mucosa cells, leading to inflammation, secondary bacterial infection, accumulation of contaminants on the throat, and clinical signs of sore throat infection. Currently available drugs only provide partial therapeutic action or relief. Since pharyngitis is a multifactorial condition, a multi target treatment should be more effective. We tested a novel hypertonic, highly osmotic, filmogen liquid bandage which can mechanically clean the throat surface to quickly alleviate the symptoms while also eliminating their causing pathogens. A clinical trial was conducted to evaluate its efficacy and safety. Methods and findings: A 14-day, randomized, placebo controlled, double blind, efficacy and safety study was conducted in 36 treated with Test Product (TP) v/s 18 treated with Comparator Product (CP, containing saline solution) patients suffering from sore throat infection. Products were applied as spray, every 20 to 30 min. during the first 2-3 hours then 3-4 times daily, for a maximum 14 days, and primary and secondary sore throat infection-related parameters were evaluated on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14. Saline solution showed some beneficial effects on sore throat, but the TP proved significantly more effective, producing not only very rapid but also durable effects on all clinical signs of pharyngitis. The statistically significant effectiveness and rapidity of results obtained with the test product, led to faster recovery and reduced need for antibiotics compared to the CP group. No treatmentrelated undesirable or adverse effect was observed. Conclusions: This novel hypertonic, highly osmotic, filmogen liquid bandage is a safe and effective treatment for pharyngitis.
Pharyngitis,Filmogen,Hyperosmotic,Antimicrobial and Broad spectrum
Protocol N°: NEX/HER-PAI/OBS/2016
Study Report N°: Clinical study NEX/HER-PAI/OBS/2016 report Version_1.0
Study title: “A comparative, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, observational clinical trial study to evaluate efficacy and safety of throat spray containing VB-Gy (filmogen glycerol) and Septicyanidin premix versus Saline spray as Comparator in the treatment of patients with sore throat.”
Sore throat or pharyngitis is very common, largely seasonal conditions that are primarily caused by a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (URT) [1-3]. While rhinoviruses, responsible for the common cough and cold, do not afflict significant damage to the respiratory mucosa, Influenza A infection can be much more serious . As the virus weakens local defenses, secondary bacterial proliferation and surinfection often ensue . Following initial infection, the virus enters the host cells for multiplication, but most virulent virus progeny is shed onto the throat surface [6-8]. As the virions again infect new healthy cells on the throat surface, cellular lysis ends up causing local inflammation and damage to the outer lining of the pharynx, which then presents a favorable ground for bacterial proliferation [9,10]. This secondary bacterial infection is the actual cause of most sore throat or strep throat infection symptoms [11,12].
Numerous drugs as well as traditional remedies are offered to the patient suffering from pharyngitis, but all deliver little more than symptomatic relief [13-16]. Antibiotics are prescribed to limit secondary bacterial infections [17,18], and last resort measures for severe infections include intracellular virus inhibitors, but those are not very effective to regularly treat throat infections.
A fast and effective treatment should therefore act on different pathogens at the same time and take into account an intricacy of factors, since viruses are complex and highly prone to mutation, act more often in symbiosis than in competition with bacteria, and their infectivity is aided by locally present proteases. To stop the pathogenic attacks on the URT mucosa epithelium cells, and therefore to curb the infection early in its tracks, a topical treatment, applied on the surface of the throat, would also seem a more strategically meaningful option.
A new throat spray, containing a film-forming, osmotically active solution (F-VB-Gy, patented) for topical application, was recently designed, implementing a novel therapeutic approach consisting in cleaning the throat surface of any contaminants nondiscriminately (e.g. viruses, bacteria, dead cells, cell debris, impurities, foreign particles, pus) that are either directly causing the infection or contributing to the local damage and impeding local defenses and cellular regeneration. When sprayed on the throat surface, the solution forms an osmotically active film over the pharyngeal mucosa, whose action is to physically attract hypotonic fluid from the deeper parts of the throat, the exudation resulting in mechanical dislodging, drainage and removal of all contaminants present on the infected throat surface, including bacteria, free virus particles, dust particles, dead cells and cell debris. The product thus acts as a mechanical antiseptic and cleaning solution. The mechanical microbial removal would stop viruses topically present from infecting new mucosal cells and eliminate opportunistic bacteria. Due to its non-specific mechanical cleaning properties, this product can act as a multifactorial, non-chemical and cell-friendly device for the treatment of topical infections. The protective and hypertonic film also allows to moisturize the throat mucosa, thus alleviating pain and irritation, as well as stopping the inflammatory cascade, thus providing nearly instant symptomatic relief.
For durable film retention, thus longer-lasting activity, the solution’s filmogenic (i.e. film-forming and film retention) capacity was enhanced through the addition of selected plant-derived polymeric substances (e.g. Septicyanidins), and its sensory profile was ameliorated with aromatic essential oils which, being hydrophobic may thus also further help reduce dilution of the filmogen test product.
A randomized, double blind clinical trial was conducted using 0.9% NaCl as a control comparator, to verify the efficacy and safety of this new class of medical device.
The clinical part of this research was conducted at Nexus Clinical Research Center in India, affiliated to Nexus Clinical Research LLC, USA. The protocol and the study design were approved by the Institutional Ethical committee of India – Rajiv Gandhi Institute of medical sciences (EC Registration N° ECR/492/ Inst/2013 of 05-12-2013) and the trial was performed following the ICH-GCP guidelines as per the declaration of Helsinki to conduct ethical research on human subjects.
Study design and rationales
The study was designed as a multi-centric, randomized, comparator controlled, double-blind, clinical trial. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of F-VB-Gy hyperosmotic filmogen spray (TP) versus isotonic sodium chloride solution as comparator product (CP), in patients suffering from pharyngitis. Isotonic sodium chloride solution was chosen as comparator product as this is as close to a placebo throat spray as possible, but it is seen as a comparator product as it is expected to have beneficial effects on its own. The TP was assessed for risk analyses and essential requirement conformity as per EU directive 93/43/EEC. Based on a previous pilot study and assuming a power of 80%, the aim was to recruit at least 63 patients, randomized in a ratio of 1:2 (21 patients in Comparator group, 42 patients in Test group) so as to obtain final results (taking into account eventual dropouts or withdrawals) for at least 54 completed data sets for significant statistical analyses: 18 patients in the CP and 36 in the TP group completed the study. The doses were also selected based on the previous pilot dose range finding observational study in patients suffering from sore throat infection, where CP or TP were administered as topical applications of 4-5 sprays over the throat surface, every 30 minutes in the beginning of the treatment during the first 2-3 h, and 3-4 times per day afterwards. Products were applied for a maximum period of 14 days or up to complete healing. The key parameters were throat pain intensity and severity, recovery time, need for antibiotics as per physician’s decision, and total time to recovery.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
At the time of recruitment in different study centers, patients were examined physically and patient’s medical, surgical, and allergic history was checked. Vital signs (e.g. blood biochemical profile for liver and kidney parameters, blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiratory rate) were recorded. Patients not suffering from any serious pathology were then examined for study inclusion and exclusion criteria. The main inclusion criteria included: Participants having clinical signs and symptoms of recent (less than 72 h) sore throat pharyngitis such as swollen tender anterior cervical lymph nodes, temperature >100.4°F (38°C), absence of cough, exudates or swelling of tonsils with >50% probability of positive culture for Streptococcus infection that is Cumulative symptom score of ≥4 at screening according to the Centor criteria. Patients with pain/sore throat score ≥6 on the Throat Pain Scale at baseline, male and female in the 18-65 years’ age group, no history of adverse effect or allergies to any ingredient used in the product composition, not under any antibacterial or antiviral treatment before recruitment and ready to give written consent for study participation and willing to follow the protocol as recommended.
The main exclusion criteria included presence of any serious respiratory disease (especially of the Lower Respiratory Tract), being under some medications, having a known allergy to Test Product (TP) components, and lack of willingness to participate in the study.
After screening, patients satisfying all the inclusion criteria were enrolled and randomly allocated in 2:1 ratio as per randomization schedule to receive TP or CP (0.9% NaCl solution as comparator product). Treatments were allocated to patients by carrying out randomization using SAS Version 9.1.3 following a randomization schedule. Block Randomization methodology was employed for generating the list (within the block, treatments were distributed in the ratio of 2:1, as stated above).
Product presentation and administration
TP and CPs were supplied by Vitrobio, France (Issoire) and were presented identically (30 ml aluminum spray containing slightly viscous transparent liquid) except for the product code and the batch number. The TP contained an aqueous F-VB-Gy solution containing a specific association of Septicyanidins while CP contained 0.9% NaCl.
Rationale for accepting concomitant antibiotherapy
The use of antibiotics to treat any bacterial infection and prevent complication of viral infections, is very common in Europe but also in developing countries like India, creating a strong concern over antibiotic resistance, it was highly important to evaluate the effects of a bacterial-resistant free medical device on the need for antibiotics to treat relatively benign infections.
The primary endpoints were. Change in score of Throat Pain Intensity, Difficulty Swallowing, and Swollen Throat, after 5 minutes and 2 h after 1st application on Day 1, and on Day 2, Day 3, Day 4, Day 7, and Day 14-15 or up to complete recovery (whichever was earlier) from baseline. Proportion of patients requiring antibiotics and the presence or absence of bacteria over the throat surface in Test compared to Comparator group (Time to complete recovery).
Change in score of local throat redness, throat irritation, fever, bacterial whitish deposits on throat from baseline were evaluated as secondary endpoints.
Changes were evaluated on a rating scale of 0 to 10 (0 being absence of symptoms) just before 1st treatment, after 5min and 2h and on Days 2, 3, 4, 7 and 14 by the investigator (Days 1 and 14) or by the patients.
Screening values were considered as baseline values and for ethical reasons; treatment was started just after patient’s enrollment in the study (Day 1). Each patient received a unique screening identification number, randomization code, and enrollment identification number.
Safety assessment: At the end of the study, subjects and investigators assessed any treatment-emergent adverse effect observed, and rated the tolerability and acceptability of TP and CP.
The analyses were conducted with Microsoft Excel and XLStat using the available data.
Significant effects were those with a probability lower than α=0.05. For each score, repeated measures analysis of variance (RMANOVA) determined differences in symptoms scores across study visits. Nemenyi posthoc test provided pairwise comparisons in a group between baseline and the end of the study. Results were compared with baseline values (scores obtained just before 1st treatment on Day 1) in the same group and with the CP, at each time point.
Demographic distribution flow chart shows that the population enrolled was corresponding to the study protocol (Figure 1).
Among 63 patients enrolled in the study, 36 in the TP group and 18 in the CP group completed the study. No patient was withdrawn due to any undesired effects but 1 patient in CP and 1 in TP were lost to follow up during the study. The demography of patients included in the study was considered fairly homogenous between the groups.
At the time of their recruitment, all enrolled subjects were diagnosed with moderate to severe sore throat, and were positive for throat swab bacterial cultures with Streptococcus as main causative organism. Only those patients suffering from sore throat for less than 72 h, with related symptoms including throat pain, swollen throat, difficulty swallowing, throat redness, throat irritation, whitish deposits on the throat surface, and possibly fever, were included in the study (Table 1). Patients diagnosed with diseases of the lower respiratory tract: Inflammations of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, pneumonia, asthma, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, as well as heart disease, were not enrolled in the study. Participants were asked to refrain from smoking during the treatment period but this parameter was difficult to monitor. The baseline mean symptom scores were fairly homogenous between the groups, with only minor, non-significant (p>0.05, close to 1) differences, as shown in the figures.
|Group||Time-points||Day 1 - T0 Baseline (Visit 1)||Day 1 + 5mn
|Day 1 + 2h
|THROAT PAIN INTENSITY||CP||Means||7,389||7,278||7,000||6,444||5,889||5,667||5,278||3,333|
|% Change vs T0||-||-1,50%||-5,26%||-12,78%||-20,30%||-23,31%||-28,57%||-54,89%|
|p value||-||1.000||0.980||0.142||0.001||0.00016||< 0.0001||< 0.0001|
|% Change vs T0||-||-9,43%||-18,87%||-30,57%||-44,15%||-60,75%||-74,72%||-96,98%|
|p value||-||0.811||0.050||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001|
|% SeverityDifference TP vs CP||-0,38%||-8,40%||-14,68%||-20,69%||-30,19%||-49,02%||-64,74%||-93,33%|
|p value||0.933||0.042||0.001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001|
|% Change vs T0||-||0,00%||-4,80%||-10,40%||-17,60%||-22,40%||-29,60%||-64,00%|
|p value||-||1.000||0.980||0.479||0.018||0.001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001|
|% Change vs T0||-3,59%||-15,14%||-32,27%||-48,21%||-65,34%||-80,88%||-97,61%|
|p value||-||1.000||0.392||0.001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001|
|% SeverityDifference TP vs CP||+0,40%||-3,20%||-10,50%||-24,11%||-36,89%||-55,15%||-72,73%||-93,33%|
|p value||0.925||0.454||0.028||<0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001|
|% Change vs T0||-||0,00%||0,00%||-6,19%||-10,62%||-15,04%||-19,47%||-56,64%|
|p value||-||1.000||1.000||0.888||0.479||0.066||0.011||< 0.0001|
|% Change vs T0||-||0,00%||-5,33%||-23,56%||-41,78%||-60,89%||-76,00%||-96,44%|
|p value||-||1.000||0.989||0.005||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001|
|% SeverityDifference TP vs CP||-0,44%||-0,44%||-5,75%||-18,87%||-35,15%||-54,17%||-70,33%||-91,84%|
|p value||0.922||0.922||0.227||0.001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001|
|% Change vs T0||-||-0,89%||-4,46%||-16,07%||-23,21%||-25,89%||-31,25%||-53,57%|
|p value||-||1.000||0.997||0.121||0.006||0.00045||< 0.0001||< 0.0001|
|% Change vs T0||-||-8,48%||-14,73%||-29,46%||-46,88%||-66,52%||-85,27%||-97,32%|
|p value||-||0.889||0.320||0.0004||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001|
|% SeverityDifference TP vs CP||0,00%||-7,66%||-10,75%||-15,96%||-30,81%||-54,82%||-78,57%||-94,23%|
|p value||1.000||0.128||0.056||0.024||0.00015||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001|
|% Change vs T0||0,00%||-1,04%||-6,25%||-9,38%||-14,58%||-16,67%||-54,17%|
|p value||-||1.000||1.000||0.934||0.502||0.072||0.060||< 0.0001|
|% Change vs T0||0,00%||-6,74%||-26,94%||-46,63%||-65,80%||-83,94%||-95,85%|
|p value||-||1.000||0.955||0.010||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001|
|% SeverityDifference TP vs CP||+0,52%||+0,52%||-5,26%||-21,67%||-40,80%||-59,76%||-80,63%||-90,91%|
|p value||0.917||0.917||0.329||0.001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001|
|BACTERIAL WHITISH DEPOSITS||CP||Means||4,611||4,611||4,611||4,167||3,944||3,222||3,056||1,444|
|% Change vs T0||-||0,00%||0,00%||-9,64%||-14,46%||-30,12%||-33,73%||-68,67%|
|p value||-||1.000||1.000||0.951||0.619||0.008||0.006||< 0.0001|
|% Change vs T0||-||0,00%||-11,38%||-32,93%||-53,29%||-74,25%||-93,41%||-97,60%|
|p value||-||1.000||0.859||0.006||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||0.001|
|% SeverityDifference TP vs CP||+0,60%||+0,60%||-10,84%||-25,33%||-45,07%||-62,93%||-90,00%||-92,31%|
|p value||0.952||0.952||0.282||0.027||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||< 0.0001||0.001|
Table 1: Sore Throat Symptom Evolution: Mean Values and Comparisons at each time-point in both Groups (Comparator and Test)
Effect on throat pain
Five minutes after the 1st treatment application, the throat pain intensity (Figure 2) was nearly not affected in the Comparator Product (CP) group (-1.50%) but was diminished by 9.43% in the Test Product (TP) group.
Although the difference in change at 5 min versus baseline between the 2 groups is only 8.40 %, it is statistically significant (p≤0.05). Taking into consideration the time of observation (only 5 minutes after very first application), a high reduction in pain such as with topical chemical anesthetics cannot be expected with a treatment that does not include any analgesic, nevertheless the effect observed at that timepoint is pronounced and very encouraging.
Two hours after the 1st product application, the TP produced a reduction of 18.87% (p=0.05) in throat pain compared to baseline, showing a 14.68% severity difference compared to CP group, confirming the results observed within 5 minutes of first application, that the TP helps alleviate throat pain with statistically significant difference (p=0.001) compared to CP.
In the CP group, the pain score decreased slightly but progressively up to Day 7 (-28.6%) with a reduction of nearly 55% on Day 14. This shows statistically significant (p<0.0001) but only fairly moderate efficacy of the comparator product, as natural healing also helps reduce pain over time.
In the TP group, throat pain decreased progressively but rapidly from Day 2 (-44 %, p<0.0001) this strong and significant reduction further augmented by days 3 and 4 (-60% and -75 % respectively, p<0.0001). On day 7, the mean pain score was reduced by nearly 75% (p<0.0001) compared to pre-treatment, with a severity mean score 75% lower compared to the CP group (p< 0.0001). Throat pain had nearly totally subsided by Day 14 (-97%) with only a few patients still reporting some residual pain, showing a drastic 93% severity difference with the comparator group (p<0.0001).
Topical application of TP produces nearly instant reduction of pain within just 5 minutes of 1st application with a strong and progressive analgesic effect, achieving durable efficacy from the 1st week of treatment in most patients.
In the comparator group, the mean score of difficulty swallowing (Figure 3) started decreasing progressively and slowly from Day 1 up to Day 14 (-64%), with significant results only from Day 3.
Figure 3: Difficulty Swallowing: Mean scores (± SD) for swallowing difficulty CP group (black) versus TP group (gray) pre- treatment (baseline T0) and on Days 1 (+5min & +2h), 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 for TP compared to CP at the same time point, and ▪ <0.05 compared to baseline values.
In the TP treated group, there was no significant effect on this parameter 5 minutes after the 1st treatment but the mean score started decreasing from Day 1 (5.91/10 just 2h after first application) with significant reduction within 24 h: 32% reduction on Day 2, p<0.0001. It took 3 days with TP to obtain the same reduction in severity it took CP 2 weeks to show (-65%), and this remarkable rapidity of results induced by the TP (mean score of 1.33/10 on Day 7 and 0.16/10 on Day 14, indicating 81% and 97% reduction) shows that the TP treatment starts acting significantly within 24h and reduces considerably the swallowing difficulty within 3-4 days. The significant difference of mean scores between the CP and TP groups (-10.50%, p<0.05 at 2h on Day 1; -72.7%, p<0.0001 on Day 7; -93%, p<0.0001 on Day 14) is indicative of the high efficacy of the TP on this parameter as the results were marked, homogenous, significant and sustained through time, and followed a common pattern with the observations for the other parameters evaluated in this study.
Effect on swollen throat
The mean scores for severity of throat swelling (Figure 4) in the comparator group show no change in this parameter 2h after 1st treatment, but a very slight reduction is reported during the 1st week of treatment. This evolution, however, is not statistically significant (-15%, p=0.66 on Day 4) until Day 7 (-19.5%, p=0.011). The swelling was then reduced by nearly 57% during the second week of treatment, however this is considered to be more probably related to the process of natural healing overtime and especially to the use of antibiotics in some CP group patients.
Figure 4: Swollen Throat: Mean scores (± SD) for throat swollenness in CP group (black) versus TP group (gray) pre- treatment (baseline T0) and on Days 1 (+5min & +2h), 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 for TP compared to CP at the same time point, and ▪ <0.05 compared to baseline values.
In the TP treated group, the throat swelling was significantly reduced during the 1st 24 h (-23.6%, p=0.005), but the reduction in swelling was then sharply more marked and faster with a 76% reduction (p<0.0001) on Day 7, with a mean severity score about 70% lower (p<0.0001) compared to the CP group.
Strong effects of the TP on throat swelling were very quickly observed, as early as within the 1st 2-3 days of product application.
These results are coherent with the beneficial effects observed on other sore throat parameters evaluated in this study and the mode of action of the product. TP is purported to attract hypotonic liquid from the inner parts of the throat tissues, thereby reducing throat swelling and hydrating the throat surface at the same time.
Effect on throat irritation/itching
The mean values show that the throat irritation (Figure 5) decreased very progressively in the CP group throughout the study period with about 31% reduction on Day 7 and 53.6% on Day 14 compared to the baseline value (each p<0.0001). In comparison, during the same period, the mean values in the TP group was reduced by 30% compared to baseline much sooner: on Day 2 (p<0.001) and showed further significant reduction of 78% on Day 7 and 94% on Day 14, indicating a very strong soothing effect of the TP on the pharyngitis-induced throat irritation.
Figure 5: Throat Irritation: Mean scores (± SD) for irritation severity in CP group (black) versus TP group (gray) pre- treatment (baseline T0) and on Days 1 (+ 5 min & +2h), 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 for TP compared to CP at the same time point, and ▪ <0.05 compared to baseline values.
In the TP group, just 5 minutes and 2h after the 1st product application, the mean irritation severity score was lower by 7.66% and by 10.75% respectively than in the CP group, with identical baseline mean values. Although not statistically significant at this early timepoint, due in large part to the fairly limited number of patients, these results have high importance as marked effects were observed within only 5 minutes following 1st product application and this strong and fast amelioration trend was continuously sustained up to the end of the study and significant in comparison to the CP group from 24 h onwards.
The results of this study highlight the efficacy of the TP on throat irritation, as well as pain, studied above, compared to the CP product. This also shows that the TP application provides nearly instant (within 5 minutes) relief in throat irritation. These rapid and durable soothing, anti-irritant properties of the TP may be imputable to its strong osmotically active and filmogen properties, manifested by the attraction of hypotonic liquid from the inner throat tissue. Hydrating the throat surface and draining the contaminants away mechanically with the liquid flow should help reduce throat irritation as well as pain.
Effect on throat redness
The mean score for throat redness (Figure 6) was not affected in the comparator group during the first 24 h and only a very slight and progressive reduction was observed throughout the study course, with no statistical significant, however, until the Day 14. The mean scores in the CP group were 4.44 and 2.44 on Days 7 and 14 (indicating 16.7%, p=0.60, and 54%, p<0.0001 reduction respectively compared to baseline score: 5.33/10).
Figure 6: Throat Redness: Mean scores (± SD) for throat redness in CP group (black) versus TP group (gray) pre- treatment (baseline T0) and on Days 1 (+5min & +2h), 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 for TP compared to CP at the same time point, and ▪ <0.05 compared to baseline values.
In the TP group, on the other hand, throat redness showed significant reduction from Day 2 (-27%, p=0.01), continuing decreasing steadily and significantly (both compared to baseline and to CP) throughout the study period, with severity approximately 40-60-80 and 90% lower than in CP group (p<0.0001) on Days 3-4-7-and 14, respectively. These results clearly show a significant and very marked beneficial effect exerted by the TP on throat redness, a sign directly linked to throat inflammation.
Effect on bacterial deposits on throat
Whitish deposits on the throat (or yellow-green mucus expectorations) can be a clinical sign of bacterial infection (Figure 7). As could be reasonably expected,none of the treatments had any effect on the whitish deposits on the throat surface, during the observation performed 5 minutes after 1st application of the investigational products. One of the most interesting findings of this study resides in the results obtained 2 h after the 1st application in the TP group, with 11% reduction in the mean score compared to the CP group. The reduction in whitish deposits then became statistically significant on Day 2, when clinical observation 24 h after first treatment showed a 33% (p<0.01) reduction of bacterial whitish deposits on the throat surface (25%, p<0.05, difference with CP group). As no product can act so rapidly unless through a mechanical cleaning effect, it is postulated that the strong outward liquid flow generated by TP treatment helps to detach and drain the contaminants present on the throat surface, including bacterial whitish deposits. The TP can therefore be considered as a mechanical or physical antiseptic.
Figure 7: Whitish Deposits: Mean scores (± SD) for whitish deposits in CP group (black) versus TP group (gray) pre- treatment (baseline T0) and on Days 1 (+5min & +2h), 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 for TP compared to CP at the same time point, and ▪ <0.05 compared to baseline values.
The subsequent results obtained during the study also clearly show that the comparator product is not very active in reducing bacterial load over the throat surface as the slow and progressive reduction of mean values seen up to Day 14 is more likely related to the activation of the body’s natural defenses and to the use of antibiotics in several patients in this group.
In the TP group, the reduction of whitish deposits on the pharynx is as fast as the reduction observed in other parameters (e. g. throat pain, throat irritation, and swelling). The reduction was as high as 74% on Day 4 and 93% on Day 7 compared to baseline values, indicating that the TP had a very strong effect on this parameter and leading to suppose that the reduction in the bacterial load on the throat surface may probably be the primary mode of action of the TP.
Effect on the need for antibiotics
Antibiotics could be added to the treatment, at the investigator’s discretion, when lack of improvement, aggravation of symptoms of throat infection, or persistence of whitish deposits on the throat surface were noted, or when bacterial cultures remained positive.
These results show that the requirement of antibiotics was strongly diminished in the TP group (11.11% patients) compared to the CP group (38.89%). Antibiotherapy was initiated between Days 2 and 4 for all patients in each group save for 1 patient in the CP group who first began taking antibiotics only from the last day of the study (D14) and continued for 10 days. The mean duration of antibiotic treatment was not widely different between the two groups (Table 2).
|Antibiotherapy||Control group||Test product group|
|Nbr of patients||7/18||4/36|
|Mean duration (within the study)||7.50 days||6.25 days|
Table 2: Summary of antibiotherapy needs
These results correspond to the progressive decrease, during the study period, in the presence of bacteria on the throat surface in the TP group. Drastic reduction in the bacterial count during the 1st 3 days of treatment (-52.78%, Table 3) indicates that the test product’s mechanical properties confer it a considerably effective action to detach and drain bacteria from the throat surface.
|Results Test product
|Baseline T0 (before treatment)||+2 hours after 1st application||Day 3||Day 7||Day 14|
|Positive Swabs (n)||36||36||17||14||2|
|Positive Swabs (%)||100%||100%||47.22%||38.89%||5.56%|
|Negative Swabs (n)||0||0||19||22||34|
|Negative Swabs (%)||0%||0%||52.78%||61.11%||94.44%|
Table 3: Evolution of bacterial presence in throat swabs – Test group
Time to complete recovery
On Day 14/visit 6, in the CP group, only 1 patient out of 18 showed complete disappearance of clinical symptoms (overall score: 0) with normal bacterial count. Another patient showed nearly complete disappearance of symptoms (overall score: 0.14 i.e. all symptoms scored 0 except for one with score 1/10) with normal bacterial count. It can therefore be concluded that a total of 2 patients or 11% patients in the CP group had fully recovered by Day 14.
Among the remaining patients in the CP group, 9 (50%) remained positive for bacterial presence in their throat swabs (Table 3) and their symptoms had been only moderately or slightly reduced.
In the TP group, by Day 14/visit 6, 20 patients out of 36 showed complete disappearance of clinical symptoms (overall score: 0) with normal bacterial count. Another 9 patients showed nearly complete disappearance of symptoms (overall score: 0.14 i.e. all symptoms scored 0 except for one with score 1/10) with normal bacterial count. It can therefore be concluded that a total of 29 patients or 80% patients in the TP group had fully recovered by Day 14.
Among the remaining patients in the TP group, only two remained positive for bacterial presence in their throat swabs or had reduced but still lingering symptoms at the end of the study (Table 3).
A few patients reported a headache related to their condition, at one visit with resolution at the next visit, but no treatment-related undesirable or adverse effect was observed in any of the patients, in either group.
Immediately following application of Investigational Products, some patients reported a warm sensation on the throat, sometimes accompanied by some slight but temporary (lasting only the first couple of minutes after application) irritation. This brief, transient effect is considered entirely normal and is related to the osmotic properties of the TP.
Investigational Products tolerability, acceptability and overall satisfaction
The CP treatment was found to be fair by 100% of participants, but no one found the treatment good or very good, nor excellent. In the TP group, product was scored as very good (19.44%) or excellent (80.55%) indicating a very high satisfaction rate. Strong amelioration was reported very soon in the treatment course by most patients, further resulting in fast recovery, which is rather remarkable for a product acting only topically. There was no clinically significant difference in vital signs, laboratory test values or general/systemic examination results during study period compared to the baseline data.
Throat infection or pharyngitis is among the most common diseases affecting populations of all ages worldwide [20-22]. It is usually initiated by a viral infection , and as the virus attacks and invades its host, it damages the upper respiratory tract mucosa cells, opening the door to the proliferation of opportunistic bacteria, such as Streptococcus . The infectious processes lead to irritation and inflammation of the airway mucosa, resulting in acute throat pain.
In some patients, pharyngitis may manifest as mild to moderate pain and symptoms, and although representing a significant economic cost in rather inefficacious over-the-counter healthcare products [16,26,27] as well as lost productivity, it is not a life-threatening disease. It becomes a more worrisome issue when patients experience severe infection and impairing symptoms, as when caused by the influenza virus, with possible serious complications [28-30]. Although antibiotics can be necessary in case of secondary bacterial colonization , they are still too often systematically resorted to, despite local governmental sensitization campaigns [32,33] to promote more appropriate antibiotic use, which has led to the worldwide bacterial resistance crisis [34-36].
In view of the common yet increasingly problematic situation, it has become urgent to find more pertinent, effective and safe means of treating such widely spread conditions.
The ideal treatment should not give rise to antimicrobial resistance and be free of side effects . Systemic antivirals are poorly effective in such upper respiratory tract infections, therefore a topical treatment that would be able to mechanically clean away viruses, bacteria, and all other contaminants without entering into systemic circulation or interacting with the underlying live cells, would seem the perfect therapeutic agent. Unfortunately, so far only drugs or remedies, including local antiseptics, saline gargling, honey and other traditional plant remedies, providing partial symptomatic relief but allowing the condition to linger, were available, since combining all therapeutic prerequisites into a single molecule or solution had not been achievable. Those treatments, although fairly to very safe, have poor or limited efficacy.
The efficacy and safety profile of a new hyperosmotic solution, with filmogen capacity, mechanically acting as antiseptic and cleaning solution, detaching and removing, through the exudation of liquid generated, all contaminants present on the throat surface, including bacteria and free virus particles, and alleviating the pain and irritation, was therefore evaluated on various signs and symptoms of sore throat and pharyngitis.
The results obtained in this study show that the test solution produced significant, strong, rapid and durable effects with regard to all parameters studied.
The comparator product, saline solution, was also found effective in reducing symptomatic manifestation of sore throat but the efficacy was relatively poor and slow compared to the test product. The rapidity of the test solution to produce significant beneficial effects is due to its mechanical mode of action, since patients reported significant reduction in throat pain and swallowing difficulty as early as on the first day of treatment (within just 5 min and 2 h, respectively), whereas other symptoms: throat irritation, swollenness and redness (the latter two being signs associated with local inflammation) as well as the pharyngeal bacterial load decreased drastically and with statistically significance from just the second day of treatment (p<0.0001). Those quick-obtained results led to a reduced need for antibiotherapy (by about 70%) compared to the comparator group, indicating that TP exerts some remarkable antimicrobial effect by cleaning the throat surface of pathogens and contaminants. The amelioration was not only quickly observed but also proved durable, as all patients had completely or close to completely recovered within the study period. These findings demonstrate the fast and high efficacy, and total, side effect-free, safety of the Septicyanidin-containing F-VB-Gy solution, and confirm the novel therapeutic approach that a mechanical, non-discriminating, osmotic drainage-based, antiseptic activity not only provides fast symptomatic relief, but evidently helps stop pathogenic infection in its tracks fairly early in the treatment period. The sustained exudation of liquid prevents virus particles and bacteria from attaching and to host mucosa and infecting the epithelium cells. As the infectious attack is thus repelled, the body’s normal defense functions are permitted to kick in more promptly and efficiently, the combination of beneficial actions resulting in fast recovery.
Although the study spanned over two weeks, the results obtained in the test group lead to surmise that even a shorter treatment course would be sufficient in most, uncomplicated, pharyngitis cases. Those observations allow to conclude that this very promising new generation of products, conceived based on a more holistic, scientifically solid, therapeutic approach shall offer new, remarkably safe, high efficacy options for the treatment of uncomplicated pharyngitis and common sore or strep throat infections.
The authors would like to thank Mrs Marjorie Georges and Mr Rémi Shrivastava for their appreciable assistance in handling statistical analysis of the data and providing editorial support.
This clinical study was commissioned and funded by the Naturveda Laboratory.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
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BS EN 14688:2015 pdf download – Sanitary appliances — Wash basins — Functional requirements and test methods
This European Standard specifies the functional requirements and test methods for wash basins for domesticpurposes.
NOTE1 For the purposes of this standard the term “domestic purposes”includes use in hotels, accommodation forstudents, hospitals and similar buildings, except when special medical provisions are required.
NOTE2 All drawings are examples only. The shape of the appliance is left to the discretion of the manufacturer.2Normative references
The following documents，in whole or in part,are normatively referenced in this document and areindispensable for its application.For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 6506-1,Metallic materials – Brinell hardness test – Part 1:Test method (ISO 6506-1)Iso 9352,Plastics – Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels
3Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1
sanitary appliance primarily intended for washing the upper parts of the body, with one or more bowls, eachwith a waste outlet hole, with or without overflow and with or without taphole(s)
Note 1 to entry: The various types of wash basins are differentiated by the methods of mounting. The main types aregiven in the definitions that follow.
wall-hung wash basin
wash basin attached directly to a wall
Note 1 to entry:See Figures 1 and 2.
bracket-mounted wash basin
wash basin supported on brackets which are fixed to a wall
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
vanity wash basin
wash basin installed into a vanity top
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.
Note 2 to entry: The bowl(s) may be mounted in different ways:
a) the rim of the wash basin rests on the vanity top (inset wash basin);
b) the front of the basin protrudes beyond the front edge of the vanity top (semi-recessed wash basin);
c) the rim of the wash basin butts against the underside of the vanity top (wash basin mounted beneath a vanity top);
d) the bottom of the wash basin rests on the vanity top (vessel wash basin).
4.1 Load resistance
When tested in accordance with 5.2, wall-hung wash basins shall not crack, be broken or show permanent distortion.
4.2 Draining of water
When tested in accordance with 5.3, all water shall drain away.
4.3 Resistance to temperature changes
When wash basins are tested in accordance with 5.4, they shall not show defects, such as cracks or delamination which influences the intended use.
Experience has shown that wash basins made of glazed ceramics, stainless steel, enamelled steel and glass comply with this requirement.
4.4 Resistance to chemicals and staining agents
When used as intended, any functional surface shall be resistant to household chemicals and cleansing agents recommended by the manufacturer.
When tested in accordance with 5.5, wash basins shall not show any permanent surface deterioration, such as stains or deterioration not removable with water or abrasive agent.
Experience has shown that wash basins made of glazed ceramics, stainless steel and enamelled steel comply with this requirement.
4.5 Surface stability
This requirement is applicable only to multi-layer wash basins to ensure the stability of the top layer.
When tested in accordance with 5.6, any scratch shall not exceed 0,1 mm and/or the total depth of the top layer whichever is the least.
When tested in accordance with 5.7, the top layer of the test specimen shall not be abraded through.
Experience has shown that wash basins made of glazed ceramics and enamelled steel comply with these requirements.
When tested in accordance with 5.8, wash basins shall have smooth and readily cleansed non-absorbent functional surfaces which are free from acute internal corners which would be difficult to clean, i.e. surfaces intended to or likely to come into contact with water during use.
Experience has shown that wash basins manufactured from plastics materials, enamelled steel/cast iron,stainless steel, glazed ceramics and glass, designed and constructed without acute internal corners, satisfy this requirement.
4.7 Protection against overflowing
4.7.1 Wash basins with overflow
Every wash basin shall be protected against overflowing.
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In the 11th century, an Iranian known as Ibn Bakhtishu was a physician to the Abbasids in Baghdad. He compiled information about various animals and their uses. Two centuries later the work was translated from Arabic into Persian and illustrated with beautiful miniatures. Today The Morgan Library & Museum is home to this important Persian manuscript, which is regarded by experts as one of the greatest of all Iranian manuscripts.
✤ Also available in: Persian
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http://shahrefarang.com/en/the-benefits-of-animals/
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Your clients and prospects are bombarded by advertising messages every day, and each one fights to carve out its own place within their consciousness. With an overabundance of marketing channels, it is even more important in the digital landscape to stand out and get the attention of your audience and the answer may lie in the AIDA model – an advertising framework used particularly well by car companies like BMW.
On this episode of Real Estate Pros, we discuss the AIDA model and what BMW can teach real estate about using it to make your advertising stand out.
Developed by advertising and sales pioneer Elias St. Elmo Lewis, the AIDA model describes a sequence of events that occur when your current or potential clients view an ad for your company or a property you’re promoting.
Each letter in the acronym stands for the following:
- “A” represents attention or awareness, and your ability to attract the attention of vendors, buyers, landlords or tenants.
- “I” stands for interest and points to your ability to raise their interest by focusing on and demonstrating advantages and benefits they would gain from what you are selling – whether it’s your services or a property.
- “D” represents desire and points to your ability to convince them that they want and desire the property, or your services, because it will satisfy their needs.
- “A” is for action, which leads that client or prospect toward taking action by employing you as their agent, referring business to you or enquiring about a property.
Car advertisements are prime examples of results stemming from the use of the AIDA model to narrow the target market. Marketers in the automotive industry know their advertisements must grab the attention of consumers, so they use colours, backgrounds, and themes that would appeal to them. Next, automotive marketers demonstrate the advantages, benefits or social standing you will gain from owning that car.
Think about the last ad you saw for BMW.
How many cylinders does the car have? I have no idea at this point. What size wheels does it have as standard? I haven’t got a clue. But has BMW got my interest and desire? You bet they do.
Instead of talking about its features, BMW shows the advantages, benefits or social standing you will gain from owning one of their cars.
We’ve all heard the saying ‘sell the sizzle, not the sausage’. Car companies are great at following the AIDA model.
- First, they get your attention with stunning videos or imagery of cars driving around a mountainside or through city streets.
- Second, they focus on and demonstrate, the benefits or social currency you will gain from owning their product.
- Third, they build desire by showing you what you’re missing out on if you don’t take action.
- And lastly, their consumers take action by booking a test drive, or at the very least start researching online.
Sell the sizzle, not the sausage.
In real estate, we’ve traditionally not been great at following the AIDA model – especially when it comes to selling or renting a property. We talk a lot about features – how many bedrooms it has, square meterage or maybe the fact it has an infinity edge pool. But if we were following the AIDA model, our advertising would be less about beds, baths and square meters, and more about the story of the property. More importantly, the story it might tell its next owner or tenant.
Take The Boutique Real Estate Group in California for example. I had the pleasure of interviewing Principal/Owner, Raj Qsar, on a very early episode of our podcast where we talked about their unique approach to marketing and storytelling.
Instead of an agent walking around a property talking about features of the property, The Boutique Real Estate Group invest heavily in telling stories through video. Stories about the people who live (or might live) in the property, rather than just the ‘things’ inside it.
Video Example: 27112 Highland Dr, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675
There is a saying by John Quincy Adams, the 6th US President, that goes like this:
“Whoever tells the best story wins.” – John Quincy Adams
When it comes to advertising your properties, think about telling the best story you can, instead of what we typically do in real estate which is talk a lot about well-appointed kitchens, stainless steel European appliances, infinity edge pools and location to amenities.
I’m not suggesting those things aren’t important to include in your advertising, but rather think about selling a story about the property, rather than just the ‘things’ inside it.
You don’t need big budgets or big film crews to tell great stories. You can evoke a lot of emotion from a single photo or a sentence with only a few words.
Marketing today is about making people feel something before they think.
The AIDA model just happens to be a very effective and well-proven method of doing just that.
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Founded in 1893, the Confederate Veteran was a monthly magazine devoted to the wartime reminiscences of Confederate soldiers. In 1913 founding editor Sumner A. Cunningham died, and his longtime secretary, Edith Drake Pope, succeeded him. Over the next twenty years, she transformed the journal into the official mouthpiece of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which played a leading role in the transmission of the Confederate past to a new generation in the twentieth century.
John A. Simpson explores Edith Pope's life, work, and legacy, demonstrating that as editor of the Confederate Veteran, Pope guarded the interests of the Lost Cause with grace, strength, and unswerving loyalty. Having secured editorial control from the Confederate memorial associations that opposed her, she skillfully navigated between time-worn practices established by Cunningham and her own inclination toward change in order to attract a younger and more contemporary readership. Her personal connection to the Confederate heritage, through the Civil War experiences of her parents, played an important role in her outlook and her motivations as editor.
Even under Pope's able-bodied leadership, however, the magazine faced financial challenges to its survival. To meet these challenges, Pope formed a lasting and mutually beneficial relationship with the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which became the largest, and arguably, the most influential women's organization in the South. Simpson pays special attention to the local chapter, known as Nashville Number 1, and its alliance with Pope and the Confederate Veteran. He refutes the notion that members were backward-looking dilettantes and instead draws a complex portrait of women who were actively involved in a broad spectrum of civic, patriotic, religious, educational, and even reform activities. As Simpson reveals, this alliance of women actively shaped southern culture in the early decades of the century, and his analysis sheds new light on the role of professional and club women on southern history.
The Author: John A. Simpson holds a Ph.D. in history from the University of Oregon and is author of S.A. Cunningham and the Confederate Heritage and Reminiscences of the 41st Tennessee. He is a public schoolteacher in Kelso, Washington.
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It’s easy to see the connection between an unhealthy diet and an expanding waistline.
The connection between food and brain health can be harder to get your mind around.
But experts agree. Eating right is essential for brain health.
“Of all the organs in our body, the brain is the one most easily damaged by a poor diet,” said Dr. Lisa Mosconi, director of the Women’s Brain Initiative.
“From its very architecture to its ability to perform, every aspect of the brain calls for proper food.”
This Health & Medicine Lab video talks about lutein supplements and brain function.
Disclaimer: Any information on diseases and treatments available in this video is intended for general guidance only and must never be considered a substitute for the advice provided by your doctor or other qualified healthcare professional.
Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care professional with questions you may have regarding your medical condition.
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Source: Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 27(2), 76–85. (Winter, 2010).
(Reviewed by the Portal Team)
This article examined surveys from online courses that used a unique 5-week distance learning model designed for K–12 educators. This mixed-method study examined the concepts of presence, online interaction, participant satisfaction, and the impact of this online professional development experience on teaching.
This study seeks to examine:
• The participant perspective of presence related to the online professional development experience related to course satisfaction
• The factors and features of the distance learning model that contribute to student satisfaction related to online professional development
• The impact on the active classroom based on satisfaction with the online professional development experience.
This study employed a within-stage mixed-method approach in the examination of participant perspectives related to a unique model of online professional development (Johnson & Onwuebuzie, 2004).
Participants in this study were ninety five k-12 inservice, private school teachers enrolled in one of seven online professional development courses offered in the fall, spring, and summer semesters of the 2005–06 academic year.
Fifty-two percent of the participants had never taken an online course before. However, 27% of the teachers had taken one or two previous online courses, and 21% percent had taken at least three online courses prior to the current semester.
The findings illustrate a unique portrait of teacher, social, and cognitive presence as they related to this online professional development experience.
Results indicated that social presence and teacher presence served as the greatest factors related to participants’ learning and satisfaction in this experience.
Furthermore, participants felt that they were able to develop relationships that promoted learning.
Based on the distance learning model, online professional development course instructors served as facilitators, lecturers, and mentors by introducing new materials, posing questions, supporting discussions, and providing feedback. This design feature offered an environment for relationship building among the participants and social presence online.
The findings suggest that teacher presence plays a powerful role in online learning, and despite the satisfaction and convenience associated with this model of online professional development, there is room for improvement.
This study also found that prior participant experience with online courses played a significant role in determining satisfaction with the online professional development. Data indicated that satisfaction with the online courses increased as participant experience with online courses increased. This suggests that in addition to instructor (faculty) training, institutions may consider implementing a participant (student) preparation component for first-time online learners to provide an opportunity to preview the environment.
The authors conclude that the data supports that the online learning environment, quality of instruction, interactions and resources, and design of the model contributed to participant learning and overall satisfaction with this online professional development experience.
Johnson, R.B., & Onwuebuzie, A.J., (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Resracher, 33(7), 14-26.
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A nice, sweaty workout is good for you, right? It gets your heart pumping, your muscles moving, and your endorphins rushing while promoting general fitness and an overall sense of well-being. What's not to like? Well, if you have oily skin and don’t follow certain steps, it can lead to skin issues and breakouts. Feel like your complexion takes a bit of a beating when you break a sweat? That's because the skin is your body’s largest organ and one of its many functions, just like your kidneys, is to eliminate waste. Sweat is one of the best ways to get impurities like ammonia, urea, sugar, and salt flushed out via your pores, but if your sweat ducts are blocked, problems can arise. As your body heats up and circulation increases, oil production also shifts into high gear, which is all good unless, again, your pores are blocked with makeup and other occlusive ingredients that we’ll get to in a second. The good news is if you take the proper precautions to keep breakouts at bay, exercise is very beneficial to your skin's health! When you work out, the tiny capillaries in your skin open up, allowing blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients to skin cells while whisking away the waste. O2 rich blood also helps neutralizes rogue molecules formed by the sun and environment that cause premature aging. Collagen and elastin production is revved up, helping to not only prevent but thwart lines and wrinkles. We also know that exercise lowers stress hormones and helps sensitive skin, rosacea, and acne. In fact, a study from the Harvard School of Medicine showed women who participated in vigorous exercise reduced their risk of developing psoriasis by 25-30%. Here's how you can reap all the benefits of a great workout without compromising your skin. BEFORE YOU WORK OUT: Starting with a freshly cleansed face is the best option. You don't want your makeup, SPF, and a day's worth of grime blocking the sweat or allowing irritants to sneak in. (Experience a stinging sensation while working out? It’s the chemicals in your makeup seeping in and triggering your skin’s immune response.) Longwearing, waterproof, or full coverage foundation and powder are the worst triggers for congestion bumps and breakouts. Use a water-soluble cleansing oil or wipe to melt it off before you work out and follow with a light, oil-free moisturizer or mattifier to absorb excess oil. If you wouldn’t dare to be seen without a little makeup on, start with a clean face and then apply a lightweight, oil-free tinted moisturizer, tinted lip balm, and waterproof mascara. In either case, a non-comedogenic moisturizer that contains SPF is imperative if you're going to be working out outdoors. And, be sure to tie back long hair and wear a headband to keep bangs (and pore-clogging hair care products) away from your skin. DURING YOUR WORKOUT: Avoid touching your face while you work out. Everything your hands touch (from the weight machines, to mats, to other equipment) is dirty and you do not want to transfer bacteria to your face. Rubbing your face roughly and continuously with a towel is another no-no. It's ok to gently blot if you're sweaty, but aggressive rubbing exfoliates and damages the skin’s barrier function, causing inflammation and possibly opening up pimples. To cool your face down and reduce redness, spritz with a calming toner after you blot. If you're prone to body breakouts, avoid too-tight clothing and synthetic fabrics (organic cotton is the best choice). Wearing a baseball cap might also be the reason for those forehead friction pimples, so it’s best to leave it at home. Lay down a gym towel so bare skin doesn’t come into contact with publicly-shared surfaces like weight benches. POST WORKOUT: When finished, you'll want to rinse your face with tepid water to encourage skin to cool down and stop sweating. Use a foaming cleanser that contains salicylic acid or, if you don't have access to a sink, swipe a quick-cleansing towelette across your entire face and décolleté and finish by applying an oil-controlling lotion. If you feel particularly grubby, this is also great time to apply a detoxifying clay or charcoal-based masque. If you have the time to squeeze in a shower, your skin will thank you for it. As sweat dries it leaves behind salts and other impurities, which can clog your pores, so the sooner you can remove them, the less likely blemishes will appear.
Remember, exercising can be good for your body, mind, and skin if you just follow these few, simple steps. Annet King is the director of global education for Dermalogica and The International Dermal Institute
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Source: The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life/The Birmingham News
Wire Service: RNS
Jewish and Muslim groups want to know if they have a place in Alabama after Gov. Robert Bentley, just hours into office, said people who have not accepted Jesus as their savior are not his "brothers and sisters."
"Gov. Bentley certainly has a right to believe whatever he wants to believe religiously, and should be admired for his deep faith and convictions," said Richard Friedman, executive director of the Birmingham Jewish Federation.
"However, when elected officials make such religious remarks in their public roles, their comments tend to disenfranchise citizens who don't share those beliefs."
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On Tuesday, Mary Jo White, the chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, spoke to the Senate Banking Committee about the myriad issues for which the SEC must formulate new rules.
One of the mandatory rules the SEC was charged with creating involves crowd funding. That's the process that would let small businesses and individuals raise money from investors in exchange for an equity stake in the company. Currently, only accredited investors -- those with a net worth of at least $1 million -- can get in on similar deals. Startups can petition crowds for cash online but only in exchange for products, services or the less highly valued gratitude.
The regulator has the crowd-funding rule cooking on a front burner, which could mean a new rule on crowdsourced equity funding as soon as fall, InvestmentNews reported on Tuesday.
Unfortunately for investors, a ruling on a uniform fiduciary standard isn't as pressing and isn't mandatory. The Commission is still laboring on a cost-benefit analysis of raising the standard of care to clients for all financial professionals. The agency will decide as quickly as possible whether or not raising standards makes sense, according to InvestmentNews.
It's a funny juxtaposition. The regulator tasked with protecting investors hastens a rule that could, depending on how it's done, let unsophisticated investors bet on untested business ventures, while a rule that would strengthen investor protections may never materialize.
Which rule would you prefer?
Follow me on Twitter: @SheynaSteiner.
Senior investing reporter Sheyna Steiner is a co-author of "Future Millionaires' Guidebook," an e-book written by Bankrate editors and reporters. It's available at all the major e-book retailers.
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All photos by Allison Kilkenny
In the early morning hours Monday, Occupy Wall Street activists marked the first anniversary of the movement by protesting in the financial district. Hundreds gathered on Water Street and hundreds more in Zuccotti Park, the birth place of the movement, before marching through Lower Manhattan, occasionally pausing to occupy intersections and protest financial institutions like Chase and Bank of America.
It was one of the largest turnouts since the early days of Occupy, but Monday was also exceptional because of the high arrest figures. More than 180 people, including journalists, were arrested, and in at least some of these cases, the police were arresting individuals arbitrarily and without cause.
Protesters reported, and I witnessed firsthand, police dragging individuals off of sidewalks (previously considered the “safe space” of activists who don’t wish to participate in direct action and go to jail) into the street, where they were then arrested. When press attempted to rush forth to photograph these arrests, the police formed a wall and aggressively shoved back journalists, making it difficult to document the actions.
At one point, a NYPD white shirt supervising officer told a group of journalists, “You can’t stand and take more pictures. That’s over with.”
“I just got out of jail. Was arrested despite screaming over and over that I’m a journalist,” Chris Faraone, a Boston Phoenix staff writer, tweeted.
Julia Reinhart, a photojournalist, was also arrested even through she was wearing identification that listed her as a member of the National Press Photographers Association.
Another journalist from WPIX was arrested Monday, as was journalist and illustrator Molly Crabapple and independent journalist John Knefel. Knefel’s sister, Molly, described the arrest as “violent and unprovoked.”
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Pick from the Past
Natural History, October 1974
One Mans Meat Is Another's Person
Over the years, Natural History has published numerous articles on the human diet, considering such topics as the role that food has played in the evolution of our ancestors. In October 1974, Raymond Sokolov, who for twenty years wrote A Matter of Taste, thes monthly food column, addressed a controversial aspect of human consumption.
UMANS may taste good, but most societies are a long way from cannibalism. Of all the taboos in Western society, the prohibition against the eating of human flesh is the most widely obeyed. Thousands among us kill someone every year. Incest is not common, yet it occursand enriches the fantasy life of many an analysand. But cannibalism is an infraction of the social order that very few have risked.
Like all forbidden fruits, nevertheless, cannibalism fascinates us. Ever since Columbus first discovered it among the Caribs (who were called canibales, whence the name), it has inspired an entire literature of speculation and raised a dark question in the minds of people too civilized to feel anything but repulsion at the idea of bolting human steaks but unable to keep from wondering in untrammeled moments what they taste like.
Explorers, probably translating a Fijian phrase, reported that the stuff was known to its fanciers in the Pacific as long pig. This never seemed more than a dubious description of the savor of our
That is the kind of testimony one can believe, especially from Uruguayans, who know their beef. It is also good news that humans taste good: alternatives to soyburgers are always welcome, and we can at last exonerate cannibal societies of the charge of unrefined savagery. Instead, they were gastronomes.
I anticipate the retort that the anthropophagic banquets of Fiji and Papua and the Amazon began with the butchery of neighboring tribes. But who are we, with our kill ratios and My Lais, to question the civility of, say, Tupinambá warriors? To begin with, they captured prisoners live, led them back through the great forest of the Amazon, and then allowed them to live for months in virtual freedom until the final blood rite. Prisoners were given wives, and thus shared their genes with the victorious village before they gave up their bodies in a ceremonial war game that they were doomed to lose. The quartered body, according to an eyewitness account, was barbecued. Women and children rushed to drink the blood. Mothers smeared their nipples with it so that their babies could taste it. Delicacies, wrote anthropologist Alfred Métraux, such as fingers and the grease around the liver and heart, were given to distinguished guests.
Ethnographers have advanced several theories to explain such full-blown bloodthirstiness. Some say that meat hunger caused it, a craving brought on by poor, monotonous diets of manioc or sago. This wont entirely wash. Contiguous tribes with equally drab and deficient diets did not practice cannibalism. And the Tupinambás, who had plenty of nonhuman protein in their diet, ate slain enemies primarily as a form of revenge.
Other experts point to the ritual content of most cannibal acts. For the Tupinambás, the ceremony associated with cannibalism was so important that after cannibalism was effectively outlawed, the ritual continued to be performed on skeletons exhumed for the purpose. In the northwestern Amazon area, Cubeo warriors wives ate the penis of a dead victim to promote fertility. And several endocannibalistic societies recycled the souls of their own villagers by drinking the ashes of naturally deceased relatives dissolved in corn beer or a banana drink.
Endocannibalismwhether practiced by primitives or by Uruguayan rugby playersis less shocking than exocannibalism because it does not normally include murder. But the simple act of consuming
The real difference between us and the Tupinambás, however, is that we are more adept at making our cannibalistic acts and impulses into metaphor or else hiding them from view. We certainly enjoy the fruits of warfare, not in the form of flesh, but as territory, wealth, or influence. Moreover, Christianitys most fundamental ritual, the Eucharist, is symbolic endocannibalism; the consumption of the body and blood of Our Fathers Son. Orthodoxy denies that communion is only symbolic eating and claims that the sacramental wine and wafer do actually transsubstantiate into Christs flesh and blood in the mouths of the faithful. True cannibals are less civilized only in degree.
The best ethnographic information, as a matter of fact, shows that cannibalism was not practiced by men at a low level of subsistence but rather arose after the invention of agriculture and the intensification of warfare that followed it.
In our society, we have moved beyond the agricultural-tribal stage, into something we are pleased to call advanced civilization. From this lofty vantage, we shudder at the bestial conditions from which we have risen. We instill the fear of cannibalism in our children with tales of Jack and the Beanstalk and Hansel and Gretel. Adult squeamishness extends to include both cannibalism and the eating of nonhuman flesh. For Americans particularly, food that still looks like the animal it came from is often cause for (irrational) disgust. Whole fish, live lobsters, sides of beef on hooks all inspire distaste in people who will blithely eat a slab of steak (it is no longer recognizably lopped from a steer, but the national meat hunger supports giant abattoirs in which wholesale slaughter takes place). Unfortunately, organ meats cannot be so easily disguised. Brains look, almost inevitably, like brains. The sight of those convoluted lobes forces us to admit that we are about to dine on mammal. And so we prefer less obvious cuts. Unlike the Tupinambás, we hide from our killing.
Copyright © Natural History Magazine, inc.
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Ranger History in Brief Form - Part 1
A Brief History of the Texas Rangers
by Mike Cox
|Hear Austin's Call for
the First Texas Rangers
Portrait of Stephen F. Austin
Stephen F. Austin assumed his late father's contract as empresario, or developer of settlements in the Mexican province of Tejas. He was authorized to recruit settlers from the U.S. and Europe who would be given land if, among other conditions, they agreed to become Mexican citizens, adopt the Catholic religion and learn to speak Spanish. Austin was to be rewarded for his services with land, titles and military powers over the colony. His colony, and those proposed by other empresarios, would serve to reinforce Mexico's claim to Texas and act as a buffer between the hostile Comanche Indians and Hispanic settlements at San Antonio de Bexar and Laredo.
By 1823, there were serious problems with raids by the Comanche, Tonkawa and Karankawa Indians. Under Mexican law, Austin was authorized to form a militia to ward off Indian raids, capture criminals and patrol against intruders. In May, while Austin was in Mexico City, his lieutenant, Moses Morrison, used this authority to assemble a company of men to protect the Texas coast from the Tonkawa and Karankawa Indians.
After returning to Texas in August of 1823, Austin asked for additional ten men to supplement Morrison's company. He called for "ten men...to act as rangers for the common defense...The wages I will give said ten men is fifteen dollars a month payable in property." These two companies are regarded as the first ancestors of the modern Texas Rangers.
The term "Texas Ranger" did not appear officially in a piece of legislation until 1874. During Austin's day, companies of men volunteered and disbanded as needed. Some served for days and others for many months. The official records show that these companies were called by many names: ranging companies, mounted gunmen, mounted volunteers, minutemen, spies, scouts and mounted rifle companies. When communicating with the commanders of his Hispanic ranging companies, Austin, who was fluent in Spanish, called them the milicia nacional (national militia) after Spanish and Mexican militia regulations dating back to 1713. By whatever name they were known, these units performed the same ranging service.
Initially, several companies fought on foot and employed fifers and drummers in the European and Colonial American military tradition. When this proved ineffective against mounted Indians, they quickly adopted frontier horseback tactics. They became so effective against Indian guerrilla raids that they strongly influenced the formation of the U.S. and C.S.A. cavalries during the Civil War.
Early Rangers were required to provide their own horses and equipment. They fought battles in which they were often outnumbered by as much as 50-to-1, so it was common for each man to carry multiple pistols, rifles and knives.
Like Texas, the
early Texas Ranger had multicultural roots. Company rolls show that
Anglos, Hispanics and American Indians served in all ranks from private
to captain. These men freely borrowed from each others' experience and
equipment. While most had been born in the American South, many hailed
from Ireland, Germany, Scotland and England and spoke with their native
accents. Early Rangers shot Spanish pistols, Tennessee and Kentucky
rifles, carried Bowie knifes made in Sheffield England and rode swift
Mexican ponies. One writer said that a Texas Ranger could "ride
like a Mexican, trail like an Indian, shoot like a Tennesseean, and
fight like the devil."
Historical Memorabilia ©2009, TRHFM
Texas Rangers often served as unintended volunteers since government offers of payment rarely materialized. In 1835, as the movement for Texas independence was about to boil over, a council of colonial Texas representatives created a "Corps of Rangers" to protect the frontier from hostile Indians. For the first time, their pay was officially set at $1.25 a day and they were to elect their own officers. They were also required to furnish their own arms, mounts, and equipment. The corps was commanded by R.M. "three-legged" Williamson (so nicknamed because he had a wooden leg to support a crippled limb) and led by Captains William Arrington, Isaac Burleson and John J. Tumlinson.
Settlers rebelled against the Mexican government in 1836 over violations of their rights and the suspension of immigration from the U.S and Europe. The Texas Rangers played an important but little known role in this conflict. They covered the retreat of civilians from dictator Santa Ana's army in the famous "Runaway Scrape," harassed columns of Mexican troops and provided valuable intelligence to the Texas Army. The only men to ride in response to Col. William B. Travis' last minute plea to defend the Alamo were Rangers who fought, and died, in the cause of Texas freedom.
Capt. John "Jack" Coffee Hays in Later Life, ©2009,
Certainly one of the most famous early-day Texas Rangers was John Coffee "Jack" Hays. He came to San Antonio in 1837 and within three years was named a Ranger captain. Hays built a reputation fighting marauding Indians and Mexican bandits. An Indian who switched sides and rode with Hays and his men called the young Ranger captain "brave too much". Hays' bravado was too much for many a hostile Indian or outlaw. In dealing with persons deemed a threat to Texas, Hays helped establish another Ranger tradition--toughness mixed with a reliance on the latest in technology.
The Republic of Texas was one of the earliest customers of a New England gun maker, Samuel Colt. Colt had invented a fragile .36 caliber five-shot revolver, a weapon Hays and his men used with deadly effect in defense of the Texas frontier. No longer would his men have to pause in battle to reload single-shot pistols and rifles while the Indians continued firing arrows. Colt built his reputation on the use of his weapons by the Texas Rangers. One of Hays' men, Samuel H. Walker, made some suggestions for improving the pistol that Colt adopted during the Mexican War. The new weapon, the five-pound frontier equivalent of a nuclear bomb, was called the Walker Colt.
Colt Paterson "Texas" Revolver© 2009
In 1842, Walker and another former Ranger, Big Foot Wallace, took part in the ill-fated Mier Expedition, in which a group of Texans invaded Mexico. The Texans were captured and every tenth man was ordered executed. The fate of the prisoners was determined in a drawing. Those who drew white beans lived; a black bean meant death. Walker drew a white bean. So did Wallace
In 1846, within a year of Texas' admission as the 28th state of the Union, the United States and Mexico were at war. Walker joined one of several Ranger companies that were mustered into federal service to function as scouts. The Rangers fought with such ferocity in the war they came to be called "Los diablos Tejanos" -- the Texas Devils. The luck Walker had after Mier did not hold. He was killed in the fighting. For the next decade after the Mexican War, the Rangers existed primarily as volunteer companies, raised when the need arose and disbanded when their work was done.
During the Civil War, with thousands of Texans off fighting with the Confederate Army, frontier protection was afforded by a "Regiment of Rangers." Even it eventually became part of the Confederate Army. The backbone of home front security was still the volunteer "ranging" company, whose members operated on the "legal authority" of the pistols they carried on their hips or the rifles swinging in their saddle boot.
After the war, the Legislature passed a bill creating three companies of Texas Rangers but a bill to provide funding failed. Financial support for state law enforcement in the early 1870's was sporadic. For all practical purposes, there were no Texas Rangers for nearly a decade after the war.
During this time, law enforcement was handled by a highly political and roundly hated organization known as the State Police. Texas, like other Southern states, was in the throes of reconstruction and any authority, civil or military, was distrusted. The force eventually was disbanded.
Frontier Battalion Co. "F" in 1882 ©2009 TRHFM
Unfortunately, the problem that had made some kind of statewide police
force necessary in the first place had not disappeared along with the
State Police. But Texas was changing. The military, led by war-seasoned
veterans of the Union Army, was methodically ridding Texas of its Indian
John B. Jones ©2009
By the second half of the decade, the biggest threat to Texas was lawless Texans. In 1874, the Legislature created two Ranger forces to cope with the situation - -the Frontier Battalion, led by Major John B. Jones and an organization called Special Forces under Capt. Leander McNelly.
In five years time the Rangers were involved in some of the most celebrated cases in the history of the Old West. Much of the fact that would later be mixed with Ranger legend occurred during this turbulent period.
Texas' deadliest outlaw, John Wesley Hardin, a preacher's son reputed to have killed 31 men, was captured in Florida by Ranger John B. Armstrong. After Armstrong, his long-barreled Colt .45 in hand, boarded the train Hardin and four companions were on, the outlaw shouted "Texas by God!" and drew his own pistol. When it was over, one of Hardin's friends was dead, Hardin had been knocked out cold, and his three surviving friends were staring at Armstrong's pistol. A neat round hole pierced Armstrong's hat, but he was uninjured.
Hardin served a lengthy
prison sentence, only to die in a shoot-out in El Paso in 1896 shortly
after his release.
Another well-known Texas outlaw who had a run in with Texas Rangers did not make it to prison. Train robber Sam Bass, who had been in Texas since 1870, was confronted by four Texas Rangers in Round Rock in the summer of 1878. In the shoot-out that followed, one of Bass' gang was killed outright. Bass was gravely wounded, but managed to escape. He was found, taken back into town, and later died. One account has the 27 year-old outlaw saying "Life is but a bubble, trouble where you go" shortly before he died.
Bass may or may not have described life as a bubble, but the Texas Rangers certainly found plenty of trouble wherever they went. Rangers contended with local disturbances that amounted to miniature wars, bloody feuds, lynch mobs, cattle thieves, barbed wire fence cutters, killers and other bad men. The Rangers usually prevailed.
As the turn of the century approached, the reputation of the Ranger as the person required to take care of a situation beyond the means of local law enforcement was well established.
Adjutant General W.H. Mabry
wrote of the Rangers in his 1896 report to the Legislature that "This
branch of the service has been very active and has done incalculable
good in policing the sparsely settled sections of the state where the
local officers...could not afford adequate protection."
In the 1890's, Rangers preserved law and order in Big Bend mining towns, tracked down train robbers and even were called on to prevent an illegal prize fight from taking place on Texas soil. The promoters of the storied Fitzsimmons-Maher bout finally had to settle for staging the boxing match on an island in the Rio Grande.
In 1894-95, the Rangers scouted 173,381 miles; made 676 arrests; returned 2,856 head of stolen livestock to the owners, assisted civil authorities 162 times and guarded jails on 13 occasions.
Unidentified Texas Rangers on Patrol, ©2009, TRHFM
In 1900, the Frontier Battalion faded along with the frontier; but by July of 1901, the Legislature passed a new law concerning the Ranger service. The force, to be organized by the governor, was created "for the purpose of protecting the frontier against marauding or thieving parties, and for the suppression of lawlessness and crime throughout the state." Ranger captains picked their own men, who had to furnish their own horses and could dress as they choose. They did not even have a standard badge.
The law authorized for Ranger companies of a maximum of 20 men each. The career of Co. B. Capt. W.J. McDonald, and a book written about him, added much to the Ranger legend, including two of its most famous sayings.
Bill McDonald, ©2009, TRHFM
The often cited "One Riot, One Ranger" appears to be based on several statements attributed to Capt. McDonald by Albert Bigelow Paine in his classic book, Captain Bill McDonald: Texas Ranger. When sent to Dallas to prevent a scheduled prizefight, McDonald supposedly was greeted at the train station by the city's anxious mayor, who asked: "Where are the others?"
To that McDonald is said to have replied, "Hell! ain't I enough? There's only one prize-fight!"
And on the title page of Paine's 1909 book on McDonald are 19 words labeled as Capt. McDonald's creed: "No man in the wrong can stand up against a fellow that's in the right and keeps on a-comin'." Those words have evolved into the Ranger creed.
During the first two decades of the Twentieth Century, Rangers found themselves up against men in the wrong as always, but some of the law enforcement problems these officers confronted were as new as the century itself.
Since the days of the Mexican War, Rangers had had occasional work to do along the long, meandering Rio Grande, but the emphasis on the river increased in 1910 with the outbreak of revolution in Mexico. Generally easy to ford, the Rio Grande had never been much more than a symbolic boundary. Some of the violence associated with the political upheaval in Mexico crossed the river into Texas.
Panic spread in 1915 when authorities in McAllen, Texas, arrest Basilio Ramos, Jr. Ramos was carrying a copy of the Plan of San Diego, a revolutionary manifesto supposedly written and signed at the South Texas town of San Diego. It called for the formation of a "Liberating Army of Races and Peoples," of Mexican Americans, African Americans, and Japanese, to "free" the states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, and Colorado from United States. Versions of the plan call for the murder of all white citizens over 16 years of age. The goal was an independent republic, which might later seek annexation to Mexico.
Raids from both side the the border quickly escalated into guerilla warfare. Francisco (Pancho) Villa's raid on Columbus, New Mexico, in March 1916, causes more panic and the United States responds by sending a large military force under Gen. John J. Pershing in pursuit of Villa.
Texas responded, as it had so many times in its history, by raising Ranger companies. At the time the Texas Ranger Force was very small, and incapable of maintaining law and order along the border. The Texas Legislature by authorizing mass inductions and the "overnight" creation of new Ranger companies.
Hispanic, as well as Anglo, Texans served in these units. The Ranger force grew to its largest level, but the lack of training and controls were evident. Some of the new companies upheld the law while others functioned as vigilante groups incensed by raids from Mexico.
These Rangers were were given orders and wide powers to keep the hostilities in Mexico from washing across the river into Texas. Gov. O.B. Colquitt wrote Ranger Capt. John R. Hughes: " I instruct you and your men to keep them (Mexican raiders) off of Texas territory if possible, and if they invade the State let them understand they do so at the risk of their lives."
The vigilante nature, and poor command structure on the new Ranger units led to incidents unacceptable to "regular" Rangers. Serious crimes were committed that led to the 1919 Canales Investigation. After one retaliatory Ranger raid into Mexico, an entire company was dismissed. In one battle in 1917, as many as 20 Mexicans may have been killed by Rangers who crossed into Mexico.
The 35th legislature also created a "Loyalty Ranger Force" under the "Hobby Loyalty Act" to serve as a secret service for the State. Loyalty Rangers were to brief the Adjutant General on Mexican revolutionary activities outside of San Antonio and in the border counties in Mexico and Texas.
In response to Pershing's US troops on Mexican soil, President Carranza demanded the withdrawal of US forces, which was summarily rejected. As a result, Mexican raiding intensified and an attack against Laredo was considered with a combined force of "San Diego raiders" and regular Mexican Army soldiers. A state of war was narrowly averted when US and Mexican officials agreed to a peaceful settlement.
The fragile peace was again threatened again in 1917 when a World War I telegram sent to Mexico by the German Secretary of State Zimmerman became public ". . . we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement...." Nothing materialized, but it served to further alarm the public.
Mexican raids into Texas in 1915-16 caused an estimated 21 American deaths; an estimated 300 Mexicans or Tejanos may have been killed in South Texas by the actions of Rangers, vigilantes and citizens. Some sources place the death toll as high as 300 and 3,000.
In January of 1919 Representative José T. Canales of Brownsville demanded a legislative investigation of the conduct of the various Ranger forces during the period 1915-1917 and the reorganization of the force. The Texas Legislature investigated nineteen charges made against the Texas Ranger forces in the aftermath of the Plan of San Diego and the War.
The investigation resulted in the reduction of the Ranger force to four companies of 17 men each. A tightening of qualifications for the Texas Ranger service led to its initial professionalization.
In 1918, the national prohibition law was passed. It gave the Rangers, along with federal officers, another problem to cope with on the border. Many a burro train of bootleg liquor from Mexico was intercepted, and shoot-outs between Rangers and smugglers were not infrequent.
Ranger and Stills Destroyed on Prohibition Raids, ©2009, TRHFM
During the first World War, the already large regular Ranger force was supplemented with another 400 Special Rangers appointed by the governor. After the war, on the heels of a Legislative inquiry into the Rangers' operation on the border, the Legislature in 1919 reduced the size of the force to four companies of 15 men, a sergeant and a captain. Additionally, the lawmakers authorized a headquarters company of six men in Austin under a senior Ranger captain.
Texas was in a state of transition, and so were the Rangers. Rangers still rode the river on horseback, but they also used cars. The automobile was taking over as the principal mode of transportation in Texas and the rest of the country. And horseless carriages needed oil, not oats. The increased national demand for petroleum fueled a new law enforcement problem for the Rangers.
In addition to their traditional
duties, along with assisting in tick eradication efforts, handling labor
difficulties and the enforcement of prohibition, the Rangers had to
deal with lawlessness that came with the oil boom in Texas. One of the
first places that happened was in a community that years before had
been named in their honor.
Ranger in the Oil Fields©2009, TRHFM
The small Eastland County town of Ranger, so named because it had been settled near the site of an old frontier Ranger camp, boomed with the discovery of oil in the area. By 1920, Ranger had a population 16,000, and a substantial number of those residents were not particularly interested in abiding by the law. Texas Rangers who were sent to Ranger, Texas raid gaming halls, smashed drinking establishments, and corralled a wide assortment of miscreants and felons. When Rangers filled the jails, prisoners sometimes had to be handcuffed to telephone poles.
The same story would be repeated throughout the '20s and '30s. Only the names of the towns changed. From Borger to Mexia, Rangers preserved what peace and dignity they could in the wild oil field boomtowns.
The Rangers had greater mobility, but so did the outlaws. Robbers could hit a small town bank and quickly make their getaway. Rangers were given railroad passes, but had to provide their own cars. In the early 1930s, every third Ranger in a company got an $80.00-a-month car allowance.
Frank Hamer on Horseback
Hall of Fame and Museum
One of the best known Rangers who made the transition from horse to car was Frank H. Hamer. He first joined the Rangers in 1906. Hamer left the force occasionally to take other law enforcement jobs, but by 1921, he was captain of Ranger Co. C, stationed in Del Rio. At the beginning of 1922, he was transferred to Austin, where he would spend the next decade as a Ranger captain.
One of the major problems facing the Rangers during Hamer's tenure as Senior Ranger Captain was bank robbery. The situation got so bad, the Texas Bankers Association offered a standing $5,000 reward for bank robbers. There was one catch--the money would be paid for dead robbers only.
As the Depression took hold in Texas, unscrupulous types began setting up phony holdups, hiring men to rob a bank and then killing them in the act so the reward money could be collected. This was a situation the Rangers could not solve with force. Instead, Hamer went to the press, exposing what was happening. Hamer's move paid off--the banking association's reward policy was changed.
As Senior Ranger Captain, Hamer reported to the state's adjutant general, a man appointed by the governor. A governor also could appoint Rangers, or influence a selection. As governors changed, Ranger leadership usually changed. Though history shows many good men wore the Ranger badge in the 1920s and 1930s, the system was rife with politics and ripe for abuse.
When Gov. Miriam "Ma" Ferguson took office in 1933, Adjutant General W.W. Sterling resigned his office. Forty Rangers, including Capt. Hamer, left with him.
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On a national scale, the United States is in the midst of a widespread obesity epidemic. Not only are studies finding that adults are suffering from becoming or being overweight but children are now becoming the focus behind obesity statistics. Studies have shown that obese adolescents have a 70% chance of becoming overweight or obese adults. With parents who are no longer encouraging children to go outside and play, children are choosing to be idle while watching television or video games. It is said that children should have at least 150 minutes of Physical Education per week. Unfortunately, many schools are no longer requiring children to even partake in Physical Education classes. This pandemic of childhood obesity will soon become an epidemic if parents and schools do not take action soon.
Within the state of South Carolina, 21.5% of our youth are said to be obese or overweight. South Carolina also ranks in at No. 48 for overweight or obese children out of all 50 states -- 1 is considered the healthiest. With these statistics changing, and not for the better, the University of South Carolina has created an initiative-based program called the Active Gamecocks. The program encourages children, between kindergarten and eighth grade, to participate in a two-week, 30-minute a day exercise regimen. If the student completes this exercise regimen, they become eligible to receive two complimentary tickets (one student and one guardian) to a predetermined Gamecock athletic sporting event. The program is put in place during the academic year, where three sessions can take place - fall, winter and spring. All organizations are encouraged to participate in as many sessions as they would be it one or three!
This year, Active Gamecocks has expanded to include all middle school students. We are excited to increase the awareness of the importance of physical activity and to have your participants at South Carolina Athletic events this year!
We want to ensure that every participant can attend our events. Due to the expansion, we have split the program into two geographical areas which are assigned to different dates. All participants, regardless of location, will receive tickets to a volleyball, men's soccer and women's soccer match this fall. Please locate your hometown on the below map to ensure you download the correct packet.
UPCOMING ACTIVE GAMECOCK EVENTS
Thursday, February 9, 2017 @ 7 p.m.
Women's basketball vs. Auburn @ Colonial Life Arena
Wednesday, February 15, 2017 @ 6:30 p.m.
Men's basketball vs. Arkansas @ Colonial Life Arena
Sunday, February 26, 2017 @ TBD
Women's basketball vs. Kentucky @ Colonial Life Arena
Tuesday, February 28, 2017 @ 6:30 p.m.
Men's basketball vs. Mississippi State @ Colonial Life Arena
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|Cemetery notes and/or description:|
Forest Park Cemetery is a very large cemetery that is located on North Rangeline Road and across from Northpark Mall. It covers area from 4th street north for about 3 or 4 blocks. The oldest part of this cemetery is located behind the shopping center at the northeast edge of the cemetery and was once part of a cemetery for the Baptist Church. Old death certificates will refer to this part as "Baptist" cemetery. Forest Park Cemetery is entered from the south side on 4th Street. There is a large green sign at that entrance. This cemetery is maintained by the city of Joplin and is in great shape.
A person who can use "Google Street View" can take a virtual drive by this cemetery while sitting in front of a computer.
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The shock announcement that China and the Gambia have re-established diplomatic relations raises the specter of a return to the cross-straits diplomatic rivalry via checkbook diplomacy that prevailed before Ma Ying-jeou became the island's leader in 2008.1 Comment
Over the last quarter century, China's economy grew at a phenomenal rate, its diplomatic influence now reaches every corner of the world and its military might is rapidly approaching the level of American military power. Nevertheless, in one area, China remains extremely vulnerable: its human rights practices.
The case of the disappearance of five Hong Kong booksellers, who all turned up in China, has rocked Hong Kong society to its core, shaking confidence in the mainland's promises of "one country, two systems." At the same time, it has placed China under a microscope with governments around the world accusing Beijing of rampant violation of human rights and international norms by abducting individuals and taking them to the mainland.
The visit of Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi to the United States illustrates the seemingly schizophrenic relationship between the two countries that makes the word frenemies seem so appropriate.
China has reacted mildly -- to some extent even positively -- to the special U.S.-ASEAN summit meeting hosted last week by Barack Obama at the Sunnylands estate in Rancho Mirage in California, the first such meeting to be held in the United States.
North Korea's provocative launch of a rocket on Sunday, triggering off another emergency session of the United Nations Security Council, came barely a month after Pyongyang conducted its fourth nuclear test. The rocket launch added urgency to the Security Council's latest efforts to put in place additional economic sanctions after the January nuclear test.
China, long accused by the United States of being a free rider by not contributing to the resolution of global issues, has taken a big step into the Middle East, with mainland Chinese leader Xi Jinping visiting Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Iran, strengthening the country's relations with the crisis-stricken region, but at the same time making it clear that it has its own strategic priorities.
During the campaign leading up to the Jan. 16 elections, Tsai Ing-wen, leader of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), took part in singing the national anthem at public events, but her lips visibly stopped moving when it came to the words "our party," since they referred to the Kuomintang (KMT), which had been in power in Taiwan since the 1940s, save for eight years.
The consternation in Hong Kong over the case of five missing booksellers -- especially the most recent case of the apparent disappearance of Lee Bo, feared to have been kidnapped and smuggled into the Chinese mainland -- shows that the chief concern of the local population has not changed since before the handover in 1997: It is to ensure that their personal security, guaranteed under British colonial rule, will continue after China resumed sovereignty.
The year-end agreement between Japan and South Korea to resolve the issue of wartime "comfort women," which has been poisoning the relationship between the two countries, has been widely welcomed internationally, but not by China.
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Prickly City is a comic strip about the friendship between Winslow, a Democratic coyote pup, and Carmen, a straight and narrow conservative kid. Somehow, they make it work.
Created by Brad Anderson, the classic comic canine has delighted newspaper readers since 1954. Marm lives with the Winslows, who have what it takes to run with the Big Dog, usually with a minimum of destruction. Sunday strips feature letters from readers about their pets.
Lunarbaboon chronicles the daily struggles of a 30 something father dealing with depression, anxiety, and raising a family. It is a tribute to the bond between father and child, as well as husband and wife. The comic is meant to be read by mature adults who have playful imaginations and don't take life too seriously.
La Cucaracha is a unique strip that provides a view of the world through the lens of its Latino characters and the mind of acclaimed creator Lalo Alcaraz, whose experiences growing up on the U.S./Mexico border inform the satirical wit of the strip.
Cartoon quotes from inspirational folks! Zen Pencils is an exciting and unique new comic that takes inspirational and famous quotes and adapts them into cartoon stories. From icons like Einstein, Gandhi and Twain to modern-day philosophers, comedians and writers - their words are turned into heartwarming stories by cartoonist Gavin Aung Than. Be inspired, motivated, educated and laugh as you read famous words as never before! This comic updates on Mondays. Visit the official website here.
Gavin Aung Than
The Wizard of Id has been enchanting audiences since 1964, but the real wizards behind this comic classic were artist Brant Parker and writer Johnny Hart. The pair began paving the path to the Kingdom of Id in 1950, when Parker, a staff artist for the Binghamton Press in upstate New York, was asked to judge a high school art contest. Among the entrants was a teenager by the name of Johnny Hart, whose work so impressed Parker that he arranged a meeting. Read more about Brant Parker here!
Wizard of Id
Parker and Hart
Welcome to Snug Harbor! Will Henry's “Wallace the Brave” is a whimsical comic strip that centers around a bold and curious little boy named Wallace, his best friend Spud and the new girl in town, Amelia. Wallace lives in the quaint and funky town of Snug Harbor with his fisherman father, plant loving mother and feral little brother, Sterling. THE CAST: Wallace McClellan: Wallace is a curious and kind little kid. Bold and adventurous, Wallace is always eager to explore. Sterling McClellan: Sterling is Wallace's younger and stranger little brother. Some say he was raised by wolves, others just think he's weird. Mrs McClellan: Wallace's mother is an avid gardener. She is understanding and stern but, like most moms, is a natural problem solver. Mr. McClellan: Wallace's father is a goofy fisherman who likes to have fun...usually at the expense of his children. Spud: Spud is Wallace's best friend. He's been described as a “timid paperweight” and expects a horrific monster around every corner. Amelia: Amelia is the new girl in town and you don't want to mess with her. She is opinionated and a true instigator.
Wallace the Brave
Ink Pen: the insider’s look at the seedy underbelly of cartoon character employment. Find out what happened to loveable Bixby the Rat! Witness the struggles of Ham Hock, the talking pig, as he tries to break into a business that sees him as nothing more than a slab of meat. Meet (briefly) the plucky sidekicks, thrust into danger by careless superheroes and the villains they duel.
What a cat! A cat for all seasons. Sassy. Opinionated. This lasagna loving, mailman chasing, sarcastic cat is a classic that readers love. Garfield, Odie and Jon will leave you wanting a daily dose of this beloved bunch! Garfield’s crafty talent with words and sneaky preference for practical jokes often leave his owner, Jon - and us - speechless, and always wanting more. Visit Garfield.com
Big Nate chronicles the humor and misadventures of 11-year-old Nate Wright: sixth-grade renaissance man, aspiring cartoonist, self-described genius, and the all-time record holder for most detentions in school history. Nate and his friends are also the stars of a bestselling book series.
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People often hear the word “advocacy” and think of professional lobbyists. Advocacy is much more than lobbying – and anyone can be an advocate!
It can be as simple as posting a tweet in support of a policy or emailing your legislator about an issue that matters to you.
United Way’s advocacy work is focused on creating positive change in education, income, and health public policies by:
- Sharing what we have learned from our initiatives and heard from the community.
- Focusing on where we align with others and working with allies to collectively drive change.
- Find out who represents you and tell them what is important to our community.
- Developing relationships with elected officials from both parties at all levels of government.
Looking to get involved with United Way's advocacy work? Contact Jamie McNulty at firstname.lastname@example.org
Advocating for ALICE
For over 73 years United Way of West Ellis County (UWWEC) has fought for the health, education and financial stability of every person in our community. In Ellis County today, 27% of households struggle to afford the basic household necessities. These households are one step away from spiraling into poverty.
The ALICE Report for Texas has changed the way that UWWEC approaches community needs and works to solve them. ALICE (Asset Limited, Income Constrained, and Employed) shows the true baseline cost of living of each county in Texas. The report shows that it costs more to afford the combined annual cost of basic housing, child care, food, transportation, health care and other necessities in Ellis County. Based on these and other compelling needs, UWWEC has compiled this Advocacy Platform.
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Last month, someone wrote in to the career advice site Ask A Manager about how to decline a promotion into leadership. The post sparked nearly 100 comments, mostly from readers who sympathized with the person's dilemma.
The conversation on AAM highlights a key problem with the structure of many modern businesses. Too often, companies encourage high-performers who aren't fit to be managers (or don't want to be managers) to seek out those opportunities. In doing so, they may end up undermining their organization's progress by not allowing people to do what they do best.
Today, many professionals equate career development and success with people management. I t's hard to say for sure how or when this idea originated. Americans have been obsessed with the image of the charismatic leader for years, at least since the publication of Dale Carnegie's "How to Win Friends and Influence People" in 1936.
In the book, Carnegie insisted that technical skill is not enough — professional and financial success is largely a result of the ability to inspire and motivate people.
Certainly, Carnegie is right; being able to communicate your ideas and enthusiasm is essential for success in any field. But at some point, the concept of motivating other people was interpreted as having a group of employees to tell what to do.
The problem is that not everyone should be in charge of a team. Managing others effectively requires commitment and a certain set of skills, including communication, empathy, and long-term planning. Some people are better suited to other kinds of leadership.
Indeed, p lenty of business experts have pointed out that people can lead and inspire at all levels of an organization. When you think about how you can be more effective and creative in your job, you are being a leader; when you present new ideas to the people you report to, you are also being a leader.
But we haven't yet reached the point where people who can lead in those ways are praised and financially rewarded in the same way that high-level managers are.
None of this is to say that organizations don't need some people managers, but developing multiple tracks for advancement could potentially boost a company's bottom line, since it allows employees to play to their professional strengths instead of struggling with their weaknesses.
For example, several commenters on
the AAM post said they work for organizations that offer multiple
tracks for moving up — one for people managers and one for
"subject matter experts" or "technical
It's time to shift the way we as a society view leadership and professional success, so that managing others is just one of several options for ambitious people who want to excel.
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RDD Lineage (aka RDD operator graph or RDD dependency graph) actually is a graph of all the parent RDDs of an RDD. It is built as a consequence of applying transformations to the RDD and creates a logical execution plan.
The execution DAG or physical execution plan is that the DAG of stages.
The above diagram represents the RDD lineage
The above RDD graph could be the result of the following series of transformations:
val r00 = sc.parallelize(0 to 9)
val r01 = sc.parallelize(0 to 90 by 10)
val r10 = r00 cartesian r01
val r11 = r00.map(n => (n, n))
val r12 = r00 zip r01
val r13 = r01.keyBy(_ / 20)
val r20 = Seq(r11, r12, r13).foldLeft(r10)(_ union _)
An RDD lineage graph is hence a graph of what transformations got to be executed after an action has been called.
You can study the RDD lineage graph using RDD.toDebugString method.
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Nicole Y. Lamb-Hale is Assistant Secretary for Manufacturing and Services (MAS) within the International Trade Administration (ITA).
The Paris Air Show once again proved to be an exciting venue for innovative technologies, particularly alternative fuels. A highlight of the show was the Alternative Aviation Fuels Showcase, hosted in the U.S. Pavilion. In addition to myself and Under Secretary for International Trade Francisco Sánchez, a number of senior U.S. government officials, including Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood and Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack, stopped by the booth to chat with U.S. companies about their new technologies.
The Showcase was the center of attention on Wednesday, when the Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative (CAAFI) and Kallman Worldwide hosted an entire day dedicated to attracting investment for the commercial production of alternative jet fuels. My Aerospace Team has been collaborating with CAAFI and Kallman for six months to promote this event. Their efforts proved very successful — over 100 people attended various portions of the day’s events, which included panels on the investment community’s perspective on alternative fuels and on government programs supporting biofuel development.
During my remarks at the Showcase’s investment day, I had the pleasure of introducing Barry Johnson, the recently appointed head of the new SelectUSA initiative, a government-wide initiative housed in the Department of Commerce. President Obama created SelectUSA on June 17 to showcase the United States and encourage, facilitate, and accelerate business investment in the United States.
U.S. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack earned the distinction as the first U.S. Agriculture Secretary to attend a Paris Air Show. In his remarks to aviation business leaders, Secretary Vilsack indicated that President Obama is planning a major announcement in the “next 30 days or so” regarding the U.S. government’s effort to help develop biofuel. The Secretary also highlighted U.S. government support for aviation alternative fuels through USDA’s memoranda of understanding with several government and aviation-related agencies, including the Department of Energy, the Air Transport Association, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the U.S. Navy, on efforts to research and develop renewable energy and the infrastructure to support it.
Throughout the week there were a number of exciting announcements related to alternative fuels. U.S. company Gulfstream completed the first non-stop transatlantic flight using a 50/50 blend of biofuel and petroleum fuel. The Gulfstream G450 is the first business jet powered by a biofuel and the flight set a record as the first biofuel-powered transatlantic flight. Later that week, Boeing flew its 747-800 using a fuel with a 15 percent blend of bio to petroleum fuel. Both fuels were produced by Honeywell Aerospace. In addition, seven airlines signed letters of intent to negotiate purchase of biomass-derived jet fuel from California-based Solena Fuels. Another U.S. company, Sapphire Energy, announced that it will produce 20,000 barrels of algae-based jet fuel in two years with the goal of producing at commercially viable levels within seven years.
The companies in the Showcase promoted biofuels as a technically viable replacement for conventional petroleum jet fuels and as a way to help the airline industry reduce its carbon footprint. In fact, alternative jet fuels could soon be used to power commercial flights. This summer the standard setting body, ASTM International, is widely expected to certify Hydrotreated Renewable Jet (HRJ) fuel. HRJ is processed from weedy plants and animal fats and is chemically identical to the crude oil that runs today’s flights. Following ASTM certification, companies would have a greater incentive to build bio-refineries to produce HRJ fuel on a commercial scale. In addition to HRJ, another pathway being researched is Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) — fuels derived from alcohol-based sources. Touted as a low-cost route to production of jet fuel, ATJ research is being funded and conducted by the U.S. military and by U.S. companies such as GEVO and SRI International. Full certification of ATJ by ASTM is expected by 2013.
One green initiative that I am particularly proud of involves my hometown of Detroit, Michigan, which is using its land to farm bioenergy crops. The Wayne County Airport Authority, operator of Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, has agreed to partner with Michigan State University Extension to grow, harvest, and process bioenergy crops on the property of Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport and another of the authority’s airports, Willow Run. The Michigan Economic Development Corporation is supporting the project with a $476,000 grant. If successful, the project will attract businesses in the area to produce alternative fuels, bring economic development to southeast Michigan and protect land around the airports.
The desire for cleaner, more sustainable fuel sources is a global concern, and everyone on the planet will benefit from reduced dependence on petroleum fuels. ITA is committed to fostering a green economy so that industry will lead the way in winning the jobs of the future. As President Obama said, we must seize the moment and accelerate the transition to clean energy. We, in ITA, will continue to work with U.S. aviation alternative fuel companies and our interagency partners to support this objective. It was exciting to be part of this event and to support a rapidly growing industry in which the United States is a global leader!
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What is pitocin? Here’s the fancy answer: “it’s a nonapeptide protein.” That’s the one you can use to sound smart. Here’s the simple answer: it’s the synthetic form of oxytocin, which is a hormone released by your very own pituitary gland. Oxytocin is produced in response to labor and helps stimulate contractions, and it also is released during breastfeeding. Those cramps you have while breastfeeding? You can thank pitocin.
Why does your ob/gyn use this medication? There are 2 main reasons: it can be used to increase the strength of contractions, and it can also be given after delivery to help prevent bleeding (it helps the uterus contract and squeeze blood vessels closed). During labor, you might think, “My contractions are plenty strong on their own, thank you very much,” but occasionally they aren’t. Generally, the ideal strength of contractions that are strong enough to change the cervix in a timely manner without being so strong as to stress out your baby is 200-300 MVUs. The strength of the contractions can be measured with an internal monitor placed beside the baby called an IUPC, and this monitor helps the nurse adjust the medication into the appropriate range to achieve the contraction strength noted above. This can help the labor progress in the optimal timeframe to help minimize the chance of intrauterine infection and decrease the chance of cesarean section once your labor has started or your water has broken. Pitocin can also be used to stimulate contractions in order to initiate labor when medically indicated. During inductions when the cervix is unfavorable (ie closed and not thinned), this is the time when we may see an increase in the need for cesarean delivery with pitocin. However, sometimes deliveries are medically indicated in patients with an unfavorable cervix, such as in patients with certain blood pressure issues, diabetes or other situations where to continue pregnancy has greater risk to mom/baby than ending it. Without pitocin, though, medically indicated deliveries in patients with an unfavorable cervix would almost certainly have to be via cesarean delivery.
Is it safe? Oxytocin is unavoidable during labor and breastfeeding, and your body has been designed to utilize this hormone in both cases. When used at doses to obtain appropriate strength of contractions, both mom and baby tend to tolerate this medication well. Even if the baby shows some element of stress, the half life of pitocin is only 3-5 minutes, so the effects end shortly after the medication is stopped. Additionally, medications such as terbutaline can also be used to relax the uterus if needed. Lastly, oxytocin used immediately after delivery decreases the chance of hemorrhage. Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide and the main reason that the maternal mortality rate is 239 per 100,000 in developing countries vs only 12 per 100,000 in developed countries.
Are there any other options? At this time, pitocin tends to be the most effective and safest option that we have. Some researchers have looked into the use of nipple stimulation to release natural oxytocin to stimulate labor, but at this time, there has been limited success, probably due to the fact the nurses’ hands must have gotten really tired ;) Besides, there’s really only so much that lanolin can do for the breasts after a long labor like that!
So, while not all pregnancies require pitocin, it may be required during labor or after delivery. When dosage is titrated to the optimal contraction strength, pitocin is often the most effective method to help obtain a safe outcome for mom and baby. And for us, this helps us to reach our ultimate goal, which is to conclude the pregnancy with a healthy, happy mom and baby :)
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Solar Eclipse in the Philippines
A few days ago a rare annular eclipse (a ring of sunlight as the new moon passing between Earth and sun which blocks most, but not all of the sun’s disc) occurred in the Northern Hemisphere. It is striking to see. It differs from a total solar eclipse. In an annular eclipse the moon appears too small to cover the sun completely and leaves a ring of fire effect around the moon. The eclipse cast a shallow path crossing the West from West Texas to Oregon in The United States and then arched across the Northern Pacific Ocean toward Tokyo, Japan. I think it’s something totally amazing to witness. This photo was taken in the coastal township of Gumaca, Quezon province om the Philippines. The township is located 187 kilometers South East of Manila. Millions of Asians watched as a rare “ring of fire” eclipse crossed their skies on the 21st of May 2012. This photo was taken by Bullit Marquez and was published by the Associated Press and it has been selected as the Daily Cool Photo on Running Wolf’s Rant for the 22nd of May 2012.
Yesterday a featuring the Crowd @ Oppikoppi Unknown Brother before Southern Gypsey Queen set was the Daily Cool Photo on Running Wolf’s Rant, feel free to check it out. Watch this space for daily updates in the Daily Babe and Daily Cool Photo sections. You might also want to check out the posts featuring Movie Trailers, TV Adverts, Funny Clips, Funny Quotes, Funny Pictures and the other bits and pieces on the blog. There’s a lot of posts featuring South Africa here too.
Latest posts by Henno Kruger (see all)
- A quick chat with Gunshot Blue - January 17, 2017
- Win tickets to the February 2017 edition of Park Acoustics - January 16, 2017
- Get ready to go Large On The Lawn in Johannesburg - January 13, 2017
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Test
- In women, FSH helps control the menstrual cycle and the production of eggs by the ovaries. The amount of FSH varies throughout a woman's menstrual cycle and is highest just before she releases an egg (ovulates).
- In men, FSH helps control the production of sperm. The amount of FSH in men normally remains constant.
The FSH level can help find out if male or female sex organs (testicles or ovaries) are working as they should.
Why It Is Done
The amounts of FSH and other hormones are measured to:
- Find out why a couple can't become pregnant.
- Help diagnose menstrual problems or find out whether a woman has gone through menopause.
- See why a child is going through early or delayed puberty.
- Help diagnose certain pituitary gland problems, such as a tumor.
How To Prepare
Many medicines, such as cimetidine, clomiphene, digitalis, and levodopa, can change your test results. You may be asked to stop taking medicines (including birth control pills) that contain estrogen or progesterone or both for up to 4 weeks before you have a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) test. Make sure your doctor has a complete list of all the prescription and over-the-counter medicines you take, including herbs and natural substances.
How It Is Done
A health professional uses a needle to take a blood sample, usually from an arm.
For a woman who is having problems with her menstrual cycle or who cannot become pregnant, more than one blood sample may be needed to help identify a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) problem. A sample may be taken each day for several days in a row.
How long the test takes
The test will take a few minutes.
How It Feels
When a blood sample is taken, you may feel nothing at all from the needle. Or you might feel a quick sting or pinch.
There is very little chance of having a problem from this test. When a blood sample is taken, a small bruise may form at the site.
Each lab has a different range for what's normal. Your lab report should show the range that your lab uses for each test. The normal range is just a guide. Your doctor will also look at your results based on your age, health, and other factors. A value that isn't in the normal range may still be normal for you.
Many conditions can change FSH levels. Your doctor will discuss any significant abnormal results with you in relation to your symptoms and past health.
High FSH values in a woman may mean:
- A genetic disease is present.
- Loss of ovarian function before age 40 (premature ovarian failure).
- Low egg supply (ovarian reserve).
- Menopause has occurred.
High FSH values in a man may mean:
- Klinefelter syndrome.
- Testicles are absent or not working as they should.
- Testicles have been damaged by a disease or by treatments, such as X-rays or chemotherapy.
High values in children may mean that puberty is about to start.
Low FSH values may mean:
- A woman is not producing eggs (prevents ovulation) or a man is not producing sperm.
- An area of the brain (the hypothalamus or pituitary gland) is not working as it should.
- A tumor is present that interferes with the brain's ability to control FSH production.
- Starvation or being very underweight.
- A female athlete is not having menstrual cycles.
Current as of: July 17, 2020
Author: Healthwise Staff
Sarah Marshall MD - Family Medicine
Martin J. Gabica MD - Family Medicine
E. Gregory Thompson MD - Internal Medicine
Kathleen Romito MD - Family Medicine
To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org.
© 1995-2021 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
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MATEC Web Conf.
Volume 97, 2017Engineering Technology International Conference 2016 (ETIC 2016)
|Number of page(s)||5|
|Published online||01 February 2017|
- C.R. Verschoor, “Integrating vision-based algorithms on an parrot ar drone to autonomously follow linear shaped structures in a landscape,“ Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam (2012) [Google Scholar]
- D. Hanafi, M. Qetkeaw, R. Ghazali, M.N.M. Than, W.M. Utomo, R. Omar, Int. J. Communications, 6, 52 (2013) [Google Scholar]
- V. Varshney, M. Wilson, S. Sivaraman, Inter. J. Eng. Adv. Technol, 3, 222 (2014) [Google Scholar]
- J. Bayle, C programming for Arduino (Packt Publishing, Birmingham, 2013) [Google Scholar]
- Information on http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Wireless/Zigbee/XBee-Manual.pdf [Google Scholar]
- Information on https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/gp2y1010au_e.pdf. [Google Scholar]
- Information on http://www.howmuchsnow.com/arduino/airquality/ (2012) [Google Scholar]
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.
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The Introduction to Swift 4.2 course provides hands-on training in the basics of Swift programming. Trainees will practice using the syntax, logic, structures, functions, and patterns of Swift in practical coding exercises. The course is organised in small chapters that cover each topic in detail, and we make sure you get plenty of hands-on experience in each before moving on. You’ll be learning from professional developers with experience of a wide variety of platforms, including iOS, macOS, and Android.
Introduction to Swift and Playgrounds
Learn about the origin of Swift and some of its basic syntax.
Constants, Variables, and Data Types
Learn how to define constants for values that don’t change and variables for values that do. Learn the data types that are included in Swift and how they can help you write better code.
Learn about some of the operators in the Swift language, including basic math operators.
Learn how to use logical operators in Swift to check conditions; learn how to use control flow statements.
Learn how to create and store text using the string type. You’ll learn a variety of string methods that allow you to compare two strings, access specific characters within a string, and insert and remove values.
Learn how to declare functions with different parameters and return types.
Learn how to create structures in Swift.
Learn what makes classes different from structures and when to use classes instead of structures. Also learn about inheritance, superclasses, and subclasses.
Learn to use “optionals” to properly handle situations when data may or may not exist.
Learn about the various collection types available in Swift and how to choose the appropriate one for your program.
Learn how to create loops in Swift, control the conditions for looping, and specify when to stop.
Learn why some data can be expressed using only a broader type, and how you can test for specific kinds of data before using it.
Learn to use guard statements to better manage control flow.
Learn to write nicely structured code that’s easy to read. You’ll do this by properly scoping your constants and variables.
Learn when enumerations are commonly used, how to define an enumeration, and how to work with enumerations using switch statements.
Learn what protocols are, when to use them, and how to write your own. Learn how to enable objects to communicate with each other and how to extend protocols to provide shared functionality across multiple types.
Learn about closures, how to define them, how to use them as function arguments, and how to use some of the common functions that take closures as arguments.
Learn how to define an extension, as well as how and why to use extensions.
Who Should Take Introduction to Swift 4.2?
- Anyone who wants to develop iOS or OS X desktop apps using Swift 4.2
- Programmers from other languages, with no experience of Swift
- People with an understanding of basic computer programming concepts
Not ready to book? More information
In this introduction to Swift programming you will learn to:
- Learn how to use Xcode Playgrounds to write Swift code
- Learn common programming patterns used in Swift
- Learn keywords and vocabulary used by the Swift language
Though there are no specific prerequisites, the course assumes that you know the basic concepts of computer programming such as variables, strings, logic, and classes. If you’re in any doubt about your suitability, please call our training pros on 0203 507 1728. We’ll be pleased to discuss your training needs in more detail.
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Help Eradicate Heeia Fishpond Predators
Signups began last month for Heeia Fishpond’s annual fishing days – also known as predator eradication days.
“Join us in our yearly La Holoholo to rid (or at least significantly decrease) the fishpond of invasive and predatory fish, so that our native herbivores can have a fighting chance at survival,” wrote Kelii Kotubetey on the Paepae o Heeia blog.
The remaining good-cause fishing days are set for 8:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. this Saturday, and July 6 and 20, and Aug. 3. It’s a bring-your-own-pole event, and food and drink will be available for sale on site. Fee is $10 per pole, and no other equipment is allowed besides small scoop nets and buckets. Anglers can expect to snare toau, kaku, papio and tilapia, which prey on the pond’s native stock. Space is limited, and reservations are taken on a first-come, first-served basis. For details, call 236-6178 or email firstname.lastname@example.org.
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The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) is launching its SEIA Residential Consumer Guide to Solar Power.
Available online, the free guide offers those interested in solar power information about the basics of solar energy and ownership options. The guide is a result of a joint effort of the leading companies across the solar sector and complements SEIA's existing Code of Ethics.
The SEIA Residential Consumer Guide to Solar Power will be periodically updated and complemented with additional tools as the U.S. market grows and matures, so consumers can stay informed with the latest information.
One of the components of the consumer guide is a section entitled ‘Working out Differences,’ which is devoted to potential problem resolution. The guide includes key questions to ask solar installers before entering a transaction.
‘The solar industry is committed to consumer protection and transparency,’ says Nick Mack, general counsel at Clean Power Finance. ‘Solar companies rely on referrals and consistent payments for financed solar systems, so it is in our own best interest to protect consumers and provide them with a positive experience.’
To access the guide and other related consumer protection resources, click here.
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It was a close one, the Fighter barely managing to catch the haywire construct’s axe between her crossed swords before jumping back. Spitting a panicked word of Draconic, the sword in her right hand burst into brilliant flame, mist formed as the heat met the cold emanating from the frost-laden blade in her left. Bouncing from the balls of her feet into a charge, she delivered a flurry of swipes, the groaning of metal filling her ears as the construct began to fall to pieces around her.
Do you find it hard to give up the AC boost a shield can give you? Did your party find a cool new sword but it doesn’t work with your character concept? Dual Wielder may be what you’re looking for.
You gain a +1 bonus to AC while you are wielding a separate melee weapon in each hand. This helps to compensate for not being able to wear a shield, one of the main drawbacks of two-weapon fighting.
You can use two-weapon fighting even when the one-handed melee weapons you are wielding aren’t light. This both allows you to use d8 weapons, a small damage increase, but also gives you more freedom to use any magical weapons you may find.
You can draw or stow two one-handed weapons when you would normally be able to draw or stow only one. A quality of life improvement, you no longer have to walk around with one weapon out already!
Surely everyone that has chosen to fight with two weapons would benefit from this feat, right? Well let’s take a look at who might want to spend a valuable ASI on this:
Dual Wielder is most useful for
Fighters – With the most attacks of any martial class, and access to Action Surge to make even more, the Fighter can make the most out of a small damage increase like going from a 1d6 shortsword to a 1d8 rapier. They also have two additional ASIs, reducing the cost of taking the feat, which in turn reduces the cost of two-weapon fighting overall by giving them a +1 AC.
Dual Wielder is least useful for
Rogues – The main benefit of two-weapon fighting for a Rogue is the additional chance to trigger Sneak Attack, with only one attack they can’t properly leverage a slightly larger damage die, and the other benefits just aren’t worth an ASI when other feats are more tempting.
In the middle of the above two classes is the Barbarian, a MAD class that must choose wisely with their ASIs. However, the combination of Reckless Attack and Brutal Critical do allow them to leverage the d8 weapon dice in a unique way. This isn’t a strong enough argument to put them in the ‘Most Useful For’ section, but it’s good enough to keep them out of the ‘Least Useful For’ section at least.
Only classes that may want to use two-weapon fighting rules, to begin with, are considered here, so spellcasters, Monks, and Rangers are not compared.
We hope this article has helped you claim that cool new magic weapon your party just found and that you don’t cut yourself too badly whilst learning to draw both swords at once. If you are new to using two weapons and want to learn more then check out our two-weapon fighting article, or if you are new to the game in general then check out our how to play section.
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original article at:
Radio Days Are Back: Ham Radio Licenses at an All-Time High
The newest trend in American communication isn't another smartphone from Apple or Google but one of the elder statesmen of communication: Ham radio licenses are at an all time high, with over 700,000 licenses in the United States, according to the Federal Communications Commission.
Ham radio first took the nation by storm nearly a hundred years ago. Last month the FCC logged 700,314 licenses, with nearly 40,000 new ones in the last five years. Compare that with 2005 when only 662,600 people hammed it up and you'll see why the American Radio Relay League -- the authority on all things ham -- is calling it a "golden age."
"Over the last five years we've had 20-25,000 new hams a year," Allen Pitts, a spokesman for the group, told FoxNews.com.
The unusual slang term -- a "ham" is more properly known as an amateur radio operator -- described a poor operator when the first wireless operators started out in the early 1900s. At that time, government and coastal ships would have to compete with amateurs for signal time, because stations all battled for the same radio wavelength. Frustrated commercial operators called the amateurs “hams” and complained that they jammed up the signal.
People like John Pritchett have used the slang term ever since.
“It takes an inquisitive mind that wants the challenge to speak with the rest of the world,” Pritchett told FoxNews.com. “I meet a lot of people as a result amateur radio. It’s a fascinating experience to meet somebody who you’ve talked to for years -- when you finally meet them and go, wow, that’s you.”
Pritchett has been a ham for over 35 years. He sits in his ham shack slowly turning the dial on his amateur radio and listening attentively for a voice through the high radio frequency. But he’s not looking for aliens: Pritchett is dialing in to make contact with someone around the world.
“W6JWK, This is John in Fresno, California,” he says.
Pritchett can communicate with people around the globe or even astronauts in space by talking through his microphone or using Morse code.
With more people joining the hobby, local ham radio businesses are growing as well. Amateur Electronics Supply in Las Vegas sells everything to do with ham radios, from transceivers, amplifiers and antennas to handhelds.
“We have clientele from all walks of life," manager Luke Rohn told FoxNews.com. "We have church groups who are interested in ham radio for a viable source of communication in times of natural disaster. We have young kids that find ham radio interesting. Maybe they’ve heard about it through their father and grandfather and it’s a lot of fun for them.”
According to the American Radio Relay League, retirees and emergency groups are among the main reasons for the nearly 30,000 new hams that pick up the hobby each year.
Ham is a boon for safety as well as a fun pastime: When normal communications methods fail and cellphone towers are jammed, ham radios will still work and can help out in disaster situations, because they don’t require towers to relay the signal.
“Amateur radio came into play very much during the major earthquake in the Bay Area in 1989. The only thing I had was a little handheld radio. Nothing else worked, telephones didn’t work, cellphones didn’t work, amateur radio just kept right on working,” Pritchett said.
Looking to ham it up a bit with some friends? Try a fox hunt -- the radio equivalent of ham-to-ham combat. In a fox hunt, local amateur radio clubs search for a transmitter (called the fox) using their homemade antennas.
“The fox hunting is really fun -- the thrill of the chase, the competition of being the first to find the transmitter,” said Rob Mavis, president of the Clovis Amateur Radio Pioneers club in Clovis, Calif.
Ham radio is inexpensive fun, as well: All you need is a couple hundred bucks to get started and a FCC license -- which is free, but requires a $10 to $12 fee to cover expenses.
So join the latest craze -- no iPhone app required.
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Design Benefits Of Using Structural Adhesives To Assemble EV Battery Boxes
Eric Dean, Business Development Manager, Parker LORD
The use of adhesives such as LORD® 850/25GB, can also help lightweight an assembled battery pack. Welding requires metals that are thicker—and therefore heavier—than those required for adhesive bonding. With the shift from heavy metals to alternate metals and composites, adhesives are increasing in popularity. Our presentation will cover these five reasons to use an adhesive like LORD 850/25GB instead of traditional fasteners to assembly EV battery boxes:
• Chemical Containment
• Material Strength and Integrity
• Manufacturing Efficiency and Cost
• Increased Vehicle Performance
• Health and Safety
NOW ON-DEMAND: Register below to watch a recording of the presentation and audience Q&A.
All Sessions: April 2022 Conference
Free EV Engineering Webinars
The sessions from our Spring 2022 Virtual Conference are now available to view on-demand. Register for a session below to watch the recording, download the presentation, and ask the speakers questions.
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Charles, thanks for the information you posted. Your post has given me the correct spelling for what we thought was Cashut which I now believe is Kaschau in today's Kosice (today's Slovakia). I do have a photo or 2 showing the medals and if you'd like, I'll email them to you if you send me your email address. I found a medal today that is probably the "elongated bell" I was referring to. It is not a bell (didn't think so) but is an emblem of some kind. The photo is at: http://www.bmonk.pecs.hu/index.html
After some more searching on the net, I find we were also spelling Baranya Megye incorrectly (we had Baranza). I see that Baranya and Megye are both referred to as counties. I would think that Baranya is the region since it is large and that Megye means counties within that region?
I have subscribed to several Roots-L lists and I appreciate you listing them. I've been to Cydi's List but not having much luck finding ships by country. I'll need to go through all the A-Z ships names. If you (or anyone else) know of a site that has ship's passenger lists from Hungary (or Austria), that would be a big help. This ancestor is also of Italian heritage.
Joseph Tomas TOLMICH/TALMACH, TALMADGE was born somewhere in Turkey. Also trying to find data for him in Turkey (birth), Hungary (lived), Austria (military), New Mexico (Civil War)and Colorado (Army, death) - wow, that is a lot of research.
TURKEY: Symbol is TR and is part of RE - Russian Empire
Cassovia (it), Kaschau (de)
Kosice (sk) m AH SK Kassá (hu),
Kosice (cz, sk), Koszyce (pl)
Êîøèöå (ru) Cassovia (it), Kaschau (de)
de = German
it = Italianhttp://www.p.lodz.pl/I35/personal/jw37/EUROPE/europe.html#K
Jane a/k/a Pioneer Woman
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You may need endodontic surgery at some point in your life. Even if you have good oral hygiene, neglect can happen. Busy schedules and life’s demands often prevent you from brushing and flossing properly. This is what triggers the onset of dental issues. By this time, endodontic surgery may be necessary. If you want to…
Endodontists Specialize in Treating Dental Trauma Such as a Tooth Fracture
For serious damage to a tooth, an endodontist is the right professional to see. This dentist focuses on repairing trauma caused by accidents and injuries. If you have never been to an endodontic office, you may feel some nervousness and anxiety. It is helpful to understand what will take place during this visit and how the dentist can help. There are a variety of treatments available to restore your smile and health.
More about what an endodontist is and does
A professional who practices endodontics is a dentist who completes a bachelor’s degree and graduates from an accredited dental school. After finishing these studies, the dentist will do a few more additional years of study and training in endodontics. This will include both coursework and hands-on work. An endodontist works with patients who are suffering from tooth pain and trauma. These will often be symptoms of severe decay and infections. These dentists can also help with preventive measures.
Causes of tooth fractures
Teeth are made of a dentin and enamel layer, with the latter being the hardest substance in the body. Still, teeth can suffer damage from trauma. Fractures can occur when there is enough force. For example, a person could fracture a tooth from a hard blow to the face from an object. Biting into something hard such as candy or a utensil can break a tooth.
Teeth can also break when the person does not brush or floss properly. This lack of attention can weaken the enamel and cause the tooth to deteriorate. The fracture can occur to any tooth. Molars commonly break when there is widespread decay.
Performing a root canal
Normally, when a tooth fractures, part of the pulp is exposed. This leaves it susceptible to bacteria, which can cause tremendous pain and put the tooth at risk for infection. A root canal can remove any infection and clean out the tooth. The dentist starts by numbing the patient.
Once the patient feels comfortable, the dentist will drill into the tooth and remove the pulp. This chamber contains vessels, nerves, and other tissue. The endodontist will take out any infection and decay. Then, the dentist seals the tooth.
Placing a crown
Once the endodontist finishes the root canal, a crown will be necessary. The dentist will take X-rays and make impressions before placing a temporary crown over the broken tooth. Once the permanent crown is ready, the dentist will invite the patient back into the office. The crown will cover the broken tooth, protecting it from more damage and preventing additional decay or infection.
The right professional to relieve tooth pain
A broken tooth presents some difficult challenges. The fracture will affect your smile and could be embarrassing. But it could also cause pain and make your tooth prone to decay and infection. An endodontist can repair your tooth and make your smile whole once again. Make an appointment today if you have fractured a tooth.
Are you considering seeing an endodontist in the Santa Rosa area? Get more information at https://santarosaendodontics.com.
Check out what others are saying about our services on Yelp: Endodontist in Santa Rosa, CA.
Seeing an endodontist may be necessary if you have a fever and experience extreme tooth pain. Feeling a pus-filled lump or abscess in the gum line may also suggest a dental emergency. Another sign to watch out for is soreness when touching the tooth. Sensitivity to hot and cold foods and drinks is also a…
If you have sensitive teeth, an endodontist can help diagnose the pain. Many things can cause teeth sensitivity. If a patient likes to consume acidic foods and drinks, the tooth enamel may wear away. The acid can dissolve the enamel and expose the sensitive dentin layer. Other factors are aggressive brushing and tooth decay or…
Root canal therapy is often necessary to treat an infected tooth or a tooth that has deep decay. This restores the morphology and overall oral health of the tooth and can prevent tooth loss. Learning more about root canal therapy and the role that the procedure plays in general dentistry is helpful to determine if…
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Manual Machining Videos & more
The Lathe & Milling Machine Parts Description can be used to familiarize yourself with the various names of Lathe & Milling Machine Parts. They will be on the Final Exam.
The Pencil Holder Machining Instructions can be used to to familiarize yourself with the machining order and machining details. Reading ahead of the machining process will help to speed things up and help you finish your project on time.
The Machinery’s Handbook is also available to view. This handbook is very useful for Engineers and Machinist. It includes machining standards used in industry, important information on gears and other topics. Homework will be assigned to you to give you experience in utilizing the Machinery’s Handbook.
The Final Grade for the lab will consist of a final exam which will include questions on the machining process learned during the machining of your project both on the lathe and mill, questions on gear and other calculations coming from the homework assignment, identification of the lathe and mill parts, cutting tool identification and from your project grade.
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Jaw Surgery in Dogs & Cats
Pet jaw fractures result from either traumatic injury or a combination of periodontal disease followed by a traumatic injury. Periodontal disease can cause thin, weak jaw bones that fracture from very little stress or self-trauma (biting an object). Jaw fractures are often repaired employing oral surgical procedures to stabilize the fracture. Bone implant or bone augmentation procedures can be employed to aid fracture healing when necessary. Our goal is to save teeth and avoid further injury to teeth when treating jaw fractures.
Pet oral tumors that affect the jawbones often require surgery to excise or remove diseased bone associated with the tumor. For non-aggressive tumors / cancers partial bone removal and preservation of the jaws can often be achieved. Aggressive cancer requires removal of large amounts of the jawbone. While it is difficult for some pet owners to make a decision to remove part of their pet’s jaw it can be very rewarding when they see the outcome or result.
In order to determine the type of tumor or cancer, a biopsy and histopathological study by a qualified pathologist is be performed prior to surgery. In addition to veterinary radiographs (x-ray), biopsy helps determine an accurate diagnosis. Veterinary oncologists are often consulted to provide the best treatment plan and prognosis.
If your pet requires jaw surgery due to fracture or oral tumor, they will receive a thorough evaluation including veterinary radiographs allowing us to create an individualized treatment plan for your pet.
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LLM International and Comparative Private Law
Can a church be attacked if a sniper hid in the tower during an armed conflict? Having the Polish nationality, being tortured in a Thai prison, what rights do you have? Can you invoke them and how?
Human rights are of all times and places, they are just not recognized everywhere, nor interpreted the same in all countries. There are several human rights systems in place and, in some cases, it can leave victims and their lawyers in a situation where they have to choose which forum to go to or which system to choose to seek their justice.
In this programme, you will be trained in human rights at the international level, but also in international humanitarian law and other related fields of (international) law. You will learn about the different systems and how human rights are interpreted within these systems and in different countries.
- grade average: GPA of 2,75/4, 3,5/5, 7/10 or 70/100.
- knowledge minimum: basic knowledge of public international law, on a similar level as the course Public International Law, including some elementary human rights law and elementary knowledge of European Law
- previous education: LLB or equivalent.
- other admission requirements: Letter of motivation; two academic references; curriculum vitae.
This school offers programs in:
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http://www.lawstudies.com/LLM-International-Human-Rights-Law/Netherlands/RUG/
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- #edchat – the original chat and by far the fastest paced and hardest to keep up with. It features the best of the best and is one of the most popular chats. It is held on Tuesdays from 12-1pm and 7-8pm EST. It attracts educators from all over the world. You can find out more by clicking here.
- #digcit – is from one of my edu-heroes (Marialice Curran) focuses on global citizenship and digital literacy. Its goal is to encourage discussions with students, educators and parents on social responsibility, on and offline. Some topics include creative credit & copyright, digital footprints, online identity, privacy issues, information literacy, communication and digital etiquette. The discussion is on the second and fourth Wednesdays of the month from 7 to 8 pm ET. Find out more by clicking here.
- #satchat – one of my old haunts. an oldie but a goodie. It is fast paced and full of the best educators you can find on twitter. You can join #satchat every Saturday 7.30-8.30am ET. If mornings are not your thing, there is always #satchatwc (West Coast) at 10.30am ET and #satchatoc Friday night at 8pm ET – #satchatoc is popular with international educators. Click here for more information about #satchat.
- #sunchat – Fascinating discussions – similar to #satchat, you can find a plethora of spectacular educators sharing their knowledge and ideas as well as newbies to twitter chats. So many of my favourite ideas that I use in my professional career have come from this chat. You can find it 9-10am every Sunday morning EDT.
- #nt2t – NT2T stands for “New Teachers to Twitter”. It is an open chat for teachers who are new to twitter and a must visit to learn more about how to use twitter and chats more effectively. Full of veteran twitter users to support you and newbies just like you, it is a chat you just can’t miss. Learn to tweet, who to follow and access the very best resources to support teaching and learning. Join the #nt2t chat crew every Saturday 9-10am EDT. For more information, click here.
- #CollaborativePD – Join the Collaborative Professional Development movement! Every month, @JenWilliamsEdu, @spirrison, and @participate discuss how you are incorporating blended learning tools and ideas derived from other educators into your instruction and professional development. This chat is great if you are new to Twitter, or a seasoned social media maven. Ultimately, it’s about empowerment and self-discovery through the expansion of personal learning networks, and the ability to blend voices, concepts, and tools from all over the world. Every 3rd Wednesday of the month 8-8:30pm ET (30 min, 4Qs)
- #aussieED – One of the most exciting things to come out of Australia since Russell Crowe (or is he a kiwi?). #aussieED has quickly become the go-to chat for all Southern Hemisphere educators. The #aussieEd team consists of several Australian based educators who have a diverse range of skills and knowledge in Education. Their chats are on every Sunday at 8.30pm AEST (6.30am EDT). For more information, click here.
- #EngageChat – is a weekly chat session moderated by @DavisWelcome that focuses on engagement in schools. Every Friday evening at 8.00pm ET.
- #Edtechchat is a weekly Twitter chat about all things education technology related on Monday nights at 8 pm ET/5 pm PT. The purpose of the chat is to encourage participants to share ideas and best practices related to the meaningful use of education technology in the classroom. Weekly topics are as diverse as the field; past topics have included professional learning, digital citizenship, maker spaces coding, classroom management, getting stakeholder buy-in, social media, media literacy, content creation, collaboration, and more.
And I can’t leave without plugging my baby –> #whatisschool – (a little bit bias) an edchat space where people can express an unbiased response to questions about schooling, where educators have a voice in shaping the future through their experiences, recommendations and interests. This chat is moderated by myself and guests each week. You can join #whatisschool every Thursday at 7pm EDT, 6pm CDT (Fri 9am AEST, Fri 11am NZT) and all questions and archives from the past 10 weeks can be found here.
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The process of producing award winning English wines, is both an art, and a science.
Hattingley Valley Winery in picturesque Hampshire, use the traditional method for making their wines. A key element of their style is the subtle use of oak barrels to ferment a small proportion of the wines each year, as well as ageing on lees in stainless steel tanks. This helps to soften the wines before they go into bottles for the second fermentation.
The wine making team is made up of Emma Rice and Jacob Leadley, both of whom trained at Plumpton, Will Perkins who is currently studying there, and Zoe Driver, the UK’s first Winemaker Apprentice. The vineyard team is headed up by Lauren Merryfield and assisted by Thomas Birkett.
Since launching its first release in August 2013, Hattingley Valley has been recognised in competitions across the globe and developed into one of the most respected English sparkling wine producers in the country.
The team at Hattingley Valley vineyard who produce an outstanding wine explain how during their tours. From the grapes nurtured on Hampshire chalk, to the delicious sparkling wine made unique by the elegant touch of oak. The team have immense pride in their work and we are delighted that this has been recognised by so many international and national awards.
Greatest British eXclusive: An in-depth tour of their state-of-the-art winery for 2. Explaining the production processes involved to create traditional method sparkling wine followed by a tasting of their current range. Including a gift of their premium’ Duo’ wine set and premium accessories, OR choose a private guided tour for two!
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Ravensburger Science X Smartscope for ages 8 and up will let you use your smartphone or tablet to explore the amazing world of microscopics with Smartscope! Magnify your own finds, including water, sand, feathers, leaves, insects, and more, or study the objects on the included poster and follow along in the manual for fun facts about each. With a removable light source and sliding object tray with two levels of magnification, you’ll be able to scope out all kinds of objects in minute detail. The kit includes Base Plate, Housing, 2 Dials, Dial Shaft, Lens Holder, Object Tray, 2Magnifying Lenses, 2 Object Tray Rails, Lighting Window, Foam Plate, Lighting Unit, Screwdriver, 4 Screws, Tweezers, Petri Dish, Pipette, ObjectHolder, Cover Plate, Tablet Support, Pouch, 33” x 23” Poster, 2 Stickers, Detailed Instruction Manual.
My Opinion: This is a great discover kit for kids to see bugs features up close and personal and really learn more about Science and get them interested in nature around them.
To see more visit https://www.ravensburger.com/us/shop/new/crafts-science/science-x-smartscope-18936/index.html
Disclaimer: I was in no way compensated for this review and this is solely my own opinion which may differ from yours.
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versión On-line ISSN 1816-7950
versión impresa ISSN 0378-4738
GUSH, MB. Measurement of water-use by Jatropha curcas L. using the heat-pulse velocity technique. Water SA [online]. 2008, vol.34, n.5, pp.1-5. ISSN 1816-7950.
In response to the proposed introduction of the potential bio-diesel species Jatropha curcas (Linnaeus) to South Africa, field experiments were conducted to investigate its likely water-use impacts relative to other forms of vegetative land use. As no existing water-use data could be found for this species worldwide, sap flow in Jatropha curcas trees was measured continuously for a 17-month period at two sites in eastern South Africa. These consisted of young (4-year-old) trees at a relatively wet site and mature (12-year-old) trees at a dry site. The heat-ratio method of the heat-pulse technique was utilised, together with measurements of meteorological variables and soil water. Sap- flow rates varied according to tree age, season, prevailing meteorological conditions, and soil moisture levels. Peak sap-flow rates occurred during the warm wet summer months, but due to the deciduous nature of the species, water use was negligible during winter. Scaled-up sap-flow measurements resulted in estimates of total annual transpiration of 1 983 ℓ (147 mm) for a 4-year-old J. curcas tree, and 4 884 ℓ (362 mm) for a 12-year-old J. curcas tree. The study concluded that the J. curcas trees studied were conservative in their water use, and were unlikely to transpire more water than indigenous vegetation types of the area.
Palabras clave : heat ratio method; sap flow; transpiration; water resource impacts.
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About this book
The commemoration of the Easter Rising centenary in 2016 posed the key question of whether - leaving aside the revolutionary decade (1913-1923) - it was appropriate to talk about a “revolutionary Ireland”.
The revolutionary decade brought about a change of governance and led to Ireland’s independence, but the new Irish Free State fell short of the proclaimed intentions of the imagined republic.
The new state veered away from the influence of labour and socialism to become an institutional replica, and a staunchly socially conservative one, of the British system.
It was only from the 1960s onwards that Irish society started to open itself up to more liberating social practices and patterns.
This volume offers entirely new work which highlights the historical moments at which it would be possible to talk about a political or social revolution in Ireland, while also considering that in the years when Ireland became “the Celtic Tiger”, certain social involutions took place.
The contributors include independent researchers who write about their topics within a theoretically informed, scholarly, framework. Yet it is precisely their independence from academia that provides their chapters with fresh and multidisciplinary perspectives. Others are well established scholars. It is precisely the wealth of approaches and of disciplines (history, sociology, film studies and literary studies) that enriches the volume and broadens the scope.
This volume discusses the idea of revolution in Ireland from a multi- and inter-disciplinary perspective. It covers, on the one hand, the political revolution, mainly the Easter Rising 1916, and on the other the social transformations that the country underwent following the claims for civil rights and the sexual revolution of the late 1960s both in the USA and Europe. Changes in Northern Ireland resulting from the cease fire declaration of the IRA in 1994 are also examined.
The kind of state – its conservative political regime and social configuration – that emerged after independence points towards the potentially oxymoronic nature of the phrase “revolutionary Ireland.” Yet Ireland’s European location has made the country easily permeable to external influences. These, when allied with Ireland’s process of modernisation, managed to rupture social strictures. Yet, while patterns in religious practice, gender roles and sexuality have inexorably moved towards much more liberal standards, during the decade known as “Celtic Tiger Ireland” the country experienced an involutionary process as regards racism and discrimination against emigrants and asylum seekers.
These studies approach the Easter Rising and the revolutionary period from different perspectives and methodologies: archival research, oral history, postcolonial analysis of documentaries on the Easter Rising, critical discourse analysis of witness statements and research into gendered violence in the Easter Rising aftermath. From this history-based section, the volume shifts to social and cultural issues mainly as refracted and articulated through literature and film: the ground breaking literary work of Edna O’Brien, the shifting grounds for masculinity in Roddy Doyle’s The Van, the radical changes in cinematic representations of the Northern Troubles following the IRA’s cease fire, Evelyn Conlon’s vindication of women’s historical voices and presence, and research into Direct Provision Centres. The volume ends with an interview to political activist and page and performer poet Sarah Clancy and the inclusion of two unpublished poems by her.
Preface: Gerardine Meaney
Introduction: Constanza del Río and José Carregal
Part One: The Historical Facts
The Military Service (1916-1923) Pensions Collection: Evidence of a Revolution and New Perspectives:
Cécile Gordon and Robert McEvoy
Ireland’s Revolutionary Years 1916-1923: An Oral History Record:
Violence against Women in Munster and Connacht in the Irish War of Independence, 1919-1921:
Thomas Earls FitzGerald
Resurrecting the Rebellion: A Postcolonial Reading of Two Historical Documentaries on the Easter Rising:
“We have not Committed any Sin”: A Corpus-Based Critical Discourse Analysis of a Female Witness Statement of the Easter Rising:
Mariana Vignoli Figueroa
Part Two: Social transformations
Politics, Sex and Land through the Lens of Exile in the Novels of Edna O'Brien:
Amor Barros-del Río
Evelyn Conlon’s “What Happens at Night” (2014): Revolution, Art and Memory Practices:
The Changing Status of Wounded Masculinity in Colm Tóibín’s Ireland:
José M. Yebra:
Direct Provision and Asylum Archive: Power and Surveillance:
Northern Irish Revolutionary Cinema: From Thriller to Comedy:
Interview with Sarah Clancy: Poetry and Social Activism
New Poems by Sarah Clancy
Notes on Editors and Contributors
About the author
Constanza del Río is Senior Lecturer in Irish and British literature at the University of Zaragoza, Spain. Her research centres on the contemporary Irish novel and on critical theory. She has written and published articles on Flann O’Brien, William Trevor, Jennifer Johnston, Patrick McCabe, Kate O’Riordan, Eilís Ní Dhuibhne, Sebastian Barry and Seamus Deane. She has been working within the field of Trauma Studies and is now moving into Affect Theory. She has been commissioned to write a chapter for the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish Fiction on the contemporary Irish novel and Trauma Studies. She is co-editor of Memory, Imagination and Desire in Contemporary Anglo-American Literature and Film (Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, 2004) and of Traumatic Memory and the Ethical, Political and Transhistorical Functions of Literature (London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017).
José Carregal Romero is Assistant Lecturer at the University of Huelva, Spain. He was awarded his PhD tiltled "Contemporary Redefinitions of the Irish Family in Colm Tóibín's Fiction" by the University of Vigo where he was a Doctoral and then post-Doctoral Fellow for five years. His dissertation was awarded the Inés Praga Terente Award by the Spanish Association of Irish Studies (AEDEI) in 2017 and the 2017 PhD Dissertation Award from the University of Vigo. He has published many articles and a number of book chapters.
“Revolutionary Ireland covers a century of Irish history that is marked by major political, social and cultural change. Employing a variety of methodologies including historiography, post-colonialism, gender studies, discourse analysis, archival material, TV documentaries and literary criticism, the book provides a truly transdisciplinary analysis of the forces that shaped Ireland between the 1916 Rising and 2016, at which point the country seemed to be emerging from the ashes caused by the collapse of the Celtic Tiger. This book will appeal to a wide audience and will inform and entertain in equal measure.' - Professor Eamon Maher, Director, National Centre for Anglo-Irish Studies, Institute of Technology, Tallaght.
“The city of Zaragoza and its University hosted the XV International AEDEI Conference in 2016 on the centenary of the Easter Rising of 1916 and the revolutionary decade (1913-1923). This associated, interdisciplinary volume includes compelling contributions from historians and sociologists, and scholars analysing contemporary literary representations of the Irish revolution. The relationship between the past and present in key arenas - violence, gender, asylum, history, archives, politics, literature and culture - is illuminated by the exemplary scholarship and new original research provided in the text. Fundamentally, this collection represents a critical intervention in interdisciplinary Irish studies in a moment of contested commemoration and remembrance.” - Professor Linda Connolly, Director, Maynooth University Social Sciences Institute.
Edward Everett Root Publishers Co. Ltd.
Revolutionary Ireland, 1916-2016
Historical Facts & Social Transformations Re-assessed
Constanza del Río & José Carregal (eds.)
Find out more about this series - read here...
Copyright © Edward Everett Root Publishers Co Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Cargo type Machinery
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A popular variant of a web lashing is the so called Rollash. The Rollash has a loop in the long end that easily can be fixated around an axle without using a sling.
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Financial businesses earnings that’s promoting financial products will be familiar with danger
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Money is a commodity that is traded in the market just like any other commodity. Traders come together to negotiate the price of money market instruments and foreign currency, and the terms of those transactions, either on their own behalf or for their customers. In this Course, you will learn how the money markets operate and you will be introduced to its components, language and terminology. When you complete the Introduction to Money Markets, you will be able to: • Recognize the main characteristics of the domestic and foreign money markets. • Recognize how the Treasury manages the bank's cash flows using the money markets. Calculate interest rates in its various forms and recognize how money is transacted in the mar
To view this DRM protected ebook on your desktop or laptop you will need to have Adobe Digital Editions installed. It is a free software. We also strongly recommend that you sign up for an AdobeID at the Adobe website. For more details please see FAQ 1&2. To view this ebook on an iPhone, iPad or Android mobile device you will need the Adobe Digital Editions app, or BlueFire Reader or Txtr app. These are free, too. For more details see this article.
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Private Causal Inference
Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, PMLR 51:1308-1317, 2016.
Causal inference deals with identifying which random variables ”cause” or control other random variables. Recent advances on the topic of causal inference based on tools from statistical estimation and machine learning have resulted in practical algorithms for causal inference. Causal inference has the potential to have significant impact on medical research, prevention and control of diseases, and identifying factors that impact economic changes to name just a few. However, these promising applications for causal inference are often ones that involve sensitive or personal data of users that need to be kept private (e.g., medical records, personal finances, etc). Therefore, there is a need for the development of causal inference methods that preserve data privacy. We study the problem of inferring causality using the current, popular causal inference framework, the additive noise model (ANM) while simultaneously ensuring privacy of the users. Our framework provides differential privacy guarantees for a variety of ANM variants. We run extensive experiments, and demonstrate that our techniques are practical and easy to implement.
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The news must have been a blow to Hank Asher. His company, Seisint, had been peddling its Matrix computer database to police agencies across the land. It was designed to search vast records -- everything from criminal histories to consumer preferences and fishing licenses -- to help police hunt criminals and terrorists.
By the time the letter was sent in May 2003, Matrix had access to 30 billion pieces of data. It still wasn't enough. Asher hoped to make Matrix the largest, most powerful database of its kind, eventually drawing records from every state in the union.
But with a behemoth like Texas pulling out, the entire project was threatened. After all, a database is only as good as the records it holds. And other states would be less inclined to buy into it if the biggest among them were missing.
Caskey didn't care. He worried about spending $1.6 million annually on Matrix when Texas already faced a $3 billion deficit. He also smelled a con. Why, he wondered, should Texas send all its records "at our expense to a private company to sell back to us"?
Other states wondered the same.
When Matrix went national in 2002, 16 states agreed to take part. Most have since bailed. Like Texas, they worried about the program's cost. They also worried about running afoul of the Constitution -- and Asher's criminal history. Now, only five states remain in the program. Ohio Attorney General Jim Petro is one of just a handful of elected officials still committed to Matrix. And this month, he's prepared to seek over $2 million a year from taxpayers to pay for it.
The problems with Matrix began even before it was conceived. Prior to entering the data-collection business, Asher piloted planes loaded with cocaine into Florida. He later admitted membership in a smuggling ring that brought over $150 million worth of coke to the United States in a single year. But he was able to walk on the charges by ratting out his friends in cases in Gainesville and Chicago.
Next, Asher founded a series of database companies. One, DBT Online, played a crucial role in Florida's controversial 2000 presidential election. The company was hired in 1998 to remove convicted felons from the state's voting rolls. It wound up "scrubbing" about 8,000 voters who had never been convicted of felonies. Somewhat suspiciously, they were mostly blacks who vote overwhelmingly for Democrats.
When Asher created Matrix in 2001, he committed two early blunders. First, he named his brainchild after the popular film in which computers control the earth by sucking the life out of humans. "The number-one issue here is the name," says Jim Canepa, Ohio's chief deputy attorney general. "Because it's electronic, people freak out."
The second was Asher's now-infamous "terrorist quotient." In the weeks after the World Trade Center attacks, Asher tried to sell Matrix to the Department of Justice. He boasted of creating a profile of a potential terrorist, then using Matrix to check that profile against billions of records. Asher developed a list of 419 potential suspects, six of whom turned out to be among the September 11 hijackers. The results were so impressive that the Department of Homeland Security gave Asher $8 million to run a pilot project through March 2005.
Unfortunately, since Asher's methods involved searching the private records of millions of people without a specific reason to suspect anyone, it amounted to profiling, which is illegal. The Fourth Amendment bars police from investigating people without first having probable cause and getting a search warrant.
"They can do huge searches about your life, about my life, about our families, without ever getting a warrant," says ACLU lawyer Carrie Davis. "That's a scary prospect."
The last two years have seen various attempts to cleanse Matrix's reputation, with varying success. Asher was forced to sell his interest in Matrix and Seisint after his smuggling past was discovered by a Florida newspaper. Last summer, Lexis Nexis of Dayton bought Seisint for $775 million.
But by then, only a few states remained interested.
Petro believes Matrix still can help detectives find potential suspects in minutes, rather than requesting information from distant states and waiting weeks for a reply.
Then again, the value of a national database remains to be seen, especially when most of the nation isn't participating. Now that most states have dropped out, Ohio will also have to pay substantially more -- likely over $2 million a year -- to keep Matrix running. "It's a very expensive program," says Davis. "And all these records are already out there and accessible to law enforcement."
Petro's pro-Matrix stance has made him a punching bag for civil libertarians, who warn that Matrix will trample privacy rights. Seisint says Matrix has been stripped of its power to run continuous searches without probable cause. "The concept of profiling is unacceptable and inappropriate, so the direction of the program has changed," Canepa says.
But given law enforcement's history of occasionally skirting the law, civil liberties groups aren't buying it. "How do we know they're telling the truth?" asks Kary Moss, executive director of the Michigan ACLU, which is suing the Michigan State Police over its participation in Matrix. "They're doing this without any checks and balances, without any oversight whatsoever."
Canepa understands the fears of Big Brother, but he believes they can be overcome. "This is not a popular thing," he says. "You either have backbone and demystify it to the critics, or you bail out. Jim Petro is not recoiling or bailing out."
Yet one man's backbone is another man's folly. Even if he can convince Ohioans that he won't be spying on them -- or spending millions on another flawed database -- Petro still must convince members of his own party that it's worth the price tag.
Legislators are already looking to bridge a $4 billion budget gap. And when the federal government's money for Matrix runs out this month, lawmakers may not be keen on using their own. "If we want to spend an additional $2 million on the Matrix system, we'd have to find the money somewhere else," says state Senator Gary Cates, a West Chester Republican who sits on the Senate Finance Committee. "We can't just pull the money out of thin air."
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Programs and Degrees
Are you driven to:
- improve the lives of families?
- understand how culture, community, and government systems affect families and create innovative solutions to improve these systems?
- investigate some of the most pressing challenges facing families and communities with cutting edge research?
An undergraduate, master's, or doctoral degree in Family Social Science will prepare you to use research to discover and apply knowledge, build communication skills, and develop as a lifelong learner and effective leader.
Our faculty are mentors, renowned researchers, and committed teachers who are focused on your success.
The Family Social Science Department is a collaborative and supportive community devoted to family research, theory, therapy, and education. We partner and consult with families, communities, and organizations to address psychological, cultural, social, and economic issues affecting families locally, nationally, and globally.
If you have a passion for helping people, this multi-disciplinary undergraduate major will develop your counseling skills and prepare you to understand human relationships across the lifespan. Your coursework will include internships, directed research, or fieldwork.
Enhance your major with a minor that will give you a fundamental understanding of parents, children, and couples from multiple social science perspectives. You have a choice of four options, including coursework that will prepare you for a for a career in family financial counseling as an Accredited Financial Counselor.
A Master's in Family Social Science will prepare you for an advanced degree in Family Social Science or a related field with the option to complete the program with a thesis or a project.
You may also apply for the combined M.A./Ph.D. admission if you do not already have a master's degree.
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The 1st International Workshop on the Quality of Geodetic Observation and Monitoring Systems (QuGOMS'11)Springer International Publishing 2014; US$ 129.01
These proceedings contain 25 papers, which are the peer-reviewed versions of presentations made at the 1 st International Workshop on the Quality of Geodetic Observation and Monitoring (QuGOMS?11), held 13 April to 15 April 2011 in Garching, Germany. The papers were drawn from five sessions which reflected the following topic areas: (1) Uncertainty... more...
- CRC Press 2014; US$ 94.95
This sourcebook comprises a series of short papers on topical issues and applications of GIS, as well as directories listing useful information on geographic information in the UK. A wide range of expertise drawn from the GI community in the UK, including the Automobile Association, the Ordnance Survey, local authorities, software vendors and consultants,... more...
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2008; US$ 204.27
Terrain analysis has been an active study field for years and attracted research studies from geographers, surveyors, engineers and computer scientists. With the rapid growth of Geographical Information System (GIS) technology, particularly the establishment of high resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEM) at national level, the challenge is now... more...
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2009; US$ 204.27
This volume presents a state-of-the-art overview of ongoing GIScience research. It covers basic GIScience research themes as well as ongoing research on technological advancements and applied research on environmental modeling and management. more...
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2007; US$ 193.52
The GeoInfo series of scientific conferences is an annual forum for exploring research, development and innovative applications in geographic information science and related areas. This book provides a privileged view of what is currently happening in the field of geoinformatics as well as a preview of what could be the hottest developments and research... more...
- Springer Netherlands 2008; US$ 267.71
It collects the review papers of the 9th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing (ISPMSRS). It systematically summarizes the past achievements and identifies the frontier issues as the research agenda for the near future. It covers all aspects of land remote sensing, from sensor systems, physical modeling,... more...
- CRC Press 2012; US$ 186.95
Advances in Mapping from Remote Sensor Imagery: Techniques and Applications reviews some of the latest developments in remote sensing and information extraction techniques applicable to topographic and thematic mapping. Providing an interdisciplinary perspective, leading experts from around the world have contributed chapters examining state-of-the-art... more...
- CRC Press 2007; US$ 132.95
The growing market penetration of Internet mapping, satellite imaging and personal navigation has opened up great research and business opportunities to geospatial communities. Multi-platform and multi-sensor integrated mapping technology has clearly established a trend towards fast geospatial data acquisition. Sensors can be mounted on various platforms,... more...
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2012; US$ 193.52
Containing selected papers from the 14 th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, this book offers a cross-section of cutting-edge research currently under way, and features topics ranging from digital cartography to GIS for sustainable development. more...
- Springer International Publishing 2015; US$ 93.53
This book presents a selection of conference contributions from CARO?13 (Conference on Aerospace Robotics), which was held in Warsaw from July 1 to 3, 2013. It presents the most important and crucial problems of space automation in context of future exploration programs. These programs could involve such issues as space situational awareness program,... more...
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| 0.858335
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Emma Maskell-Ludlow explains how high expectations and some technical know-how have made a huge difference to her pupils with PMLD
Being very excited about the prospect of having a class consisting of students with profound and multiple learning difficulties (PMLD), I started the 2017/18 school year at our special school with great enthusiasm. I followed the usual model for PMLD students, with a sensory curriculum focused mainly on improving communication and functional movement, and I introduced a new assessment system that we found to be effective at assessing students on achieving skills that would be useful to them in the future. I have always followed the least dangerous assumption, which is that children with PMLD understand everything but cannot yet tell us.
Things were going well and every student had personalised targets that they all made progress towards. But then things started to get even more exciting; after a taste of being able to control things with switches and simple voice-output communication aids (VOCAs), my students wanted more. And I found out, as I’d suspected for years, that each student had a far better understanding of the world around them than people assumed. The next step was to unlock them.
I enlisted the help of our school’s speech and language therapist, Helen Dixon, to see if some of my ideas for different students were appropriate. Helen explained how each idea might work in practice and encouraged me to try them out. So I trialled lots of different methods of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) with each student until I found one that worked for them.
Opening up communication
Learning the different AAC methods took time and patience from my class team as well as from the students themselves – especially finding ways for them to access the devices using different pieces of physio equipment – but the results were beyond anyone’s expectations. Using trial devices with access methods for auditory scanning, touch-to-talk and eye-gaze, non-verbal students thought to be cognitively well below their age told us things on a par with their verbal peers. In six months, we went from students who just used yes/no eye pointing and selecting objects to make a choice, to a situation where we were requesting funding for three of them to have their own VOCA.
A fourth student in my class also met the criteria to get her own eye gaze system but, sadly, she has now passed away. Before this happened though, she showed the world how intelligent she was; despite being the most profoundly physically disabled child in the class, she picked up the new technology the quickest and could tell us when she needed medical interventions before it was visibly obvious; she could ask us to put on her favourite films, tell us what she liked and disliked, ask for more of an activity, tell us how she felt and let us know how we could help her if she was uncomfortable. We showed her how to use the “rest” function and the “clear” button on the device, and after one demonstration, she could do it whenever she needed to. She could also play computer games with her eyes, which she really enjoyed. I fondly remember the time when I asked her if another student could borrow the device for five minutes and her initial reaction was “no”, followed by a disapproving look. After reasoning with her, she then said “Maybe,” and when I said “you can have it to play games with straight afterwards”, she finally said “Yes”. This young lady who needed help with every aspect of her life finally had a voice and used it to gain some control over what happened to her.
After almost two academic years since our PMLD class came together for the first time, the students now have much greater power to control what happens to them. They can provide opinions, ask questions, comment on things, tell us how they are feeling, let us know when they are tired or unwell, and so much more. One young lady, armed with two switches, answered yes/no questions that showed her understanding was way beyond what medical experts had always said. One day several months ago, she helped to choose her own outfit; her carer showed her a series of subtly coloured outfits that she thought suited the day, and after every one, the young lady raised her “no” arm and looked cross. When the carer showed her a brightly coloured outfit, however, she gave a beaming smile and raised her “yes” arm. This young lady currently finds it more difficult to raise her arms and gets frustrated when she can’t use them to say “yes” or “no”, so we are working on helping her learn some alternative yes/no responses so that she can still use auditory scanning.
A young man in the class has absolutely flourished over the past two years and uses his eye gaze device both at school and at home. He recently said “I love my mum” to his mother for the first time ever, because he had the means to voice this. He also brought us all to tears by telling us how much the passing of another of his classmates affected him. Despite having a vocabulary limited to what is currently on his device, he found a way to tell us how sad he felt, how much he liked his friend and how difficult he was finding the situation. It’s hard to imagine what it must have been like for him before he was enabled to express his emotions.
Another young lady who now has her own eye gaze device enjoys using it to interact with people at home and school, and she has recently discovered how to take selfies. She even chose her own voice with the help of her twin sister; it sounds very regal and she loves it.
Perhaps it is time to phase out the PMLD label, which carries with it low expectations and assumptions about poor cognitive impairment. Maybe the phrase “complex access needs” would better suit these young people, because many of them can learn on a par with their peers if they are given a chance; they can do so much more than so many people think they can.
I would strongly encourage anyone who works with students under the broad umbrella of PMLD, to do as my inspirational speech and language therapist colleague suggested and just try things out. Be creative, try lots of different types of AAC, and find ways to help individuals overcome their access barriers. There is nothing to lose and everything to gain. Technology, professionals with sky-high expectations willing to take risks, and unwavering support from families is all it took for my students to have a voice; now everyone can hear them roar.
About the author
Emma Maskell-Ludlow is a class teacher at Sandside Lodge School in Cumbria, a special school for pupils with learning difficulties, many of whom have additional and complex needs.
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Choosing a modern name for the little one is an important task. Plus, it’s quite exciting for the expecting couples to make a list of names for the new member. By the time the baby is born, you must have decided different names for the little one and your family and friends might also have suggested some. If you feel that those names are just not reaching your heart and sound too backdated, here’s a list of modern Indian baby boy names.
We have also added the meaning of the modern names for boys so that you can make an informed decision. Scroll through the list to find the right one for your baby boy.
List Of Top Modern And Stylish Names For Baby Boys
If you are looking for some of the modern Indian names, you are at the right place for sure. Here’s a list of modern baby boy names:
Aaban – A name of the angel.
Aadavan – This name refers to the sun.
Aagney – Someone who is born from fire.
Aakaar – This name refers to a shape.
Aakav – This name means a “form or shape.”
Aamirah – An inhabitant.
Aashman – The son of the sun.
Abbot – The father.
Abhibhava – Someone who is victorious.
Abhimand – Someone who is gladdening.
Adair – To be fortunate and powerful.
Ajinkya – Someone who cannot be defeated.
Alec – The defender of mankind.
Alif – It refers to the first character in Hijaiyah.
Amr – It is an Arabic name.
Aranya – This name means forest.
Aubrey – This name means power.
Balamohan – Someone who is attractive.
Barun – The lord of the sea.
Bashir – Someone who is a harbinger of good and positive things.
Bhadrak – Someone handsome, brave, and kind.
Bishr – This name means joy.
Brahmadutt – This name is dedicated to the lord Brahma.
Bryant – Someone who is strong and powerful.
Chahel – Someone who is cheerful and happy.
Chaitya – One who is perceivable.
Chandramauli – Someone who wears the moon on head.
Charun – Someone who has beautiful eyes.
Chitral – It means a variety of colours.
Chitrarath – Another name for the sun.
Cole – The prince of red roses.
Connor – This name means over of hounds.
Cordero – The lamb.
Daiwik – The grace of God.
Daniel – The God.
Danish – To be forgiving and merciful.
Deekshant – The gift of God.
Deveshwar – Another name for Lord Shiva.
Dhir – One who values patience and persistence.
Ebadaah – This name means prayer to the omniscient Allah.
Ehit – One who’s “ever-smiling.”
Ekachith – A person with just one mind.
Ekadant – It is another name of Lord Ganesha.
Erish – Cherishable.
Fanishwar – Another name for the lord of Serpents.
Faaris – Horseman or knight.
Fintan – An Irish name that means “white fire”.
Fravash – Angelic.
Frey A name with Scandinavian origin and means the “exalted one.”
Fuad – The heart.
Gadin – A name of lord Krishna.
Garrett – This name means spear strength.
Garry – This name means a spear.
Grahish – The lord of the planets.
Granthik – This name means an astrologer or a narrator.
Gulzar – This name means a gardener.
Haarith – This name is derived from Arabic and means a ploughman.
Hariaksh – Another name for lord Shiva.
Harin – Something pure.
Harishva – Another name for lord Shiva.
Haroon – The name of a prophet.
Henley – Something that is “high clearing.”
Horatio – A timekeeper.
Ibhanan – Another name for the Elephant God.
Idhant – One who is luminous and effervescent.
Iham – This name means “expected.”
Ikshan – This name means sight or superintendence.
Irish – The lord of the Earth.
Jaabir – It means a comforter.
Joshit – Something pleasing.
Jyran – This name means “lost love.”
Kahan – Another name for the lord Krishna.
Kanal – Something that’s shining.
Kanav – Something pleasant yet has a lot of depth.
Labeeb – It means sensible and intelligent.
Lakshan – It means auspicious marks.
Leon – Another name for lion.
Lathan – God-gifted.
Levi – It means to get attached.
Maharth – To be truthful.
Mahin – This name means “Earth.”
Manayu – To be devoted.
Mayin – Something derived from the Rig Veda.
Milo – A soldier.
Monty – A mountain belonging to the ruler.
Naksh – It means the moon.
Nakul – Another name for lord Shiva.
Naman – This name means good fundamental nature.
Nayan – This name means “the eye.”
Neer – This name means “water” in Sanskrit.
Omkar – Derived from the Hindu syllable “Om”, this name has religious sentiments to it.
Onain – This name means vision.
Orman – This name means a seaman.
Pathin – It refers to a traveller.
Phoenix – A Greek name that means “dark red.”
Posha – Prosperity.
Pravir – One who is brave.
Purav – This name means “the east.”
Qaisar – An “emperor.”
Qays – A name that has a resounding effect.
Rakshan – This name means protector.
Rathik – The rider of the chariot or loved one.
Remy – A French name that means “oarsmen.”
Rodas – A contemporary name that means “heaven and earth.”
Sabhya – Something that’s refined.
Sahas – This name means bravery.
Sahir – It is an Urdu name that means charming.
Salil – This name means water.
Sankalp – This name means “determination.”
Sarin – One who is helpful.
Taizeen – It means encouragement.
Tanay – This name means a son.
Taraksh – This name means a “mountain.”
Tarosh – Something heavenly.
Tavish – To be strong and energetic.
Udit – To rise.
Ved – A scripture or text.
Vihaan – This name refers to the time of dawn when the sun is rising.
Vyan – This name means “breath of life or giving.”
Vyom – The sky.
Vyas – This name originates from “Vyas,” a revered sage and scholar who compiled the Vedas, the Puranas, and the famous Mahabharata.
Vivek – Conscience.
Vivaan – Another name for lord Krishna.
Waahid – This name refers to uniqueness.
Wuar – Fire.
Xander – To defend.
Yajvan – A Sanskrit name that means calm and peaceful.
Yuvan – It means healthy and young.
Yuvaan – Youthful.
Yashvir – One who is brave.
Yash – Success.
Yakshit – The Almighty.
Zev – This name means a deer or wolf.
These were some of the modern boy names to choose from.
Parents often look for modern Indian baby boy names starting with ‘d’ and modern boy names starting with ‘r’. Hence, we have created our list keeping in mind all such requests.
We hope that our list of modern names for baby boys help you to choose the perfect one for your little one. The name of your son can be indicative of who he will grow up to be and help instil qualities in little one indirectly.
If you want to have a look at more such modern name of boys, you can refer to the baby names finder.
For more tips on pregnancy and parenting, you can download the BabyChakra App, the best Apps for mom today. We wish you good luck as you embark on your journey to parenthood!
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- 05 May 2014
- Working Paper Summaries
Firms and the Economics of Skilled Immigration
Executive Summary — Firms play a central role in the immigration of skilled workers to the United States. In this paper the authors review the progress that has been made so far on understanding the impacts of high skilled immigration from the perspective of the firm. They discuss why an understanding of the economics of the firm is important, and emphasize the important degree to which firms internalize substitutions and complementarities over different worker groups and occupations. They then review recent academic work about firms and skilled immigration, and describe important areas for future research from both microeconomic and macroeconomic perspectives, respectively. Overall, the authors make clear that firms play an essential and active role in the skilled immigration process. In fact, the structure of the most important skilled immigration program allows firms to first choose the worker that they want to hire before the immigration to the United States occurs. The same importance is true for universities and students, who often become the workers later hired by firms (e.g., Stephan and Levin 2001, Stephan 2010). Given this policy framework, it is particularly valuable to understand exactly how these institutions choose to be a part of the immigration process, the role of the immigrants in their sponsoring institutions, and how these initial conditions persist for future assimilation of the immigrant. Key concepts include:
- The admission of high skilled workers is of deep importance to the United States, particularly with respect to fostering innovation.
- Some of the key arguments made about skilled immigration cannot be analyzed without departing from traditional frameworks of labor markets and focusing instead more specifically on firms.
- Firms, especially large and high-tech firms, have played a central role in this growth through their sponsorship of visas and effective selection of foreign workers.
- The structure of one of the most important skilled immigration programs is designed to allow firms to select the workers that they want to hire, rather than having these employees selected by the U.S. government.
- Economists have made tremendous strides over the past decade in identifying important unanswered questions about the impacts of skilled immigration. The development of greater data resources is the key next step for further progress on these important questions.
Firms play a central role in the selection, sponsorship, and employment of skilled immigrants entering the United States for work through programs like the H-1B visa. This role has not been widely recognized in the literature, and the data to better understand it have only recently become available. This paper discusses the evidence that has been assembled to date in understanding the impact of high-skilled immigration from the perspective of the firm and the open areas that call for more research. Since much of the U.S. immigration process for skilled workers rests in the hands of employer firms, a stronger understanding of these implications is essential for future policy analysis, particularly for issues relating to fostering innovation.
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|Classification and external resources|
|ICD-10||L93 (ILDS L93.010)|
Lupus erythematosus is a name given to a collection of autoimmune diseases in which the human immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks healthy tissues. Symptoms of these diseases can affect many different body systems, including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs. The most common and severe form is systemic lupus erythematosus.
Of these, systemic lupus erythematosus (also known as SLE) is the most common and serious form.
- acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus
- subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus
- discoid lupus erythematosus (chronic cutaneous)
- childhood discoid lupus erythematosus
- generalized discoid lupus erythematosus
- localized discoid lupus erythematosus
- chilblain lupus erythematosus (Hutchinson)
- lupus erythematosus-lichen planus overlap syndrome
- lupus erythematosus panniculitis (lupus erythematosus profundus)
- tumid lupus erythematosus
- verrucous lupus erythematosus (hypertrophic lupus erythematosus)
- cutaneous lupus mucinosis
- complement deficiency syndromes
- drug-induced lupus erythematosus
- neonatal lupus erythematosus
- systemic lupus erythematosus
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms vary from person to person, and may come and go. Almost everyone with lupus has joint pain and swelling. Some develop arthritis. Frequently affected joints are the fingers, hands, wrists, and knees. Other common symptoms include:
- chest pain when taking a deep breath
- Joint pain
- Oral ulcer
- fever with no other cause
- general discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise)
- hair loss
- sensitivity to sunlight
- skin rash – a "butterfly" rash in about half people with SLE
- swollen lymph nodes
- change in autoantibody location
- inducing apoptosis with autoantigens in apoptotic blebs
- upregulation of adhesion molecules and cytokines
- inducing nitric oxide synthase expression
- ultraviolet-generated antigenic DNA.
- tumor necrosis factor alpha also seems to play a role in the development of photosensitivity.
It is typically believed that Lupus is influenced by multiple genes. Lupus is usually influenced by gene polymorphisms, 30 of which have now been linked with the disorder. Some of these polymorphisms have been linked very tentatively however, as the role that they play or the degree to which they influence the disease is unknown. Other genes that are commonly thought to be associated with Lupus are those in the Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) family, which are largely related to healthy functioning of the immune system. There have been several cases where a single gene influence appears to be present, but this is rare. When a single gene deficiency does cause Lupus, it is usually attributed to the genes C1, C2, or C4. The influence of sex chromosomes and environmental factors are also noteworthy. Usually, these factors contribute to Lupus by compromising the immune system.
Lupus can develop in any age but most commonly in ages 15 to 44 with varying results. Typically, the manifestation of the disease tends to be more acute in those affected who are of younger age. Women are more likely to get it than men. It is more common for a Native American, African, or Asian person to get Lupus than a Caucasian. Patients with juvenile onset Lupus in particular, are vulnerable to mucocutaneous (alopecia, skin rash, and ulceration of the mucus membranes) manifestations of the disease more so than any other age group. However, patients with late onset Lupus have a much higher mortality rate. Nearly 50% of those with late onset Lupus die of their affliction. This is most likely due to the age of the patients with late onset Lupus since the manifestation of their disease is much less severe than younger patients. Women who are of childbearing age are also particularly at risk.
Differences in ethnicity
Substantial data have been found to indicate that certain ethnic populations could be more at risk for Lupus Erythematosus, and have a better or worse prognosis. Asian, African, and Native Americans are more likely to get Lupus than Caucasians. Caucasians seem to generally have a more mild manifestation of the disease. Their survival rates after five years were typically around 94%-96%, while patients of African, and some Asian ethnicities had survival rates closer to 79%-92%. The only documented ethnicity that had a higher survival rate than Caucasians were Koreans, who had survival rates nearer to 98%. Among Caucasians, the most common causes of death were complications involving the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system and problems with malignancies.
Treatment consists primarily of immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids). In 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first new drug for lupus in more than 50 years to be used in the US, belimumab. In addition to medicative therapy, due to the psychological and social impacts that Lupus may have on an individual, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) has also been demonstrated to be effective in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression in lupus sufferers.
- an estimated 5 million people worldwide have some form of lupus disease.
- 70% of lupus cases diagnosed are systemic lupus erythematosus.
- 20% of people with lupus will have a parent or sibling who already has lupus or may develop lupus.
- about 5% of the children born to individuals with lupus will develop the illness.
- SLE affects UK females far more than males at a ratio of 7:1. In other words, females are seven times more likely to have the disease.
- The estimated number of UK females with SLE is 21,700, and the number of UK males with lupus is 3000—a total of 24,700, or 0.041% of the population.
- SLE is more common amongst certain ethnic groups than others, especially those of African origin.
- occurs from infancy to old age, with peak occurrence between ages 15 and 40.
- affects U.S. females 6 to 10 times more often than males.
- yields limited prevalence data. Estimates vary and range from 1.8 to 7.6 cases per 100,000 persons per year in parts of the continental United States.
- List of cutaneous conditions
- List of target antigens in pemphigoid
- List of immunofluorescence findings for autoimmune bullous conditions
- List of human leukocyte antigen alleles associated with cutaneous conditions
- Fitzpatrick, Thomas B.; Klauss Wolff; Wolff, Klaus Dieter; Johnson, Richard R.; Suurmond, Dick; Richard Suurmond (2005). Fitzpatrick's color atlas and synopsis of clinical dermatology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Pub. Division. ISBN 0-07-144019-4.[page needed]
- James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Disease of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. Chapter 8. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.[page needed]
- Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.[page needed]
- pmhdev. "Lupus - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health". PubMed Health.
- Scheinfeld, Noah; Deleo, Vincent A (2004). "Photosensitivity in lupus erythematosus". Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine. 20 (5): 272–279. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2004.00094.x. PMID 15379880.
- Kiriakidou, Marianthi; Cotton, D; Taichman, D; Williams, S (2013). "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". Annals of Internal Medicine. 159 (7): ITC4–1. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-7-201310010-01004. PMID 24081299.
- Feng, X.; Zou, Y.; Pan, W.; Wang, X.; Wu, M.; Zhang, M.; Tao, J.; Zhang, Y.; Tan, K.; Li, J.; Chen, Z.; Ding, X.; Qian, X.; Da, Z.; Wang, M.; Sun, L. (2013). "Associations of clinical features and prognosis with age at disease onset in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus". Lupus. 23 (3): 327–34. doi:10.1177/0961203313513508. PMID 24297642.
- Voss, A.; Laustrup, H.; Hjelmborg, J.; Junker, P. (2013). "Survival in systemic lupus erythematosus, 1995–2010. A prospective study in a Danish community". Lupus. 22 (11): 1185–91. doi:10.1177/0961203313498796. PMID 23873432.
- "Lupus Facts, Symptoms, Rash, Effects, Complications, and More." WebMD, n.d. Web. 6 October 2014. http://www.webmd.com/lupus/arthritis-lupus.
- "Lupus - Arthritis". CDC.
- Greco, Carol M.; Rudy, Thomas E.; Manzi, Susan (2004-08-15). "Effects of a stress-reduction program on psychological function, pain, and physical function of systemic lupus erythematosus patients: A randomized controlled trial". Arthritis Care & Research. 51 (4): 625–634. doi:10.1002/art.20533. ISSN 1529-0131.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20130629233204/http://www.lupus.org/webmodules/webarticlesnet/templates/new_newsroomreporters.aspx?articleid=247&zoneid=60. Archived from the original on June 29, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013. Missing or empty
- https://web.archive.org/web/20140201214415/http://www.arthritisresearchuk.org/arthritis-information/data-and-statistics/lupus.aspx. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2013. Missing or empty
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IT users and buyers don’t make decisions today the same way they did 10 or even two years ago. The explosive growth of social media and social networking tools has offered an entire universe of unfiltered peer insights and recommendations to consult when making IT decisions.
IT professionals now can gain market intelligence and insight from peers and experts through blogs and online user communities; they can provide direction in the design of new vendor solutions through vendor-based social media tools; and they can even demo and buy new solutions on community sites, streamlining the technology evaluation process.
Social Media Becomes Social Business
The increased use of social media among IT groups is propelling social networking tools to become broadly accepted business tools. According to a recent Forrester Research report, “As a source for answers to business problems they need to solve, and for the ability to tap into a broader network of peers, business decision makers are making greater use of social media for business purposes” (see Figure 1).1
A 2010 survey from SmartBrief found that the use of social media in the business environment has exploded in the past two years — to the point where more than 60% of US companies are now using social media: “Once just a way for individuals to connect and share with one another, social media has developed into a promising business tool.”2 In fact, the survey shows that after two or more years of experience with social media, companies start to confidently and purposefully use social media for specific business objectives. More than 50% of those companies “have a well-developed or fully developed social media strategy, which is further evidenced by the use of multiple platforms.”
||Business decision makers plan to use various forms of emerging social media and information sources to make educated purchase choices; the top source among respondents is “forums and discussion groups,” one of the strongest features of SAP Community Network
How SAP Customers Can Derive Business Value from Social Media
SAP has not only recognized and embraced the value of social networking for business, but also invested in it with the belief that it helps SAP customers maximize the value of their IT investments in ways that were not possible before. The expansive SAP Community Network (SCN), a key component of an SAP user’s social media universe, is a clear sign of that commitment. It is a social network for SAP professionals. Within customer organizations, it serves people in various roles, including developers, IT professionals, business analysts, purchase decision makers, and end users. It hosts the largest aggregation of SAP experts, partners, industry opinion leaders, and SAP employees collaborating to increase the return on customers’ SAP investments.
SAP Community Network is focusing its strategy and delivery of benefits on three key pillars of value for 2011: social innovation, social intelligence, and social commerce. Let’s take a closer look at each pillar.
Value #1: Social Innovation
Sustainable innovation must be a collaborative process.3 Software designed with social aspects and features can be an effective conduit to collaborative innovation for solution end users, IT professionals, and developers. Developers and product managers can tap into crowd-based ideas and innovation, while end users can gain insights from other users, experts, and vendors to address specific business challenges.
Perhaps the most practical example of how social media can help SAP users innovate collaboratively is Idea Place, a crowd-sourcing tool hosted by SAP that enables customers and partners to share input on SAP products already launched or currently in design or testing. On Idea Place on SAP Community Network, each team of product managers gets customer-driven input on specific projects for which SAP seeks feedback. The team reviews the input and, in many cases, incorporates it into new product designs.
Idea Place is an effective, direct method of using social media to solicit user feedback on products. Ideas with the most votes are prioritized for review by respective product or solution teams and will often get incorporated into future releases. SAP has received such useful input from this forum that it is building mechanisms to enable users to provide feedback directly through its products. Idea Place has already received over 1,400 ideas for improving a range of SAP solutions and products. The advantage of tapping into our existing SCN community of over 2 million members, combined with product teams implementing Idea Place as their primary feedback channel, enables SAP to embrace open innovation from the concept phase all the way to execution. You can submit your ideas in two categories: Products and Solutions and Services and Communities.
As another example of social innovation, we host Code Exchange, an area of SCN in which SAP developers and community members share code, templates, and tools, and collaboratively develop prototypes. Code Exchange is aimed at individual developers who want to showcase their ideas, solicit feedback from the SAP developer community at large, or find other developers who may want to join their project. The platform supports code and release management, online discussions and blogs, document management, and issue tracking. To learn more, visit www.sdn.sap.com/irj/scn/code-exchange.
Value #2: Social Intelligence
As budgets continue to be scrutinized, building a business case for an IT project is now more important than ever. Social media tools can provide IT users with a wealth of information to help them develop those business cases. According to a 2010 survey from Toolbox.com, more than 55% of IT professionals use social media to make better decisions based on insights from like-minded professionals.4
For SAP customers, SAP Community Network provides an effective starting point for gathering intelligence on specific projects. With more than 2 million members and 6,000 bloggers, SCN provides ample opportunity for customers to share knowledge and solicit input from other SAP users, internal SAP developers and executives, and the numerous SAP mentors when building their business cases (see Figure 2). Customers are also turning to the resources on SCN to educate their teams to help them make better decisions and work more efficiently. (See the sidebar for two examples of companies that benefited from the social intelligence available in the community.)
||IT professionals and business decision makers increasingly turn to SAP Community Network to connect, collaborate, and co-innovate
Value #3: Social Commerce
By seeking feedback from fellow SCN members, customers can learn about other companies’ experiences with products to reduce the time and effort needed to evaluate various solutions. When selecting a solution, customers have a reliable source — other SAP users — to help them assess whether a product would meet their needs.
And now, IT buyers are progressing beyond using social media just to gather opinions and information on new solutions; they are also using social media sites to demo and even purchase their IT solutions. It’s a logical extension. If IT users are researching products on community sites, it makes sense that vendors should be able to offer their solutions only a click or two away. In fact, vendors are increasingly viewing social media sites as a low-cost, highly convenient method of marketing and selling their solutions.
SAP EcoHub gives SAP customers that option. Along with accessing demos and customer reviews and ratings, companies can initiate the purchase of SAP and partner solutions on the site. SAP EcoHub has expanded to allow customers to review SAP service partners as well as software solutions.
SAP partner CyberSafe says one of its recent customers came to it via SAP EcoHub when the customer was seeking an SAP-certified single sign-on (SSO) solution. In mid-2010, the customer began researching SSO security products with a demo of a CyberSafe product on SAP EcoHub. As the customer considered the solutions available, the ability to access ratings and reviews from other customers on SAP EcoHub provided important insight. Knowing the company had scored 5-star ratings on all of the customer reviews online, as well as consulting with a CyberSafe reference customer, the customer was able to confidently decide to purchase CyberSafe’s TrustBroker Secure Client product on SAP EcoHub. The customer has since posted its own 5-star rating for the CyberSafe TrustBroker Secure Client solution online. You can access SAP EcoHub at http://ecohub.sdn.sap.com.
Social Business: The Road from Here
Clearly, social networking has entrenched itself as an important step in the software buying process for business decision makers. According to a 2010 study, 83% of business professionals polled said social media is “here to stay,” while a scant 9% view it as a “flash in the pan.”5
We encourage you to become a part of the robust information exchange taking place within SAP Community Network. You can increase the return on your company’s investment in SAP solutions, while benefiting from one of the most innovative dimensions of the SAP experience. Join the conversation at http://SCN.sap.com.
Mark Yolton (firstname.lastname@example.org) is Senior Vice President of SAP Community Network (SCN), the social network for SAP professionals. SAP Community Network uses social media tools and best practices to enable more than 2 million individual members to interact around the clock in more than 200 countries and territories. Mark can be found on Twitter: @MarkYolton.
1 Forrester Research, Inc., “When to Socialize Online with B2B Buyers” (December 2010). [back]
2 SmartBrief, “The State of Social Media for Business: Select Themes 2010” (June 2010). [back]
3 For insight into the importance of collaborative innovation, see the article by Steve Graham in this April-June 2011 issue of SAPinsider. [back]
4 Toolbox.com, “2010 Toolbox.com/PJA Social Media Index: Wave VI” (August 2010). [back]
5 The Counsel House and Pilotmax, “The Social Networking Report” (May 2010). [back]
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No. 99. Mengoon. Small bell in front of Pagoda.
Photographer: Tripe, Linnaeus
Medium: Photographic print
Photograph by Linnaeus Tripe, from a portfolio of 120 prints, with a view of a bell in front of the Mingun Pagoda, at Burma (Myanmar). In 1855 a British mission was sent to King Mindon Min of Burma to negotiate a settlement regarding Pegu, annexed by the British following the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852. Linnaeus Tripe was the official photographer on this mission, his pioneering architectural and topographical views of the country are an important photographic record. Mingun is located 11 kms upriver from Mandalay, on the opposite bank of the Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady). In 1790 King Bodawpaya (ruled 1782-1819) began the construction of a stupa at Mingun, intended to be the highest Buddhist monument in the world and to reach a height of 150 m. Only its base had been completed when the project was abandoned at the King’s death in 1819. This terrace is considered the biggest pile of bricks in the world. The imposing structure was much damaged in an earthquake in 1838. Bronze casting has an ancient tradition in Burma and bronze bells are an integral tool of spiritual ritual at Buddhist pagodas.
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Billy James Williams, Miller, Donnie K.
Bill J. Williams, Donnie K. Miller and Steven T. Kelly
Conservation tillage systems, including no-till and stale seedbed, require successful control of native winter vegetation or planted cover crops before planting. Some winter vegetation is easy to control, such as annual bluegrass and common chickweed, while others are difficult, including curly dock and ryegrass.
Glyphosate or paraquat form the backbone of most burndown programs in Louisiana. Few residual herbicides can be mixed with glyphosate or paraquat and applied in multiple crops. Goal and Direx are the main residual herbicides used in Louisiana, but they are limited to selected crops.
Valor (flumioxazin), a herbicide marketed by Valent, is one of just a few residual herbicides that can be tank-mixed with glyphosate or paraquat to improve burndown programs for cotton, soybean, corn, grain sorghum, rice, sugarcane and wheat. Valor efficacy and crop tolerance were evaluated in 2001 and 2002 at the Northeast Research Station near St. Joseph, La., on Commerce silt loam and Sharkey clay soils.
Selecting the optimum Valor rate depends on weed size and the level of soil residual needed:
Overall, Valor in combination with glyphosate or paraquat applied in February had the broadest spectrum and best residual control of winter vegetation when compared to mixtures with Linex, Direx, Aim, Clarity, Harmony Xtra or Goal. Research indicated that Valor is an excellent tool when burning down early and residual control are desired; however, 2,4-D, Clarity or Harmony Xtra may be better options on larger weeds where residual control is not an issue.
Soybeans and rice demonstrated the most Valor tolerance. Valor applied at 1 to 2 ounces per acre 30, 21, 14 and seven days before planting did not injure soybeans or rice.
Corn injury from Valor was strongly influenced by rainfall following emergence. In 2001, rain occurred four weeks after the corn emerged. Valor at 2 ounces per acre caused 10 percent injury when applied 30 days before planting and 35 percent injury when seven days before planting. However, within 10 days most of the visual corn injury had decreased to negligible levels and did not affect yield.
In 2002, visual corn injury was similar to that observed in 2001, but corn yield was reduced 22 and 52 bushels per acre when 2 ounces of Valor per acre was applied 14 and seven days before planting, respectively. Corn injury from Valor was generally higher (up to 40 percent) on the Sharkey clay than on the Commerce silt loam.
Rain occurred in grain sorghum in 2001 right after emergence. Valor at 2 ounces per acre caused 20 percent injury 30 days before planting up to 70 percent injury seven days before planting. As with corn, however, grain sorghum injury from Valor was short-lived.
In 2002, only 2 ounces per acre of Valor applied seven days before planting resulted in visual injury to grain sorghum. Valor did not affect grain sorghum heights, stands or yields in any trial.
In 2001, 2 ounces per acre of Valor injured cotton up to 63 percent when applied seven days before planting. Cotton yield was not influenced by Valor. In 2002, weather prevented the establishment of cotton tolerance trials.
Valor is labeled for preemergence use in soybean at 1 to 3 ounces per acre and can be applied anytime before planting. In cotton, corn, grain sorghum, sugarcane and rice, no more than 2 ounces per acre of Valor can be applied within 30 days of planting. Valor at 1 and 2 ounces per acre tank-mixed with paraquat or glyphosate improved the control of most winter weeds.
Some trials indicated that less than l ounce per acre of Valor could be used for weed control, but this rate did not produce consistent results. Some trials indicated that Valor could be applied as close as 21 days before planting cotton and corn, and possibly maybe even as close as 14 days before planting grain sorghum and rice. The severe injury in corn supports the 30 days before planting restriction on most crops.
Additional, research is under way to refine Valor rates and timings for improved crop tolerance. When applied as recommended, Valor is an excellent tank mix partner for glyphosate and paraquat and can be used safely on most row crops grown in Louisiana.
(This article appeared in the summer 2003 issue of Louisiana Agriculture.)
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Buying property at an auction does not necessarily guarantee that you’ll get a better deal. This is the sentiment of Skoko Sebola, Principal at Leapfrog Midrand, who shares that they are getting more enquiries about whether purchasing property at an auction is the way to bagging a bargain.
An auction is simply a public sale in which the property is sold to the highest bidder. “Historically banks used auctions to sell properties in cases where a court order authorised an execution sale but lately we’re seeing more sellers opting to have their properties auctioned,” Sebola says.
The onus is on the buyer to familiarise themselves with the process and ensure they do the necessary “homework” before making a bid, including:
- Obtain a copy of the conditions of sale and carefully study it
- Inspect the property as closely as possible
- Find out if the property is currently being leased
- Enquire about levies and rates in the case of a sectional title unit
In terms of the auction, bidders (thus prospective buyers) need to register their interest in participating along with paying a refundable deposit. If your bid is successful you need to pay 10% of the purchase price while the balance must be guaranteed within 30 days, though these details may differ from auction to auction. “Other costs to take into consideration include the sheriff’s commission in the case of a bank auction, as well as the auctioneer’s fee,” Sebola explains. The buyer is one responsible for outstanding rates and levies, and the onus is typically on the purchaser to evict tenants, which may also become costly and which is best done with the support of a trusted property advisor.
Generally, property sold on auction is sold “as is” – the so-called voetstoots – which means with its defects and issues, whether visible or not. “Unfortunately this means buyers have little recourse in the event of something going wrong, or discovering a problem after sale,” Sebola shares and adds that this is why it is crucial to do as many checks as possible and ask all the necessary questions.
The decision to purchase property, whenever on auction or otherwise, should never be taken lightly. “For a better deal all-round, ensure you understand what the transaction entails and work with a trusted property advisor to make the process smoother and more pleasant,” Sebola advises.
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SOUTH PORTLAND, Maine — The South Portland City Council on Monday evening approved a six-month moratorium on exporting oil sand crude, also known as tar sands, through the city’s port facilities.
The council voted 6-1 to approve the moratorium, which is retroactive and is now considered to have been in place since Nov. 6. City Councilor Michael Pock was the sole opposing vote, arguing that the moratorium is unfair to the oil industry, according to The Forecaster.
The moratorium, which will be in place until May 5, will give a council-appointed, three-member committee time to draft an ordinance that permanently bans the Portland Pipe Line Corp. from bringing tar sands from Montreal into South Portland along its 236-mile pipeline. The city is expected to vote on the ordinance in early May.
The Portland Pipe Line Corp. has operated the pipeline since World War II, though it has always carried crude oil from South Portland’s waterfront to Montreal for use by refineries in that region. Shifts in the global oil industry, some instigated by the rise of tar sands extraction in western Canada, have caused the company to contemplate reversing the flow of the pipeline to carry tar sands from Montreal to South Portland, where it would be loaded onto ships and exported to refineries around the world.
The company does not currently have official plans to reverse its pipeline, though CEO Larry Wilson has told the Bangor Daily News that the idea isn’t out of the question.
Opponents of tar sands, which some believe pose more serious health and environmental risks than crude oil, launched a pre-emptive campaign to block the company from moving ahead with any future plans. A citizen initiative to ban tar sands with a new city ordinance was narrowly defeated at the ballot box on Nov. 5. Many residents and the oil-related businesses in the city expressed concern that the ordinance was too broad and would yield unintended consequences for waterfront businesses.
“We are thrilled that South Portland has taken such a significant step to protect Casco Bay, our coast, our air quality, and our climate from tar sands,” Taryn Hallweaver, campaigns director for Environment Maine, said in a statement. “Never before has a U.S. community taken action that comes so close to stopping a trans-national tar sands pipeline. It’s a testament to what we can accomplish when citizens come together, even in the face of the oil industry’s deep pockets and enormous political influence.”
The vote came after just less than two hours of public comment, largely in favor of passing the moratorium, according to The Forecaster.
The American Petroleum Institute, a Washington, D.C., organization that lobbies on behalf of the oil industry, earlier this month threatened in a letter to the South Portland City Council that approving such a moratorium would spur legal challenges.
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© 1996 by Ronald Terry Constant
The Declaration of Independence is the founding document for the United States of America. The founding generation simply declared, through the pen of Thomas Jefferson, their independence from England and the reasons supporting their action. The document is concise and clear, and readers should have no problems understanding its simple message. However, from the very beginning of the nation, Americans have varied widely in their estimations of its place in American development and their interpretations of its meaning. As America enters an era seen as being "post-modern," Americans are more disparate in their views of the Declaration than in any other time in their history. Scholarship has devoted much effort to the Declaration, but, instead of clarifying understanding, it has multiplied the number of views. The dominant perspectives in approaching the Declaration are found in the areas of history, political theory, linguistics, and style. Each area of study and variations within each area yield different results when considering the Declaration. Though a comprehensive survey of all perspectives is beyond the scope of this paper, a brief and partial survey of current thought in each field will illustrate the differences in the fields when interpreting the Declaration.
In the last decade of the twentieth century, the Declaration of Independence is innately a historical document, and most discourses about it reflect a historical method to some degree. Three methodological schools—universalism, contextualism, and post-structuralism—encompass most efforts at historical interpretation. Universalism holds to the notion that a great text can transmit timeless ideas and transcendent truths. In explaining the universalist approach, John Patrick Diggins uses the metaphor of a pearl, reminiscent of a parable by Jesus of Nazareth. Diggins argues that we can appreciate the jewel without knowing the forces of nature that produced it. The pearl corresponds to an idea in a text. As a pearl continues to be a jewel when removed from the oyster that produced it, so an idea continues to have meaning outside of its originating context. Accordingly, universalists resist rigid adherence to context.
Contextualism stresses the formative context of a text and the intent of the original authors. Contextualists contend that universalists distort history and any valid understanding of a text. As an answer to the pearl metaphor, contextualists maintain that true meanings cannot be transferred beyond their particular moments of origination. Post-structuralism, the most recent school, is allied with universalism in opposing contextualism. Post-structuralists argue that original authorial intent is unknowable and should be dropped as a subject of enquiry. Context does not fare much better. As context is studied, it becomes broader and broader till an inquirer is awash in a sea of contextual material, much of which can never be recovered. But post-structuralists are not friends with universalists since they do not accept the possibility of transcendent truths being passed on in historical texts. Richard Rorty expresses the post-structural perspective when he asserts that words may be persuasive but do not establish objective reality or timeless truth. A reader can derive insight or guidance from a text without attaining truth in contextual or timeless form. In fact, the post-structural paradigm subverts all scholarship aimed at finding reliable truth whether factual or philosophical.
Without identifying all contentions among the three methodological schools, an examination of their impacts on interpretation of the Declaration discloses limits in each. Universalists view the Declaration as a set of principles that are timeless in themselves and that should be held to timeless standards By judging Jefferson's intentions and discovering autonomous meanings in the text, readers can disclose transcendent truths. Adrienne Koch and Diggins are representative of the universalist school. Koch assumes that American democracy was transcendently significant since the Enlightenment spirit passed from Europe to America through the Declaration. Koch draws upon the metaphorical tradition of the shining city on a hill that tied American development to the rest of humanity. Though her emphasis on the experimental nature of American democracy smacks of pragmatism, Koch's overall search is for timeless ideals.
Diggins does not share Koch's warm appraisal of the American Enlightenment and the Declaration. He applies a universalist approach that is highly critical of thought in the Declaration. Diggins reproaches Jefferson for a weak view of virtue in a republic and condemns his scientific morality, which Diggins traces to the Enlightenment and Deism. Instead of a glorious transmigration of the Enlightenment soul from Europe to America through the Declaration and American Revolution, Diggins suggests that the soul of American politics was lost. When Diggins compares the Declaration to the set of transcendent truths that he discerns in Christianity, he finds failure in Jefferson at a transcendental level. But Diggins does not stress comparison with a Christian view, rather he focuses on the contrast between Jefferson's views and classical republicanism. Diggins disagrees with Gordon Wood who interprets the Declaration as part of an effort to establish an organic republic in an classical Aristotelian tradition.
The virtue of the individual held a central place in Jefferson's writings which partly leads Diggins to question that he was a classical republican. In Diggins' view, Jefferson's faith in individualism, self-sufficiency, and limited government was at odds with republican theory and placed virtue in a private realm. As a result, when Jefferson wrote about the "pursuit of happiness," he distorted the meaning of the phrase from the public basis that Aristotle posited. Diggins accuses Jefferson of incoherency and of eclipsing American politics. At this point, Diggins departs from a purely universalist approach as he considers the context of Jefferson's other writings. However, Diggins' total enterprise deals in transcendental ideas as he discloses Jeffersonian thought in the Declaration and compares it with timeless concepts in republicanism and Christianity. Most universalists, like Koch, find positive truth in the Declaration that they hope will influence the world of the present. Though Diggins is not favorable toward Jefferson's ideas in the Declaration, he is seeking universal principles.
Contextualists have as many conflicting interpretations of Jefferson's intended meaning in the Declaration as the conflicts in the other two schools. Paul Conkin concentrates on Jefferson's use of natural law arguments and the ubiquity of natural law thought and expression among colonists at the time of the Revolution. Conkin discerns an ethical tradition from the Greeks, to Aquinas, to Locke, and to Jefferson. For Conkin, it is clear that Jefferson's words about the "unalienable rights" of individuals against oppressive governments and about "self-evident" truths are a continuation of natural law discourse. Morton White also looks to natural law tradition but comes to different conclusions about Jefferson's place in it. White focuses on the term, "self-evident." An old philosophical tradition dating to Aquinas teaches that a truth that is self-evident to some is not to others. An example is a truth that a learned man might see that an unlearned, especially illiterate, man would miss. White discerns, among the leaders of the revolution, evidence of a belief in this unequal capacity to reason. He concludes that the Declaration had elitist implications that left the door ajar for oppressive government while seeming to oppose it. Clearly, Conkin and White disagree about an important element of the context of the Declaration and thus their conclusions. Some contextualists would argue that the need is to better understand Jefferson's immediate context and to examine revolutionary tracts and other writings. In The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, Bernard Bailyn does just that. However, even after an examination such as Bailyn's, the disagreement between Conkin and White cannot be settled. As the post-structuralists claim, there is no end to context, and broadening the context confuses, rather than clarifies, a question of intention. Interestingly, though there has been little agreement on specific issues of intent, contextualists still accept the basic tenet that original intent is discoverable.
Post-structuralists contend that a text suggests possibilities that an author never intended and may never have imagined. Sifting through these possibilities is a creative act of interpretation that occurs in the life of a text and cannot be avoided. Post-structuralists put the creative nature of text interpretation to the fore since objective truth cannot be found. Putting the Declaration in historical context compounds the task of interpretation for a reason additional to the one already considered. The multiplication of contextual texts translates into a multiplicity of interpretations since each text also goes through a process of creative understanding. It is at this point that post-structuralists and universalists coincide in urging that texts must be autonomous and not understood in their contexts. This agreement in no way abridges their fundamental disagreement between universality and relativity of truth. In terms of the Declaration, the difference is most poignant when interpreting "rights." Rights, as seen by universalists, link humans to a nonhuman reality. Something beyond humans demands that people be allowed inalienable rights that no human is authorized to abridge. Post-structuralists see no point in striving to understand something beyond reach. While the rhetoric of rights may be persuasive and important, rights are merely rational conventions that can be superseded in shifting circumstances.
The limits of the three methodological schools determine the goals of the different lines of historical enquiry into the Declaration. The universalist method sees the Declaration as embodying a set of principles. In trying to discover timeless standards, universalists judge Jefferson's intentions on one hand and the autonomous meanings within the text on the other. The contextualist method seeks to eliminate the distorting influence of presentism and to evaluate the Declaration on its own terms. Once the true meaning, namely, Jefferson's original intent, is discovered, it is already a dead fact that existed in the contingency of its genesis. The post-structuralist method abandons hope of discovering truth and simply seeks to accept the Declaration as a persuasive text. In the study of the Declaration, political theorists have a perspective different from historians.
When political theorists, from both political science and jurisprudence, consider the Declaration of Independence, they look at it within the larger scope of early American political thought and theory. The Declaration is obviously a crucial document in the formation of American politics. What is not so obvious is its relationship to the developmental process of the American political system and, in particular, to the Constitution. In recent decades, the specific relationship of the Declaration to the Constitution has dominated the foreground of discourse about the Declaration. The purpose has been to delineate principles by which courts should interpret the Constitution. Two main views, that can be termed as conservative originalism and liberal nonoriginalism, have captured the spotlight.
Conservative originalists argue that the original intent of the Framers should be the determinative principle in constitutional interpretation. To discover original intent, they must determine the milieu of thought and the historical context in which the Declaration and Constitution were drafted. The only way to give meaning and life to original intent is to construe it "in light of the moral and political principles" from which it arose. The most important times on which to focus are the moments of drafting and ratifying the two documents—that is, determine what the Framers intended as they actually wrote, edited, and agreed upon these documents. Conservative originalists contend that the Supreme Court should enforce only the rights found in original intent. The Declaration's "unalienable rights" should be construed narrowly and carried over to the "Bill of Rights." These conservatives are combating a long history of liberal court decisions and judicial activism.
Liberal nonoriginalists opt for judicial discretion. They see the Constitution as a living document that grows and adapts to succeeding generations and changing issues. Justices must have latitude to interpret the Constitution, particularly in the area of rights, to meet developments that the framers did not and could not foresee. In this view, the Declaration is a beginning point for political theory which took its single most important step in the Constitution and is perpetuated by Justices in the tradition of judicial activism. Conservatives believe that liberal nonoriginalism endangers the rule of law by opening the Constitution to personal bias and allowing Justices to decide by fiat.
Conservative originalism tends to make the Declaration equal with the Constitution in respect to the original intent of the Framers. The Declaration is considered a key text expressing that intent. Liberal nonoriginalism minimizes the importance of the Declaration and understands the text as marking a starting point, not as expressing crucial political principles. Recently, another view, called liberal originalism by Scott D. Gerber, has gained attention. Though the nomenclature might be new, the ideas in it have always found room, varying in accommodations, in American political theory. Liberal originalism stresses the primacy of the Declaration in theoretical discourse and constitutional interpretation.
Liberal originalism anchors constitutional interpretation in natural rights as expressed in the Declaration. When the Declaration speaks of "unalienable rights" including "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," the founders were not just expressing a thought to get America started, as the liberal nonoriginalists claim. Also, such words have more meaning than just an original intent of a group of men to authoritatively guide political thought and development, as conservative originalists contend. These words in the Declaration are part of and a continuation of a metadiscourse on natural rights. John Locke, an intellectual ancestor of the founders, was the most prominent spokesman for natural rights in the direct lineage of American political leaders of the Revolution. Next to the Bible, Locke's writings were the most quoted source in revolutionary literature. In the view of liberal originalists, the Framers were disciples of Lockean natural rights theory, and, more importantly, they reified natural rights in the Declaration and guaranteed them in the Constitution.
Intent is important to liberal originalism, but not as important as to conservative originalists. Liberal originalists seek to discover original intent only to the degree to which they can better understand the American flavor of natural rights embodied in the Declaration. Natural rights theory in general is a transcendent theme that informs all understanding of the Declaration and its place in political thought. At the point of understanding natural rights, as implemented in America, liberal originalists share a common method with conservatives in assessing the context of the Declaration. Whereas conservatives are content with conclusions about original intent, liberals jump to transcendent natural rights and use the conclusions found in context to inform theorists about natural rights development in America. Ellis Sandoz sees the Declaration as "the rearticulation of Western civilization in its Anglo-American mode" and as a summary of American political theory. The Declaration is the eminent expression of natural rights in American political documents and qualifies as the preeminent document of American political theory. Consequently, jurists must submit their interpretations to the transcendent filter of natural rights as colored by the Declaration. For liberal originalists, the text of the Declaration emerges from its context and becomes autonomous.
Since both conservative and liberal originalists look to the context in which the Declaration was written, some political theorists are content to limit their inquiries to the political persuasions of the founders. The position that Lockean theory held in the minds and writings of the Framers inevitably comes up in such studies and is usually the focus. A common question studied is whether Jefferson was a conduit from Locke to the Declaration for natural rights thought. Long tradition places Lockean ideas in the very center of American revolutionary thought because Locke was the writer who linked natural rights to revolution—the kind of revolution that Americans accomplished. By the middle of the twentieth century, theorists had come to refer to this tradition as the "Lockean consensus" and proposed that American revolutionary leaders entertained a consensus in political theory. The idea of a Lockean consensus downplays disparate voices in the literature of the time. In reaction to this consensual stranglehold on scholarship, many researchers responded with a republican philosophy. They contended that Jefferson reflected a classical republican tradition that extended back through Rome to Aristotle. In this tradition, freedom and rights were tied to civic participation instead of individual pursuits. The once prevalent understanding of the Declaration as establishing a liberal creed of individualism was replaced by a conservative republicanism. Proponents of this republican view say that, throughout American history, Americans have simply misunderstood the theoretical base of their political system. Instead of finding liberal concepts of individualism, property, and happiness in the Declaration, these republicans find a stress on civic virtue in the tones of Aristotle and Machiavelli. Though this new republicanism overthrows much traditional thought, it has been a potent force in American political theory for more than a quarter of a century.
Recent political theorists have sought to integrate traditional views with the evidence produced by classical republicans. A significant contingent of scholars, especially Jeffersonian, never doubted a connection between the founders and Locke. Consistent with these scholars, theorists have replaced the strangulating tone of "Lockean consensus" with a "Lockean sympathy." In this revised sympathetic view, Locke's influence is allowed without being determinative. A multitude of voices among revolutionary leaders have places without creating a cacophony of beliefs that defies understanding and synthesis. "The early Americans were not programmed with a unified political theory by a language paradigm or any single writer." The sympathetic view recognizes the importance of language in shaping views of reality and actions based on those views. In reference to the Declaration, natural rights language did not determine the declaration or the political events set in motion by it. However, natural rights language obviously influenced the Declaration and American political developments in a complex interaction within the context of the time and cannot be equated with present liberalism.
Jurisprudence considers specialized issues within political theory, and recent jurists have emphasized the Declaration and natural rights. In the past, the Declaration has not greatly influenced the Court in interpretation of the Constitution, and few decisions refer to it. A recent group of jurists argue that the Declaration should be a key document and that natural rights should be guiding principles in constitutional interpretation. Robert J. Reinstein, in making his argument, extends context for the Declaration into its future instead of its past. The Constitution, as written, did not fully embody the Declaration because the Framers skirted the issue of slavery for the sake of founding a new country. "The founders denounced slavery, but they were not prepared to challenge it in the Constitution. The compromises in the Constitutional Convention over slavery were deemed essential to preserving the union." But the issue of rights and freedoms did not end with the ratification of the Constitution. Early in the new nation's history, many people, particularly anti-abolitionists, supported a main-stream argument that the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment guarantees the Declaration's natural rights against Congress for all citizens of the United States, born or naturalized. The Declaration became the secular credo of abolitionists and the unifying document for the Republican Party. The southern States did not accept the argument and seceded.
After the Civil War, many Republicans believed that they must complete the task of the founders, that is, do what the founders would have done except for slavery. In 1866, Republicans passed a Civil Rights Act that enforced, by law, the Declaration's doctrine of equal rights. In 1868, they enacted the Fourteenth Amendment that put the principles into the Constitution, the supreme law of the land. Some senators wanted to transplant the plain words of the Declaration into the Fourteenth Amendment and avoid tortuous legalese. Regardless of the language used, the amendment implemented more fully the principles of the Declaration. Further, it added an Equal Protection Clause that guarantees equal treatment, a right not in natural rights theory. Reinstein argues that the Gettysburg Address and the Equal Protection Clause retroactively gave new meaning to the Declaration. Hence, the future context of the Declaration adds meaning to it and to natural rights theory. Since the founders would have completely incorporated the Declaration in the Constitution and since Republican Reconstructionists did so, then the Court is bound to enforce the intent and actions of the Legislature. Reinstein concludes that the Court must honor the Declaration and natural rights theory when interpreting the Constitution. As noted, political theorists differ from historians in their approaches to the Declaration, and pragmatists differ from both.
Benjamin Lee approaches the Declaration of Independence from the perspective of pragmatics with a stress on context, self-reference, and intentions makes that his discussion particularly relevant. According to Lee's argument, the Declaration announced the formation of a sovereign people. Today, that announcement does not strike readers as stunning, but, in 1776, the idea that a nation embodied and represented a sovereign people was startling. John Locke had taken a logical step in the seventeenth century toward the idea when he proposed a social contract as a basis for society, but he did not remove God as the source. Americans, searching for a valid basis for independence, relocated the performative source for a new nation in the people who formed a social contract. The crucial moment came when American leaders created a new structuring consciousness for a new nation in the writing and signing of the Declaration. The availability of print capitalism was critical to the emergence of this new consciousness.
Earlier ideologies of printing constructed the printed page as merely the extension of face-to-face communication. However, in the bourgeois public sphere, reform minded people began to understand the potential of unlimited dissemination. A print-mediated discourse was much more expansive than the world of letters that learned people often exchanged. Even when these same people wrote for a broader audience, their style, similar to their letters, was to disclose personal thoughts. The Americans who produced the Declaration perceived the transformation of written communication to a potentially limitless discourse in which narrated texts assert themselves long after the print on the page has dried. The Framers intended for the Declaration to be read aloud to all people across the colonies. As the text was read over and over, the Framers counted on an independent life in the text that involved readers in the creation of a national consciousness of independent people.
Lee's observations about the potential of the print media reflects a context oriented approach, but it is different from contextualist method of historians. Contextualists look to the context of ideas, as preserved for the historians gaze, for the purpose of understanding what was in the minds of the Framers, particularly the mind of Jefferson. Lee's pragmatic approach looks at the context of the process, and asks how the interaction of the text with readers influenced communication. A historian following a contextualist approach seeks a static understanding of Jefferson's intent at the time he penned the Declaration, whereas a pragmatic approach looks at the context of a dynamic process to determine how it influenced communication. The approaches are not mutually exclusive. To the contrary, they complement each other. Pragmatics is an approach to discourse that deals mainly with three concepts: meaning, context, and communication. The approach of the contextual historian could help a pragmatist in working with meaning. The approach of the pragmatist could aid a historian in evaluating the dynamic context of the times and, thus, in determining causal relationships among historical events. In the specific case of the Declaration, a better appreciation of dynamic interpretations among the people of the time would help clarify the degree to which it was related to the Constitution as it was actually drafted and ratified and the degree to which it was involved in the shaping of national identity. This question about national identity is how historians frame one question with which Lee deals, namely, the structuring of a new consciousness among the colonists.
As Lee deals with the forging of a new identity for Americans, he considers context a bit more. According to Lee, it is now difficult for readers to understand the impact of the Declaration "as ushering in a new social form of modernity." Americans gave a new and modern definition to the word, "revolution." With the Declaration a new epoch in history was beginning with a new story that had never been told before. The "meaning of its plot became manifest to actors and spectators alike." Lee agrees with the historian, Edmond S. Morgan, who asserts that people rely heavily on fictions that they routinely call by exalted names and "may proclaim . . . as self-evident truths." Fictions are so important that we keep them alive by moving the facts and making the world conform more closely to what we want it to be. Ultimately, "the fiction takes command and reshapes reality." In the case of the founding fathers, they invented a new sovereign people with a newly structured consciousness. Lee briefly explores the crisis of those men who constituted a new government while being unconstitutional themselves. After considering the immediate crisis brought about by their declaration of independence, Lee stresses the text from then on. His pragmatic orientation manifests itself in distinction to that of a historian. He treats the text as autonomous which allies him with universalists and post-structuralists.
As mentioned, the context of a pragmatist differs from the context of a contextualist, and Lee moves into overtly linguistic considerations of the Declaration. The crisis for the Framers was a vicious circle of foundation and legitimation. A basic question was who could sign with a declarative act to found a new institution in government? The "we" of the declaration speaks in the name of the people, but that people does not exist yet. The way out? The signature invents the signer, or the signer invents himself retroactively. Jacques Derrida argues that the constative is a linguistic necessity inherent in every performative event of legitimation. Thus, the founding moment of the Declaration contained its own constative backing. Performativity and constativity continue to be inextricably intertwined as the "we" of the Declaration becomes the "we the people" of the Constitution which becomes a key text for the founding moment of the Declaration. The Constitution authorizes its own continuous revision, and each revision further establishes the authority and validity of its author, "we the people." Every act amending the Constitution retroactively reaffirms the "we" of the Declaration which thus announced and created a new people. With such statements, Lee has moved away from the prosaic descriptions of the founding documents provided by traditional historians.
Performatives have another important quality. They are self-referential. They refer to the realities that they themselves constitute. They create the act to which they seem to refer. The "we hold" and the "we . . . do formally publish and declare" of the Declaration and the "we the people" of the Constitution are one self-referential subject. This "we" establishes necessary political authority that derives directly from the pure performativity of the people in promising and making social contracts. The ratification process knowingly chose constitutional conventions instead of State legislatures as the authoritative voice of the people, the "we" of the Constitution. The goal was to allow the Constitution to rest on the people and not be at the mercy of the States. Thus, the text became the embodiment of the people. The Declaration announced and created the people, and the Constitution cataphorically embodied or instantiated them. Though differences in the people can be identified during the process, one self-referential people began and consummated a creative act. The Constitution refers to the twelfth year of independence and links itself to the performative moment of the Declaration. The reference indicates the continuity of the "we" in both documents. Lee concludes that "the mixture of oral and textual models of performativity are at the heart of the authority and legitimacy" of a new constitutional people.
Lee also looks at the structure of the Declaration and maintains that it follows a speech act model of performativity that comports well with the practice of being read aloud. The structure of the document moves from the general to the performative. The opening sentence frames itself "in the course of human events." An unidentified "we" holds certain "truths to be self-evident." This self-referent is not disambiguated until the end where the "we" is clearly delineated as the "people of these colonies" who "solemnly publish and declare" their independence and, inescapably, their existence. The performative is signaled by the use of metalinguistic verbs: publish, declare, and pledge. The linguistic structure of the document points to the performative moment of speaking and signing. Lee asserts that both the linguistic and rhetorical structure of the document indicate that it was meant to be read aloud. The rhetorical structure enhances the performative at the end by setting out necessary conditions that must be true. The linguistic structure contains its performative and constative from the very beginning. Descartes' performative, "I think, therefore I am," was that he thought which contained his constative. The Declaration's performative is that "we hold" which is America's constative.
All of the approaches to the Declaration of Independence considered so far count context as important, and some make context the critical issue. Though the pragmatic approach considers context, it stresses linguistic and philosophic points. In de-emphasizing context further, we come to a stylistic approach. Stephen E. Lucas looks at the "stylistic artistry" of the Declaration. He probes microscopically at the levels of syllable, word, phrase, and sentence. The main context that he considers is the prevalent writing style of Jefferson's time. From his comparisons of style, Lucas concludes that the Declaration is a masterful work of political prose style consonant with eighteenth century composition. His detailed examination of the text of the Declaration yields different information from the perspectives considered so far.
Concerning the Declaration, Lucas' goal is to "shed light both on its literary qualities and on its rhetorical power as a work designed to convince a 'candid world' that the American colonies were justified in seeking to establish themselves as an independent nation." The Declaration consists of five logical parts: introduction, preamble, indictment of King George III, denunciation of the British people, and conclusion. The introduction is a paragraph made up of a single, lengthy, periodic sentence. Taken out of context, the sentence could begin any declaration by any oppressed people. In context, it lifts the American cause from a petty squabble to a major event in world history. Instead of the Declaration being merely a persuasive tract in a political dispute, the introduction redefines itself as declaring transcendent philosophical truth applicable to all people. An important word is "necessary" which transforms the Revolutionary drama into events that are determined for Americans. They are compelled to do as they are doing and cannot debate the propriety of the actions. The Revolution is inescapable, and Americans can only declare events. "Necessary" alludes to the English Civil War of 1642 when Parliament declared the "necessity to take up arms." Not only are the Americans acting in the grand tradition of English freedom, they are justified by the law of nations which allowed recourse to war only when it was necessary. And, it was necessary "for one people to dissolve the political bonds which connected them to another." This declaration declared that the confrontation was necessary war, not just civil war.
The preamble is also universal in scope and sets forth a philosophy of government that justifies revolution. It serves well as a one paragraph distillation of John Locke's Second Treatise of Government and is "brief, free of verbiage, a model of clear concise, simple statement." The preamble consists of five propositions that expressed political principles commonly held at the time. The style conforms to the concept of the time that text was speech written. Jefferson was a student of rhythm, accent, timing, and cadence in discourse, and his learning produced a majestic example of an eighteenth century style called Style Periodique. The sum effect of the preamble is to establish the right of revolution against tyrannical authority.
After framing American independence and revolution as a major scene in the drama of Western history, the Declaration gets down to specific indictments against King George III. The accusations are based in actual events but are worded vaguely so that response is difficult. John Lind prepared a British response that exposed many charges as being flimsy at best, but his response took 110 pages. The Declaration was less than two dozen sentences and easily carried the day as the more effective rhetoric and propaganda.
The denunciation of the British people is artful and simple. The closing words, "enemies in war, in peace friends," are a particularly effective chiasmus that provides a way to dispel enmity among the two peoples. By the time the Declaration ends with its pledge of lives and "sacred honor," a crucial metamorphosis in the text is completed. The Declaration begins with a philosophic and impersonal voice. It ends in personal terms expressing the inherent tensions of a major historical drama. To satisfy Kenneth Burke's dramatistic language, the Declaration had to make the transition. The introduction and preamble did not satisfy or setup all five elements necessary for true drama: scene, purpose, act, agent, and agency. The first two sections only established the scene, America, and agency, the Declaration, for the revolution. If events were determined as the first two sections avow, there could be no purposeful action by agents—only inexorable motions of fate. By the end of the Declaration, there are agents, the American people, who are acting with the purpose of righting the wrongs being done to them by a tyrant. If people are going to grasp and adopt the drama of the American revolution, then all elements must be present. If any element is missing, people will not fully accept the presentation. Not only is the Declaration artistic in its style, but it succeeds admirably in drawing people into the drama of the American revolution.
Representative thought from history, political theory, linguistics, and style have been considered. Each perspective has presuppositions and approaches that yield valuable insights into the Declaration of Independence. Most people who approach the Declaration have a purpose or goal in coming to grips with it. Few people have a need or inclination to understand every aspect of the Declaration and its impact on American life. In the interest of efficiency, people should choose the school of thought that is most likely to answer their questions. For example, a person wanting to evaluate the Declaration's place in guiding principles for human life would look to universalism in history or to liberal originalism in political theory. Or a person wanting to understand philosophical issues such as the ontology of America would turn to a field such as pragmatics.
Though the fields vary, there are overlaps. The three schools of historical thought correspond to the three schools of political theory: universalism and liberal originalism, contextualism and conservative originalism, and post-structuralism and liberal nonoriginalism. Though these approaches correspond in important ways, the goals differ. Historians seek to fit the Declaration into the American narrative. Political theorists want to find the Declaration's place in a dynamic political process. In general, pragmatics deals with linguistic issues, and, in particular, with philosophical issues of existence, authority, and communication. The perspective of style looks at the Declaration as a part of literature and composition. One factor is common to all four fields: context. Each field looks at the Declaration in the context of its origination. The specifics being sought vary, but context remains important. Apparently origins are important to Americans. The all-time bestseller in America is the Bible which begins with "In the beginning, God made" which is found in Genesis, a book of origins.
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Bailyn, Bernard. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.
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These 34 monasteries and temples, extending over more than 2 km, were dug side by side in the wall of a high basalt cliff, not far from Aurangabad, in Maharashtra. Ellora, with its uninterrupted sequence of monuments dating from A.D. 600 to 1000, brings the civilization of ancient India to life. Not only is the Ellora complex a unique artistic creation and a technological exploit but, with its sanctuaries devoted to Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, it illustrates the spirit of tolerance that was characteristic of ancient India.
LICENSING: for inquiries about licensing or requests for CD/DVD copies of this material, please contact the publisher or the author directly. You may also wish to consult our FAQs 6 to 9
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Apple has had a busy 2015: It has not only evolved its existing SDKs, but added new SDKs to support new platforms. Late last year, Apple announced the Apple Watch, along with a preliminary WatchKit SDK. This year, at WWDC, Apple released its much-promised, more fully fleshed out iteration of WatchKit, renamed watchOS.
Apple also announced ResearchKit, an open-sourced initiative to garner big data for medical research and advances. This year also saw the release of the new Apple TV, which has finally been opened up to third-party developers. Under the tvOS framework, Apple TV sports a new hardware and operating system, with the software giant hoping the developer community can now do for the Apple TV what it has done for iOS.
Apple has continued the trend of engaging more with its developer community--for one thing, by open sourcing Swift. Stating its intent back at WWDC, the company has finally followed through on its promise.
Apple has also updated iOS to Version 9, introducing a whole bunch of new SDK gems, from force touch/3D touch on both OSX and iOS, true split-screen multitasking, deep linking through Search API, and more. Apple’s acquired TestFlight distribution platform also gained some valuable updates. We will go through all of the big SDK changes from Apple this year, starting with its prodigy language, Swift.
Swift 2.0 & Swift.org
Apple introduced Swift out of left field, back at WWDC 2014, as a future replacement for Objective-C. The idea is that Swift would be a more type-safe, concise and modern programming language to power Apple’s ecosystem of apps on iOS, Apple Watch, OSX and, in 2015, tvOS.
At the 2015 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, Swift graduated from 1.2 to 2.0, with the announcement that it would be open-sourced. In November 2015, Version 2.2 was finally designated as open-source, under the Apache License 2.0 framework.
This is regarded as a huge deal for the tech giant, which traditionally leans toward the closed side. It is now moving toward a more collaborative mindset as it looks to propel Swift from being an Apple-exclusive language to the ambitious goal of becoming prevalent as a server language, as a cloud language, and more.
“By making Swift open source, the entire developer community can contribute to the programming language and help bring it to even more platforms,” said Craig Federighi, Apple’s senior vice president of Software Engineering. “Swift’s power and ease of use will inspire a new generation to get into coding, and with today’s announcement they’ll be able to take their ideas anywhere, from mobile devices to the cloud.”
Apple has also launched the swift.org Web site to connect its open-source community, enabling contributors to find technical documentation, perform reporting and tracking, access community guidelines, contribute instructions, and access the github repository link.
In March of this year, Apple announced ResearchKit, an initiative to support the medical research community in improving and advancing their studies and research, through the power of big data. Working together with HealthKit, Apple’s consumer-facing Health framework for tracking activities and eating habits, Apple hopes researchers will be able get more accurate and larger sets of data that will help get the next big medical discovery breakthrough.
“Medical researchers are doing some of the most important work in the world, and they’re committed to making life-changing discoveries that benefit us all. To help, we’ve created ResearchKit, an open source software framework that makes it easy for researchers and developers to create apps that could revolutionize medical studies, potentially transforming medicine forever,” according to Apple.
Like Swift 2.2, ResearchKit has also been open-sourced, to entice researchers to share their development methodologies and practices.
The three basic modules are surveys, active tasks, and informed consent. Researchers and developers can use the modules as they are, or expand upon them to suit their own needs. Apple says ResearchKit is flexibile enough to handle most research situations. The Active Tasks module has its own set of parameters for tracking, such as motor activities, fitness, cognition, and voice.
Apple Watch & watchOS 2
The Apple Watch was announced in September 2014 and slated for release in April 2015. When the watch first came out, the first iteration of WatchKit, 1.0, did not allow for fully native apps. Apple promised that capabilitiy would come later in 2015. And so it did. At 2015’s WWDC, Apple released the second iteration of WatchKit, renamed watchOS.
Among several enhancements for users and greater accessibility for developers, the next-generation Apple Watch OS is powered by the ability to run native apps, enhancing functionality and reducing latency.
Supporting native apps, watchOS allows apps to run on the watch, rather than having to piggy back off the processing power of the iPhone. This significantly boosts performance, and offers the freedom of decoupling the watch from the iPhone. So, you can, for example, go for a run without the phone and still be able to process data such as miles run and calories burned (for deferred syncing on the iPhone or via Wi-Fi).
Apple has also expanded the capabilities of the SDK, to allow developers to access more hardware and software features of the wearable device, including access to the digital crown, accelerometer, gyroscope and other sensors. Apple has also released ClockKit, giving developers the ability to create custom watch face widgets, to supplement its existing watchOS and iOS apps.
Apple has also revamped what has traditionally been Apple’s hobby platform, the Apple TV. AppleTV debuted all the way back in 2007; the new tvOS finally allows third-party developers and content makers to contribute and build the new ecosystem.
Along with new hardware specs and a Siri-controlled remote, Apple has opened up the previously closed platform. Where at one time it allowed only a select few content providers--such as Netflix, Hulu, HBO and ESPN--it has now opened up the platform to all developers.
The new Apple TV sports much more robust hardware–with more RAM and an A8 processor--to match what Apple has on its iOS devices. All of this supports the new tvOS SDK, opening up Apple TV to third-party developers and enabling them to create the same immerseful and engaging games, apps and Netflix-style video platforms that users have grown accustomed to on iOS.
The new Apple TV ecosystem will now be about more than just passive entertainment consumption, providing the ability for developers to introduce engaging games such as Guitar Hero, as well as apps that enable capabilities such as shopping and travel booking, providing a new shared paradigm of app interaction.
With the introduction of iOS 9 this year, Apple has jumped into the deep-linking bandwagon, allowing third-party apps to add deeper and more contextual searches on a system-level. Apple’s Search API lets apps become more discoverable--at a deeper level.
We now have an API for search. So now when a user performs a search, we can find content behind the apps they have installed on the device, and pull those up in results. And when they tap, they’re deep linked directly into the application. We even provide a convenient back link so they can get right back to their search results. We think these kinds of intelligence features really make a huge difference in your experience in iOS. (Craig Federighi)
Just as the Apple Mail app allows users to search for individual emails, third-party apps like Meetup can expose individual events for Spotlight searching. For example, on a cooking app like Yummly, searching for potatoes would show recipies that include potatoes.
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Lesson 1: Lines, Ellipses and Boxes
8:20 AM, Saturday October 2nd 2021
guys, I blew my allowance on a pack of Felt tip pens but I don't think they are the right size.
Heya Mico my name is phobic and i will be your critique man thingy for today.
So before i get started i will explain how i will go through this critique. i will break down the lesson into 3 sections LINE, ELIPSES, AND BOXES, where i will go over the good, the not so good and my opinion on what your next steps should be. so without further adieu lets get into things.
Ghosted Lines: So for some of the lines it is a bit tricky to see them due to small parts on the second page being cropped out however that aside there are some areas you did pretty well namely you attempted a wide variety of lines and lengths which is pretty good practice and you also attempted the optional curved lines which can be quite tricky to start off with so good attempt. from what i could see the lines appeared to be drawn confidently however there appeared to be a little bit of wobblng which is something i advise you be careful of however so far things appear to look good.
Ghosted Lines: So for the ghosted lines they appear to look pretty good as the lines appear to be pretty accurate and it seems like you have made an attempt to ghost the lines. some areas i would advise you to watch out for is in some lines the lines start to arc a little which causes them to curve. (check out lesson 1 for more information on this) and also there appears to be a little bit of wobbling on some of the longer lines which is something i recommend practicing to mitigate in your warm ups. however other than that all seems good.
Ghosted Planes: for this exercise you appear to have re-used the planes for the ghosted elipses in planes exercise. this is fine i will just look at the planes now and will mention the elipses part later on. So for the planes themselves they appear to look pretty good with the same praise and critique of the ghosted lines exercise applying here. some additional critique i will offer however is in some of your lines you re-drew the lines when you missed the point in a couple of instances. it is heavily advised you fight the urge to do this as the goal is to draw lines confidently and not accurately with accuracy coming later on over time.
Table of Elipses: so at a first glance "WOW that's alot of elipses" so looking more closely at your submission you appear to have used a variety of elipses with each appearing to have been drawn through twice which is pretty good. one bit of criticism i will offer is in some elipses they tend to overlap one another or go over the boundry's of the lines a little bit which is fine for now and i highly recommend practicing this a bit more in your warm ups moving forward.
Ghosted Elipses in Planes: So for the elipses here similar praise and criticism offered for the Table of Elipses exercise applies. One additional note i would like to add in addition to the previous points however is when drawing the elipses in planes it can be easier to rotate your page and find a different angle of approach for drawing your elipses in order to ensure the elipses neatly sit within the center of the plane with the elipse neatly touching all 4 sides of the plane.
Funnels: For this exercise you have done a really good job in mitigating the overlap between your elipses which was present in the table of elipses exercise and i advise you to continue with this. along side the funnels you also attempted the additional corner funnels which look pretty good and the elipses seem to line up neatly on the minor axis. one area of improvement i would suggest is for the main funnels some of your elipses were a little bit off on the minor axis so you may wish to practice this in future however other than that good work.
Plotted Perspective: The boxes appear to line up to both vanishing points with only a little bit of distortion but other than that looks fine i have no complaints here.
Rough Perspective: so first of all for the boxes you have done a pretty good job keeping your boxes to 1point perspective and you have drawn through all your boxes. however there are some areas of improvement namely some similar criticism from the lines section that being wobbly lines and re-drawing lines which are things to avoid. This is an area i highly recommend practicing which you will be able to in warm ups and in the 250 boxes.
Rotated Boxes: first of all these look pretty neat with only a couple of instances of re-drawing over lines but other than that pretty good. some extra areas to work on is the gaps between the boxes as they are a little bit inconsistent and some of your boxes are a bit inconsistent size wise. however this challenge is intended to be quite tricky (i would know your submission is way better than mine haha) but yeah good job lets move onto the last part of the BOXES section.
Organic Perspective: from what i could see this is a good start on your journey into boxes as the boxes are drawn neatly with line weight applied. only criticisms i will offer here is that your re-drew some of your lines here still and that the boxes you drew did not really change too much in terms of rotation in some of your boxes. however other than this i see no issues so let's move onto the closing statement:
Closing Statement: Overall this is a very strong submission with some notable issues namely Re-drawing lines and accuracy. both things that can be solved over time with practice. with that in mind i have no issues marking this lesson as complete. next up 250 boxes Good Luck.
Yoo. Thx for this. I didn't realize some of my ghosting lines where curved until you pointed them out and I will try my best to break out of the habit of re-drawing my lines. Thank you so much!
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Cro-Magnon man dominated Europe from about 45,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago. Although they are sometimes considered the first Whites, they are actually only one of three races that gave rise to the white race (the other two being Anatolian farmers and steppe pastoralists).
Draw-A-Man IQ test
Long ago I looked at their cave art, with an emphasis on drawings of people, so I could apply Dale Harris’s revision of the beloved Goodenough Draw-A-Man IQ test. The first drawing of a man I found was discovered in South-western France and believed to be 17,000 years old. It’s known as “The Wounded Man”.
The Goodenough Harris Draw-A-Man test has a maximum raw score of 73, but because this drawing depicted the man with the head of a bird, not a human, 13 of the items dealing with features unique to the human head could not be scored, so it ended up with a score of 22/60 which I then prorated to 27/73.
Unfortunately this too is a man-animal hybrid, and the animal features made some of the items inapplicable, in this case, the six items dealing with clothing (items #29,#55,#56,#57,#58 and #59), but out of the remaining 67 items, the picture scored 49, which I prorated into a score of 53/73.
Averaging the two drawings together, Cro-Magnon man scored 40/73 on the Goodenough-Harris Draw-A-Man test. The smoothed mean and standard deviation for U.S. 15-year-olds (considered adult level for the purpose of this test) is 45.2 and 9.83 respectively, so this equates to an IQ of 92 (U.S. norms) or 90 (U.S. white norms). But because these norms were published in 1963, I originally adjusted for the Flynn effect to determine how they might score by today’s standards, however further research (which I have not yet published) shows Draw-A-Man appears to have no Flynn effect. It may be one of the few genuinely culture reduced tests.
Of course with a sample size of only two people, we can’t be very confident that Cro-Magnon had a mean IQ of 90 (U.S. white norms). But there are two reasons why the figure is quite plausible. First Native Americans have a mean IQ of 92, and like Cro-Magnon man, Native Americans evolved as cold adapted hunter-gatherers so their IQs should be similar.
Second, as Peter Frost recently noted, a new study found that polygenic scores for education (a proxy for IQ) continued to increase even after the Paleolithic by up to half a standard deviation, if the chart below is indicative and half an SD below modern Europe is about 90.
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For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary
January 23, 2006
President's Statement on Death of President Ibrahim Rugova of Kosovo
I am deeply saddened by the death of President Ibrahim Rugova. For many years, President Rugova led the campaign for peace and democracy in Kosovo. He was a friend of the United States, and he earned the world's respect for his principled stand against violence. Throughout years of conflict, he was a voice of reason and moderation that helped Kosovo's people lay the groundwork for a peaceful future. The United States remains committed to working with the people of Kosovo to build a future that is stable, democratic, and prosperous. On behalf of the people of the United States, Laura and I extend our condolences to President Rugova's family and to the people of Kosovo.
# # #
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The next head of the Food and Agriculture Organization has to make major changes.
The European Union’s farm ministers will today, in the course of their council meeting in Brussels, discuss what are euphemistically known as “institutional questions” related to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
The FAO is supposed to be the international body that addresses food security, an issue that is gaining ever-increasing attention from governments around the world. The price of food and the price of energy are both rising. Discontent about food scarcity and food prices played a part in the uprisings in north Africa. Yet the FAO is a spectator, taking no leadership role and doing precious little to improve the situation. The Rome-based FAO is fiddling while the rest of the world burns.
The question before the EU’s farm ministers today is who should become the next director-general of the FAO, from 1 January 2012. The election will take place in the last week of June, with each of the 191 member countries having a vote. Already the campaigning has begun.
The issue of immediate importance to the EU is that, of the six candidates for the post, two of them are European: Miguel Ángel Moratinos, formerly Spain’s foreign minister, and Franz Fischler, who was, for two terms, the European commissioner for agriculture.
The politics of senior appointments to UN organisations is tortuous stuff – worse, if it were possible, than appointments to EU posts. (To complicate the picture, a post of deputy director-general is falling vacant, and it might be that it will be offered to the EU.)
Putting a European at the head of an organisation that is supposed to be working in the interest of the world’s poorest countries is contentious. So Moratinos and Fischler start at a disadvantage (the favourite is probably the Brazilian candidate, José Graziano da Silva). But at least the chances of a European being appointed now are probably better than they are going to be for some time, because the incumbent, Jacques Diouf from Senegal, is stepping down after what will be 18 years in charge (a length of tenure that changes to the constitution have since made impossible).
What the EU has to do, probably by mid-April, is reach a decision on which of the two European candidates to back. To back both at the same time would not maximise the chances of victory.
Judged by the countries that they come from, Moratinos would be the one to back, because Spain can probably marshal more support (or call in more favours) than Austria.
Judged on their personal abilities, Fischler is probably the more impressive candidate. He has a thorough understanding of the issues, after ten years as a European commissioner, dealing among other things with international trade in agricultural commodities. Fischler can credibly argue that he helped reform the EU’s position in international trade negotiations. Part of the FAO’s mission is to improve agricultural production throughout the world, and for that too he has the required familiarity with the issue.
The more difficult question to assess is which of the six declared candidates for the post is most likely to drive through lasting reform. And that – for the one billion people experiencing hunger and malnutrition – is the most important point. If the FAO continues as it is, the organisation will die. Only last month, the British government announced that it would divert funding away from the FAO to other organisations (such as the World Food Programme) because it had doubts about the FAO’s effectiveness. The Australian government has also been outspoken in its criticism. An external evaluation of the FAO completed four years ago identified plenty of areas in need of reform.
The EU’s approach to the question of the FAO’s leadership should be guided chiefly by a calculation as to how best to achieve such reform. The problem of food insecurity is not going to go away. An ineffective FAO is a luxury that no one can afford.
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Mobile Device Security
Mobile device security is the use of method and practices to secure the data and other information stored on the mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets Securing the data is one of the major concerns of mobile technology due to heavy use of mobile devices. Common mobile security issues are data loss or mobile theft In these conditions, the users not only lose theft mobile phone, but also lose the vital data and sensitive information stored on it. Device data leakage to untrusted party is another issue that victim faces on losing his device.
Need of Mobile Device Security
Hackers are ready with every possible trick to get an access into the users’ mobile device. Hence the mobile device security is a must to protect the data from hackers. There is no shortage of people, who breach the security norms to exploit mobile users and earn profits. The recent introduction of mobile wallets has evoked hackers to increase the crime in the form of virtual pickpockets.
Though these devices are provided with protection standards like encryption and password security, the users must be aware of the security threats and ways to avoid them.
Mobile Operating System
An operating system especially designed for mobiles devices to allow them to run applications and programs is called a mobile Operating System (OS) when the power button on a mobile device is pressed, the mobile OS loads the necessary files to run the OS and shows the home screen filled with icons of different applications (or apps). Activities like managing phone calls, connecting with wireless networks, web browsing, exchanging text messages and executing other applications are managed by the mobile OS. Some of the Mobile Operating Systems that are used globally are:
iOS: Owned by Apple, iOS is a mobile operating system specially designed for Apple’s hardware. It is installed on devices, such as iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch and has a direct manipulation based user interface. It operates using multi-touch gestures to control elements such as buttons, sliders and switches.
Android: Owned by Google, Android is an open source operating system designed for touch screen mobile devices. The OS is based on the Linux kernel and allows developers to make programs as per their choice by accessing unlocked hardware. It operates using touch gestures to control actions like swiping, pinching, tapping and entering text using the virtual keyboard.
Windows Mobile: Owned by Microsoft, Windows Mobile is a mobile operating system designed for smartphones. Windows Mobile OS can be recognised by tiled set up and dubbed metro, through which tiles can be moved and interchanged using the metro. Users can browse the web using mobile-optimized version of Internet Explorer, known as Edge in Windows 10 Mobile.
IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) is a unique number, which is used to identify mobile handsets (using UMTS, GSM and LTE networks) or devices which connect to a cellular network. IMEI is as important as the phone’s operating system and is printed on every phone inside the battery space. There is also a code that you can enter and display the IMEI number on the handset screen using USSD. This code varies from operator to operator.
IMEI number is also used to prevent the threat of mobile theft. GSM networks use the IMEI number to identify legal devices and can block the stolen phone from accessing the network. The victim whose phone is stolen can call his network provider and ask them to blacklist the phone by providing them the IMEI number to prevent the device from being misused.
Role of IMEI Number
An IMEI number (eg. 568438126755154) is useful for many events, such as:
- Mobile phone usage can be tracked by cell phone provider using IMEI number.
- Subscribers can be identified using IMEI number.
- Gadget type can be recognised using IMEI number.
- Remote device can be easily disabled using IMEI number if stolen.
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On Sunday September 20, 15:00-16:00, Eleni Kosta from Tilburg University will give a lecture as part of the WAMS “Data Rush” programme entitled
Leaving traces, living profiled: the legal challenges from ‘consenting’ to tracking in online and mobile environments.
The lecture will take place at the Noorderlicht fotofestival venue (the Old Sugar Factory, Energieweg 10, Groningen, directions).
Have you ever wondered how it is possible that the same website appears to you in another language than me, without burdening us with constant questioning on our preferred language? This is done through cookies that are quite strongly regulated in the EU. But then you have also noticed the annoying cookies notifications on EU website, which indicated that something went wrong with the practical implementation of the law. Have you also may wondered why you get a question whether you allow your phone to send your location (where to?) in order for you to make use of a mobile application? Why is this happening and what is done with your location data? This lecture will attempt to provide you with answers to such practical questions and reflect on the efficiency and effectiveness of the European legal framework.
Dr. Eleni Kosta is Associate Professor of Technology Regulation at the Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology and Society (TILT, Tilburg University, the Netherlands). Eleni obtained her law degree at the University of Athens (Greece) in 2002 and a Masters degree in Public Law at the same University in 2004. In 2005 Eleni completed an LL.M. in legal informatics at the University of Hannover (Germany) and in 2011 she was awarded the title of Doctor of Laws at the KU Leuven (Belgium) with a thesis on consent in data protection. Eleni is conducting research on privacy and data protection, specialising in electronic communications and new technologies, as well as on health law and intellectual property. She has been involved in numerous EU and national research projects. In 2014 Eleni was awarded a three-year personal research grant for research on privacy and surveillance by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (VENI/NWO).
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During the pre-Inca period (2.500 BC to 1.400 AD), this area was inhabited by the people of Paracas and Nazca cultures, which, even at this time, solved the problem of irrigation of desert lands; they also had a great ability for goldsmith's art, pottery, weaving and fishing.
After this period, the Inca Pachacutec added these two cultures to his empire.
During the colonial period, on June 17th, 1563, Don Luis Jerónimo de Cabrera founded the city of Villa de Valverde de Ica. Few years later, they changed the location, and renamed it as San Jerónimo de Ica.
One of the most important events of the republican period took place in the Plaza de Armas of this town, on October 20th 1820: Juan Jose Salas, Ica's mayor, gave the first call for the liberation of Peru, first step of the proclamation of the independence of the country.
Now, the Ica region offers green fields, an extraordinary dune desert, the mysterious Nazca lines, the amazing landscape of the national reserve of Paracas, the Huacachina oasis, wine-growing cellars, various religious and popular festivities, and a privileged sunny weather all year long.
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But Democrats put a brave face on it on Wednesday, with Massachusetts Rep. Ed Markey saying that the leaked files and allegations of scientific misconduct should not stand in the way of the U.S. Congress swiftly enacting cap and trade legislation to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. (See earlier CBSNews.com coverage of ClimateGate and the costs of cap and trade.)
Markey, the head of a House global warming committee, said during a hearing that his Republican colleagues "sit over here using a couple of e-mails to (tell us) how to deal with a catastrophic threat to our planet." And: "There is no alternative theory that the minority is proposing, other than that we know has been funded by the oil, by the coal industries that want to continue business as usual."
That's a bit of an overstatement. The leak includes over 1,000 e-mail messages, and another 2,500 or so computer files, many of which are still being analyzed. And the burden of proof should properly be on anyone -- even a House committee chairman -- proposing new taxes and extensive regulations, especially when climate science is anything but settled.
It is true that, if other independent data sets confirm what the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit claimed, ClimateGate's effect on the view of climate trends may be minimal. Then again, as Reason's Ron Bailey notes, University of Colorado climatologist Roger Pielke Sr. says the CRU data is not independent of NASA and other temperature data sets. Pielke had previously written that the CRU and its political allies have been trying to "manipulate the science, so that their viewpoints are the only ones that reach the policymakers."
Markets benefit from competition, not monopolization, and so do markets in ideas. That's the argument that Republicans advanced during Wednesday's hearing, with Rep. F. James Sensenbrenner saying that "the controversy over the leaked e-mails, and their contents, cannot be ignored because it goes to the very basis of the debate" over global warming and what laws are necessary as a result.
"We're being asked as a Congress to make major changes in American society, in energy use and how much the out-of-pocket cost is to everyone in this country, as a result of this debate," the Wisconsin Republican said. "We'd better get it right. The scientists may be able to change their story (but it's) as difficult to repeal the consequences of that law as it is to get milk back in the cow."
Fellow GOP Rep. Candace Miller of Michigan, who has called for hearings into ClimateGate: "I recognize that the e-mails are an inconvenient truth, perhaps, an embarrassment on the brink of Copenhagen... There is at least a debate on whether or not climate change is human-induced."
Meanwhile, Sen. James Inhofe, the Oklahoma Republican who's a high-profile critic of the theory of global warming caused by mankind, has instructed the University of Arizona's Malcolm Hughes -- whose correspondence appears in the disclosed files -- not to delete any of those e-mail messages. Investigations into climate change researchers are already underway at Penn State and East Anglia, home of the CRU.
John Holdren, director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, didn't mention the leaked files in his prepared testimony, which said the U.S. must "act promptly to reduce global emissions to the atmosphere of carbon dioxide" or face "extreme" and "damaging" consequences.
But when Holdren showed up at the Rayburn House Office Building, he end up being pressed on ClimateGate and little else. He denied its significance, calling the embarrassing disclosures "not remotely sufficient to demonstrate a culture of corruption" and said "as to exactly what went on in the way of manipulation of data, that remains to be seen." He objected to the idea of an independent probe -- the CRU received U.S. government grants -- on grounds that he's not sure an "independent investigation by the Congress of the United States is a way to get at the truth."
Moderate Republicans who helped Ed Markey and Nancy Pelosi push through the cap and trade bill by a narrow vote are backing away from anything to do with the measure. Politico reports that Rep. Mark Kirk of Illinois (who supported the idea) and Sen. John McCain of Arizona (ditto) have now become critics.
Does anyone really think that, in the wake of the CRU disclosures, cap and trade would clear the House of Representatives if put to a vote today? It certainly didn't this week in Australia's Parliament, where a vote to reject the idea garnered a 41-33 majority. What a difference only a few months, and a few thousand computer files, makes.
Update 9:21 p.m. ET: Sen. Barbara Boxer, a California Democrat, says ClimateGate hackers should face criminal penalties. (Then again, if we're talking about an anonymous whistleblower, there's no hacking involved.) Ian Plimer, a professor who teaches earth science at Australia's University of Adelaide, has reiterated his criticism of the climate change lobby in no uncertain terms, calling it a "load of hot air underpinned by fraud."
|The Daily Show With Jon Stewart||Mon - Thurs 11p / 10c|
|Scientists Hide Global Warming Data|
Declan McCullagh is a correspondent for CBSNews.com. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org and can be followed on Twitter as declanm. You can bookmark Declan's Taking Liberties site here, or subscribe to the RSS feed.
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By Frank Jamerson
Paul wrote the Romans that “whatever things were written before were written for our learning, that we through the patience and comfort of the Scriptures might have hope” (Rom. 15:4). He had earlier written, in the same epistle, that they had “died to the law through the body (death) of Christ” (Rom. 7:4). In spite of the fact that the Bible clearly teaches that we are under the covenant dedicated with the blood of Christ and not the one dedicated by the blood of animals, many continue to have problems with bringing over things dedicated with the blood of animals as law.
The Old Testament teaches that men were to give a tenth (tithe). Abraham gave a tithe to Melchizedek (Gen. 14:18-20), and the law of Moses commanded that a tithe be given to the Levites (Num. 18:21-24). Can we learn something from these examples about God’s will for us? I think so. But can we teach tithing as a part of the law of Christ? Certainly not. The law dedicated by the blood of Christ does not give a percentage. We are to give as we have been prospered (1 Cor. 16:1, 2), and as we purpose in our hearts (2 Cor. 9:7). Does fact that God did not give a specific percentage mean that we should not give liber- ally? Again, no! But it does mean that we should not bind the law of Moses as our standard of giving.
Another problem that has arisen among some is women wearing pants. The law of Moses said, “A woman shall not wear anything that pertains to a man, nor shall a man put on woman’s garment, for all who do so are an abomination to the Lord your God”(Deut. 22:5). When the pantsuits first came out, some opposed them on the basis that the law dedicated by the blood of animals revealed God’s intention about such and is still binding on us.
The inconsistency of this is glaringly obvious when they do not bind verse eleven of the same chapter. “You shall not wear a garment of different sorts, such as wool and linen mixed together.” How do we decide that verse five is binding today but not verse eleven?
Is there anything that can be learned from the instruction of Moses? Maybe so, but we need to remember that one who binds part of the old law “is a debtor to keep the whole law” (Gal. 5:3). The New Testament teaches that women should conform to the customs of the day, so long as they do not conflict with God’s law. Paul told the women in Corinth not to shear or shave their heads because “long hair is a glory” to them. He also forbade them removing their veils, because that would have been shameful conduct in Corinth (1 Cor. 11:2-16). The men in Corinth wore togas, which looked like a modern day dress or robe. Does this mean that we should put on the “toga of a man,” as Paul did? No, the Lord did not give specific attire to men and women, but he gave principles that regulate our attire.
Another problem has arisen over what is “modest apparel.” Some contend that the “tunics of skin” that God made for Adam and Eve (Gen. 3:21) were garments that came to the knee. Also, the priests were to wear “linen trousers to cover their nakedness; they shall reach from the waist to the thighs” (Exod. 28:42). Does this prove that Christians must have linen trousers to the knees? If so, Paul dressed immodestly when he put on the toga of a man. A toga was different from trousers. Further- more, when it was customary for women to wear garments to the ankle, Christian women would have been immodest to have worn a garment just to the knees. What does the New Testament say about women’s attire? “In like manner that the women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with propriety and moderation, not with braided hair or gold or pearls or costly clothing, but, which is proper for women professing godliness, with good work” (1 Tim. 1:9, 10). “Do not let your beauty be the outward adorning of arranging the hair, or wearing gold, or of putting on fine apparel; but let it be the hidden person of the heart, with the incorruptible ornament of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is very precious in the sight of God.” (1 Pet. 3:3, 4). We may wish the God had given a specific length, height and tightness of the skirt, but he did not, and to teach the Old Law as God’s standard is the same mistake as teaching the Old Law on giving.
Does this mean that ladies may wear their skirts half way up their thigh? If we cannot draw a line on the leg where immodesty begins, does that mean that God has no standard? If some Pharisee would just tell them exactly what is modest they would appreciate it. But God gave no such instructions through the covenant dedicated with the blood of Christ. He did not say how much the hair can be arranged, how much gold you may wear and how expensive your clothing may be, but he did say it should manifest “a gentle and quite spirit.” I’m convinced that if Christians understand the principles of godliness and have a heart that is transformed, the externals will take care of themselves. The godly person will be neither ostentatious nor skimpy in dress. The principles taught in the Old Law were written for our learning, but we must remember that it was not dedicated by the blood of Christ. To bind even parts of the Old Law is to “become estranged form Christ” (Gal. 5:4).
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As the pandemic exacerbated a number of socioeconomic and racial disparities, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Thomas Vilsack was dismayed to see one of the nation’s most urgent problems grow worse: food insecurity.
“We found that during Covid, it didn’t take much to disrupt our system, in part because it was so concentrated,” Vilsack says.
In fact, food insecurity more than doubled as a result of the pandemic, and tripled for households with children, according to research from Northwestern University last June. Speaking at the Forbes Future of Food Summit Wednesday, Vilsack outlined the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s priorities in a post-pandemic world.
“You’re going to see us continue to invest more money in everything from farmer’s markets to food hubs to a variety of ways in which we can create that connection between small and midsize producers and a market opportunity,” he says.
To address the market concentration, the former two-time Iowa governor and Democratic presidential candidate says it’s important to diversify and to be less reliant on just one or two countries in terms of trade. Vilsack said the USDA is focusing on deepening its presence in Southeast Asia, as well as eventually maximizing opportunities in Africa and Central and South America.
Expanding to new markets also means creating more “open, transparent and competitive markets,” he says, and giving farmers the opportunity to get a fair shake in the marketplace.
“Nearly 90% of farms today don’t generate the majority of income for the folks who own and operate the farm. So I think we have to shift from focusing primarily on crop production to profitability,” Vilsack says.
Securing internet connectivity for rural America is another focus of the administration, he said emphasizing the need for the public sector to pour more money into the initiative. He also hopes to strengthen the country’s cybersecurity system, so that disruptions like the recent cyber attack on JBS, the world’s largest meat packer, become less common.
“You have to have business opportunities that are connected to that broadband access so that you have access to global market opportunities,” Vilsack says. “But if you don’t have businesses producing those products or farms raising products, having broadband access isn’t going to bring jobs back to a community.”
Vilsack served as Secretary of Agriculture under former President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2017. His nomination by President Joe Biden to the same position in December of last year was met by some criticism from Black farmers and progressives, citing his recent position in Big Agriculture, where he served as head of the U.S. Dairy Export Council, a dairy industry group, as well as his civil rights record.
A 2019 investigation by The Counter found that under his leadership during Obama’s presidency, the U.S. Department of Agriculture foreclosed on Black farmers six times as often as white farmers, despite making up less than 3% of the USDA’s direct-loan recipients. In response, Joe Leonard, Vilsack’s assistant secretary of civil rights and head of the civil rights office throughout the Obama administration, attributed the high level of foreclosures among Black recipients of USDA loans to a lack of “financial literacy.”
Now, Vilsack is trying to set that record straight. The latest federal Covid aid package included an estimated $4 billion in debt relief for BIPOC farmers, which Vilsack called a “very, very important first step.” But before the debt forgiveness could be applied to the estimated 17,000 eligible producers, a Wisconsin federal judge placed a temporary restraining order on the funds.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://newsinseconds.com/this-is-how-agriculture-secretary-tom-vilsack-plans-to-take-on-food-security-in-a-post-covid-world/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00275.warc.gz
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| 0.962063
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Anyone claiming a whiplash injury after an accident would have have to undergo a medical examination under new proposals aimed at tackling the increasing number of claimants.
The Association of British Insurers (ABI) wants new measures to clamp down on a "whiplash epidemic".
It is estimated that some 1,500 people claim a whiplash injury every day, with reports of the injury rising by nearly a quarter since 2009, despite the overall number of accidents decreasing. Whiplash claims cost insurers £2 billion a year, adding an extra £90 a year to the averagemotor insurance premium.
The ABI wants an independent medical assessment carried out for all whiplash claims, taking into account the circumstances of the collision rather than the claimant's reported symptoms.
The group has also called for the Small Claims Track Threshold to rise from £1,000 to £5,000 for all road traffic personal injury claims and a prescribed level of damage awards for whiplash.
To deter bogus claimants, the ABI said anybody whose whiplash claim is in part exaggerated or made up should automatically have their entire claim dismissed.
James Dalton, the ABI's assistant director of motor and liability, said: "We believe our proposals offer the best cure for the UK's whiplash epidemic."
Copyright Press Association 2013
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<urn:uuid:8eac93fa-f82c-4fac-b4ba-b0d24a8fe3df>
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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http://www.rac.co.uk/drive/news/motoring-news/calls-for-whiplash-claim-changes
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717963.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00373-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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| 0.940304
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I think like most agricultural products, barley flavor is influenced by climate and soil. Also, variations between maltsters can influence flavors. A good way for you to learn the similarities and differences between base malts is to make a Single Malt and Single Hop (SMaSH) recipe, changing only the base grain. Then you can use that experience to help you make the best beer you can in future batches.
Worst case scenario is you make a nice series of SMaSH's, and have to drink them. :-)
“If more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold, it would be a merrier world.”
--J. R. R. Tolkien
"Revvy is so powerful that he can tell his recipes what the gravity they should be at any point in his brewing process and they immediately go to said gravity." - Shep
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<urn:uuid:1f6610c5-1216-4c89-b679-0117329ba1f5>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.homebrewtalk.com/showthread.php?t=385434
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00177-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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| 0.963347
| 180
| 1.992188
| 2
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The halogens chlorine and bromine add rapidly to a wide variety of alkenes without inducing the kinds of structural rearrangements (carbocation shifts) noted for strong acids - this is because a discreet carbocation intermediate does not form in these reactions. The stereoselectivity of halogen additions is strongly anti, as shown in many of the following examples.
We can account both for the high stereoselectivity and the lack of rearrangement in these reactions by proposing a stabilizing interaction between the developing carbocation center and the electron rich halogen atom on the adjacent carbon. This interaction delocalizes the positive charge on the intermediate and blocks halide ion attack from the syn-location.
The stabilization provided by the halogen-carbocation bonding makes rearrangement unlikely, and in a few cases three-membered cyclic halonium cations have been isolated and identified as true intermediates. A resonance description of such a bromonium ion intermediate is shown below. The positive charge is delocalized over all the atoms of the ring, but should be concentrated at the more substituted carbon (where positive charge is more stable), and this is the site to which the nucleophile will bond.
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<urn:uuid:a9f5dc9f-fd31-4cf1-8e05-5c22cd813749>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/SUNY_Oneonta/Chem_221%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I_(Bennett)/1%3ALecture_Textbook/11%3A_Alkenes/11.04%3A_Stereochemistry_of_Halogenation
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en
| 0.91558
| 248
| 2.359375
| 2
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