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Moving elections – The idea of moving local elections to November is worth considering. Turnout, which is too often dismal in local contests, would grow by leaps and bounds. In off-presidential election years, the growth might not be so great. And there may be problems of adjusting dates when winners take office. But this proposal offers a way to increase voter participation in local elections, and it deserves to be taken seriously.
Winfield Daily Courier
It’s true that local elections attract a dismally small voter turnout, but at least most of the voters who turn out for those elections have some knowledge about the races and the candidates who are running. If those elections are lumped in with state and federal races, it will be even harder than it is now for those candidates to get their message out to voters – unless, of course, party organizations pour large sums of money into those races. Like many other issues being tackled during this legislative session, the timing of local elections might be better left alone.
Common Core – Putting aside all the politics and rhetoric about the so-called Common Core reading and math education standards, lawmakers in Topeka ought to give local school districts in Kansas the opportunity to see what they can do with this new approach. For the same reason they don’t like the notion of Washington telling the states how to teach their kids, local educators are none too happy about the politicians in Topeka telling them to abandon all the work they’ve done to shift to Common Core, which in the opinion of most is a more rigorous and innovative way of teaching.
Comedy central – When Jon Stewart of “The Daily Show” features Kansas and Missouri (along with Arizona) on a segment referring to state legislatures as “meth labs of democracy,” you know your capitols have become ridiculous. The blame lies with legislative leaders. They can’t stop individual lawmakers from filing off-the-wall bills, but they can prevent the measures from being heard in committee. They can choose their committee leaders more carefully. And they can be more focused in setting agendas.
Kansas City Star
Open records – The overwhelming majority of bills passing through the halls of the Kansas Legislature are worthy of a big top. From legislation to ban surrogacy to a bill that would allow teachers and caregivers to spank a child up to 10 times hard enough to leave redness and bruising, it appears legislators should go ahead and dress the part by donning clown shoes and big red noses. However, peel back enough layers and eventually Kansans will find bills worthy of support and praise. Key among the precious few worthy bills is House Bill 2555. The legislation would reverse a 35-year-old law that made probable-cause affidavits closed records. We urge legislators to support it.
Amtrak – To maintain the current Southwest Chief route, Amtrak proposed that Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico share costs of the track maintenance and upgrades with Amtrak and Burlington Northern Santa Fe, which owns the track. The plan called for $4 million annually for a decade from each state. It would be a significant yet needed investment. Knowing lawmakers may be reluctant to devote state funds to the venture, another idea would involve localized taxes in cities and communities that benefit from the service.
Garden City Telegram
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Transcript for 'This Week': Crisis in Syria
Good morning and welcome to "this week." Stunner, the commander in chief decides to strike syria. We cannot turn away from the massacre of civilians, chemical weapons. I'm asking congress to send a message to the world. Will they approve, what if they don't, what are the risks of delay? We're live with terry moran in the middle east, christiane amanpour from london. These are the facts. I'll go one-on-one with the man who made america's case to the world. Secretary of state john kerry. Plus the team of experts is here to break down the global and military consequences of the president's decision. And we weigh in on the politics of war and the fallout at home. It's all right here this sunday morning. Hello, again, when president obama took to the rose garden saturday afternoon, his first words had been telegraphed for days. I have decided that the united states should take military action against syrian regime targets. Then the twist. The president's top military adviser joint chiefs chair martin dempsey said there was no need to attack now. The chairman indicated to me our capacity to execute the mission is not time sensitive. It will be effective tomorrow or next week or one month from now. And I'm prepared to give that order. But only after congress votes. I will seek authorization for the use of force from the american people's representatives in congress. For the last several days, we have heard from members of congress who want their voices to be heard. I absolutely agree. It is a high-stakes bet. We're going examine the squoepss with secretary of state john kerry and our team of experts and correspondents in the studio and around the world. We start at the white house with jon karl. This didn't just surprise us, the president kept the team in the dark until late friday. Reporter: It sure did, george. This was a total reversal for the president. Until late friday, this was an idea that wasn't under consideration. None of the senior advisers were pushing for congressional authorization. It was not the direction they were pushing, but he decided after the vote in britain, this was the direction he had to go. Take a look at the photo in the situation room before the president announced the decision on saturday. As you can see, grim faces all around. There were serious concerns expressed by his national security team. Concerns chief among them that congress could vote no on his request for authorization. That's the big question. He would be the first president in modern times to lose a vote for military force. Where are the votes now? Reporter: I talked to a senior republican just a short while ago, if the vote were held right now in the house, he believes that the president would lose. There's a lot of work to be done. That republican thinks ultimately the president can get authorization, but he is going to need to get a lot of democratic votes, including a lot of democrats generally reluctant to authorize the use of force. This could be a nail biter, especially in the house. Thanks. Let's get to the military implications with martha raddatz. One person the president didn't consult early was general dempsey. He gave him the cover he needed. He gave him cover and it's real. Martin dempsey said it was just as effective today, tomorrow, or a month from now. And think of it this way, it's like a feint. The enemy, we watch the enemy, we watch the syrian regime and how they responded to the idea of an attack. Where they started moving things. It may be more effective a month from now, because we can train more, we can watch what the syrian regime does and respond. They were ready. They had those destroyers in the mediterranean ready to go. This is still a limited strike. They say a limited strike to prevent and deter any more chemical attacks. For syria, we go to terry moran in beirut. And apparently, a lot of relief in damascus. Reporter: A lot. This was more than good news, they claimed a victory in damascus. Both the assad regime and his supporters. There are many of them here. The deputy prime minister saying it was the syrian army that warded off the aggression of the united states. And in fact they believed that the unified front that they had with iran and with hezbollah has essentially frightened president obama into backing down from his attack. Now, they also know that the congress could authorize the use of force, but this delay gives them even more time to prepare. Church bells rang out, there were prayers sounding around damascus. This came as a shock and a good one to the people of damascus. Not a good shock for the rebel leaders in syria. Reporter: Devastating, george. On twitter and in public statements, leaders of that fractured opposition in syria are expressing disappointment and disillusion with american leadership. One of the leaders of one of those factions said the people of syria are all alone now. They believe that the chemical weapons attack they argue was carried out by the regime was with impunity, and the world is not ready to do anything. Obama's leadership image in the syrian opposition is probably at an all-time low right now, george.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
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The report considers revenue generated through the sales of antistatic
agents by vendors to arrive at their market shares and to calculate the market size.
Once added to the polymer during the extrusion process, the antistatic
additives migrate to the surface giving the required effect.
These materials can now be rendered antistatic
through the addition of Elastostat, which has the edge over existing solutions in that its antistatic
effect is permanent and does not require any specific ambient conditions such as a certain atmospheric humidity.
Industries is a division of ADM Tronics Unlimited, Inc.
To the best of our knowledge, most of the conducting polymers recently used for the preparation of antistatic
composites are intrinsically electron-conductive polymers, such as polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (13).
Keywords Light color, Antistatic
, Anticorrosive, Conductive pigment, Waterborne epoxy resin, Oil tank
NSN 4940-t11-253-5368 brings an ESD kit with two wrist straps, a grounding cord, mat, three antistatic
pouches, and three barrier bags.
Among the cited benefits of these materials are that because they are moldable, there can be light-weight part designs created; conventional thermoplastic molding and forming equipment can be used; the conductive materials are present throughout the part and therefore won't wear away as can happen if, say, antistatic
coatings are used.
Disposable Eye Shieldz[TM] are lightweight for prolonged wear and come with a disposable frame and replaceable antifog and antistatic
Sisal and coir are natural fibers that are antistatic
and antibacterial," says General Manager Mark Weidner.
The market has been segmented in terms of types of products, namely high-visibility protective clothing, heat and flame resistant protective clothing, chemical protective clothing, antistatic
protective clothing, and chainsaw protective clothing.
4 Mm, Neoprene Jacketed Antistatic
Head Oil Resistant 'V' Belts With Polyster Cord Confirming To 'Is 2494' Size: A 39 / A 1020 Lp Make : Fenner/Pix/Dunlop, Neoprene Jacketed Antistatic
Head Oil Resistant 'V' Belts With Polyster Cord Confirming To 'Is 2494' Size: B 144 (3700 Lp) Make : Fenner/Pix/Dunlop.
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Silver Spring, MD
A female asked:
Is the pain in my sty supposed to spread to my eyelid.?
2 doctor answers • 3 doctors weighed in
Ophthalmology 53 years experience
Sometimes: A stye is like a pimple on or in the lid. A pimple on the face, because of deep skin attachments stays in one spot. On the lid, there are no deep attachments because the lid requires mobility, so the inflammation can diffuse over a broad area of the lid. So it commonly will. Treatment is best started with topical very warm packs applied frequently. If that fails then see your ophthalmologist.
5.2k viewsAnswered >2 years ago
Ophthalmology 18 years experience
5.2k viewsReviewed >2 years ago
Last updated May 7, 2014
Connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text or video anytime, anywhere.
24/7 visits - just $39!
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Content on HealthTap (including answers) should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and interactions on HealthTap do not create a doctor-patient relationship. Never disregard or delay professional medical advice in person because of anything on HealthTap. Call your doctor or 911 if you think you may have a medical emergency.
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With expertise in three core technologies – electrical design (LED drivers), mechanical design (cooling devices) and optical design (lamp holders), MOSER BAER has started manufacturing LED lights under its brand name. MOSER BAER LED lighting products are more efficient (Lumen/W) and have a long life. The LED drivers manufactured measured up to high test quality standards and have the best quality of materials, thus providing the highest brightness, for both low and high powered LED lighting solutions – for indoor, outdoor and other customised applications.Why Moser Baer?Using MOSER BAER LED Lighting can save over 80% electricity cost for lighting.
- Highest Light Output of > 110 Lumens/Watt at Product Level.
- Simple Construction with integral driver
- High CRI of >80
- Healthy, UV Free Safe Light
- ROHS Compliant
- Environment Friendly
- Straight Retrofit Replacement so no hassles of Electrical Wiring changes
- Over 5 times longer life than the conventional light
- MOSER BAER Lamp series can almost replace the Bulbs mostly used.
- MOSER BAER Tube has compliance with UL, IRTL.
LEDs are low-voltage light sources, requiring a constant DC (Direct Current) voltage or current to operate optimally. LEDs, therefore, require a Driver that can convert incoming AC power to the proper DC voltage, and regulate the current flowing through the LED during operation. Since, LED lights are always proportionate to the regular flow of current or voltage and perform efficiently in cool ambience; hence, an efficient and superior quality of Driver is needed.
Moser Baer, being one of the most credible brands with its constant focus on hi-tech manufacturing and R & D activities, introducedProtectionPlus Driver for its LED Lighting products. India, being a hot tropical country and voltage fluctuations is a common phenomenon, the R&D team of Moser Baer felt a need of an advanced Driver. The ProtectionPlus Driver developed by Moser Baer, that has short-circuit protection, secures the LED Lights from line-voltage fluctuations and ensures longer stand-by power, and increased safety.
The ProtectionPlus Driver, which is tested in extreme-weather conditions and designed specifically to make LED Lights capable of performing efficiently in any industry or sector vulnerable to high temperature.
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Last year we did a podcast called Hit Me with Your Best Shot. It discussed the evidence why health care workers (HCW) should all get the flu shot. We also linked to a sarcastic podcast by Dr. Mark Crislips called A Budget of Dumb Asses. For a Canadian perspective on the flu shot we suggested watching Rick Mercer’s Rant on the subject.
South Huron Hospital is known as The Little Hospital that Does. As part of our Choose Wisely initiative we decided to be the little hospital that does…flu shots. We made it mandatory for all medical staff to receive the vaccination. As part of the education campaign, a YouTube video was posted discussing flu shot myths. While highly successful it was rather long at 30 minutes.
So to promote flu shots for the 2013-14 season we created this 3min video called I’m Bat Doc. It discusses some of the myths surrounding the flu shot and encourages people to get immunized.
As always, be skeptical of anything you learn, even if you heard it on The Skeptics’ Guide to Emergency Medicine.
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Grids, Golden Section, Swiss style — the human eye enjoys simplifying the world, creating order, and finding patterns. The desire to frame, contain, and understand is instinctive. The photographer finds frames within frames.
Grids are easily perceived, and boxes are everywhere. Architecture makes regular use of repeating structures and details. Bookshelves and windowpanes — the world has a way of aligning its elements.
There is efficiency and elegance to the grid form, but there is also beauty in the chaotic, the random, and in nature’s proportions. Human activity and the whimsy of the natural world collide with the well-tested structure of the grid.
Admire a campus that frames, and challenges, borders.
1A glass structure marks the entrance to the Harvard Square MBTA station and the network of trains, tracks, and bus lines below.
2From Memorial Church, window frames, columns, tree limbs, and reflections blend together by Widener Library in Harvard Yard.
3Kristen Cronon ’12 (left) and Arthur Bartolozzi ’12 hang “Body of Work,” an art exhibit focusing on body and body image, in the Student Organization Center at Hilles.
4Jagged winter branches are set against the cool, contrasting grid of concrete and glass in the modern architecture of the Harvard Science Center, designed by Josep Lluís Sert.
5The Museum of Comparative Zoology and Hoffman Laboratory meld forms and reflections.
6In stark black and white, a lattice of decorative squares adorns a vent inside a Harvard Hall lecture room.
7Holden Chapel, built in 1744 and among the oldest buildings in Harvard Yard, is framed in the windowpanes of Harvard Hall.
8The view from the Carpenter Center segments the medley of snow, crimson berries, and snarled branches.
9Volumes neatly line the shelves of the library nestled within Robinson Hall’s History Department.
10Disjointed reflections form an impression of the Yard in the windows of Memorial Church.
11The Laboratory for Integrated Science and Engineering is connected by bridge to Cruft and Lyman laboratories.
12Human forms, a model of the golden ratio, reside in the window of Gund Hall at the Harvard Graduate School of Design.
13Instruments of construction and design are the tools of students at work in Gund Hall at the Harvard Graduate School of Design.
14Concrete slabs comprise the walls, floors, and stairwells of the Carpenter Center. Squares and rectangles are celebrated forms in Le Corbusier’s only building in North America.
15Light is diffused and vision is distorted through the wall of glass blocks lining this Carpenter Center stairwell.
16The view from the Sert Gallery in the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts at Harvard University. Staff Photo Stephanie Mitchell/Harvard University News Office
17Shepard Fairey posters decorate a storefront construction site on Brattle Street.
18Harvard Square is revealed in all its bustle and disarray.
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3 edition of Final statistical report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. found in the catalog.
Final statistical report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
United States. Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
At head of title: Federal Works Agency. John M. Carmody, administrator.
|Statement||Prepared under the direction of Theodore E. Whiting. Work Projects Administration.|
|Contributions||Whiting, Theodore E., United States. Work Projects Administration.|
|LC Classifications||HV85 .A55 1942|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||xii, 1 l., 405 p.|
|Number of Pages||405|
|LC Control Number||42038524|
), ; Theodore Whiting, Final Statistical Reports of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (Washington: GPO, ), Whiting observes that only about 10 percent of the funds concerned production of goods for the needy. 5Jacob Baker to William L. Nunn, 11 December , National Archives, Record. AFDC: unlimited federal funds, states required to assist all those eligible, parents with children under 3 exempt from work requirement, no work trigger or time limit TANF: fixed federal grant, no entitlement, no exemptions from work requirement (some by state), work trigger required after 2 .
A variety of work relief projects were implemented in the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), the first U.S. federal relief agency begun in May and lasting until December They included construction, projects for professionals (e.g., writers, artists, actors and musicians), and production of consumer by: 3. The letter from Hopkins had been taped into a beautifully bound book published by the TERA on October 1, , Emergency Unemployment Relief Laws in the State of New York: , a gift from Hopkins to Straus, obviously when the latter retired. The typed, unsigned note, is from one of the sons of Jesse Straus who is the “Father” the writer refers to.
emergency or disaster, as well as information on emergency relief resources for agencies preparing for a potential future emergency. This manual will be of particular use for agencies that are seeking or have received funding under the Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA’s) Emergency Relief (ER) Program. Federal Emergency Relief Administration. ( a, January). Survey of common labor rates paid on the work program. Monthly report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Google ScholarCited by: 4.
The real guide.
A natural history of English song-birds, and such of the foreign as are usually brought over and esteemed for their singing. To which are added, figures of the cock, hen, and egg of each species, exactly copied from nature
Mr Men Greedy
Smuggling activities across the Uganda borders during the military regime, 1971-1979
Dead and living cities
Computer science and technology publications.
nineteenth-century constitution, 1815-1914
Problems facing local government in metropolitan areas
Prospectus of the Joggins Coal Mining Company
Memoirs of the reign of King George the Second
On early English pronunciation, with especial reference to Shakespeare and Chaucer, containing an investigation of the correspondence of writing with speech in England from the Anglosaxon period to the present day, preceded by a systematic notation of all spoken sounds by means of the ordinary printing types. Including ... F.J. Childs memoirs on the language of Chaucer and Gower, and ... the rare tracts by Salesbury on English, 1547, and Welch, 1567, and by Barclay
About this Book Catalog Record Details. Final statistical report of the Federal emergency relief administration. United States. View full catalog record. Final Statistical Report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. first edition Paperback United States. Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
Final statistical report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. New York, Da Capo Press, (OCoLC) Document Type: Book: All Authors / Contributors: Theodore E Whiting; United States.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration.; United States. Work Projects Administration. Final statistical report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
Washington: Federal Works Agency, Work Projects Administration: United States Government Printing Office, (OCoLC) Final Statistical Report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office, First edition.
Paperback. Small quarto [26 cm] Brown wraps, with sporadic small closed and open tears to the edges. The largest tear is open, measuring 2" wide by 1/2" deep. Very good minus. Final statistical report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Prepared under the direction of Theodore E.
Whiting. Prepared under the direction of Theodore E. Whiting. Work Projects Administration U.S. Govt. Print. Most federal relief efforts had been mired for some time in a quagmire of political and legislative wrangling.
Little aid or direction had actually reached the state level. Onthe Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was inaugurated. RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION (FERA) History: Established by authority of the Federal Emergency Relief Act of (48 Stat.
55),to allocate grants to state and local agencies for direct and work relief, to set minimum relief standards, and to coordinate information on relief problems, policies, and procedures. Summary of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) Summary and Definition: The Federal Emergency Relief Act, passed by Congress at the outset of the New Deal on The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was a federal government relief agency that was created by the law to provide relief support to nearly 5 million households each month.
(Source: "Final Statistical Report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration,"pp. 64,and ) ("Production," a mural study for the Buchannon, Michigan Post Office, by Gertrude Goodrich (?), created while she was in, or competing for, a New Deal Section of Fine Arts commission, in The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was the new name given by the Roosevelt Administration to the Emergency Relief Administration (ERA) which President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had created in FERA was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act and was replaced in by the Works Progress Administration (WPA).
Superseding agency: Works Progress. FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION, Washington, D.C., May IS, SIR: I transmit herewith the final report covering the Unemploy ment Relief Census secured in the Nation-wide survey of all families and persons receiving relief from public funds during OctoberThe information contained in this report gives, for the first time,File Size: 8MB.
Persons interested in pursuing ideas suggested in this paper, or dissatisfied with these disclaimers, should contact the authors for copies of these other papers. 2 The benefit, case and budget variables were obtained from Works Progress Administration, Final Statistical Report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (Washington, Cited by: Abstract.
Recession and accompanying unemployment often brings calls to revive the WPA (Works Progress Administration), an extensive job creation program from the Great Depression of the gh the WPA is the best known Depression era work program, it was preceded by the even more innovative and controversial FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration) and CWA Cited by: 4.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, The Emergency Work Relief Program of the FERA, April 1, – July 1,Federal Works Agency, Work Projects Administration, Final Statistical Report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Full text of "Summary of relief and federal work program statistics, " See other formats.
Hopkins himself highlights the issues at stake in Spending to Save: The Complete Story of Relief (University of Washington Press: Seattle, and ), pp. 97–, while the government’s own Final Statistical Report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (Works Progress Administration, Government Printing Office, ) provides a mass of : Anthony J.
Badger. The Federal Emergency Relief Act, passed at the outset of the New Deal by Congress onwas the opening shot in the war against the Great created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), which was alloted a start-up fund of $ million from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to help the needy and unemployed.
The Federal Emergency Relief Act ofimplemented President Roosevelt's first major initiative to combat the adverse economic and social effects of the Great Depression. The act established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, a grant-making agency authorized to distribute federal aid to the states for relief.
In United States: Relief 12,Congress established a Federal Emergency Relief Administration to distribute half a billion dollars to state and local agencies. Roosevelt also created the Civil Works Administration, which by January was employing more than 4, men and women.
Final statistical report of the Federal emergency relief administration.: Prepared under the direction of Theodore E. Whiting. Work projects administration.The Emergency Relief Program allows FTA, subject to the availability of appropriations, to make grants for eligible public transportation capital and operating costs in the event of a catastrophic event, such as a natural disaster, that affects a wide area, as a result of which the Governor of a State has declared an emergency and the Secretary.ees have coordinated Federal response and recovery efforts and supported State, Tribal, and local efforts in more than 1, incidents.
The Federal Government’s involvement in emergency management; however, did not begin in Federal disaster relief actually started more than years ago. Federal Disaster Response and Emergency Management.
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How can I print something in black and white instead of color? Lots of times I don't want to waste the color ink.
Well, if you don't mind black & white, you should be able to set your printer to print in either a grayscale or B&W mode by default. You can later turn this option off if you decide you need a document printed in color.
How do you do it? Well, it varies from printer to printer since they tend to come with different software, but here's a typical scenario:
1. Click the Start button, Settings, Printer.
2. Next, find your printer and right-click it, selecting Properties from the resulting menu.
3. OK, here's where it may get a bit messy. You'll need to play around in the settings screen that comes up, looking for a setting to print in B&W (Black & white) or grayscale. This setting may be either on a tab or you may have to press a button to get at it.
For example, with my HP I hit the General tab, then a Printing preferences button. A new screen pops up and I hit the "Paper/Quality" tab and can set it to print B&W from there. Here are a some screen shots from my printer:
Again, I want to stress that this is how it works for my printer, your
mileage may vary. In fact, it probably will. If you get really stuck, try
your printer's help file. When all else fails, read the instructions!
Once you set it to B&W or grayscale, everything you print will be in B&W unless you set it back manually.
If that's too much of a commitment to the monochrome world for you, you can always print in grayscale / B&W on a case by case basis. When you go to print from whatever program, use the File menu, Print...
From there, hit the Properties button. If you play around in the resulting settings screen long enough, you should find a setting for grayscale. It's probably under a "Print quality" or similar category.
**NOTE**Again, if you go this route, it's only going to be a temporary deal. If you want it permanently printing in grayscale, you'll have to go to the printers folder as described above.
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Next August in the US you'll be able to see a wonderful natural phenomenon, as a solar eclipse casts its shadow across the country - from Oregon to South Carolina - all in the space of just 90 minutes.
Our boffins have calculated precisely the eclipse's predicted path - which means we get to recommend to you some of the best places in which to see this stunning sun show, in full totality. Although the eclipse does pass through a number of major cities, we've also selected some of the quieter spots for you. And once you've taken in the amazing spectacle, we've also recommended another activity to spend your afternoon in the local area.
Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming
It just misses out on Yellowstone, but there's still an amazing place nearby that the first shadows are cast during the eclipse. South of Yellowstone's border, the Grand Teton National Park is an excellent spot from which to observe the solar phenomenon. Head onto the 191 to the fringes of the park to ensure you're in the centre of its path.
There's much more exploration and adventure to be had in this neck of the woods. Why not head up to Yellowstone after the eclipse and check out its natural wonders including the Caldera; the epicentre of the country's volcanic underbelly.
Sawtooth National Recreation Area, Idaho
The small town of Stanley - population 60 - is directly under the centre of the path of the eclipse. Stanley is surrounded by beautiful woodlands, lakes and mountains - the perfect chance to spend some leisure time getting back to nature, before taking in the amazing eclipse just after breakfast.
Idaho State Highway 21 will take you into Boise, the state capital and home of the Peregrine Fund, a reserve for the preservation of birds of prey. Watch exhibitions and attend presentations on how their work benefits the natural world.
Grand Island, Nebraska
Just off Interstate 80 in the Cornhusker State, you'll find the home of the annual State Fair. Having recently been given a complete makeover and expansion, the campgrounds where the event is held should be a great place from which to enjoy the show.
A couple of hours along the highway, Omaha offers some great day trip activities, including museums, galleries and the world-famous Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, which boasts an indoor swamp and the 'desert dome' among other ecological experiments and attractions.
Experts predict that the course of the eclipse means that one spot in this town - just over Cedar Lake - will get the most time in the shade of all during the eclipse - about two minutes, 45 seconds. Not only that, but here among the wonderful woodland, another eclipse due in April 2024 will criss-cross this exact spot.
St Louis is a two-hour drive away in neighbouring Missouri; this city has long standing ties to blues music. That historic connection is celebrated in the National Blues Museum where you'll find exhibits and stories of the world's best-known blues musicians and their place in today's modern culture.
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina
One of the States' most popular National Parks, and one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites, an entire section west of U.S. Highway 441 will receive a couple of minutes of totality. You should get as close as possible to the 115 if you want to spend even longer under the spell of darkness.
You can take your pick from a few destinations which surround the park if you're looking for some fun in the city. Charlotte and Chattanooga lie east and west respectively, while the city of Atlanta, Georgia is a couple of hours south.
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We all know that plants require air, water, light, space and soil to grow and reproduce. However, many gardeners claim that milk or Coke can also help in growing certain plants. Science on the effects of these materials is slight, but each of these substances seems to have some merits as well as drawbacks on the growth of the plant.
Other People Are Reading
Water is a source of dissolved nutrients from the soil. This is greatly required for plant survival and growth, as without it the plant will not be able to absorb the necessary nutrition from the soil. Water is also required by plants to complete the natural process of photosynthesis, along with proper light. Moreover, it helps in hydration of the leaves of the plant and gives it protection from drying out.
The protein and fats contained in milk make it difficult for plants to absorb water. However, milk contains enzymes and fungicidal properties that may restrain growth of mould and bacteria. When diluted with water, it may help to fight various diseases including fungi that may harm the plant's growth. Moreover, calcium contained in the milk can help build the plant cell walls that allow easy transportation of nutrients and also control the pH level of the soil. If you decide to try feeding milk to plants, gardeners recommend diluting it with plain water.
The sugar content in Coke can create a concentrated solution that may damage the root cells, resulting in their losing the ability to take in water, causing the plant to die of thirst. Plants do not need to take in extra sugar, as the process of photosynthesis allows plants to make their own sugar for energy. The excessive sugar concentration in Coke can also promote bacteria and mould growth.
A plant will grow bigger and thrive better in water. The only reason why a plant would be able to grow when fed Coke is because it contains some amount of water. In small quantities, milk may be beneficial to plant growth. However, milk should never be used as a substitute for water. Water is essential for plant growth.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
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- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for
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If you’re looking to rent a charter bus or even just buy a ticket for one, you are far from alone. The number of people who rent a charter bus has been on the rise in recent years, with up to 751 million trips taken via charter bus on a yearly basis. And all types of people choose to rent a charter bus and ride on one, from students to elderly people (who, together, make up around half of all charter bus trips) to young adults and adults (who make up just about the other half of the population who chooses to rent a charter bus or ride on one).
After all, charter buses have a variety of different uses for people all throughout the country as a whole. For instance, the decision to rent a charter bus for school trips is an incredibly common one, as motorcoach companies can provide a viable way for long term class trips to cover long stretches – and even go on overnight trips, as is common among many school musical groups, like orchestras, concert bands, and marching bands alike.
In addition to this, the decision to rent a charter bus for events like family reunions is also popular. As many people who have big families are well aware of, the typical family reunion can be quite large indeed. The decision to rent a charter bus can provide a cohesive and better organized form of transport for the members of just about any family reunion but particularly for those that are on the larger side of things.
Finally, charter buses, even if you don’t rent a charter bus, can provide cross country transportation at cheaper prices than booking a flight, making going home for a holiday or going back to college after a summer at home an option for many who do not have the money to fly. And charter buses can typically go more places than planes anyway, something that has been more than supported by the data gathered on the subject in recent years.
In fact, the results of the research that has been conducted clearly shows that motor coach terminals overwhelm the number of airport terminals by as many as five times. And motor coach terminals are even more present than city bus terminals by as many as six times, showing clearly that motor coach terminals are a great way to transport yourself from one part of the country to the next. In addition to this, more than 14 million people living in much more rural communities throughout the country often rely on motor coach companies and the ability to rent a charter bus as their only option for gaining access to the closest cities and the services available there (such as doctors, etc) that might not be available in their own communities, as such rural communities tend to be very small indeed.
The choice to rent a charter bus or buy a charter bus ticket is one that is environmentally sound, as the use of charter buses and other such motor coaches has been found to be hugely beneficial for the environment as well. After all, the typical charter bus can carry enough people to remove, in total, up to 55 cars from our highways. Of course, this is beneficial for reducing the amount of toxic emissions from vehicles, but it is also beneficial in that it saves energy as well. On top of all of this, highway and other such traffic congestion can be reduced considerably simply by the presence of fewer cars, something that can benefit just about everyone here in the United States.
In addition to this, motor coaches and charter buses are very efficient vehicles, though this is certainly a fact that many people might not actively be aware of. But a fact it is, with data showing that less carbon dioxide per passenger mile is expended through the use of motor coaches and charter buses than for any other form of public transportation, from cars to transit buses to trains to airplanes. All in all, the uses for charter buses and motor coaches are many and their benefits are vast.
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I have been trying to make some software to generate high dynamic range image files(*.hdr) in the format specified by Radiance. The specs I looked at suggest the RLE for HDR is basically the same as for PIC.
It is described briefly here:http://local.wasp.uwa.edu.au/~pbourke/dataformats/pic/
I have an uncompressed format that seems fine but I'm not sure how to do the Run length encoding. Uncompressed pixel data is done by using a 4-tuple to represent each pixel. red, green, blue, and an exponent byte.
What I've tried and failed at was a run length encoding where a byte precedes each pixel to indicate how many times the pixel colour repeats itself. This sometimes loads into PaintShop Pro and PhotoMatix but when it does, it doesn't look right at all. It shows a 90% black image with a few very bright dots in a grid pattern.
Do you know how the RLE works in HDR?
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http://www.programmersheaven.com/discussion/368426/rle-in-hdr-or-pic-image-files?S=B20000
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Boeing Co.'s discovery of microscopic wrinkles in the fuselage skin of its best-selling, new-technology 787 is the latest of many setbacks for the program over the years.
Here is a summary of the company's effort to build the first passenger plane made from lightweight carbon composite parts rather than metal:
ORIGINS – On Dec. 20, 2002, Boeing officially drops plans for the Sonic Cruiser, which would have traveled near the speed of sound, and on Jan. 29, 2003, the company establishes a leadership team for the 7E7, its first all-new airplane since the 777 in 1990. Composites are chosen as the primary material the next June.
STARTUP – All Nippon Airways of Japan orders 50 of the planes, and Boeing's board of directors approves the launch of the 7E7 program on April 26, 2004. In January 2005 the model name is changed to the 787, and at the end of the year the first deliveries are set for early summer 2008.
FIRST GLITCHES – Boeing announces on June 9, 2006, that bubbles have been found in the composites used in a 33-foot prototype of a section of the fuselage. On Nov. 6, 2006, Boeing says it's confident the plane can be lightened by about 2.5 tons, enough to make it the most fuel-efficient commercial jet in the air.
SALES – Sales exceed 500 planes by April 3, 2007, and Boeing begins looking for ways to accelerate production.
MORE GLITCHES – Boeing reveals production snags on June 12, 2007, including a gap where the left side of the nose-and-cockpit section is out of alignment with the fuselage. Another problem is an industrywide shortage of fasteners that hold the plane together.
FIRST DELAYS – On Sept. 5, 2007, Boeing says the 787 will begin flight testing in mid-November or mid-December, months later than originally planned. On Oct. 10, 2007, Boeing delays first deliveries by six months.
PERSONNEL CHANGE – Boeing announces on Oct. 16, 2007, that Michael B. Bair, vice president and general manager of the 787 program for the past three years, has been replaced by Patrick M. Shanahan, previously head of Boeing's missile defense systems in Wichita, Kan. Bair is named vice president of business strategy and marketing and, on Oct. 31, 2007, says some suppliers of major components for the 787 have fallen short of Boeing's expectations.
PROMISES, PROMISES – On Dec. 11, 2007, Boeing Commercial Airplanes CEO Scott E. Carson says there will be no further delay in 787 development, but a three-month delay is announced on Jan. 16, 2008, and an additional six-month stall is announced on April 9, 2008, postponing the projected debut of commercial service to the third quarter of 2009 – the third revision to the delivery schedule and the fourth change in plans for first test flight.
LABOR DISPUTE – An eight-week strike by the Machinists union that began Sept. 6, 2008, and lingering production problems, including installation of improper fasteners, pushes the first test flight into the second quarter of 2009 and first deliveries into the first quarter of 2010 – the fourth schedule shift, making the first 787 nearly two years late. The top issue in the strike is job security as union members maintain that if more of the key production had been in-house instead of by subcontractors, the 787 would have been completed before the walkout.
ANOTHER HANGUP – On June 23, 2009, Boeing announces that flight tests will be delayed an undetermined number of weeks for the design and installation of reinforcements along the upper part of the place where the wings join the fuselage. Carson says deliveries also will be pushed back.
LATEST TROUBLE – On Aug. 14, Boeing says it discovered microscopic wrinkles in the 787's fuselage skin and is installing a patch consisting of additional layers of carbon composite material. The company says it had ordered Italian supplier Alenia Aeronautica to halt production of the fuselage sections on June 23. It says the glitch was unrelated to the other structural problem announced that day.
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The statues stood
on their garden caskets.
We were just pieces of debris to them.
The flowers marched around in factions. Each one
bloomed like a civic gunshot.
The statues watched us walk to school.
They stood at the archway
to our classrooms, counting us past
in our stone uniforms. We opened the white
entitlement of their books & learned
their leaden portraits. In yards dedicated to their torsos
they watched us filling our mouths with flint. We had
to pledge silence under their cold
At night, their lichen eyes were inside us.
In every park they lynched our sunlight.
Bullets chipped calligraphy
along the base of their tranquil chariots, headed along
the tiled odour of paths paved over
a bloody geometry.
Our trees couldn’t breathe in their plaques.
Their language lay on our tongues like a monument.
Later we’d come back
wearing midnight smoke & try to laugh
at their anthems, the parliamentary shit of birds,
or use their plinths to smash ourselves back
to dominion. Sometimes we slept
while a breeze left their Latin & ribboned the anniversary
of our cut throats. Sometimes we dreamt they patrolled
with stone lions & woke in a cell to a fist that bore
No one mentioned they stood
on our tombs.
Those they were built for never
even noticed them.
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PETG is a modified version of PET in which the “G” stands for “Glycol,” a molecule added during the polymerization process to make it less fragile, more durable, and easier to use.
This version is suitable for additive manufacturing; it is generally translucent but also comes in a variety of colors. When compared to PLA, PETG has superior mechanical properties as well as resistance to moisture, chemicals, and heat.
|Creality Ender 3||Easy and quick assembled||9|
|Monoprice Maker Ultimate 2||Fully assembled||8.2|
|QIDI TECH X-Plus||High precision||9|
|Anycubic MEGA S||User-friendly||8.4|
|DREMEL DigiLab 3D45||Higher quality prints||8.9|
|Artillery GENIUS||High efficiency||8.8|
|BCN3D Sigma D25||Advanced features||8|
|Ortur Obsidian||High compatibility||8.4|
|Renkforce PRO3||High print quality||7|
Best PETG 3D Printers
Creality Ender 3
The Creality Ender 3 is one of the most popular machines on the market due to a number of features that are hard to come by in even more expensive PETG printers.
- One of the most appealing aspects of the Creality Ender 3 is its extremely low price.
- The Creality Ender 3 has a small heated print bed measuring 220 x 220 x 250mm.
- Another impressive feature of the Creality Ender 3 is its ability to fully recover and resume a print after it has been disconnected or has lost power.
- An LCD display with a control wheel is located on the right side of the Creality Ender 3 frame.
- Creality recently made the Ender 3 open source.
- Extremely affordable
- Print volume is adequate
- It is possible to produce high-quality prints
- The use of open-source software
- The use of a narrow filament path improves compatibility with flexible filament
- Simple to assemble
- Design is compact
- An increasing number of upgrades are now available for 3D printing
- Uneven base causes a slight wobble, making it difficult to level
- Adhesion is sometimes required to get prints to adhere to the bed
- Calibration must be done manually
- The flimsy bed must be re-leveled from time to time
Monoprice Maker Ultimate 2
Monoprice’s Maker Select Ultimate 2 is a low-cost desktop PETG 3D printer. Monoprice, based in the United States, is a manufacturer of 3D printers.
The build volume of this desktop 3D printer is 200 x 150 x 150 mm. The Monoprice Maker Ultimate 2 is a completely new 3D printer rather than an update.
It comes fully assembled and configured, and its key features of direct drive extruder and enclosed design give it nearly limitless capabilities. This great entry-level 3D printer will not limit you as you gain experience.
- Conditions such as inconsistent ambient temperature or high humidity can cause prints to fail if you go beyond PLA. The temperature management in the Ultimate 2 is excellent. The enclosure keeps the temperature stable, preventing common 3D printing failures like warping.
- The built-in inductive sensor in the Maker Ultimate 2 is said to automatically level the print bed, ensuring proper adherence to the built plate.
- It promotes the glass build plate as a guarantee of a flawless first layer with the flattest possible surface. This, in conjunction with the auto bed leveling, should result in the best possible results.
- Features a lighting system that is thought to compensate for the printer’s enclosure making it difficult to see one’s print.
- 3D printer that is simple to use and comes pre-assembled and calibrated
- Automatic leveling for simple calibration
- Extruder with direct drive
- Compatible with a wide range of filaments such as ABS, ASA, TPE, and TPU
- The enclosed design shields your print from environmental factors like low room temperature/drafts
- Design that is both compact and lightweight
- Some people may find the provided user manual to be overly technical
- Some users may find it a little too noisy
QIDI TECH X-Plus
The Qidi Tech X-Plus 3D printer strives to lead those interested in trying out the technology by providing amazing functionalities at an affordable price.
Because the machine is already fully assembled, there is not much you need to do to assemble it. As a result, you will not need much time to get started with your first print.
It significantly reduces the user’s effort in configuring the machine prior to its first use. Furthermore, bed leveling is not automatic, but rather simple and straightforward. With the press of a single button, your bed is leveled.
- The PETG 3D printer has two different extruder options to meet the needs of semi-professional users. These are interchangeable, with varying extruder configurations.
- Not to be confused with two different build plates; the 3D Printer does not have two separate build plates, but rather a single plate that can be used on both sides.
- The 3D printer employs two separate filament holders to meet the requirement for two different filament types. The Qidi Tech X-Plus, with its two different spool holders, elevates the user experience to new heights.
- This 3D printer accepts third-party filaments.
- Sensing a need, Qidi Tech X-Plus has brought a fully assembled and enclosed chamber for both new and experienced users.
- The enclosed chamber of the 3D Printer is designed to produce very little noise.
- The 3D printer has an advanced cooling system that helps bring out the best in 3D models.
- Features an easy-to-use touch screen that serves as a model for many; the 5-inch color touchscreen is straightforward and simple to use.
- You can prevent your 3D models from failing due to a power outage. The print will be paused and saved until power is restored.
- With its filament sensor, this 3D printer is intelligent enough to detect when you have run out of material.
- The 3D printer can use a variety of filaments.
- The build volume is more than adequate for the majority of applications
- It generates 3D models that are precise and accurate
- Simple to set up and suitable for beginners
- Documentation and customer service that is poorly translated
- In some cases, the touch screen may also respond slowly
Anycubic MEGA S
The Mega S PETG 3D printer is a model from the Chinese manufacturer Anycubic, which was founded in Shenzen in 2015 and has since grown to become one of the industry’s most renowned suppliers.
With its low price, the Mega S falls into the category of low-cost devices. This can also be attributed to the fact that as a buyer, you must assemble the Mega S yourself; kits are typically less expensive than fully assembled 3D printers.
- The Mega S from Anycubic is built to last, and it includes a sensor that constantly monitors the amount of filament and alerts you when it needs to be replaced.
- The Anycubic Mega-S 3D printer has a large base with a full-color touchscreen.
- According to Anycubic, the Anycubic Mega-extruder has been upgraded to be more compatible with flexible filaments such as TPU.
- In keeping with the Mega-incredible S’s value, this machine comes with a plethora of useful accessories and extras. The Anycubic Mega-S comes with extra nozzles of various sizes, tools for clearing blockages, sample filament in various colors, an SD card with pre-loaded projects, and even a brand new hot end.
- For a low-cost printer, the Mega S produces good print results.
- The Mega S kit is relatively quick and simple to put together; no prior experience is required.
- The print bed quickly heats up.
- The Mega S 3D printer can print with a variety of filaments.
- The device is very dependable and has a low error rate.
- Because of the open printing chamber, the printer is relatively loud during the printing process.
- Metal PLA printing is not possible with the Mega S. Medium print area.
DREMEL DigiLab 3D45
With a nearly 90-year legacy to uphold, DREMEL 3D printers are designed to be dependable and long-lasting machines. DREMEL’s DigiLab brand products are suitable for assisting people to get started with 3D printing and take more advanced steps with the technology.
The DREMEL 3D45 is one of the company’s higher-priced 3D printers for cookie cutters. It has a build volume of 254 x 152 x 170 mm and an all-metal-hot-end direct drive extruder (capable of reaching temperatures of up to 280°C).
- The 3D printer’s heated bed and removable build platform allow for a maximum build volume of 10 x 6 x 6.7 inches.
- The bed leveling system is semi-automatic and uses a straightforward two-point system. The leveling process is greatly simplified as a result of this.
- The 4.5-inch color IPS touchscreen on the DREMEL DigiLab 3D45 instructs users on how much each knob should be turned to even out the print area.
- The DREMEL DigiLab 3D45 has a precision of 50 microns when printing objects.
- Easy to set up and use.
- The print quality is excellent when proprietary materials are used.
- Developed to increase safety and dependability.
- A comprehensive 3D printing ecosystem designed specifically for educational purposes.
- Print quality suffers when third-party filament is used.
- It has a hard time with more advanced materials like Nylon.
- A closed system provides security and dependability, but it limits creativity.
The Artillery Genius is a desktop PETG 3D printer with a decent build volume of 220 x 220 x 250 mm (8.66 x 8.66 x 9.8 inches), which means it can print a single large model or several smaller ones at the same time. It has a heated bed with a direct drive extruder.
The printer must be manually assembled and leveled, which requires the user to understand how FDM 3D printers work. Furthermore, it establishes a solid foundation for future troubleshooting expertise.
- The build plate of the Artillery Genius is made of tempered glass and can be heated up to 130°C.
- The Artillery Genius’ heat bed has an impressive heating speed, reaching 110°C in less than 135 seconds.
- The filament sensor is located just below the spool holder on the printer’s top. If there is no more material to print with or if the filament becomes tangled or broken, the printing process is halted. After resolving the issue, the printing process can be restarted manually.
- The Artillery Genius includes a filament spool holder that must be installed on top of the gantry, so you will not have to print or buy it separately. The spool holder can be re-adjusted to accommodate different filament spool widths.
- Simple to use.
- Extruder with direct drive.
- Build plate that can be heated.
- Resume printing capability.
- Sensor for filament run out.
- Upgrade potential is limitless.
- Touchscreen that responds.
- Material compatibility is broad.
- Simple to assemble.
- There is no enclosure.
- There are no wireless connectivity options.
- Overabundance of layer adhesion
- It is difficult to re-adjust the spool holder.
- Nozzles of poor quality.
- Some of the wires are far too short and unstick far too easily.
BCN3D Sigma D25
If you want to work in 3D printing, you can start, scale up, or continue your experiments with this PETG 3D printer.
- PLA, PETG, TPU 98A, and PVA are some of the filaments that can be used by the printer.
- The printer makes use of an aluminum build plate and a silicone thermal pad, both of which are known for their ability to distribute heat evenly.
- The printer’s manufacturer has optimized the firmware calculation system for calibration, allowing for more precise level adjustment.
- The Sigma D25 3D printer includes not only the most recent connectivity features, but also a free workflow on the BCN3D cloud platform.
- The Bondtech company installed a high-tech dual drive gear in the manufacturer of this printer.
- The addition of these dual-drive gears gives the printer’s user more control and sharper details.
- When the filament runs out, the sensor tells the printer to stop 3D printing until the filament is reloaded.
- The Sigma D25 is a desktop 3D printer that, like any other desktop 3D printer, can vibrate when 3D printing a part or functional prototype.
- The Sigma D25’s manufacturers included a multilingual touchscreen to facilitate interaction between the user and the printer, in addition to ensuring a consistent printing procedure and reliable extrusion.
- Works in a variety of modes
- Parts can be produced in large quantities
- Wireless printing option is there
- Closed print chambers are notorious for making user post-processing difficult
The Ortur-4 is a high-speed PETG 3D printer that prints two to three times faster than comparable machines.
This cleanly designed, solid machine, manufactured by Dongguan Ortur Intelligent Technologies Co, a Chinese 3D printer manufacturer, has a steel casing structure and some excellent features.
- Ortur claims it can print two to three times faster than other popular FDM 3D printers and can print at speeds of up to 150 mm per second in real life while maintaining print quality.
- This printer’s accuracy is improved by its dual-axis linear guide rails on each axis.
- The wires are expertly concealed throughout the Ortur-4.
- When you do not have to level the bed yourself, it is a lot easier. The Ortur-4 automates this process by calibrating 9 points on the hotbed.
- Resume printing is another important tool in a printer’s arsenal because it ensures that power outages or pauses do not affect your print and that it can resume work when the power is restored.
- If the printer becomes too hot, it will automatically stop printing until it has cooled down sufficiently.
- Filament detection pauses the print until the empty spool is replaced.
- Lightweight, portable, and noiseless
- Printing with a single click
- It is extremely simple to set up
- Simple to use
- Appropriate for home education
- Design independence
- Materials are limited
- Build volume is limited
It is advantageous to have a completely closed casing with a stable frame construction made of aluminum profiles and this printer just gives you that.
Due to its sturdy construction, the Renkforce PRO3 PETG 3D printer measures 395 x 400 x 425 mm and weighs approximately 22.2 kg. The print head is precisely positioned by industrial linear guides that continue to function precisely and evenly even after years of use.
- You can process almost any 1.75 mm filament with the Renkforce PRO3*.
- The printer works with PLA and PLA Compound (wood, aluminum, copper, bronze). ABS, PETG, HIPS, PC, PP, nylon, TPU, TPE, and carbon fiber are some of the materials used.
- The heatable build platform, among other things, allows for this level of material flexibility.
- The Renkforce PRO3 3D printer has a maximum print size of 200 x 200 x 150 mm.
- The printer is also simple to use.
- A 3.5-inch color touchscreen is used for operation, displaying a clear menu for printer operation.
- You can use an SD card to load your models into the printer and print them offline.
- The layer thickness can be set between 0.05 and 0.3 mm.
- A removable magnetic mat, which you place on the print bed and remove when the print is finished, is useful for easily removing your finished models.
- Simple operation in a closed construction
- The heated print bed has a minimum layer thickness of 0.05 mm and is compatible with a wide range of filaments
- No Wi-Fi
- There is no USB interface
- There is no automatic leveling and no filament sensor
The Bresser REX 3D printer comes completely assembled. The delivery includes an instruction manual, a replacement extruder nozzle, 300 g of PLA filament in white and black, and cleaning tools.
PETG and other filaments such as PLA and ABS can be easily processed with the Bresser REX 3D printer.
The printer comes with the flashprint software, which you can use to prepare your models for printing. It works with the Windows, Mac OS, and Linux operating systems.
- The Bresser REX*, measuring 380 x 388 x 405 mm and weighing around 9 kg, has an integrated camera for remote monitoring of your prints.
- Bresser’s patented extruder design allows you to change the filament very quickly. A HEPA filter integrated into the printer’s closed housing keeps the surrounding air clean.
- The heated build platform can also be quickly changed. The maximum build volume is 150 x 150 x 150 mm.
- For this printer, you can also use other slicer software, such as Cura.
- For data transfer, a WLAN and a USB interface are available. The Bresser REX 3D printer can also print from the cloud.
- It is controlled by a simple touch screen.
- The printer’s good features are rounded out by an 8 GB internal memory.
- Automatic filament detection is also available with the Bresser REX 3D printer.
- After inserting new filament, you can immediately resume printing your models. The printing speed is limited to 100 mm/s.
- The 3D printer also impresses with its XY-axis positioning accuracy of 0.011 mm and z-axis positioning accuracy of 0.0025 mm. The thinnest layer is 0.05 mm thick. Layers with a maximum thickness of 0.4 mm can be printed by the Bresser REX 3D printer.
- Simple operation due to the closed design
- WLAN and a USB port
- Built-in camera
- Print bed that is heated
- Filament detector
- There is no automatic leveling function
To avoid layer separation, printing materials such as ULTEM 9085, ABS, PC, and others require an enclosed chamber.
The heat generated by the heated bed maintains a stable temperature inside the machine, and some machines have dedicated heaters to keep the printing environment warm.
High Temperature Nozzle
The type of 3D Printing Materials that a 3D Printer can print is determined by the temperature of the Hot end Nozzle. The clone hot end can reach temperatures of 260 degrees Celsius, while the E3Dv6 can reach temperatures of 380 degrees Celsius.
The most important factor in 3D printing is the nozzle temperature. The clone Hot ends come with bulb sensors, which are a little more difficult to install and are prone to falling out of the mounting slot, causing temperature readings to fluctuate.
Automatic Bed Leveling
This feature notifies the machine if the bed is slightly tilted, which must be corrected for a smooth first layer. It also keeps the nozzle from colliding with the build plate.
Because the frequency of calibration on Cartesian 3D printers is higher, auto bed leveling is necessary. Delta Mechanism 3D Printing Machines, on the other hand, require less frequent calibration, so it is not required, but it is nice to have.
This function is not necessary if you only plan to get one or two machines, but if you plan to start a farm, you will see how useful it is.
You will save time searching for files in directories, and you will be able to manage a lot more computers with just one computer.
Why Would I Need To Use PETG Filament?
PETG is a strong, flexible, and recyclable material. It is not brittle, will not warp or shrink, and can be printed on glass without the use of glues. It does not absorb moisture or water from the air. Overall, it has superior properties to PET.
At What Temperatures Should I Print PETG Filament?
While the exact temperature will vary depending on your printer, the filament you’re using, and your preferences, the recommended temperature range for PETG filament is 220-245°C, and the recommended bed temperature is 70-75°C.
If you are using glass, you are not required to use a heated bed; however, it does make the process much easier.
What Should My Retraction Settings Be?
Your printer’s retraction settings (speed and length) will vary greatly depending on the type of extruder you are using and the filament you are using.
PETG is now widely available as a filament for FDM 3D printers and has gained popularity in a variety of professional applications due to its material properties.
Designers and engineers can use its transparency, moisture resistance, and chemical resistance to create great functional prototypes such as liquid containers, signage and graphic displays, electrical equipment enclosures, and so on when working on new concepts.
The most obvious application of PETG 3D printing is for the design and prototyping of packaging for consumer products that will later be made of some form of PET when mass production begins. The above-mentioned guide will help you start with the best PETG printer
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Anxiety. The online Merriam-Webster dictionary defines it as “apprehensive uneasiness or nervousness usually over an impending or anticipated ill”; “an abnormal and overwhelming sense of apprehension and fear often marked by physiological signs (as sweating, tension, and increased pulse), by doubt concerning the reality and nature of the threat, and by self-doubt about one’s capacity to cope with it.” Does any of that sound familiar?
The coronavirus, COVID-19, has certainly gotten the world’s attention. As global leaders and economies continue to struggle with the fallout, it seems we are greeted every day with less than positive news and forecasts. It is in these environments that anxiety becomes even more chronic. These are challenging times for many and there are real fears and concerns that provoke thoughts and worry minds. Professing Christians are not immune to these events, fears, and concerns. If we are not careful, we could easily find ourselves overwhelmed by our individual circumstances. Instead of keeping our eyes on the God of our salvation, we focus instead on the “contrary winds” howling around us. To avoid such a situation, we hear the Psalmist cry out, “Hear my cry, O God; listen to my prayer … when my heart is overwhelmed and fainting; lead me to the rock that is higher than I [yes, a rock that is too high for me]. For You have been a shelter and a refuge for me” (61:1,2b,3a, Amplified). When faced with life’s storms, a shelter and a refuge are exactly what we need. The good news is that we can find them both in God.
The disciples of Jesus faced their own anxious moments as He spoke to them about His departure (John 13:31-36). We find in His response words that should encourage the heart that is anxious over any circumstances. “Let not your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me” (14:1, KJV). Things may not look too good, but let not your heart be troubled. Bad news everywhere, but let not your heart be troubled. The pattern is obvious. God is not limited by what COVID-19 and the global economies are doing. He knows how to take care of His own and “those who trust in, lean on, and confidently hope in the Lord are like Mount Zion, which cannot be moved but abides and stands fast forever” (Psalm 125:1, Amplified).
Obviously, we cannot be so spiritually minded that we are of no earthly good. In these challenging times, we have an obligation to do our part. While we do not live our lives in fear, we need to be cognizant of the times and exercise wisdom accordingly. As we do our due diligence and take the necessary precautions as health officials advise us to, it is worth remembering that despite how things look, God is still in charge. He is still seated on His throne. The cross reminds us that in the end, His plans and purposes will prevail. Those fears and anxieties we feel? Now is as good a time as any to cast them upon Him and rest in His peace. Why not give it a try?
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If you aren’t sure what course to choose, come to the information session, take the placement test and come to the course which seems the best one.
Information session about French courses
The information sessions take place during the first week of the academic year and at the beginning of the second semester. The French teachers will be there to help you make the right choice.
During the 1st week of the semester, you have to take a placement test to confirm your current level. For example, if you want choose a course at B2 level, you have to take a test to confirm that you already have level B1.
In the first few weeks of classes, there is a period of reorientation when you can change course and level – with the agreement of the teacher.
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“fjum-Kontext mit Mirjana Tomić” is a program of seminars and other events addressing themes related to international affairs, media, and politics — and the role of the media in reporting them. All program events share one common feature: they focus on understanding the local context.
The series was initiated in 2016, in the wake of two international events that took many observers by surprise: The electoral victory of Donald Trump in the United States and the success of the Brexit referendum in the UK. Why did much of the media fail to predict these outcomes? If reporters were on the spot, did they simply talk to the wrong people? Or did they not listen to all sides? Or was it, rather, that they failed to understand the context? Or they were not on the spot?
The #fjum_Kontext seminar series provides background knowledge and analyses from a range of experts that should help prevent such surprises. Its speakers include journalists, researchers, hands-on experts, opinion analysts, and academics who can explain local contexts and worldviews based on their contact with all segments of society.
Seminars and other events are customised for journalists, analysts, and academics. One of the program’s goals is the support of quality journalism through the creation of knowledge-based networks of media and researchers. Most events focus on Europe.
Cooperation partners: Representation of the European Commission in Austria; International Institute for Peace; Friedrich Ebert Stiftung-Budapest; Erste Foundation; and Europe’s Futures (IWM)
Presseclub Concordia is a long-term cooperation partner.Mirjana Tomić develops, moderates, and manages seminar series.
Information about past and current events here
Please contact email@example.com for additinal information and questions.
Der fjum_Newsletter informiert Sie regelmäßig über unsere Kurse, Lehrgänge und Spezialangebote! Wir nutzen Mailchimp als Newsletter-Plattform. Indem Sie sich anmelden, erklären Sie sich mit unseren AGB, den Datenschutz- und Cookie-Richtlinien einverstanden. Eine Abmeldung ist jederzeit kostenlos möglich.
Ihre Anmeldung wurde gespeichert. Vielen Dank!
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DAC Linearization Techniques for Sigma-delta Modulators
MetadataShow full item record
Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC) form the feedback element in sigma-delta modulators. Any non-linearity in the DAC directly degrades the linearity of the modulator at low and medium frequencies. Hence, there is a need for designing highly linear DACs when used in high performance sigma-delta modulators. In this work, the impact of current mismatch on the linearity performance (IM3 and SQNR) of a 4-bit current steering DAC is analyzed. A selective calibration technique is proposed that is aimed at reducing the area occupancy of conventional linearization circuits. A statistical element selection algorithm for linearizing DACs is proposed. Current sources within the required accuracy are selected from a large set of current sources available. As compared with existing calibration techniques, this technique achieves higher accuracy and is more robust to variations in process and temperature. In contrast to existing data weighted averaging techniques, this technique does not degrade SNR performance of the ADC. A 5th order, 500 MS/s, 20 MHz sigma-delta modulator macro-model was used to test the linearity of the DAC.
Godbole, Akshay (2011). DAC Linearization Techniques for Sigma-delta Modulators. Master's thesis, Texas A&M University. Available electronically from
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Today, the White House proposed spending $100 million on a new program aimed at tracking air quality in some of the most polluted communities in the US. It was a tiny piece of President Joe Biden’s initial $1.5 trillion federal budget request for 2022, but it is representative of the new administration’s efforts to address legacies of environmental wreckage and injustice.
The air quality program would be funded through the Environmental Protection Agency, whose budget Biden seeks to raise by more than 21 percent. There aren’t many details yet on what the program might look like. But on top of tracking air quality, it would be able to notify people with “real-time data” in places with some of the worst pollution in the nation. The program would “hold polluters accountable,” according to the budget request.
The $100 million could go toward tackling some problematic gaps in how air quality is measured today. Those gaps can leave some communities, particularly low-income neighborhoods and people of color, more vulnerable to pollution than others.
High-quality air quality monitors that researchers and regulators use have typically been too expensive to deploy widely. Because they can be spread thin in some regions, they can miss differences in pollution levels from neighborhood to neighborhood. From one block to another, pollution can actually grow as much as eight times thicker.
Even where there are government air quality monitors, communities have been let down. These devices have failed spectacularly in the past, an investigation by Reuters revealed last year. When a refinery exploded in Philadelphia in 2019, the federal air quality index reported clean air in the city that day even though 700,000 pounds of hazardous chemicals had been released. That’s because the closest official air monitor was programmed to take measurements just one out of every six days, and it happened to miss the event.
Luckily, more affordable commercial air quality monitors have hit the market lately. That’s allowed a growing network of everyday people to track air quality from their homes. While these devices are not quite as sensitive as official monitors, they’ve begun to fill in the gaps when it comes to mapping pollution in the air.
That’s come in particularly handy as more intense fire seasons have choked the air across much of the western US. For the first time last year, the EPA and US Forest Service included data from popular at-home air quality sensors in their fire and smoke map. The description of Biden’s proposed initiative as a “community” air quality monitoring and notification system, suggests that it might add to those efforts to merge citizen science with government data.
Today’s $1.5 trillion proposal from the White House includes funding requests for discretionary spending, which makes up about a third of the total federal budget. The Biden administration plans to announce a fuller budget proposal later this spring for the 2022 fiscal year that starts in October.
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Foxtails are the hidden danger of summer to our four legged family members. These grasses shed their seeds in the most unfavorable way, embedding themselves in the fur coats of our pets. Or worse, in their skin.
As you can imagine, these barbed seeds have serious health consequences if they find their way into your dogs skin. These nasty little buggers have a way of embedding into your dogs body which can lead to irritation, and an inevitable infection. Depending on where this is on your dogs body, it can be quite a costly vet visit.
Have we scared you enough? Lets tackle how we avoid foxtails becoming a problem.
Here in Utah we most definitely have a variety of grasses that can be of issue. It’s particularly bad this year, with Park City vets seeing 2-3 dogs a day for seed removals.
In this photo that Samantha took, at the new trail in Silver Creek Village, you will see one type of problem grass.
The 1-hour rule:
The way we handle foxtails is a pretty simple 1-hour rule. First, we walk. Let the dogs have all their fun and then once we are at home the first thing we do is go over them real quick and pick off any potential foxtails or grass seeds we find.
From there we let the dogs do their normal thing for about an hour, and then we check them again. This double check system is a great way to catch some of those stragglers that might be hiding inside their fur.
It’s good to get in the habit of being doubly sure there are no seeds left on their body!
Where & What to Look For:
So where do you check for foxtails! While everywhere is an acceptable answer, here are some specific places that seem to be the most common.
- Toes: This is one of the most common areas that foxtails go unnoticed. It’s worth checking between each toe after a summer walk to make sure nothing is hiding in their fur.
They usually end up deep in between the toes up by the fleshy part of their skin.
If you find your dog licking a paw a lot after a walk, its worth doing another check to make sure something isn’t awry.
- Ears: Ears are one of the first places to chek for these sneaky burgers. A foxtail down in the ear canal can be BIG trouble if it goes unnoticed. A visual inspection is usually all you need to do the trick. These will usually be accompanied by lots of head shaking and a cockeyed ear.
- Nose: This one is quite hard to miss, as your dog will likely be sneezing up a storm.
- Legs & Armpits: You'll likely find the most seeds in the hair on your dogs legs. It's what they use to cruise through the bushes after all. But keep in mind that the armpit is another common area to see these sneaky devils hiding. Again, these will likely be up high in the crease of the armpit, towards the elbow.
Swelling is another sign that your dog may be dealing with an imbedded foxtail. This also means it’s Vet time, as it’s slowly becoming an infection which is where the trouble really starts.
Thankfully with a little diligence these little buggers are just a minor inconvenience to our summer fun, and often times nothing more. Hope that helps keep you and your pet healthy and safe for the rest of our summer fun!
Here are the steps to pay for a consultation or any other invoice without the need for a PayPal account. Make sure you’ve already setup your Dogbizpro account (instructions are in the consultation email) before moving onto these steps.
Step 1: click ‘Pay Now’ via the invoicing email sent by Active K9.
Step 2: Login to your Dogbizpro account. (This is setup via the consultation email. If you are having trouble login in please reach out via firstname.lastname@example.org).
Step 3: Click ‘Pay with PayPal’ under the appropriate invoice.
Step 4: Click ‘Check out with PayPal’.
Step 5: Click ‘Pay with Debit or Credit Card’ to check out as a guest without a paypal account.
From there simply provide your credit card info like any other transaction and you are all set. Thank you.
Unfortunately it looks like this time around we have a decent bout of Canine Cough. There is no need to panic (no need to over wash your paws!). As we've stated before, this is often times a simple cold and can easily be handled by your dogs immune system if they are healthy. However, it's worth knowing the common symptoms and potential risks.
Examples of Kennel Cough:
The most common characteristic of Canine Cough is, well, the cough. It's typically a deep, heavy cough; often sounding like they just choked a little bit. Other symptoms are as follows:
Signs of Pneumonia in Dogs:
Not to be alarmed, but there is a small risk that this common dog cold could progress into the much more serious illness of Pneumonia. Here are the most common symptoms:
Home Remedies for Canine Cough:
We've done some research as well as talked to our vet, and were told that an over the counter cough suppressant is safe to give to our dogs.
Mucinex is the particular cough medicine that we purchased. There are two dosages available, we elected to get the 600mg version because it's easier to break down for smaller dogs.
20mg per pound.
If you don't know your dogs weight DO NOT GUESS. A bathroom scale can be used to measure your dogs weight. Weigh yourself first, then pick up your dog and weigh both of you together. Simply subtract your weight to find out their total. If you don't have a bathroom scale, most veterinarian offices will let you weigh your dog without an appointment.
This is the chicken broth we recommend. Dogs can be more sensitive to excessive sodium, so we recommend the low sodium version seen here. Organic is also preferred.
This is a nice way to ensure they are hydrated.
This is a spoonful of honey, the Mucinex, and a little bit of the chicken broth mixed with Vitamin C powder.
If you 'roll' the pill in the honey, your dog will likely lick it right up without hesitation! Although, if your pup is anything like our Annie, you'll have to go with the old fashioned manual delivery. Which we can show you how to do if you'd like!
Last but not least we have puppy quarantine. This is more to lower their activity level than anything else, but if you do have other dogs it's not a bad idea to keep them mostly separated.
This is a prime example of why we cover crate training so adamantly. If your dog enjoys their crate this becomes much less of a punishment and they will actually sleep and rest, which is exactly what we want!
This is not medical advice, this is experienced based information. Please seek out treatment from your Veterinarian if you feel your dog is in need of medical care.
Tracheobronchitis/Bordetellosis (Canine/Kennel Cough)
1. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi.
"Some education is sought after while other education is chosen for you."
Another topic for our Canine Health Notices. Tis the season for the common cold to rear its ugly head, this not only applies to us but to our canine counterparts as well.
It has come to our attention that some dogs in the area have come down with what is most commonly referred to as Kennel Cough. The doggie version of the common cold. No need to worry.
Having had dogs for 20+ years I have dealt with this a time or two and find little need for concern. I want to share some of the information I have found helpful.
What we've learned is summarized below.
Facts About Dog Colds
It is important to note that there are a variety of "germs" that can contribute to your dog catching a cold (bordetella bronchiseptica bacteria, canine adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and mycoplasma). Dog's can be stricken with one or multiple of these at the same time.
While all are contagious the majority of adult dogs will have gained an immunity and remain symptom free. Recover time is typically a week or two. A small chance of secondary infection can lead to complications and increased down time.
The most common symptom is a dry hacking cough, not uncommon to be followed by retching. Dripping nose can also be another sign.
In severe cases dogs may have a fever, lethargy or pneumonia.
Mild cases are best treated with good ole TLC. Rest, warmth, soft food and lots of liquids. Sometimes a cough medicine can be necessary to ease throat irritation (honey works amazing for this!).
Dogs should avoid contact with other dogs during this time so as not to spread the germ further but also to get some peace and quiet. I like to give my dogs low sodium chicken broth with vitamin C mixed in to encourage hydration and boost their immune system.
Cases that progress to a bacterial infection (signs are not eating or excessive lethargic) will require a vet visit to assess what treatment is best suited.
What we are doing
Due to the communal situations in both Montessori Dog School and Group Classes it is not uncommon to encounter colds here and there. We do our very best to keep everything sanitized and clean. We ask that you assist us by not allowing dogs who may be showing symptoms to attend these programs.
We also send out this very email you are reading as soon as we hear word of any dog in the area having "kennel cough". By sharing this info quickly to all of our clients we have successfully navigated through two pretty nasty cold seasons with zero school closures and very few dogs having to visit the vets.
Dog Colds are...
If you have any questions or concerns please do not hesitate to ask us or call and chat with one of our recommends vets.
Park City Animal Clinic - 435.649.0710
Animal Health Solutions - 435.647.0807
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Living Your Dreams, Visions, Mission Statements and Goals
This session was taught by another member of Dave’s teaching team, Chris Hogan. Chris did a great job. You can read more about Chris by clicking here. You can also visit his site here: http://www.chrishogan360.com/
People often check out. Goals have to be one of things we are doing. You have to set them and aim for them.
Illustration: As a freshman football player, I had to set goals for the year. By verbalizing and putting my goals out there, I had put myself on the line.
In business, I have done the same thing. We have to focus on setting real goals and find someone we can verbalize them to. Put it down on paper and tell somebody so that you have accountability.
Goals are a lot like skeet shooting. Its about airing ahead of where you want to go and fire in that direction.
Start with a Dream, End With a Goal
”Success is the progressive realization of a worthy goal or idea.” — Earl Nightingale
The success we have is moving toward the goal that we set. We have a level we want to attain. We have to focus on that. Too often we want to get the goal, but forget there are steps to get there. It doesn’t happen overnight. Give yourself a break.
Have a realistic goal and ease off of yourself. You may be the only person that believes in yourself.
Dreams are wishes that seldom happen. They are just in your head.
Life does not hand you your dreams; you have to make them happen. At the end of day, you have to make it happen! If you don’t really want it to happen, do say it!
Dreams are essential to winning, but they must come out of the clouds and be more tangible and touchable. You have to have the mindset that your product is necessary.
A more tangible, touchable dream is a vision.
“Where there is no vision, the people perish.” — Proverbs 29:18
People have to be able to know what direction we are going. They have to be lead. They need us to share our heart and soul with the people on our team. We have to be vulnerable. We need people with the head, heart and habits of winning on our team.
A mission statement is like an out-of-bounds marker. It defines what you are not. We have to have focus.
A great mission statement keeps you track. Send out your mission statement and ask them, “Does this describe me?”
Career Coach Dan Miller says a mission statement should include:
- You or your company’s skills and abilities.
- You or your company’s personality traits.
- You or your company’s values, dreams and passions.
Passion is a key ingredient that can overcome other weaknesses. Don’t forget why you started. Fish for the positive reasons.
Mission statements that are ready to go to work is call a goal.
For your goals to have a long-term positive impact, they must include: Career, Financial, Spiritual, Physical, Intellectual, Family, Social, Career. You have to be making progress in each of these areas. If not, you will be unbalanced.
Goals are bite-sized vision. If you are going to accomplish the vision, you need to break it down into bite-sized goals to achieve it.
Goals convert vision into energy. At the end of the day, we have to pull the trigger on something. Get it done.
Goals that work must:
- Be specific.
- Be measurable. Am I making progress? Am I on target? If not, you have to change something. Put a date and a month on it. Calendar books read, money saved, etc.
- Have a time limit. No escape clauses. We need a year of change.
- Be yours. You have to have person buy in.
- Be in writing.
Break everything down into small parts and time frames.
Don’t ask your team to set goals when you have none.
Leading with Goals
For your team to have goals, you must have goals. Don’t go back to doing the same old thing without goals.
Shared goals on a team create communication and unity. You have to spend time together. Unity doesn’t mean sameness. It means we are driving in a direction. You don’t have to like everybody. You have to get along.
Goals on a team are shared when the team develops the goals together. What can we do together this quarter? This year? Get individual buy in.
Individual team members can’t have goals dictated to them; instead, help the team develop their goals.
Management by objective is when team members set individual and team goals within general guidelines.
General guidelines should include several micro-goals that create the result that everyone agrees is needed.
We can spend time doing ridiculous things to avoid facing the things outside of our comfort zone.
Let’s not seek comfort, let’s seek being effective.
They are your goals, but to be walking closely with God, you should be in on His plan. he knows your future and what is best for you.
We can spend time doing ridiculous thing to avoid facing the things outside of our comfort zone.
1. Quadrant of Necessity. (Important/Urgent)
2. Quadrant of Leadership. (Important/Not Urgent)
3. Quadrant of Deception. (Not Important/Urgent)
4. Quadrant of Default/Waste. (Not Important/Not Urgent)
This area can be deceptive, but its important.
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Whilst he had already been nominated for an Oscar in ‘Mourning
Becomes Electra’ (1947) it was ironically a film that garnered
him with no accolates that was perhaps his finest role. The 1955 film
‘The Dambusters’ where he provided us with a character study
into the persona of the aircraft engineer responsible for designing
the bouncing bomb used on the Mohne Dam during World War 2. Like many
actors, with many roles – one film came along that he was made
for the role – this role was Barnes Wallace. Redgrave plays the
character to perfection, with some touching emotion, clear pragmatic
frustration and great lines!
At one point whilst trying to secure a Wellington to try out the bomb,
he debates the matter with a civil servant, intent on not giving him
one. The minister says:
‘is there no argument I could put forward to help you make your
case for lending you a Wellington?'
‘do you think it would it help if you told them I designed it?’
Well perhaps that’s British humour. But undoubtedly the portrayal
by Todd and Redgrave made the film believable and lifted it from just
being something memorable to something that is unforgettable.
He married fellow thespian Rachel Kempson on the 20th July 1935 and
was with her until he died, 50 years later.
During a BBC film Michael Redgrave: My Father, narrated by Corin Redgrave
(1996), there is some disucsion of his fathers bisexuality. In an interview
with his wife, Rachel Kempson, she tells the story of when she proposed
to him, Redgrave said that there were "difficulties to do with
his nature, and that he felt he ought not to marry". She said that
she understood, it didn't matter and that she loved him. To this, Michael
replied "Very well. If you're sure, we will".
Sir Michael made an invaluable contribution to British films and specifically
British theatre, a true English gentleman his like will not be seen
I didn't think I'd be any good in films... I couldn't imagine myself
on the screen. Besides, there were such exciting things to do in the
theatre, so much to learn.
- My father' 1996
becomes Electra (1947)
Time without pity (1957)
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Stars and Liberals Boycotting Florida for Trayvon… YAY! Time to Plan a Florida Vacation!
A number of celebrities are following in Stevie Wonder’s footsteps and plan to boycott Florida in protest of the state’s “Stand Your Ground” laws. The list, which was first reported by AURN’s April Ryan and credited a “a source close to Wonder,” includes the likes of Madonna, Usher, Kanye West, Jay Z, Rihanna and Rod Stewart.
Wonder announced his intention to boycott any state with “Stand Your Ground” laws after a jury acquitted George Zimmerman in the 2012 Florida shooting of Trayvon Martin. Zimmerman did not invoke the “Stand Your Ground” defense in the trial.
“I decided today that until the ‘Stand Your Ground’ law is abolished in Florida, I will never perform there again,” Wonder said at a concert in Quebec City. “As a matter of fact, wherever I find that law exists, I will not perform in that state or in that part of the world.
Florida is not the only state with “Stand Your Ground” laws on its books — at least 23 other states have similar provisions providing varying degrees of legal protection to those who use force in perceived self-defense.
Read more at the Huffington Post
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The summer seal/sealion show is a staple and is always entertaining and humorous. Several opportunities to visit and enjoy the show have ended with a different fun experience.
Dedicated to the field of marine mammal science and education, it is our...
Dedicated to the field of marine mammal science and education, it is our goal to provide the best possible environment, training and care for our marine animals with the focus of educating the public about marine life, environmental protection and conservation.
Oceans of Fun offers a variety of opportunities for children and families alike to discover the amazing world of seals and sea lions. We provide a wide array of interactive programs, allowing you to connect with our animals personally.
We hope that you have the opportunity to join us and experience the wonder of working with marine mammals. The opportunity to touch, feed and interact with our sea lion family awaits you!
The Oceans of Fun Seal and Sea Lion Show is offered four times daily beginning in spring and running through fall, weather dependent. These shows are family-friendly, appealing to zoo patrons young and old.
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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 October 2008
What follows is a detailed study of Averroes's Decisive Treatise based on a new English translation of the text. It seeks to reveal the steps of the exposition, the quality of the reasoning used therein, and the general goal. The study adheres closely to the framework established by Averroes at the outset: namely, that this is an inquiry conducted from the perspective of what is permitted by the divine law of Islam. And it takes seriously the proposition that one can seek for an intelligent and intelligible connection between that law and the results reached through philosophical investigation. Thus, Averroes's ultimate conclusion – that the divine law of Islam and philosophy or wisdom are in basic agreement – is seen to make sense insofar as both seek to provide for the well-being of all members of the community. It makes sense, that is, as an understanding of what governance entails.
Cet article est une étude détaillée, s'appuyant sur une nouvelle traduction anglaise du texte, du Traité décisif d'Averroès. Elle met en lumière les étapes de l'expose, la teneur du raisonnement utilisé et le but général du traité. Elle épouse strictement le cadre établi d'entree de jeu par Averroès: savoir qu'il s'agit, dans cet ouvrage, d'une recherche conduite du point de vue de la loi divine de l'lslam. Cette étude prend au sérieux la proposition selon laquelle on peut rechercher un lien intelligent et intelligible entre cette loi et les résultats atteints à travers l'investigation philosophique. Ainsi, la conclusion ultime d'Averroes – qu'il existe un accord fondamental entre la loi de l'lslam et la philosophie ou sagesse - est-elle considérée comme porteuse de sens dans la mesure oú toutes les deux, la loi et la philosophie, s'efforcent de procurer le bien-être à tous les membres de la communauté. Cette conclusion est porteuse de sens – comme manière de comprendre ce que c'est que gouverner.
2 See Mahdi, Muhsin S., “Remarks on Averroes' Decisive Treatise,” in Marmura, Michael E. (ed.), Islamic Theology and Philosophy: Studies in Honor of George F. Hourani (Albany, 1984), pp. 188–202 and 305–8;Google Scholar and “Averroës on divine Law and human wisdom,” in Cropsey, Joseph (ed.), Ancients and Moderns: Essays on the Tradition of Political Philosophy in Honor of Leo Strauss (New York, 1964), pp. 114–31.Google Scholar
3 See Gauthier, Léon, La théorie d'Ibn Rochd (Averroés) sur les rapports de la religion et de la philosophie (Paris, 1908);Google Scholar“Scolastique musulmane et scolastique chrétienne,” Revue d'histoire de la philosophie, 2 (1928): 221–53 and 333–65; Averroés, Traité décisif (Façl al-Maqāl) sur l'accord de la religion et de la philosophie, suivi de l'appendice (Dhamīma) (Alger, 1942);Google Scholar and Rochd, Ibn: (Averroés) (Paris, 1948).Google Scholar See also Hourani, George F., Averroes on the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy, A Translation, with Introduction and Notes, of Ibn Rushd's Kitāb Facl al-Maqāl, with its Appendix (Damīma and an Extract from Kitāb al-Kashf 'an Manāhij al-Adilla (London, 1976);Google Scholar and despite its many problems, Massimo Campanini, Averroé, Il trattato decisivo, sull'accordo della religione con la filosofia, introduzione, traduzione e note di testo arabo a fronte (Milan, 1994). In Averroes on the Harmony, p. 18, n. 6, Hourani gives bibliographical details concerning related studies by Miguel Asín Palacios, Manuel Alonso, and Michel Allard, as well as of Max Horten's translation of the Decisive Treatise and A. Bonucci's review of it. To these should be added the recent article by Langhade, Jacques and Mallet, Dominique, “Droit et philosophie au XIIe siécle dans al-Andalus: Averroés (Ibn Rushd),” Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée (numéro spécial Al-Andalus), 40 (1985): 103–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4 The section references are to my forthcoming English translation of the text, one based on Muhsin Mahdi's revised version of Hourani's edition of the Arabic text, Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Kitāb Fasl al-Maqāl (Leiden, 1959);Google Scholarsee Averroes, The Book of the Decisive Treatise, Determining the Connection between the Law and Wisdom, trans. Butterworth, Charles E., in Medieval Political Philosophy, A Sourcebook, ed. Lerner, Ralph and Mahdi, Muhsin, 2nd. edition (New York)Google Scholar. The page references are to Müller's, M. J. original Arabic edition, Philosophie und Theologie von Averroes (Munich, 1859).Google Scholar
5 Mahdi speaks of these sections and sub-sections obliquely, for he is intent upon pointing to particular features of the work's teaching. From what he does say, he seems to have the following schema in mind (letters denote the five sections and lower-case roman numerals the seventeen sub-sections): a. Introduction (§ 1, 1:1–9) plus philosophy and the Law (§2, 1:10–2:8) i. Philosophy and the Law (§2, 1:10–2:8) b. The Law and syllogistic reasoning (§§ 3–4, 2:9–3:12) ii. Obligation to reflect upon existing things (§ 3, 2:9–12) iii. Obligation to learn about logic and its parts (§ 4, 2:13–3:12) c. How to acquire knowledge of syllogistic reasoning (§§ 5–10, 3:13–6: 14) iv. Obligation to study syllogistic reasoning or invent it (§ 5, 3:13–19) v. Obligation to use predecessors, if they exist (§ 6, 3:20–4:2) vi. Obligation to use the books of the Ancients (§ 7, 4:3–6) vii. Obligation to use demonstration to study existing things (§ 8, 4:7–5:7) viii. Obligation to use the books of foreign predecessors (§ 9–10, 5:8–6:14) d.How the community of Muslims assent to the teachings of the Law (§§ 11–28, 6:14–15:21) ix. Three ways to communicate the Law (§ 11, 6: 14–7:6) x. Demonstration does not conflict with the Law (§12, 7:7–9) xi. If conflict, then interpretation (§ 13, 7:10–18) xii. Parallel with jurist (§ § 14–15, 7:19–9: 17) xiii. Limits of consensus (§ 16, 9: 18–10: 16) xiv. Human and divine knowledge (§§ 17–25, 10:17–14: 17) xv. All must assent to the roots of the Law (§§ 26–28, 14:18–15:21) e.Interpretation and the Law (§§ 29–37, 15:21–18:19) xvi. Apparent sense of the Law admits no interpretation (§§ 29–31, 15:21–16:19) xvii. On the next life (§§ 32–37, 16:20–18:19)
6 The Madrid Biblioteca Nacional manuscript has no title; see Hourani, Arabic text, note A.
7 Averroes insists at § 10, 5:13 that the “aim and intention” of the Ancients “in their books is the very intention to which the Law urges us.”
8 Thus, I understand the text to be divided as follows: A. Introduction (§1, 1:1–9) B. Philosophy and logic are obligatory (§§ 2–10, 1:10–6:14) C. Demonstration and the Law accord (§§ 11–36, 6:14–18:14) D. Summary (§ 37, 18:14–19) E. The Law's intent and methods (§§ 38–51, 18:19–23:18) F. On factions within Islam (§§ 52–58, 23:19–25:19) G. Conclusion (§§ 59–60, 25:20–26: 14) Sub-parts B-D correspond to Mahdi's Part One and sub-parts E-G to his Part Two. As wifi appear from the ensuing discussion, sub-parts B and F seem to admit of further division into two smaller segments each and sub-parts C and E into three each. And some of those smaller segments also admit of division, but more of that in its proper place.
9 This is the first objection. Like that at § 15, 8:15–17, concerning whether demonstration can contravene consensus with respect to the interpretation of verses, it is indirect. The other three are all phrased as though meant to challenge Averroes directly: § 16, 9:18–20, asking for a response to the charges brought by Aighazali against Alfarabi and Avicenna; § 32, 16:20–21, inquiring into which of the three ranks of the Law he would place the verses concerning the hereafter; and § 55, 24:14–17, seeking for “the shared methods by which the Lawgiver intended to teach the multitude.”
10 See § 4, 2:20 and Mahdi, “Remarks,” pp. 199–200 and n. 16. As Mahdi notes, this same softening of the conclusion occurs three other times in the immediate sequel:§ 7, 4:5; 8, 4:9–10; and § 9, 5:7–8.
11 See § 4, 3:5–7; similar comparisons occur at § 14, 7:19–20; § 23, 14:2; and § 24, 14: 10–12.
12 But while adducing an additional argument here, Averroes also suppresses one. Insisting that “reflection upon intellectual syllogistic reasoning” must be believed to be as obligatory as “reflection upon juridical syllogistic reasoning and its kinds,” he notes elliptically “and for this there is a reason, but this is not the place to mention it” (3:10).
13 The argument occurs in Alkincli's al-Falsafa al-Ūlā; see Rasā'il al-Kindī alFalsafiyya, ed. Rīda, M.A.Abū, 2nd. edition (Cairo, 1978), Part 1, 33:11–13: “We ought not to be ashamed of appreciating the truth and acquiring it from wherever it comes even if it comes from races remote from us and nations distinct [from us], for there is nothing more worthy than the truth for anyone who seeks the truth.” See also 32:13–33:9.Google Scholar
14 See above, n. 10.
15 There axe only two exceptions to the power of the Law to reach all people, individual recalcitrance and inattentiveness. Nothing set forth here by Averroes seeks to deny freedom of choice. All that can be done is to acknowledge that some people refuse to believe and thus that the tools brought - perhaps even used - by the Prophet have limits; see § 26, 15: 3–8.
16 See § 23–24, 13: 17–14:12; §§ 25–26, 14:13–15:8; and § 27, 15:9–16 respectively.
17 Consider the example offered in § 28, 15:19–21 and see also Averroes, , Tahāfut alTahāfut, ed. Bouyges, Maurice S.J., (Beirut, 1930), 580:1–588:6.Google Scholar
18 Alghazali's disarming candor in the last chapter of Mizān al-'Amal about how little importance he attaches to particular doctrines may have prompted part of the criticism Averroes levels against him here; see Mīzān al-'Amal (Cairo, 1963), pp. 124–6.Google Scholar
19 See § 10, 5:13 and § 28, 15:19–21 for earlier instances of intention discussed with respect to the Law; when intention is mentioned at § 14, 8:2–4, it has nothing to do with the Law. Though intention and words derived from it occur only six times in this part of the Decisive Treatise, they occur fifteen times in the next. Fully ten refer to the Law or Lawgiver: see § 38, 18:20; § 39, 19:10 and 15; § 40, 19:20–21; § 48, 22:8 (twice); § 54, 24:13; § 55, 24:15; § 56, 25:1; and § 59, 25:20. The other five do not; see § 41, 20:5, 10, and 14; and § 48, 22:8 and 9.
20 For other instances of Averroes speaking to the addressee in such a direct manner, see § 15, 8:20–21 (on consensus with respect to theoretical matters); § 16, 9:18 (an objection raised by the addressee about the teachings of Alfarabi and Avicenna); § 29, 15:2 1 (summarizing the preceding discussion of what verses can be interpreted); § 48, 22:16–17 (drawing a conclusion from the comparison of the physician and the Lawgiver); and § 51,23:15 (a summary statement about the limits on interpretation).
21 See § 50, 23:7–14.
22 The emphasis in this whole sub-part on the more numerous among the believers - the multitude (al-jumhūr) - and their needs, as distinct from the select few (al-khawāss ) is worth noting. Indeed, the term “multitude” occurs fourteen times here and five times in the next sub-part: § 41, 20:14; § 42, 20:17; § 43, 20:20 and 21:2; § 44, 21:5 and 9; § 45, 21:14; § 46, 21:20; § 47, 22:6 (twice) and 7; § 49, 23:2; § 51, 23:16; § 52, 23:21; § 53, 24:2 and 3; § 55, 24:15 and 20; and § 60, 26:12. On the other hand, the term “select” occurs only about a third as frequently - three times each in this sub-part and the next, and once in the final sub-part: § 40, 19:21; § 41, 20:14; § 42, 20:16; § 53, 24:2 and 3; § 55, 24:19; and § 60, 26:14.
23 The verse was first cited at § 14, 8: 13–14 and then again at § 16, 10:6–10. Its punctuation is not discussed in § 14, and only in § 16 does Averroes urge placing the stop after “and those well-grounded in science.” The goal there is not to identify the particular verses that may be interpreted nor to offer plausible interpretations, but merely to insist that some verses - agreed by all to admit of interpretation - should be explained or interpreted only to “those well-grounded in science.”
24 And also, perhaps, to inculpate an unidentified group of pseudo-philosophers; see Hourani, Averroes on the Harmony, nn. 172 and 195.
25 The full phrase warrants consideration: “It is obligatory for whoever wants to remove this heretical innovation from the Law to apply himself to the precious book and pick from it the indications existing for every single thing we are responsible for believing” (§ 57, 25:6–8).
26 For a succinct account of the stages of the debate as they affect the interpretation of Averroes's Decisive Treatise, see Mahdi, “Averroës on divine Law,” pp. 114–17.
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9 Craziest Foods That Have Ever Been Dyed Green (Slideshow)
March 16, 2017
Yeah, we’re not sure if these foods look so appetizing anymore
9 Craziest Foods That Have Ever Been Dyed Green
People around the United States make everyday dishes green to celebrate Ireland. This last of these results in some pretty bizarre combinations. From cottage cheese to lemons to spaghetti, here are 9 foods that have been dyed green — whether you want them to be that way or not.
This one is particularly gross when you think about it. This cheese curd may taste creamy and mild, but it looks, well, less than appetizing. When you dye it green, it resembles less a breakfast staple than something that might come out of your nose. Looking for a green cottage cheese dish? Try adding in some pesto for a dip that is creamy and fresh but not stomach-churning in appearance.
Dr. Seuss’ unnamed protagonist refused green eggs and ham for a reason — green eggs just look rotten. But deviled eggs are one of the easiest foods to color, so it’s done in households across the U.S. for St. Paddy’s Day. Whether you just dye the yolks or go super-saturated by dyeing the whites too, this breakfast food suddenly turns bizarre.
There are a number of ways to dye your grilled cheese green for St. Patrick’s Day without waiting for your cheese to mold. You can take a cue from the rainbow grilled cheese and flavor a white cheese with basil for a kick of flavor in addition to color. Or, you can simply forgo flavor and just add some green food dye to mozzarella or provolone cheese. If you want to take your love of the Irish to the next level, make your own bread at home and dye it green.
Wait… Aren’t green lemons just limes? No, silly! Because lemons are so lightly colored, you can dye the inside of them really easily. Slice your lemons, place them in green water, and watch them turn color. If you find success with green lemons on St. Patrick’s Day, keep them around for April Fool’s Day. Your friends will think they are squeezing lime juice into their drinks when really it’s lemon. (We never said it was a particularly good prank.)
Macaroni and Cheese
Dyeing mashed potatoes green is really easy since this food is naturally white, but it turns this fluffy, creamy side dish into what essentially looks like slop. If you want a more delicious way to turn this food green, consider adding chopped parsley or chives into the pot before you mash the spuds.
No, we’re not talking about pesto or a spinach noodle — we’re talking about plain ol’ spaghetti. To turn pasta into little green worms, you can either make your own dough by hand, infusing spinach or green food dye during the process, or boil some boxed pasta in green-dyed water. Top it with a green Alfredo sauce for the ultimate “why is this dinner this color?” meal.
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Phone interviews are no longer an easy first step toward a new job. Recruiters now save time and money by covering ground over the phone that was traditionally broached during an in-person meeting. In-depth questions about applicant experience to help determine applicant fit are to be expected. The depth of the phone interview should be matched with an equally professional thank-you email. Take care when putting together the email; a well-crafted thank-you note can give you an edge over other candidates.
Address the email using a professional format. It is acceptable to send the note in the body of the email. This allows the recipient to read it quickly on a mobile device or desktop computer regardless of software. However, it's necessary to follow the formatting rules of a standard business letter. At the top of the email body, write the recipient's full name and address. Include the date. Address the letter to the recipient using her formal title, for example, "Ms." or "Dr."
Say thank you. Begin your email by expressing thanks for the phone interview. Phrase your thanks in a way that flatters the organization. For example, "Thank you for giving me the opportunity to discuss the specifics of your innovative apprenticeship program." Alternatively, your thanks should acknowledge the efforts of the recruiter who contacted you. For example, "Thank you for taking the time to discuss how my qualifications fit with opportunities at your organization."
Emphasize your interest in the position. Refer to information provided by the interviewer, if possible. For example, "I was delighted to hear about the new direction of your product lines and am keen to offer my skills to benefit the company." Since it's possible some candidates will lose interest in the job after receiving more details, reinforcing your continued interest is key.
Restate your relevant skills. Use your email to remind the recruiter of the qualifications you discussed during the phone interview. For example, "As we discussed, I've recently taken a bachelor's degree and completed an internship in a field related to the position." Be specific: if you're applying for a journalism job, specify that your degree was in communications and your internship was at a major newspaper.
Include your full contact information. Finish the email with a proper signature line, such as "Yours Sincerely," followed by your name. Beneath your name include your address, phone and fax number. The subject line of your email should be either "Phone Interview Follow-Up" or "Thank You for Phone Interview" to prevent its getting lost in a flurry of email communications received that day by the recruiter.
Send your email quickly. The candidates offered in-person interviews can be chosen quickly. Send your email within 24 hours of completing the call. If at all possible, the follow-up email should be sent the same day or almost immediately after saying goodbye.
- Goodshoot RF/Goodshoot/Getty Images
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Fruits indigenous to Texas are numerous in variety as well as amount. The list shows a formidable number of species, including red haws (Crataegus), forty-nine species; mulberries (Morus), four species; plums and cherries (Prunus), twenty species and five varieties; crabapples (Pyrus or Malus), five species and one variety; currants and gooseberries (Ribes), six species; grapes (Vitis), fifteen species and five varieties; whortleberries (Vaccinium), one species; persimmon (Diospyros), two species; black haws (Viburnum), one species; and pawpaw (Asimina), one species. Though the early statistics on commercial fruit production in the state are incomplete, they give some indication of the beginnings of the industry. In 1850, Brazos, Burleson, Montgomery, Brazoria, and Upshur counties were reported to have produced the most valuable orchard crops. In 1860 the value of Galveston's orchard crops exceeded that of all the other counties reporting for that year. The 1870 census reports, which were probably more carefully gathered, show that leading fruit-producing counties were Falls, Grayson, Washington, Harris, Colorado, Navarro, Lamar, and Hopkins. There was much horticultural activity in the 1870s, and fruit production increased enormously over that of the previous decade. In 1880 the leading counties were Cass, Grayson, Cherokee, Fannin, Rusk, Anderson, Lamar, Smith, Leon, and Nacogdoches. The production shown in the 1880 census amounted to five times that of the 1870 period. By 1890, a breakdown of the various fruits produced in the state on a commercial scale is shown in the census reports. Fruits reported for 1890 as being grown commercially were apples, peaches, pears, plums and prunes, cherries, and apricots. In 1900 figs, Japanese persimmons, blackberries and dewberries, currants, raspberries, and strawberries were added to the census.
During the first part of the twentieth century the commercial fruit industry continued to grow and production numbers were systematically tracked. Until just after World War II, 50 percent of the Texas fruit crop was sold fresh from market bins. With the advent of frozen foods, however, the demand for fully ripened fruits increased. By 1962 more than 60 percent of the Texas fruit crop went through some kind of processing-either drying, canning, or freezing. The location of Texas fruit producers near population centers was an advantage for the future growth of the industry. Problems encountered by fruit growers in the mid-1960s included rising production costs, labor problems, lack of mechanization, and lack of water. During the second half of the twentieth century fruits were generally marketed fresh rather than processed. Periodic severe freezes such as those during the winters of 1983–84 and 1989 had an adverse effect on fruit acreage and production. Of the fruits produced, peaches were considered the most important Texas fruit crop.
Apples reached their maximum, in number of bearing trees, by 1900; afterward the number of trees decreased. The leading counties in 1900 were Fannin, Grayson, Van Zandt, Smith, Cooke, Hopkins, Montague, and Gregg. Apple production has been scattered, and in general only estimated production figures are available. In 1948 approximately 350,000 bushels of apples was produced from 225,000 trees. From 1945 to 1949 production increased to some extent. A new apple section in Northeast Texas has been developed, but the older areas around Baird and Clyde in Callahan County and in the Alpine and Fort Davis section in extreme West Texas have shown little growth. The leading varieties are golden delicious, red delicious, King David, Holland, Jonathan, Stayman, and winesap. The East Texas crop is marketed in August, the Cross Timbers crop in September, and the Plains crop in October and November. In the 1990s Montague and Gillespie counties were leading apple producers. Major markets for the produce continued to be within the state.
In 1900 more than a million pear trees were reported in the state, but the number decreased rapidly after the teens. The leading counties in 1900 were Galveston, Harris, and Brazoria. Pear production in 1948 totaled 236,000 bushels with the price averaging $1.90 a bushel for a total value of $448,000. Subsequently, the number of trees declined further. The crop is mostly for local sale and home consumption in Northeast and north central Texas and in the Trans-Pecos. The upper Rio Grande region around El Paso is the main producing area in the state, but from there only two carloads were shipped in 1948. In the 1950s pear production in Texas remained widely scattered, the chief concentration being in the Panhandle, North Texas, and the upper Valley. Nearly all of the pears were sold locally or consumed at home. In 1960 Texas had 90,949 pear trees on 5,936 farms; four years later the number of trees had declined to 57,351. In the 1990s pear production continued to supply local markets and home consumption.
Peach production reached its apex in 1910, when nearly ten million trees of bearing age were reported. By 1930 the number of peach trees had decreased to fewer than half of the number reported in 1910. In 1949 Texas produced 2,310,000 bushels of peaches at an average price of $2.65 a bushel. The principal counties that have been important in commercial peach production are Parker, Eastland, Comanche, Mills, Gillespie, Cherokee, Morris, Red River, Navarro, and Limestone counties. The census of trees for 1945 showed that there were about 3,969,261 peach trees in the state. Plant diseases, droughts, and freezes subsequently damaged the industry. Peach production in 1954 totaled 180,000 bushels valued at $675,000. The following year, however, only thirty thousand bushels were produced because of a severe spring freeze. Despite this, Texas ranked sixth in United States production of peaches during the period from 1953 to 1957. The 1958 crop increased to a million bushels, the largest harvest in nine years. In the 1959 agricultural census, Texas had 7,634 farms reporting 806,309 peach trees; the following year the number of trees had increased to 1,500,000. Commercial output increased in the 1960s, when production concentrated in ten Texas counties in west central and East Texas that contributed 60 percent of the state's peaches. The frozen-food industry's demand for larger tree-ripened peaches, as well as the market for fresh peaches in the summer, continued to increase in the early 1960s, and by 1964 production totaled 550,000 bushels valued at $1,760,000. Studies devoted to the development of an improved system of marketing found that Texas peaches accounted for 65 percent of the total sales of stone fruit in the state. Production of peaches on more than 7,000 farms continued its expansion during the mid-1960s; the 1965 crop totaled 560,000 bushels valued at $2,016,000; the harvest jumped to 700,000 bushels valued at $2,205,000 the following year, when Texas peach trees numbered more than 600,000. The yield for 1970 was 688,000 bushels of peaches, worth $2,326,000. In the 1990s production of peaches occurred primarily in East Texas, the Western Cross Timbers, and the Hill Country. Peaches were also grown in Atascosa, Frio, Webb, Karnes, and Duval counties. In 1991 Texas ranked tenth nationally in peach production. In 1992 the harvest of 10.8 million pounds brought $7,696,000.
Plums and prunes also reached their maximum production in 1900, when more than a million trees were reported. A small decline began in 1910, and by 1930 the number had been cut in half. The average production of plums in the late 1940s was between 160,000 and 200,000 bushels a year. Production was principally in the East Texas counties of Houston, Smith, Wood, Upshur, Rusk, Van Zandt, and Cherokee. The red and yellow varieties are the most popular. Grapeland, in Houston County, shipped twelve cars of plums and prunes in 1948, after the area had recently planted extensive acreage in Bruce plums for commercial production. The crop begins moving to eastern markets in June, but a considerable portion of the crop is for local sale and home consumption. In the late 1950s plums accounted for 30 percent of the total stone fruit sales in Texas. Commercial production was centered in East Texas. In 1960 the agricultural census reported 257,153 plum trees on 4,703 farms. The number of trees decreased during the mid-1960s, to 117,878 in 1964. Production was estimated at 50,000 bushels in 1969. Smith, Gillespie, and Knox counties led the state in production in 1992, but demand was limited to processors or local markets.
Strawberry production has fluctuated widely. The leading counties from 1900 to 1930 were Galveston, Smith, Brazoria, Harris, and Atascosa. Production in 1948 totaled 63,000 twenty-four-quart crates, the average price being $9.00 a crate, for a total value of $567,000. At that time strawberries were the most important berry crop produced in the state. The total average annual acreage in the state from 1937 to 1946 was 1,360 acres. The main producing areas were Smith and Wood counties in East Texas, the coastal area below Houston, and the Winter Garden Region. Texas was not a leading state in strawberry production, however; the state grew less than 1 percent of the nation's strawberries in 1958. The following year the 600 harvested acres yielded 2,200 pounds per acre. In 1960 the Department of Agriculture indicated that annual Texas strawberry production had increased 13.7 percent over its 1949–58 average of 1,478,000 pounds. Four years later the average annual total had climbed to 2,600,000 pounds. At that time Texas was also one of the three states that grew early-spring strawberries. Principal commercial strawberry shipments were made from Hidalgo, Atascosa, and Wood counties. By the 1990s production of strawberries had blossomed in the Poteet area, south of San Antonio.
Blackberry and dewberry production increased from 1900 to 1930 and then stabilized. Cultivation was chiefly in Smith, Tarrant, Montague, Hopkins, Cooke, and Comanche counties. Blackberry and dewberry harvests averaged around 3,500,000 quarts a year during the 1940s; there was also a small production of loganberries. East Texas ships a few carloads of each of these three types of berries annually. Blackberries, dewberries, and related berries were sold locally in many eastern and northeastern Texas counties. Smith County remained the nation's principal market and shipping point for blackberries during the 1950s and 1960s. The four main Texas varieties were cultivated on 6,000 acres, with 90 percent of the average annual harvest of four million pounds being either canned or frozen; only 10 percent of the crop was sold fresh in markets in 1962. In the 1990s berry production in the state continued to be localized and small with Smith County being the center of production. A variety of blueberries adapted to the Texas climate was gaining popularity.
Figs first appeared as a horticultural crop in the 1900 census. The industry expanded until 1920, when it slumped, but by 1930 the fig census showed more than a million trees-ten times the number reported in 1900. Galveston and Brazoria were the top fig-producing counties from 1900 to 1930. Other counties producing large amounts were Harris, Matagorda, Jefferson, and Orange. Texas produced about a thousand tons of figs annually during the late 1940s, when the annual value was over $75,000. Though most fig production occurred in the area south and southwest of Houston, figs had been grown all over the state. The Magnolia fig was grown for canning and the Texas everbearing for the fresh market. Considerable commercial production took place in the Gulf Coast area, with emphasis on preserving. Total 1964 production from the 57,466 fig trees located on 2,805 farms was more than a million pounds. Production numbers for the 1990s were unavailable.
The Texas cherry crop averages only about 60,000 pounds a year. The growing area is concentrated in Wheeler, Lipscomb, and Oldham counties on the High Plains. Production consists mostly of the sour variety for local sale and home consumption. Early Richmond is the most important variety.
Watermelons are produced in nearly all parts of the state, with the main production being in the south central and eastern parts of the state and in Parker, Grimes, and Harris counties. The Rio Grande plains and East Texas sandy lands account for half of the total acreage. In 1949 Texas produced 11,840,000 watermelons on 64,000 acres. The 1937–46 average was 7,230,000 melons from 48,360 acres. Three-fourths of the commercial acreage was in the Black Diamond variety-less than 1 percent was yellow flesh. In 1992 watermelons were grown on 44,000 acres, and the crop brought $34,320,000.
Cantaloupe production for 1949 was approximately 306,000 crates from 5,100 acres. Commercial movement was from four counties, Webb, Presidio, Reeves, and Hidalgo. The two hybrids honeydew and honeyball were also grown in this area. The 1937–46 average production was 273,000 crates grown on 5,280 acres and valued at about $3.55 a crate. By 1990 farmers harvested 13,000 acres of canteloupes with a value of $43,524,000. In 1992 production dropped to only 11,000 acres with a market value of $24,123,000.
Grape culture has become important in Texas. By 1960 over 100 experimental varieties illustrated the development of hybrids from Old World and American species. Several wild Texas grapes were used in this blending process. Grape production in the 1960s centered in Montague, Denton, Wise, Grayson, Wichita, San Patricio, El Paso, Reeves, and Wheeler counties. Although wineries at Del Rio, Newcastle, and Fredericksburg used a small portion of the harvest, most grapes were sold locally or consumed at home. During the 1980s and 1990s the use of grapes increased for a growing wine industry in the state, and vineyards became a common feature of the landscape in areas of the state as widely varied as the Hill Country and the Panhandle. See also AGRICULTURE, BRACERO PROGRAM, MIGRANT LABOR, and CITRUS FRUIT CULTURE.
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Baltimore Workers’ Compensation Lawyers: Common Hand InjuriesFebruary 24, 2017
If you take a moment to think about how often you use your hands throughout the day – from holding a cup of coffee, to typing an email on the computer, to unbuttoning a shirt – you can imagine how inconvenient it would be if you lost the use of them due to an injury. Unfortunately, hand injuries are all too common. In fact, they are among the leading causes of lost workdays and trips to the emergency room. In addition, they are responsible for millions of dollars in Workers’ Compensation costs and reduced productivity. However, with the right hand safety programs in place, and a bit of common sense, the vast majority of these injuries can be avoided.
In 2012, DSM Dyneema and EHS Today launched the “Zero Excuses” campaign, which focuses on workplace hand safety and being accountable for enforcing and complying with hand safety protocols. According to David Lynn, CSP, and vice president of signature services for Safety Consultants Inc, a successful hand safety program includes a range of elements, including trend analysis, hazard assessment, training, communication, planning, compliance, and follow-through.
From a Workers’ Compensation perspective, this type of program can help identify which specific tasks are causing certain types of injuries. For example, one analysis revealed that many employees suffered from hand injuries while working with certain types of tools and equipment. This valuable information helped employers develop job-specific safety protocols for their employees.
After reviewing the results from the trend analysis and hazard assessment, they were able to identify types of engineering and administrative controls that could protect workers’ hands. According to Lynn, providing workers with the proper training is crucial, but it is even more important to follow up with workers to ensure that the guidelines are being followed and implemented.
Top Five Workplace Hand Injuries
Based on 2014 statistics from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there were over 1.1 million hand injuries that required medical attention in the emergency room, many of which resulted in time away from work. Approximately 20 percent of workplace injuries involve hand injuries, ranging from cuts and irritations to serious fractures and amputations. Following are the most common types of workplace hand injuries:
- Lacerations – 63%
- Crushes – 13%
- Avulsions or detachments – 8%
- Punctures – 6%
- Fractures – 5%
- Other Injuries – 5%
The U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics found that hand injuries are often the result of equipment malfunctioning. However, they also found that over 70 percent of workers who sustained hand injuries were not wearing protective gloves at all at the time of the accident. Of those workers with hand injuries, the remaining 30 percent were not wearing the appropriate type of glove at the time of their injury.
Baltimore Workers’ Compensation Lawyers at LeViness, Tolzman & Hamilton Represent Workers With Hand Injuries
If you or a loved one has suffered a serious hand injury while on the job, it is in your best interest to contact the highly reputable Baltimore Workers’ Compensation lawyers at LeViness, Tolzman & Hamilton as soon as possible. Our dedicated team will guide you through every step of the claims process and see to it that you receive the full benefits to which you are entitled. To schedule a free, confidential consultation, call us today at 844-556-4LAW (4529) or contact us online.
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Lucretia is a spin-off of the Whirlwind series and reconnects the reader with many of the characters they loved in the first two books, Watch for the Whirlwinds and Meryl Jean Another Whirlwind. The setting is the Bootheel of Missouri in the 40s and 50s in the small, fictitious community of Muddy Ox. It is the story of a girl who doesn't let her family struggles and poor choices of her youth define the rest of her life. Through courage and determination, she rises above the conflicts and pressures of situations that would cause others to crumble. Lucretia learns to face her adversaries head on and refuses to be labeled, because she knows who she really is. This beautiful, nostalgic, love story, filled with mystery, moral, and spiritual messages, along with examples of faith and true grit, will leave its readers feeling like they, too, can face their life whirlwinds with grace and victory as well.
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Minucius Felix writes in his Octavius: "And of the incestuous banqueting, the plotting of demons has falsely devised an enormous fable against us, to stain the glory of our modesty, by the loathing excited by an outrageous infamy, that before inquiring into the truth it might turn men away from us by the terror of an abominable charge. It was thus your own Fronto acted in this respect: he did not produce testimony, as one who alleged a charge, but he scattered reproaches as a rhetorician."
Such reproaches may have been along the lines indicated in the Octavius:
"And now, as wickeder things advance more fruitfully, and abandoned manners creep on day by day, those abominable shrines of an impious assembly are maturing themselves throughout the whole world. Assuredly this confederacy ought to be rooted out and execrated. They know one another by secret marks and insignia, and they love one another almost before they know one another. Everywhere also there is mingled among them a certain religion of lust, and they call one another promiscuously brothers and sisters, that even a not unusual debauchery may by the intervention of that sacred name become incestuous: it is thus that their vain and senseless superstition glories in crimes. Nor, concerning these things, would intelligent report speak of things so great and various, and requiring to be prefaced by an apology, unless truth were at the bottom of it. I hear that they adore the head of an ass, that basest of creatures, consecrated by I know not what silly persuasion,--a worthy and appropriate religion for such manners. Some say that they worship the virilia of their pontiff and priest, and adore the nature, as it were, of their common parent. I know not whether these things are false; certainly suspicion is applicable to secret and nocturnal rites; and he who explains their ceremonies by reference to a man punished by extreme suffering for his wickedness, and to the deadly wood of the cross, appropriates fitting altars for reprobate and wicked men, that they may worship what they deserve. Now the story about the initiation of young novices is as much to be detested as it is well known. An infant covered over with meal, that it may deceive the unwary, is placed before him who is to be stained with their rites: this infant is slain by the young pupil, who has been urged on as if to harmless blows on the surface of the meal, with dark and secret wounds.
Thirstily--O horror!--they lick up its blood; eagerly they divide its limbs. By this victim they are pledged together; with this consciousness of wickedness they are covenanted to mutual silence. Such sacred rites as these are more foul than any sacrileges. And of their banqueting it is well known all men speak of it everywhere; even the speech of our Cirtensian testifies to it. On a solemn day they assemble at the feast, with all their children, sisters, mothers, people of every sex and of every age. There, after much feasting, when the fellowship has grown warm, and the fervour of incestuous lust has grown hot with drunkenness, a dog that has been tied to the chandelier is provoked, by throwing a small piece of offal beyond the length of a line by which he is bound, to rush and spring; and thus the conscious light being overturned and extinguished in the shameless darkness, the connections of abominable lust involve them in the uncertainty of fate. Although not all in fact, yet in consciousness all are alike incestuous, since by the desire of all of them everything is sought for which can happen in the act of each individual.
Fronto died around 170 CE.
Go to the Chronological List of all Early Christian Writings
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Civilians enter a holy place to worship during the Cultural Revolution and the deification of Mao Tse Tung in Beijing, China.
Beijing China Date:1966, October 1 Duration:2 min 31 sec Sound:Yes
Impact of the Cultural Revolution and the deification of Mao Tse Tung in Beijing, China. A man on a cycle cart loaded with bags. Men ride bicycles on a street. Buildings on either side of the street. A traditional gateway on the street. A portrait of Chairman of the Communist Party of China Mao Tse Tung placed on the gateway of a former holy place. Civilians enter the gateway. View of Chinese architecture. Paintings on a wall. A statue at the center of a hall. Writings on charts around the statue of Mao. Civilians stand with vegetable carts and trolleys.
This historic stock footage available in HD and SD video. View pricing below video player.
Have a correction or more info about this clip? Edit Now
Be the first to correct or edit this clip's info! Edit Now
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I want to use the pi as a continuous integration server. One type of the software are Android applications. Is it possible to have the Android SDK or something similar to compile Android apps?
I didn't find the Android SDK for arm on the official site. But for example there exists the AIDE app, where apps are compiled on an Android phone itself.
Disclaimer: I don't want to install Android as operating system on the pi.
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After demand by the rural people, the Bank has started disbursing loans for Rural Housing . The scheme has been implemented as following:-
Scheme Unit cost(in Rs.) Repayment period Grace period
for construction of a house 15 lakh 15 years 1 year
for repair of house 5 lakh 5 years ------
- For availaing loan, the borrower shall submit an estimate and map prepared by an approved Architect which has to be attested by Sarpanch or Lambardar of village.
- Loan shall be given against security of land.
- Margin money shall be 15% and repayment shall be in half yearly installments.
- For construction of house, the first installment shall be given for plinth level construction and 2nd shall be disbursed after verification of plinth level construction.
- Insurance of the house is mandatory.
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Under the supervision of Associate Professor Liu Shao Quan from the National University of Singapore Food Science and Technology Programme, student Chan Mei Zhi Alcine has spent nine months creating a recipe that achieves the optimal count of live probiotics in the beer.
This new beer incorporates the probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei L26.
Speaking to us earlier today, Professor Liu said the beer met the recommendation set by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics to have a minimum of one billion probiotics per serving in order to attain maximum health benefits.
The probiotic count also meets the guidelines three weeks after production, he added.
However, Assoc Prof Liu said he was unable to reveal details of the production process because the research team had filed a patent to protect the recipe.
The final product, which takes around a month to brew, has an alcohol content of about 3.5%. He added that it was a sour beer, similar to a Belgian lambic brew.
He said: “The general health benefits associated with consuming food and beverages with probiotic strains have driven demand dramatically. In recent years, consumption of craft or specialty beers has gained popularity too. Alcine’s invention is placed in a unique position that caters to these two trends. I am confident that the probiotic gut-friendly beer will be well-received by beer drinkers, as they can now enjoy their beers and be healthy.”
He added he was keen to hear from major or craft breweries to discuss commercial opportunities.
"We are happy to work with the big breweries or craft beer companies to look at how we can commercialise or license the beer," he said, adding that the research team was also working on another probiotic alcoholic beverage that couldn't yet be disclosed.
The Probiota series is growing, and in October 2017, Singapore will host the first ever Probiota Asia event. Building on the success of the annual global Probiota and Probiota Americas events, Probiota Asia will focus exclusively on this high-growth market and the challenges it faces.
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SolarTech are Solar Water Heating Specialists.
We @ SolarTech are passionate about our environment and principally committed to the development of a sustainable new low carbon economy by reducing our dependency on increasingly expensive, unsustainable, carbon emitting electricity production.
By way of introduction & For a full, comprehensive company profile please visit:
Please contact me anytime via phone or e-mail (details below) should you wish to schedule a free site assessment @ your convenience, to determine the configuration best suited to your individual requirements.
A quality solar hot water system in our local climatic conditions - sized correctly relative to daily consumption – receives sufficient solar energy to autonomously provide all of your every day hot water requirements for upwards of 80% of the year.
When weather conditions are not optimal for solar energy harvesting; The electrical backup needed to “top up” your solar pre-heated water is facilitated by a thermostat & timer controlled, 2 Kw element.
A benchmark guideline for solar geyser system sizing would be around 50 to 60 Lt per person per day.
A “standard” size to consider would be a 200litre system for the average 3/4 person, 2 bathroom home.
The choice then becomes whether to install your geyser Inside or On the roof;
We advocate a close coupled configuration installed ON the roof whenever possible – this maximises the systems efficacy, negates the often needed extra components Like pumps & controllers, minimises the installation costs & is simply the safest place to store any hot water cylinder.
There is also a choice available on the solar “collector” technologies (Flat Plate vs. Evacuated Tube collectors).
We generally favour the flat plate collectors due to being more suited to the Highveld’s climatic conditions and have full confidence in their proven efficiency, durability & longevity. A food grade, biodegradable glycol antifreeze solution is employed as the heating agent in all our installations on the Highveld to insure that no frost damage occurs.
Our tanks are specifically designed indirect, double jacket solar tanks, with extra insulation for prolonged heat retention and long term corrosion resistance (double ceramic lining and twin magnesium anodes).
Lack of preservation accounts for 95% of all geyser failures. To assure you of 15 – 20 years of uninterrupted, efficient solar hot water production , regular maintenance of the system is required.
In this regard; our Solsure maintenance program allows you to fully appreciate the benefits your lifestyle choice has to offer & realise a continuous, incremental return on your investment - long after the initial installation.
SolarTech’s tree planting initiative plants an indigenous tree in the Platbos – Africa’s Southernmost Forest in the Overberg - for every solar geyser installed to offset the carbon footprint of manufacturing our hardware.
By removing upwards of 1.5 tons of CO2 per annum per 100 litre volume we are saving the planet - one geyser @ a time
Thank you kindly for taking an interest in our products & services
Looking forward to your future correspondence
Eskom accredited, SESSA registered suppliers & installers of sabs tested solar water heating systems.
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When you’re caring for someone with Alzheimer’s disease or other type of dementia, you will face many challenges. One of the most complex is having a loved one who is very active and prone to leaving the home. You want them to be active and have the ability to explore new things but once they are out of your sight, anxiety and fear become your unwanted companions.
In this article, When a Neighbor Wanders, I share how I was both touched and frightened when a neighbor I didn’t even know became lost in my own neighborhood. The fear I felt as I helped search for him can not even come close to what the family must have felt.
Recently, in my county, a husband took his wife with Alzheimer’s disease on a camping trip. I applaud him for getting her out of the house and doing something that enriched her life. Unfortunately, she became lost. Who knows why she ventured away – maybe it was curiosity of a plant she saw, a sound she heard, or maybe she was disoriented and wanted to return home.
Even though there was an extensive search for her that involved dozens of law enforcement personnel as well as volunteers, she wasn’t found. There was even speculation that she got into a car with someone and was hundreds of miles away.
Related TinT Article:
When A Neighbor With Dementia Wanders and Becomes Lost
Six weeks later, she was found deceased less than ½ a mile away from the campsite. I can’t even imagine the grief the family must have felt during this ordeal and the disappointment about how close she was the whole time.
This could have been prevented and I bet she could have been found alive in less than 30 minutes if the county would have had the right system in place to help families who are in this situation.
Everyone’s first thought is GPS. But that wouldn’t have worked in this particular situation due to the terrain. What we really need to talk about and get incorporated in our communities is RF technology.
Related TinT Resource:
Wandering and Alzheimer’s Disease: What is it and How Do I Cope?
To discuss why, I wrote this article, Shouldn’t We be Talking RF and not GPS technology, which you can read on Lori La Bey’s Alzheimer’s Speaks blog.
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MANHATTAN — The Horse and Carriage Association of New York City is fighting calls for increased regulations of its industry and defending itself against repeated accusations of animal abuse and neglect in the wake of the death of Charlie, a carriage horse.
It is asking the State Attorney General’s Office, the New York City Department of Investigation and the city's Health Department to investigate both agencies and their role in policing the carriage horse industry.
"Both the ASPCA and NYCLASS have made false, misleading and/or deceptive statements about the carriage industry," Stephen Malone, a spokesman for the Horse and Carriage Association, said at a press conference Monday with City Councilman Jim Gennaro at the Clinton Hill Stables on West 52nd Street and 11th Avenue.
"And we believe that this activity constitutes a potential to defraud the public," Malone said.
While the Department of Health issues licenses and permits for carriage horses, the ASPCA is tasked with policing the industry for animal cruelty violations. Carriage drivers have railed against this arrangement, claiming it creates a blatant conflict of interest because the ASPCA has come out publicly against the industry.
Malone asked city agencies to pursue their own investigations "to determine whether or not the ASPCA can ever be a fair and impartial law enforcement agency, acting on the city's and public's behalf, with regard to the carriage industry."
In a statement, the ASPCA said it had no firsthand knowledge of any complaints being filed and therefore could not comment on them.
"The ASPCA has voluntarily performed carriage horse enforcement for decades," the statement continued. "Our carriage horse enforcement work has been carried out with objectivity and fairness and always within the bounds of applicable law."
Monday's announcement, followed by a tour of the stables, was the latest move in the drama that has surrounded the industry since Charlie, a 15-year-old work horse from Amish country, dropped dead in the middle of West 54th Street near Eighth Avenue on Sunday, Oct. 23. He was on his way to work in Central Park.
In the weeks following the incident, the ASPCA released a report detailing the preliminary findings of the necropsy performed on Charlie’s body, noting that a cause of death had yet to be determined but that the horse was likely in severe pain due to a cracked tooth and a stomach ulcer.
Several days later, the ASPCA vet in charge of the necropsy, Dr. Pamela Corey, tried to issue a retraction, claiming that she had been under pressure at the time of writing the report and that, in fact, there was no evidence that Charlie was in pain before his death.
The ASPCA then suspended Corey without pay.
Malone, of the Horse and Carriage Association, said that his organization was asking for a "full and thorough investigation into the alleged in-house 'pressuring' of the ASPCA's vet to issue misleading and unscientific statements about the death of Charlie."
He claimed that Corey also filed a complaint against the ASPCA with the Attorney General.
A call to the Attorney General's office to confirm this was not immediately returned.
Several elected officials have since gotten in on the battle, reiterating calls last week for legislation that would replace horse-drawn carriages with vintage-style electric cars. They also championed a string of new regulations, including a mandatory five-day work week for horses and a ban on horses working in severe weather, until the industry has been eradicated from the city.
But on Monday, City Councilman Jim Gennaro dismissed the legislation, claiming it was not a viable option and saying that the claims of cruelty in the carriage horse industry were inaccurate.
A few hours after the press conference at the Clinton Park Stables, NYCLASS hosted an event of its own on the steps of City Hall.
The organization, along with actress Kathy Najimy, was scheduled to celebrate the collection of 55,000 signatures from those who support passing the law to replace carriage horses with vintage cars.
Also on Monday, two animal rights organizations, the Coalition to Ban Horse-Drawn Carriages and In Defense of Animals, announced that they had sent a letter to the president of the ASPCA, asking him to release reports of all carriage horse industry accidents that have occurred since January of 2009.
"The public has a right to know just how unsafe this industry is," said the coalition’s president, Elizabeth Forel, in a statement.
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As we pass the one-month mark of our partial government shutdown — the longest in history — the effects of the shutdown have truly set in for many employees.
We’ve heard stories about how the shutdown is crippling the economy, impacting our airport security, and overwhelming our National Parks. These big, looming stories are indisputably important; however, it’s easy to forget how so many individuals are affected on a personal level by the shutdown.
Four women, whose lives have been disrupted by the government shutdown, were gracious enough to talk to me about their experience. Nearly all of them asked me to refrain from including their last names to protect their ongoing careers. Each one had a different perspective on keeping their lives afloat as the bills continue to steadily rise with no end in sight.
My Family is On the Verge of Becoming Hungry and Homeless
Amanda, a clerk for the IRS, has been furloughed since Dec. 22. She was called back into work this week, but without a paycheck coming in, she can’t afford the 45-minute commute back and forth. Amanda claimed hardship and was placed back on furlough status.
She told me,
“I have food stamps and housing but both of those are ending shortly due to lapse in appropriations so I face no food and being on the street with my three kids.”
Amanda lives in a small town outside of Kansas City. She notes that none of the resources offered to assist the 40,000 federal workers in the Kansas City area are available to the outlying area where she lives. Without additional employment opportunities to pursue in her town, she is not sure where to turn. Even soliciting money is out of the question.
“Because of an ethics clause in our contracts, we are not allowed to solicit or ask for help or to receive money or goods over the amount of $20. Many are risking their jobs, fines, and jail time by setting up GoFundMe pages to help pay their bills.”
Without any financial assistance resources available and with her contract leaving her unable to solicit money, Amanda feels like it’s impossible to make ends meet.
“I think it’s ridiculous that the government’s inability to function as it should leaves us vulnerable.”
I’m Taking Every Possible Babysitting Job Just to Cover My Bills
Claire, a legal assistant for the United States Attorney’s Office, had been in her position for barely over a month before the shutdown began.
Since the shutdown, Claire has spent money only on bills and groceries. She hasn’t been driving much to save on gas money and has taken every babysitting job that has come her way to ease the strain of ongoing expenses.
“I’m trying my hardest to not dip into my savings account. I just finished paying for my graduate degree, but I have rent, bills, a car payment, insurance, and more to cover. I’m lucky that my parents live close to me because they’ve given me leftovers and had me over for dinner a few times this month.”
However, because she’s an excepted employee rather than a furloughed employee, Claire notes that she’s one of the lucky ones who will receive back pay when the shutdown is over.
“There are so many people out there that have it worse than me. I’m thankful that my friends and family have supported me by cooking dinner or shipping dog food to my apartment—that really happened! I have the best friends.”
Claire states, though, that many of her co-workers aren’t as fortunate.
“Important job positions are furloughed. Our only victim services worker is furloughed…they impact more than just a department. They impact people’s lives.”
My Life Has Been Put On Hold Since the Shutdown
Vanessa*, an Operational Support Technician for the FBI, told me,
“I have -$22.25 in my bank account. I’m lucky that I had enough to buy food and essential items. Most of my creditors have waived or deferred payments, and my landlord is understanding, but I was relying on these paychecks to pay for my trip to San Francisco next month.”
Vanessa was traveling to San Francisco from Pennsylvania to be the Maid of Honor in her best friend’s wedding. Now, the shutdown leaves her financial ability to do so in question.
“I was already signed up for Uber but I drive a truck and it’s hit or miss making money. Most of it just goes to gas.”
Even though Vanessa “loves her job and serving the American people,” she’s prepared to leave her position if it comes to that.
“My worst fear is that government shutdowns are the new normal.”
I’m Working Multiple Jobs Just to Make Ends Meet
Allie, an Air Traffic Controller for the Federal Aviation Administration, is currently considered an essential employee, which means she has to keep working (without pay).
“We are responsible for sequencing every single airplane that is in the sky to at least 12 different airports at the same time. Most people do not understand how stressful and how complex working in a terminal environment can be.”
Yet, despite working such a stressful job for at least 40 hours every week, Allie has resorted to applying for part-time jobs around the area.
“The last thing I want right now is a part-time job. But I need to make ends meet.”
Allie has shown up to work every day since Christmas Eve, but her second paycheck in a row was just withheld due to the shutdown. Mounting bills, including a mortgage payment, student loans, and unexpected trips to the vet without money coming in have created “insurmountable stress” for Allie.
“For the first time since college, I had to have my parents take me grocery shopping because I simply can’t afford anything until I get back paid. I just keep taking it one day at a time and hope that this government shutdown ends soon.”
Even without pay, Allie still tries to keep an optimistic outlook about her position.
“We have a job to do. People have destinations to get to safely and it is our job and duty to maintain the safety of the National Airspace System. We have no choice to show up, but we show up with a smile and lots of sarcasm, and we work hard every day.”
*Name has been changed per the interviewee’s request. All photos are stock photos in order to protect the women’s identities.
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Supporters of the DISCLOSE Act now have empirical evidence to back up their claims, thanks to a study published April in American Politics Research.
"Despite the rise of anonymity in political advertising, there has been little empirical work examining the effects of disclosure of donors on the persuasiveness of campaign advertising," researchers Conor M. Dowling of the University of Mississippi and Amber Wichowsky of Marquette University noted in the study.
The Democrat-backed DISCLOSE Act was crafted in response to the U.S. Supreme Court's Citizen United decision and the rise of so-called "dark money" groups, social welfare nonprofit organizations with overtly partisan objectives.
Social welfare nonprofits like Crossroads GPS are not required by law to disclose their donors, unlike Super PACS and other political committees, which must file regular reports with the Federal Elections Commission. Some versions of the DISCLOSE Act would require all these organizations to list their top donors at the end of political ads.
For their study, Dowling and Wichowsky had 1,213 participants watch a political attack ad from the 2010 Missouri Senate race. The ad was produced by American Crossroads, a Super PAC founded by Karl Rove and Ed Gillespie, and attacked Democratic candidate Robin Carnahan. After watching the ad, some participants received a list of donors while others read news articles about American Crossroads. The participants were then questioned about which candidate they supported.
The researchers found political attack ads were less effective when people were provided a list of the top five donors who funded it. Surprisingly, this only occurred when people were given a simple list of the donors and the amount they contributed. Reading a news article naming the top donors appeared to have no effect.
"Our study suggests that voters may be more likely to pay attention to campaign finance data if it is directly and objectively presented, much in the same way that nutritional information is displayed," Dowling and Wichowsky explained in the study.
Political attack ads, however, did become less effective after the participants read a news article about the donors being kept secret. In fact, knowledge that the organization behind the ad was keeping its donors secret had a greater negative impact than knowledge of the top donors.
"This result suggests that individuals and corporations could be viewed in a negative light if they do not disclose their donors, which is perhaps one reason why several corporations have decided either to not make political contributions or to adopt their own disclosure policies," Dowling and Wichowsky wrote.
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Below text directly from Lee Altenberg’s website
Specimen Collection and Handling: Cryoglobulins come out of solution below body temperature. Serum must be obtained from clotted blood maintained at body temperature, from time of withdrawal. If blood is kept at lower temperatures, the cryoprecipitate may centrifuge out with the blood clot. The following procedure must be followed or the specimen is NOT acceptable.
CAUTION: Specimen is not acceptable when drawn on a patient receiving heparin or any other anti-coagulant. When a Dialysis/Apheresis patient has a catheter with heparin, 10 ml or more must be wasted (discarded) before specimen for Cryoglobulin is drawn. Peripheral stick is preferred. (Heparin is anti-Complementary and will therefore breakdown the Cryo immune complexes which contain complement producing a false negative or reduced Cryocrit.) Other anti-coagulants chelate Ca and deplete complement
Prepare transporting chamber: Select a receptacle that will maintain a fairly constant temperature. (Patient’s styrofoam pitchers with lids work very well)
Insert a thermometer, QC’d at 37°C, through the lid.
Add body temperature water to the receptacle. Start with water at 39°-41°C, so the temperature will not be below 37°C when received in the lab.
Use vacutainers, not glass syringes, to draw the blood.
Collect 20ml in red tops and place immediately into transporting chamber. If other tests are to be run in Immunopath, place all of the blood into the 37°C chamber.
Deliver to lab immediately.
Reject any specimen which does not comply with all of the criteria listed above. The specimen must be redrawn and must comply with all requirements.
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The Prime Minister has delivered a speech in Manchester unveiling the Government's plans to help drive growth and create jobs across our country.
Speaking alongside Michael Heseltine who chairs the Independent Advisory Panel for the Regional Growth Fund, the PM said the government is doing “everything it possibly can” to drive growth in the UK economy.
Mr Cameron said the Government planned to invest in the “industries of the future” such as aerospace, pharmaceuticals and green energy while at the same time encouraging growth beyond the South East to balance the economy.
Speaking to business leaders, Mr Cameron said the Government also wanted to see the country’s tourism industry expand as well as attract businesses to develop the green energy technology such as wind turbines and solar panels.
Getting behind tourism, green energy, pharmaceuticals, advanced manufacturing, aerospace, the industries of the future - all this is crucial.
But it would be a big mistake if we stopped at those big ticket industries. Because if you look at where growth has come from in recent years, you see that it’s the small, innovative companies that hold a lot of the potential.
The PM said it was crucial to make sure growth was balanced across the UK as around half of growth had been concentrated in London and its surrounding regions over the past decade.
It would achieve economic growth in the regions by introducing “powerful mayors” with “clout and passion to make change happen” in the country’s biggest cities. The Regional Growth Fund would also promote investment in run-down areas.
The Regional Growth Fund is a discretionary £1.4bn Fund that will operate for 3 years between 2011 and 2014 to stimulate enterprise.
Previous story: Britain on target for £100m tourism marketing fund
Previous story: Government focused on growth and job creation
Read more: Regional Growth Fund (BIS website)
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“Make room for Ray Johnson whose place in history has been only vaguely defined. Johnson's beguiling, challenging art has an exquisite clarity and emotional intensity that makes it much more than simply a remarkable mirror of its time, although it is that, too.”
–Roberta Smith, The New York Times (1995)
Ray Johnson (1927-1995) was a seminal Pop Art figure in the 1950s, an early conceptualist, and a pioneer of mail art. His preferred medium was collage, that quintessentially twentieth-century art form that reflects the increased (as the century wore on) collision of disparate visual and verbal information that bombards modern man. Integrating texts and images drawn from a multiplicity of sources — from mass media to telephone conversations — Johnson’s innovativeness spread beyond the confines of the purely visual. He staged what Suzi Gablik described in Pop Art Redefined as perhaps the “first informal happening” and moved into mail art, artist books, graphic design, and sculpture, working in all modes simultaneously. Johnson not only operated in what Rauschenberg famously called "the gap between art and life," but he also erased the distinction between them. His entire being – a reflection of his obsessively creative mind – was actually one continuous "work of art." His works reflect his encyclopedic erudition, his promiscuous range of interests, and an uncanny proto-Google ability to discover connections between a myriad of images, facts and people.
Born in Detroit, Michigan on October 16, 1927, Johnson grew up in a working class neighborhood and attended an occupational high school where he enrolled in an advertising art program. He studied at the Detroit Art Institute and spent a summer in a drawing program at Ox-Bow School in Saugatuck, Michigan, an affiliate of the Art Institute of Chicago. Leaving Detroit in the summer of 1945, he matriculated at the progressive Black Mountain College, where he spent the next three years with the exception of the spring of 1946. He studied painting with former Bauhaus faculty Josef Albers and Lyonel Feininger, as well as Robert Motherwell. By the summer of 1948, Johnson had befriended summer visiting lecturers John Cage, Merce Cunningham, Willem de Kooning, Buckminster Fuller, and Richard Lippold and fellow student Ruth Asawa. He participated in “The Ruse of Medusa,” the culmination of Cage’s Satie Festival (characterized by scholar Martin Duberman as “a watershed event in the history of ‘mixed-media’”) with Cage, Cunningham, Fuller, the de Koonings, and Ruth Asawa, among others.
In early 1949, Johnson moved to New York City and became an active participant in the downtown art scene. Alongside the American Abstract Artists group, Johnson painted geometric abstractions heavily influenced by the imagery of his former professor, Josef Albers. Johnson later destroyed most of this work, having turned to collage.
By 1954, Johnson was making irregularly shaped "moticos,” his name for small-scale collages upon which he pasted images from popular culture such as Elvis Presley, James Dean, Shirley Temple, and department store models. Johnson’s 1950s moticos anticipated Warhol's 1960s Pop imagery. However, his attitude towards fame remained the antithesis of Warhol’s. He continually dodged it and was dubbed “the most famous unknown artist” by Grace Glueck in a 1965 New York Times article in which she discussed his deliberate elusiveness. Johnson carried boxes of moticos around New York, sharing them with strangers on sidewalks, in cafes, and even in Grand Central Station. He solicited and even occasionally recorded the public’s response to his intricate creations. After a number of performance-like installations of these works in 1954-55, Johnson claimed to have burned a plethora of them in Cy Twombly’s fireplace, a gesture that John Baldessari later replicated in his “Cremation.”
From the early 1960s onwards, Johnson would reuse his “moticos,” cutting them up to create tiny compositions that he glued onto small blocks of layered cardboard. He would then ink, paint, and sand these “tiles” or “tesserae,” using them in his extremely complex collages whose underlying structural emphasis on repetition and variations of semi-geometric forms relate to the eccentric minimalism of fellow artists Louise Bourgeois and Eva Hesse. These collages reveal his profound understanding of cubism and his intent to explore it in different forms. Johnson incorporated meaningful texts into his work beginning in the 1950s – letters or fragments of words, names of celebrities, literary figures, and art-world denizens, both historical and current. He pointed his viewers towards marvelous connections between them and a world of metamorphosing glyphs that became part of Johnsons’s ever-expanding lexicon of text and forms. An artistic alchemist, Johnson could turn the detritus of ordinary life into proverbial art “gold.” In his typically self-deprecating way, Johnson would say that he did not make Pop Art, he made “Chop Art”.
In 1958, Johnson was already recognized as part of the nascent Pop generation. In a review of a Jasper Johns’ exhibition, a critic for ARTnews stated: “Johns’ first one-man show (...) places him with such better-known colleagues as Rauschenberg, Twombly, Kaprow and Ray Johnson.” Around 1959, Johnson met Billy Linich (later known as Billy Name) at New York’s Serendipity, and in 1963 Johnson introduced him to Warhol. Billy Name became a key figure at Warhol’s Factory, responsible for covering the Factory walls with silver, which resulted from Johnson bringing Warhol to Name's similarly silver-covered apartment.
Johnson was one of the first conceptualists, an heir to Marcel Duchamp whom he may have met in 1961. Johnson shared his enthusiasm for the elder Frenchman’s work with many of his contemporaries. In Marcel Duchamp: Étant donnés, Michael Taylor notes, “The public display of Johnson’s work helped to situate him as a crucial figure in the post-World War II dissemination of Duchamp’s art and ideas, alongside cultural luminaries such as John Cage, Merce Cunningham, and Jasper Johns.” Johnson was one of the key artists to incorporate exhortations to the observer to participate actively in the work of art itself. His interest in codes, poetics, and semiotic systems looked back to Duchamp, while anticipating the enlarging contemporary conceptual practices, and the development of appropriation in particular, during the early second half of the 20th century.
Throughout the early stage of his career and spanning its duration, Johnson sought out the random and the ephemeral, incorporating chance operations into his artistic practice with “mail art.” He gradually built up an informal, hybrid network of friends, acquaintances, and strangers with whom he exchanged ideas and artworks by means of the postal system. By 1958, he began to write, “Please send to...” on his mailings, thereby creating even more sub-networks among the hundreds of correspondents in his greater mail art organization. By 1962, when it was named the “New York Correspondance [sic] School,” his virtual “school” of correspondents had become a network for a web of communication by mail that eventually spread across the nation and around the globe.
Johnson was an early instigator of performance art, actively participating in events by James Waring and Susan Kaufman, among others, and staging his own starting in 1957 that included "Funeral Music for Elvis Presley" and "Lecture on Modern Music.” Johnson's compositions were performed at The Living Theatre and during events such as the Fluxus “Yam Festival” of 1963. From 1961 on, Johnson periodically staged events he called "Nothings,” described to his friend William S. Wilson as “an attitude as opposed to a happening,” which would parallel the “Happenings” of Allan Kaprow and later Fluxus events. The first of these, "Nothing by Ray Johnson," was part of a weekly series of events in July 1961 at AG Gallery, a venue in New York operated by George Maciunas and Almus Salcius. Ed Plunkett later recalled entering an empty room: " . . . Visitors began to enter the premises. Most of them looked quite dismayed that nothing was going on . . . Well, finally Ray arrived . . . and he brought with him a large corrugated cardboard box of wooden spools. Soon after arriving Ray emptied this box of spools down the staircase … with these … one had to step cautiously to avoid slipping … I was delighted with this gesture.” Johnson’s second Nothing took place at Maidman Playhouse, New York, in 1962. Furthermore, the carefully orchestrated circumstances of his suicide on Friday the 13th, 1995 have prompted the suggestion that the process of his drowning was his “final performance.”
On April 1, 1968, the first of the meeting of the New York Correspondance School was held at the Society of Friends Meeting House on Rutherford Place in New York City. Johnson called two more meetings in the following weeks, including the Seating-Meeting at New York’s Finch College, about which John Gruen reported: “It was . . . attended by many artists and ‘members’ . . . all of whom sat around wondering when the meeting would start. It never did . . . people wrote things on bits of paper, on a blackboard, or simply talked. It was all strangely meaningless — and strangely meaningful.” Until his death, Johnson continued to mail out an extraordinary quantity of material, including elements of chopped-up collages; drawings with instructions (“please add to and return...”); found objects; snakeskins; plastic forks; and annotated newspaper clippings, to name only a few. To Johnson, “art” rejected physical limitations, the restraints of time, or a single identifiable goal. In this capacity, Johnson privileged inclusivity, deeming anyone and everyone with whom he interacted suitable for creative exchange.
Richard Feigen was an early champion of his work, holding one-man exhibitions in New York and Chicago from 1966-72, including I Shot an Arrow into the Air It Fell to Earth in the Ear of an Artist Living in Flushing, New York Tit Show (1970) and Dollar Bills (1970). From 1968-1974, Johnson produced an ambitious body of work, received critical attention on the pages of Artforum, and was featured in several major exhibitions. In 1970, The Whitney Museum of American Art organized Ray Johnson: New York Correspondance School, which served as a major form of cultural validation for Johnson’s practice. Additionally, Johnson had several solo shows at Willard Gallery (New York) as well as Famous People’s Mother’s Potato Mashers (1973) at Galleria Schwarz (Milan) and Ray Johnson’s History of the Betty Parsons Gallery (1973) at the Betty Parsons Gallery (New York), and participated in the group exhibition Post Card Show (1971-72) at the Angela Flowers Gallery (London).
On June 3, 1968, the day Valerie Solanas shot Andy Warhol, Johnson was mugged at knifepoint in lower Manhattan. Two days later, the world was shocked by the assassination of Bobby Kennedy at the hands of Sirhan Sirhan in Los Angeles. These traumatic events prompted Johnson's abrupt departure to Glen Cove, Long Island, to house he described as a "small white farmhouse with a Joseph Cornell attic." He then relocated to nearby Locust Valley, where he lived in ever-greater reclusiveness. As his contemporaries became famous, Johnson gradually but purposefully closed off his private life and dwelling, but still maintained connections via his mail art, the telephone, and various activities in the Locust Valley community. Johnson, referring to himself as a “mysterious and secret organization,” eventually achieved legendary status as a “pure,” completely un-commercial artist. His underground reputation bubbled beneath the surface into the 1980s, despite his physical absence from the scene. Johnson’s presence continued to be felt by those who admired him including Jasper Johns, James Rosenquist, Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Chuck Close, Robert Rauschenberg, and a close circle of friends, admirers, and collectors. Only a handful of people were ever allowed into his house and around 1978, he ceased to exhibit or sell his work commercially. In contrast to his physical seclusion, Johnson's pre-digital network of correspondents increased exponentially. Johnson feverishly developed richer and more complex collages, which Whitney Museum curator, Donna de Salvo, described as “extending the compositional network beyond the parameters of an individual work and into the wider world."
On April 5, 1973, Johnson declared the “death” of the “New York Correspondance School” in an unpublished letter to the Obituary Department of The New York Times but continued to practice mail art under this and other rubrics.
In 1976, Johnson began his Silhouette project, which involved creating over 200 profiles of friends’, artists’ or famous peoples’ faces, which he would often use as the basis for collages. Subjects included “a who’s who of the New York arts and letters scene”: Chuck Close, Andy Warhol, Paloma Picasso, James Rosenquist, Richard Feigen, Frances Beatty, William S. Burroughs, Nam June Paik, David Hockney, Peter Hujar, and Roy Lichtenstein, among others.
On January 13, 1995, Johnson was seen dressed in black diving off a bridge in Sag Harbor, Long Island and backstroking out to sea. Many aspects of his death involved the number "13": the date, his age, 67 (6+7=13), as well as the room number of a motel he had checked into earlier that day, 247 (2+4+7=13). There was much speculation amongst critics, scholars, admirers, and law-enforcement officials about a “last performance” aspect of Johnson’s drowning. After his death, hundreds of collages were found carefully arranged in his Long Island home. A retrospective at the Whitney Museum of American Art (1999), which traveled to the Wexner Center for the Arts as well as solo and group shows in the US and abroad, including Paris, London, Oslo, Budapest, and Barcelona, began the process of re-introducing Johnson’s work to a broader audience. Johnson is considered one of the major artistic innovators of the second-half of the 20th century within the critical community but his work remains underexposed and underappreciated by the general public.
Following Johnson’s suicide, filmmakers Andrew Moore and John Walter, with the support and oversight of Frances Beatty, Vice-President of Richard L. Feigen & Co. and director of the Ray Johnson Estate, spent six years probing the mysteries of Johnson's life and art. Their collaboration yielded the award-winning documentary, How To Draw a Bunny, released in 2003. How To Draw a Bunny examines Johnson's life, art, his ambivalent attitude towards fame, and finally his mysterious death. The film includes interviews with artists Chuck Close, James Rosenquist, Billy Name, Christo and Jeanne-Claude, and the founder of The Living Theatre, Judith Malina, among many others. A decade after his death, the network of mail artists continues to grow, numbering in the thousands of general correspondents. Although Johnson's death left many questions, his life's work is evidence of a powerful and original sensibility unique in the history of Modern Art.
Richard L. Feigen & Co. represents the Ray Johnson Estate.
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According to the CSIRO, Coffs Harbour has the most liveable climate in Australia, so be sure to enjoy the many unspoiled beaches and scenic mountain backdrop. The Coffs Harbour’s economy is based mainly on banana farming, manufacturing and tourism. So remember to check out the Big Banana on the northern outskirts of the city to get a real insight into the banana farming industry.
Fruit Picking Work in Coffs Harbour
Where’s Coffs Harbour
The best way to get to Coffs is by plane as the city has a large airport that is regularly serviced by all major cities.
If you’ve got a car though, coming from Sydney will take about 6 hours or 550kms. From Brisbane it is around 5 hours or 427kms via the main highways.
If you don’t have a car and have more time, there is a train from Sydney and Brisbane.
Most major bus companies will also have a service along the east coast of the country that will go via Coffs Harbour.
Not Fruit Picking – What to do?
- You’ve got to go and see one of Australia’s most famous attractions: The Big Banana.
- Take a boat to the Solitary Islands Marine Park and check out the amazing diversity of the underwater ecosystem.
- When you first get to Coffs, take a walk up to Sealy Lookout in Bruxner Park, just northwest of the city, where you’ll be able to see an amazing view of the city and beaches below as well as the rainforests behind you.
Many harvest jobs will meet the Second Australian Working Holiday Visa eligibility and count towards the 88 days of specified work. Some regional locations and jobs are ineligible which could lead to the Department of Immigration rejecting your application. So remember to confirm whether or not your fruit picking or harvest job will count towards the Second Australian WHV.
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On 08/05, President Jair Bolsonaro signed the conversion bill which provides emergency measures for the civil aviation sector due to the crisis resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic. The bill originates from Provisional Measure 925/2020, which allowed airlines to have more time to reimburse passengers who canceled their flights due to the pandemic, extending this period to 12 months. According to the justification presented by the government, there was a sharp drop in demand in the sector, and airlines have struggled to meet their commitments. During the course of the congress, parliamentarians included in the project other measures to support airlines, airport concessionaires during the pandemic, and made changes to the Brazilian Aeronautical Code. VETOES – In his sanction, the president vetoed three provisions of the bill to adapt to constitutionality and the public interest. Article 5 and Paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 9 were vetoed. The article that established aeronauts and airmen holding an account linked to the Brazilian Service Time Guarantee Fund (FGTS) would be allowed to monthly withdrawal the resources up to the limit of their balance was banned. The article that provided a compensation to the sector to soften the effects of the crisis was also vetoed.
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Fizzing with rhythm, energy and laughter, the 30 poems in Ready for Spaghetti delight in the details of children’s daily routines. Full of affectionate observations of young children, which are beautifully continued in Polly Dunbar’s warm-hearted pictures, Michael Rosen’s poems are ideal for reading aloud with toddlers!
The packs include:
- Downloadable Ready for Spaghetti storytelling tips
Download this resource
- Downloadable Ready for Spaghetti teachers’ notes
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Students build, configure, and maintain network servers along with putting in and configuring numerous network working techniques similar to Novell, Windows, and Linux. Students be taught to make use of troubleshooting providers, system monitoring utilities, and information backup and recovery methods.
That’s sooner than the average rate of development for all jobs within the United States. To put this into perspective, nationwide throughout all industries, girls make up forty seven% of the workforce in the United States, based on the U.S. Yet they comprise solely 26% of the computer and data technology workforce, based on NCWIT. And after we’re off the clock, our devices let us stream music and films, browse social media, and talk with far-flung associates; online game systems and TVs offer even more outlets for entertainment. For when you don’t know where to start, KCS may help develop a customized fit plan in your IT assist wants. KCS has developed methods to keep your company’s data secure and taken care 24/7. Here at KCS, we strive to ensure your small business stays compliant to assist keep your corporation operating smoothly.
Click right here to learn extra about our return plans and about CARES Funding. Use the buttons below to get extra data, go to the school or apply now. You can go to Self-Service and select Student Planning to register for courses. This Associate in Applied Science program will switch to a number of four-12 months institutions. Manual dexterity and good remark skills are necessary for success. Camden County College employees try to help you with making nice choices about your education. Whether you want to begin a website of your own, begin a profession as a web developer, or create higher internet pages, you can get your start right here.
Some corporations require a pc methods administrator to obtain certification within the product they use, corresponding to Microsoft, Red Hat, and Cisco. Computer support specialists known as help-desk technicians typically speak with clients experiencing computer issues. Help-desk technician careers contain asking questions to try and troubleshoot the problem or slender it down, in addition to walk prospects via steps to resolve the issue.
While it is potential to earn a common bachelor’s degree in computer and knowledge technology, most applications provide concentrations for students to choose from. As the sector of technology is broad and ever-expanding, these focus choices are many. Computer technology impacts the way people communicate, the best way they be taught, and the best Technology way they do enterprise. The ability to make use of computer technology successfully has turn out to be a definite advantage in class and work. As computer technology has become an important component in educational and vocational development, issues have grown that disparities in access to such technology restrict the opportunities for many.
Basic Education Necessities
Apple has locked developers into their platform through the App Store and takes a 30% fee on any transaction. The App Store is the only portal for developers to entry Apple’s huge and priceless person ecosystem, leaving these builders with out an possibility but to pay the 30% charge. Cross-OS access via the browser and Android (the open-source cell OS) commoditized the OS layer dominated by Windows and strengthened by way of its utility lock-in. The worth seize as soon as once more shifted up the technology stack to the applying layer, ensuing Computer within the unbundling of Microsoft’s grip on the computing market. By 2012 Microsoft’s computing market share had dropped to twenty%, and the Linux-based mobile working system, Android, controlled eighty five% of the mobile computing market. The value through the Nineteen Seventies remained within hardware manufacturing however started to migrate in the direction of the microprocessor producers. Due to first mover advantage with the Intel 4004 and 8008, Intel managed 100% of the microprocessor market segment in the early period.
How computers are useful in daily life?
Using computer at schools brings significant role among students and teachers. Through computer and internet, they can interact with people having same issues and can learn from each other. Computers have supplied infinite resources for learning and made education more flexible and easy to access.
diploma offers a broad overview of the information technology, providing publicity to basic topics that build expertise on this vital field. Coursework covers technical abilities required for profession success together with the opportunity to specialize the degree in an expert monitor aligned with private pursuits. The Associate in Science (A.S.) in Computer Information Technology diploma prepares college students for revered careers as builders, programmers, programmer-analysts, database builders, or web developers. Monroe 2-Orleans BOCES complies with the Americans with Disabilities Act which supplies entry to all its companies, programs, activities, and employment for those individuals with a disability. Any individual requesting an accommodation should notify the ADA Compliance Officer at least seventy two hours previous to the event or program or activity.
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- Open Access
Organizing product innovation: hierarchy, market or triple-helix networks?
Triple Helix volume 1, Article number: 3 (2014)
This paper assesses the extent to which the organization of the innovation effort in firms, as well as the geographical scale at which this effort is pursued, affects the capacity to benefit from product innovations. Three alternative modes of organization are studied: hierarchy, market and triple-helix-type networks. Furthermore, we consider triple-helix networks at three geographical scales: local, national and international. These relationships are tested on a random sample of 763 firms located in five urban regions of Norway which reported having introduced new products or services during the preceding 3 years. The analysis shows that firms exploiting internal hierarchy or triple-helix networks with a wide range of partners managed to derive a significantly higher share of their income from new products, compared to those that mainly relied on outsourcing within the market. In addition, the analysis shows that the geographical scale of cooperation in networks, as well as the type of partner used, matters for the capacity of firms to benefit from product innovation. In particular, firms that collaborate in international triple-helix-type networks involving suppliers, customers and R&D institutions extract a higher share of their income from product innovations, regardless of whether they organize the processes internally or through the network.
Please see Additional file 1 for translations of the abstract into the five official working languages of the United Nations and Portuguese.
Firm organization matters for innovation and for the returns that firms can extract from generating and/or adopting innovation. Firms that innovate more are expected to outcompete the market and earn a greater share of their revenues from the introduction of new products and services. However, the exact mechanisms which make a firm more or less innovative are still controversial. Firm-level innovation depends to a great extent on how firms organize the innovative effort. In recent years, many researchers have tended to highlight the importance of external links as a source of knowledge and innovation. Firms which develop external links connecting them with other firms, knowledge-creating centres, such as research centres and universities, and government bodies often find themselves at the centre of complex triple-helix networks which facilitate their capacity to innovate (Etzkowitz 2008; Leydesdorff 2000).
On the other hand, the building and participation in triple-helix-type networks is often time-consuming and costly, while the knowledge generated within the networks is not always easy to process (Laursen and Salter 2006). By going beyond simple supply-chain collaborations, firms have to engage with agents that function in different ways and use different codes. As a result, and in contrast to the relatively straightforward relationship with suppliers and customers in order to generate product innovation, collaborations outside the supply chain may become more complicated, troublesome or unstable and disputes may arise over the ownership of outcomes. Firms may have to invest in absorptive capacity in order to access and transform external knowledge for their own use. It may be necessary to recruit highly skilled employees in order to communicate with universities, and government policies are not easily disentangled. Moreover, network theory posits that even if firms choose to procure new products externally, their relationship to suppliers is not necessarily best organized through arm's-length market transactions (Powell 1990; Uzzi 1996). If production processes have uncertain outcomes or require long-term commitment, the relationship between actors needs to be based more on trust than on pure cost-benefit analyses and is embedded in deeper social relations. This has advantages, but may also lead to more uncertain outcomes in terms of innovation. As a consequence, rather than getting involved in complex networks, firms may choose to simply rely on direct connections within the market (dyadic collaborations or partnerships), outsourcing innovation to suppliers or customers. Neo-classical economics holds that firms, being rational actors, will use information and production inputs that are available in the market if these are better or cheaper than what is available within the firm or in a network. This general assumption is expected to apply also to innovation activities, implying that firms that procure new product innovation from external suppliers may be able to introduce more new products and hence derive a larger share of their income from new innovations than those who fail to utilize this opportunity.
Outsourcing in the market is, nevertheless, again not without costs. Firms may thus find it best, in order to reduce the transactions costs and risks of outsourcing innovation to market agents or relying on triple-helix-networks, to organize innovation activities internally. This may be particularly true of actions with uncertain outcomes (Dodgson 2014), asymmetric information or which require specific investments, such as new product development. Under these circumstances, firms may choose to organize their innovation activities in-house in order to economize on transactions costs, limit risks and appropriate rents.
The geography of how the innovation effort is organized may also have an important influence on innovation and economic outcomes. This is, however, a factor which has been fundamentally overlooked by the literature. Triple-helix analyses about the formation of networks happen in what can be considered an ethereal space: complex networks can be developed in any sort of space, regardless of context and initial conditions (Etzkowitz 2003). When space is considered, the assumption is that most interaction will happen in constrained geographical spaces. Etzkowitz (2008, p. 8) indicates that ‘triple helix initiatives take place at the regional level, where specific contexts of individual clusters, academic development, and presence or lack of governing authority influence the development of the triple helix’. Theories on agglomeration forces (Glaeser 2011), buzz (Storper and Venables 2004) and clusters (Porter 1998) assume that the benefits of knowledge diffusion are greatest when interaction takes place in close geographical proximity. A similar view has generally been taken in the triple-helix approach (Leydesdorff et al. 2006; Leydesdorff et al. 2006), meaning that interaction at a distance may be detrimental for the capacity of a firm to innovate. This assumption has been nonetheless challenged by recent research (Fitjar and Rodríguez-Pose 2013; Uzzi 1996) which has underlined the risks of lock-in in closely knit networks in constrained geographical spaces and, within the triple helix literature, by Leydesdorff, who indicates that ‘with globalization, one can expect the international–national dimension to be increasingly relevant’ (2012, p. 32).
The different forms of organization of innovation, and their geographies, may affect not only a firm's capacity to innovate but also how this innovation is translated into revenues and benefits. In this paper, we analyse the extent to which the prevalence of different organizations of innovation in the firm (market, hierarchy and triple-helix-networks (Powell 1990; Williamson 1991)) and the scope of the triple-helix networks, in terms of geography (links at local, national and international level) or types of partner (other firms, consultancies and R&D institutions), affect the share of income a firm derives from new products developed during the past 3 years. While innovation may take many different forms, the analysis focuses on innovation in the form of new product development and how this process is organized. This relationship is explored for a random sample of 763 Norwegian urban firms which reported product innovations as part of a larger survey of innovation in Norwegian city regions, which covered 1,600 firms in total. We find that both hierarchical and triple-helix network organization of product development are associated with a significantly higher share of income from new products than a pure market organization. Furthermore, hierarchical organization is also associated with a significantly higher share of income from new products than network organization. For collaboration in triple-helix networks, we find that geography is important, but in ways which have tended to be eschewed by previous analyses. Our results show that the diversity and geographical location of partners matter. Notably, firms that collaborate with a diverse set of international partners, including universities and research institutions, tend to derive a significantly higher share of their income from product innovations. The share of income from innovation is also higher when the product is new to the market, indicating that first movers are able to capture an entrepreneurial rent (Schumpeter 1934) that is not available to imitators.
3Markets, networks and firms
Firms rely on three different forms of organizing innovation: markets, hierarchy, and networks (Powell 1990; Williamson 1991). At the firm level, these are three alternative modes of organization, the efficiency of which is determined by the characteristics of the transactions involved and the nature of the knowledge being transferred. At the macro or societal level, they represent three institutions in which the economy is organized. Hierarchy implies that innovation processes are organized internally within the boundaries of the firm. A market approach means that firms outsource their innovations to other market actors. The network mode denotes reciprocal and stable collaboration with other socioeconomic agents. The seed of networking in a system is interaction. We understand interaction as the reaction to the behaviour of another member within a system (Stogdill 1959). Interaction can be, on the one hand, sporadic and with no economic purpose or, by contrast, can be repeated in time and with some economic goal. When this happens among economic agents in a system, repeated interaction can lead to collaboration or partnerships, which can be defined as a shared commitment of resources to the mutually agreed aims of partners. These aims include developing new markets, gaining access to production and distribution networks, and addressing issues related to research, technology and innovation (Dodgson 2014). Collaborations or partnerships tend to be dyadic, that is, they generally involve two firms or two agents within a system. As a consequence, these dyadic outsourcing partnerships can be considered as different from broadly defined networks, which entail a multiplicity of - at least, more than two - economic agents establishing regular multilateral ties for purposes of information and knowledge sharing, services exchange and, ultimately, economic gain. When the networks involve economic agents from sectors which include firms, knowledge-generating centres and government, the network becomes a triple-helix network, with purpose-built chains which churn out new knowledge and innovation (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff 2000; Leydesdorff 2000). As Etzkowitz (2008, p. 50) posits, ‘Whereas the traditional firm, with strong boundaries, is a nexus of contracts […] the triple helix firm is part of a collaborative process that may include other firms and non-firm entities, such as university groups and government agencies’. These complex triple-helix networks involve a series of different purposes which range from simple collaboration, including collaborative leadership and conflict resolution, to substitution and technology transfer (Ranga and Etzkowitz 2013).
Which of these three modes of organization of the innovation effort is more efficient in terms of the bottom line and, more specifically, of the share of the profits that accrue to the firm from product innovations is still a matter of speculation. The characteristics of differentiated forms of innovation organization and of governing activities and transactions have been the focus of scholarly interest by institutional economists (Coase 1937; Williamson 1985, 1991), organizational sociologists (Granovetter 1992; Powell 1990), lawyers (Macneil 1980) and strategic management theorists (Barney and Ouchi 1986; Teece 2000), among others. Coase (1937) conceived the firm as a governance structure, a provocative break with the then orthodox view of the firm as an uninteresting ‘black box’ production function. He observed that entrepreneurs and managers weighed up the benefits of internal organization and production against the costs and risks of using markets. Williamson (1973) picked up this idea a generation later, in the 1970s, emphasizing that organizational form matters. In so doing, he moved the discipline of organizational economics closer to the field of organization theory and the strategic management literature. Williamson (1985) argues that transactions with highly uncertain outcomes, that recur frequently, and which require unique or transaction-specific investments are more likely to be organized within the boundaries of the firm. Transaction-specific investments cannot be easily transferred to other purposes and include resources in the form of money, time and energy. Other drivers have also been observed: the desire to increase incentive alignment through integrated ownership (Grossman and Hart 1986), the need for superior monitoring or measurement that can be done in-house (Barzel 1981), the inability to educate outside suppliers (Langlois 1992), the potential to capitalize on the firm's comparative or competitive advantages (Argyres 1996; Gulati et al. 2005) and fostering knowledge sharing and coordination (Conner and Prahalad 1996; Kogut and Zander 1996).
On the other hand, exchanges that are easy to define, standardized and with no specific investments needed to the particular transactions will take place in the market. Market-based exchanges are characterized as discrete contracts, often short-term, between autonomous buyers and sellers. These transactions are ‘sharp in’, indicating that they are accompanied by a clear-cut, complete and monetized agreement. They are also ‘sharp out’ in the sense that the provider's obligation of performance and the buyer's expected payment are unambiguous.
This academic discourse has developed in parallel with managerial practice. In recent decades, a trend for outsourcing has emerged. It is based on the assumption that a competitive advantage could be gained and sustained if external suppliers were contracted to carry out so-called non-core processes more efficiently. Several drivers for outsourcing have been reported: (i) economic – outsourcing allows economies of scale and the longevity of demand for the activity; (ii) quality – access to skills, the competency and specialization of potential suppliers and geographical coverage is increased; and (iii) innovation – improvements in quality through innovation, and the development of new services (Kakabadse and Kakabadse 2000). Outsourcing provides companies with greater capacity for flexibility, especially in access to rapidly emerging new technologies or the myriad of components in product development. In addition, outsourcing may have a potential to reduce the product design cycle time if multiple best-in-class suppliers who work simultaneously on individual components of the process are used (Quinn and Hilmer 1994).
Knowledge-based approaches have also been advanced to configure the optimal governance structure of activities. These contributions often emerge from the resource-based literature on the strategy of firms (Barney 1991; Conner 1991; Peteraf and Helfat 2003), which might be seen as an alternative or a complement to transaction cost theory. Transaction cost theory conceptualizes the firm as a contractual entity with a strong focus on property rights, incentives and contracts. These issues are crucial when it comes to the appropriation of the benefits and rents of an innovation. When innovation processes are organized mainly within the boundaries of a firm, the property rights are unambiguous and the incentives more aligned. On the other hand, the knowledge- or resource-based perspective conceptualizes the firm as a repository of distinct productive knowledge, including the ability to learn and grow on the basis of that knowledge (Dosi and Kogut 1992; Foss 1996; Nickerson and Zenger 2004) and their related dynamic capabilities (Teece 2007; Teece et al. 1997). As the raw material for innovations is new combinations of knowledge and learning, this perspective is also important in studies of innovation processes. On this basis, we hypothesize that
Hypothesis 1: Firms that develop new innovations within the company will be more innovative than those who source innovations in the market.
A third way of organizing innovation is through networks, an approach which has become more prevalent in recent years. Historically, the market and the vertically integrated firm (hierarchy) were seen as a dichotomy. Exchanges could be arrayed along a continuum with discrete market transactions at one end and the integrated firm at the other. This continuum appears to have less and less explanatory power as firms are increasingly blurring their established boundaries to engage in neither the familiar alternative of arms'-length market contracting nor in the former ideal of vertical integration (Powell 1990). Powell (1990, p. 299) argues that ‘by sticking to the twin pillars of markets and hierarchies, our attention is deflected from a diversity of organizational designs that are neither fish nor fowl, nor some mongrel hybrid, but a distinctly different form’. Some exchanges are dependent on relationships, mutual interests and reputation, and less guided by a formal structure of authority, but rather by networks and relational contracts (Macneil 1980).
Networks adopt many forms and shapes, but the exchange of information and knowledge tends to be maximized in dense triple-helix relationships involving firms with other knowledge-generating agents, such as governments, universities and research centres (Baum and Oliver 1991; Leydesdorff 2000). In these rich ecologies (Leydesdorff and Mayer 2006), repeated interaction within the network helps to disseminate knowledge, making firms involved in the network more dynamic and innovative than those outside it.
Triple-helix networks have been increasingly regarded as a superior form of innovation organization than markets or hierarchy. Polanyi (1944) classically noted that relations between economic actors are socially constructed and embedded in broader social structures. Building on this, Granovetter (1985) emphasized personal relations and networks of such relations as essential mechanisms for producing sufficient trust for market transactions to take place. He criticizes Williamson and other institutional economists for treating hierarchy as the solution to opportunism, noting that hierarchical structures do not produce trust between actors, and for ignoring the social relations in which firms and other economic actors are embedded. Organizing transactions in such networks of social relations ‘are superior to pure authority relations in discouraging malfeasanse’ (Granovetter 1985). Embedded, or networked, triple-helix relations thus provide a range of benefits to firms. They allow transfer of tacit and proprietary knowledge, enable joint and continuous problem-solving, and provide allocative efficiency (Uzzi 1996). As knowledge is increasingly distributed across a wide range of individuals and organizations, it has become important for firms to be able to mobilize both internal and external knowledge resources in pursuit of innovation (Chesbrough 2003; Foss et al. 2011; Tapscott and Williams 2006; Von Hippel 1988). Studies indicate that entrepreneurial opportunities emerge in the interplay between firm-specific capabilities and external knowledge (Audretsch and Keilbach 2007; Roper et al. 2008).
On this background, we expect that
Hypothesis 2a: Firms involved in triple-helix networks for the development of innovations will be more innovative than those which source innovations in the market or rely on internal and vertically integrated hierarchies.
However, in order for the network approach to promote innovation, partners - in a pure triple-helix logic - should be sufficiently differentiated to provide missing technologies or new or complementary capabilities (Osborn and Hagedoorn 1997). Being part of a diversified network (or several) will increase the number of ideas to select from. These advantages are further advanced if a firm is positioned in between differentiated networks, in the so-called structural holes (Burt 1992, 2004). For this reason, we extend on the question of whether or not a network mode is used by also considering the scope of the network. Firms collaborating with many different types of partners - including other firms as well as research institutions - in a triple-helix network will have a greater chance of occupying structural holes or encountering novel information. Furthermore, we consider the impact of collaborating with each type of partner - other firms in the supply-chain, competitors, consultancies and research institutions - on firms' level of innovation.
Hypothesis 2b: Firms involved in triple-helix networks with a broad scope will be more innovative than those involved in networks with a more limited scope.
3.1 Geography and the organization of innovation
A related debate, often neglected in the innovation literature, concerns the geographical scope of networks. Although some arguments advocate that networking can happen ‘at national, regional, or increasingly also at international levels’ (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff 2000, p. 118), the majority of the literature has argued for the superiority of local or regional networks. Local and regional networks are perceived as superior because, as much of the knowledge is diffused through face-to-face contact (Gordon and McCann 2000; Porter 1990; Storper and Venables 2004), the effort and costs required to make tacit knowledge circulate over large geographical distances makes triple-helix networking at arm's length much less likely to be effective (Leydesdorff and Fritsch 2006). The conditions under which transactions are best conducted locally include situations of complex information, rapid changes or low volumes (Duranton and Puga 2004; Leamer and Storper 2001), all of which are usually present in new product development processes.
However, others have pointed to the dangers of lock-in and over-embeddedness associated with local interactions with the same partners over an extended period of time (Fitjar and Rodríguez-Pose 2011; Gertler 2003; Moodysson 2008; Uzzi 1996), advocating instead the use of partners outside the comfort zone of local interaction through the development of global pipelines (Bathelt et al. 2004; Morrison et al. 2013). Similarly, from within the triple-helix perspective, Leydesdorff (2012) has argued that triple-helix approaches overcome one of the traditional limitations of regional innovation systems approaches in that they may extend beyond regional (or national) boundaries, making innovation systemic, rather than dependent on a priori defined boundaries. Indeed, in the case of Norway, Strand and Leydesdorff (2013) find that foreign relations are characteristic of the regions with the most efficient triple-helix relations. This is closely related to the industrial composition of these regions with strong petroleum and maritime sectors. Interacting with partners in different geographical contexts increases the chances of occupying structural holes (Burt 1992) and of bridging diverse cognitive frameworks. The need for face-to-face contact can be maintained through temporary proximity (Maskell et al. 2006; Torre 2008) and international business travel (Beaverstock et al. 2009), and knowledge can also be transferred through virtual interaction over the internet, reducing the need for permanent co-location (Bathelt and Turi 2011). On this basis, we present two alternative hypotheses:
Hypothesis 3a: Firms that cooperate with a wide range of regional partners will be more innovative.
Hypothesis 3b: Firms that cooperate with a wide range of international partners will be more innovative.
3.2 From knowledge to innovation and commercial success
As this discussion suggests, the conditions which favour networks - in particular regional ones - and internal organization are similar. In both cases, they involve uncertainty, frequent or repeated interaction, and unique investments of money, time or knowledge. The choice between networks and internal organization under such circumstances is not straightforward. Access to external knowledge indicates an advantage for networks compared to firm organizing. When the ideas are easy to transform and market to your own customers, and knowledge travels easily from its origin to the focal firm, the triple-helix network form may be the preferred organizational mode. An interorganizational partnership may also have developed what Kogut and Zander (1992) call ‘higher order organizing principles’, such as shared goals and cultures, common identities and languages. A long-term partnership may also enable exchange of tacit knowledge, especially if the relations are built on physical, social or cognitive proximity (Boschma 2005). To borrow a concept from evolutionary theory (Burgelman 2002), the variation may be greater in a network than within the boundaries of the focal firm. However, there is more to an innovation process than creativity and ideas.
A successful innovation ends up in a commercial product or service, and the organization of this part of the innovation process is best understood by applying concepts from the contractual approach. In this line of reasoning, the fundamental reason why resources and assets are brought under common ownership in a firm is due to incentive problems that may arise in situations of high asset specificity and a proclivity to opportunism (Williamson 1985). Interconnected or co-specialized resources produce rents that may be appropriated by opportunistic input owners, even in a partnership. Furthermore, when the outcome is uncertain - which is often the case in innovation processes - it may be costly to agree on contracts or negotiate ex post. Uncertainties typically also evolve during the innovation process where some ideas are discarded and novel ones are further explored. In that case, an internal employment contract is more flexible than an incomplete contract between separate firms. Teece (2000) has detailed how considerations of appropriability of rent-yielding knowledge resources influence the way in which innovative activities are organized.
To sum up, there is no straightforward prediction about which type of the three organizations considered will deliver greater innovation and commercial success. Being embedded in triple-helix networks may facilitate the circulation of new ideas, increased variation and may provide complementary assets and knowledge. These complementarities may speed up the innovation process. On the other hand, especially if specific investments are needed to this particular innovation process, contractual issues may evolve. These hard topics may intensify when the outcome of the process is highly uncertain (especially if the upside is potentially huge) and give rise to appropriability issues. In that case, in-house developments are preferred. In this study, we use the share of income that results from innovations (over the last 3 years) as the measure of innovation performance. Highly innovative firms (as measured by a high share) are dependent on income from new products and services. Based on the discussion above, we present two competing hypotheses:
Hypothesis 4a: Firms that develop new innovations within the company will be more innovative than firms that cooperate with other companies or organizations in the development of innovations.
Hypothesis 4b: Firms that cooperate with other companies or organizations in the development of innovations will be more innovative than firms that develop new innovations within the company.
3.3 First-mover advantages versus imitation
A final controversial issue in innovation strategy relates to the degree of novelty (Tidd and Bessant 2009). To capture the degree of novelty, we distinguish between products and services being new to the market and new to the firm. The latter is an imitation or adaptation of something already known, and may, as such, represent an incremental innovation. The literature on firm strategy offers two competing perspectives on this issue. On the one hand, imitations and incremental innovations are less imbued with risk and uncertainty than new products and services. The technologies and knowledge are proven, the size of the market is fairly well known, and so are customer tastes and preferences. In a more established market, an accepted market prize is also well documented. Imitators can learn from the mistakes of others and often free ride on the investments of the original innovators. Furthermore, as communication and transportation have advanced, opportunities for imitation have burgeoned. The globalizing economy and technological advances have expanded the ranks of imitators and have made imitation and incremental adaptations more feasible, more cost-effective and much faster (Shenkar 2010).
A competing view is that the introduction of genuinely new products into the market offers first-mover advantages (Lieberman and Montgomery 1988) that allow firms to appropriate an entrepreneurial rent (Schumpeter 1934). Since imitated products and services have already been in the market, there are no first-mover advantages. The entrepreneurial rent has already been appropriated by other firms in the market. According to Lieberman and Montgomery (1988), the first-mover advantages include superior positions in geographical space (prime physical locations), technology space (e.g. patents) or customer perceptual space. New entrants may be able to expand and defend their position by blocking the market with a broader product line. Pioneers may also develop a superior reputation related to their products and services. Furthermore, customers may incur perceived or real switching costs as they accumulate experience with the pioneer's product or service, and network externalities may establish the pioneer's product as a standard in the market (Lieberman and Montgomery 1998). First movers may also gain a head start in developing a set of dynamic capabilities (Teece 2009) that are key to the product or service in question. These capabilities are often referred to as learning or experience curve advantages and are typically more important than patents (Cohen et al. 1997).
Early movers also stand a better chance to dominate the market and earn substantial profits. Such profits fade away, however, as imitators enter the same market. The sustainability of first-mover advantages depends on the initial resources captured by the pioneer and the resources and capabilities subsequently developed, relative to the quality of those held or developed by imitators (Lieberman and Montgomery 1998).
Based on the discussion above, we, once more, present two competing hypotheses:
Hypothesis 5a: Firms that introduce new products into the market will earn a higher share of their income from innovations than firms that introduce products which are similar to existing products.
Hypothesis 5b: Firms that introduce new products which are similar to existing products will earn a higher share of their income from innovations than firms that introduce new products into the market.
4Method, variable specifications and descriptive data
The analysis is based on data from a survey of 1,604 firms located in Norway's five largest city regions: Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, Trondheim and Kristiansand. It may be argued that Norway represents a well-suited case to study the issues raised in this paper, including the impact of triple helix. Generally, universities are publicly owned, and government has taken substantial ownership of firms in important sectors (banking, energy, telecom, etc). The survey was conducted in 2010 through telephone interviews with the CEO of each firm. As the vast majority of firms are small- or medium-sized, we expect the top manager of the firm to be most informed of the innovations in their companies. The median size is 27 employees, and three out of four firms in the sample have 60 employees or less. Firms were drawn randomly from the Norwegian Register of Business Enterprise, where all firms are required by law to register. Survey respondents were sampled among all firms with more than ten employees located in municipalities in which 10% or more of the population commuted into the core urban municipality(ies) of the city region in 2009 (Leknes 2010). We imposed a quota of 400 firms for each of the three largest city regions, 300 for Trondheim and 100 for Kristiansand. The sampling and interviews were conducted by Synovate (now Ipsos), a professional market research firm. A total of 5,887 firms were approached, with a response rate of 27.2%.
4.1 Dependent variable
In order to obtain data on the relationship between organization mode and innovation performance, we first asked all firms whether they had introduced any goods or services into the market during the past 3 years that were new to the company or significantly improved compared to their existing products. Of the 1,604 firms included in the survey, 857 firms, or 53.4%, answered affirmatively and were classified as innovative firms. These firms were subsequently asked to estimate which percentage share of their income derives from products that were developed within the last 3 years (Innoshare). We elicited 763 responses to this question. The average share of income from new products and services was 24.4, with a standard deviation of 24.9. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the share of income deriving from new products and services across all 763 firms. Because the distribution on the variable is skewed, which could cause problems of heteroscedasticity and non-linearity, we apply a log transformation when fitting the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model. This is done by adding 1 to the value of Innoshare (in order to avoid taking the log of 0) and then calculating the natural logarithm. The logged variable has mean 2.74, median 2.77 and skewness −0.49.
4.2 Independent variables
The analysis includes three vectors of independent variables. First, Innomode is a categorical variable measuring how firms organized the innovation processes that resulted in the introduction of new products. Managers of innovative firms were asked if their new products were developed mainly by their own company (Internal mode), mainly by other companies or organizations (External mode) or whether, in a triple-helix way, they cooperated with other companies or organizations in developing them (Cooperation mode). External mode is treated as the baseline, with dummy variables for Internal and Cooperation modes included in the regression model. In total, 47.3% of firms mainly used the Internal mode, 36.5% the Cooperation mode, and 14.8% the External mode, while 1.4% did not know and were excluded from further analysis.
Second, New-to-market is a dichotomous variable measuring whether the new product or service was new to the market or only new to the firm. Managers were asked whether any of their new products were new to the market or whether they were only new to their company and very similar to a product that already existed in the market. In total, 57.2% answered that the product innovations were new to the market. Again, we include a dummy variable for New-to-market innovations against a baseline of new-to-firm innovations.
Third, Partners is a vector of three indices measuring the innovative firm's established partnerships with other companies and organizations. As argued above, it is not only the number of partners that may be important. The crucial point may be the number of different partners (Osborn and Hagedoorn 1997). Following our definition of networks, the greater the number of bilateral partnerships, the larger the scope of the network. If these partnerships link firms to socioeconomic agents which are different in the nature (such as research centres, universities and government offices or agencies), the network becomes a triple-helix network. This argument is picked up in our analysis by counting the number of partnerships involving different partner types. Managers were therefore asked whether their firm had cooperated with any of seven different types of partners (other companies within the conglomerate, suppliers, customers, competitors, consultancies, universities and research institutes) in the last 3 years. We expect that the relationship is rather long-lasting and purposely established to gain access to complementary assets. Note that in our conceptualization, networks emerge from firms establishing collaborations with types of partners of a different nature. Therefore, if a firm only establishes partnerships within the supply chain, that would be considered as outsourcing in the market within our framework. If, by contrast, partnerships go beyond the supply chain and involve competitors, consultancies and/or research institutions and this is repeated by multiple agents, a network emerges. We assume that a large number of different types of partners represent evidence of a firm's embeddedness in triple-helix-type networks. For each type of partner, managers were also asked whether the partner(s) were located within their own region, elsewhere in the country and/or abroad. Based on their responses to these questions, we created three indices measuring the firm's network within the region (Regional partners), nationally outside of the region (National partners) and abroad (International partners). Each index is simply a count of the number of different types of partners used at each geographical scale. The average innovative firm used 2.36 (±0.12) types of regional partners, 1.59 (±0.11) types of national partners, and 1.23 (±0.10) types of international partners.
In order to assess further the role of networks, we also run a separate analysis in which we measure the impact of collaborating with different types of partners, by re-specifying Partners according to the type of partner(s) with whom firms collaborate, rather than the geographical location of these partners. We examine four different basic types of partners, each coded as dummy variables, which take the value 1 if the firm has collaborated with any of its suppliers and/or customers (Supply-chain partners), its competitors (Competitor partners), with consultancy firms (Consultancy partners) or with universities and/or research institutes (R&D partners).
The analysis controls for a set of factors that could be expected to affect both firms' share of income from new products and services and their values on the independent variables. First, Company size is measured as the natural logarithm of the number of employees in the company. Larger firms are usually older and more established and could be expected to procure comparatively more of their income from existing products. They also have a higher capacity for internal development of innovations and possibly for networking with partners. The average innovative firm in the survey has 80 (±14) employees, while the median is 27 employees. Seventy-five percent of firms have 60 employees or less. Second, Foreign ownership is measured as the proportion of shares held by non-Norwegian owners. Foreign-owned firms could be expected to have a larger international network and to introduce products and services developed by sister or mother companies elsewhere. In total, 79.6% of the innovative firms are completely Norwegian owned, while 15.3% are completely owned by foreigners. The remaining 5.1% are partly owned by foreigners (50% or less in 3.7% of cases). Third, Industry will affect the pace of innovation and therefore the proportion of income emanating from new products. There are also different traditions and cultures for networking and cooperation, and for secrecy about new product development, across industries. We include dummy variables for nine different industries based on the firm's official listing in the Norwegian Register of Business Enterprise by NACE codes. The categories used were mining and quarrying (1.6% of innovative firms); manufacturing (22.2%); construction (8.5%); electricity, gas and water supplies (0.5%); wholesale and retail trade (19.6%); food and accommodation services (6.7%); transportation, storage, information and communication (7.4 %); financial and insurance activities (3.6%); and other services (29.9%). We included dummy variables for each category, with Other services as the baseline.
5Results and Discussion
Including the variables described above in the model, we fit the following regression models to the data:
where α is a constant, and ε is an idiosyncratic error with random normal distribution.
Table 1 shows the results of the analysis for model 1 and model 2. A full set of diagnostic tests have been performed on the analyses, including for non-linearity, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity and significant outliers. As the latter test revealed some significant outliers, the models were also analysed using a robust regression model. The results from this analysis are shown in the last two columns of Table 1 and produce broadly the same findings as in the OLS model. The Breusch-Pagan test also showed significant heteroscedasticity (P = 0.04 for both models). The model is therefore fitted with robust standard errors.
In line with hypothesis 1 and hypothesis 4a, firms that develop new products and services internally earn a significantly higher share of their income from innovations than do firms that procure new product development in the market or in cooperation with other companies or organizations. Firms that are active in networks are also significantly more innovative than those that procure innovation by simple bilateral, commercial interaction in the market, supporting hypothesis 2. The log share of income from innovation in the group developing new products internally is 0.59 higher than among firms who hire external companies or organizations to develop new products for them (market mode), and 0.36 higher than among firms who cooperate with others (triple-helix network mode). Furthermore, the log share of income among firms using the network mode is 0.23 higher than among firms using the market mode. This difference is significant at the 90% level. However, when we control for Partners, the difference between the latter two groups falls to 0.20 and is no longer statistically significant, suggesting that the impact of collaborating with partners depends crucially on how many types of partners the firm collaborates with, as well as where these are located. The difference between internal organization and the two other modes also falls slightly - to 0.55 and 0.35 compared to market organization and networks, respectively, - but remains significant. Figure 2 shows the expected values of log(Innoshare + 1) for firms in the three groups, controlling all other variables at their means. The dotted lines represent 95% confidence intervals of the estimates. The expected share of income for new products or services for an average firm that develops innovations internally is e2.95 − 1 = 18.2%. For a firm that uses a network mode, it is e2.60 − 1 = 12.4%, and for a firm that hires other companies or organizations to develop its innovation, the predicted share is e2.37 − 1 = 9.7%.
Firms that develop products which are new to the market also earn a significantly higher share of their income from new products than firms who are early adopters and introduce products which are only new to the firm, supporting hypothesis 5a, rather than 5b. The log share of income from new products is 0.24 higher for firms that introduce products that are new to the market. For an average firm with an early adoption strategy, the fitted value of Innoshare is e2.60 − 1 = 12.4%, whereas it is e2.83 − 1 = 16.0% for a first mover. The effect of introducing original products is somewhat weaker when some influential outliers are weighted down in the robust regression analysis, but it is still positive and significant.
Model 2 introduces a third independent variable, Partners. This reduces the effect of each of the other independent variables and makes the difference between the network mode and the market mode no longer statistically significant. As for the effect of partnerships, neither regional nor national partners make a difference for the firms' share of innovation income. Hypothesis 3a is therefore not supported. However, collaborating with a wide range of international partners has a strong and significant positive effect on innovation income, supporting hypothesis 3b. For each additional type of international partner with which the firm collaborates, its log share of income from new products increases by 0.10. Contrary to expectations in much of the literature, the development of local triple-helix networks yields much lower returns than engaging in wider geographical networks, at least in the case of Norway. International network development delivers greater innovation and firm-level income and profits than networking at close quarters in what are relatively small local and national markets. As Leydesdorff (2012) suggests, the sources of innovation at firm level in Norway may have become systemic rather than constrained by local or national boundaries.
Figure 3 plots the fitted values of log(Innoshare + 1) at different levels of International partners, controlling all other variables at their means. The dotted lines represent 95% confidence intervals of the estimates. The expected share of income from innovation increases from e2.61 − 1 = 12.6% for a firm that does not cooperate with any foreign partners to e3.30 − 1 = 26.1% for the rare case of a firm which is completely embedded in international triple-helix-type networks and cooperates with all seven types of foreign partners. Introducing this additional variable into the model also increases the explained variance from 0.12 to 0.14.
Among the control variables, company size has a significant negative effect on innovation income. As expected, larger firms earn more of their income from established products. Unlike foreign partnerships, foreign ownership does not affect the share of income from new products. Controlling for the other variables in the model, Norwegian and foreign-owned firms earn a similar proportion of their income from new products. In terms of industry, firms in ‘other services’ (these are mostly knowledge-intensive services, e.g. real estate, legal services, accountancy, consultancy and marketing) tend to earn a comparatively higher share of their income from new products and services. Only mining has a - non-significant - positive coefficient compared to the baseline, whereas four industries have significantly less income from innovation than ‘other services’: wholesale and retail trade, manufacturing, hotels and restaurants, and financial services. The share of income from new products is by far the lowest in the latter group, with a log share that is 0.77 lower than among firms in ‘other services’.
In Table 2, we specify two new models that represent different specifications of the regression equations presented in model 2. Model 3 is identical to model 2 with the exception that the vector Partners is now a measure of the types of partners, rather than their geographical location, as detailed in the section on independent variables. For the variables Innomode and New-to-market, as well as for the controls, the results are consistent with model 2, with only minor changes in the coefficients. The coefficients of interest in this case are those associated with the dummy variables for different types of partners. In model 3, we simply include the four different indicators and examine if interaction with any of the four types of partners has an impact on the innovation levels of the firm. The analysis shows that two of the four variables (Supply-chain partners and R&D partners) have a positive and significant effect on Innoshare. The average firm that does not collaborate with supply-chain partners has a predicted value of Innoshare of e2.44 − 1 = 10.5%, compared to e2.76 − 1 = 14.8% for firms that do. Firms that do not collaborate with R&D partners have a predicted value of e2.67 − 1 = 13.4%, while the predicted value for those that do is e2.84 − 1 = 16.1%. For the other two types of partners (competitors and consultancies), the effect is negative, but not significant.
In model 4, we further include an interaction between the two key types of triple-helix partners that were found to have a significant impact on Innoshare in model 3. This analysis examines the interaction between collaboration within the supply chain and with research institutions by specifying three dummy variables: one for firms that collaborate with supply-chain partners only, one for firms that collaborate with R&D partners only, and one for firms that collaborate with both supply-chain and R&D partners. These three variables are compared against a baseline of firms that collaborate with neither supply chain nor R&D partners. The results show that collaborating with both supply chain and R&D partners is associated with the highest share of income from new products, e2.85 − 1 = 16.3%. Interaction with supply-chain partners only also has a significant positive effect, while the effect of interaction with R&D partners is positive, but not statistically significant. The predicted value of Innoshare is e2.69 − 1 = 14.7% for firms that collaborate with supply-chain partners only, and e2.82 − 1 = 15.8% for firms that collaborate with R&D partners only. The lowest levels of innovation are found among firms that collaborate with neither supply-chain nor R&D partners, where the expected value is e2.32 − 1 = 9.2%. While the analysis show that the most innovative firms collaborate with both supply-chain and R&D partners, they do not show a positive interaction between the two types of collaboration, as the sum of the coefficients for supply-chain partners only and R&D partners only is larger than the coefficient for collaborating with both (0.37 + 0.49 > 0.53). However, this difference is not statistically significant. The other coefficients in the model change very little from model 3.
Table 3 shows an analysis of the interaction between the mode of innovation - hierarchy, triple-helix network or market - and whether or not firms have established partnerships with any of the critical innovation partners - other firms in the supply-chain and/or R&D institutions. The analysis shows that there is very little difference between the three modes of innovation when the firm does not cooperate with other firms in its supply-chain or with R&D institutions. However, when such partners are present, the hierarchy and network modes become much more efficient than the market mode. In particular, three constellations stand out as being associated with significantly higher shares of income from new products compared to the baseline. The highest level of innovation can be found among firms in the network mode that cooperate with R&D institutions. Firms that organize their innovation processes internally, but also have strong links within the supply-chain, are also significantly more innovative, in particular if they also collaborate with R&D institutions.
Our analysis has highlighted that the organization of the innovation effort in firms, as well as its geographical dimension, makes a difference to the product innovation performance of firms. If innovation processes are organized in contrasting ways, the returns to product innovation may be significantly greater. On the one hand, companies that develop product and service innovations based on internal hierarchy seem to derive a significantly higher share of their income from innovation, compared to those relying on simple dyadic partnerships for sourcing innovation from the market. However, the apparent superiority of internal hierarchy for product innovation is challenged when more complex external networks are considered. The participation in broad-based networks, involving different types of socioeconomic agents - as advocated in the triple-helix approach - in the development of new products and services is also associated with earning a higher share of income from innovation compared to conducting product development through market mechanisms. In the latter case, a crucial point is that the network needs to be sufficiently wide to avoid lock-in and overembeddedness. If networks include a broad scope of different partners, both in terms of their geography and the type of partner, their impact on innovation may be very large indeed. If the network is too narrow and constrained, it might have no impact at all.
Our analysis highlights that innovation and the rewards from innovation can be achieved by different forms of organization within the firm, ranging from pure internal sourcing to multiple cooperations with partners of diverse origin. These findings have implications for firms deciding how to organize their product innovation processes. In light of the increasing tendency for firms to split up their value chains and outsource parts of the production and innovation process to external actors, it is noteworthy that those firms which organize the development of new products internally tend to reap greater returns. This might prompt some firms to reconsider how they organize new product development. However, the findings also suggest a different route that may provide even greater rewards: Developing new products together with external partners that are sufficiently diverse - in terms of geographical location and function, including partners from the supply-chain and from R&D communities - can produce significant returns. Hence, if firms choose to outsource parts of the innovation process, the greatest returns may stem from working in close cooperation with their partners rather than at arm's-length and from involving a sufficiently wide network of partners in the way proposed by the triple-helix approach.
Having said that, it has to be borne in mind that the study has several shortcomings. First, we have only differentiated between truly novel and imitated innovations. A finer distinction between innovations, for instance the degree of tacit knowledge and other knowledge modes, the scope of uncertainties and the longevity of the partnerships could facilitate more precise predictions. Furthermore, by linking the different strands of theory to evolutionary perspectives on innovation processes, we could have detailed the innovation process and discussed where in that process the different organization modes may be more efficient. For instance, as documented above, the number of different international partners facilitates more product and service innovation than fewer and more local partners. Is that effect primarily linked to the early phases of the process by offering more ideas, or does it also include the appropriation phase? Finally, the study is limited to firms in Norway, which is a high-trust society where network organization may be more effective, and which therefore has a long tradition of inter-firm cooperation in innovation processes. It is also a small country with a relatively limited market in many areas, reducing the potential for outsourcing parts of the innovation process. While all of these questions merit further research, the study has shown that involvement in purpose-built triple-helix-type international networks is more important for Norwegian firms than local interaction for the generation of innovation and economic dynamism. This contributes to the triple-helix approach in underlining that triple-helix networks must be of sufficient scope - in terms of geography as well as type of partner - in order to deliver the expected benefits.
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The final draft of the article has benefitted from the comments of the anonymous referees. The authors would also like to acknowledge the generous financial support of the Stavanger Centre for Innovation Research, the Regional Research Council for Western Norway, and the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant agreement nº 269868.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
All authors contributed equally to this research. They all read and approved the final manuscript.
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Fitjar, R.D., Gjelsvik, M. & Rodríguez-Pose, A. Organizing product innovation: hierarchy, market or triple-helix networks?. Triple Helix 1, 3 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40604-014-0003-0
- Triple helix
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Vertical section features in bonding point were produced by ion-sputter thinning, and were tested by using TEM-F30. Lift-off characteristics at the interface of Ultrasonic bond are observed by using SEM (JSM-6360LV). Results show that thickness of Au/Al atomic diffusion interface was about 500 Nanometer under ultrasonic and thermal energy. Ultrasonic vibration activates dislocations at metal crystal lattice. Fracture morphology of lift-off interface was dimples. Tensile fracture appeared by pull-test not in bonded interface but in basis material, and bonded strength at interface was enhanced by diffused atom from the other side.
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NEW ORLEANS (Reuters) - Lawyers for Republican Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal have challenged a U.S. federal judge's ruling that would allow a black state supreme court justice to become the court's next chief justice.
Jindal, who is Indian-American, on Friday asked an appeals court to review a lower-court decision to allow black justice Bernette Johnson's to succeed a white chief justice retiring next year.
The dispute over whether Johnson should be the first black justice to head the Louisiana court has highlighted long-standing racial tensions in the state.
The state constitution stipulates that the longest-serving associate justice takes the top post. Johnson began serving on the state Supreme Court in 1994 while white justice Jeffrey Victory did not join the court until 1995.
But Johnson was initially appointed to the Supreme Court, not elected, as part of a state settlement with the federal government over racial discrimination that expanded the court to seven justices from six.
The other members of the current court, who are all white, contend that Johnson does not have the seniority to be the next chief justice. Johnson's colleagues on the court say that her first six years as an appointed justice should not count toward her seniority.
Current chief justice Catherine Kimball attempted to resolve the dispute by asking members of the court to file briefs arguing the issue and having outside judges rule on succession.
But Johnson took her case to federal court, asking that the 20-year-old voting rights case be reopened and that her full tenure on the Supreme Court be reaffirmed.
In a statement released by one of his lawyers, Jindal said the matter should be settled by the Louisiana Supreme Court and the federal government should not be involved.
"The issue on appeal is not who should serve as the next Chief Justice, but whether the Louisiana Supreme Court should be prohibited by a federal court from interpreting the state's constitution," he said in the statement.
A lawyer for Johnson called Jindal's position a throwback to the days when Southern states used the principle of "states rights" as a smokescreen for racism.
"That's what the proponents of slavery said during the Civil War. It's an age-old excuse," said attorney James Williams.
(Editing by Greg McCune and Will Dunham)
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Through our Bachelor's Degree Completion Program, Megan O'Neal was able to not only receive a degree, but also make her dream career a reality. Her story is an inspiration for students of any age who want to go back to school and discover their own path.
Playing with her 18-month-old daughter one day led to an epiphany for Megan O’Neal. Making up songs as her daughter gurgled in reply, tickling the tiny toes, Megan realized that her career in high tech, while intellectually stimulating, did not feed the expressive, passionate, activist part of her nature. In college years earlier, Megan had wanted to be an artist and writer, but she felt unfocused and decided to take time off. She never completed her degree, but instead found work in the burgeoning field of high technology.
As she spent time at home with her daughter, all those powerful creative feelings came bubbling to the surface. “I wanted not just a degree, but also to find a way to focus all my passions into something that would grow roots and give me a chance to help people,” Megan says.
A friend pointed Megan toward Lesley University, where a search of the website turned up the Expressive Therapies program. It was a perfect match, she says, because it “combines all the creative arts with healing, so I didn’t have to confine myself to a single art form.” Despite her enthusiasm at finding such a promising area of study, she delayed the initial phone call to Admissions. “It’s so easy to stay pleasantly mired in the bubble of family life,” she says. But any reluctance she had melted away during a conversation with the Lesley admissions counselor, who suggested that given the length of time she had been out of school, she might consider enrolling in the Bachelor’s Degree Completion program. The program helped her get her legs under her academically and connect with others who had similar life and work experiences.
Megan brought the skills she learned in her high tech career to bear on her Lesley coursework. High tech had taught her the value of meticulous workflow—planning and strategizing—as well as the importance of critical thinking. She also took advantage of Lesley’s Prior Learning Assessment course, which helps students identify and thoroughly document college-level knowledge they already possess through previous work experience, for credits toward their degree.
She discovered that her disparate life experiences actually made sense for the new career path on which she was embarking. “I found that a lot of the strange highways and byways that I’ve wandered down suddenly are part of this map that I can use to help people – and it’s hugely validating and empowering,” she says.
Her work in high tech also helped generate an interest in neuroscience, as she became aware of the scarcity of scientifically rigorous studies that would document neural changes brought about by expressive therapy. Megan’s interests led her to not only complete a Bachelor’s of Science degree in Expressive Therapies, but also to work on her Master’s (she has two years left), with the long-term goal of earning a dual Ph.D. in Neuroscience and Expressive Therapies.
Today, with her daughter turning six, Megan looks back over the intervening years with appreciation for her family and friends who helped with childcare and the Lesley professors whose deep kindness and global awareness made it a pleasure to go to class. “The initial push was hard, but if you’re going back to school to study in a field you love, as I did, you find a way to mix it in with your life.”
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The Mayan calendar many believe predicts the end of the world actually indicates the beginning of a new calendar cycle, according to a new archaeological find.
After uncovering a mural in Mayan ruins in Guatemala, researchers say the ancient people did not think the end would come on 22 December 2012.
On the wall of a tiny structure buried under forest debris in Guatemala, archaeologists have discovered a scribe’s notes about the Maya lunar calendar, which they say could be the first known records by an official chronicler of this ancient civilization.
These notes pertain to the same Maya calendar that is sometimes erroneously thought to predict the world’s end on or about Dec. 22, 2012. The researchers who helped uncover and decipher the wall’s inscriptions said the Maya calendar foresaw a vast progression of time, with the December 2012 date the beginning of a new calendar cycle called a baktun.
“They were looking at the way these cycles were turning,” said William Saturno of Boston University, an author of an article on the find in the journal Science. “The Maya calendar is going to keep going and keep going for billions, trillions, octillions of years into the future, a huge number that we can’t even wrap our heads around.”
The faint numerical inscriptions on the wall in Guatemala measure out time in approximate six-month increments, based on six lunar cycles, with small stylized pictures of Maya gods to indicate which deity was the patron of a specific slice of time, the researchers said Thursday in an online briefing. “It seems pretty clear that what we have here is a lunar calendar,” said David Stuart of the University of Texas at Austin, another author of the Science article.
The findings will also be published in the June issue of National Geographic, which funded some of the research. The numbers on the wall were likely written by a scribe or calendar priest, who would have been an important figure in the Maya court, where monarchs were keenly interested in astronomy and sought to harmonize sacred rituals with events in the sky.
The wall was used the way a modern scientist might use a whiteboard, to write down frequently consulted formulas instead of having to look them up in a book, he said. The fact that these calendar details were inscribed on the wall preserved them better than any book would have, since no books remain from the period when the inscriptions were made, probably around 800 AD, the researchers said. In addition to the inscribed numbers, there were pictures on other walls of the structure, including an image of a king in a feather headdress, seated on a throne, with a white-garbed person peeking out from behind him.
A painting of a scribe holding a stylus was on another wall. These paintings were the first Maya art to be found on the walls of a house, the researchers said. The structure, covered with vegetation, was detected in 2010 at the ruined Maya complex at Xultun in a rainforest area of Guatemala.
Xultun, once home to tens of thousands of people, stretches over 12 square miles (31 square km), and thousands of the remaining structures have not yet been explored.
“It’s weird that the Xultun finds exist at all,” Saturno said in a statement. “Such writings and artwork on walls don’t preserve well in the Maya lowlands, especially in a house buried only a meter below the surface.”
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We are currently providing maternity hospitals with our “Remembering……..Memory Boxes”.
Included in each memory box:
A Hand knitted blanket
This can be used to wrap your baby in, or to lay over them. You might choose for your baby to be buried or cremated with it or you may choose to keep it.
You might choose to take one home and the other to stay with your baby. Or before burial swap the teddies and give your child the teddy you kept close and then for you, to have the teddy your baby kept close to them.
This small box can be used to store a lock of your baby’s hair (which can be placed within the small bag provided) their identification bracelet or any other small memento.
Some parents may feel unsure about taking photos but many have told us how much comfort they can give. If you are not comfortable with the idea of photographs, then you could consider asking someone else to take photos for you and to keep them safe in case you change your mind in the future. You might consider having photos of you and your partner, other family members or friends holding your baby. You might consider taking photos of your baby dressed and undressed, or wrapped in a shawl. Some parents have taken close -up photos of their hand holding their baby’s hands and feet.
A leaflet from Féileacáin on taking sensitive photographs of your baby is also included within the leaflet pack.
Always Loved Never Forgotten Card
This handmade card can be kept in memory of your baby. It can be used as a place to record your babies details i.e. weight, height , and other details or to write a personal message to them which can be either kept or placed with your baby.
Two Butterfly Poem Cards
The Féileacáin helpline number and website details are on the reverse of these cards – the size fits easily in a wallet or purse.
Support for you leaflet
The support and services offered by Féileacáin are outlined in this leaflet.
Finger /Foot printing kit
An inkless wipe for taking prints of your baby’s hand and footprints is provided along with details of how to use it.
Other things you might like to keep include: a record of your baby’s weight and measurements, a scan picture, cards/ribbons from flowers, a foetal monitor tracing and a cot card.
A little candle to light in remembrance of your baby.
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New submitter tchernobog writes "An Italian team funded by Telethon and S. Raffaele of Milan, was able to cure six kids affected by lethal genetic diseases (in Italian, English video): the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and the metachromatic leukodystrophy. This is the culmination of a project lasted 15 years, and which cost more than 30M €; the researchers published some preliminary results last year in Nature, and are waiting for the results on more patients to submit another. The really interesting part is: they used a mix of advanced genetic techniques to achieve this result. Firstly, the DNA of a defective cell is corrected with a gene assembled in the lab. This procedure has been very dangerous for the past 20 years: that it can even be used is a good achievement alone. Secondly, the corrected DNA is propagated in the patient's body using a stripped-down version of HIV, of which less than 10% of its original genome remains. Might the feared HIV in reality prove to be salvation for some?"
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Amidst current initiatives to mitigate global warming such as reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD projects), vulnerable local communities in Africa that depend on such forests, might face a renewed form of marginalisation. Developed nations increasingly advocate sustainable forest management practices to developing nations, whose local communities are in some cases expected to adapt or mitigate their traditional livelihoods in order to reduce the negative environmental damage that such livelihoods presumably cause. Moreover, within a new global system of carbon trade, first set in motion by the Kyoto Protocol on climate change, developed nations can now earn greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction credits by being involved in mitigation projects in developing countries. This, as will be shown, has caused concern among some local communities, demanding that their rights and livelihoods to these forests be respected by REDD projects that aim to reduce the negative effects of destructive environmental practices.
This paper introduces the concept of carbon trade, in an effort to highlight how this new system might, inadvertently, negatively impact on or even marginalise the livelihoods of local communities that utilise such forests. Recent REDD project initiatives are drawn upon (mostly in Africa) to indicate tension that erupted amidst the implementation of such projects, and local communities demanding that their rights to forests be protected. An argument is made that carbon trade might be the real danger lurking for Africa's local forest communities, as opposed to the propagated consequences of global warming itself.
Deforestation in the context of global warming
In 1990, an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that GHG emissions result from human activities, thus also called anthropogenic emissions (human-induced).(2) Today, the media depicts global warming as an environmental orthodoxy. In this way, climate change is reiterating the natural environment we know and the future we harbour for our children, with dreadful consequences attached.
As humid forests act as sinks that absorb carbon dioxide, degradation of such forests equates to the release of these gases. As a result, the conservation of forests holds one key to slowing the pace of the effects of GHG emissions. Consequently, media attempts are made to direct our attention to the ways in which forests in particular are degraded, as a subtle way to highlight the effects of global warming. Perhaps this does provide sufficient reason for concern. Forest degradation, which is defined in terms of a direct human-induced long-term loss of forests,(3) is growing at an alarming rate, and amounts to about 13 million hectares of forest (from 1990-2005) being conversed to agricultural land, per year.(4) Forest degradation, which results in the release of carbon that was originally stored in trees, also includes human-induced activities such as selective logging, forest fires, or the collection of fuelwood.(5) Developing countries that are specifically characterised by such selective human-induced deforestation activities include, for example, Brazil, Indonesia and Ghana.(6)
In Africa, more than 60% of humid rainforests, specifically in the Congo Basin, fall within the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). These forests cover an area of approximately 2 million km2.(7) Extensive parts of these forests, and other such forests around the world, are inhabited by local communities that use forests as natural resources and as part of their livelihoods. A number of academics argue that the only way for some of these communities to halter or adapt their livelihood activities, which ostensibly degrade forests, is for governments to create a market for the conservation of ecosystems, which should promote sustainable forest use and management.(8) However, the question that is raised in this paper is whether such a market for sustainable forest management, which might function within an emerging, virtual carbon trading regime, is not marginalising communities who are already vulnerable, and who depend on such forests for their livelihoods. In order to understand contemporary policies concerning the trading of carbon emissions, a bit of history is necessary.
Mitigating climate change: The Kyoto Protocol
A market approach to sustainable forest management commenced in 1992 with the inception of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).(9) One of the latter's aims include the mitigation of climate change through the stabilisation of atmospheric GHG emissions.(10) Taking action on climate change, the UNFCCC instigated conventions [Conferences of the Parties (COP)], with the first held in Berlin in 1995 (COP1).(11) During COP3, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted by the UNFCCC (12) in 1997 (which entered into force in 2005),(13) which would lead action on climate change. This Protocol established binding GHG emission limits for countries until 2012.(14) The developed world has accepted the blame for GHG emissions, and is required by this protocol to provide the aid for global projects aimed at reducing these emissions. However, it does not require these countries to reduce domestic emissions, but rather to take responsibility for such emissions on a global scale.(15) The Protocol established three mechanisms through which countries can reduce their own emissions, which include the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint Implementation (JI), and emission trading (known as the carbon market).(16) These mechanisms have provided cost-effective ways for developed countries to reduce global GHG, while promoting green technologies and assisting developing countries with local, adaptive projects to mitigate global warming.(17) To illustrate, JI allows a developed country to ‘earn' reduction credits from participating in emission reduction or removal projects in another developing country.(18) Furthermore, under the CDM, the developed world may, through investing in projects in developing countries, apply for international credits meeting their own reduction targets.(19) Consequently, these mechanisms arguably promote a win-win strategy for the developed and developing countries to mitigate global warming. However, developing countries expressed concern that developed countries would use these to ignore responsibility to reduce their own emissions.(20)
Towards reducing deforestation and degradation: trading in carbon
Through these mechanisms discussed above, a new commodity has thus been created in the form of GHG emissions. In short, particular targets for limiting or reducing such emissions are expressed as levels of allowed emissions. The act of trading in these emission-units (referred to as Assigned Amount Units, or AAUs) allows a country that has such units to spare the permission to sell these (as excess units) to a country that has exhausted its target units.(21) Other similar types of ‘units' that can be sold in this virtual market, include removal units (RMU) on the basis of land-use change practices and forestry activities such as reforestation, units generated from JI projects, or units granted from a CDM project activity. To illustrate the extent to which this trading scheme has already been endorsed by developing countries, the CDM - officially operational since 2006 - has already registered more than 1,650 projects to date.(22)
The UNFCCC's agenda to urgently focus particularly on deforestation and degradation was certainly first introduced in the Bali Action Plan, that was adopted at COP13 held in December 2007 in Bali, Indonesia.(23) During this commitment conference, developing nations called for binding commitments of financial support on behalf of developed countries, to finance projects that would be geared towards mitigating and adapting degrading livelihood activities in forests. Additionally, developing countries demanded technology transfers from the developed nation on favourable terms.(24) In short, this pressing development, under the auspices of the UNFCCC, to call upon local people in developing countries to adapt their ‘destructive' livelihoods on forests, would be realised through the Kyoto Protocol's mechanisms such as CDM or JI projects, supported and financed by developed countries.(25) In return, projects aimed at the reduction of deforestation and degradation (REDD projects) was also legitimised in the Bali Action Plan on the grounds that it would alleviate poverty, while conserving biodiversity in developing countries. Furthermore, there seems to be this argument that developing countries need incentives to participate in REDD efforts, as if they are the countries who will not offer their full participation to mitigate climate change. Their partaking is then also painted as their benefit, since they are granted such participation rights but above all, financial support and technologies.
The latest UNFCCC conference (COP15) was held in Copenhagen from 7 to 18 December 2009.(26) Only five nations (of which South Africa was one) negotiated the delivering of aid to developing countries over the next three years.(27) COP15, which builds upon the Kyoto Protocol and Bali Action Plan irrespectively, is now ultimately the cornerstone of government actions that are taken on climate change. However, the success of this conference, in agreeing upon the future mitigation of climate change post 2012 of the Kyoto Protocol, has ambiguously been hailed as a ‘disaster' by the Swedish EU Presidency, as well as a ‘breakthrough' by President Obama of the US.(28) What is perhaps more important for the focus of this paper, is the fact that this conference seemed to have failed in delivering on its objectives to sign an agreement for further action on climate change, but above all, it also introduced serious issues of gaining trust between developing and developed nations. As such, some academics described COP15 to have created a breach between these nations,(29) and leaving tough months of future negotiations on climate change ahead.(30) Most of all, developing nations have seen this summit in particular as a mechanism through which the developed world would sidestep its responsibilities for climate change.
The implementation of future REDD projects and the marginalisation of human rights
Several REDD projects and schemes have been introduced in developing countries. In Africa, the DRC has been selected by the UN as one pilot country for such projects. Since 2009, a readiness phase has been launched by the Government of the DRC to prepare for REDD projects in coming years.(31) Other projects include low-impact forest logging schemes in Guyana in Brazil,(32) where REDD programmes have been proposed for these schemes by the Guyana Forestry Commission and World Bank alike.(33) A number of mechanisms have also been proposed during COP conferences to finance REDD projects. Such mechanisms include, to name a few, the Climate Investment Fund (CIF), the Forest Investment Programme (FIP), as well as fund-mechanisms directly announced by the World Bank.(34)
Provided that many forest communities are situated in geographical areas characterised by their low adaptive capabilities and high population densities, they might be regarded as particularly vulnerable to the consequences of global warming. However, such communities might also be extremely fragile to the influences and consequences of REDD projects that are financed by the developed world. Fortunately, all these financial aid mechanisms recognise the need for such projects to respect human rights, as well as the fair treatment of ‘indigenous peoples'. Above all, local communities - whose livelihoods depend upon forests - have their rights protected under the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, having been adopted by the UN on 13 September 2007.(35) Although human rights issues appear to be harboured by REDD projects in particular, in many cases, forest communities have deplored such projects for marginalising their rights to participate in both mitigation and adaption oriented projects, and to have their livelihoods and title to land respected.
Such concern was raised during the International Indigenous People's Forum on Climate Change held on 4 October 2009 in Spain.(36) During this conference, representative forest communities expressed their concern regarding UNFCCC and that their traditional attachment to their land and their livelihoods were being affected by climate change. Some therefore called for land rights, but also for the protection of such rights and of their traditional knowledge and livelihoods. A common challenge for the UNFCCC seems to be that several forest communities often perceive to have inadequate knowledge regarding REDD initiatives and projects, and sensing that their rights will be violated since they have always, historically, been marginalised by the West.(37) The same concern was recently brought to light in a press release on 12 March 2010, when indigenous leaders in Guyana had been harassed by its Government for exercising these rights amidst their Government's proposals for REDD projects, and demanding that such projects respect their rights to forests.(38) A number of indigenous communities in Guyana are now demanding action from their Government and the international community to advance their livelihood rights to these forests, while many locals remain shunned about mining and exploration projects that might follow under the auspices of the UN's REDD programme.
The lack of land rights, in the wake of the UNFCCC and proposed REDD programmes, is also widely documented in case studies in Indonesia, where many rural communities already lack secure rights to their land.(39) As a result, with REDD schemes, government land-use plans might ignore customary rights and allocate development or conservation projects to developed countries without taking local livelihoods into account. On the African continent, concern of the consequences of REDD initiatives is also mounting as denial of land rights to some forest communities, such as within the Congo Basin, seems to be neglected by governments.(40) This, unfortunately, will easily contribute to the dispossession of land and resulting conflict, if REDD schemes do violate existing, tenuous rights even further. One might argue that carbon trade adds to the possibility that such rights might be violated, as developed countries can implement projects in developing nations, in order to obtain carbon emission credits to reach their own domestic GHG emission reduction targets. A faulty misperception also seems to have been propagated during COP conferences, namely that it is the developing countries, and especially forest communities, who must change and adapt their ‘destructive' livelihoods.
Although REDD projects and carbon trade will add financial benefits to vulnerable forest communities, financial aid will come with rules and possible land rights restrictions or regulations attached. This has already been indicated, as developed nations now seem to know how to advocate best land-use and management practices to developing countries, whilst not willing to reduce their own emissions. African countries such as the DRC might be faced with a renewed challenge of being marginalised by the same parties that highlight the negative impacts such communities might face in the wake of climate change. This might be even more true considering that some scholars argue that there is less consensus on whether REDD should be pro-poor, or simply not to harm the poor.(41) If forest communities now also demand assistance, they must realise that, by offering their ‘excess' carbon reduction units to developed nations in trade for assistance, they also position themselves in the vulnerable seat of having their rights to land be violated.
One cannot deny that climate change is affecting our lives. Nor can one deny that forest degradation in developing countries is adding to the challenge, and that action particularly concerning the sustainable conservation of forests is urgently needed. However, what this paper has been describing is that carbon trade adds a new dimension to the discourse of climate change, as it widens the possibility for developed nations to assist already vulnerable forest communities to adapt or mitigate their livelihoods - in this way portrayed as destructive. This assistance, amidst a newly-formed carbon trading regime, will undoubtedly render such communities more vulnerable, as their already tenuous rights to forest land might be violated even further by local land-use projects that are implemented by the developed world.
On home ground, countries like the DRC, with its expansive forest cover, might increasingly be drawn upon by the UNFCCC to manage its forests in a sustainable manner. More REDD projects will follow, and in this process, forest communities' livelihoods and rights to land will be violated. It is only now with carbon trade that incentives for the developed world to engage in projects in Africa, that aim to mitigate or adapt to climate change, might reinforce such violation of rights to forest-use. As the media depicts global warming as an environmental orthodoxy, and especially Africa suffering its consequences, the more intrusive, subtle mechanism of carbon trade might be the real danger facing the African continent and its people.
Written by: Jan Anton Hough (1)
(1) Contact Jan Anton Hough through Consultancy Africa Intelligence's Eyes on Africa Unit (email@example.com).
(2) Breidenich, C., Magraw, D., Rowley, A. & Rubin, J.W., 1998. Current developments: the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The American Journal of International Law, 92(2):315-331.
(3) 'Measuring and monitoring forest degradation for REDD', Centre for International Forestry Research, 2008, http://www.cifor.cgiar.org.
(4) ‘Kyoto Protocol', United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2010, http://www.unfcc.int.
(5) ‘Measuring and monitoring forest degradation for REDD', Centre for International Forestry Research, 2008, http://www.cifor.cgiar.org.
(7) ‘Consultations with indigenous peoples and others affected by REDD initiatives in the DRC', Forest Peoples Programme, 2010, http://www.forestpeoples.org.
(8) Jackson, W., 2009. Realizing the potential of forest biodiversity in a changing world. XIII World Forestry Congress. Buenos Aires (Argentina), 18-23 Oct. 2009.
(9) Boston, J., 2008. Global climate change policies: From Bali to Copenhagen and beyond. Policy Quarterly, 4(1):50-60.
(10) Cosgrove, S, 2009. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In: AMUNC (Asia-Pacific Model United Nations Conference). The University of Queensland, 12-17 July.
(11) Breidenich, C., Magraw, D., Rowley, A. & Rubin, J.W., 1998. Current developments: The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The American Journal of International Law, 92(2): 315-331.
(13) Huettner, M., Freibauer, A., Haug, C. & Cantner, U., 2010. Regaining momentum for international climate policy beyond Copenhagen. Carbon Balance and Management, 5(2): 1-8.
(16) ‘Kyoto Protocol', United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2010, http://www.unfcc.int.
(17) Breidenich, C., Magraw, D., Rowley, A. & Rubin, J.W., 1998. Current developments: The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The American Journal of International Law, 92(2): 315-331.
(18) ‘Kyoto Protocol', United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2010, http://www.unfcc.int.
(20) Breidenich, C., Magraw, D., Rowley, A. & Rubin, J.W., 1998. Current developments: The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The American Journal of International Law, 92(2): 315-331.
(21) ‘Kyoto Protocol', United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2010, http://www.unfcc.int.
(23) Hufbauer, G.C. & Kim, J., 2010. Reaching a global agreement on climate change: What are the obstacles? Asian Economic Policy Review, 5(1):39-58.
(25) Campbell, B.M., Beyond Copenhagen: REDD+, agriculture, adaption strategies and poverty. Global Environmental Change, 19(4):397-399.
(26) Hufbauer, G.C. & Kim, J., 2010. Reaching a global agreement on climate change: What are the obstacles? Asian Economic Policy Review, 5(1):39-58.
(27) Babel-Fish, ‘Key powers reach compromise at climate summit', NowPublic, Dec. 2009, http://www.nowpublic.com.
(28) Egenhofer, C. & Georgiev, A., 2009. The Copenhagen Accord: A first stab at deciphering the implications for the EU. [Internet]: Centre for European Policy Studies, 25 Dec. Available at: http://www.ceps.eu.
(29) ‘Consultations with indigenous peoples and others affected by REDD initiatives in the DRC', Forest Peoples Programme, 2010, http://www.forestpeoples.org.
(30) John Vidal, Allegra Stratton & Suzanne Goldenberg, ‘Low targets, goals dropped: Copenhagen ends in failure', Guardian.co.uk, 19 Dec. 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk.
(31) ‘Consultations with indigenous peoples and other affected by REDD initiatives in the DRC', Forest Peoples Programme, 2010, http://www.forestpeoples.org.
(32) ‘Moving the goal posts? Accountability failures of the World Bank's Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF)', Forest Peoples Programme, 2009, http://www.forestpeoples.org.
(33) ‘Indigenous peoples demand action on land rights', Indigenous Peoples Issues and Resources, 2010, http://www.indigenouspeoplesissues.com.
(34) ‘The World Bank's Forest Investment Programme (FIP): Core elements and critical issues', Forest Peoples Programme, 2009, http://www.forestpeoples.org.
(35) ‘United Nations Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples', United Nations, 2007, http://www.un.org.
(36) ‘Indigenous Peoples denounce attempts by Annex 1 to weaken the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol' (press release), Asia Indigenous Peoples' Pact, 2009, http://www.aippnet.org.
(37) ‘Consultations with indigenous peoples and other affected by REDD initiatives in the DRC', Forest Peoples Programme, 2010, http://www.forestpeoples.org.
(38) ‘Indigenous leaders harassed for exercising their constitutional rights', Forest Peoples Programme, 2010, http://www.forestpeoples.org.
(39) ‘Indonesia: Indigenous peoples and the Kampar Peninsula', Forest Peoples Programme, 2009, http://www.forestpeoples.org.
(40) ‘Consultations with indigenous peoples and other affected by REDD initiatives in the DRC', Forest Peoples Programme, 2010, http://www.forestpeoples.org.
(41) Campbell, B.M., Beyond Copenhagen: REDD+, agriculture, adaption strategies and poverty. Global Environmental Change, 19(4):397-399.
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https://www.polity.org.za/article/carbon-trading-the-real-threat-facing-africa-2010-09-14
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National security in the information age
The information revolution has been in full swing long enough to permit a broad assessment of its effects on U.S. national security. This burst in human ability, owing to rapid growth in the processing of data and sharing of knowledge, is proving beneficial in three ways. First, it is improving the international security environment by spreading the ideals of freedom, putting oppressive state power on the defensive or out of business, and helping long-poor societies modernize. Second, it its enhancing the power of the United States at the expense of nations opposed to its principles and interests, by increasing the strategic value of free markets, science, and technology. Third, it is altering warfare in a way that will enable the United States to protect its interests and international peace at an acceptable risk, despite the spread of weapons of mass destruction.
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The piece pictured is exactly what you will receive.
600 million years old
Stromatolite is a dome-shaped structure consisting of alternating layers of carbonate or silicate sediment and fossilized algal mats. Stromatolites are produced over geologic time by the trapping, binding, or precipitating of sediment by groups of microorganisms, primarily cyanobacteria. They are widely distributed in the fossil record and contain some of the oldest recorded forms of life, from over three billion years ago. They continue to form today especially in Western Australia.
Properties: Stromatolite is an ideal stone to work with for new beginnings, self-discovery, confidence, and a sense of purpose. The wisdom of Stromatolite can be accessed through meditation and offers nurturing, joy, truth, transformation and resolution.
Stand NOT included
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IRIS™ | Intelligent Refractive Index Sensor – Inline Process Refractometer
The MISCO IRIS™ Intelligent Refractive Index Sensor is a completely self-contained measurement system. It represents a new standard in concentration sensing. The IRIS modular design includes a flow-through adapter with two push-to-connect I/O ports and an integrated mounting bracket.
With just a quarter-turn, the detachable “SMART-sensor” can be removed from the adapter without tools for cleaning or maintenance. Since all the intelligence resides within the sensor itself, it is not dependent on an external control box. Standard sensor outputs include user-selectable 4 to 20 mA or 0 to 10-volt signal. You can connect the output directly to a PLC or data capture system. The IRIS sensor may be programmed with any one scale from our extensive scale library.
See also: IRIS Inline Accessories
SKU: IRIS Category: Inline Process Refractometer and Concentration Sensors Tags: Concentration Sensor, inline refractometer, IRIS, MISCO, process refractometer, Refractive Index Sensor, refractometer, sensor, smart sensor
How does an Inline Refractive Index Sensor differ from an Inline Process Refractometer?
Inline refractometers, for the most part, can best be described as a “dumb-sensor” cabled to an external control box. The proprietary control box generally hosts a display, the user-interface, and connections to external equipment such as PLCs, computers, or other data capture equipment. Mounting the control box close to the sensor takes up room, increases installation time, is an added expense, and is one more thing to maintain or break. There are generally few plumbing options since the Dumb-Sensor is usually mounted in the primary process stream and frequently requires special, often expensive, adapters.
The Dumb-Sensor/Control Box model is a throw-back to earlier days. In the new world of digital controls, seldom does anyone look at the display on the control box. Most users want to connect a sensor into their network and read the measurements on their computer, HMI, or SCADA equipment. There really is no need for the external display in most installations.
Unlike conventional inline or process refractometers, the IRIS Inline Sensor is a true “SMART-sensor” that operates entirely independently of an external controller. We designed the IRIS inline sensor to be connected directly into your control system with an analog 4 to 20 mA or 0 to 10-volt output. If your installation requires a digital display, we have an optional one available.
As the name implies, most inline refractometers are mounted “inline” with a primary process stream. Inline mounting frequently requires special, often expensive, custom adapters, and you must shut down the entire process to remove the sensing head for cleaning or maintenance. The IRIS Inline Sensor is easily connected to a by-pass stream, running alongside the primary process, using standard off-the-shelf hardware.
Instead of the sensor forcing you to adapt your process to the sensor, the MISCO IRIS Sensor is easily integrated into your process. Two push-to-connect I/O ports, on the face of the flow-through adapter, make it easy to connect the IRIS sensor to nearly any type of process stream. These 5/16” (8mm) ports can accommodate a virtually unlimited number of standard, inexpensive, off-the-shelf connectors and adapters.
Here are just a few connector options:
• You can run 5/16” flexible tubing straight into one of the push-to-connect I/O ports and out the other.
• Push the two right-angle elbows (included) into the flow-thru adapter to provide 360° of rotation so that process lines may come in from any angle.
• A 5/16” push-to-connect adapter can expand to accept 3/8” flex tubing and can reduce to ¼”, 3/16”, or 5/32” tubing.
• A 5/16” push-to-connect adapter can convert to 1/8” or ¼” NPT-M, 10-32 UNF, BSPT, or BSPP.
• A ¼” NPT-M fitting can connect with a number of sizes of NPT pipe fittings.
• Add a 5/16” push-to-connect hose barb fitting to connect to a flexible hose.
• Whether you run steel tubing, flexible tubing, hose, or pipe, there is probably a quick push-to-connect adapter for your needs.
How to Install
Installation is fast and easy:
1. Screw mounting bracket to C-Channel, Unistrut, or other convenient location.
2. Run lines to the flow-through adapter.
3. Run sensor cable from PLC or data capture equipment to sensor mounting location.
4. Configure the sensor: When you first receive your IRIS Sensor, configure it to your needs using the MISCO Inline Connect Software (included)*. Just plug the sensor into the USB port on the computer and run the software. The configuration is straightforward!
5. Connect the Sensor and Flow-Through Adapter. Requires a ¼-turn and will lock in place. No tools are needed.
6. Screw the sensor cable to the rear of the IRIS Sensor, and you are ready to go.
*The sensor will come with special configuration software. Requires a computer running an MS Windows operating system and a USB port.
|Refractive Index Equivalent||-|
|.....Range||1.3330 to 1.3900|
|.....Range||0 to 35|
|.....Precision||(+/- 0.3 Brix)|
|Temperature Range||41 to 104 °F (5 to 40 °C)|
|Temp. Control Method||Auto Temp. Correction|
|Pressure Range||0 to 36 psi (0 to 2.5 Bar)|
|Temp. Control Basis||Scale Dependent|
|Analog 4 to 20 mA||Optional|
|Analog 0 to 10 VDC||Optional|
|Digital - ASCII Text||Optional|
|Digital - USB Output||Included|
|# of Scale||One|
|User Programmable||Options & Settings|
|User Calibration Points||Two|
|Error Codes||Text-Based & Lights|
|I/O Connection Type||5/16" (8 mm) Push to Connect|
|Number of Connections||1 Input x 1 Output|
|Integrated Mounting Bracket||YES|
|Integrated Flow-Thru Adapter||YES|
|Water Resistance||IP66 - NEMA 4|
|Dimensions||2" Dia. x 3.5" Long (5 cm x 8.9 cm)|
|Weight||1 lbs. (0.45 kg )|
|Sensor Head||Polymer & Stainless Steel|
|Integrated Mounting Bracket||Stainless Steel|
|Integrated Flow-Thru Adapter||Polymer|
|Standard Fluid Seals||Viton and Buna-N|
|Light Source||Precision LED @ 589.3 nm|
|Country of Origin||USA|
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helioSTEAMProject ID: 684780
H2020-EU.3.3. - SOCIETAL CHALLENGES - Secure, clean and efficient energy
A novel concentrated solar steam system for industrial applications with a high degree of pre-manufacturing at extremely low prices.
Total cost:EUR 71 429
EU contribution:EUR 50 000
Topic(s):SIE-01-2015-1 - Stimulating the innovation potential of SMEs for a low carbon energy system
Call for proposal:H2020-SMEINST-1-2015See other projects for this call
Funding scheme:SME-1 - SME instrument phase 1
Fresnex GmbH has developed a cheap and easy-to-install solar mirror system that concentrates the solar radiation onto a receiver, generating steam directly in the receiver. The steam is used in existing industrial steam systems for production in various industry segments. The technology works as a fuel saver technology by reducing energy costs, dependency on oil and gas and CO2 emission of its customers.
Through a patented innovation Fresnex GmbH will be able to significantly reduce the system costs compared to existing technologies while parallel reducing the complexity of integration. Due to the lower investment costs, projects are now financial attractive, opening up a huge market. In Portugal, Spain, Italy and Austria together about 5,5 TWh could be switched to solar with even more potential in South Africa, Mexico, US, and many other countries.
The innovation itself relates to a new and cheap mirror bearing, pivotable holding the mirrors. It is realised through a line-hinge in a cheap, effective and precise way. The thermal performance of the system prototype has been proved by a solar testing institute with good results.
The management (two former university colleagues with 14 years of track record in plant engineering and construction) are the majority owners of Fresnex GmbH and they plan to sell company shares to further fund the project in addition to the already inserted private equity.
In order to better understand the market needs and to gain customer contacts, Fresnex will perform a customer survey and address technical and financial topics as H2020 phase one project.
The commercialisation plan includes a first system in industrial environment in 2015 (TRL5 to 6) followed by two reference systems for large scale implementations. At the same time the semi-automated production line will be developed. Without at least parts of this semi-automated production line, the two reference plants cannot be built (phase 2 project).
EU contribution: EUR 50 000
2351 WIENER NEUDORF
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You can grow your own ginger
Fresh ginger is almost always on my grocery list, we use quite a bit of it for cooking and cold remedies. About a month ago I happened to take a good look at the ginger on the counter and it looked like it was beginning to grow. Light bulbs went off, and the ever frugal gardener in me kicked into gear. Why can’t you take that rhizome and grow grocery store ginger?
Well it turns out that you can. With just a little bit of advance preparation you can have ginger growing in your yard or windowsill within a month.
Choose the right rhizome
If you are purchasing ginger just for re-growing, then choose an organic rhizome. Why not start with the best? It turns out that it’s not entirely necessary to have organic to get yours started, the grocery store variety does not have anti-sprout chemicals on it like potatoes. Any rhizome from the store will start to sprout. You just need to give it the right conditions.
These tips will help you begin to grow your own grocery store ginger in no time.
Tip #1: Pick the best one at the grocer. Your rhizome should be plump and well hydrated. Look for ones that have nodes that may sprout. The ones in the picture have already begun.
Get it ready to plant by placing it on the counter until the “nodes or eyes” start to grow. This could take a couple of weeks. You’ll know when they are ready because they start to swell and turn a light yellow/green color. It looks much different from the root you’ve purchased. Keep it on the kitchen counter with plenty of sunlight. This works best in the spring when plants are naturally beginning to grow.
The rhizome on your counter may start to shrivel, that’s okay. No need to give it water at this point.
Tip #2: Once the sprouting begins, cut your root into pieces with an “eye.” Just like planting potatoes, each piece needs to have at least one growing node that will sprout. Let each cut end heal for a few hours before planting.
Tip #3: Ginger is a rhizome not a root, therefore it needs to be planted close to the surface. Make sure that the sides of the rhizome are covered with potting soil, but do not put it completely under the soil or cover the top.
Tip 4: Planting ginger works especially well in pots, just be sure that if you are going to keep it in a pot you give it plenty of room to grow. You should use potting soil for the pot and once transplanted into outside soil, the plant will benefit from the addition of compost or aged manure.
Tip 5: Ginger needs consistent water. I’ve heard that it likes to be planted at the end of downspouts or in wet areas, but I have not tried it yet. I have mine in a makeshift double waterer so it can draw what it needs. You can make your own fairly easy.
Cut the bottom four inches off a two plastic milk jugs. Use one as the planting pot and make several slits in the bottom for water drainage. Place this planter inside the other milk jug bottom. When you water, the excess will be collected in the bottom container and the plant will take what it needs for water requirements. This makes watering easy because you only have to do it once or twice a week.
Tip 6: Remember ginger comes from the tropics and likes a humid environment. It grows best in zones 8-10. Create your own ideal environment by making a plastic tent to go over the pot until the plant has begun sprouting and is established. If you have a greenhouse you have the ideal conditions, try to mimic that environment. You can also grow ginger in the kitchen or even a bathroom windowsill (humid area) if there is enough light.
Tip 7: Fertilize with compost or aged manure once a month. It is fairly care free once it gets established.
Tip 8: You can harvest your ginger at any time, however the longer you leave it to grow, the more you will have. Each fall dig up the roots and set aside a few to replant in containers. Be sure and protect it from the cold. The aboveground part of the plant will die back in the winter. Don’t let it sit in water during the cold season or the rhizome will rot. Unless you live in zone 8 or above, it’s probably best to dig them up at harvest time.
Ginger-Pepper Rice Vinegar
1 cup fresh ginger root, peeled and sliced
1 Tablespoon whole black pepper
1.5 cups ice wine vinegar, heated to 110° in a medium saucepan
glass jar for steeping
- // Add the ginger and the peppercorns to the steeping jar.
- // Press them with the back of a spoon to release the flavor.
- // Add the warmed vinegar and stir slightly.
- // Screw on the jar lid and store in a cool, dark place. Shake the jar daily.
- // After 1 week, take a taste and check the flavor. Continue steeping until the flavor is to your liking.
- // Strain out the spices and use in cooking and salad dressings. It will keep for at least 6 months.
This recipe comes from: The Big Book of Preserving the Harvest: 150 Recipes for Freezing, Canning, Drying and Pickling Fruits and Vegetables by Carol Costenbader. It’s one of my favorite preserving books.
What can you do with the leaves after harvest?
While you can add them to the compost pile, it seems a shame to waste them. Although not as commonly used as the root, the leaves and shoots of ginger are edible. Here’s a suggestion from SFGate Homeguides “They are mainly used as a flavorful garnish much as you would use chopped chives or green onions, rather than eaten on their own. To use the leaves or shoots, chop them finely and sprinkle a small portion over a dish before you serve it or add it just at the end of cooking. The shoots and leaves have a mild ginger flavor.”
With a bit of advance preparation you can have your own ginger growing from a grocery store rhizome. All it takes is a healthy start, a warm and humid environment and sufficient water. What will you do with your harvest?
Shared with: Wildcrafting Wednesday
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IN YET ANOTHER announcement calculated to revolutionize the computer world, Microsoft has debuted its new XP operating system.
While his heart no doubt stayed in Seattle, Microsoft boss himself Bill Gates was hanging out in the Big Apple last week with Mayor Rudy Giuliani, proclaiming "the end of the MS-DOS era" (MS-DOS is the original Microsoft operating system—you know, the one that allowed Gates to build a house roughly the size of the University of Washington). Although observers think XP could fuel still-blazing disputes between Microsoft and federal regulators, Gates isn't worried. At a New York dinner, the Microsoft chairman commented mostly on "the injustice and the irony" of past court rulings, according to New York Times tech writer Steve Lohr.
On the downside, XP didn't get a rockin' theme song like Windows (whose 1995 launch soundtrack was the Rolling Stones' "Start Me Up"); Microsoft will instead serenade potential purchasers with Madonna's "Ray of Light."
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The mission of the Shaker Heritage Society is to strengthen our community through educational programs and historic preservation focused on the Shaker ideals of sustainability, equality, compassion, cooperation, and the pursuit of a meaningful life.
The vision of the Shaker Heritage Society is to serve as an internationally recognized resource for interpretation of the history, ideals, and cultural identity of the Shakers. We explore the past to better understand the present world and future possibilities. By doing so, we inspire a deep appreciation for the history of America’s first Shaker settlement and the benefits of historic preservation.
We offer fun educational activities for kids.
To find out more about Shaker Heritage Society of Albany, New York, visit us today!
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Test mixing a business data namespace with elements in SVG namespace.
The test case uses a different namespace to hold fake sales data. Using ECMAScript to make calls to the DOM, the test case extracts the sales data and then makes calls to the SVG DOM to build up a 'path' element and a 'text' element for each individual pie slice.
The result should show four pie slices. The first pie slice should be exploded, with a pink fill and a blue border. The other pie slices should have various levels of gray fill and black borders. The name of each region should appear in black towards the center of the pie slice.
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HI - Is There a Way Out of Hawaii’s Housing Crisis?
The Aloha State is drowning in a flood of the same factors creating a housing crisis all over America. It will either become a model for solutions or a cautionary tale.
If you’re thinking about moving to Hawaii, you’re not alone. But transplants shouldn’t necessarily expect a warm welcome. Long simmering tensions about who gets to live on the islands have flared over the past couple of years into a full-blown crisis.
When the pandemic began in 2020, Hawaii’s economy reeled. Tourism crashed, and joblessness skyrocketed. Soon after, remote work combined with the state’s low infection rate beckoned people with means from across the country to move to the islands, while sprawling estates owned by the likes of Jeff Bezos, Larry Ellison, and Mark Zuckerberg continued to metastasize. From the end of 2019 to the start of 2022, the median cost of a single-family home on O‘ahu, where most of the population lives, ballooned from $789,000 to $1.15 million. A quarter of all homes sold in 2021 were purchased by out-of-state buyers, who routinely bid well above the listing price, often without seeing the property in person. Homes are on the market for an average of just 10 days.
But the local housing crisis is nothing new; in many ways, the pandemic merely accelerated trends that started when Hawaii became a state in 1959. The cost of real estate has steadily increased since then, fueled by tropical allure and increased accessibility, with only brief and mild downturns. During the Great Recession, Hawaii’s prices dropped less and rebounded faster than those in most of the rest of the country, the whole thing just a hiccup in the state’s ever-hot housing market.
Behind the economic statistics are human tolls. Hawaii continues to have one of the highest per capita rates of homelessness in America while also experiencing five consecutive years of population decline. There’s a growing class of people who have called Hawaii home for generations but can no longer live there. Those who can afford to leave usually do; those who can’t end up on the streets.
These trends disproportionately impact Kānaka Maoli, or Native Hawaiians. (One may be a Californian for living in California, but living in Hawaii makes someone a Hawaii resident, not a Hawaiian.) Native Hawaiians account for about 10 percent of the state’s total population but more than a third of the people without permanent housing. Now, roughly three times as many Hawaiians live outside their ancestral homeland than in it, a cruel legacy of colonialism.
The roots of the crisis are familiar to other parts of the country—not enough supply, too much demand—but on these islands, what are elsewhere surging issues have been whipped up into an economic storm.
As a hilly, isolated archipelago with less total land than Maryland, Hawaii is tightly limited by geography. Try to build out and you’ll run into eroding shorelines or steep mountainsides; try to build up and you’ll hit ordinances limiting building height and intended to protect scenic views. And then there’s the cost: Since most building materials are imported, expenses are not only higher than elsewhere in the country but also especially sensitive to supply-chain conditions, international tariffs, and market variables like rising inflation and oil prices. Myriad state and county land-use restrictions complicate projects, and since Hawaii uses a general excise tax instead of a sales tax, transactions at every stage of development add costs.
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High inflation is affecting most American families.
The surging costs of everything from food and rent to gas and used cars have a tangible price tag attached to them. According to Bloomberg economists Andrew Husby and Anna Wong, they estimate that such necessities will cost the typical American household an extra $5,200 this year. That comes out to an eye-opening $433 in extra monthly costs.
“Accelerated depletion of savings will increase the urgency for those staying on the sidelines to join the labor force, and the resulting increase in labor supply will likely dampen wage growth,” the economists said.
‘Going to Get Worse’
Bloomberg’s analysis supports the findings of Moody's Analytics earlier this month. It noted that spiraling inflation—at nearly 8 percent year-over-year—is costing the typical U.S. household an additional $296 per month. Even more concerning is the fact that the research firm stated in the report that “it’s going to get worse before it gets better.”
“U.S. inflation is at its highest level in about four decades,” Moody’s researchers wrote. “Much of the inflation has been caused by pandemic-generated supply constraints, although Russia's invasion of Ukraine is creating additional constraints that will push inflation higher and for longer than thought before the assault began.”
Focus on Energy, Food
In recent weeks, much of the inflation talk has centered around fast-rising energy and food prices.
“The prices that people notice the most are often energy and food. You fill up every week, and you go to the grocery store every week and there are inflationary pressures there still,” Paul Ashworth, chief North America economist at Capital Economics, told CBS News.
In the aftermath of Russia’s invasion—which pushed the Biden administration and the United Kingdom to ban Russia’s oil exports—average gas prices have soared to over $4 per gallon, with some California counties even seeing $6 per gallon. According to AAA, gas prices were about 60 cents cheaper compared to just a month ago.
As for surging food prices, Americans received more bad news this week when the U.S. Department of Agriculture released an update to its Food Price Outlook for 2022, which showed that “all food prices are now predicted to increase between 4.5 and 5.5 percent.”
Food prices had already climbed 7.9 percent over the past year—“the largest 12-month advance since July 1981,” according to the department’s report. Restaurant menu items, which have already risen nearly 7 percent year-over-year, are now expected to increase between 5.5 and 6.5 percent.
Ethen Kim Lieser is a Washington state-based Science and Tech Editor who has held posts at Google, The Korea Herald, Lincoln Journal Star, AsianWeek, and Arirang TV. Follow or contact him on LinkedIn.
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As long as you don't have a health condition that impairs you from maintaining a healthy weight, losing 10 pounds in a hurry is an extremely manageable task. . You can lose 10 pounds in as little as two weeks by following a more precise, restrictive and thoughtful Diet. The Drop 10 diet, which called for a good 500 calories less per day helps to maintain your body weight & gear up shedding 10 pounds in 10 days. By eating super foods—everyday favourites like eggs, yogurt, steak, Parmesan, cherries, kiwi fruit, dark chocolate, and coffee —you can shed weight while naturally reducing your dependence on less healthful foods. Consuming Super food that are high in protein and containing healthy fat s and fiber keeps you away from the feeling of hunger and keeps you more energetic.
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$56.00 donated in past month
From the Open-Publishing Calendar
From the Open-Publishing Newswire
Indybay FeatureRelated Categories: California | Santa Cruz Indymedia | Environment & Forest Defense
Lawsuit Targets San Benito County's Approval of 15 Oil Wells in Endangered Condor Habitat
The Center for Biological Diversity filed a lawsuit on July 10 challenging San Benito County’s approval of a major new oil development in the Salinas Valley watershed. The 15 new oil wells approved by the county last month will use cyclic steam injection, a dangerous and polluting form of oil extraction that targets heavy crude. The new wells would be located in an area used by California condors, which are critically endangered, along with other wildlife. The lawsuit was filed in Monterey County Superior Court under the California Environmental Quality Act. Photo: A California Condor in Pinnacles National Park.
Dangerous New Oil Development Challenged in California Court
Lawsuit Targets San Benito County's Approval of 15 Oil Wells in Endangered Condors' Habitat
SAN FRANCISCO— The Center for Biological Diversity filed a lawsuit on July 10 challenging San Benito County’s approval of a major new oil development in the Salinas Valley watershed. The 15 new oil wells approved by the county last month will use cyclic steam injection, a dangerous and polluting form of oil extraction that targets heavy crude. The new wells would be located in an area used by California condors, which are critically endangered, along with other wildlife. The lawsuit was filed in Monterey County Superior Court under the California Environmental Quality Act.
“It makes no sense to fast-track dirty and dangerous new oil projects when it’s painfully obvious we have to shift to cleaner energy sources to fight climate change,” said Kassie Siegel, director of the Center’s Climate Law Institute. “We brought this lawsuit to make sure San Benito County considers all the environmental dangers before turning this beautiful area into yet another oilfield — and in the process hurting condors, one of the country’s most famous endangered species success stories.”
The Indian Wells oil-development project will take place on a remote, little-developed 688-acre site in the Bitterwater area of southeastern San Benito County, about nine miles south of Pinnacles National Park. The project site sits atop the Bitterwater groundwater basin and drains to the Salinas River, an important source of drinking and irrigation water for some of the world’s most productive farmland.
The site is also important foraging habitat for the California condor, a critically imperiled species with a population of only about 430 individuals. Condors from both the Big Sur population and the Pinnacles National Monument population have been photographed on the project site drinking water from a trough. The condors photographed on the site are believed to constitute 10 percent of the total population of the species.
Cyclic steam injection — also known as “huff-and-puff” — is an oil-extraction technique applied to heavy-oil reservoirs to boost production. During the process, the operator injects steam at very high temperature and pressure into the well. The well is then shut in, allowing the steam to heat up the surrounding formation, which thins the heavy oil so it can more easily flow toward, through, and out of the well. Cyclic steam injection creates some of the harshest possible well conditions. The process can cause well failure, shifting and buckling of the ground, and unexpected eruptions of fluid and steam from the ground. In 2011 an oilfield worker was killed in Kern County in an accident related to cyclic steam production.
Cyclic steaming requires large amounts of water, and the county approval allows use of more than 17 million gallons (54 acre feet), leaving less water for agriculture and other uses. The oil development may also contaminate groundwater through spills of oil, chemicals, or the large volumes of toxic wastewater that are produced.
Despite the massive environmental impact of the new oil wells, the county approved the project after conducting an abbreviated environmental study, called a “negative declaration” under the state’s Environmental Quality Act. But the law requires preparation of a full environmental review, called an “environmental impact report,” for any project that may have a substantial impact on the environment, as well as the adoption of all feasible measures to avoid or mitigate those harms.
“CEQA is our environmental safety net,” said Deborah Sivas, director of the Stanford Environmental Law Clinic, who represents the Center in the lawsuit. “Following CEQA’s common-sense review measures will make California a healthier and safer place for everyone.”
The Center for Biological Diversity is a national, nonprofit conservation organization with more than 500,000 members and online activists dedicated to the protection of endangered species and wild places.
SAVING THE CALIFORNIA CONDOR
A cherished icon of the West, the prehistoric-looking California condor remains one of the world’s most endangered species. North America’s largest avian narrowly escaped extinction in the mid-1980s when the last 22 wild California condors became star participants in a captive-breeding program. Thanks to those efforts, more than 140 condors flew freely in California and Arizona by 2007. But recovery is still in jeopardy: More than 40 percent of all released condors have died or been returned to captivity.
Poisoning by ingestion of lead shot — scavenged along with carcasses left behind by hunters — is one of the most widespread and preventable causes of condor deaths. The Center’s Get the Lead Out Campaign early on asked California and Arizona to require the use of nonlead ammunition within the condor’s range, resulting in California’s historic Ridley-Tree Condor Preservation Act, as well as a settlement with California’s wildlife agencies eliminating lead ammunition for depredation hunting (the hunting of “nuisance” animals). When the EPA denied our petition to regulate toxic lead in hunting ammo and fishing tackle nationwide — for the sake of condors and many other animals — we sued in November 2010. In May 2012, we and allies officially notified the Forest Service of our intent to sue for the agency's failure to protect condors in Arizona’s Kaibab National Forest from toxic lead ammunition left behind from hunting activities.
We’re also campaigning to reduce habitat loss, leading a broad coalition to preserve Tejon Ranch (a biodiversity hotspot containing vital habitat for the condor) as a national or state park — even after other conservation groups signed a compromise with the ranch’s owners that would allow development in condor critical habitat. We’ve fought to block a series of sprawling developments that would forever change Tejon, including suing Kern County for approving the disastrous megadevelopment Tejon Mountain Village and moving against a proposal to grant the ranch’s owners a “license to kill” condors to make development easier. When two condors were found shot with lead bullets in central California in spring 2009, we launched an in-depth investigation and announced a $40,000 reward to help bring the shooter or shooters to justice.
We opposed the Bush administration’s plans to expand oil and gas drilling in Los Padres National Forest, including surface drilling next to the Sespe Condor Sanctuary. We submitted a comprehensive conservation plan for Southern California’s four national forests to protect condors, and we’re challenging the Forest Service’s management plans for these forests, which would harm condor habitat. Our influence on past management plans for these forests has resulted in the inclusion of protective measures such as using nontoxic antifreeze in vehicles and retrofitting power lines to prevent condor electrocutions.
Gymnogyps californianus Young California condor ready for flight, spring 2000.
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The picture to the left shows the Cheeta (Cheese Pita) prior to spending some quality time in the oven. The Cheeta was invented when all I had on hand for lunch was some pita bread, hummus and cheese. Here is how to make the dreaded Cheeta:
- Shredded cheese. Cheddar is the standard, but any cheese will work.
- Pita bread.
- Olive oil.
- Grated Parmesan cheese.
Slice a pita in half and stuff each half with shredded cheese. Place the sliced and stuffed pita on a cookie sheet. Brush on a light coating of olive oil and then sprinkle with oregano and Parmesan cheese. Bake at 400 degrees for 5-10 minutes or until the pita is toasted and the cheese is melted. Bake longer for a really crispy Cheeta, less for a soft Cheeta. A toaster oven would also work fine, but not a toaster (unless you like a little appliance fire in your life).
The Cheeta can be eaten as is or used to scoop hummus. Goes well with most philosophers, except for Heidegger.
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Washington, 31 August 2001 (RFE/RL) -- Despite objections from the Chinese government, representatives of Tibet for the first time have succeeded in gaining accreditation at a United Nations-sponsored meeting of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). And they have used this opportunity to denounce Beijing for what they call its policy of "apartheid" against the Tibetan people.
The United Nations secretariat this week gave official accreditation to a coalition of Tibetan exile groups to attend a meeting of non-governmental organizations in Durban, South Africa, in advance of the government-level World Conference Against Racism that opens there today.
As they have done in the past, the People's Republic of China attempted to deny the group this form of official recognition, but this time China -- a permanent member of the UN Security Council -- was unable to prevent Tibetan representatives from taking part.
On 29 August, Jampal Chosang, the head of the Tibetan coalition taking part in the NGO sessions, said China has introduced "a new form of apartheid" in Tibet because "Tibetan culture, religion, and national identity are considered a threat" to Beijing's policies and control.
The Tibetans also distributed reports prepared by the Tibetan government-in-exile that accuse China of "widespread, systematic racial discrimination" as well as destroying Tibetan culture and torturing and killing political opponents.
The simple fact the Tibetans succeeded in gaining accreditation represents a major breakthrough. Being allowed a seat at such meetings often has been a first step for national movements, including the Baltic countries in Soviet times and East Timor now, that successfully challenged major powers.
That is because such accreditation creates a precedent that Tibetans will invoke and that the international bureaucracy may be unwilling or unable to reverse. And consequently the Tibetans now can reasonably expect that they will participate at other non-governmental meetings and also, over the longer term, at a higher level.
Groups like the Washington-based International Campaign for Tibet understand that.
John Ackerly, the president of the group, was the first to call the media's attention to the fact that being seated in Durban represents a major step forward for the Tibetan cause.
Moreover, other governments and national movements around the world now are likely to understand how important accreditation is for the Tibetans and be more willing to include Tibetans in meetings that they organize. With each such invitation, the Tibetans will gain stature.
The Beijing government understands this too, but it may have concluded that what happened in South Africa is a minor inconvenience that it can soon reverse.
Such a conclusion is almost certainly wrong. At any rate, after Durban, any future Chinese move against Tibet and its people is likely to prove more costly than past actions have been.
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Books & Music
Food & Wine
Health & Fitness
Hobbies & Crafts
Home & Garden
News & Politics
Religion & Spirituality
Travel & Culture
TV & Movies
Nasal steroids' downside
Inhaled nasal steroid sprays are regularly prescribed by doctors to patients with allergies, sinus problems or asthma. They can be effective at easing irritation and inflammation in the upper respiratory tract. The problem is they come with a long list of side effects if they are used over a long period of time.
I used a variety of these sprays, including Flonase, Nasacort and Omnaris, regularly over a decade. Doctors easily wrote out a prescription for one year but never cautioned me about the increased risk of serious side effects the longer these drugs were used.
I was never told that I would get chronic nose bleeds or need to have regular eye exams because of possible adverse effects on the eyes. These days, ads for these medications contain recommendations that users seek regular eye exams.
I was told nasal irritation and burning were the most common side effects. That sounded pretty innocuous to me but that was the short list of problems caused by these sprays. I’m sure I would have said, “No, thank you,” if the long list of problems had been brought to my attention.
No one ever mentioned that long-term or excessive use could interfere with the functioning of the adrenal glands or that I might experience dryness or irritation of the eyes or even cataracts or glaucoma. There was even the possibility that the steroid sprays could damage the mucosal lining to the point of creating a perforation in the nasal septum.
Other long-term side effects include fluid retention, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, weakened bones, peptic ulcer, yeast infections, mood swings and more. Others are sneezing, sore throat, nosebleeds, runny nose, nasal congestion, sinusitis, nasal dryness, headache and dizziness. Users also may have unpleasant taste, itching, wheezing, skin rash and nausea.
I was prescribed nasal steroids for sinus infections. Ironically, I developed chronic sinusitis and yeast infections. Individuals using corticosteroid nasal sprays should have their nasal mucosa examined after several months as cases of yeast infections (candida) can occur.
Nasal steroids must not be overused otherwise the side effects can be worse than your original symptoms. Doctor may caution you to use these sprays for no more than several months and at the minimum dose. Others will recommend that they be used for only 5-14 days at a time. They may suggest that when your nasal congestion is relieved, you stop the spray for awhile and resume use when you need it again.
Higher doses over extended periods can lead to systemic absorption and more serious side effects. The initial dose for these drugs is two sprays in each nostril daily or one spray per nostril, morning and evening. Never exceed two sprays in each nostril per day.
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Content copyright © 2015 by Sheree Welshimer. All rights reserved.
This content was written by Sheree Welshimer. If you wish to use this content in any manner, you need written permission. Contact Sheree Welshimer for details.
Website copyright © 2016 Minerva WebWorks LLC. All rights reserved.
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Did you know that the average workplace desk can be more than 100 times dirtier than your kitchen table? If that’s not attention-grabbing enough, new research has shown that the average desk in an office space has 400 times more germs than a toilet seat. Yuck.
So, what does this mean exactly? Further research has shown that roughly ⅔ of office personnel are at risk of getting sick due to poor office cleanliness. And, as we’ve all seen after the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for sanitary workspaces is critical to the health of all people who frequent the workplace.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average worker spends roughly 1,800 hours per year at work. While this kind of statistic is depressing enough, the fact that most offices are teeming with infectious bacteria is quite alarming, to say the least.
Thankfully, there are those who provide cleaning services specifically for commercial spaces. Companies such as Tidy TN commercial cleaning services in Nashville is a company that provides specialty services dedicated to keeping your office clean on a year-round basis.
Here, we’ll explore the filthy secrets that are lurking in the most unsuspecting corners of your office, and the importance of office cleanliness.
The COVID-19 pandemic shut down the entire world in the spring of 2020. This was alarming on many levels specifically due to the highly infectious nature of the virus. Over time, we learned that the virus had the uncanny ability to live on surfaces such as plastic and stainless steel for up to three days.
While the information surrounding the COVID-19 virus has fluctuated in scope as scientists and pathologists learn more about the disease, one thing has remained a constant factor; the virus is easy to transmit and hard to kill.
Viruses such as COVID-19 can be detected in aerosols for up to three hours, and depending on the nature of the surface can stay alive for several hours, or days. And, due to the high rate of infections and hospitalizations, this makes it all the more critical to keep all surfaces (especially in an office space) clean at all times.
No matter what you believe regarding the political rhetoric surrounding COVID-19, how effective masks are, or any other aspect of COVID-19 that’s found itself at the polarizing mercy of partisan politics, the fact remains that without proper sanitation, viruses can spread quickly and sometimes can be deadly. Many offices have even incorporated sneeze guards in the office design to prevent the spread.
The Common Work Desk
Nobody wants to hear that their faithful work desk is a virtual petri dish full of bacteria. It may come as a surprise to you to hear this, but the fact is it’s absolutely true.
Whether you’re sitting at your desk talking on the phone (we’ll get to phones shortly), or hammering out those TPS reports for Lumbergh, you’re sitting among an audience of bacteria watching your every move.
The fact is, it’s actually quite crowded in your office. Need a bit of supportive evidence? Well, for example, in 2004, research performed by microbiologist Dr. Charles Gerba found that the average work desk harbors over 10,000 different forms of bacteria.
As you spend more of your time at your desk than you do in your recliner at home, this is an alarming statistic.
Your Office Chair
If you have a desk, you have to have a chair, right? Unless you’re one of those who’ve learned the art of floating meditation, chances are you’re probably going to sit in a chair of some sort while behind your desk at work.
Once again, your chair is a feeding ground for bacteria of all shapes and sizes. Studies in 2012, through the use of swabbing, found that an average office chair holds more bacteria than a desktop, keyboard, phone, and mouse combined.
So, when you hire out that commercial cleaning service to rid your office space of bacteria, make sure they’re wiping down the seat and armrests thoroughly.
We’re not going to talk about your cell phone. But, don’t worry. It’s just as germ-infested as everything else we’ve mentioned thus far. Instead, let’s focus on your office phone.
When it comes to your office phone, this is one of the more used items in your office. And not only that, you might not be the only person using it if you work in a shared space. Studies conducted by Dr. Gerba also concluded that there are over 25,000 germs for every square inch of your phone. This means that your phone is literally covered with bacteria, and you hold it up to your mouth.
Without proper cleaning, your phone could ultimately become home to millions of bacteria that could potentially cause you serious illness.
Some of us might not have the luxury of taking an elevator up to the 43rd floor to meet with the big boss and get that six-figure raise. But, this might be a good thing.
In a study published in Open Medicine in 2014, research found that over 60 percent of all elevator buttons tested showed signs of significant bacterial growth. Bacteria such as fecal coliform (usually found on toilet seats), Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus were among the bacteria found, and the latter two are direct causes of illnesses such as Staph infection and Strep throat.
Time to Clean Up
Now that you’re aware of what an absolute disaster your office is, consider this; the mug you drink coffee from, the keyboard you type on, the mouse you click with, and even the pens on your desk that you might nibble on from time to time all house millions of bacteria.
With the rise of COVID-19, we’ve seen the heightened need for cleanliness in all areas of the office. Not only do you want to avoid the spread of a potentially deadly virus, but you also want to keep your office safe for yourself and your coworkers.
When it’s all said and done, unless you’re going to do it yourself, the best strategy to keep office hygiene in check is to enlist the services of the professionals.
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When your life is full of stress created by the pressures of family and career, you can find help in the following paragraphs. You could possibly feel some circumstances in your lifetime are outside your control, but there is something that can be done to adopt charge of your life. Make use of the information below to learn how.
Should you be experiencing a serious anxiety, or panic and anxiety attack, you need to be sure you breathe properly as a way to calm down. We must understand that your body are just like machines, and taking proper breaths is exactly what fuels them properly. Remember, to lengthen your exhalation, as a way to relieve your anxiety much more.
When you set out to feel an anxiety attack coming on when you are driving, pull over and quit your automobile, without delay. Take a little deep breaths, close your vision, and wait for it to successfully pass. Anxiety attacks are normal while you are on the wheel and also have been known to cause accidents.
If you suffer from anxiety, it is very important maintain positive thoughts at all times. By thinking negatively, you will be only planning to stress yourself out and make your anxiety worse. When you are puzzled by tips on how to take control of your thoughts, you might want to talk with a medical professional.
Don’t let yourself sit for hours on end. In case your role at your workplace requires a great deal of sitting, take breaks that incorporate moving around or minor exercises. Furthermore, you should fully stand up at least one time every hour. When you find yourself home, take a stroll, minimizing time you will be watching TV or sitting around. Although you may need relaxation, to much of it can have a bad influence on you together with it could lead to higher quantities of anxiety.
Tend not to fear seeking medical health advice for facing your anxiety. Just the thought of seeking an experienced opinion, could be another method to obtain anxiety. Don’t allow this to occur to you. Anxiety is generally a disease that could be solved using the right information and treatment. Relax and then make the appointment.
If you feel that you are constantly taking into consideration the issues or problems you have through the day, meet with a professional. Referring to your difficulties with another person can assist you get them out in the open so that they will not be bottled up and leading you to worry.
You have to realize that anxiety can be your mind suggesting you need something. Whether it is something simple like a break, or just the necessity to talk to a family member or friend, you need to address the main cause. If your anxiety is creeping up because you should handle something handle it. You are going to thank yourself later.
When you may go through every day life is happening to you without you having much to mention about it, you truly are the only person that can change it. Your outlook on life can alter if you can to consider charge of circumstances in your own life and apply a number of the information in this post.
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I first began to chant Japa, using the Mahamantra, when I was 18, I am soon to be 43.
I read the Bhagavad Gita and in it Srila Prabhupada explained that Krishna wanted us to chant his Holy names, that to do this is to associate with Krishna and great benefits would follow.
I had never seen Japa beads before and the old broken backed 'Bhagavad Gita As It Is', that I bought in a second hand store, didn't describe how to make them. I bought some very large wooden beads almost as big as golf balls. I strung them and tied them off and I began to practice chanting. My friends thought it a bit crazy, but no one attempted to dissuade me.
Through his book, Srila Prabhupada convinced me that chanting Japa was worth doing and this is the reason I started. I had no one to discuss it with and had no association with devotees except for Srila Prabhupada and his book.
In the purport of Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 8, Verse 5 - Srila Prabhupada says: "If one wants to achieve success at the end of his life, the process of remembering Krishna is essential. Therefore one should constantly, incessantly chant the maha-mantra—Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare / Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.
I had no context to understand what I was doing but it seemed to me to be like this: Writers are writers because they write, joggers because they jog, singers they sing and the well-wishers and lovers of Krishna chant His Holy name.
When a writer writes it can be fulfilling and satisfying but sometimes it is difficult and tedious and nothing seems to work. I know this, I am a writer. Joggers say (I don't jog) that it can great, but sometimes boring and lonely as well as painful. Singing can bring elation and satisfaction but to obtain perfection as a singer is hard work (I do sing but people tell me not to.)
In my ignorance I considered that Japa would be similar. My mind is sometimes bored and it wants to think about something else. Sometimes my back aches or my legs pain and my body says we did this long enough already. Sometimes I can think up really good reasons not to chant my rounds. This is the way of our selves and our minds - they are not so used to being controlled by us in such a close and personal way as when we chant His names.
In the purport mentioned above Srila Prabhupada goes on to say "There may be so many impediments for a person who is chanting Hare Krishna. Nonetheless, tolerating all these impediments, one should continue to chant."
So when I was bored I thought well this is devotional service - I don't do it because it's a blast (although it often is), I do it as my sacrifice, as my offering. At these times I remind myself of the reason I took up chanting, it is because I heard and read that Krishna is pleased when I do it.
I didn't know anything about offenses or things of that nature. I just knew that Srila Prabhupada had told me this in the purport of Bhagavad Gita 12:6:7 "The process is very simple: one can devote himself in his occupation and engage at the same time in Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare / Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare. Such transcendental chanting attracts the devotee to the Personality of Godhead."
I still chant now - primarily because Krishna wants me to do it and so I chant for his pleasure. I chant because in Srila Prabhupada's books he tells me this is what Krishna wants me to do and that he is pleased by it - under these circumstances how could I refuse?
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Students and teachers have a new opportunity to explore the life of a civil rights legend.
Rosa Parks was one of the most renowned figures of the twentieth century and a central figure of the African American civil rights movement. Her refusal to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus to a white passenger in 1955 triggered the Montgomery Bus Boycott and changed the course of civil rights in the United States.
Starting today, the Library has made the Rosa Parks Papers available on its Web site. This collection contains thousands of unique artifacts that shed light on this courageous fighter for social justice. The letters, diaries, notes, photographs, and other documents in this collection, which is on loan to the Library for ten years from the Howard G. Buffet Foundation, provide invaluable insights into her life and thoughts.
Analyzing documents from the Rosa Parks Papers, along with other primary sources from the Library’s collections, offers students an opportunity to look more deeply into the Jim Crow policies and segregationist culture that the civil rights movement opposed. It also provides a chance to become more familiar with Parks’ own activist work, as well as to explore the experiences and perspectives of her contemporaries in the movement.
To support teachers’ and students’ use of the Rosa Parks Papers, we’ve created a primary source gallery that showcases highlights from the papers, along with teaching ideas and PDF versions of many of the items. To learn more about the story of these remarkable artifacts, and about their journey to the Library, watch this Library of Congress video.
Last summer, many of the educators who participated in the Library’s special Summer Teacher Institute on the civil rights movement explored strategies for using the Rosa Parks Papers with their students and with colleagues. A few of them shared their insights with us.
The Rosa Parks primary source gallery sheds light on the feelings, thoughts, struggles and strong character that defined Rosa Parks. Ultimately, the reader gets to know the real Rosa Parks, beyond an event that has been cemented into American historical consciousness, and her continued role in the struggle for civil rights.
— Jason O’Connor, high school social sciences teacher
The Rosa Parks collection of primary sources provides teachers and students the opportunity to examine Rosa Parks as a person growing up in an era where prejudice and discrimination abounded. Rosa Parks’ commitment to educating young people in how to facilitate change through non-violence is an example relevant in students’ lives today.
— Theresa M. McCormick, Auburn University
I felt privileged to work with the Rosa Parks primary source materials. It seemed as if I took a step back into time because I received an invitation to check in on Mrs. Rosa Parks. Just having the opportunity to read her very own handwriting and “hear” her words through her own cursive seemed surreal.
— Rachel Walden Cranston, middle school English teacher
We look forward to plumbing the depths of this one-of-a-kind collection, and we hope you’ll share what you discover during your own explorations.
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Fairtrade International (FLO) has published its annual monitoring report, “Monitoring the Scope and Benefits of Fairtrade: Fourth Edition 2012”, filled with statistics, stories and analysis, describing its global Fairtrade system. Since FLO was the recognition system for about 90% of all Fair Trade goods sold globally in 2012, its statistics tell important parts of the larger Fair Trade story. This report is the definitive resource for data about Fairtrade producers, products, sales, countries and more.
Some key data presented in the 108-page report include numbers of farmers and hired workers by country and by product, sales volumes & values, premium payment amounts, how premiums were used, % of producer total sales that are sold on Fairtrade terms, representation of women, and much more.
More at FLO release and full report
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A handful of elected officials in the Arizona Legislature have repeatedly tried to intimidate and silence Goldwater Institute analysts out of giving testimony in support of or in opposition to legislation this year. In one case, an elected official forced a Goldwater Institute attorney, who asked to speak on behalf of the Institute, to refrain from speaking because she was not a registered lobbyist for the Institute. Although the attorney was later allowed to testify after signing in as representing only herself, the instance demonstrates that certain Arizona legislators want citizens to curtail their First Amendment rights before daring to talk or write about public policy with their representatives.
Apparently legislators have more respect for Second Amendment rights. Arizonans have the right to bear arms nearly everywhere in this state without having to register anyone or anything with the government. Likewise, as mighty as the pen might be, no one should be forced to register themselves (or their pen) before communicating with elected officials about legislative reform. Yet, Arizona has done just that through its overreaching lobbying laws.
Arizona does not define “lobbying” as lurking in the lobbies of the Legislature and trying to peddle laws that would financially benefit a principal. It does not define lobbying as trading an expensive steak dinner for an opportunity to bend a legislator’s ear. Instead, Arizona law defines lobbying as “attempting to influence the passage or defeat of any legislation by directly communicating with any legislator.”
In effect, in Arizona any form of direct communication with elected officials that expresses an opinion about legislation amounts to lobbying. It does not matter whether the effort to “influence” legislation consists only of facts, law and logic at a public hearing without a dime being spent to benefit a legislator. It does not matter whether the communication addresses only potential reforms — Arizona’s definition of “legislation” includes both pending and proposed legislation. It does not matter whether the communication is meant only to advance the public interest without any desire for monetary gain from the defeat or passage of a law. Even a newspaper that directly emails a link to its latest opinion editorial to a legislator is lobbying if the email dares to express an opinion on a pending or proposed bill or legislative reform.
Although dozens of curious definitions and vaguely worded exemptions appear to limit the reach of Arizona’s lobbying regulations, the reality is that no one can freely talk to elected officials in Arizona about legislative reform without being threatened by the government. Anyone doing so without registering as a lobbyist risks a class 1 misdemeanor, which includes the possibility of up to six months in jail. The threat of jail time means there is no truly unfettered communication about public policy between citizens and legislators in Arizona — at least, not for anyone with common sense.
Before daring to influence government action, any careful citizen will bite his tongue, contact an attorney, and navigate either complicated registration and reporting requirements or exemption prerequisites before opening his mouth. No one can reasonably ignore Arizona’s lobbying regulations and just talk to elected officials about legislative reform.
But even if citizens and citizen groups meticulously follow the law and invoke exemptions to avoid the need to register as lobbyists, as the Goldwater Institute has for its analysts, the past legislative session shows that elected officials will still try to silence or impede public testimony as supposedly impermissible lobbying. This is because Arizona’s complex and lengthy lobbying laws encourage elected officials to believe citizens and citizen groups lack legal authority to speak freely on public policy. In effect, Arizona’s lobbying laws have reversed the First Amendment’s presumption of freedom of speech in the minds of Arizona politicians. Citizens are now presumed to have no inherent right to communicate with their representatives to influence legislation. This is an incredibly dangerous development.
Citizen participation in the legislative process is essential to ensuring our freedom. Keeping government in line and on task requires more than voting every two or four years. Laws affecting our lives and freedoms in fundamental ways are considered, made or expanded every day when the Legislature is in session. Especially during legislative sessions, reformers must speak truth to power to stop bad laws and advance good ones. This requires responsible citizens and citizen groups to engage in direct, blunt and continuous communication with our elected representatives.
To preserve self-government, the government must not create a regulatory environment in which the political class presumes citizens have no right to freely engage the legislative process. In a free society, no politician should think even for a moment that he can require citizens and public interest groups to get the government’s permission to talk to the government. A wall of opaque lobbying regulations must not even appear to stop citizens or groups of citizens from trying to influence public policy.
Unfortunately, the behavior of elected officials this past session proves that Arizona’s lobbying laws threaten these foundational requirements of our representative republic. For that reason, it is time to reform Arizona’s lobbying laws to more fully protect our First Amendment rights, just as we have reformed Arizona’s gun laws to more robustly protect our Second Amendment rights.
Our first freedom should get at least as much respect as our second.
— Nick Dranias is an attorney with the Goldwater Institute.
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Full profile →'">
The author is a Forbes contributor. The opinions expressed are those of the writer.
The U.S. Supreme Court is scheduled to hear arguments on whether adults can curse on broadcast television and companies can patent a routine method of administering drugs, among business cases scheduled to be argued beginning Monday. Here's the ones to watch:
PROMETHEUS V. MAYO
Argument date: Dec. 7
The most anticipated business case of the session is probably Prometheus Lab v. Mayo, which asks whether a routine medical test can be patented. It may wind up disappointing blockbuster-ruling fans, however, as the court avoided making a definitive statement about the boundaries of patent law in the much-discussed Bilski case last year and may do so again.
The facts, from the Mayo Clinic's perspective, are scary. The Minnesota health center says it was forced to drop a potentially valuable diagnostic test and delay publication of an article after Prometheus sued it for violating a patent so sweeping that it prohibits researchers from even thinking about the process Prometheus claims to have invented. Prometheus patented a process of administering the drug thiopurine to patients, measuring the metabolites of the drug in their system, then adjusting the dose accordingly.
This type of dosage adjustment is familiar to anyone who graduated from med school, however. Mayo says the patent is an illegal attempt to monopolize a natural process and represents a threat to public health. One of its researchers was dragged into the litigation, forced to endure depositions, and ultimately delayed publication of an article even though her study showed that the metabolite levels in the Prometheus patent didn't work for a skin disorder.
An expert for Prometheus said the patent covers any physician who determines metabolite levels in treating an autoimmune disease, and is aware of the ranges specified in the patent. It doesn't matter if the physician "crumples it up, reads it, acts on it, doesn't act on it, any assumptions you want to come up with."
A trial court held the patent invalid but the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Washington, which hears all patent appeals, reversed. The U.S. Supreme Court ordered the appeals court to reconsider after Bilski, which rejected the Federal Circuit's "machine or transformation" test for patent legitimacy and urged a broader set of approaches. But the appeals court found the patent valid again last year, saying it describes a "method" that achieves a "transformation" of something, namely the patient.
Courts have previously rejected patents on diagnostic methods that involve testing a patient and then running the results through an algorithm to come up with a diagnosis. But the Prometheus patent is different, the appeals court said, because in the former case the doctor is passively calculating results while under the Prometheus process the doctor has to administer a drug then adjust the dose based on how the patient responds.
"The adjustment you do transforms the body," said Paul Smith, head of the Supreme Court appellate practice at Jenner & Block. The case is closely watched because there are lots of patents on methods for medical testing and treatment, he said, and "more importantly, the court in Bilski didn't come up with a clear set of instructions."
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While transportation planning has not traditionally been linked to health, it affects health in various ways. This project has three parts: In the first study, the researchers will study how changes in the location of health services are impacted by transportation access, using the NYU Rudin Center data on commuting paired with Medicaid data. By examining hospital closures in NYC and how people in different areas of the city commute, the researchers can more closely link transit modalities patterns and access to care.
The second study will assess the impact of a recent speed limit reduction on health outcomes. The study will link speed limit data to hospitalizations (using the state-wide inpatient database) and to clinic and other visits for Medicaid patients.
Third, the researchers will consider a pilot study to assess the impact on health of bicycle commuting through NYC’s Citibike program. Using the NYU Rudin Center’s research on Citibike, they will link employer household data of residents who have gained most from the Citibike program to health outcomes, and compare that to neighborhoods that did not benefit as much from Citibike.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediabatik textile art of Malaysia, especially on the east coast of Malaysia (Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang). The most popular motifs are leaves and flowers. Malaysian batik depicting humans or animals are rare because Islam norms forbid animal images as decoration. However, the butterfly theme is a common exception. The Malaysian batik is also famous for its geometrical designs, such as spirals. The method of Malaysian batik making is also quite different from those of Indonesian Javanese batik, the pattern is larger and simpler, it seldom or never uses canting to create intricate patterns and rely heavily on brush painting method to apply colours on fabrics. The colours also tend to be lighter and more vibrant than deep coloured Javanese batik.
In line with the 1Malaysia concept, the Malaysian government is now endorsing Malaysian batik as a national dress to every level of the general population, by having local designers to create new batik designs which reflect the 1Malaysia idea.
HistoryThe origin of batik production in Malaysia is not easy to trace. Few historical artifacts exist, but it is known trade relations between the Melayu Kingdom in Jambi and Javanese coastal cities have thrived since the 13th century, the northern coastal batik producing areas of Java (Cirebon, Lasem, Tuban, and Madura) has influenced Jambi batik. This Jambi (Sumatran) batik, as well as Javanese batik, has influenced the batik craft in the Malay peninsula.
According to the Museum of Cultural History of Oslo, it is known for certain that the Javanese influenced Malay batik-making technically as well as in the development of designs. At an early stage the Malaysians used wooden blocks in order to produce batik-like textiles. As late as the 1920s Javanese batik makers introduced the use of wax and copper blocks on Malaysia's east coast. The production of hand drawn batik in Malaysia is of recent date and is related to the Javanese batik tulis.
Commercial production started in the 1960s. This craft has developed its own particular aesthetic and design, peculiar to Malaysia. The new Malaysian batik is clearly different from the Javanese tradition of hand-painted batiks.
Malaysian batik can be found on the east coast of Malaysia such as Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang, while batik in Johor clearly shows Javanese and Sumatran influences since there are a large number of Javanese and Sumatran immigrants in southern Malaysia.
CultureBatik was mentioned in the 17th century Malay Annals. The legend goes when Laksamana Hang Nadim was ordered by Sultan Mahmud to sail to India to get 140 pieces of serasah cloth (batik) with 40 types of flowers depicted on each. Unable to find any that fulfilled the requirements explained to him, he made up his own. On his return unfortunately, his ship sank and he only managed to bring four pieces, earning displeasure from the Sultan.
For men, Batik can be worn at dinner functions. Even the ladies wear the fabric as formal dress, combining batik with modern fashion. The Malaysian government encourages civil servants to wear batik during the 1st and 15th day of the month.
- Kuala Lumpur International Batik (KLIB) Convention and Exhibition is a biennial event under the Malaysia Batik - Crafted For the World movement,it brings in speakers from various countries (including Singapore, Indonesia, India, Australia, Sri Lanka, Azerbaijan and Japan), and holds a three-day batik exhibition.
- The Piala Seri Endon Batik designing competition
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In a cavernous airplane hangar in Quincy, Illinois, two hours south of Chicago, Don Kirlin paces beneath the gold hammer and sickle of a large Soviet flag. Around him are the military bulwarks of the once-formidable Evil Empire: four Czech Aero Vodochody L-59 Super Albatross fighter jets, perched in two rows. In another Kirlin hangar next door sits a Soviet MiG-21 Mongol, the bane of US pilots in Vietnam. Outside, on the flight line, are seven Czech L-39s, still bearing red Communist stars. And just beyond them, almost invisible in dusky-gray and sky-blue paint, two MiG-29 Fulcrums. The pride of the hallowed Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau, the Russian equivalent of Lockheed Martin, the Fulcrum has a top speed of Mach 2.4 - hundreds of miles per hour faster than an American F-16 Eagle or F/A-18 Hornet - and remains one of Russia's preeminent fighters.
A decade ago, only sovereign nations could afford to buy and maintain sophisticated, high-performance fighters. But Kirlin's unmarked hangars contain an air force more formidable than that of many countries. He has 30 jets in flying condition, 10 in line for maintenance, and dozens more to be delivered. His MiG-29 Fulcrums, designed in the late 1970s to go head-to-head with the hottest US planes, are the only privately owned Fulcrums in the world. Kirlin breaks into a big smile whenever he looks at them.
"Check this out," Kirlin says, leading me into a back room and opening a steel cabinet. He takes out a white cotton bag. Inside it is a pilot's helmet that connects to the plane's laser-guided tracking system. The result: A MiG-29 pilot can precisely target a missile just by looking in a certain direction. Federal regulations require all military equipment owned by civilians to be disabled, but somehow - "Can't tell you," Kirlin says - the Fulcrum's radar weapons systems are intact. The plane is no match for a US fighter's sophisticated avionics in an encounter beyond visual range. But if it can survive long enough to come within view of that fighter, the MiG-29's ability to fly at high angles of attack becomes a distinct advantage - and where the pilot's eyes aim, so does its weapon.
Kirlin's collection began as a rich man's game to own the baddest toys money can buy. Then he realized there were others who coveted the planes as much as he did. So he started a business, Air USA, to sell L-39s to doctors and executives looking for a nifty flying sports car with twin ejection seats, capable of aerobic loops and rolls and approaching the speed of sound. As Kirlin puts it, why plod about at 120 mph in a $300,000 Cessna when you can fly four times as fast in an L-39 that costs the same and looks a hundred times sexier? "Look at this," he says, whipping open the forward avionics bay in the nose of an L-39. "We strip out the old stuff, put in light American avionics, save 800 pounds, and there's enough room for a set of golf clubs!" Built to fly in and out of dirt airstrips throughout the Soviet empire, the L-39 is so sturdy, Kirlin says, "This is the only tactical jet fighter that you could - if the Federal Aviation Administration would let you - land right on the golf course, play a round, and then head home! How cool is that?"
Cool enough - but Kirlin had even bigger ideas. In the past few years, he has built an entirely new and booming business hiring out his fighter jets and pilots to the US government for training exercises. The Navy deactivated its last full-time adversary squadron in 1996 amid shrinking defense budgets and aging aircraft, even as training demands increased. And there was Kirlin, sitting on all those former Eastern bloc fighters maintained by factory-trained mechanics. So the Navy came calling. "Iraq was flying three kinds of plane when we invaded," he says. "The L-39, the MiG-21, and the MiG-29, which are three of the four airplanes that Air USA owns." Now Navy fighter jocks train against Kirlin pilots flying Kirlin planes. With 16 aircraft available for Navy exercises, Kirlin has more fighters in the air than any of the four other companies currently flying for the Pentagon.
Kirlin owes his operation to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the elegant crudeness of its technology. "When the Soviets built an airplane, they intended it to serve for 50 years, maintained in the middle of nowhere by a kid who could barely read, using a tool kit not much bigger than a box of fishing tackle." By comparison, he explains, a US warplane is designed around one parameter - performance. Price and complexity are barely considered. "All Americans want is a thoroughbred, but the Russians, they want quarter horses. And lots of 'em. Their whole design philosophy is based on simplicity and reliability."
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Ray Keller Awarded the 2020 SDB Lifetime Achievement Award
Dr. Raymond Keller, Alumni Council Thomas Jefferson Professor of Biology at the University of Virginia, has been awarded the 2020 Society of Developmental Biology Lifetime Achievement Award.
This prestigious award will be presented to him this coming July at the SDB annual meeting in Chicago. The SDB recognizes the remarkable impact that Dr. Keller's work has had on our understanding of developmental biology and morphogenesis, especially in the biomechanics of conversion extension in gastrulation of Xenopus. Dr. Keller's contributions continue to inspire scientists and engineers at multiple career stages. Please join us in congratulating Ray for this outstanding recognition!
The Keller laboratory investigates the cellular, molecular and biomechanical basis of early amphibian morphogenesis, and in particular the convergent extension movements that function in gastrulation, neural tube formation, and shaping of the vertebrate body plan. The laboratory uses high resolution imaging of cell motility and biomechanical measurements of normal and experimentally manipulated embryonic tissues to address the question of how molecular and cellular events generate the patterned forces and tissue mechanical properties that shape the embryo. Major contributions of the lab include the characterization of the convergent extension tissue movements, development of the concept that active, patterned cell intercalation is a major mechanism of morphogenesis, direct measurement of embryonic forces and tissue material properties, and the development of specialized preparations to study morphogenesis. We collaborate widely and recently have begun a collaboration with Ann Sutherland (Cell Biology, UVA School of Medicine) on mouse early morphogenesis with the goal of using the strengths of the amphibian and mouse systems to complement one another.
Click here for Ray Keller's publications represented on Xenbase.
Click here for Ray Keller's Xenbase profile page.
Last Updated: 2020-01-31
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Cavenagh Bridge, Singapore
Categories: Bridges, Tourist Spots
Cavenagh Bridge is located in Singapore. It couldn't be easier to arrange your visit to Cavenagh Bridge and many more Singapore attractions: make an itinerary online using Inspirock's Singapore trip generator.
Create a full itinerary - for free!
訪問時がちょうどF1グランプリ開催期間中だったので、通行規制が24時間体制で期間中実施されており、残念ながら通行出来ませんでした。少し離れたところから眺めました。次回は絶対に渡りたいです。Visit just during the F1 Grand Prix was traffic restrictions 24 hours in period in implementation is and, did not pass but unfortunately. A little away from the group show. Next time I absolutely want to cross.show original
シンガポール川にかかる吊り橋で最古のものだそうです。 白くて綺麗な橋で、周囲の建築物の雰囲気とも馴染んでいて、優美な印象を持ちました。It's one of the oldest suspension bridge in Singapore River. White, beautiful bridges, the familiar atmosphere of the surrounding buildings and also had a graceful impression.show original
Если гулять в этом районе, то мимо моста пройти совершенно невозможно - все пешеходные маршруты ведут к нему. Мост интересной конструкции и, когда смотришь на него, то забываешь, что находишься в Азии... read more »If walking in the area, passing a bridge pass completely impossible-all walking trails lead to it. Bridge design and interesting, when you look at it, you forget that you are in Asia.show original
Thumaty Daniel K
Nothing great about the bridge but the waterfront place around is great for evening dinners. Upscale location filled with high class hotels
A lovely suspension bridge now dedicated to pedestrians which ideally connects both banks of the Singapore river and enable pleasing strolls or runs
Only suspension bridge and one of the oldest bridge in Singapore dating back to 1870. Originally know as Edinburgh Bridge, it now connects the recently revamped Civic District to the Downtown Core. Great photo location.
Enjoy the shades at both side of the bridge, have a cool ice cream on a hot day
A historic bridge across the Singapore river. The oldest bridge over the river and close to the mouth of the river. Connecting downtown and Raffles place with the old civic district and the Esplanade. If you're visiting Singapore, you're sure to cross it, so it's a nice photo opp. The only suspension bridge in Singapore and it;s largely limited to pedestrian traffic. Despite the size can feel the whole thing wobble, even if there's only a single other person jogging over it next to you. Do check out the interesting series of statues on the riverside next to it, starting with the First Generation, which is right next to the bridge.
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Area Code 262
On this page:
Area code 262: North American telephone area code 262 covers much of Southeastern Wisconsin, and was created on September 25, 1999 when it was split from area code 414. It covers most of the suburbs of Milwaukee, but not Milwaukee County itself.
- part of Wisconsin
Online dictionaries and encyclopedias with entries for Area Code 262
Click on a label to prioritize search results according to that topic:
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Community Health Assessment for Los Angeles County Essay
- Length: 6 pages
- Sources: 6
- Subject: Healthcare
- Type: Essay
- Paper: #16619928
Excerpt from Essay :
Community Health Assessment for Los Angeles County California
The Selected Community
The state of California is geographically divided into three coastal regions. Southern California is bounded by Mexico in the South and the central valley to the North. Los Angeles county is in the middle portion of the region and it has features that also define its boundaries. The county is situated in a large valley that resides along the Pacific coast and is surrounded by mountain ranges. Though a relatively small area geographically, it contains a large and diverse population.
The people of Los Angeles county are among the most culturally and ethnically diverse groups in the country and their healthcare and safety needs reflect this. Nearly 10 million people live in the area which equates to almost 2,500 people per square mile. Of course, this is an urban area, which presents specific problems, and it is a densely populated urban area with many different types of neighborhoods that must all be addressed. This means that there are some areas of the county that are populated with extremely disadvantaged people financially who will have more difficulty obtaining quality healthcare. Whereas some areas of the county house extremely wealthy individuals who have better access to superior healthcare facilities, but may suffer other deficiencies that have to be addressed. The county is also subject to possible disasters due to its position relative to the Pacific Ocean and the San Andreas fault line.
The people that occupy the county are largely Caucasian (74.1%) followed by Asian/Pacific Islander (13.5%), Black (9.4%), and American Indian (1.0%). Intermingled with these classifications, 47.3% of the population also identifies as of Hispanic origin in some way (HHS, 2009). The Census Bureau (2011) indicates that the median per capita income was $27,344, and that the household income was $55,476. In the county, 15.7% of people were deemed to be below the poverty line which was 2% greater than the number below that line in the rest of the state and the nation as a while (Census Bureau, 2011). The disparity of income in the county is also one of the largest in the nation because there are some areas of the county that house people who are extremely wealthy whereas Los Angeles county also has one of the largest homeless populations in the nation with figures suggesting that "an estimated 254,000 men, women and children experience homelessness in Los Angeles County during some part of the year and approximately 82,000 people are homeless on any given night" (Los Angeles Almanac, 2011).
Due to the wide variation in peoples and financial means, there is also a great diversity with regard to culture in the county in question. The largest single population, by group, in the county is Hispanic. These people come from any of a number of Central and South American cultures although the vast majority of the population traces its ancestry to Mexico. Although the cultures of the peoples that identify themselves as Hispanic may seem to correlate highly, there are differences that must be acknowledged by healthcare professionals. Another large group, Asian/Pacific Islanders, is also one in which many different cultures are often mistakenly grouped together. The cultural identity of all of these peoples can be very different due to the length of time the family has been in the United States and how prevalent cultural teaching is in the family.
Another outcome of a widely diverse population, in terms of both culture and socioeconomic status, is the access the individual has to health insurance of some kind. While the wealthiest people in the population may be able to fund their own healthcare needs out-of-pocket, this is not an option for most people living in Low Angeles county. According to HHS figures slightly more than 2 million people are uninsured. While this does not mean that they have no access to health care, it does place a large burden on the available clinics and hospital choices for those without insurance. It is recognized that the area has a sufficient number of healthcare facilities and it is not regarded as an area with a health professional shortage (HHS, 2009).
Besides the health care needs of the community are those for safety and disaster preparedness. The western expanse of the county runs along the Pacific Ocean which is always a potential tsunami danger zone due to the frequent earthquakes which occur in the Pacific rim. The San Andreas fault runs through the county and produces a large amount of minor tremors and has been responsible for a few major earthquakes. The county runs disaster preparedness drills on a frequent basis due to these dangers, and healthcare professionals are trained how to deal with the possibility of a major event.
The statistics show that Los Angeles county does have some areas in which it differs from what the HHS survey calls "peer counties," but, in general, these variances are either very small or in other ways negligible. The measures given by HHS are all per 100,000 people. The report gives birth, death and pother health statistics.
Birth rates are in line with those across the population as a whole. Infant mortality is at 5.0, and is lowest among Caucasians (4.0) and highest among Blacks (10.7) (HHS, 2009). Although there is a wide disparity in these rates, they are lower than the country at large. As a matter of fact, the difference between the white and black populations in Los Angeles county is actually lower than it is in the rest of the country. The same can be said for other ethnic populations with Hispanic infant mortality rates being significantly lower than in the rest of the country.
At the other end of the spectrum are the death figures. Of course, everyone dies, so these calculations are based on how many people die from a specific cause. The markers that the HHS (2009) survey used were (in chronological order from the Los Angeles county data) coronary heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, unintentional injury, homicide, motor vehicle injury and suicide. Heart disease is by far the most deadly problem faced in any part of the country, but it seems to be an even larger issue in Los Angeles county. The national number is 154 deaths per 100,000 people, but there are 190 deaths in the county under consideration. This disparity can be caused by a number of different factors, but there is not enough data to suggest the reason in the HHS study. Both breast cancer and colon cancer death rates were almost identical between the national and county scales, but the national rate for lung cancer (52.6) was much higher than the county rate (37.7). This could be due to the lower number of smokers in the Los Angeles county region (HHS, 2009), or to a variety of other factors that can be seen as significant causes of lung cancer. It is interest8ing to note that deaths from medical causes far outweigh those from any type of injury. For example it may be expected that there would be a large number of traffic fatalities due to the amount of miles driven and the fast moving, close traffic in the county. However, Los Angeles county has fewer traffic related fatalities (9.9) than the national average (14.6).
Population Economic Status
Most Los Angeles county figures have already been given, those not provided above will be elucidated now. Unemployment in LA county was at 11.9% in 2011 but it was trending down from other recent figures (LA County Unemployment, 2012). A large portion of the population uses preventive care facilities except in the case of vaccines for pneumonia (58.7%) and influenza (66.1%) (HHS, 2009).
The population has a large white majority, but more than half of those also claim Hispanic heritage. The predominant religious preference is Christian with most of that population being Catholic. The health services that are available are known to a large majority of the population. Drug and alcohol use has remained relatively stable over the past decade.
Many different types of health services organizations exist in the county with those helping the poor being especially prominent. Air quality has always been an issue in the region due to the bowl created by the ocean and the mountains. There is very little problem with wildlife, but bears and panthers are being repopulated in the area. Due to the ocean, some danger of drowning or injury from sea creatures does exist. Since the area has a lot of industry, there is a possible problem with toxic chemical and fumes release. One of the greatest natural dangers in the region comes from perennial forest fires. Floods and mudslides from drenching winter rains are often a problem in some areas of the county.
Disaster Assistance and Planning
The county has a comprehensive emergency preparedness plan that covers biological, chemical and radiological hazards and natural disaster (Public Health, 2012). The county carries out drills for…
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[quote author=ΑÃÂÂÂÂÂιÃÂÂĀοκλή link=topic=9493.msg129804#msg129804 date=1154253528]
The Turks, today's Turks, cannot continue to deny their own sordid history, especially when their attitudes today haven't really changed.[/quote]
Yes they can, and in fact, under Turkey's "Article 301"
it is illegal not
to deny their sordid past. Even today as I write this, a Turkish born Professor of the University of Arizona is waiting to stand trail under "Article 301" for daring to mention the Armenian Genocide in a book (see this report from today's news
Article 301 is being used by the Turkish Nationalists to prevent Turkey from entering the EU and to distance Turkey from the West. It has also been used to further oppress the Church in Turkey by silencing any protest.
Remember what Hitler said to encourage his commanding officers a week before the invaion of Poland? After instructing them to kill all Poles, men women and children, he concluded by assuring them: "Who remembers the extermination of the Armenians today?"
.......unfortunately, he was right.......
So combine Article 301 with the West "turning a blind eye" to the extermination of the Church in Turkey, and you have the perfect recipe for a complete genocide and the utter destruction of the Church of Constantinople.....which will also be forgotten by the rest of the world in some dust-covered history book which no one will read for decades......
But the Church's true
City -the Heavenly Jerusalem- no one
can take from Her!
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How to Begin
FACTORS TO CONSIDER BEFORE INVESTING
Before you invest, you need to decide on the best investment option for you. To make this important decision, you should consider your goals for the investment, how long you can afford to tie down your money and how much risk you are willing to bear.Â
It is important to define your investment goals at the outset, as the choice of investment (or investment fund) will depend on the objective you are trying to achieve. Common investment goals are:
- Planning for your retirement
- Buying your house
- Providing for the education of your children or yourselfÂ
- Buying a new car
- Planning for a wedding or milestone birthday celebration
- Going on holiday
It is essential that you have an idea of how long you can leave the money in an investment (or investment fund) account without the pressure to liquidate before realising your objectives. Although mutual funds allow you to take money out at any time, funds that have a high degree of risk are meant for investors who have a long term horizon. This is  because these funds typically invest in assets that can be volatile even though they tend to provide inflation adjusted returns over the long term. Therefore,  if you invested in these assets for a short term, the risk of not getting your entire investment capital is higher compared to investing over the long-term.Â
Your investment horizon is fundamentally linked to your investment goals. For example if you are looking at buying a new car in a year, you may want to put your money in a fund that seeks to protect your capital invested and provide regular income.. However, if you are a 30 year old man investing towards a university education for your new born child, you are able to leave your money in a riskier, longer term fund in the expectation that the money will grow in line with inflation to cover the school fees when your child is ready to go to university.
Simply put, this means how much risk you are willing to take to get a higher level of return. The more risk you take, the higher the potential for real return, but also the higher the potential to make losses. If you are a risk taker, you may want to invest in a fund that has a higher proportion of investment in equities. However, for someone close to the age of retirement, you may want to stick to safer near cash instruments.
If you are an experienced investor, you are able to invest directly in the different asset classes or pick an investment fund using your own knowledge, skill and experience. However, if you are just starting out, it may be advisable to speak to someone for advice. Investment funds are the easiest way for beginners, as you just need to have a basic idea of financial markets and the professionals will ensure your money is invested in the best possible way for you. Even if you have experience, sometimes it is good to talk to professionals who have access to more market research and other information. Our Investment Center officers are always glad to help if you need financial advice.
HOW TO INVEST
After deciding to invest, you still have to choose how frequently you want to add to your investment and whether you want your interest paid out regularly.
Growth vs. Income
You have to decide whether you would prefer your savings to keep increasing or whether you want regular payments. If you would like to increase your savings, you are advised to reinvest your dividends into your investment (or fund). However, if you need to have a steady income for everyday spending or other purposes, you can choose to have your dividends paid out. You can also combine both options.
Lump Sum vs. Regular Savings
You have to decide on how frequently you want to invest, and the amount. If you have a lump sum to invest, you may want to make a one-off investment. However, you can also choose to invest a regular amount from your salary, or just make payments whenever you have excess cash. It is up to you to decide what you can afford and what is realistic for you, keeping in mind your financial situation and investment goals.Â
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Ultrasensitive determination of phencyclidine in body fluids by surface ionization organic mass spectrometry.Anal Chem. 2000 Jan 15; 72(2):404-5.AC
Gas chromatography (GC)/surface ionization organic mass spectrometry (SIOMS) has been found to give much higher sensitivity for measurements of phencyclidine (PCP) than the conventional GC/electron impact (EI)-mass spectrometry (MS). Thus, we have established a detailed procedure for measurements of PCP in body fluids by both mass chromatography and selected-ion monitoring (SIM) of SIOMS using pethidine as an internal standard (IS). Good linearity was found in the range of 0.25-10 ng/mL of whole blood or urine, when measured by mass chromatography, and in the range of 0.025-1.0 ng/mL of whole blood by SIM. The recoveries of PCP and IS spiked to whole blood were 106 +/- 17% at 1 ng/mL and 113 +/- 11% at 5 ng/mL; that of IS was 97.8 +/- 10.4% at 5 ng/mL. The detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) were estimated to be 0.05 ng/mL of whole blood or urine by mass chromatography and 0.01 ng/mL of whole blood by SIM. The coefficients of intraday and interday variations were not greater than 10.3%. We could detect PCP from rat whole blood 2 h after subcutaneous injection of PCP (1 mg/kg) by mass chromatography. The mean PCP concentration in rat blood was 47.7 +/- 6.2 ng/mL (mean +/- SD, n = 4).
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Q: How do I add Students, Parents, or co-Teachers to my class?
A: In order to add users to your class, you must first access your class Roster.
*Note: This article is intended for individual teachers who edit their Rosters manually. Domain administrators should refer to our Guide to Setting Up Class Rosters.
To view your Roster, click on the Manage Class button in the upper right hand corner of the screen. Then click on Roster.
When you're viewing the Roster you will see four tabs: Students, Parents, Teachers and Groups. Each tab lists its respective set of users.
- To manually add a student click the Add Student button (on the Students tab).
- If you are using an Solo Teacher Account you can just fill out the form and click Add or to import multiple students at once you can upload a .CSV file. There is a link to the sample file, which shows the format you must use to import successfully.
- If you are using PowerSchool Learning through your school or district, and the students are pre-loaded into the system for you, you can Search Users for an existing user, or if you are adding a student that does not yet exist in the system you can Add external Student.
Some schools import parents, and some schools use our system of centralized invitations to invite parents. Some schools let individual teachers leave it up to the teacher as to whether they invite parents or not.
If you'd like to invite parents to join your Roster: When each student is added to the class, a parent invitation code is generated for that student's parents. You will see all of the details below by clicking on a given student's name in your Roster.
Parents will need both the invitation code associated with their student and the signup link at the very top of your Roster window. (The text will read something like this: "Students and parents may register by going to https://my.haikulearning.com/yourname/classname/signup and entering their invitation code.")
To make the invitation process easier, teachers can print all student and parent invitations with the links and the codes on them.
Here are instructions for Parents on how to accept a class invitation and create a PowerSchool Learning account. If Parents are invited to your class in this way, here is an article on what they will be able to see.
If you want parents to view your class, but don't want to mess with invitations: You can make your class "Open" to the public. This means that anyone with the link to the class can view course content. However, they will not be able to view student work of any kind.
If you do not want parents in your Roster: You can turn off Parent access to the class by going to Manage Class > Roster. Inside your Roster is a Manager Roster Menu. From that menu select "Roster Settings."
Inside the Roster Settings, there is a checkbox that will allow or disallow the option to have parents in your class. Uncheck the option to remove the Parent option.
On the Teacher tab you can add additional teachers (or Co-Teachers) to your class by clicking on the Add Teacher button. You will then be asked to supply their email address to add them to your class. A confirmation email will be sent to them, inviting them to your class. Once confirmed, additional teachers have nearly the same rights as the original teacher. They can do everything the original teacher (owner account) can do except remove the original teacher from the class.
For more information on Rosters, visit our Roster Forum.
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Writing analytically is a complex skill which needs to be broken down, made explicit and demystified for students. In my early days as an English teacher, I would set lengthy written tasks and foolishly hope that written corrective feedback (which was always necessary as the success rate was so low) would remedy the poor output that I received. I gave well meaning but absurd comments like ‘You need to analyse in more detail’ or ‘You need to develop your points further’ without really considering the opaque nature of the verbs that I was using. I understood them with a rich level of detail; my students did not.
Analysis, like all genres of written expression, can be split into purpose and form or the ‘what’ and the ‘how’. Claire Hill and and Becky Wood have both written excellent blogs explaining how the ‘what’ of analysis can be split into three broad categories:
1)What is the author saying
2) How are they saying it
3) Why are they saying it
While these three broad areas can help students understand the types of declarative knowledge within an essay, what we have tentatively called ‘The 6 Skills’ (I am still unsure if these 6 are sufficiently distinct or whether they comprehensively encapsulate analysis!), is an attempt to formalise the approaches, methods and techniques required when writing analytically.
What/How/Why allows students to understand the content of the writing; the 6 skills exemplify the form.
PEE/PEEL and other similar frameworks were problematic and restrictive, resulting in clunky, predictable and overly formulaic paragraphs. Invariably, iterations of these abbreviations and acronyms also have fixed orders, placing evidence in the middle, one of the problematic inferences being that each train of thought contains only one quotation. Interesting analytical writing does not follow a predictable, sequential order. Finally, PEE also precludes embedded quotations, due to the unnatural scaffolding of sentence stems like ‘My evidence for this is….’.
Unlike PEE/PEEL, there is no fixed, consecutive order for how the 6 skills are deployed and applied, meaning that student responses are not as formulaic and rigid. As Becky mentions in her blog, the How/What/Why approach also allows for different ordering.
Although students will study worked examples that contain most if not all of these skills from the beginning of year 7, they will practice the skills individually and cumulatively, through a process involving backwards fading and slowly building students up to being able to use all 6.
This annotated model gives an overview:
6 Skills Progression Model
Before teaching any of the skills, students need to be secure with using embedded evidence. The list below is an attempt to sequence them in order of difficulty and utility, the later skills being more difficult and requiring a deeper knowledge of the text before they can be attempted successfully.
1) Tentative Language
2) 3 Part Explanation
3) Zoom In/Technique
4) Multiple Interpretations
5) Evidence in Explanation
6) Link Across Text
Engelmann’s DI programmes contain ‘tracks’ where teaching is spread across multiple lessons. Initial teaching and practice is through restrictive drill exercises, often beginning with copying models or only attempting a few steps in a procedure. Through a process of backwards fading, exercises become less restrictive and students are eventually asked to apply the specific knowledge or skill within a wider application. While DI programmes have these ‘tracks’ meticulously and methodically planned into the scheme, ensuring that learning is as efficient as possible, we are currently using a separate progression model in the form of a table:
The 6 Skills are listed vertically, ordered by complexity and beginning with the simplest-tentative language. This follows Engelmann’s philosophy to the sequencing of skills: easier things should be taught before harder things and we should teach the components before the whole. Horizontally, the table moves from restrictive drills to eventual wider application. The number of lessons here is a rough guide to how long a teacher should spend at each level of application: more competent groups may be able to move quicker and really low groups may need further practice.
DI programmes use extensive field testing to ensure that this continuum from restricted practice to wide, free application is fine tuned: programmes should spend as little time as possible teaching concepts whilst ensuring really high success rates for even the weakest learners. In future, we will plan our progression model and 6 skill ‘tracks’ into our booklets. In the meantime, teachers have a copy of this progression model table for each class and can use it as a reminder document, ticking off the boxes to ensure that students receive adequate teaching and practice on each of the analytical skills.
Skill 1: Tentative Language
Why teach it?
Studying literature at a sophisticated level requires a reader to recognize that there are a plurality of acceptable interpretations available. Literary analysis often has a tentative and exploratory tone: interpretations are inherently subjective and tentative language implicitly demonstrates that a line of argument is one of many and certainly not definitive.
What to teach?
- It is as if/ as if
- It could hint at
- It could suggest
- …gives the impression
- ..appears to be
How to teach it?
While the instructional sequence below could be seen as overly detailed, it was written to help the lowest performers in year 7; more able classes could probably cope with less practice at each stage. The sequence broadly follows the I-WE-YOU continuum.
LESSON 1: Step One
Our booklets are filled with worked examples of analytical writing: in vocabulary tables, there are models of sentences and when students are asked to write, they will have usually have deconstructed an analogous paragraph. From the beginning of year 7, students encounter sentences that contain tentative language. Teachers can begin by highlighting and drawing attention to the specific constructions within these worked examples and asking students to copy their annotations.
LESSON 1: Step Two
Write model sentences that contain tentative language; ask students to copy and label.
- Henry commands his men to ‘imitate the actions of the tiger’. It’s as if he wants them to be vicious, aggressive and brutal.
- Henry commands his men to ‘imitate the actions of the tiger’. Perhaps he is asking them to be predatory and violent.
- Henry commands his men to ‘imitate the actions of the tiger’ which could suggest that he wants them to be dominant in battle like a predator
LESSON 1: Step Three
Ask them to complete sentences ORALLY, using the same structures that you used in the models that you wrote in step two. Keeping the same sentence structure here is crucial, allowing students to use them as analogies.
- Henry asks his men to ‘disguise fair nature with hard-favour’d rage’
LESSON 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7:
The teacher should continue to highlight the tentative structures in model paragraphs and sentences, asking students to copy their annotations. Student could then be asked to complete retrieval practice of the specific tentative constructions, perhaps giving them clues to aid recall:
- It is ………………
- It c……… h…….. at
- It c……………… suggest
- give the im………..
- ap…….. to be
Once they have demonstrated perfect recall of the structures in retrieval practice, students can be asked to find the structures in model paragraphs themselves.
The teacher can write a short paragraph with NO TENTATIVE language. Under the camera, change the first few sentences to TENTATIVE, then ask them to do ones that are underlined:
Henry gives a rousing speech to his men, commanding them to ‘stiffen the sinews’. He wants them It is as if he wants them to toughen up and steel themselves for battle. He orders them to ‘summon up the blood’ which means which could suggest he wants them to be impassioned and prepared. He knows that the odds are against them and that the battle will be arduous and dangerous. He commands them to ‘set the teeth’. This means that he wants them to look menacing and threatening. This is because he wants them to terrify the enemy.
The teacher can then ask them to complete sentences with tentative language in them, using the same structures from step two in lesson 1. While lesson 1 involved fully worked examples, this task involves completion problems.
LESSON 8, 9, 10
Students could be asked to write their own sentences using tentative language. By this point, there is no scaffolding or support and students are working at the ‘I’ stage of the I-We-You continuum.
- At first, include ‘tentative language’ as a success criteria in their paragraphs. Eventually, take this success criteria out.
- Similarly, include ‘tentative language’ as a specific check when they read through their work; again, remove this check when it is no longer needed.
- Do not expect them to use tentative language in paragraph or more extended writing until they are able to do it accurately and independently at a sentence level.
- Success rate should be continually high at each stage (>80% correct for all students)
- If it is lower: maybe you need to provide more scaffolding, give more models, move back a stage on the I-WE-YOU continuum
Next Post: Skill 2: The 3 part explanation
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Do you cringe when you see the word “knot” in stitch instructions? If so, you are not alone. The knots aren’t hard to make, yet they may make us nervous. Why? Perhaps it is because of the definition:
- a fastening made by tying a piece of string, rope, or something similar.
- a tangled mass in something such as hair
There it is! We spend most of our stitching time trying to avoid that “tangled mass” in our projects. Would we embrace these stitches if they had names like French Twist, Palestrina Pearl, or Coral Cord? Perhaps, but it is too late now. So, instead let’s embrace the knots and learn how to make them on purpose!
The French Knot
This is the most common knot used in basic embroidery, it can be found in needlework around the world, and has existed for a very long time. Much of the time the knot is used to fill in an area where other stitches won’t fit. Brazilian embroidery often uses the knot to create the fine greenery of a bouquet. It is a versatile stitch because the size of the knot can be adjusted by the type of thread and number of strands used by the stitcher. The knot is created by wrapping the thread around the needle and then going back through the fabric near where the needle came up through the fabric.
A topic of debate is how many wraps should be made to constitute a French Knot. Some say only one wrap, like Marion Scuolar in her Advice Is… book. Others say only two wraps. What we do know for sure is that adding wraps actually makes the knot taller and less stable. To make your knot larger, add more strands of thread or use a thicker thread.
The Pekinese stitch is now thought to be what was once called the Pekin Knot or Chinese Forbidden or Blind stitch. Young ladies were forbidden to do the stitch because it would strain their eyesight due to how fine the stitching was. The knots were created with thin filaments (much finer than a ply) and used to completely fill in an area. In the Chung Young Yang Embroidery Museum there is an embroidered tassel with over 100 Pekin stitches per square centimeter, about 0.4 inches.
If more than two wraps are used, it is now a Bullion knot. This is a popular knot especially in Brazilian embroidery, such as the Grandiose Mum.
A milliners needle is required for making bullions because the eye is the same size as the shaft. It makes it easier to slide the wrapped threads off the needle. Different size needles are used for various thread sizes, so an assortment is helpful. To make really long bullions, you need a set of bullion needles. If you want to try making bullions, the Rolled Rose Bouquet Brazilian embroidery kit is a good first project.
Carol Leather has a great step-by-step tutorial on her website showing how to make bullion knots, and then shows you how to create a rose and a strawberry.
You want your French knots to be uniform. They should be round with a dimple on top. It does not matter whether you have your needle in front of the thread or behind the thread when you make your wraps. What is important that you do it the same way every time.
Lastly, do not put your needle down the same fabric hole you came up. Move over one or two fabric threads.
The Colonial Knot
The Colonial knot may be best known for its original use in a Colonial technique. This stitching style is attributed to the women who helped settle America. With limited supplies, they stitched with unbleached muslin and the thick cotton threads intended to use as candle wicks, hence the name Candlewicking. These knots are lovely for filling stitches as well and have a different look than a French knot.
The Colonial Knot is also known as the Figure 8 Knot because of the way the thread is looped around the needle. The size of the Colonial Knot is dictated by the number of strands used and weight of the thread.
The Palestrina Knot
This knot is known by many other names such as Old English knot stitch, twilling stitch, pearl stitch, and double knot stitch. This knot is attributed to Italy where it is used in an embroidery style of the same name. These are not single knots, but rather created along a line. It is a great stitch for outlining and can be a lot of fun.
To make the knot really stand out, use a solid thread like pearl cotton or Kreinik braid. This stitch is worked along a journey. You can vary the look by changing the spacing of your knots.
The Coral Stitch
The Coral Stitch is another stitch that incorporates a knot along a continuous line of thread. The knots can be made really close together to resemble a string of pearls. Rows of coral stitches can be layered like bricks. This stitch is created right to left. Any thread can be used. The size of the thread will determine the knot size.
The coral stitch is a very important stitch for German Schwalm. Learn more about German Schwalm.
Here is a stitched comparison made with floss and pearl cotton in the several knots we have discussed, using different amounts of strands and wraps (where applicable).
Using Beads Instead
So, what if you want a knot but just can’t (or won’t) do them? You can often substitute a bead for the knot. There are many different bead attachment methods to help accomplish this, plus it allows you to add a bit of extra sparkle without having to wrestle with making knots with metallic threads.
Here are some great knotted stitches references:
Knots create unique and textural designs and can be beautiful all by themselves. Here are some great ideas to practice getting your knots on!
Kari created this Assisi-inspired project with French knots. The outline was created by tracing around the sewing machine cookie cutter.
Or you could create a monogram with knots as the background, the focal point, or both! Knotty monograms are great and quick gifts. These were stitched with Bella Lusso wools, Kreinik metallics, and finished in mini hoops.
The type of thread you use to create your knots makes a big difference as well. Kari is working on The Colours of Summer silk ribbon embroidery kit that features French knots in both floss and silk ribbon. Take a look at the beautiful differences.
Perhaps now when you see one of these knot stitches in your next project, you will be excited to get started.
Free Knotted Pattern
This design was made to bring all these techniques together.
Here are the materials you will need to stitch it as shown, but feel free to make changes!
The Vintage Valentine Design was stitched on white Trigger cloth. The design is 5.5" square, so be sure to add enough for stitching and finishing.
The stitched and threads used were:
- For the lace edge in Blanket Stitch and French knots around the heart – DMC Color Variations Floss #4170
- Stem Stitch for the outlines of the heart – DMC Color Variations Floss #4180
- Spider Web Woven Roses – Watercolours #190
- Leaves and Coral Knot vine – DMC Color Variations Floss #4050
- Bullion Roses – Iris #040
- Baby’s Breath with beads – Mill Hill Frosted Beads #62048.
You will also need some needles:
- Embroidery (Sharps) such as Piecemakers Embroidery Assorted
- Milliners for the bullion roses such as Piecemakers Milliners Assorted
- Beading needles such as John James Size 10
We hope this guide makes your stitching easier and more enjoyable!
For those interested in using this article or others published by Nordic Needle, Inc., please use this copy when referencing the information:
“The following article was published by Nordic Needle in their weekly e-mail newsletter. Permission was granted to share this article in (name of your publication). For information on subscribing to their newsletter, visit www.nordicneedle.com.”
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“I have won marathons in England, Canada, in the United States but now in India, I only want to win hearts,” Singh describes in the video.
When Singh reached the century mark, he raced at the Ontario Masters Association Fauja Singh Invitational Meet, a special event put on in Toronto, where he set numerous world records from the 100 metres up to the 5,000-metre distance.
In 2011, Singh became the first person to complete a marathon at 100 years of age by finishing the Scotiabank Toronto Waterfront Marathon.
Singh was born on April 1, 1911 and originally said he would retire after finishing the 10K at the Hong Kong Marathon in 2013.
A British citizen, Singh was born in the Punjab region of India, located in the northern part of the world’s second-most populous country.
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This paper examines the accounting practices of SMEs in Ghana. The study revealed that SMEs in Ghana attach more importance to fmancial information by employing Chartered Accountants and degree holders to handle their accounting information. The study also shows that majority of the firms put in place internal control mechanisms to ensure accurate financial information and the safeguard of their properties. The study identifies three main sources of fmancial information used in the management of small firms: Income statement, Balance Sheet and Cash flow statements. Surprisingly majority of small firms contacted do not prepare cash flow statements and as a result could not indicate whether they have positive or negative cash flow. Majority of the respondents also comply with the provision in the Companies Code 1963, ACT 179 by filing their statutory accounts with the relevant Government agencies. There is weak emphasis on controlling cash and monitoring performance in the context of maintaining relations with the banks as only few submit any form of account to the banks.
Accounting, Information, Management, SMEs, Ghana
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Throughout my career as an educator, I have been blessed to work alongside some exceptional teachers. These teachers have made a very profound impact on my teaching by motivating and inspiring me to set and reach my professional goals. I have often thought of the traits these educators each possess and what it is that makes each of them successful and motivating inside the classroom and inspiring to the teachers that work alongside them.
Each of these extraordinary teachers has a true passion for teaching. This passion is evident daily and their enthusiasm for children is often contagious. These teachers firmly believe that what they are doing will make a difference in a child’s life. They each have moved beyond the goal of making a difference within one child, to making a difference in many.
These teachers often take on the role of the advocate. Their impact on children can often be seen outside the classroom and on a broader level. It is their willingness to be an advocate for children on educational issues and beyond that is commendable. They are not afraid to go against popular opinion if it is in the best interest of the child. Often times this advocacy leads to improving lives of the children they teach and the families they serve.
Successful and highly effective teachers are always evaluating their practices and constantly working to improve their effectiveness inside the classroom. They set realistic and obtainable goals and they continually monitor and evaluate their progress. They understand that they are as much a “learner” inside their own classroom as the children they teach. They understand that a teacher is a learner for life and they continually work to improve their craft through book studies, staff development, collaborative teaching, goal setting and self-evaluation. They understand that collaborative teaching brings forth the strengths of many teachers and ultimately they believe teachers working with teachers collaboratively, makes a critical impact within their own classrooms. These teachers exhibit a love of learning that is evident to the children they teach and to their colleagues. Additionally, they are not afraid to take risks and try new things and are open to new ideas and new ways of teaching. It is evident that this type of educator is not afraid to try and fail. Fundamentally they believe that a failure provides new opportunities for future successes. They understand that teaching the exact same lesson year after year will not reach the diverse needs of the ever changing population in our classrooms.
Above and beyond all, an extraordinary teacher has the unique ability to identify, appreciate and value the unique diversity that makes up his or her classroom. An exceptional teacher understands that before formal education begins, a community of learners must be established. They have the unique ability to build a community of learners naturally, while holding high expectations for all. These educators project a climate of mutual respect and an infectious love of learning. Furthermore, they create an environment that promotes the belief that we all learn from each other and that our own lives can be positively impacted through our interactions with each other. This belief promotes and creates a respectful and nourishing environment where all who enter can flourish and grow.
As I continue to evaluate my role as an Early Childhood Educator and strive to reach my professional goals, I will look to these extraordinary teachers for mentorship, support and inspiration. For they are the ones that continually ignite the fire and passion I have for teaching. And that passion and fire will burn within me forever.
I recently was asked to reflect on my teaching career and write about the traits of a successful teacher. The truth is that I am always surrounded by sucessful teachers, so the task was not that hard. Blogging has widened my surroundings... and I never have to turn far to find a successful teacher to look towards for inspiration, motivation and direction. Blogging has brought us all together and the difference is seen in each of us and we bring forth the best of us all into our classrooms day in and day out. I am so thankful to be a part of a community that celebrates that.
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Move the Labels to the correct part of the River.
or, explore the picture to learn more about the parts of a river.
All water must run down from higher places. However, when it rains, most water runs away through the soil, between stones and rocks where we cannot see it.
As water runs down from hills and mountains it begins to collect in larger quantities. As this happens, it becomes visible above the surface of the soil as swampland, lakes or even streams.
When it rains, the water from the surrounding hills drains into the River Basin - this consists of all the land lower than the source. If there is a lot of rain then the channel might not be big enough to carry all that water away, so the river floods.
Over time, the flooding river has eroded the surrounding landscape and flattened it. Although this land is liable to flooding, it is very fertile and ideal for farming. Today, with modern drainage technology, flood plains can be used for building land, providing space for factories and warehouses, as well as housing. However, the soil of a flood plain is permeable and holds water, a bit like a sponge, from where it can evaporate in the sun. Can you describe the problem in covering a flood plain with buildings and tarmac if there is a sudden downpour?
On its path towards the sea, a river will pass many hills, or even mountains. Each hill will have its own run-off and other streams and rivers might even be formed.
A river that joins a bigger river can be said to be contributing to it, therefore, the smaller river is known as a tributary.
The bends you can see in the river are called meanders. These are caused by hard areas of rock that slows the river down. Often the river finds a way round these areas by eroding the softer land nearby and then gets back on course for the sea, once it is past the obstacle.
As a river turns a bend an extraodinary thing happens to its current; on the inside of the bend the current slows down and deposition occurs. On the outside of the bend, the current speeds up and a greater amount of erosion takes place.
This combination of erosion and deposition gradually changes the course of the river - the river manages to erode through the tough area of rock and the old route through the meander is closed off. An ox-bow lake is formed.
As the river runs into the sea, the water swirls and churns in its channel; it continues to erode the banks and the channel becomes wider.This is the mouth of the river, but the gradual widening that leads to the sea is called an estuary.
Estuaries are not only often wide, but are usually deeper than other parts of the channel as well. This makes them ideal for larger ships and boats to travel along, so you might see large factories and warehouses near the mouth of a river.
By the time the water reaches the sea, it is carrying a lot of things; this is called the load. The load could consist of very small items (sand, small stones) called silt, or larger items, such as rocks that roll along the riverbed, or pieces of wood.
However, when the water meets the sea, its journey is over and the speed of the current slows down. Of course, with a drop in speed, the water no longer has the power to carry all its load, so this is dropped too - this is called deposition.
All the things that are carried by the river over time gradually build up and the course of the river spreads out as the water becomes shallower.However, there is now the same amount of water travelling through a shallower entrance to the sea, so more transportation takes place - the river channels its way through the deposited material, but might find several ways to the sea.
The result of this, rather complicated procedure, is that the mouth of the river could be split into a collection of smaller rivers - this is called a Delta
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ERIC Number: ED322966
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1990-Jul-9
Reference Count: N/A
The Multicultural Urban Community College: Conflict and Achievement.
The challenge for community colleges is two-fold: to provide relevant training to maintain their competitiveness and to do it for an increasingly diverse population. Furthermore, the advent of the information revolution has placed new demands on education as one of the primary means of access to economic well-being and upward mobility. Administering a community college such as San Francisco City College, where the student body is ethnically diverse and heavily weighted in favor of minorities, entails particular problems and challenges. Problems arise out of differences in values, leading to different priorities in the allocation of resources for programs and services. In particular, conflicts arise when the needs and desires of students clash with those of faculty, or when the needs and interests of faculty become a source of friction with administrators. For example, in hiring decisions, faculty are often more concerned with the academic accomplishments of candidates, while administrators and students may be more concerned with bringing in faculty who are sensitive to the needs of minority students. Racial/ethnic loyalty plays a part as well. In the San Francisco Community College District, such conflicts are seen as inevitable, but not necessarily destructive. To minimize negative effects, the district emphasizes leadership that is cognizant of and sensitive to the following: (1) the unique qualities of a multi-ethnic, multicultural urban institution; (2) well-defined and fair decision-making processes; (3) and the involvement of community advisory committees made up of representatives of the various ethnic and cultural communities in San Francisco. District successes, such as increasing enrollments, consistently large numbers of transfer students, and broad minority representation among the faculty, demonstrate that ethnically diverse groups of people can work together effectively. (GFW)
Publication Type: Opinion Papers; Speeches/Meeting Papers
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Note: Paper presented at the Annual International Conference on Leadership Development of the League for Innovation in Community Colleges, "Leadership 2000" (2nd, San Francisco, CA, July 8-11, 1990).
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Parrots have always been my favorite pet. It was as a child that I started liking them. My auntie had a very talkative, comical parrot. Last year, my husband died which left a very large gap in my life. The other day, I was looking at several old photographs and there was one of me as a girl and I was with my aunties parrot. It brought back favorable memories, so I decided to purchase one.
I should of looked into the care and training first, before I bought a parrot. However I remember my aunt telling me that they just needed care, attention, love and patience. I thought long and hard about patience as it was not one of my solid points. Before going to the pet shop, I wanted to stop by the library and take a look at certain books. I knew a parrot would make a marvellous pet if cared for properly. A cheerful and content parrot would give me love and friendship back.
There were countless good books in the library but one caught my eye. The first tip that the book suggested was to make the cage big so that the parrot had room to spread its wings. I was also to put paper on the bottom of the cage and change it everyday so that old food and bird droppings would not make the parrot sick. I would also need to buy lots of other things such as toys, food bowls and a large perch.
Reading on, the parrot would have to be washed once a week with water and dried with a towel. When the claws of the parrot grew too long, I was also advised not to clip them myself but to let the vet do it properly. The parrots diet would have to consist of fruit, vegetables, nuts and grain. Its water would have to be changed every day.
Wow, I never realised that there was so much to do when looking after a parrot. This did not put me off though and I was looking forward to the suggestion that I talk to the parrot every day so that it will in due course talk back. For a bird, social interaction is important and this was great as I was desperate for some company.
The next day I hurried to the pet shop. Spoke to the chap behind the counter, to my delight he had just what I was looking for, a stunning green and yellow Macaw. The shop assistant offered sound advice too, such as not cleaning out the cage with chemicals, just hot water. As I bought the cage, accessories and parrot all together, he gave me an terrific discount.
My new parrot is now called Dolly. We formed a loving bond very quickly; I can not imagine life without her. I checked out the internet for more ideas and advice on parrots. Interesting articles on training them, keeping them occupied, teaching them to talk, were all available for me to read, very helpful.
There are some specialist websites that have just been a goldmine when it comes to information. Dolly has bought joy and laughter back to my house. Anyone that wants a pet should buy themsleves a parrot.
|
<urn:uuid:85ad32fa-b872-4f64-86ad-8390331afdb9>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://www.infobarrel.com/Read_About_Parrot_Training_And_Parrot_Care
|
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|
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Paul Hopkins (September 25, 1904 - January 2, 2004) was a right-handed relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Washington Senators (1927, 1929) and St. Louis Browns (1929).
Hopkins was born in Chester, Connecticut. His major league debut came on the same day that Babe Ruth hit his record-tying 59th home run on September 29, 1927. Hopkins said he did not know that he would be facing Ruth when he entered the game in the fifth inning with the bases loaded. He finished his career with a record of 1-1, 11 strikeouts, and a 2.96 earned run average in 11 games; he left St. Louis following the 1929 season after injuring a tendon.
Hopkins died in Deep River, Connecticut at 99 years of age. At the time of his death, he was reported to be the oldest living former major-league player.
|
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.mysticgames.com/famouspeople/PaulHopkins.htm
|
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|
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NATO's newly appointed commander in Afghanistan, David Petraeus, has briefed officials at NATO headquarters about his plan for the Afghan mission. Speaking at NATO's headquarters in Brussels, General David Petraeus said forces in Afghanistan are making progress against the Taliban.
"I think that there is no question but that the Taliban had the momentum, had the initiative if you will, coming into this year. And indeed, one of the real areas of focus has been to reverse that process and I think that process has been reversed in certain areas of Afghanistan," said Petraeus.
He added that the counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan will remain the same under his command. And protecting civilian lives, the general said, remains a top priority.
"In a counter-insurgency the human terrain is the decisive terrain and therefore you must do everything humanly possible to protect the population and indeed again to reduce the loss of innocent civilian life."
The appointment of General Petraeus was unanimously confirmed Wednesday by the U.S. Senate. He is expected to arrive at NATO headquarters in Kabul on Friday.
Petraeus replaces General Stanley McChrystal who was removed from the post last week after the publication of a controversial magazine report in which he and his aides were critical of top U.S. officials.
Speaking to the Senate Wednesday, General Petraeus said he would reassess - but not change - the rules of engagement in Afghanistan. Some critics have said that current military operating rules put the lives of U.S. troops in danger.
"There is no intent to change rules of engagement, it is to look very hard at how the rules and tactical directive are implemented and to ensure that there is even implementation across all units, instead of some unevenness that has crept in in some," Petreaus said.
With 102 troops killed, June was the deadliest month during the course of nine years of war in Afghanistan.
Dan Plesch, director of the Center for International Studies and Diplomacy at London's School of Oriental and African Studies, says some U.S. allies in Europe were upset because the Obama administration did not consult them over the change in command from General McChrystal to General Petraeus.
"Theoretically in a democratic alliance, the secretary general should have been involved. But I think the White House saw this as a domestic U.S. issue and also needed to maintain confidentiality. But it does point to what the realities are within the alliance, which is that in the end it is the U.S. that calls the shots and the others have to get along," said Plesch.
Meanwhile, a spokesperson for the Afghan Taliban told the British Broadcasting Corporation that insurgents are winning the war in Afghanistan. He also said the Taliban would not enter into negotiations with NATO.
|
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.voanews.com/a/new-afghan-war-commander-reports-progess-against-taliban-97589159/120912.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00232-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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| 0.977611
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