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Cars, trucks and SUVs lined the parking spaces in Newport's square early morning on July 14, but one vehicle stood out.
A 1981 DeLorean, like the one from the cult-classic film "Back to the Future," sat in front of Bitting's Restaurant on Second Street.
The retro ride wasn't equipped with a flux capacitor to make it go back in time. Instead, it carried something equally curious -- a 25-year-old, independent congressional candidate from Pennsylvania's 10th District.
Nick Troiano, a self-proclaimed civic entrepreneur, stopped at the Newport eatery from 8 to 10 a.m. to court voters as part of his "Back to the Future" campaign tour in which he plans to visit all of the 10th's 15 counties.
Troiano said the DeLorean was lent to him by a supporter before he came up with the idea for the tour.
And, though a tour based on a 1985 science fiction film might seem like a campaign gimmick, Troiano said the concept has some historical traction. He aims to push the two-party system back to past ideologies.
"We need to go back to a politics of the past in the future," Troiano said from behind a table at Bitting's Restaurant, "a time when parties used to work together.
"They could communicate with each other to solve the problems of the people. That cooperation, over the last 30 years, has decreased."
While completing American government graduate studies at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., Troiano co-founded The Can Kicks Back, a nonpartisan movement to educate, organize and mobilize young Americans to promote a sustainable and equitable federal budget.
Troiano, a longtime Republican, said after completing his studies, he worked briefly in the nation's capital before moving back to his hometown of Milford, Pa.
Troiano began considering a congressional bid after Republican lawmakers forced a partial federal government shutdown last year, which led him to sever ties with the party.
"I think both parties are part of the problem right now," Troiano said. "They are worried only about their best interests, individually. They are not leading, they are following.
"The only way we are going to break the gridlock is to elect truly independent candidates."
Troiano's platform focuses on fiscal responsibility, social mobility, environmental sustainability and political reform.
To attain those goals, he'll avoid accepting donations from political action committees which can skew a candidate's political agenda. Troiano's campaign is entirely citizen funded.
"The way I'm going about the campaign makes it more challenging," Troiano said, "but, if it was easy, everyone would do it.
"This way, I don't owe anybody anything -- except the people who voted for me."
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|Arthur Sullivan > Interviews > Illustrated Interview
BY ARTHUR H LAWRENCE
"Polly! What's the time?" obtrusively cackled the elderly parrot whose cage hangs in one of the rooms of Sir Arthur's delightful retreat at Walton-on-Thames. It was a wonderfully fine afternoon, and this was my final call on Sir Arthur Sullivan in regard to this article. Sir Arthur had just finished writing the opening bars of his rendering of the Christmas hymn, "It came upon the midnight clear," so that it might form a souvenir-autograph for this issue of THE STRAND MAGAZINE.
The experience throughout — from the time that I had my first chat on the subject in the study of his town house in Victoria Street — had been such a pleasant one that, as Polly, apparently happy in its exceedingly limited powers of human expression, reiterated her chuckling inquiry for the third or fourth time, the query served to remind me that even journalistic inquisitiveness has its finality, no matter how delightful the process may have proved — to the interviewer.
Sir Arthur's loquacious parrot is, I am afraid, only a vague humorist, and whether or no the bird's insistence upon knowing the hour of the clock may have acted as a valuable hint to innumerable callers — though this is mere speculation on my part — yet the reiteration of the word "time" might well be made the basis of a more serious text, for each succeeding year has served to give an added lustre to the fame of our greatest English composer; and, moreover, although Sir Arthur is now in his fifty-sixth year, his energy has not one whit abated. In talking with him, it is indeed difficult to realize that his first composition — the music to Shakespeare's "Tempest " — was composed so far back as 1860, and that his first opera was produced thirty years ago. Indeed, Sir Arthur Sullivan's professional experience extends over a very considerable period of our wonderful Victorian Era, and furnishes by no means the least important part of its history. Rarely has any man's work achieved such success in a lifetime, and as during that period Sir Arthur has known everyone worth knowing, it may fairly be said that his reminiscences, if ever he cared to write them, would form one of the most interesting volumes of autobiography ever published. To the fertility of his rare genius Sir Arthur Sullivan has added an infinite capacity for unceasing hard work. There is hardly any phase of musical composition which he has not treated and beautified, and the fruit of his wonderful versatility is to be found in oratorio, hymns, songs, and cantatas, as well as in the ever-popular Gilbert-Sullivan operas, which have been such a source of "innocent merriment," and a perpetual delight, to hundreds of thousands on both sides of the Atlantic. One of the happiest features of what is, perhaps, the most distinguished artistic career of our own time is the real personal popularity which has kept pace with the spontaneous and far-reaching recognition which has been accorded to Sir Arthur Sullivan's genius as a composer. Although without prejudice on the subject, Sir Arthur is not particularly amenable to the wiles of the interviewer, so that from this point of view I may perhaps add my own humble testimony to the fact that, although I have worried Sir Arthur on many occasions, I have always been struck with his unfailing and wholly natural courtesy — "old-fashioned" some people might term it; but, if so, one must be pardoned for hoping that it is an old fashion which will never get quite out of date.
Sir Arthur was the younger son of Mr. Thomas Sullivan, a clever Irishman who from 1845 to 1856 occupied the position of bandmaster at the Military College, Sandhurst, whilst his mother was descended from an old Italian family, and the Italian blood in his veins may, perhaps, serve as an explanation — to those who are curious in questions of heredity — for the almost un-English vivacity of manner which is one of Sir Arthur's most salient characteristics, whilst he has added to it a very English (or Irish) dogged determination and persistence, a quality which has been remarkably displayed in the way in which he has done his best work under the greatest difficulties, and a great part of his most melodious and most humorous light operas were composed and orchestrated in the midst of illness and in the intervals of great physical pain.
"Yes, that was the first time I saw my name in print," and Sir Arthur points to a cutting from the Illustrated London News, dated 1856, which is framed and hung on the wall, announcing the fact that Master Arthur Seymour Sullivan, aged fourteen, had won the Mendelssohn Scholarship; and it is easy to see from the composer's manner that no subsequent "notice", of whatever character, has ever given him equal pleasure. Then comes a tour of exploration round the house in search of personal photographs and similar curios reproduced in these pages, and to which it will be possible to refer later on.
Young Arthur Sullivan's practical training in orchestral matters began very early, for there were hardly any instruments in his father's band at Sandhurst which he did not learn to play with facility. Mr. Sullivan was happy in the belief that his younger son possessed rare musical ability, although he could have had no conception of the pre-eminent distinction which his son was destined to attain. At the age of eleven nothing would satisfy the embryo musician but that his father should get him into the choir at the Chapel Royal. "His voice was very sweet," said Mr. Helmore, who was then master at the Chapel Royal, "and his style of singing was far more sympathetic than that of most boys." The young musician was only three years in the choir, yet long enough to make his first attempt at musical composition. He was the author of a boyish effort, "0 Israel," and an anthem, which was duly sung in the choir. Sir Arthur referred to these very early efforts with a smile of compunction, but it was in part due to this training that — when, in 1856, the Mendelssohn Scholarship was instituted — the erstwhile chorister came out at the head of the list. It may be of interest to mention that Sir Joseph Barnby was one of the candidates. "And so it happened," said Sir Arthur, "that I did not experience any exceptional struggles or difficulties when I began my profession, for the winning of the scholarship gave me a certain prestige and many good friends, so that I took some very pleasant letters of introduction with me when I left England to study in Leipzig. Yes, that portrait of me (when a student at Leipzig) was taken when I was eighteen, and when I was in the throes of my first serious composition, the 'Tempest' music, which was not produced in England until two years afterwards, when I was twenty."
The success which attended the "Tempest" music, when it was produced at a Crystal Palace Concert on the composer's return to London in 1862, was immediate and emphatic, and amongst those who came to hear it performed on the second occasion was the great novelist, Charles Dickens. He was waiting outside the artists' room as Sullivan came out, and going up to him and shaking him by the hand, he said: "I don't profess to know anything about music, but I do know that I have listened to a very beautiful work." Soon after this, Dickens accompanied Chorley and the then Mr. Sullivan to Paris, and Sir Arthur told me:–
"I always found Dickens a most delightful companion. Apart from his high spirits and engaging manner, one might give two special reasons for this," said Sir Arthur. "On the one hand he was so unassuming — he never obtruded his own work upon you. I have never yielded to anyone in my admiration of Dickens's work; but, speaking of him as a companion, I can safely say that one would never have known that Dickens was an author from his conversation — I mean, that he never discussed himself with you ; whilst, on the other hand, I have often since wondered at the wonderful interest he would apparently take in the conversation of us younger men. He would treat our feeblest banalities as if they were the choicest witticisms, or the ripe meditations of a matured judgement"; and, as Sir Arthur smiled at the recollection, he told me how vividly he remembered the fine face, the keen eyes, and the varied expressions of the novelist's face, and how wonderfully it used to light up as he talked with you.
"There was quite a little coterie of us in those days," Sir Arthur continued. "First of all there were Charles Dickens and his daughters, Charles Collins, his son-in-law, and his brother, Wilkie Collins, and then there was Mrs. Lehmann, one of the married daughters of old Robert Chambers. Dear old Chorley used to have a house in Eaton Place, where we were wont to assemble and have little dinners. Browning was one of us. I liked him immensely, but as a conversationalist he was, at that time, somewhat overwhelming — you couldn't get a word in. It was marvellous how Browning sustained his interest in everything, especially in music. Up to the last he used to regularly attend the Monday Popular Recitals, and so on."
Perhaps, at this point, I may interrupt the narrative thread which must run through this article, to record Sir Arthur Sullivan's replies to my many questions as to his method of work. It is not only a point of particular interest, but it is one, I should imagine, about which many diversified theories are held. It is possible that the explanation which Sir Arthur gave me will upset a good many preconceptions as to "how it is done."
I think I had prefaced my queries by relating an anecdote I had read of a composer who, seized with an inspiration whilst out for a walk, had jotted down the opening bars of the melody on his shirtcuffs, and having no further material on which to record the great work, was struck with a happy idea, and, seizing a piece of chalk, had finished off the composition on the back of a passing plough-boy (by permission), the said boy heading the procession homewards, well in sight of the composer, who feared to lose sight of the most important part of his inspired composition.
Sir Arthur was immensely amused by the idea, which seemed to appeal to him as having been done by way of ingenious advertisement.
"No, I am afraid I have never had time to wait for inspiration," Sir Arthur exclaimed. "If one waited for the right mood, or for things to occur to one, one would, I should imagine, do little or nothing at all. I cannot say that anything ever 'occurs' to me until I have the paper actually in front of me. I don't use the piano in composition — that would limit me terribly."
In reference to the notion that the musician and the poet are seized by an inspiration, and then promptly begin work before the mood has passed away, Sir Arthur likened such an idea to a miner seated at the top of a shaft, waiting for "the coal to come bubbling up to the surface." "He has to dig for it," Sir Arthur exclaimed, and assured me that the very melodies in his work which appear most spontaneous were the result of particularly hard work and of constant re-casting.
"I can admit this much in regard to the inspirational theory," said Sir Arthur, "that in actual work a phrase does sometimes come into one's head which one feels bound to put in, and it will happen, of course, that one day work comes easily, whilst another day it is more difficult."
Then, taking the subject a step further, Sir Arthur laid particular stress upon one point of considerable interest, as it is a distinguishing feature of his method of work.
"The first thing I have to decide upon," said Sir Arthur, "is the rhythm, and I decide on that before I come to the question of melody. The notes must come afterwards. Take, for instance, the song from the 'Mikado':–
You will see that as far as rhythm is concerned, and quite apart from the unlimited possibilities of melody there are a good many different ways of treating those words," and that I might not be unconvinced, Sir Arthur good-naturedly hummed the well-known lines several times, giving a different rhythm and different melody each time, so that I might perceive that the rhythm which was ultimately selected was best suited to the sentiment and construction of those particular lines.
"You see, five out of the six methods were commonplace, and my first aim always is to get as much originality as possible out of the rhythm, and then I approach the question of melody afterwards. Of course, Sir Arthur continued, "the melody may always come before metre with other composers, but it is not so with me. If I feel that I cannot get the accents right in any other way, I mark out the metre in dots and dashes, and not until I have quite settled on the rhythm do I proceed to actual notation.
"The original jottings," Sir Arthur added, showing me one or two packages containing the "sketches," i.e., the original composition, for some of his operas, "are quite rough, and would probably mean very little to anyone else, though they mean so much to me. After I have finished the opera in this way, the creative part of my work is completed but then comes the orchestration, which, of course, is a very essential part of the whole matter, and entails very severe manual labour. The manual labour of writing music is certainly exceedingly great. Apart from getting into the swing of composition itself, it is often an hour before I get my hand steady and shape the notes properly and quickly. This is no new development," said Sir Arthur, smilingly. "It has always been so, but then, when I do begin, I work very rapidly. But, whilst speaking of the severe manual labour which is entailed in the writing of music, you must remember that a piece of music which will only take two minutes in actual performance — quick time —- may necessitate four or five days' hard work in the mere manual labour of orchestration, apart from the original composition. The literary man can avoid manual labour in a number of ways, but you cannot dictate musical notation to a secretary. Every note must be written in your own hand — there is no other way of getting it done; and so you see every opera means four or five hundred folio pages of music, every crotchet and quaver of which has to be written out by the composer. Then, of course, your ideas are pages and pages ahead of your poor, hard-working fingers!"
To continue the description of the method of work as regards the operas, Sir Arthur went on to explain:–
"When the 'sketch' is completed, which means writing, re-writing, and alterations of every kind, the work is drawn out in so-called 'skeleton score' — that is, with all the vocal parts and rests for symphonies, etc., complete, but without a note of accompaniment or instrumental work of any kind; although I have all that in my mind," Sir Arthur continued.
"Then the voice parts are written out by the copyist, and the rehearsals begin; the composer, or, in his absence, the accompanist of the theatre, vamping an accompaniment. It is not until the music has been thoroughly learnt, and the rehearsals on the stage — with action, business, and so on — are well advanced, that I begin the work of orchestration.
"When that is finished the band parts are copied, two or three rehearsals of the orchestra are held, then orchestra and voices, without any stage business or action; and, finally, three or four full rehearsals of the complete work on the stage are enough to prepare the work for presentation to the public."
Meanwhile the full score has been taken, and from it an accompaniment to the voice parts has been "reduced" for the piano — this work has recently been undertaken by Sir Arthur's secretary, Mr. Wilfrid Bendall, himself the composer of numerous successful operettas and cantatas; so that the "words and music" — that is to say, the music for the piano and the voice part — is ready for the public by the time the piece is produced. After a full-dress rehearsal, to which the favoured few are admitted, comes the "first night," when, as on so many happy occasions, we have had the privilege of seeing Sir Arthur "conduct" the performance in person. Here the composer's work ends, and this is, I think, a faithful record of the whole process, from the time that the libretto is handed to the composer, and Sir Arthur studies the rhythm and works out "the sketch," until the eventful night when the rap on the desk of Sir Arthur's baton is the signal for the overture which precedes the rise of the curtain.
"The science of musical notation," said Sir Arthur, meditatively, "is really a most wonderful thing. There is no single phrase or combination of phrases, not a sound or combination of sounds, that you cannot express on paper, and which cannot be reproduced from that piece of paper a hundred years hence."
Reverting to the labour which musical composition entails, Sir Arthur discussed for a moment or two the "rough-and-ready" method in which music of a kind can be made. The composer conceives some sort of melody, then someone else writes it down, a third person fits in the accompaniments, while somebody else scores it for a band. "Yes, it's an easy way," said Sir Arthur, good-humouredly, "but the result is not quite a work of art!"
Sir Arthur Sullivan's meeting with Mr. Gilbert over twenty years ago has been well described in a previous issue of THE STRAND MAGAZINE, but it must be remembered that long before that occasion Sir Arthur had become versed in the ways of the stage and the writing of operatic music. The performance of opera in Paris, when he visited the city with Chorley and Dickens, made a great impression upon him, and with characteristic energy he determined to learn something of the technique of the stage. This wish was granted by his being given the position of organist in the Covent Garden Opera in the old days when the late Sir Augustus Harris was a schoolboy, and his father, a sketch of whom accompanies this article, was to be heard ejaculating, " Eh! what?" and flourished exceedingly.
Young Mr. Sullivan's musical facility was soon discovered and was much in request. The work he was called upon to do was not wanting in variety, and the way in which his genius was made to serve what one feels at the present time to be almost base ends is decidedly amusing.
"On one occasion," Sir Arthur said, "I was admiring the 'borders' that had been painted for a woodland scene. 'Yes,' said the painter, 'they are very delicate, and if you could support them by something suggestive in the orchestra, we could get a pretty effect.' I at once put into the score some delicate arpeggio work for the flutes and clarionets, and Beverley (the artist) was quite happy. The next day probably some such scene as this would occur. Mr. Sloman (the stage machinist) : 'That iron doesn't run as easily in the slot as I should like, Mr. Sullivan. We must have a little more music to carry her (Salvioni) across. I should like something for the 'cellos. Could you do it?'
"'Certainly, Mr. Sloman, you have opened a new path of beauty in orchestration,' I replied, gravely, and I at once added sixteen bars for the 'cello alone. No sooner was this done than a variation (solo dance) was required, at the last moment, for the second danseuse, who had just arrived. 'What on earth am I to do?' I said to the stage-manager; 'I haven't seen her dance yet, and know nothing of her style.' I'll see,' he replied, and took the young lady aside. In less than five minutes he returned. 'I've arranged it all,' he said. 'This is exactly what she wants' — giving it to me rhythmically — 'Tiddle-iddle-um, tiddle-iddle-um, rum-tirum-tirum, sixteen bars of that ; then rum-tum rum-tum, heavy, you know, sixteen bars and then finish up with the overture to "William Tell" last movement, sixteen bars, and coda.'" With a celerity which he has equalled on many occasions at a much later date, the composer wrote the necessary quantity of "that," and it was in process of rehearsal in less than a quarter of an hour.
But the rapidity with which Sir Arthur Sullivan works is indeed surprising when one recollects the power, originality, and beauty of the result. His first opera, "Contrabandista," was composed, scored, and rehearsed within sixteen days from the time he received the libretto. The overture to "Iolanthe" was commenced at 9 p.m. and finished at 7 a.m. the next morning. That to "The Yeomen of the Guard "— the opera which is now running merrily as a revival at the Savoy — was composed and scored in twelve hours; whilst the epilogue to the "Golden Legend," which for dignity, breadth, and power — as a well-known critic once stated — stands out from amongst any of his choral examples, was composed and scored within twenty-four hours. Apart from the creative part of the work, such manual dexterity is indeed almost incredible.
Sir Arthur told me that, although "The Mikado" and "Pinafore" would probably receive the popular vote, "The Yeomen of the Guard" was his own favourite work in light opera, because the story told is of more sustained and dramatic interest, and afforded him better opportunity for more sentimental and serious work.
Amusing stories are related of the rage which "Pinafore" created everywhere, although curiously enough it went very slowly at first. The rage extended to America, and in a newspaper of the time there is a notice to the effect that in one city alone a hundred thousand barrel-organs were built to play nothing but "Pinafore"! "What, never? Well, hardly ever!" became a catch phrase of the most fearful type. One distracted editor found himself compelled to forbid the use of the phrase by his staff on pain of instant dismissal. "It has occurred twenty times in as many articles in yesterday's edition," he sorrowfully said to them on one occasion. "Never let me see it used again!" "What, never?" was the wholly unanimous question. "Well, hardly ever," replied the wretched man.
This popularity, however, has not been confined to this country and America, for most of the operas have been translated and performed all over the world. I have been told amusing stories - which would not be germane to this interview - of the difficulties which the different translators have found in rendering some of the Gilbertian phrases into their own language, but happily music needs no translation and the quips and cranks, the catchy melodies, the amazingly clever orchestral effects with which lovers of Sullivan music are familiar, are a source of delight in all nations where music is understood and appreciated.
With regard to the illustrations which accompany this article, many of them portraits from one of his albums, there are two — both of them "groups" — which may need some little explanation. In one of them — "The Canterbury Pilgrims" — there are three figures. On the left is the late Fred Clay, the well-known composer; the centre figure is that of the Honourable Seymour Egerton, then known as Sim Egerton, now Lord Wilton, described by Sir Arthur as the ablest amateur musician in England. He is very happily attired in flannels, straw hat, and is fortified by the possession of a useful-looking umbrella whilst on the right is Mr. Arthur Sullivan, looking, perhaps, the most cheerfully negligent of the trio.
"We were portion of the wandering minstrels," Sir Arthur exclaimed, with an amused smile, as he gazed on the photo. "They were all amateurs, and I had no business there, but I was called upon to make up what was wanting, and my duty was to play the harmonium."
The other group is not less interesting, and is even yet more amusing. The distinguished people who sat for the picture gave a performance of Haydn's "Toy Symphony," at St James's Hall, 1880, under the presidency of Lady Folkestone, on behalf of a charity. It will be observed that Sir John Stainer played the triangle, Signor Randegger the drum (for which he was wholly unsuited), Messrs. Santley and Blumenthal the violin and rattle respectively, whilst Sir Arthur, in the foreground, holds an instrument with which, at stated intervals, he simulated the note of the cuckoo. Among other well-known faces are those of Sir Julius Benedict, Frederic H. Cowen, Wilhelm Ganz, Sir Joseph Barnby, August Manns, and Carl Rosa.
It should be added that the fact that the worthy conductor, Mr. Leslie, took the matter very seriously added much to the zest which the performers threw into their duties. However great may have been the humour of the thing, the affair was, aided by the presence of the Princess of Wales, a tremendous success, and there is no doubt that the whole musical world, which was so well represented in the executants, as well as the charity, felt a good deal happier for the performance.
Sir Arthur remarked that he found that work first and physical exercise afterwards was the natural order of things, and that it was impossible to reverse the process. "I find my best recreation in rest," he remarked, "and when I can spare the time I like to come down here, walk about the garden and read, varying this with a certain amount of brisker exercise, boating and so on, and occasionally indulging in a game of billiards, whist, or bzique.
"I can always read and re-read Thackeray's works," Sir Arthur told me, "whilst there are certain books of Dickens which I have read over and over again. I never get tired of his humour, but I do get tired of his sentiment. 'Pickwick' always seems fresh to me and this is true of 'Pendennis', 'Vanity Fair,' and 'The Newcomes.'" Sir Arthur told me that whilst he appreciated "Ouida's" word-pictures he detested the artificiality of her style. "Bret Harte I love," Sir Arthur added, "and when I travelled in California I realized the marvellous truth of his pictures both in regard to scenery and character." Speaking of other contemporary writers, Sir Arthur told me that he liked "healthy novels." Pressed for a definition, he instanced the work of Conan Doyle, Stanley Weyman, and Anthony Hope.
When speaking of the progress which Great Britain has made as a musical nation — she is now certainly the most appreciative musical nation in the world ; and although Sir Arthur would be the last man to allude to it, it is a progress which has been contemporaneous with his own career — "Yes," he remarked, "Great Britain is easily first in many ways — in the possession, for instance, of the greatest singers, and the best chorus singing. Nowhere can you get such a public for oratorios, whilst all-round executant ability has reached a very high standard ; but during the last twenty years music has been treated with a respect which it did not receive in my earlier days. When I first came back from Germany, there was hardly anyone who could sing a good song, and if you did find such a one, he or she was not listened to. The attempt to sing a song in a drawing-room was the signal for general conversation. This state of things has now passed away. Everywhere you find people who know how to play and how to sing, and what is more important, people who know how to listen."
Sir Arthur has already started on a new opera, the libretto of which will be by Messrs. Comyns Carr and Arthur Pinero. No date, of course, has been fixed, and it would be quite premature to say anything more, but Sir Arthur has already received the first installment of the libretto.
Lawrence, Arthur H. “Illustrated Interviews LVI – Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan.” Strand Magazine 14.84 (Dec. 1897) 649-658.
Page modified 24 November, 2011 Copyright © 2011 The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive All Rights Reserved.
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In a process that does away with more expensive methods, scientists from the University of Illinois at Chicago have been able to convert waste carbon dioxide into syngas (synthetic gas) which is a precursor of gasoline and other fuels.
In other similar chemical-reduction systems, the only reaction product is carbon monoxide. The new catalyst produces syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide plus hydrogen.
This is a big step towards industrialisation, the team said as it uses inexpensive materials to convert a waste gas like carbon dioxide to produce a fuel.
They did this by developing a unique two-step catalytic process that uses molybdenum disulfide and an ionic liquid to "reduce," or transfer electrons, to carbon dioxide in a chemical reaction. The new catalyst improves efficiency and lowers cost by replacing expensive metals like gold or silver in the reduction reaction.
The study was published in the journal Nature Communications on July 30.
The abundance of mobile electrons in molybdenum disulfide allows charge transfer, which results in reduction of carbon dioxide. The stable reaction can go on for hours.
The catalyst does not require any prompter or help from the host materials to get started on the reaction.
Unlike in the case of silver and gold, where catalytic activity is determined by structure of host material, with molybdenum disulfide the scientists had only to tinker with the edge structures to get better performance.
The proportion of carbon monoxide to hydrogen in the syngas produced in the reaction can also be easily manipulated using the new catalyst.
"Our whole purpose is to move from laboratory experiments to real-world applications. This is a real breakthrough that can take a waste gas — carbon dioxide — and use inexpensive catalysts to produce another source of energy at large-scale, while making a healthier environment," one of the scientists said.
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Azkoyen has developed and patented Distance Selection technology for their automatic machines, which allows the user to obtain the products without having any contact with the surface of the machine, adding safety and hygiene to the purchasing process.
The mechanical push-button or touch-screen panels on vending machines, are now being replaced by new technologies that work remotely, such as the Distance Selection technology featured in Azkoyen Group machines. Thanks to this, the user can select the product they want from a distance of up to 2 centimetres from the surface of the selection panel as shown in this video .
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Yes, now you can visit Little Bighorn and Gettysburg without leaving the comfort and safety of your home or office. As much as I love this stuff, these webcams didn’t hold my attention for too long. Now, if they’d had these cameras up during the fighting. . .
Monthly Archives: August 2008
Last night Book TV re-aired a three-hour interview with the late Shelby Foote, filmed in the study of his Memphis home. (It’s available online here.) I’d already seen it and didn’t intend to watch it again, but after a few minutes I was hooked. Of course, Foote made his living by hooking people with his stories, but I found the viewers who called in as interesting as Foote himself.
To me, “writer” and “author” have different connotations. The term “writer” connotes an artist whose medium is language, while “author” connotes an expert, an “authority.” Most of the callers approached Foote as the latter. A great many addressed him as “Dr. Foote,” and there were a lot of the big questions that professional historians tackle: What happened to the soldiers after 1865? How would you assess Hood’s generalship?
Many professional historians, of course, have criticized Foote heavily; historians are as jealous of their guild as any other professionals. I believe their anger is misplaced. Foote never pretended to be anything but what he was: a writer who happened to write about the Civil War, in which he had an intense interest and about which he knew a great deal. By titling his three-volume work The Civil War: A Narrative, he deflected the charges of pretension that so many have leveled at him. One caller, in fact, noted that Foote was more properly a storyteller in the Homeric mold than a scholar, and Foote thanked him for the compliment.
I remarked that Foote fielded a lot of big questions during the program. What was really remarkable, though, was the fact that no question was too small to be asked. A surprisingly large number of callers wanted to know where to find information about ancestors who served in the war. Some asked about connections between the war and their communities. People considered Foote an authority, but an approachable one. His success as a historian wasn’t in spite of his status as a writer, but because of it.
Today there are few historians who have both the authority’s expertise and the writer’s talent. David Hackett Fischer is one of them; James McPherson is another. Until there are more, the people who have the most impact on the public’s understanding of history will be the storytellers of the page and the screen who can connect with hearts and minds. Foote did it better than most, and I think his standing as both authority and writer was well-deserved.
(The photo is from the Mississippi Writers Page of the University of Mississippi’s English Department, a great source of information about Foote.)
What’s the only thing worse than a new chain store in a rural area? A new chain store in a rural area that’s also the site of a significant battlefield. Wal-Mart has the Wilderness in their sights. John Maass has some of the details. Luckily, the Civil War Preservation Trust is gearing up for the fight. Visit their website and find out how you can help.
The AP has just released a story about some significant finds at Jamestown, including a rare contemporary depiction of a Powhatan Indian. Check out this Virginia news site for details and a slide show.
I’ve been looking up early American course syllabi recently to see if I’m on track with my ideas for teaching a colonial course this fall. Not long ago I ran across a website with teaching resources, including a list of films dealing with early American history.
For reasons I’ve never understood, the Revolution hasn’t fared well on the silver screen. There are a few period films that I enjoy watching. 1776 remains a personal favorite of mine, because it helps restore some of the suspense and urgency that two and a half centuries have worn away from the debate over independence. I’ve also got to confess that I’m a fan of The Patriot. It’s a compelling story told well, and it focuses on the critical war in the South, even if it plays fast and loose with the facts. A&E’s made-for-TV films The Crossing and Benedict Arnold: A Queston of Honor also deserve an honorable mention. I haven’t seen HBO’s Adams miniseries yet, but I’ve heard some great feedback. Still, the Revolutionary War can’t match the Civil War or WWII in terms of number and quality of film adaptations.
This hasn’t always been the case. As the filmography at the above website shows, the Revolutionary War was a pretty popular subject during the infancy of moving pictures. From the early 1900’s to the 1920’s, filmmakers were turning out Revolutionary War stories at a surprisingly high rate. Similar projects often appeared close to the same time: Paul Revere and Nathan Hale were both popular subjects in the 1910’s, and Francis Marion got his own film in 1911 and again in 1914.
It’s clear that moviemakers were interested in the Revolution from the first days of putting stories on film. It’s also clear that interest in making Revolutionary War films didn’t keep up with this initial burst of enthusiasm.
There are a lot of stories from the War of Independence I’d like to see on the screen, but it doesn’t look like it’s happening anytime soon. Countingdown.com lists quite a few WWII movies in the works, but I couldn’t find any Revolutionary War-related projects in any genre. Maybe the current Founding Fathers craze will bring more filmmakers around.
John Maass has decided to discontinue his blog, A Student of History. Since Dr. Maass has done some interesting work on the Revolution in the South, I followed his blog with interest and I’m sorry to see it go. One of his projects was a study of the Battle of Camden, and oddly enough, the 228th anniversary is tomorrow.
(Tip of the hat to Wikimedia for the Camden engraving.)
Gettysburg National Military Park Superintendent John Latschar isn’t taking all the uproar over the new Museum and Visitor Center lying down. Check out his thoughtful response to the critics, to which Kevin Levin refers over at his Civil War Memory blog.
Latschar’s remarks underscore the importance of audience and aims. A visitor center at a major site like Gettysburg can’t cater solely to hardcore experts. To do so would be a dereliction of duty. I think it’s perfectly valid to question whether or not the NPS achieved its goal of educating the average visitor, but to question whether that goal itself its valid misses the point of museum exhibits and of historic sites in general.
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Virtually every piece of sushi made in America uses California rice. Its starchy grains offer just the right consistency.
"It holds together better," said chef Taro Arai, whose Mikuni restaurants in Northern California use more than 2,500 pounds a day of rice; the fresher, the better. "You need it starchy. Long-grain rice, you can never make a roll with it. California grows a variety that's exactly what we want."
More than 95 percent of California's rice crop grows within 100 miles of Sacramento, with rice covering more than 580,000 acres.
Most of this crop is marketed as Calrose, the name of the medium-grain variety that formed the foundation for the state's $1.8 billion rice industry. The bulk of the crop will be exported to Japan, Taiwan, Korea and the Middle East.
While fresh, or "new crop," rice represents a premium product in Japan, American consumers are just learning about its subtle differences in texture and taste.
"It's just totally different," Arai said. "It's so shiny. It cooks differently; it needs a little less water because it contains more moisture. It has its own taste. I just can't wait for it every year."
As with many California crops in 2011, rice harvest started about three weeks late, delayed by a cool summer. Recent storms put another crimp in the harvest schedule: Heavy machinery can't navigate muddy fields.
Read the complete story at mercedsunstar.com
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|The only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. --Steve Jobs|
How to Find Your Purpose and Do What You Love--by Maria Popova, syndicated from brainpickings.org, Apr 22, 2012
Why prestige is the enemy of passion, or how to master the balance of setting boundaries and making friends.
“Find something more important than you are,” philosopher Dan Dennett once said in discussing the secret of happiness,“and dedicate your life to it.” But how, exactly, do we find that? Surely, it isn’t by luck. I myself am a firm believer in the power of curiosity and choice as the engine of fulfillment, but precisely how you arrive at your true calling is an intricate and highly individual dance of discovery. Still, there are certain factors — certain choices — that make it easier. Gathered here are insights from seven thinkers who have contemplated the art-science of making your life’s calling a living.
Every few months, I rediscover and redevour Y-Combinator founder Paul Graham’s fantastic 2006 article, How to Do What You Love. It’s brilliant in its entirety, but the part I find of especial importance and urgency is his meditation on social validation and the false merit metric of “prestige”:
What you should not do, I think, is worry about the opinion of anyone beyond your friends. You shouldn’t worry about prestige. Prestige is the opinion of the rest of the world.
Prestige is like a powerful magnet that warps even your beliefs about what you enjoy. It causes you to work not on what you like, but what you’d like to like.
Prestige is just fossilized inspiration. If you do anything well enough, you’ll make it prestigious. Plenty of things we now consider prestigious were anything but at first. Jazz comes to mind—though almost any established art form would do. So just do what you like, and let prestige take care of itself.
Prestige is especially dangerous to the ambitious. If you want to make ambitious people waste their time on errands, the way to do it is to bait the hook with prestige. That’s the recipe for getting people to give talks, write forewords, serve on committees, be department heads, and so on. It might be a good rule simply to avoid any prestigious task. If it didn’t suck, they wouldn’t have had to make it prestigious.”
More of Graham’s wisdom on how to find meaning and make wealth can be found in Hackers & Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age.
Alain de Botton, modern philosopher and creator of the“literary self-help genre”, is a keen observer of the paradoxes and delusions of our cultural conceits.
In The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work, he takes his singular lens of wit and wisdom to the modern workplace and the ideological fallacies of “success.”
His terrific 2009 TED talk offers a taste:
One of the interesting things about success is that we think we know what it means. A lot of the time our ideas about what it would mean to live successfully are not our own. They’re sucked in from other people. And we also suck in messages from everything from the television to advertising to marketing, etcetera. These are hugely powerful forces that define what we want and how we view ourselves. What I want to argue for is not that we should give up on our ideas of success, but that we should make sure that they are our own. We should focus in on our ideas and make sure that we own them, that we’re truly the authors of our own ambitions. Because it’s bad enough not getting what you want, but it’s even worse to have an idea of what it is you want and find out at the end of the journey that it isn’t, in fact, what you wanted all along.”
Cartoonist Hugh MacLeod is as well-known for his irreverent doodles as he is for his opinionated musings on creativity, culture, and the meaning of life. In Ignore Everybody: and 39 Other Keys to Creativity, he gathers his most astute advice on the creative life. Particularly resonant with my own beliefs about the importance of choices is this insight about setting boundaries:
16. The most important thing a creative person can learn professionally is where to draw the red line that separates what you are willing to do, and what you are not.
Art suffers the moment other people start paying for it. The more you need the money, the more people will tell you what to do. The less control you will have. The more bullshit you will have to swallow. The less joy it will bring. Know this and plan accordingly.”
Later, MacLeod echoes Graham’s point about prestige above:
28. The best way to get approval is not to need it.
This is equally true in art and business. And love. And sex. And just about everything else worth having.”
After last year’s omnibus of 5 timeless books on fear and the creative process, a number of readers rightfully suggested an addition: Lewis Hyde’s 1979 classic, The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World, of which David Foster Wallace famously said, “No one who is invested in any kind of art can read The Gift and remain unchanged.”
In this excerpt, originally featured here in January, Hyde articulates the essential difference between work and creative labor, understanding which takes us a little closer to the holy grail of vocational fulfillment:
Work is what we do by the hour. It begins and, if possible, we do it for money. Welding car bodies on an assembly line is work; washing dishes, computing taxes, walking the rounds in a psychiatric ward, picking asparagus — these are work. Labor, on the other hand, sets its own pace. We may get paid for it, but it’s harder to quantify… Writing a poem, raising a child, developing a new calculus, resolving a neurosis, invention in all forms — these are labors.
Work is an intended activity that is accomplished through the will. A labor can be intended but only to the extent of doing the groundwork, or of not doing things that would clearly prevent the labor. Beyond that, labor has its own schedule.
There is no technology, no time-saving device that can alter the rhythms of creative labor. When the worth of labor is expressed in terms of exchange value, therefore, creativity is automatically devalued every time there is an advance in the technology of work.”
Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has a term for the quality that sets labor apart from work: flow — a kind of intense focus and crisp sense of clarity where you forget yourself, lose track of time, and feel like you’re part of something larger. If you’ve ever pulled an all-nighter for a pet project, or even spent 20 consecutive hours composing a love letter, you’ve experienced flow and you know creative labor.
In his now-legendary 2005 Stanford commencement address, an absolute treasure in its entirety, Steve Jobs makes an eloquent case for not settling in the quest for finding your calling — a case that rests largely on his insistence upon the power of intuition:
Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking. Don’t settle. As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don’t settle.”
Robert Krulwich, co-producer of WNYC’s fantastic Radiolab, author of the ever-illuminating Krulwich Wonders and winner of a Peabody Award for broadcast excellence, is one of the finest journalists working today. In another great commencement address, he articulates the infinitely important social aspect of loving what you do — a kind of social connectedness far more meaningful and genuine than those notions of prestige and peer validation.
You will build a body of work, but you will also build a body of affection, with the people you’ve helped who’ve helped you back. This is the era of Friends in Low Places. The ones you meet now, who will notice you, challenge you, work with you, and watch your back. Maybe they will be your strength.
If you can… fall in love, with the work, with people you work with, with your dreams and their dreams. Whatever it was that got you to this school, don’t let it go. Whatever kept you here, don’t let that go. Believe in your friends. Believe that what you and your friends have to say… that the way you’re saying it — is something new in the world.”
You might recall The Holstee Manifesto as one of our 5 favorite manifestos for the creative life, an eloquent and beautifully written love letter to the life of purpose. (So beloved is the manifesto around here that it has earned itself a permanent spot in the Brain Pickings sidebar, a daily reminder to both myself and you, dear reader, of what matters most.)
This is your life. Do what you love, and do it often. If you don’t like something, change it. If you don’t like your job, quit. If you don’t have enough time, stop watching TV. If you are looking for the love of your life, stop; they will be waiting for you when you start doing things you love.”
The Holstee Manifesto is now available as a beautiful letterpress print, a 5×7greeting card printed on handmade paper derived from 50% elephant poo and 50% recycled paper, and even a baby bib — because it’s never too early to instill the values of living from passion.
This article is reprinted with permission from Maria Popova. She is a cultural curator and curious mind at large, who also writes for Wired UK, The Atlantic and Design Observer, and is the founder and editor in chief of Brain Pickings (which offers a free weekly newsletter). More from Maria on DailyGood: 7 Must-Read Books on Education 7 Ways to Have More by Owning Less Where Children Sleep: A Poignant Photo Series The Neuropsychology of "Don't Worry, Be Happy"
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Are you looking for songs from a specific Spanish-speaking country? Want to use music to engage your students in the culture of the Spanish-speaking world? The Zambombazo website offers a new tool for navigating its many song-based resources. Pins on a map represent songs from different places in the Spanish-speaking world. Click on a pin to go to a place; then click on an image to select a song and to go to teaching materials associated with that song.
Mapa musical is available at http://zachary-jones.com/zambombazo/mapa-musical
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This documentation is for an old version of IPython. You can find docs for newer versions here.
Sphinx directive to support embedded IPython code.
This directive allows pasting of entire interactive IPython sessions, prompts and all, and their code will actually get re-executed at doc build time, with all prompts renumbered sequentially. It also allows you to input code as a pure python input by giving the argument python to the directive. The output looks like an interactive ipython section.
To enable this directive, simply list it in your Sphinx conf.py file (making sure the directory where you placed it is visible to sphinx, as is needed for all Sphinx directives).
By default this directive assumes that your prompts are unchanged IPython ones, but this can be customized. The configurable options that can be placed in conf.py are
The string to represent the IPython prompt in the generated ReST. The default is ‘Out [%d]:’. This expects that the line numbers are used in the prompt.
An embedded IPython instance to run inside Sphinx
process block from the block_parser and return a list of processed lines
Process data fPblock for COMMENT token.
# build out an image directive like # .. image:: somefile.png # :width 4in # # from an input like # savefig somefile.png width=4in
Process data block for INPUT token.
process the input, capturing stdout
Process data block for OUTPUT token.
content is a list of strings. it is unedited directive conent
This runs it line by line in the InteractiveShell, prepends prompts as needed capturing stderr and stdout, then returns the content as a list as if it were ipython code
Saves the image file to disk.
part is a string of ipython text, comprised of at most one input, one ouput, comments, and blank lines. The block parser parses the text into a list of:
blocks = [ (TOKEN0, data0), (TOKEN1, data1), ...]
where TOKEN is one of [COMMENT | INPUT | OUTPUT ] and data is, depending on the type of token:
COMMENT : the comment string INPUT: the (DECORATOR, INPUT_LINE, REST) where DECORATOR: the input decorator (or None) INPUT_LINE: the input as string (possibly multi-line) REST : any stdout generated by the input line (not OUTPUT) OUTPUT: the output string, possibly multi-line
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Working with Irrationality
- The psychiatric tourist. // Psychology Today;Mar/Apr96, Vol. 29 Issue 2, p10
Focuses on koro, the delusion that one's genitals are receding into the body. Correlation with particular locales; Cultural issues; Symptoms.
- On delusions. Sass, Louis A. // Raritan;Spring90, Vol. 9 Issue 4, p121
Considers in detail the nature of reality testing in the delusions of the paranoid schizophrenic Daniel Paul Schreber, the famous and influential patient in the history of psychiatry. How the psychoanalytic schools have interpreted poor reality testing; American Psychiatric Association's...
- Corrections:. // Christianity Today;Jan2008, Vol. 52 Issue 1, p13
Two corrections to the articles published in previous issues are presented, including the review of the book "The Dawkins Delusion," published in November 2007 issue, and the capital city of Sierra Leone, in the December issue.
- Delusions. Young, A. W. // Monist;Oct99, Vol. 82 Issue 4, p571
Attempts to answer the question of whether delusions should be considered false beliefs. Concept of delusions; Capgras and Cotard delusions; View that delusions reflect normal reasoning; Cognitive neuropsychiatry.
- The Capgras Delusion: A Critique of Its Psychodynamic Theories. Sinkman, Arthur M. // American Journal of Psychotherapy;Jul1983, Vol. 37 Issue 3, p428
Critiques the psychodynamic theory of the Capgras delusion. Explanation based on the findings in a large series of schizophrenics with the characteristic delusion; Adduction of the central issue to be the patient's loss of a stable and consistent sense of self-representation.
- Delusional depression after infectious mononucleosis. White, P.D.; Lewis, S.W. // British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition);7/11/1987, Vol. 295 Issue 6590, p97
Examines the development of delusional depression after infectious mononucleosis. Rarity of delusional depression; Correlation between the premorbid postviral fatigue and onset of depression; Mediation of delusional depression through encephalopathy.
- content-specific delusion. // Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (2009);2009, Issue 21, p514
A definition of the term "content-specific delusion" is presented.
- delusion. // Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (2009);2009, Issue 21, p598
A definition of the term "delusion," which refers to a false belief caused by no appropriate external stimulation, is presented.
- delusional. // Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (2009);2009, Issue 21, p598
A definition of the term "delusional," which refers to a delusion, is presented.
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Viking Jewelry, Page 2
|Page 2 of 3 |
Dragon boats and various ships are very popular nordic motifs for Viking jewelry.
Avalon's Treasury - Jewelry, Gems & Minerals
| Nordic Crosslet - Pendant |
According to old belief purity and spirituality are symbolized by this Nordic crosslet.
| Nordic Knot - Pendant |
A Nordic Knot combined with a perfect circle attracts lucky love and friendship.
| Northern Star - Pendant |
Goal-directedness and permanence is granted by this pendant symbolizing the Northern Star.
| Odin's Magic Sword - Pendant |
This magic sword belonged to the god Odin and grants protection while traveling.
| Odin's Mask - Pendant |
Godfather Odin's Mask shown on this Viking pendant stands for craftiness and secrecy.
| Pentagram of Brisingamen - Pendant |
The Pentagram of Birsingamen belonged to the goddess Freya and grants unfailing charm.
| Pentagram with Runes - Pendant |
According to old belief the Viking pentagram with runes fulfills your secret wishes.
| Ring of Heavens - Pendant |
The Viking ring of heavens boosts progress in life and improves leadership abilities.
| Roving Longboat - Pendant |
This talisman depicting a roving longboat grants protection on the ocean of life.
| Runestar Pentagram - Pendant |
The unique Runestar forming this pentagram is able to improve your creative inspiration.
| Snakes of Urnes - Pendant |
These Viking snakes from a rune stone in Urnes symbolize skillfulness and ingenuity.
| Sun Wheel - Pendant, small |
This pendant displays the sun wheel of Nordic belief ensuring prosperity and plenty.
| Sword of Jotun - Pendant |
The Sword of Jotun bestows invincibility and forces all adversaries to be honest.
| Thor's Dog - Pendant |
Thor's dog will protect from danger and bad luck and brings financial prosperity.
| Thor's Hammer - Pendant with blue Glass Crystals |
Thor's mighty hammer symbolized by this Celtic knot pattern shields from dangers.
| Thor's Hammer - Pendant with red Glass Crystal |
According to Nordic belief Thor's Hammer grants inner strength, courage and success.
| Thor's Hammer - Pendant, Pewter, large |
Success in business is granted by this pendant showing the mighty Thor's Hammer.
| Thor's Hammer - Pendant, Pewter, small |
Thor's Hammer with Nordic runes is displayed by this pendant granting inner strength.
|Legal Notice: |
Schneitler & Weiss GbR
Waldstr. 14, 83395 Freilassing, Germany
Tel.: +49 (0)8654 457 9623 1, Fax: +49 (0)8654 457 9623 9
Dr. Clemens Schneitler and Dr. Christian Weiss
Tax ID: 105/176/40803, VAT identification number in
accordance with § 27 a VAT Act: DE230625103
Information about the Online Dispute Resolution Platform: The EU commission has created an internet platform for the extrajudicial settlement of disputes concerning contractual obligations between customers and merchants arising from online contracts (the so-called "ODR platform") which is accessible via the following link: http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/odr
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All rights reserved.
All images, text and design of this web site are fully protected by federal and international copyright laws. If you want to use features of this site please contact the site owner who will help you to get in touch with the respective copyright owner or right holder.
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Jewelry, Gems & Minerals
You can also download the collection "Viking Jewelry" as a printable catalogue if you want to order by fax or mail:
We were always fascinated by pieces of jewelry designed according to historical artwork and magical and other old motifs are a main area of our jewelry collection until today. Nowadays we all are surrounded by designs and motifs from all over the world which we usually choose according to visual aspects without considering the original meaning and symbolism of the various depictions. For sure the beauty of the different designs and materials is a good reason for selecting them but the affinity to a special piece of jewelry or art craft can be enhanced if one knows its deeper meaning and its origin. For this reason we always placed value on the accurate representation and information explaining the various pieces of jewelry in our collection.
Since the beginning of mankind jewelry served several different purposes. Already before the invention of money it was for example used as a kind of currency, as a status symbol or as a valuable asset that even could be passed on to future generations. Many pieces of jewelry also had a functional purpose like it is the case with fastenings for clothes, safety pins and belt buckles. However, at a more spiritual level the jewelry also had a symbolic meaning, showed the affiliation to and the status in a social group, and was worn for the protection from evil or simply to show one's own taste.
Since jewelry is such a diverse cultural asset the meaning of a given piece can depend on the point of view and beliefs of its creator. For example many cultures developed pieces of jewelry showing to others whether its wearer is married or single: In our Western world these are the wedding rings while in African countries e.g. special bracelets or necklaces are worn for this purpose. Whether we are talking about weddings jewelry or talismans and amulets that were used for protection - often the decorations and materials determine the symbolic meaning of a piece of jewelry.
Besides the various symbols and designs different cultures use for their pieces of jewelry also a variety of materials are deployed in jewelry production. At the beginning of mankind primarily pearls made of wood and bones and shells were crafted to pendants, since these rather soft materials could easily be processed and were readily available. Later on especially precious metals like gold and silver and various gems were used for valuable jewelry. Today the selection of materials available for the production of jewelry is especially large and various.
Also the piece of jewelry on this page http://www.aval
2.html shows a unique combination of material and symbolism. This is the information about our website and this page if you want to point to it:
- Website: Our short desription is "Webshop for Jewelry, Minerals & Gems"
- Page: Viking jewelry depicting various nordic dragons symbolizes inner power and overwhelming energy.
We feel committed to the historical development of jewelry and are especially interested in the meaning of old symbols and pieces of jewelry - therefore we try to constantly extend our range of jewelry with pieces that are unique in their beauty and meaning. Naturally we select fascinating designs from all cultures and epochs, so that everybody can find the piece of jewelry that appeals to him.
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What is skillet cornbread?
What exactly is skillet cornbread?Debates of Cornbread have sparked food fights across the nation. Some say Northern Cornbread is better, while the Southerners hold the title for Cornbread eating nation: they'll have it on the side of fried chicken, collard greens, bacon and eggs. Actually, on everything and anything that needs a side, cornbread is there!
Before getting into what skillet cornbread is, let's differentiate Cornbread from the South and the North of the United States. Northern Cornbread tends to be sweeter and combine both white and yellow cornmeal, while Southern Cornbread tends to be on the more savory side and mostly using white cornmeal. In the South, cornbread is treated more as a side than as a bread course and it's usually lower in height, with a more crumbly texture. The North differentiates because of the color, as well as the height; this cornbread is more like a moist cake than a side to collard greens and is typically served with whipped butter and honey.
Now, what is skillet cornbread? By technique, it is when cornbread batter is poured directly into a cast iron pan that has been heated, with bacon drippings or lard coating the inside.
When the cornbread batter is poured into this hot grease, a crust will start forming immediately. It is then placed in the oven to continue cooking and is done when the center is set and a golden crust is covering the top.
Bacon drippings are important, as this imparts flavor and texture. Butter can also be used but burns at a lower temperature. Save the drippings when you fry bacon in the fridge and add to the hot pan. You can also add bacon fat to the cornbread batter.
Southern bakers describe it as "Southern 'Manna' cooked in a cast iron skillet; moist with corn in the middle and cracklin' on top. Eat w/ Chili, BBQ, Pot Liquor," which makes it sound like the perfect accompaniment to any meal, Southern or not! You can grind your own cornmeal and even add fresh corn kernels to the batter for added texture and a pop of sweetness.
Make Whipped Honey Butter for Skillet Cornbread:
Purchase local honey and butter. Set the butter to warm at room temperature for an hour and when it is soft, but not melted, fold in 3 tablespoons of honey to a stick of butter. Add a pinch of salt and if you like heat, add some chopped jalapenos. Roll soft butter into a parchment paper roll and refrigerate until it is hardened. Serve over hot Skillet Cornbread.
Special Touches for Skillet Cornbread:
Add the following ingredients into the cornbread batter for a different, but still delicious, skillet cornbread:
* 1 chopped roasted red pepper
* 1 cup grated cheddar cheese
* 1 cup chopped bacon chunks, cooked
Serve alongside pulled pork, collard greens, or anything with a Southern twist. A perfect breakfast bread that would pair with eggs and sausages. Pour some gravy over everything and you are ready to start your day.
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On View: Cane Acres Plantation House, Dining Room, 4th Floor
Rosewood veneer, other woods, metal, printed paper and glass
2 3/4 x 10 3/4 x 3 1/8 in. (108.55 x 27.3 x 7.9 cm) (show scale)
Gift of Wunsch Foundation, Inc.
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J. Gall. Barometer, ca. 1835. Rosewood veneer, other woods, metal, printed paper and glass, 2 3/4 x 10 3/4 x 3 1/8 in. (108.55 x 27.3 x 7.9 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Wunsch Foundation, Inc., 1997.73. Creative Commons-BY (Photo: Brooklyn Museum, 1997.73_bw.jpg)
overall, 1997.73_bw.jpg. Brooklyn Museum photograph
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How effective is your online footprint? To find out, try searching your own business name online. Unless you’ve put a lot of effort and attention into building your online footprint, you’ll likely find a somewhat disjointed and misleading representation of your business in the search results. No, Google isn’t lying to you, but the results are likely not as good as you think.
The good news is that most businesses (including your competitors) don’t understand how to properly build their online footprint. The better news is that after reading this blog post you’ll be able to benefit from the power of the internet and be found more frequently by local customers looking for your services and products.
Put into action a plan that uses the four C’s that are the reality of getting found in local search.
Most businesses have an online footprint consisting of:
A well-designed and comprehensive online footprint for your business should include detailed and up-to-date information about your business on a much larger number of leading reputable sites.
We’ve identified 25 high-value websites where most Canadian businesses should be listed. It’s the inability to invest the large amount of time needed to develop and execute a strategy that holds most businesses back from making the most of these high value sites.
Simply having your business on many different directories is not enough. Information such as your address, telephone number and written descriptions must be consistent across all platforms. This includes carefully chosen keywords that represent your services and products. Remember, potential customers likely won’t be typing your business name into search engines.
Search engines crawl the internet continuously in order to piece together clues about your business. If this information is disjointed across the internet, chances are, search engines will become confused (or worse – suspicious) and your business may be buried in search results.
Care should also be taken to remove duplicate listings of your business on the same website(s). Duplicate listings can be the bane of your online existence. It’s a signal to both users and search engines that a business is not being careful about their communication. Duplicate listings can crop up due to a variety of reasons and can be time-consuming to fix.
A well-designed online footprint has all of its components working together. That is, its elements are properly linked to maximize effectiveness. Consistent information about your business that is available on a large number of reputable sites creates a trail that lead internet users and search engines to you.
A well-designed online footprint lays out clear paths allowing users and search engines to easily understand your business.
Managing your online footprint is not a one-time effort. Once upon a time, just putting up a good-looking website was enough to win online. Search engines have become much “smarter” in recent years. Not only will they judge a business by its size, consistency and accuracy on the internet, they will also evaluate a business’ relevance by checking how recently business information was updated or refreshed. Businesses that tend to actively update their online information tend to remain at the top of search.
Many online directories strive to maintain up-to-date information by allowing anyone to edit information about any business. While this does keep its content “fresh”, over time, it can also cause errors to occur.
Creating and managing an online footprint that is comprehensive, consistent, connected and current is a time-consuming endeavour. By carefully implementing these 4 C’s, you’ll benefit from the power of the internet and be found more frequently by local customers looking for your services and products.
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Sunday, September 27, 2009
In the name of God: One, Holy, and Living. Amen.
It’s been fascinating to me to discover just how many of my sermons here lately have a beginning – whether spoken or unspoken – that is somehow related to the social networking tool, Facebook.
This sermon began as a “status update” that I began seeing on a few friends’ pages. The status update is a little box where you can type what you’re doing, or some quote that strikes you or expresses you, or some kind of conversation starter.
My status update yesterday was, “Whew!! Finally found the [LSU] Tigers on TV! It’s sometimes tough to be in exile!” It was a way for me to claim my heritage in a strange land, and a way to reach out to my people back home over a shared experience. So a status update can really be anything.
Lately, I’ve been seeing a debate emerging on a few of my friends’ status updates. It’s an update of the “conversation starter” variety. It says, simply, “Indiscriminate inclusivity or Discriminating exclusivity, which do you prefer?”
Think about it. If you only had the two choices, which would be more desirable? Would you want to be inclusive if it meant that you had to include absolutely everybody? Might it be easier if you could pick and choose just a little?!
We certainly tend to value our inclusiveness. In this parish in particular, we are proud of the fact that we welcome everyone. If you go to our parish website, one of the first things you will see is a welcome. You don’t have to click anywhere. It’s right there, below the “Come, Grow, Celebrate” banner. “Absolutely everyone is welcome in this place!” That’s a quote. There’s even an exclamation point on the end! We’re trying to say that we really mean it!
But it’s not just a Christian value – this valuing of inclusiveness. We, as a nation, declare ourselves to be inclusive. We’re proud of our inclusiveness. In her poem, “The New Colossus”, Emma Lazarus describes the Statue of Liberty – that most powerful symbol of welcome – as the “Mother of Exiles”. On her tablet, Lazarus’ words are inscribed: “Give me your tired, your poor, /Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, /The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. /Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,…”.
They were Lazarus’ words. They became the words of that “Mother of Exiles”. And each of us, in our schools or in our families, was taught to make them our own. We were taught to take pride in the fact that we are a part of a country such as that – a land where all are welcome.
So the Facebook debate seems pretty simple, right? “Indiscriminate inclusivity or Discriminating exclusivity?” We’re Christian. We’re American. We value inclusiveness, so we should be inclusive. Moreover, we should demand it of others. It’s that simple.
The problem is, it’s not that simple.
As Americans, we’re not exactly as inclusive as Emma Lazarus had dreamed we might be. A wall is being built along our border with Mexico, because we seem to think we have enough of them. And though it’s looking like the policy may soon be changing, people who are HIV-positive have, for years, been denied the possibility of immigrating to, or even traveling to, the United States. We’re afraid that they might create a health crisis! (As if we didn’t already have one.) Even students from other countries who hope to come to the United States to further their educations must demonstrate financial viability by proving that they hold very large sums of money. We certainly wouldn’t want poor people getting stuck here. They might be a burden to us.
“Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free”? Well… Sure. So long as they’re not tired, or poor, or parts of huddled masses. We don’t want them!
Wherever there is a “we” or a “them” the ideal of inclusiveness wasn’t reached.
Christians also have a long history of struggling to adhere to our value of inclusiveness.
I remember one of the much talked about scandals of the Lambeth Conference last year: in the opening worship service in Canterbury Cathedral, many people were offended that the Bishops of the church were asked to sing that great hymn, “All Are Welcome”. The scandal there was two-fold. First, it was a ticketed Eucharist. Only those closest to the center of the Conference activities were allowed to attend. Those of us “on the fringes” of the event were politely uninvited. We most certainly were not welcome – despite whatever hymns might have been sung. But, perhaps more seriously, was the fact that Bishop Robinson, the Bishop of New Hampshire, had been politely uninvited from the Conference altogether. The pain of his exclusion was still raw for many of our Bishops, and fortunately, the irony of them being asked to sing that song at that time and place was not lost. The church could not sing of its inclusiveness in the midst of an act of exclusion without someone noticing.
With regard to those outside the fold, the exchange is telling: “John said to Jesus, ‘Teacher, we saw someone casting out demons in your name, and we tried to stop him, because he was not following us.’ But Jesus said, ‘Do not stop him; for no one who does a deed of power in my name will be able soon afterward to speak evil of me. Whoever is not against us is for us.”
So long as they’re not causing us harm, they are welcome. Even if they’re not following us, they’re helping us in their own way. We don’t need a monopoly. “All are welcome!”
The real discriminating, however, should happen within ourselves. Jesus instructs us to be always mindful of the ways that our own deeds can be a hindrance to the work of God. Though we are on the inside, it would be easy for us to cause either ourselves or others fall away from the fold.
It’s counterintuitive. Everything in the world tells us to “look out for number one”. We want to find ways to get ourselves included, but we are naturally given to being discriminating about who we’ll let in – either into ourselves or into our circles of influence. Jesus turns all that on its head.
The disciples were worried that their power would be diminished if it were indiscriminately shared. But Jesus knew the paradox – in sharing himself and his power, it could only grow. And so the same was true for the disciples just as it is true for each of us.
I’m reminded of one of my favorite quotes – I’ve probably used it here before, but it’s worth hearing again. Mother Theresa once said, “I have uncovered the paradox that if I love until it hurts, then there is no hurt – only more love.”
That’s the message of the Gospel. That’s the answer to the Facebook debate. That’s the discriminating inclusivity to which Christ calls us. Because it’s precisely in that openness to others that we find the living Christ. Amen.
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By Dina Jadallah
Now more than ever, it is necessary to state caveats when using words. In some cases, the caveats have expanded so greatly, that there is little space left for the original meaning.
Politically, this means that while some words and ideas refuse to die, they have become denuded of meaning and merely serve as tools of statecraft. Others are dead and buried but are then retrieved and presented as if they are still viable.
In an effort to wipe the lipstick off the proverbial pig, I’ll present a few examples of expired and expiring ideas in the Palestine-Israel conflict . Some of these ideas are blatantly dead. Everyone knows they’re dead. And yet the powers that be prop them up and use them as a means of controlling the population or as justification to conduct “negotiations,” also known as endless concessions.
These expired and expiring ideas are important because they are the tool by which “promises” are extracted and “binding agreements” are made. But how meaningful and representative are these “results”? The answers are crucial to the future of the Palestinian people.
Increasingly, and especially since Oslo, there has been a blurring of the lines between the PLO, Fatah, and the Palestinian Authority (PA). In theory, the PLO represents the Palestinian people. But the lack of specified boundaries allows a “back door” means of “representation.” This is the one that is approved by international power politics because it enables a representation, but of a totally different kind.
Thus, the Fatah-controlled Palestinian Authority (PA) (or sulta, i.e. control, rule, power, command) technically “represents” and “governs” the Palestinians. Yet the PA’s creation and continued existence are dependent on the political, military, and financial backing of non-Palestinian backers. Structurally and practically, the PA is unconcerned with Palestinians in the Diaspora or with Palestinian citizens of Israel.
While sulta implies government and representation, there is a corollary that is often ignored: and that is responsibility and hopefully, accountability. Neither seem to exist in application.
Take, for instance, an example that impinges on the very heart of the Palestinian struggle: land. There is a long list of house appropriations and demolitions that regularly happen in the West Bank and Jerusalem. (1) On 8/10/2009, al-Jazeera reported that Israel dropped leaflets on 13 houses in the Dahyeh part of Kafr Qalil village east of Nablus, informing their owners of intended house demolitions. The “reason” given is dubious at best. Israel claims that the houses fall in Area C (which according to the ill-fated Oslo Agreement of 1993 is under Israeli control even though, it is in the theoretically gestating Palestinian state, which so far is a false pregnancy!). The homeowners denied this, saying that their houses are in the municipality of Nablus which is in Area B, and that proof of this is that the municipality had extended services (water, electricity, etc…) to them years ago.
One can decry the unconscionable, inhumane, and racist behavior of this latest Israeli action. It is all those. But… What about the responsibility of the sulta (PA) to speak on behalf of these people and to defend them? Time after time, they are missing in action. One struggles in vain to find any meaningful protest and non-passive response by the PA against demolitions, land confiscation, Israeli army arrests of Palestinians in the West Bank, and many other “infringements” (to put it mildly) on the PA’s inchoate sovereignty. This raises the question of what the PA’s true function is? And that question is integral to the representation question. The answer should reveal whether the PA is actually dead or alive, from a Palestinian perspective.
This came to the fore at the 20-year delayed Sixth Fatah Organizational Conference in Bethlehem. The PA and its beneficiaries are trying to revive the PLO from its dead state in order to try and regain some relevance or legitimacy, not really for Palestinians, but for its ability to continue making concessions and negotiations in their name so that it may continue its policing role (the only part of “sulta” diligently implemented) on behalf of the occupier.
For many Palestinians, this has raised questions about the legitimacy of representation. Most prominent is why is the conference being held under occupation, with the occupier overseeing who is admitted and who is not? Imagine if the Resistance in Vichy France had held its organizational meetings in Berlin… Furthermore, was the venue chosen in order to allow Israel to enable the entry of only those Fatah delegates that were supportive of ‘Abbas and the endless “peace process?” How can any platform that is adopted be taken seriously given who formulated it, and under whose auspices was it deemed “acceptable”? Does any of this hullabaloo have any meaning or is it a manifestation of the expiring process of an almost expired institution?
Another example of where appearances betray reality is Mahmoud ‘Abbas’ presidency of the PA. Here a blatantly dead “legitimacy” is obvious but ignored. Power interests have yet to acknowledge the expiration of his term. He is still designated as the sole “speaker” for the Palestinian people and the only possible “peace partner.” What the Palestinian people think about the issue is immaterial.
The expired aspects of this situation are many. I will mention just a few that, had they occurred in most other parts of the world, would have been deemed shocking and unacceptable. Consider the idea that the occupier (and her backers) can dictate to the occupied not only who represents them but also what constitutes a valid subject of negotiation. Moreover, the occupier (and her backers) are maintaining the fiction of the constitutionality and legality of these dead institutions and their heads, in order to kill the original ostensible purpose for which they were created in the first place, i.e. the creation of a Palestinian state. In effect, the sulta (PA) is now officially and blatantly transformed (it has always been –but more surreptitiously) a tool with which to end al-muqawama , the Resistance to occupation in pursuit of liberation.
How else to explain Lt. General Keith Dayton, US security coordinator for Israel and the PA, who is now the commander of the “Palestinian National Security Forces,” which he is “transforming… into a gendarmerie,” and the one who dictates who, what, and where they fight.? This is the same Dayton, who in a lecture at the Washington Institute said that overseeing these forces are three intelligence outfits: the Mossad, the CIA, and the Jordanian Muhkhabarat. He also said that the focus is to eliminate nationalistic motivations and leanings, and to replace them with blind obedience to the execution of orders. (2)
How else to explain the training of Palestinian “security forces” in Jordan with the aim of adding seven more battalions (of 500 men each) to the original three? Dayton stated that “the Interior Ministry is the key to normalcy for Palestine.” So now, force and police control are the key to a normal Palestine, not liberation.
From a nationalistic and liberation movement perspective, the term sulta has died and now stands for a dying process. It now represents the hegemonic powers that created it and have since used it as a political and ideological tool of occupation and repression. When one reviews its history and “achievements” (dubious at best), one finds the invidious aim of killing resistance and transforming fundamental and inherent rights and objectives. This has narrowed the scope of debatable and negotiable “issues” to what is “realistic.” It has further functioned as a substitute policing arm and negotiating tool for the occupier. Ultimately, it has relieved Israel, the international community, and Arab governments of any and all responsibility for the plight of Palestinians.
But the simple fact that resistance persists is testimony to the expiring of the PA and its functions and is manifestation of the search for a true voice.
The Two State Solution
The dying PA is used to push for another obviously dead idea, but almost everyone with political power is trying to resurrect it: the two-state solution. This “solution,” deriving from Oslo, envisions the two respective states as ethno-nationalist entities. Taken to its ultimate conclusion, this “vision”/“solution” is fundamentally threatening to Palestinian citizens of Israel. Senator Mitchell, the American “peace” envoy was sent for the purpose of reviving the “peace process” and to insist on a two-state “solution” — that is mostly Israeli-dictated and is most probably going to be stillborn. Granted, the definition of the “state” is highly dubious. As Likud Information Minister, David Bar-Illan said (1996), “let them call it fried chicken…” This deformed and meaningless “state” may come, but only after all Arab states establish normal relations with Israel.
Even with all these pre-conditions and qualifications, the current Israeli government, whose interests are best served by it, is on-and-off rejecting it and trying to revive the so-called “Jordanian Option.”
Far from seeing this insistence on a “state” as a “rift” with Israel, it is in reality an act by the hegemon to reign in the potentially self-destructive behavior of its client state. And it is probably little more than a public relations response to unrealistic Israeli demands that had been presented as a decoy. Any retreat from these maximalist demands may then be presented to it’s enemies as a “concession” when in reality, it is a further infringement on and usurpation of fundamental Palestinian rights.
Proof of this is that Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Middle East Special Envoy George Mitchell as well as member of Congress are leading the charge and demanding an end to the boycott of Israel, open trade relations, visas for Israelis, and invitations to academic, professional, and sporting events. Recent statements by ‘Amr Mousa, head of the Arab League, demanding that Israel stop settlements in return for normalization, is indicative that Arab “states” are listening and obeying. Such a “demand” is in fact a huge retrogressive concession from previous Arab demands (and international UN resolutions) for Israeli withdrawal from Occupied Territories. Like the PA, in effect, the Arab League has been transformed from an institution of support for the Palestinian cause to an instrument of normalization with Zionism.
Moreover, the increasingly strident tone of Israeli demands – given expression by extremist far-right members of the Netanyahu government – may have been threatening to American designs and projects aimed at quashing Palestinian resistance. For instance, such statements put in jeopardy relations with Jordan, and the current quadrilateral arrangement overseen by Dayton whereby Jordan “trains” Palestinian forces, whose sole aim is to restore “security”, aka eliminate the resistance.
In the larger picture, it also threatened – at least rhetorically – the presentation of the Obama administration as more understanding towards regional issues. This posture of support for the forces of “moderation” as they are pitted against “extremists” was suddenly thrown a monkey wrench when “extremist” – or at least, not-said-in-polite-company – rhetoric started emerging from it key ally, the relationship with whom is “unshakable.”
Oslo’s putative aim, the two-state solution is also expiring for an ironic and counter-intuitive reason. Its creation, the PA and the attempts made to strengthen it, have actually weakened it. International funding has been used to build this policing/governing sulta, often the expense of building the bases of the emerging Palestinian state and economy. Much of this funding either ended up as salaries and pensions for redundant civil servants and “security” forces or was used for corrupt and clientelist purposes by those in power. Furthermore, this support that often derived from the enablers of the Occupation as well as from the Occupiers themselves, thus leading to loss of legitimacy. To add insult to injury, the sulta has been unable to attain a single political achievement after almost twenty years of “negotiations’.
And in a note of cognitive dissonance (or, perhaps the arrogance of power) Tel Aviv University’s War and Peace Index (May 2009, Profs. Ephraim Yaar and Tamar Hermann) indicates that while the majority (67%) of Israelis do not envision peace except within the two state solution formula, 52% of them oppose this solution if it entails “substantial” territorial concessions. The definition of what is “substantial” is pivotal. Considering that most Israelis oppose giving up any part of Jerusalem or dismantling settlements, especially “non-isolated” ones, i.e. the huge settlements in the West Bank, a “solution” that will be acceptable to the Palestinians is dead in the water.
The expired and expiring issues of representation, legitimacy and the two-state solution affect the future and viability of another term that is frequently repeated: democracy. Here is another concept that is so mutated when applied to the Middle East that it bears little resemblance to its origins in ancient Greece. When mentioned, it ought to be accompanied by a massive caveat emptor or parentheses to flag the “uniqueness” of its application in this context.
Critics of Zionism and its creation, Israel, have long objected not just to the usurpation and denial of the rights of Palestinians, but also to its inherent racism. Recently, this racism has been magnified.
The Israel Democracy Institute has come out with its annual Israeli Democracy Index Report on August 3, 2009. The focus of this year’s poll was on the attitudes and integration of Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union to Israel. Its findings revealed that newcomers were even more racist, a fact that does not bode well for those hoping for “peace” through “negotiations.” (3)
Apparently unaware of the irony, former Soviet Union immigrants (FSUI) overwhelmingly support, by 77%, promoting Arab emigration from Israel. Not that native Jewish Israelis are much more accepting of the Palestinian citizens in Israel: 47% support their emigration. (p. 65) Only 23% of them versus 33% of native Jews support Arab political parties in the Knesset. Furthermore, 73% of Israelis support the statement that a Jewish majority is necessary for making fateful decisions for the country. (This statement is indicative of support for stripping political rights from the Palestinian minority.) Considering that almost 20% of Israelis are Palestinian, that leaves only 7% of Jewish citizens who oppose this statement. In 2003, those who supported this statement were less, 62%. Thus, it is safe to say that most Jewish citizens do not support the participation of Palestinians in government or its decision-making. Also noteworthy is that 61% of those polled said they were dissatisfied with Israeli democracy.
One result that is indicative of cognitive dissonance and that has collective implications for citizens of Israel is that 74% of Israelis supported freedom of speech for everyone regardless of status while, at the same time, 58% of them also support that “a political speaker must be prohibited from voicing harsh criticism against the state of Israel. In 2003, only 48% of respondents agreed with that last statement.
And in what will have significant implications for the prospects of negotiations and “peace” going forward, 48% of the Jewish public is unwilling to evacuate the settlements (and 64% of FSUI). On the issue of Jerusalem there is hardly any difference in attitude between the left and the right among FSUI. Both are equally hawkish. (p 85) It is also interesting (and inauspicious) that when the Jewish respondents were broken down by political orientation into right , center, and left, that negative attitudes towards “Arabs” are high almost across the board, with one exception. (Among native Jews, the numbers with negative views of “Arabs” were 72%, 55%, and 32% respectively; and among FSUI, the numbers were 78%, 58%, and 59% respectively.) (p. 84)
Is it reasonable to assume that the prognosis for the condition of democracy is not good? Especially because Israel is a state that is built on ethnocentric and religious exclusivity and privilege? Is it really fair to blame the increase in racism on the influx of FSUI and on “Russian media” as the authors of the report say (p.65), given that the deterioration in the statistics has also occurred in the wider Jewish Israeli population?
Some might argue that the “threat” of the “demographic time bomb” that Israel is confronting might be the reason for rise in anti-Arab sentiment. But that argument is a tautology. It is racist in its very formulation. And it has pre-existed and persists after the large-scale arrival of FSUI that started in the 1990s.
Another popular “explanation” is the “existential” one frequently presented by Zionists regarding the “threats” and “attacks” that Israel confronts from “violent” “terrorist” Palestinians. But even here, one could counter with straightforward facts. For one, Palestinian attacks against Israel have actually decreased over the last few years, while Israeli attacks have increased. The facts are that multiples more Palestinians were killed and injured between the outbreak of the Second Intifada in September of 2000 until the end of 2008 than Israelis. According to the Palestine Red Crescent Society, 33,639 Palestinians were injured and 5,365 were killed during that time. And according to the Israeli Foreign Office, 8,341 Israelis were injured (these numbers include non-Israelis injured in the conflict, and also Israelis that were injured by non-Palestinians) while according to B’Tselem, 1,062 Israeli soldiers were killed.
Is the rise of racist attitudes attributable to a generational transition? Are present-day Israelis so used to tolerant and permissive American support that they feel no need to temper their language and their demands (let alone their assaults)? Or is it that the Arab states are now so detached from any semblance of responsibility for Palestinians, that they feel that there will be no repercussions?
Or is this rise in racism with all its pernicious and deadly effects on “democracy” the testimonial “fruit” from the separatist development policies and the segregated housing that the Israeli state has pursued vis-à-vis its Palestinian citizens?
Or can one argue that Israel’s inability to attain any of its goals in the Lebanon war of 2006 or its goals in its attack on Gaza in 2008-2009 have led to increased chest thumping on the part of the Israeli military establishment and political leaders, endless military “exercises,” and so forth, thereby feeding patriotic chauvinism?
These are only a few speculations about what may be behind the changes in attitudes as shown in the poll results. But the basis for racism remains the same. The ethnocentricity and exclusivity of Israel as it is currently constituted.
The above examples highlight the implosion of central concepts and institutions in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Many are either expired or expiring but are re-vivified in Frankenstein- form for the purposes of controlling Palestinians. It is time to ask if resuscitation is possible or even desirable…
– Dina Jadallah is an Arab-American writer, artist, and political science graduate. She is of Palestinian and Egyptian descent. She contributed this article to PalestineChronicle.com.
(1) According to Miftah.org, from 1967 to July 2008, 33,000 Palestinian homes were demolished since 1967. This form of collective punishment was originally used by the British mandate to quell resistance and was later pursued vigorously by the emerging Zionist state and then the state of Israel.
(2) See Washington Post. According to Dayton, the results of this partnership has “exceeded the most optimistic expectations.”
(3) The authors of the annual report attribute the immigrants’ anti-Arab attitudes to four factors. One, they argue that when they arrive, they learn that prejudice against Arabs is acceptable because “Arabs are a hostile group” and that being anti-Arab makes one a “true Israeli Jew.” Two, they argue that post-Soviet literature and culture feature an “enemy image” that splits a complex world into good versus bad. Third, that this is a displacement by the FSUI of responsibility and blame on the “other.” And fourth, that this reflects the “influence of Russian media” in Israel which shapes negative attitudes toward the Arab public. P. 65. In this writer’s opinion, the annual report itself displaces responsibility and blame from the Israeli state and its hardly benevolent views and treatment of its Palestinian citizens.
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New procedures could cut delays at Heathrow Airport
24th Oct 2013
Heathrow has published a final report on the Operational Freedoms trial which concludes that new procedures should be implemented to improve resilience for the benefit of passengers.
Heathrow operates at full capacity, so any disruption to schedules can lead to late-running flights, inconvenience for passengers and planes burning more fuel as they wait to land.
The Operational Freedoms trial was designed to understand whether a more flexible use of the airport’s runways, in specific circumstances, could minimise this disruption.
The final report concludes that, on balance, the trial delivered useful operational performance improvements in some areas.
While they did not provide benefits significant enough to facilitate recovery from the most severe episodes of disruption, they did help to mitigate against, and recover more quickly from, less serious disruptive events.
The report recommends that specific operational freedoms be integrated into standard procedures as soon as practically possible, the use of which should be subject to strict qualifying criteria:
TEAM (tactically enhanced arrivals measures): The use of both runways for arrivals when disruptive conditions prevail.
Early Vectors: Early vectoring procedures allow aircraft to leave the designated departure route earlier than usual, making it possible for the next aircraft to depart sooner. It is recommended that early vectoring is permitted for departures on any route when departure delays are likely to impact operations.
< Proactive Freedoms: Option to prioritise use of the southern runway for A380s, Terminal 4 aircraft and small/light wake vortex category aircraft for increased taxi and stand efficiency.
Matt Gorman, Heathrow’s director of sustainability, said: “The trials have shown that implementing these new procedures could help create a more punctual and efficient Heathrow.
“This would bring benefits for passengers and local residents alike by reducing late-running flights, and also benefits for the environment by reducing aircraft stacking and emissions.
“However, we recognise that there is a need to minimise other impacts on local communities and we will continue to work with HACAN and residents to achieve this.”
In 2011, the department of transport approved the Operational Freedoms trial to test mechanisms for reducing delays at the UK’s hub airport.
This included the use of both runways for arrivals and the use of both runways for departures, instead of the standard method of using one runway for arrivals and the other for departures.
Other trials included redirecting departures after take-off to achieve early separation and hence increase runway throughput and the increased use of the southern runway for A380 aircraft, small and light aircraft and Terminal 4 traffic.
Importantly, the trial was not designed to increase the number of flights at Heathrow, but to improve reliability for those already scheduled.
The government has invited the Airports Commission to review Heathrow’s report, as well as the CAA’s own analysis of the Operational Freedoms trial, to help inform its work on short and medium term options for the UK’s existing airport infrastructure.
Once the Commission’s Interim Report is published in December, the government will consider the findings of the Airports Commission, CAA and HAL collectively to inform its next steps on Operational Freedoms.
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Marva Oganyan: cleansing the body at home
Cleansing the body according to the method of Marva Oganyan is a set of healing techniques that combine abstinence from food, the use of infusions of medicinal plants and juicing. A particular method, which is based on a healthy diet, designed to start the self-cleaning of the body.
Who is Marva Oganyan
Ohanyan Marwa Wharekawa – candidate of medical Sciences, the female biologist, who gave many years of their lives to learning the basics of a healthy lifestyle, practicing self-treatment of diseases with herbs. The woman developed a scheme for the recovery and purification of the body from harmful substances, based on the healing of fasting, which combines the alternation of a complete refusal of food with the use of medicinal herbs. Through practical experience, the doctor was able to help many patients suffering from various diseases.
Stressful pace of life, chronic stress, poor environment, and poor nutrition negatively affect health. Of the need for systematic cleaning of the internal organs knows almost everyone. In the process of life in the human body accumulate huge amount of toxic substances and toxins, and poisonous internal organs, which contributes to the breakdown of their functioning.
Marv Ohanian, a biochemist with many years of experience in the medical field, has developed a unique method based on a healthy lifestyle. After cleaning her scheme, the majority of patients feel improvement, strengthening the immune system. In addition, the proposed rate has a positive effect on the external appearance of the patient, that is why cleansing of the body by Ohanian recently gained wide popularity.
The basic principle of the system is the cleansing of the internal organs from parasites and toxins with the help of moderate starvation, which was a definite advantage compared to other ways of cleansing.
In addition, the method has no age restrictions. With all the recommendations you can restore lost health and also get rid of many diseases.
Cleaning method Ohanyan
Methods of cleansing the body by Marv Ohanian involves the use of herbal medicine based on the use of plant extracts and nutritious drinks from vegetables and fruits. Many patients using this scheme, speak about it as about the safe and effective method of cleaning, positively affecting all of the state as a whole.
Unlike other cleaning programs, which implies a complete rejection of food, the system of Marva Oganyan provides drinking natural juices. That is why hunger is tolerated by people are much easier, patients can set the duration of treatment.
To achieve the desired effect, must strictly follow all the stages of the system.
The first stage. Preparation for fasting
The day before the procedure to clean the liver. It accumulates most toxins. Pre-cleansing the liver will help the body faster adjust their functioning.
For the procedure required to acquire magnesium sulfate is a remedy, otherwise known as Epsom salts. 50 g of powder dissolved in 50 g of warm water, drink in one gulp, then drink the infusion of Senna with the addition of lemon juice and honey.
To accelerate the excretion of bile to the patient should take a horizontal position, putting a warm heating pad on the liver area for 120 minutes. During this time the patient should drink 2 liters of healing potion.
The procedure is performed from 19 to 21 hours, after which it is recommended that the patient go to sleep.
This method of cleansing the liver is not suitable for people suffering from ulcerative lesions of the stomach and gastritis.
The next morning the patient needs to get up in 5 hours. Over the next two hours to perform the colon cleansing. This will require a mug Esmarch, filled with 2-3 liters of water. The liquid is added to 10 g of salt and 5 g of soda.
Douching is carried out in the knee-elbow position. The entire volume of fluid must enter the intestine in a few approaches. At the end of the procedure, the patient is forbidden to eat and drink. The whole daily ration should consist of infusions prepared from medicinal plants. In the infusion of herbs, put the honey, lemon juice and juices of blackcurrant, cranberry and pomegranate. Allowed consumption of tea.
Enema must be made throughout the cleansing course which is from 1 week to 10 days.
Second stage. Preparation of herbal decoctions
Herbal infusions are the basis of cleansing the body at home for Maura Ohanyan.
Correctly chosen combination of herbs allows the system to achieve high results in improvement of the person. To prepare the broth you will need the following list of herbs:
- field horsetail;
- mother and stepmother;
Herbs to cleanse the body by Ohanian have useful properties individually and their combination contributes to the General health of the patient. To prepare you need to mix all the componentsin equal ratio. Plants pour 1000 g of boiling water, stand for 60 minutes, strain and drink 200 grams per hour. Infusion should be mixed with 50 ml lemon juice 5 g of honey. The resulting drink is consumed hot.
Usually when you use a healing infusion, patients show nausea. This condition is considered normal due to the cleaning process of the body. In addition, a number of patients noted retching, cough, with mucous secretions, as well as the separation of pus from the nose.
During the day the use of infusion can be alternated with juicing. The amount of fluid should be at least 3 liters of infusion and from 400 to 600 g of fruit drinks.
It should be noted that healing fasting implies absolute refusal of food and drink. Useful for cleansing the course will be the juicing of fruits and vegetables:
The duration of cleaning events is 2 weeks, during which you can successfully bring parasites that inhabit the internal organs and toxins. The main condition is continuity of the course of purification.
The use of herbal infusions can be extended to 21 days. Wishing to prolong fasting should be added to the diet of acidic fruit drinks, combined with honey. In the first stage of cleansing colonic hydrotherapy do every day, then after day. The volume of juice drink is expected to grow to 1 liter per day.
The third stage. The build
At this stage, the patient stops flushing the digestive system enema. To restore the normal power mode must be properly and gradually get out of fasting.
On the first day after the course of purification is to eat peeled fruit, then the diet is gradually introduced vegetables, boiled or steamed, pre-frayed into a puree.
7 days is allowed to consume dairy products in limited quantities. The meat can be served after 30 days of fasting.
To cleansing course more effective, we should completely abandon fatty foods, fried foods. After 90 days, the purification system can be repeated.
Cleaning do 2-3 times a year. Especially effective procedure in summer and autumn.
What is allowed is after cleaning:
- In the first 4 days the patient eats fresh fruit and vegetables. Eating schedule: 11:00, 15:00 and 19:00. The menu can include: apples, tangerines, oranges, watermelon, cantaloupe, cucumbers, tomatoes. The number of drinks the herbal infusion should be 600 mg. in addition, the benefit freshly made fruit and vegetable drinks.
- From 5-th to 10-th day are gradually introduced vegetables in the ground: spinach, onions, carrots, parsley, sorrel, beets, tomatoes, garlic. For a taste of dishes you can fill with a small amount of lemon or berry juice.
- from the 10th to the 20th day, the vegetables can be baked, tucking them in sunflower oil.
- Starting from the 20th day of sunflower oil you can fill salads.
- After 60 days, recommended to include in your diet porridge from cereals, butter, cooked without milk. To improve taste you can add in cereal pureed fruits or vegetables. Lunch diet should consist of vegetable soups and borscht, cooked without meat.
Cleansing course is required to repeat repeatedly. This is especially true of people suffering from obesity or chronic diseases of internal organs.
After cleansing of course, observe the following recommendations concerning diet:
- Discard fat dairy products, exclude fish and meat, chicken broth.
- To include in the diet of wholemeal bread, wheat bran or refuse of bakery products at all. You can prepare the bread yourself in sunflower oil, using whole wheat flour without using yeast, which adversely affects the intestinal microflora and often causes a goiter. Bread can be eaten, seasoning with oil and vegetables.
- Negoreloe sunflower oil is used only in a fresh kind and is added in moderation in meals.
The list of useful products for Marv Ohanian is composed of the following: millet, homemade butter, sour cream, garlic, buckwheat, avocado, egg yolks, live plant foods.
To prevent respiratory diseases and colds, the doctor advised to clean the nasal passages. Cleaning procedures will help eliminate sinuses from accumulated pus.
Is instilled into each nostril 1 drop of the juice of cyclamen, after which the patient should remain in supine position for 5-10 minutes. After the procedure, the nasal passages rinsed with warm water. To release the nose from the accumulated mucus will help inhalation with the addition of various oils: fir, eucalyptus and mint.
Apply the solution two to three times a day for 2 weeks. To prepare the tubers of the plant rubbed on a fine grater, squeeze out the liquid. The resulting juice combine with water in the ratio of one to five. Ready solution can be stored cold for up to 10 days.
As a result of cleaning from the nose out a large amount of mucous and purulent discharge, which is a breeding ground for various bacteria.
Use techniques for the body
MarvOhanyan believes that the cause of all pathological States and diseases is the slagging of the body with worms, toxins and other substances that accumulate in the internal organs throughout life. This cleaning will help to accelerate the process of self-purification and painlessly move to a healthy diet, getting rid of poison the body of toxins. In addition, the conventional technique involves fasting, in which the refusal of food combined with drinking a medicinal drink.
By cleaning the internal organs herbs at least twice a year, the patient will be able to prevent and cure many diseases:
- heart attack;
- Alzheimer's disease;
- diabetes of the 2nd type;
- multiple sclerosis;
- bronchial asthma;
- kidney disease;
- endocrine disruptions;
- diseases of the adrenal glands;
- epileptic seizures.
In addition, the woman's system will help to get rid of many women's diseases, without causing harm: myoma of uterus, mastopathy, tumors in the mammary glands.
To make cleaning more efficient, cleaning, repeat the course every 3 months. In 1-2 years there comes a full recovery of the patient and the rejuvenation of all internal systems.
One of the conditions of achieving the result is the total abolition of alcohol and any medicines during the course.
Cleaning the child's body at the Ohanian
Cleaning method is allowed to use in children. The high efficiency of the method showed by using cleanse children with chronic diseasesand weakened immune system.
In order to prevent starving the child should be as many days as he is. However, each case is individual. In addition to fasting, the kid has to take daily walks in the fresh air.
Cleansing scheme for children is slightly different from the adult system:
- Liver cleanse at 6 p.m. consumed 20 g of castor oil. Then the child within 2 hours need to take the herbal decoction mixed with lemon juice and honey. The amount of fluid should be 1 liter. Next you should apply a hot water bottle in the liver area, and go to bed no later than 21 hours.
- In the morning to douching douches mug with water in the amount of 500 g, 10 g salt and 10 g of sodium.
- You should avoid eating foods for 2-3 days during which you must drink a healing potion with honey and lemon.
- Simultaneously, a daily lavage of the intestine.
- With a 3 day infusion is used together with the citrus juices.
- On the 4th day the decoction is allowed to mix with the juice of watermelon to snack throughout the day with a slice of melon and peach.
- Day 5 involves drinking the solution, drink apricot, peach, watermelon.
- On day 6 of fasting diet should consist of fruit juice and fruit salad made from tomato, pepper and dill, seasoned with lemon juice.
This is a sample menu, the ingredients of which can be changed at the request of the baby. The main rule is about juicing and the consumption of at least 400 grams of broth per day.
In addition, the child should be every day to clean the nasal passages with juice of red beet and vysmarkivatsya three times a day. Beets RUB on a grater, squeeze out liquid and put in a cold place. The solution for days.
There are numerous ways to cleanse the internal systems from accumulated toxins as well as many methods of healing people. However, the way Armenian physician, has established itself as the most effective and safe for people of various age groups.
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Deliberate Erring: A Good or Bad Idea?
I've made countless mistakes in my life and I'm well versed in what those mistakes were and when they occurred. I can probably tell you what I was wearing too. What I didn't know is there's an entire culture of people who believe that making mistakes purposefully is a great idea. It is called deliberate erring and there are a bunch of books espousing the benefits of making mistakes purposefully. Deliberate erring is not as literal as I initially thought it was. This doesn't mean telling organizers of an event that you will arrive at 8 pm and then arrive at 9 pm. It also doesn't mean taking a wrong turn on purpose while driving alone in the middle of the evening. Instead, it provides an alternative to old-school thinking that offers a new wayto learn in classrooms.
History is chock full of educators and business owners who have been employing deliberate erring. There are children in every class who won't talk because their fear of making a mistake is immobilizing. While in French class I used to knock a pencil off my desk every time my teacher asked a question. I don't believe she thought I was evading her, but probably thought I was all thumbs or pouce de nombreux. If a teacher establishes in a classroom that there is no wrong answer then children are less afraid to make mistakes and more apt to think of creative solutions to a problem. Of course, there are wrong answers, but creating an environment where our wrong answers could be validated is comforting. A teacher who uses deliberate erring has the opportunity to shape a child's future by teaching them that failure is part of life. A teacher could also use deliberate erring as a way to show it's completely acceptable to not have an answer to a question.
Fed Ex's distribution concept is a good example of deliberate erring in business. FedEx provides fast, dependable deliveries to more than 220 countries. However, when this idea was first discussed its inventor was considered a nut. While a student at Yale University, Frederick W. Smith, founder of Fed Ex only received an average grade for his paper that highlighted a new way to accommodate time-sensitive shipments. His idea was revolutionary and no one cared.
Now that I understand what deliberate erring is I realize I've been using it my entire life. This is not to be confused with my inability to work out math problems or read a map. There are many tasks that my brain will never understand and it would be correct to use the word dumb. Let's not call others dumb or go overboard with my honesty because that would be cruel. If deliberate errors are considered a way of making unpopular decisions then I am the queen of deliberate errors.
I quit a retail management job that I was good at for an opportunity to travel. After returning from a week's vacation at Club Med, I gave my notice on my first day back hoping to become a Club Med employee. This decision by any standard would be considered stupid. My advice to anyone would be to keep your job while looking for another one. However, I knew for whatever reason that I would get the job and ultimately be able to travel the world if I wanted. It was a fantastic decision and the best time of my life.
Moving to Hawaii was considered stupid by my immediate family. They didn't look at it as a chance for an excuse to take a beautiful vacation. Instead, I was going to a place where coconuts will be my only food and the hula my only form of entertainment. There was no contingent of people who said, "Sell everything you own, bring the remainder in a U-haul to your best friend and go to a place where you have no friends, family, or job." I've been in Hawaii for over twenty years and while I can't say if it was a good decision, I know that it wasn't a bad one.
Opening a pet sitting service was not a great decision by any stretch of the imagination. It was the mid-nineties and few pet owners had ever heard of pet sitting. Not only would I be leaving a well-paying veterinary assistant job, I would be losing any future referrals from veterinarian offices. It was these very places that would be making less money because I was offering a less stressful alternative to traditional pet boarding. I was sure that once pet owners understood what I was providing, they would be happy to use my service. I'm not saying it was easy, but it worked well enough that I could have hired sitters and made my small business into a big one if I wanted to. It was also not a wise decision to leave an office job in Hawaii that took forever to acquire so I could open another pet sitting service full well knowing pet owners had established relationships with existing pet sitters. While the pandemic has been a major blow to my business the only reason it hasn't ramped back up is that I'm taking the time to focus on other things.
There is an endless list of deliberate errors on my part that all worked out well. Yes, I take enough anxiety medication to down a horse, but I believe this doesn't have much to do with my personal choices, but with growing up in an intense family. Upcoming deliberate errors include embarking on pole dance lessons. With over two years of pandemic lethargy, I can't imagine regaining the strength to lift my body weight as I have done before. However, I made it through aerial silks with one major fall and two minor surgeries so I will eventually get where I want to go.
Who would have thought at 53 that the decisions I thought weren't wise are now defined as a mini-revolution in thinking? Could be a stretch, but I am willing to say that these errors in thinking were just my way of saying, "Maybe there isn't a right way to do anything. There are only choices."
Disclaimer: I am 8,000 lbs heavier than pictured. When you write your own blog, you can post whatever pics you want of yourself.
#mindmatters #mentalhealthblogger #endthestigmaofmentalhealth #mentalhealthadvocate #mentalillnessrecovery #mentalhealthwarrior #endthestigma #mentalhealthsupport #mentalwellness #mentalillness #mentalhealthadvocate #anxiousmind #anxietyrelief #depressionhelp #depressionsupport #mentaldisorder #emotionalhealth #anxietydisorders #panicattacks #mentalillness
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Surveying: Career and Education Opportunities in Knoxville, Tennessee
Surveying: Surveyors map the world on both the micro and macro level. Using a wide variety of tools in the field, the office and online, they develop models of the landscape around us all.
Knoxville is located in Knox County, Tennessee. It has a population of over 184,802, which has grown by 6.3% in the past ten years. The cost of living index in Knoxville, 84, is well below the national average. New single-family homes in Knoxville are valued at $105,300 on average, which is well below the state average. In 2008, two hundred forty-one new homes were built in Knoxville, down from six hundred twenty-seven the previous year.
The three big industries for women in Knoxville are health care, educational services, and accommodation and food services. For men, it is educational services, construction, and accommodation and food services. The average travel time to work is about 20 minutes. More than 24.6% of Knoxville residents have a bachelor's degree, which is higher than the state average. The percentage of residents with a graduate degree, 9.5%, is higher than the state average.
The unemployment rate in Knoxville is 9.0%, which is less than Tennessee's average of 10.2%.
The percentage of Knoxville residents that are affiliated with a religious congregation, 62.0%, is more than both the national and state average. Lincoln Park United Methodist Church, Springhill Baptist Church and Lincoln Park Baptist Church are all churches located in Knoxville. The largest religious groups are the Southern Baptist Convention, the United Methodist Church and the Catholic Church.
Knoxville is home to the Eastern State Hospital Farm and the Berry Hall as well as Volunteer Park and Neyland Stadium. Shopping malls in the area include Clinton Plaza Shopping Center, Walker Springs Plaza Shopping Center and Northgate Plaza Shopping Center. Visitors to Knoxville can choose from Homewood Suites Knoxville West, Days Inn and Days Inn Knoxville West for temporary stays in the area.
Featured Online Colleges
CAREERS WITHIN: Surveying
Cartographers collect, analyze, and interpret geographic information provided by geodetic surveys, aerial photographs, and satellite data. Cartographers need to actively seek out need information and learn from it. They also need to read and understand what has been read.
Survey Technicians adjust and operate surveying instruments, such as the theodolite and electronic distance-measuring equipment, and compile notes, make sketches and enter data into computers. Survey Technicians need to think through complex problems and develop a critical analysis of the situation and possible solutions. They also need to read and understand what has been read.
Surveying Technicians calculate mapmaking information from field notes, and draw and verify accuracy of topographical maps. Surveying Technicians need to actively seek out need information and learn from it. They also need to read and understand what has been read.
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Visual Basic/Free VB
QUESTION: Is there a good website to get a free version of VB? I got it once from Microsoft's site but haven't found it there since. It doesn't need to be a pro developer's tool. Just the best free version out there from an accountable website that would not contain ads or viruses.
ANSWER: Dear James,
There IS a free VB version on Microsoft website. Go to microsoft.com and look for the latest VB.NET Express Edition - you can download it for free and once you registered they are sending you a free license in e-mail.
---------- FOLLOW-UP ----------
QUESTION: What does VB.net mean exactly? Is that a VB designed for website applications? I am looking for desktop app making only for now? Could you give me a direct link to what you are referring to as I get lost on their website and only find reports on security issues it once had and other support files and bundles and stuff.
VB.Net is the latest Microsoft VB. It has all the features of an old VB plus what they named Object Oriented structure. You'll need some time to adjust to their new development environment but essentially it is the same.
Here is the link to download:
This is a link to download Visual Studio and VB.Net is part of this download.
If you want VB only you can choose VB Only option during installation but I'd suggest you download and install full Studio - maybe you'd like to use C# instead of VB in the future and it will be available to you already.
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Pha That Luang, the national symbol of Laos
Vientiane (ວຽງຈັນ Vieng Chan) is the capital of Laos.
Compared to the hectic, bustling capitals in other Southeast Asian countries, Vientiane's deliciously relaxing atmosphere makes it feel like the small town it is. After you've done the round of temples, the best thing to do here has always been to wander down to the riverside, relax with a cold Beerlao - the national beer - and watch the sun set over the Mekong.
Of course, the booming tourism industry is changing this by slowly but surely bringing the excesses of Thailand and China to this formerly sleepy city. Just like any other Southeast Asian capital/major city, Vientiane is experiencing a building boom. Even its Presidential Palace is having a major makeover-addition and a new convention centre has opened recently.
Settled since at least 1000 CE, Vientiane became an important administrative city of the Kingdom of Lan Xang ("million elephants") in 1545. Ransacked in 1828 by the Siamese, Vientiane experienced a resurgence when it became the capital of the French protectorate, a position it kept after independence 1953, and was unchanged after the communist revolution in 1975. Today Vientiane is the largest city in Laos, with an estimated population of 210,000 in the city itself and some 700,000 in Vientiane Prefecture.
Vientiane is stretched out on the north-eastern bank of a bend in the Mekong River. From the river bank inland, the main roads running parallel to the river are Thanon Fa Ngum, Thanon Setthathirat and Thanon Samsenthai. The central district, Chanthabuli, contains most of Vientiane's government offices, hotels and restaurants. Vientiane's widest boulevard, Thanon Lane Xang, runs from the Presidential Palace (now used for government offices and for state receptions) to the northeast around Patuxai, the Victory Gate, towards Pha That Luang, the That Luang Stupa, the most important religious monument in Laos.
A visa on arrival is available for most nationalities at Wattay Airport, the Friendship Bridge and Tha Naleng train station. Bring US$25-42 plus a US$1 in cash (depending on your nationality). Some nationalities do require a pre-arranged Laos visa from a Lao diplomatic mission abroad. A passport photo may be required but recently have not been asked for (update: was asked for at Wattay Airport, September 2014); see Laos#Get in for details. You can also get a visa in advance at the Lao Embassy in Bangkok; the only real advantages of doing this are that you need to spend less time queuing when you get to Laos and if you are travelling by through-bus from Udon Thani in Thailand to Vientiane the bus may not wait for visas on arrival to be processed.
Vientiane's Wattay Airport (IATA: VTE, ICAO: VLVT) is 4 km west of the city. International services are quite limited, but this is slowly changing.
There are direct flights to/from:
- Bangkok Suvarnabhumi: Thai Airways, two flights daily (code share with Lao Airlines) and Lao Airlines, one. Bangkok Airways also operates one flight daily
- Hanoi (Viet Nam): Lao Airlines, three times weekly, Vietnam Airlines daily, Cambodia Angkor Air daily (some flights co-shared with Vietnam Airlines).
- Kunming (Yunnan, West China): China Eastern Airlines operate four and Lao Airlines three flights weekly. Lao Airlines and the Lao Consulate both have offices in the Camellia Hotel, Kunming.
- Singapore: Lao Airlines flies four times a week on Monday, Wednesday, Friday & Sunday.
There is a US$10 departure tax for international flights, but this is being incorporated into the ticket cost so is not now payable in cash for most flights.
From Bangkok many visitors choose to fly into Udon Thani in Thailand, and cross the border by bus, as this domestic flight is considerably cheaper than a direct international flight to Vientiane. There is a direct shuttle from Udon Thani airport to the Thai/Lao border at Nong Khai (about 50 km away) for 200 baht. Alternatively,Nok Air offers flight+minivan service from Bangkok to Vientiane v.v. by flying with Nok Air from Bangkok to Udon Thani and transferred on a minivan to Vientiane. This can be booked directly from their website. Also, there are also direct cross-border bus services from Udon Thani (the city, not the airport!) to Vientiane. From Udon Thani airport, you can take shuttle van to Udon Thani City Bus Terminal for 80 baht to catch the direct bus to Vientiane. The buses to Vientiane operate 8 times daily, from 8 am - 6 pm* (see below for details). If you wish to catch the last direct bus to Vientiane, you should get to the bus terminal before 5 pm to make sure that you get the ticket** (see below for details). This option (flight plus bus transfers and immigration clearance at 2 points) takes at least 2 hours longer than a direct Bangkok to Vientiane flight. Be aware that you may have difficulty getting an international bus to Laos if you do not already hold a visa. Ticket officers for the buses sometimes check for this as the buses do not wait at the border long enough for the painfully slow visa on arrival process. If you are flying to Udon Thani you should also make sure you go to the correct departure airport. Nok Air and Thai Air Asia flies from Don Muang, the old Bangkok airport, with Thai Airways flying from Suvarnabhumi .
- The schedule is 8 am (TH), 9 am (TH), 10.30 am (LA), 11.30 am (LA), 2 pm (TH), 3 pm (TH), 4.30 pm (LA), and 6 pm (LA). The buses leaving from Vientiane (Thalat Sao) to Udon Thani also depart at the same time. The usual fare from Udon Thani to Vientiane is 80 baht. It is subject to 5 baht extra charge if you travel on the weekend or after 4.30 pm of the weekdays. If you travel back from Vientiane to Udon Thani Bus Terminal, the fare is 22,000 Kip (approx. 88 baht). Sometimes the extra 2,000 Kip (approx. 8 baht) may apply.
- During the weekend or long holiday or festivals of Thailand and Laos, more people from Vientiane will cross the border to Udon Thani for shopping. They will usually catch the last bus back to Vientiane, so the last bus will be full faster than usual. As the last bus is Lao bus bound back to Vientiane, Lao passengers usually carry a lot of luggages and cram in the bus. Sometimes, the driver allows passengers which cannot get the tickets - because the tickets are sold out - to stand and cram in the bus for 100 baht.
- Lao Airlines flies to five domestic destinations (three to five flights daily to Luang Prabang; once or twice daily to Pakse, four times per week to Huay Xai and Oudomxay, and six times per week to Xieng Khuang (Phonsavan).
- Lao Air, the second Lao airline, operates two flights weekly each between Vientiane and Phongsali, Samneua and Sayaboury (Sainyabuli) (aircraft: Cessna).
- Lao Central Airlines has daily flights between Vientiane and Luang Prabang (aircrafts: B737 and Sukhoil Superjet 100).
Transfer to the city
Many hotels offer a pickup service from the airport, or you can take a jumbo or taxi for US$7 (57,000 kip).You can buy a taxi coupon before you leave the airport building for US$7. The journey to the airport should be cheaper, around US$3 by tuk-tuk. From city to airport, tuk-tuk is 30,000 kip(October 2014). Do not agree with 55,000 kip, shown on a price list by some tuk-tuk drivers. You can bargain down to 30,000 kip, or simply walk away to find another tuk-tuk. Always agree with the price before boarding the tuk-tuk. If you don't mind walking the distance between the airport and the main road (less than 500 m), you can take a local bus for 4000 kip. The bus to the airport departs at the central bus station (Bus No. 30, the number is written on the front shield) almost every half an hour.
The railway link across the Mekong finally opened in March 2009, and there are now four shuttle services daily from Nong Khai to Tha Naleng, some 13 km away from Vientiane and reachable by shuttle bus from the Morning Market. The shuttle trains are timed to connect with overnight trains to and from Bangkok, with around 90 minutes buffer time at the Thai side of the border for buying tickets and Immigration. It's thus possible to hop aboard express #69 at 8 PM in Bangkok, arrive at Nong Khai at 9:30 AM and reach Tha Naleng around 10:30. The train has first and second class air-con sleepers, which cost around 1200/800 baht respectively. Check State Railway of Thailand for the the up-to-date time tables and fares, as well as online ticket booking. A Lao visa on arrival is now available at Tha Naleng station, though you need to arrange your own onward transport to get into the city. This is a major drawback, as the station (unlike Friendship bridge) is located in the middle of nowhere, and songthaew drivers asked as much as 100 baht/person (even from Thai/Lao people) for a shared ride to Vientiane.
The other option is to get off the train at Nong Khai and cross the border by bus via the Friendship Bridge. The Nong Khai station is just 1.5 km from the bridge, so if you take a tuk-tuk it should cost no more than 30-40 baht for all, after bargaining of course. Outside the station there's an information board listing the official prices to the nearby destinations. Most tuk-tuk drivers will stop at a travel agent just outside the station and try to coerce you to buy both a Lao visa and shuttle bus to Vientiane. Don't listen to them: you can get a visa and shuttle easily at the Lao border.
For those, who already have a Lao visa, or do not need one for a short visit (citizens of ASEAN countries, Russia and a few others), getting off the train in Udon Thani then taking direct cross-border bus to Vientiane bus is a good option. See below for details.
The train journey either way is pleasant if basic, if you have a sleeper. (Less than 800 baht.) You usually don't need air-con as the train isn't hot, though non-air-con often isn't available: few cold-blooded travellers say the air-con is too cold. Pack your own meals, beer, etc. The food on the train is expensive - and beyond awful. There is a 'change racket' operating among the catering staff: being seriously short-changed is the rule, not the exception. You need to note the prices on the menu, have baht as kip or US dollars will result in a big loss on the change & have small denominations: a 1,000 baht note can serve as an excuse for a 9-hour delay in bringing change; even then you will have to go looking for it.
The Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge (Saphan Mittaphap) from Nong Khai, Thailand is the most common means of entry. The bridge cannot be crossed on foot or by bicycle (theoretically; however people have been seen strolling the bridge), but there are frequent 20 baht shuttle buses just past Thai immigration. The price changes depending on the time of day and day of week. You will get a receipt. Bicycles can be carried on buses in the cargo compartment.
Direct bus services to Talat Sao bus terminal from Nong Khai (55 baht), Khon Kaen (185 baht from Khon Kaen Aircon Bus Terminal (Prab-argat) at 07:45 (usually delayed till 08:00) and arrives Vientiane Talat Sao Bus Station around noon. Second bus departs at 15:15), Udon Thani (80 baht).
If you don't already have a Laos visa in your passport, the bus will not wait for you at the Laos immigration point. You will have to take the local green bus 14 near the immigration gates or a tuk tuk (see below).
These direct buses from Thailand are cheap, comfortable, hassle-free and popular, so book ahead or arrive early. Schedules change often, currently the buses start at 08:00 and leave every 2 hours or so, until 18:00.
Alternatively minibuses depart from out front of Central Plaza (Udon Thani) every 30-60 minutes and cost just 50 baht to the Friendship Bridge. To get from the Udon airport to the Friendship Bridge, a 200 baht minibus fare can be purchased in the airport and will drop you off on the Thai side of the bridge.
Visas on arrival are available at the bridge for US$35 or 1500 baht (ie. cheaper to pay in US$). Overtime fee of US$1 may be charged from late afternoon onward and on weekends.
A photo may required. Should it be requested and you forgot your passport photo, they'll photocopy your passport for an extra US$1/40 baht (or do it on the Thai side for just 2 baht).
When you get a visa on arrival, you get the entry stamp at the same time, so you don't have to wait in line afterwards. A 40 baht (or 10,000 kip) "entry fee" is sometimes charged once through. Just walk past the entry fee booth. If no-one stops you, you haven't done anything wrong.
Once through immigration, you can take a jumbo (posted price 250 baht, easy to bargain down to 100 baht or less for immediate departure with only one passenger) or taxi (300 baht) to any destination in the city. Shared jumbos are cheaper. You should be able to negotiate to a good deal less than 50 baht/person if you're prepared to share and possibly wait.
The local bus (usually #14) to Talat Sao (the Morning Market) is the cheapest of all, 5,000 kip or 20 baht, but signage is nonexistent and you may be in for a wait (up to 20 minutes). The bus runs until at least 18:45 or so.
It's about 25 km from the bridge to Vientiane; allow at least 30 minutes.
When arriving via the Friendship Bridge, you might like to visit the Buddha Park sculpture garden before going on to Vientiane, and save yourself a return trip back past the border crossing later. The same local bus (usually #14) that connects Talat Sao (the Morning Market) and the Friendship Bridge checkpoint also continues on to Buddha Park. Ask the driver which way it's going, just in case.
You can take the public bus to Buddha Park although the roads are paved, it can get a bit bumpy.
The bridge immigration shuts quite late, around 22:00. (Ambulances can go through at any hour, in an emergency.) But check with the locals if you are unsure. Although note that the Thai clock is very different to the Western one, so using 24 hour time may be a better way to ask.
A direct bus from Hanoi takes at least 20 hours (despite what the travel agents might say, avg 24 hrs) and should cost about US$15-20. There is a twice a week VIP bus (better seats) and a local bus that departs every day. For the local bus: apparently you're not always certain of a seat and Vietnamese people tend to sit and never get up again until you've arrived.
The journey from Hue is 14-18 hrs and should cost US$20-30. The bus arrives at Southern Terminal where you have to bargain hard with tuk-tuk drivers. The ride to town after midnight is 30,000 kip. There are local buses heading towards town from here that usually stop at the central market priced at about 10,000 kip.
If you arrive before 8 pm, ignore the Tuk-Tuk drivers, walk out the gate, to the right you'll see a row of ATMs, right next to it a "bus shed" with seats. The Tuk-tuks will tell you the bus is cancelled, just left, etc. be patient and wait for the local bus to arrive. A bus to city centre is 3000 kip.
The bus trip from Phnom Penh to Vientiane costs about US$50 if you go 'VIP': this involves a bed for the night portion of your trip; however unless you have a partner you will share the rather small bed with a random passenger of the same sex. The bed is comfortable, though there have been reports of leaking windows and wet mattresses.
At the Lao-Cambodian border, essentially the same form has to be filled out numerous times (to ensure each official gets his 'fee'). If you can't carry your luggage 500 m from the Cambodian border post to the Lao, you're out of luck: the bus staff will have disappeared by now. The border process is hot, slow and enervating.
Regardless of what the travel agent or busline tells you, the Phnom Penh-Vientiane (or vice-versa) trip usually involves four separate buses, not two. The Phnom Penh-Lao border and Pakse-Vientiane legs are comfortable enough. However in between the border and Pakse in Southern Laos you will be crammed into a minibus or open van, sit on other people's laps, etc, as the vehicle does the rounds of every guesthouse in the region. You will eventually be transferred into another van, and the process repeated. It can take 4-6 hours, and it is seldom clear where you are, where you are going, or who is in charge..
If the busline talks you into putting your luggage on a second bus (because of space problems), it is liable to vanish along the road.
The bus trip from Phnom Penh to Vientiane, or vice-versa, averages 27 hours.
From elsewhere in Laos
Buses to and from destinations in Vientiane Prefecture depart from the Talat Sao bus terminal, just east of the Morning Market. There is an informative schedule and schematic diagram of the bus piers painted on the central building, which is where you can also buy tickets.
The Southern Bus Terminal, used by all buses coming from the south (including VIP), is on Thanon Kaisone Phomvihane, which is the first stretch of the "Route 13 South". It is also called the Dongdok Bus Station. It is 10 km and, perversely, north east of the centre. Shared songthaews are leaving from Talat Sao bus terminal for around 20,000 kip. Hiring a tuk tuk from the center should be around 30-50,000. Public bus number 23 or 29 stops by the entrance of the southern bus station and connects it with the Talat Sao bus terminal (Morning Market) at 3,000 kip (Route #29) or 5,000 kip (Route #08), from where it is a ten minutes walk into the tourist centre.
The Northern Bus Terminal, recently moved out of city centre - about 20-30 minutes ride - is where all buses to the north arrive and depart. From there you can take a green Isuzu bus (Route #08) to the city centre, the driver will ask 5,000 kip when you exit the bus.
Note that if you buy a bus ticket, with quite a margin, in town, it should include the transfer to the respective terminal.
When you get out of the bus, don't forget to check your luggage: the bus staff has a plenty of time to go through your things, and they do.
Cash & credit cards
Banks and Money Changers
Banks and money changers are plentiful in the city centre. Money changer shops have a competitive edge over the banks. The best rates are at the shops along Rue Lane Xang in the section north of the Talat Sao morning market.
Banque Franco-Lao (BFL) on Lane Xang Ave, The only European bank in Laos, with branches in Nam Phu, Talat Sao, Sihom, Talat Sikai, That Luang. Nam Phu branch is open 7 days a week, from 08:00 to 20:30.
Phongsavanh Bank on Thanon Samsenthai is Vientiane's newest and privately-owned bank and operates a currency exchange until about 20:30 on weekdays, and for shorter hours on weekends.
BCEL operates foreign exchange counters on the corner of Thanon Fa Ngum (the river promenade), Thanon Setthathilath (near JoMa), Thanon Pang Kham as well as at at the Friendship Bridge, just past the visa on arrival pick-up window. This bank charges no commission, gives better conversion rates, and has longer opening hours than most local banks.
BCEL also has an exchange counter.
Home Ideal, a Chinese-owned store, offers a good foreign exchange rates. The store is a 2 minute walk on the next street over from Phongsavanh Bank.
A comprehensive list of banks, ATMs, and ATM fees in Vientiane:
ATMs are plentiful, but often cause problems such as out-of-cash or "eaten card" and sometimes do not accept the major international credit and debit card networks. In addition, most have withdrawal limits of 700,000-2,000,000 kip and charge additional fees. For preventing such trouble, tourists should withdraw money from ATMs only at bank branches.
- BFL (Banque Franco-Lao): Withdrawals up to 2,000,000 kip per transaction, limit 4 times per days, 30,000 kip fee. Accepts Visa cards. Ten ATMs in the city.
- ANZV: Allows withdrawals of up to 2,000,000 kip per transaction with a 40,000 kip transaction fee. Supports both Visa and Maestro. There are 2 branches in Vientiane. The first is at the main ANZV office located mid-way down Lane Xang. There are now also various ANZV ATMs, for example on the corner of Thanon Fa Ngum and Rue Chao Anou and at various minimarts, like the City Minimart and at some M Point marts.
- BCEL: Withdrawals are limited to 1,000,000 kip per transaction; however, you may make up to ten of these in one day. Mastercard and Maestro are readily accepted; Visa also. BCEL charges a fee of 20,000 kip per transaction.
- Joint Development Bank: Possible to withdraw up to 1,000,000 kip per transaction with a 30,000 transaction fee. This bank also charges transaction fees on additional services like balance inquiry. Supports both Visa and Maestro.
Credit cards are accepted by travel agencies and in better restaurants and shops, but many charge a non-negotiable 3% fee.
Getting around Vientiane is generally easy, as the traffic is far less murderous than in larger Southeast Asian cities like Bangkok or Ho Chi Minh City. Street signage is, however, rather lacking though in the centre more and more signs are appearing. Where there are signs displaying street names these are bilingual Lao and French. The Lao word "thanon" on these signs is translated by "rue", "avenue" or "boulevard", in many cases without any apparent logic. Therefore the Lao word "thanon" is used throughout this article.
Your best bet when asking for directions is to ask for the wat (temple) closest to where you want to go, whether asking a pedestrian, a police officer or a tuktuk driver. When asking for directions or streets with "r" in them, be aware that Laotians often pronounce them as "l".
The map on the right, which is fully to scale, covers the centre only. Maps covering a larger area are available at bookshops and some mini-marts, but are not as detailed and not always to scale. Many shop fronts feature addresses in Roman letters, and these are often the best way to determine the street one is walking. People navigate using landmarks, so get the nearest embassy, hotel or temple to where you want to go.
Since 2006 a major road upgrading project has been going on in the town centre and out of it up to way past the airport in the west and the Friendship Bridge in the east, financed by the Japanese government and planned and overseen by Japanese engineers. Largely gone are the hazards presented by missing drainage gully covers and sidewalks upturned by tree roots. Almost no trees have been cut - amazing! In the centre of Vientiane the through roads Thanons Setthathirat and Samsenthai and the side roads connecting them and down to the river now have sealed surfaces and sidewalks, and there is decent street lighting. A one-way traffic regime is in place, and parking regulations have also been introduced. Markings for pedestrian crossings have been painted on the new roads, but the local drivers regard them as decoration so don't rely on them!
Vientiane's rainwater drainage system, which also takes care of "grey water" from baths, sinks, laundry, etc. consists of gullies on the roadside, usually covered by concrete slabs. These slabs are sometimes damaged and very precariously balanced, or even missing altogether; people rapidly learn to take care before stepping on anything that looks like a slab! Waste from toilets is or should be collected in septic tanks at every house, but gullies can nevertheless smell abominably. In the centre things have improved markedly as a result of the road upgrading and the smell from the gullies is now no longer very noticeable.
Note: do not rely on the Google Earth view of Vientiane for locating the sights: many locations put there by well-meaning users (the "Google Earth Community") are clearly in the wrong place, not just a block or so away but some even in a wrong part of the town!
Vientiane has a small fleet of genuine taxis retired from Bangkok, usually found lurking at the Friendship Bridge, the airport or in front of large hotels. Fares are set by bargaining, so figure on around US$0.50 per km or US$20-40 to hire one for the day, depending on car type and distance.
Taxi Vientiane Capital Lao Group Co. Ltd. (21-454168, 21-454088, 90 Th Nongbone) advertises 20,000 kip for the 1st km, then 2,000 kip every 300m, if you can persuade them to turn their metres on. Many private taxis have emerged of late - typically minivans with air conditioning - who claim to charge no more than tuktuks do.
By tuk-tuk or jumbo
A typical jumbo (tuk-tuk) in Vientiane
Tuktuks in Vientiane do not work in the same way as Bangkok or Phnom Penh. Generally, tuktuks are considered public transport, and if you hop on one at That Luang, the driver will often consider it perfectly reasonable to pick other passengers up while on route, even if you have negotiated a price. So, if you hire a tuktuk by yourself, the quoted rate may well be astonishing; but if there's a group of you, then it may be 10,000 kip per person. All the tuk-tuk drivers carry a fare card for popular destinations but these fares are ridiculously inflated. You can always bargain with the driver. If direct negotiations do not work, maybe you can try walking away to cause the fare to be lowered. Share big tuktuks running on set routes, e.g. Th Lan Xang to Pha That Luang, charge a fixed 10,000 Kip. Tuk-tuks lined in front of the Mekong bank restaurants tend to quote the most expensive rates; but walking a few blocks to find a better price is well worth it - the tuktuks just down the road (north) of the Pimphone Minimarket are way more reasonable, as are those on the junction between Settathilath and Nokeokoummane.
Blue-and-white buses and newer white minibuses connect the centre to the suburban districts, yet another gift from the People of Japan. They have no signs in English, although route numbers are usually, but not always, displayed on the front. The bus most likely to be of use to the casual visitor is Bus 14 from Talat Sao Market to/from the Friendship Bridge and then further to Buddha Park, which costs 6,000 kip. The bus to Wattay International Airport goes near the airport but not quite into it.You can check routes and timetable of bus services provided by Vientiane Capital State Bus Enterprise
Routes from Talat Sao:
- Route No. 14- Friendship Bridge then continues to Buddha Park - 6,000 kip
- Route No. 29- Southern Bus Station (aka Dongdok Bus Station) then continues to National University of Laos - 3,000 Kip
- Route No. 23- Southern Bus Station (aka Dongdok Bus Station) then continues to Thangon - 5,000 Kip
- Route No. 08- Northern Bus Terminal - 5,000 Kip
- Route No. 20- Dongkhamxhang - 4,000 Kip
- Route No. 31- Phontong - 3,000 Kip
- Route No. 33- Nongtha - 3,000 Kip
- Route No. 30- Thongpong - 4,000 Kip
- Route No. 32- Donepamai - 3,000 Kip
- Route No. 49- Nongteng - 4,000 Kip
New Lao-ITECC route (electric vehicle):
Lao ITECC - That Luang - Patuxay - Talat Sao - Mekong riverside - 5,000 Kip
Check all routes here - http://vcsbe.com/timetable/
Check the real-time location of buses here - https://lao.busnavi.asia/?lang=en
(The buses are equipped with a bus location system provided by the Government of Japan)
Bicycles are perhaps the best way to get around the city. Most guest houses and hotels can arrange bike rental for around 10,000 kip per day, with the cheapest reported to be 8,000 kip at Douang Deuane Hotel although the bikes aren't the best. Although the city's flat terrain makes for good biking, one-way streets can be difficult to identify. You can usually choose to leave your passport, your driver's licence, about 1,000 baht, or a comparable amount of kip or US dollars as a deposit.
Despite the poor standard of local driving, cycling is fairly safe in the city because the traffic is quite slow. Its better to check the bike condition before taking bike out - some bike do have fault or not the best. Better to have a test ride beforehand.!
The city centre can be quite comfortably covered on foot, at least in the cool season. Pha That Luang, however, is 4 km away from the centre and thus a bit of a hike.
There are a lot of car rental companies, but if you are looking for a international standard and service, you can try Europcar (Asia Vehicle rental), located on Samsenthai Rd, just 5 minutes from Namphu fountain.
Vientiane is best viewed as a comfortable transit point for other places in Laos, or as a recuperative stop on the way out. It's a pleasant enough place, but generally, there is little reason to spend more than a couple of days here.
- Lao National Museum (Revolutionary Museum ພິພິຕະພັນແຫ່ງຊາດ), Thanon Samsenthai (next to Lao Plaza Hotel). 08:00-12:00, then 13:00-16:00. Formerly the Lao Revolutionary Museum by name, the historical exhibits on the first floor are modest though very interesting in depicting some of the early history. They include one of the original Jars from the Plain of Jars and various stone and bronze age implements. The second floor provides us with a great insight into the 18th Century Laotian Kingdom and the customs of the day. It would appear that the Loatians didn't treat their guests quite as well in those days, often keeping them from leaving the country for several months. The floor builds up to a fervently revolutionary pitch as it documents the heroic struggle of the Lao against the Siamese (Thai), French and American imperialists. Exhibits include items such as socks worn by Politburo members when they escaped from prison and Kaysone Phomvihane's chest expander. The final rooms, on post-revolutionary Laos, are mostly a photo gallery of pressing topics such as the comrades of the 7th Plenary Session of the Laos People's Congress inspecting fertilizer production processes. The final rooms provide an insight into some of the modern advancements, though these are fairly dowdy and uninspiring. A guestbook regularly features amusing arguments between young western visitors on the subject of communism. Most exhibits are labelled in English, though some French labelling remains, occasionally to the exclusion of English. Foreigner: 10,000 kip, Laotian: 2m000. (17.96684,102.60722) edit
- Patuxai (Victory Gate), Avenue Lane Xang.
A local rendition of Paris' Arc de Triomphe. Besides the elaborate Buddhist embellishment, it differs from the original in having four gates instead of two and being just a bit higher (to trump the French). Reasonably impressive from afar, a surprisingly frank English sign inside the monument labels it a "monster of concrete" when seen up close - and the concrete in question was donated by the US, although it was supposed to go towards a new airport instead: hence the nickname "the Vertical Runway". The monument itself aside, the palm tree-lined park around it complete with fountains is quite pleasant though lacking of shade during the day time. You can climb up to the 7th story for a nice view of central Vientiane and three levels of souvenir shops with less than enthusiastic sales people sitting about. Features a musical fountain nearby that attracts visitors from around Laos and Asia, as well as a World Peace gong presented by Indonesia. Roving cameramen will be happy to charge you for photos near these attractions. 3000 kip (to climb). (17.971482,102.618468) edit
Patuxai, the Victory Gate
- COPE Visitor Centre, Khou Vieng Road (1km from Talat Sao (Morning Market) Opposite Green Park Hotel), . 09:00-18:00. The Cooperative Orthotic and Prosthetic Enterprise, or COPE, is a local not for profit organisation that provides orthotic, prosthetic, rehabilitation and advocacy services for survivors of UXO accidents and other people with disabilities in Laos. During the Vietnam War (1964-1973), conflict spilled over into Laos in a secret war where more than 500,000 bombing missions dropped over two million tons of ordnance on the country. The COPE Visitor Centre provides visitors with the opportunity to understand the impact of UXO on Lao PDR, issues related to disability in developing countries and the work of the COPE project through a free permanent exhibition. The Visitor Centre is open from 9am to 6pm daily. Visitors are invited to watch documentaries on UXO, read survivor stories and interact with rehabilitative devices. The Visitor Centre also hosts a gift shop selling wares from local Lao organisations and the Karma Café where delicious homemade ice cream and Lao coffee are available. Exhibits are appropriate for all ages. Free parking. Free entry. (17.96127,102.61789) edit
- The Art of Silk, Manthatourath Road, Lao Women's Union, ☎ 7719798 or 2202547. Mon-Fri 9am-4pm. A local magazine says "Phone before visiting as there is no permanent staff." free(?). edit
- Kaysone Phomvihane Museum, km6 Dongdok Road, ☎ 911215. Tue-Sun 09:00-16:00. Museum about Kaysone Phomvihane. Foreigner: 5,000 kip, Laotian: 2,000 kip. edit
- Lao People's Army History Museum, Kaysone Phomvihane Road, Ban Nongsangthong, ☎ 900662. Tue-Sun 08:30-16:30. Museum about the army. Foreigner: 5000, Laotian: 2000. edit
- Memorial of president Souphanouvong, Kaysone Phomvihane Road, Ban Phonsa-art. Tue-Sun 08:30-16:00. Foreigner: 5000, Laotian: free. edit
Temples and Stupas
Some temples (indicated below) charge an entry fee of 2,000/5,000 kip for Lao nationals and foreigners and are open 08:00-16:00, with a noon-13:00 lunch break. The monks of those that don’t charge a fee will be grateful for a small donation in the box.
Wat Si Saket, the oldest standing temple in Vientiane
- Wat Si Saket now signposted as Sisaket Museum. Entrance fee 5,000 kip. Corner of Thanon Lane Xang and Thanon Setthathirat. With very contemplative ambience, probably the oldest standing temple in Vientiane and among the most atmospheric. Built in 1818 by Chao Anou in the Bangkok style and hence left unsacked when much of Vientiane was razed in a Siamese raid in 1828. Within the cloister walls are hundreds of niches housing Buddha images large and small, made of wood, stone, silver and bronze. In the centre of the courtyard is a five-tier-roofed sim (ordination hall) housing yet more Buddha niches and beautiful but fading murals of the Buddha's past lives.
- Hophakaew Museum. Entrance fee 5,000 kip. Thanon Setthathirat (opposite Wat Si Saket). An elegant, and majestic structure, King Setthathirat's former royal temple, which housed the magical Emerald Buddha (pha kaew) after it was taken from Lanna (Chiang Mai). The Siamese took it back in 1779 - the image is now housed in Bangkok's Wat Phra Kaew - and came back in 1828 to raze the temple for good measure. The present structure is a 1942 reconstruction of dubious provenance. The temple no longer operates and the interior has been turned into a small jumbled museum housing Buddha images; look out for the beautiful tall, lithe, long-armed Buddha in the hands-down "calling for rain" pose.
- Black Stupa (That Dam). Thanon Bartholomie (off Thanon Samsenthai near the US embassy). The mythical abode of a seven-headed dragon that protects Vientiane. It was renovated in 1995 but still has an attractive patina of age, and is slowly being overgrown again by lush grass vegetation. Warning: there have been dog attacks here at night.
- Pha That Luang. 5,000 kip Entrance fee (2,000 kip for Laotians). Thanon That Luang (2 km east from Patuxai). The national symbol and most important religious monument of the country, That Luang is a three-layered gilded stupa. The current version dates from 1566, although it has been ransacked and renovated numerous times since then. All days 08:00-12:00, 13:00-16:00. Accessing the inner courtyard gives you a slightly closer view of the stupa, and lots of Buddha statues. Vientiane's most important festival, Bun That Luang, is held here in November on the night of the full moon.
- There are two temples beside That Luang: Wat That Luang Neua to the north(ish) and Wat That Luang Tai to the south(ish), both presently being renovated.
- Wat Si Muang. Between Thanons Setthatirat and Samsenthai, about 1km east of the centre. Free. Disney-esque and gaudy in set-up, one would not think that it's a religious compound. Despite its small size, the temple is very active. Followers believe that lifting the small Buddha statue 3 times from its cushion means that your prayers or questions will be answered. The city pillar is being housed in a pagoda-like structure now being constructed separately on another block northwest across the street.
- Wats Onteu, Inpeng, Mixay and Haisok are along Thanon Setthatirat right in the town centre, and therefore the most likely temples to be visited by tourists.
There are many more temples all over the town, but it must be said that if you are out to admire temples Luang Prabang is the place to go, not Vientiane.
- Buddha Park (Xieng Khuan) is a bizarre outdoor collection of huge concrete sculptures of Buddhist and Hindu deities, and real and imaginary beasts. The reclining Buddha is especially impressive. Built in 1958 by mystic Luang Pu Bunleua Sulilat, who left the country after the communist take-over, and in 1978 established a similar but more impressive park (Sala Keoku or Sala Kaew Ku) across the river in Nong Khai, Thailand. Located 24 km from the city, it's about 6 km to the east of the Friendship Bridge - hence it's well worth visiting on the way into or out of Laos if you're crossing the Friendship Bridge, as this will save a 48 km round trip if you visit from and return to Vientiane. The Buddha Park entrance fee is 5,000LAK. There is technically a 3,000LAK camera fee, but officials weren't interested in collecting this fee (as of Feb 2016).
You can hire a tuk-tuk for the entire Vientiane - Buddha Park - Friendship bridge (or vice versa) trip, but taking the public bus #14 is much cheaper. The bus #14 leaves Talat Sao Station (adjacent to the Morning Market) to Xieng Khuan at 15 to 20 min intervals. The timetable is painted on the wall near the ticket office. Look for green and white buses near a big electrical tower across the street from the main station. Tickets cost 6,000LAK/way. It'll stop at the Friendship Bridge before making a final stop in front of Buddha Park. Going back to Vientiane, just wait in front of the Buddha Park entrance for the bus. (As of Feb 2016).
The tuk tuk stand charges 80,000 kip for a round trip, or 40,000 for one way (as of September 2014 tuk tuk drivers readily produce a flyer quoting 200,000 kip; negotiating down to 120,000 is possible; more experienced Vientiane visitors may want to clarify). These prices are for the whole tuk tuk so it may be much cheaper if you are in a group or tag along with some fellow travellers. However, you can bargain down to 10,000 kip if you are not in rush and wait for more people to shared the tuk-tuk (Oct 2014).
- On the main road (Thanon Thadeua), just before the access road to the Bridge branches off, is the National Ethnic Cultural Park where typical houses of various ethnic groups are on display, although only from the outside unless a custodian unlocks some of them. There also are some statues of dinosaurs and a rather dismal small "zoo". Generally the only activity are kiosks selling drinks and snacks, but there are said to be occasional cultural shows. Tour operators often take their guests here before or after a visit to the Buddha Park. Well, but it is not a place to go out of your way to visit.
- The project for the preservation of the old Vientiane Wall, Ban Nonghai (traffic light the way to go to Thadeua), ☎ 330-164 or 560-7620. 08:00-17:00. " free. edit
- Monk Chat. Once a month, local monks gather at the Sangha College (Wat Ong Teu) for chats with tourists. edit
- Green Discovery Laos, on Setthathirat Road (next to Khop Chai Deu), . Agency organising adventure tours and eco-tourism. They have a 100% safety record. The trips are environmentally friendly and socially responsible. Green Discovery is committed to ensure that local people not only benefit financially from tourism but also are their true business partners by helping to develop our programs and activities. City tour Vientiane: See the landmarks and highlights of Tad Luang with its Buddha relics, of the Kaisone Phomvihane and Hor Pra Kheo museums, of Wat Sisakhet and Wat Simuang, or Patuxai, the ‘vertical landing strip’, all of which have to tell their own stories. Embark on day tours to Nam Ngum reservoir or the whimsical Buddha Park. In the outskirts of Vientiane, take a thrill with zip-line adventures inside the Nam Lik forest, watch wild elephants at Ban Na, or discover the beautiful world of orchids of Phou Khao Khouay. Start from here cross-country motorbike or cycling tours, enjoy kayaking trips to Vang Vieng or do cave expeditions. edit
- Zip-Lining Adventure. Beginning of January 2010 Green Discovery opend up the first Zip-Lining park in Nam Lik just 2h away from Vientiane. Zip-lining gets you the feel of freedom while whooshing from tree to tree along steel wires in up to 37 meters height and 180 meters in length! Scaling the dizzying heights on ropes, giant nets, sling or U-bridges and getting back to earth through ‘abseiling’ adds to the extra-ordinary excitement. edit
- Trekking through nature parks. The National Protected Area of Phou Khao Khouay is the nearest National Park to Vientiane, the nearest point just over an hour away. Besides some great scenery and beautiful waterfalls, the NPA offers trails through dry evergreen and mixed deciduous forests, numerous waterfalls and rivers. Wildlife is abundant but elusive. Tours can be booked with Green Discovery Laos email@example.com edit
- Picnicking on the Shores of Nam Ngum Lake, 90 km from Vientiane. A local favourite. There are floating restaurants along the lake shore; their specialty is fish fresh from the lake. Cruises among the lake's islands can be booked here, which makes for a relaxing couple of hours. Just inquire at your guest house/hotel or at any travel agency (where they will then try to sell their tours). edit
- Lao Massage, ☎ 02028582332. Your masseur or masseuse will be grateful for a tip. The staff will be happy if you have the decency to take a shower before you go. They won't say anything to your face, but smelly foreigners make their job less than pleasant. The one next to The Drop Zone on Chao Anou Road is particularly delightful. The massage parlour does not really have a name, and the most prominent signboard merely says "now open". Don't go to the famous Wat Sok Pa Luang to a Lao Massage. It burned on June 2013. US$10-16/hour. edit
- Centre Culturel et de Coopération Linguistique (French Cultural Centre), Lane Xang Road. Situated very close to Patuxai, it has a French library and a small theatre that shows plays and films. The cultural centre have often free photo exhibitions about the Laos culture and its people. edit
- Grooming (Holiday Barber), Chou Anou Road (across from the Home Ideal Department Store). The best salon in Vientiane. To get an idea of how reasonable the pricing is, here are some of the services and their prices: 1 hour long massage for 30,000 kip, manicure/pedicure and foot scrape for 30,000 kip, Brazilian blowout 100,000 kip. edit
- Muay Lao (Kickboxing) (Kuanjai Sikhot Boxing Gym), (on the same road as the airport, going out of town; head towards the Sekhai Market. Make a right turn right before the market, then go straight and make the first left turn, go straight another 700 m), ☎ 020 566 32835. A national sport of Lao PDR. Similar to Muay Thai, but not a tourist trap like most gyms in Thailand edit
- Meditation (Lao Dhamma Center), (on Route 13, to the south, at km38), . Peaceful Buddhist meditation centre with a daily schedule dedicated to sincere meditation practice. Foreigners are welcome. It is difficult to find such a place elsewhere in Laos. edit
- Yoga (Vientiane Yoga Studio), (Khouvieng Road to Sokpaluang Road, first paved street on the right), ☎ 7851 0490, . Offers yoga and dance classes daily. 60,000 kip per class. edit
- Bicycle Touring (Vientiane ByCycle), (tours start at the parking lot of Khong View Restaurant), ☎ +856 205 581 2337, . half and full day. Vientiane ByCycle offers awesome guided bicycle tours through and around Vientiane. They take you off the beaten track to places where you usually wouldn't go. Along villages, temples, school yards, the banks of Mekong River, crematoria, markets, and local businesses. They have excellent quality mountain bikes. Make reservations through their website. edit
- Adina Spa, 170 Phonesaath, Kaysone Road (half a kilometre north of Patuxay Monument.), ☎ +856 21 414138, . Daily, 09:00- 22:00. Adina Spa is well-known as the first to have opened its doors to offer full service spa and massage treatments in Vientiane. Started in 2005, this spa has provided excellent service to visiting dignitaries. (17.977386,102.62623099999996) edit
- Champa Spa, Fa Ngum Road (on the Mekong Riverfront), ☎ +856 21 251926, . Daily, 09:00 - 22:00. Champa Spa has pretty much has all the services you would expect from a spa and massage place. (17.962802,102.606865) edit
- Lao Bowling Centre, Boulevard Khunbulom, . Daily, 09:00 - 22:00. A visit to a bowling alley is a definite ‘must-do’ for anyone interested in a lively night out with loud music, cold beer and chatty, smiling locals. 13,000 kip per game. edit
Markets and department stores
- Talat Sao (Morning Market), corner of Lane Xang Rd and Khu Vieng Rd. 09:00-16:00. A large collection of indoor stalls selling, well, pretty much anything. There are two floors: the first floor sells mostly textiles, electronics (nearly all of it counterfeit), and watches; the second floor has clothing, gold and jewellery. Depending on the product, you should negotiate for discounts 10-33%. The snack section along Rue Lan Xang has some delicacies selling including fried insects (maybe locusts or grasshoppers, and also larvae and worms). edit
- Talat Sao Mall, . Has 3 floors and is the first public building in Vientiane with an indoor parking. At weekends people from the countryside come and marvel at the escalators (which, in one local magazine article, were referred to in English as "electricity ladders"), and at the bravery of those who venture onto them. The mall boasts a few cafés and a Thai-style food court. Many vendors are Thais so they expect you to pay in baht, despite the signs urging you to pay in kip, and they also expect you to be typical dumb tourists who'll pay any price and still think it's a bargain. Souvenir T-shirts cost 3 for 200 baht. edit
- Home Ideal Department Store, Samsenthai Road. Large one-stop shop for assorted products from stationery to housewares, clothing to luggage. Prices are fixed and reasonable. edit
Look for the "Stay Another Day: Laos" booklet for a guide to non-profit handicraft shops, sustainable manufacturing and other NGO stuff in Vientiane and elsewhere in Laos.
Above all, silk and cotton weavings are for sale in the Morning Market and in many shops along Thanons Setthathirat and Samsenthai, and in several of their side roads. In the Morning Market you should bargain; in the other shops you may try to get a discount but don't count on it. Some of the better shops are:
- Mixay Boutic (yes, that's how they write it) in Thanon Nokeo Kumman (with a branch in Thanon Setthathirat) - they have some women weaving fabrics of the shop's own design on the premises, who you are welcome to watch. Beautiful wall hangings, not the cheapest in town but well worth the price. Also on sale are shirts and skirts, scarves, cushion covers and anything made of textiles.
- Kanchana: the Beauty of Lao Silk: traditional Lao silk weavings, hand-woven fabrics, textiles and clothing using natural dyes. Just off Thanon Samsenthai on Thanon Chantha Kumman, the road to That Dam.
- Lao Textiles, Thanon Nokeo Kumman. Founded 1990 by an American woman (Carol Cassidy), who now employs some 40 artisans, this firm offers modern cotton weavings using traditional motifs and- some of their work has been exhibited in international museums, with this reflected in the price. They are not particularly welcoming to visitors, including a locked front door, a bell that needs to be rung to request entry & very prominent 'No photography' signs.
- The Art of Silk, Thanon Manthatulat, run by the Lao Women's Union. Silk and cotton weavings in both traditional and modern designs.
- Mulberries Lao Sericulture Company, Thanon Nokeo Kumman. The sales outlet of a not-for-profit organisation that operates in about five hundred villages in Northern Laos, seeking to create income generating opportunities. Naturally-dyed, handmade Lao silk products.
- TShop Lai, Vat Inpeng Street, ☎ 856 (21) 22 31 78, . Sells oils, shampoos, soaps, etc. made by Les Artisans Lao as well as honey and some nice handicrafts. Les Artisans Lao is a social venture allowing disadvantaged, uneducated and often marginalised people to receive an apprenticeship. edit
Most supermarkets offer groceries from Europe, wines from all over the world, and due to the low taxation in Laos these are astonishingly low-priced considering the long transport routes; dairy products from Laos itself and Thailand (milk, yoghurt), butter and cheese from Europe and New Zealand.
- SiMuang Minimart on Samsenthai Road opposite Wat Si Muang - maybe the shop with the most extensive range of merchandise in town, and somewhat cheaper than the shops in the centre. Sells freshly baked bread.
- Home Ideal Supermarket on Rue Heng boun.
- M-Point Mart is a relatively new convenience store chain, with at least five locations in Vientiane. Much like a 7-11. Stop by around 18:00 and there will be a Thai food cart right in front. Offers pad Thai, fried baby mussels, fried rice, mixed seafood platter. Price: 15,000 kip per plate.
- Phimphone Mini-mart (under renovation) on Setthathirat Road next to JoMa. It is no mere mini-mart, but almost a full-grown supermarket. This place will surprise you in the amount of Western stock it carries, but it is expensive and the exchange rate on foreign currency is not good. It pays to pay in kip! A second shop with the same name, the owners are related but the shops are not, is on Samsenthai Road, corner of Chantha Kumman Road. Excellent, European-style bread is usually available (at Setthathirat), though the delivery schedule is a bit erratic.
- Riverside Minimart on Fa Ngum Road, the Mekong promenade.
- V-Shop on Khun Bulom Road between Setthathirat Road and Samsenthai Road. Outside in front is a small express café where they serve some of the best coffee in town (Lao Mountain Coffee), shakes, fruit juices, waffles, doughnuts. Good for people-watching on the edge of the Chinese quarter.
Several shops around town, including the Full Moon Cafe, offer book buy/sell/exchange services. Some of the tomes on the shelves look as if they have been on a long, long trip in a back-pack, but you can find interesting reading material.
- Monument Books, Thanon Nokeo Kumman (next to the Vayakorn Guesthouse). Offers a good selection of English and French language books and magazines. edit
Vientiane boasts one of the best DVD shops in Southeast Asia, with 10,000 titles of quality European, Asian and US movies. This is Seng Lao, about 100 m toward the river down Chao Anou Street from the Home Ideal department store - on your left. Seng Lao has dozens of books displaying covers: you browse the books, and list your choices on a piece of paper they provide, at 10,000 kip each. (Don't go to the nearby and better-marked Seng Dao DVD shop by mistake, as service and choice here are much inferior.). Mind the possible consequences of importing large amounts of illegally copied DVDs into your country.
- Chinese bicycles and mountain bikes can be found in the Morning Market (Talat Sao) and in a few shops in the surrounding streets. Prices for a single gear bike start at about US$50, mountain bikes at about US$80. In the tourist area, bike rentals cost ~20,000 kip per day. I enquired about renting a bike for two weeks and they would not reduce the price.
- Top Cycle Zone, 47 Dong Palan. the place to go if you want to buy a decent Western style bicycle, or spare parts for one. Mountain bike: From US$350. edit
Lao Bike 71, Setthathurath road, opposite Wat Ong Teu is the best bike shop in Vientiane. English speaking, good range of spares and accessories and repairs. firstname.lastname@example.org. They even got a 700x35 folding tire for me which is difficult to get even in the UK
Beer Lao is everywhere. The Lao like to drink their beer with ice, so if it's an ice cold beer you're looking for, check if the bar you're settling into has a fridge. Many other shops stock and supply booze, some of which may well be counterfeit.
- Vientiane State Import/Export Enterprises, Samsenthai Road (next to Phongsavanh Bank). a duty free, state owned liquor store. Limited selection but the cheapest price in town for popular brand name liquor by the bottle. This place is pretty good in terms of product authenticity but nothing is 100% guaranteed. edit
There are many restaurants in Vientiane. They offer a wide selection of cuisines, from Chinese to Tex-Mex. More restaurants open all the time, but many are there for just a few months before they go under. A few are successful and stay and may even flourish. It’s a question of offering something special, either in the way of the food served, or the atmosphere, or the friendly and competent service.
On the west side of the morning food market, one can sample fried cricket delicacies together with other bug-like critters.
For authentic Lao food and dining experience there is one noodle soup shop on the street across from the end of Rue Saylom furthest from Talat Sao, next to a green Fuji film shop and developing studio and with the sign "DELICIOUS NOODLE". It's around 17°58'05.5"N 102°36'41.3"E. This restaurant offers the best Lao white thick rice noodles with some pieces of chicken or fried pork, quail's eggs, and the usual vegetable servings, spring onions, cilantro, mung bean sprouts (unlimited serve-yourself quantity). The noodle soup here is excellent.
There's also the Kanom Ku (Chinese doughnuts) on the side. Unlimited servings, and it's all for 8,000 kip plus 1,000 kip per Kanom Ku consumed (honour system). They seem to run out of Kanom Ku towards the end of the day. Update (February 2015): The cheapest rice noodle dishes here are now 15,000 kip and they don't offer any additional servings. Kanom Ku still 1,000 kip each. The noodle soup dish here isn't especially good.
On Lane Xiang, a dirt alley north of Hatsady Road and the Morning Market, across from the Bank of Ayudhya, is a small group of stalls offering local food patronized by office workers. The ambiance is similar to the morning and night street food markets in Luang Prabang and the vendors seemingly have not been co-opted by a tourist-mindset. At 09:30, flies hover rarely and the food is steaming hot, having just been lifted out of the cooking fire.
There's an excellent buffet with meats and desserts for 20,000 kip near Talat Sao. Past the mall, and across Lane Xang Ave, if you start walking down Rue Saylom there should be a red and green sign on your right within about 50m that says "Buffet", "Lao food & organic" and "Working Buffet Lunch". Walk just down the alley behind the sign and the place will be on the first left after maybe 30m. Dishes include vegetarian options, and several with chicken (some very high quality, including actual breast meat), as well as boiled rice, fried rice and some excellent fried noodles (though these seem dependent on the day of the week), and a variety of Chinese-style desserts. All included for 20,000 kip. Drinks are extra. 3000 kip for a small juice. Open 11:00-14:00 daily, though some dishes aren't served every day.
- Noodle shops can be found all over the town. They typically serve rice noodle soups ("feu", a close cousin to Vietnamese phở and Chinese 粉 fán), often also fried rice and other rice or noodle-based dishes. Prices are very moderate: around 1 USD for a large bowl or plate.
- Ban Anou Night Market is only about 1 block long and starts setting up at sundown, but it has some of the best cheap eats in town. There's a wide range of street snacks available, including pho made with hand-pulled noodles, little lettuce-wrapped snacks with peanut filling (miang), all types of grilled skewered meats, grilled sticky rice, local beverages made from coconut, chai tea, corn grass jelly, and more. Particularly worth trying are the small rice pancakes. Two hemispheres of rice-based batter are fried in a tin, filled with minced pork and bean sprouts and put together. About the size of a flattened tennis ball, and absolutely delicious.
- Ray's Grille, (Rays Grille Laos 17/1 Sihom Road ,Vientiane Laos. Near many backpacker hotels and hostels), ☎ 2058966866, . Famous for his mouth watering burgers. Also serves delicious Philly cheesesteaks,Burritos, quesadillas,Large fresh salads & beef smoked hotdogs. Baguettes are freshly-baked each day and sandwiches are given generous amounts of mozzarella and cheddar cheeses. Middle-eastern options, Falafel,Kofta, are accompanied by home-made tahini or tzatziki sauce. The quality of the food is rivalled only by the friendliness of the chef. "Ray" is the owner's young son. edit
- Stay Hungry Burger, (Setthathirat Road near Nam Phu, in front of State Bookstore), ☎ +8562077516084. Stay Hungry Burger's claim is true, you really do stay hungry after eating there as the burger are the smallest in town. edit
A selection of more sophisticated restaurants:
- Along the river: dozens of unpretentious restaurants and beer gardens, from opposite the BCEL bank strung along the Mekong for approximately 2 km upriver (those upstream from the main beach promenade are generally cheaper). All are pleasant places for a beer and a snack or a complete meal while the sun goes down over the river. One of these is one-time famous John's Restaurant, but since the owner married an Australian and left for down under there is nothing to distinguish it from the other places left and right. All serve inexpensive (but not really cheap for Laos - in fact, the prices for most foods are much like in Thailand) Lao, Thai and some Western food. Among the best is the grilled fish, served by many of them. Take care when you're in for boiled eggs: what you get here are incubated duck eggs. When you open them you're in for a surprise (but at least the little bird does not chirp). The Lao love them, they are hugely popular.
In 2005 one of the eateries along the river put Lao-style reed mats on the ground with low rattan tables (ka toke); diners sit cross-legged on the mat around the table. These became so popular that they can now be found at many of these establishments. They are much nicer than the rickety metal tables and plastic chairs that are the standard of all but the better restaurants in Laos. The riverside open-air restaurants have been known to use two menus, a cheaper one for locals and an expensive one for foreigners.
- Nazim Indian Restaurant on the Mekong river road: decent Indian food. Their toilet is not the cleanest in the country, perhaps because the patrons of some of the eateries on the river bank are directed here for certain needs when they are not simply sent down to the reeds at the water's edge. Nazim has opened another branch in Thanon Pang Kham, opposite the offices of Lao Airlines. There are at least 4 other Indian restaurants in the city centre, and all quite similar.
- Noor, at the waterfront couple of blocks away from Nazim Indian restaurant. Noor restaurant is clearly the better option in terms of food quality and taste. Good value for money.
Vegetarian / Vegan:
- Happy Golden Age A reasonably priced (15,000kip for noodle soup) vegan restaurant. Seems to be Vietnamese-centric with assortment of mock meats and dishes. Staff was nice, place was clean, they spoke some English. It's where Rue Saylom curves behind the "Vientiane Plaza".
- Nirvana Simuang Road. (a small road connecting Sethattirat Road to Khou Vieng Road. in Ban Simuang, Muang Sisattanak, close to the famous tourist site Wat Simuang). Delicious Lao traditional vegetarian/vegan food with some Western-style options. Nice change from the mostly Chinese-style offer of other buffets. High diversity and rotation rates. In the evening, ask for the menu (they have two - one basic one with pictures and another, much larger). 20,000 kip buffet at lunch hours. Open M-Sa. Family-managed, very clean. Some English spoken. Tel: +856 21 217 385.
- Vegan restaurant @ Talat Khuadin Inside the market opposite the Talat Sao. Pass the big basket shop and you will see a wooden sign pointing you down an alley. Offers a lunch time buffet serving vegan Laotian food. You can also get there from Mahosot Road: go north past the bus station and watch for the alley on the right. Down the alley you'll see a "vegetarian" sign on the left. The buffet is open from 10:00 to 14:30 for 25,000 kip per person.
- Vegan food stall @ Talat Sao food court (at the top level of Talat Sao shopping mall). All plates at 10,000 kip each. Buffet plates, excellent veg spring rolls and noodle soups.
- Ai Capone, Rue François Nginn 007/008, ☎ 02059910888 (email@example.com), . until 22:00. Opened since beginning of February 2014, this new Italian restaurant offers delicious pizza and pasta cook by Italian chefs. The manager is also Italian and will be happy to joke with you. The name refer to Alphonse Gabriel Al Capone the famous mafia boss with a Lao word play with Ai meaning Big Brother 5-12$. edit
- Benoni Cafe, on the first floor of Phimphone Market (entrance next to it), opens from 10:00 to 17:00, and offers a wide range of reasonably priced Asian and European dishes. The owners are Lao, but speak fluent English, French, and German. daily specials and home roasted coffee beans, basis for one of the best coffees in town. Busy at lunch time, discounts after 14:00.
- Café des Arts, Heng Boun Road (close to Lao Cultural Hall), ☎ +856 021 212 260, . M-F, 10:00-14:00, 17:00-23:00; weekends evenings only. Excellent home-made pasta and pizzas for around US$6-7, as well as a good selection of wines, including by the glass. Accepts kip, Thai baht, Euros, US dollars. Most expensive pizza, 73,000 kip. edit
- Café Indochine, Setthathirat Road. Authentic Vietnamese food. Particularly recommended: the set meals at about US$4-5. When there are more than just a few guests, the kitchen staff may lose sight of their priorities.
- Chokdee, Mekong road. Belgian food and Belgian beers. Good food, but the fries were a bit disappointing. Rather sloppy and not the Belgian quality they claim they serve. The restaurant serves a wide selection of Belgian beers as well as Beerlao. Maybe not the place to go for cocktails though.
- La Côte d’Azur on Fa Ngum Road: a favourite of the expat community, serving generous helpings of mainly French food.
- Le Croissant d'Or and Banneton Café, almost next to each other in Nokeo Kumman Road (running from the river to Setthathirat Road) have croissants and pastries and serve simple lunches. Banneton sells the best baguettes in town - tasty, not just something to chew. Their coffee is among the best in Vientiane, on a par with that at JoMa. The owners of Le Croissant d'Or also run the Vista Café in Thanon François Ngin (free Wi-Fi when you spend 30,000 kip on food and drink).
- Full Moon Café, almost next to Sticky Fingers, nice interior with comfortable seating arrangements and relaxed atmosphere. Asian/European fusion cuisine. Friendly but unfocused staff and reasonable prices. Manager named Khamfanh speaks good English and can help with orders or information about Laos. Has a free book exchange: 1 for 1. Free Wi-Fi.
- Hong Kong Restaurant, opposite Lao Plaza Hotel. Lackadaisical Cantonese dishes (US$2-9) and a small selection of dim sum (8,000 kip per plate). There have been reports of them padding the bill. Check the bill carefully before paying! (That, by the way, is something you should do everywhere: in a country where they use a calculator to subtract 7 from 10 it comes as no surprise that their counting of beers consumed is not always accurate, although to be fair the mistakes are not always to the disadvantage of the customer.
- Inter Hotel Restaurant - Quai Fa Ngum, riverside, well prepared Szechuan food, about 24,000 kip per dish. The hotel also runs the Inter Stone House in the same building round the corner; about the same or a slightly higher price range. Western and Thai/Lao food; their speciality is the sizzling steak on a stone platter, which however is not recommended as it's rather leathery meat with maltreated French fries and tasteless vegetables. Offers little for vegetarians.
- JoMa has three outlets in Vientiane. The most central is on Setthathirat Road opposite the Kop Chai Deu, close to the Nam Pou fountain, is an extremely popular air-conditioned café and bakery with simple lunches and excellent cakes & coffee. Free Wi-Fi. Other outlets are on the corner of Rue 23 Singha and Nongbone, close to That Luang; and on the corner of Donpalane and Sapangmore, close to the Sengdara Fitness Centre.
- Just For Fun, by the That Dam, just off Rue Samsenthai. Bright, cheery, friendly place perfect for a leisurely bite and beer in the shadow of the That Dam. Wholesome, healthy Thai-influenced food and fresh desserts. Good selection of vegetarian dishes. Mains start at US$2.50.
- Khao Nieow on Nokeo Kumman Road, almost next to La Terrasse. Set three-course meals at US$4.50. Steaks in two qualities: Lao beef at around 4 or 5 USD; New Zealand lamb and beef at about US$8 and above. To be tried on a cool evening: the fondue bourguignonne at US$26 for two and, a surprise in a place whose name means "Sticky Rice", excellent cheese fondue at US$28 for two - not something for the hottest months of the year, but nice around year-end when temperatures drop.
- Kop Kap, across from That Luang Temple. A favourite among exats living nearby, if you crave Thai food. Packed during lunch time, the restaurant is known for its excellent Penang curry. Closed Sundays.
- Kua Lao at Thanon Samsenthai. Authentic Lao food with a good selection of vegetarian dishes; traditional Lao music and dance performances in the evening. The food is expensive by Lao standards with main dishes from US$6-12 and set meals at US$15.
- Lane Xang Hotel Restaurant on Thanon Fa Ngum has traditional Lao music and dance performances every evening from about 19:00, which you watch while eating the Lao food. Get there early to secure a table with a good view of the stage. A meal for four, consisting of 5 or 6 dishes including drinks, will come at about US$30.
- Lao Garden, 2 km east on Tha Deua Road. For decent Lao, Thai and Western food in a charming environment, this is the place. Very popular with locals and with a great view of the Mekong. Mains cost between 30,000-100,000 kip. The fried fish laap is excellent. Often offers live music in the evenings. Meena nightclub opposite is a fun place to dance the night away with local Lao youth after dinner.
- Little House Cafe on Manthatourat Road (opposite Lao Cotton) - Japanese owner roasts her own coffee, using shade-grown, organic Lao coffee beans. Coffee is excellent and the coffee shake is wonderful on hot days. The home-made scones and cakes ,when available, are tasty. The cafe also sells textiles.
- Lotus Restaurant, next to Cultural Hall. Serves traditional Lao and Western food, 08:30- 23:30. Price range: US$2-4.
- Makphet, Behind Wat Ong Teu, just a block or two from the river. Training restaurant to give street kids skills in the hospitality industry. Excellent food and service. Just be aware that this is Lao food cooked for the Western palate and is not really authentic. Great alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. Mushroom curry noodles and banana flower salad are both excellent.
- Moon the Night Restaurant. Another 0.5 km farther upstream from the Spirit House and somewhat difficult to find: the river promenade ends a few hundred metres before – best to take a tuk-tuk. (Directions: from the Novotel 0.5 km west, direction airport, past the Ford showroom, then turn into a soi on the left which after 200 m takes you to the river. There ask around). A very pleasant spot to eat excellent Lao food. A large place, an extensive menu, competent and friendly service. Background music not too loud. Highly recommended. A meal of 6 to 8 dishes for 4 people costs US$15-20 including drinks.
- Phonethip Coca Suki Restaurant, Thanon Sailom opposite the Lao Telecom Service Centre. Part of a chain that also has restaurants in Thailand and Indonesia. Good Lao, Thai, Chinese and Western food. Reasonable prices and good, attentive service. Very popular at lunch time with office workers and students.
- Le Provençal at Nam Phu (the Fountain) - French fare, excellent pizzas Very good steaks as well as good French regional cooking. The owner allows you to bring your own wine as well. Main courses from about US$4-10.
- Sticky Fingers - François Ngin Road opposite the Best Western Hotel. High quality Western style food at reasonable prices and a wide selection of vegetarian options. There's happy hour on Wednesday and Friday nights, including half-price cocktails. Open for breakfast and lunch on weekends only. Free Wi-Fi. Hangout for expats and NGO volunteers.
- La Terrasse, Nokeo Kumman Road, is popular with both expats and tourists. It is one of the best French restaurants in Vientiane (very good pizzas, and excellent tender steaks at about 40,000 kip). Set three-course lunch is US$5.50, main dishes up to 80,000 kip. Closed on Sundays.
- Salana Corner 2 minutes walk away from the Mekong River on Chao Anou Road. (+856)21254254 07:30-22:00. this restaurant & cafe is part of Salana Boutique Hotel and offers a good selection of Lao Western Dishes. Known for employing Lao Chefs from famous hotels in Laos, the restaurant is between Wat Ong Teu and Wat Inpaeng, quiet but in a very good location. Good selection of beers & beverages also available. Approx US$3-12 per person.
- The Spirit House is on the riverfront about 0.3 km upstream of the Mekong River Commission on Quai Fa Ngoum. It has an excellent cocktail bar, and also offers a full breakfast, lunch and dinner menu with competent and friendly service. Every evening there is 25% off all cocktails.
- Swedish Pizza & Baking House. Ban Anou Road. Tel (+856)215705. Open 07:00-21:00. Huge selection of excellent thin-crust pizzas for 45,000-60,000 kip. The mocha shakes are particularly tasty. Also has a wide variety of fresh baked breads, pastries and cakes. Note that the location changed in December 2011 and it is now a block north of where some maps have it marked, closer to the night market. The sign is currently hidden from view until you are well past Win Hotel.
- Tex-Mex Alexia Restaurant and Bar, on Fa Ngum Road almost directly across from the Chinese Temple. Ostensibly a Tex-Mex eatery, expat Americans uniformly condemn the food. Yet the place is almost always packed. The bar does a lively business, serving up very strong margaritas. Live music many nights. Even if you don't fancy trying the food, it's a fine place to sip a drink and watch the city roll by. Caution to males: the pretties coming by your table to chat you up--certainly the Lao are friendly people, but Tex-Mex Alexia seems to have become a haven for the city's working girls eyeing some "foreign exchange".
- Up 2 U just off of Lane Xang Road. Call Nok for English reservations/directions on (+856)206711784 11:00-23:00. 5 min walk from the Morning Market, this restaurant offers a good selection of Lao 'BBQ' dishes and soups as well as the usual rice dishes. The restaurant is just off the main road next to a large fishing pond surrounded by colonial houses, a welcome change from the busy river front. Good selection of beers & beverages also available. US$5-8 per person. It's popular with locals.
- Via Via Opposite Riverside Hotel on Thanon Nokeo Kumman. Excellent tasting wood-fired paper-thin crust pizzas and home-made pastas priced from 32,000 kip. Good selection of Belgian beers.
- MiG Soviet, (next to HomeIdeal Shopping Centre), ☎ 58630937. Tue-Sun. Newly opened Russian cuisine restaurant with Russian chef. Tasty borsch, salads and pelmeni (dumplings) with other specialities not to mention the best choice of vodka in town. edit
- Aria Mixai Italian Culinary Arts 8 Rue Francois Ngin, Ban Mixai ,
Phone: +856 30 570 0831, or +856 21 222 589 [www.ariaorg.com] .
Finest Italian dining in the capital, real Neapolitan pizza with wood fired oven, superb Italian cuisine, excellent selection of homemade pasta’s and gourmet choice of meats and fishes, and a really good ice-cream bar. The most popular buffet in town. Extensive Italian wine list ranked among the top ten in Asia.
Price Range from 6$ up
- Balkan House, Thongsangnang Village (from Thongkhankham market, second traffic light left, than first street right opposite Nakhomesack Hotel, down the street 300 m on the left side), ☎ 020 7709 729. Tu-Su 08:00-15:00 & 18:00-23:00. Traditional Yugoslav and Mediterranean home-made dishes, prepared by a Montenegrin chef. From US$5-15. edit
- Nam Phou. The first and arguably the best of the restaurants around the Fountain (Nam Phu), with good food and exceptional service. A favourite of NGO types.
- L'Opéra: at the Fountain; good Italian food, but not quite comparable to what you get in the owner's home country. Good pizzas. Don't go there if you cannot stand opera - it is played continuously in the background though not, fortunately, so loud that it drowns the conversation.
- La Scala Italian Restaurant, Lak 3, Thadeua Road, ☎ +856 21 931 169. Excellent Italian food. Romantic setting in a beautifully maintained colonial home. Offers a lunchtime buffet Monday-Friday. Pizzas a bit bland, with thicker/2cm crust throughout. Has an extensive wine list. Pasta mains from US$8.. edit
- Le Silapa is one of Vientiane's best restaurants. The staff are cordial and attentive, the wine list magnificent (buy the house wine if you don't know your wines - it's perfectly agreeable) - and the proprietor charming and amiable. Definitely French up-scale (your host is Quebecois), with an excellent menu. Portions tend to be fairly small, but beautifully crafted. Bargain on paying US$10-15 for your entree, and US$20 for your main course. Le Silapa has recently moved Recently moved into new premises above the I-Beam Tapas Bar, which is on Sethathirat opposite Ongtue Temple alongside the alley to the Lani Guesthouse.
The massive influx in recent years of Chinese investment into Laos may be controversial, but one area in which it has had an undeniably positive impact is the vastly increased quality of Chinese restaurants in Vientiane. No reason anymore to settle for the ghastly Hong Kong Restaurant or uninspired banquet fare in the big hotels. Vientiane has a growing selection of authentic regional Chinese cuisine, particularly from the southwest.
- Fu Man Lou 福滿樓 (Tel: 21-262249; mobile: 020-55519185), Luang Prabang Road: this restaurant is so successful it now has two locations. The one on the road to the airport is the best by far. It is the most established of the better Chinese restaurants in the city, and the Chinese diplomats posted to Laos often dine here. Food selection is multi-regional, but the Sichuan dishes are well done.
- Dihao Hunan Restaurant 帝豪酒店 (Tel: 21-262799), on T2 Road not far from Patuxai. If you are craving spicy Hunan fare, Dihao serves up some of the best you'll find this side of Changsha. Hunanese-owned and operated (the Hunan Chamber of Commerce is on the 4th floor), Dihao is likely the finest and most authentic Chinese restaurant in Vientiane at the moment. Staff speak Chinese and Lao, and the menu is same, but every dish has its own photo. Order anything containing chilies, and you can't go wrong.
- Jiu-Jiu Restaurant 久玖酒家 (Tel: 21-213059; mobile: 020-55333419), Luang Prabang Road (almost directly opposite the Marina Nightclub): an unheralded gem, this restaurant offers fantastic southwestern Chinese cuisine. The chef hails from Qujing 曲靖 in Yunnan Province. The food is best described as Yunnan-Sichuan fusion. Helps if you know Chinese, but the staff can speak Lao as well. Menu contains plenty of photographs, so if all else fails, just point.
- Restaurant Chengdu 成都食府, Luang Prabang Road. Formerly the 東北美食館 (Manchuria Gourmet), this restaurant opened with new name and management in January 2011. The owner/manager claims the chef is from Chengdu, but the heavily Manchurian-influenced food from the kitchen clearly puts the lie to that claim. It is obvious they have changed the menu to Sichuan fare, but kept a Manchurian chef who doesn't know how to properly prepare it.
Sunset and Beerlao by the Mekong
Vientiane has a few bars/clubs, and there's no shortage of places for a quiet Beerlao. In particular, the Mekong shoreline has long been the epicentre of low-key night life, although a massive construction project to build a flood management system and a riverside park has seen most of the bamboo-and-thatch beer gardens here disappear.
The Lao Cafe near junction of Khoun Boulom Road and Settathirath road is friendly, cheap and open late with dance floor Saturday night.
- Bor Pen Nyang, (Fa Ngum Road (the river promenade), ☎ +856 20 787 3965, . Breezy fourth-floor (no elevator) bar/restaurant which overlooks the Mekong. Tourists, locals, expats, working girls and ladyboys in seeming harmony. Claims the most extensive fine whisky range in Laos and stocks a wide range of liquors. Special daily cocktail for 20,000 kip. Pool & snooker tables on the 2nd floor. At the back of the bar there is a winner stays/loser pays pool competition every night. Extremely nice views of the river and the night market in the evening, good for drinks and good for food if you don't mind waiting for 3 hours. edit
- CCC Bar, Supanvong Road, Ban Haai Sok, . The second of two gay bars in downtown Vientiane, located next to Silapa Restaurant and catty-corner from Vat Inpeng. Friendly atmosphere and staff with good dance beats. Mixed drinks typical cost around 30,000 kip, with happy hour between 19:00 and 21:00. Second floor has a dance floor. edit
- Deja Vu, (next to L'Opera Restaurant on Nam Phu Square (Fountain)). A classy and cozy bar, owned and run by a Japanese-speaking Lao owner. Closed on Sundays. Approximately 50K kip per cocktail. edit
- Don Chan Palace. closes at 04:00 on weekends. An after-hours club popular with working girls. Closed now for renovation. edit
- GQ Bar, (off Rue Chao Anou (the same street as the Inter City and Lao Orchid Hotel, off Fa Ngum Road along the river)). One of two gay bars in downtown Vientiane. Closes between midnight and 01:00, when some head off to the @Home nightclub. Friendly staff, crazy owner, cheap drinks, and occasional cabaret shows around 24:00. edit
- Jazzy-Brick, (Setthathirat Road nearly opposite Kop Chai Deu). A classy, and expensive, bar. The sign out front states "no shorts, no flip-flops allowed". edit
- Khop Chai Deu, (Setthathirat Road next to the fountain square.), . The name means "thank you very much". Popular with tourists, expats and Lao hi-so types. OK food; mid-range prices; large selection of Western, Thai, and recently introduced classic Lao dishes. Great place to drink beer in the centre of town. edit
- Martini Lounge, (Thanon Nokeo Kummane Road, just a block from the Mekong and next door to Croissant d'Or Bakery.). Opens at 18:00 and closes well past the normal 23:30 curfew. Movies shown Monday-Wednesday 20:00. Thursdays are salsa nights and most Fridays a DJ is spinning. Possibly plays the most eclectic music in Vientiane. edit
- Samlo Pub, (Setthathirat Road opposite Wat Onteu). Was once one of only a few bars in town, and was packed every evening, especially between 23:00 and 02:00, after other bars around town closed. Perhaps quieter now that there is more competition. Has pool table and shows sports, but the "background" music often drowns the TV commentary. Drinkers from Bor Pen Nyang often come here when it closes, then move on again to the Don Chan Palace night club once Samlo closes. edit
- Sinouk Cafe, (Fa Ngum Road - Along the Mekong River near the Night Market), ☎ +856 021 312 150 (firstname.lastname@example.org), . Daily from 7:30am to 10pm. Perfectly situated on the Mekong Riverfront and near the Night Market, the cafe serves premium Lao coffee, excellent food, as well as alcoholic beverages. Seating available in air-con indoors as well as outdoors so you can watch the crowd. A great place to take a break while about town. edit
- Wind West. Different cover bands play throughout the night. Maybe the only country & western bar in Laos. A sit-and-listen-to-live-band place, not a dance club. edit
There are numerous places to stay in Vientiane, but there is little budget accommodation. Most options are mid to high-range for Lao standards, and can go up to astronomic prices exceeding the yearly salary of most Laotians, and which can not be paid in local currency. In recent years many new establishments have opened, but mid-2007 the Government announced plans to restrict the number of new permits: they wish to concentrate on quality rather than quantity. The days that anyone could convert their home to a guest house seem to be over.
Normally, just get into the town centre (for instance, Nam Phu Square) and start looking around along Thanon Setthathirat and its side streets. You’ll find something within minutes except in "peak season" (January) when it will be really difficult to find a room: book in advance!
High season is something like October through April or May; low season June through September.
Some places insist on an early nightly curfew and lock the front door without giving you a key. If you wish to enjoy the nightlife (what there is of it), make sure that you will be able to stay out and, more importantly, get in again. Often there will be a door man who sleeps near to the main entrance doors and can be woken up to get in, but it's advisable to check what system they have in place for getting back in during the small hours of the morning.
|This guide uses the following price ranges for a standard double room:
|| Under 120,000 kip
|| 120,000-400,000 kip
|| Over 400,000 kip
Budget accommodation in Vientiane fills quickly and can be difficult to find by late afternoon.
- Benacam Guest House, Ban Watchan. checkout: 11:00. Clean, nice rooms, great value. Nice bathrooms with great water pressure, real shower, clean bed linen. Rooms can be small, have fridge and cable TV. Wi-Fi, although signal can be weak in areas. edit
- DreamTime Eco Retreat, ☎ +856 20 77 895 721 (email@example.com), . If you are looking for peace and quiet, this is the place. Seven bungalows scattered in the jungle with a small stream. Mike and Michelle, the owners, are really nice and helpful with everything. Located 30 km from the city. 50,000 per person per night. edit
- Mimi Guest House, (Francois Ngin Road), ☎ +856 20 55 666 736. Doubles for 50,000 kip. edit
- Mixay Guesthouse, 54 Nokeo Koummane Road. Simple rooms with fan and shared bathroom. Friendly staff. Clean, but has ventilation issues in some rooms (especially on the top floor where there is a smoking section). Watch your head on the stairs, watch your step, and be patient with the staff. Free Wi-Fi, but only between 09:00 and 23:00. Dorms with/without breakfast 50,000/45,000 kip, single with/without breakfast 70,000/65,000, Double with common bathroom with/without breakfast 90,000/85,000, double with bathroom with/without breakfast 100,000/90,000 kip, double with air-con with/without breakfast 110,000/100,000 kip. edit
- Mixay Paradise, Francois Ngin Road. Partner to Mixay Guesthouse and just one block away. Prices are the same but this is a clean, new guest house. Staff are friendly, you can add breakfast for 8,000 kip. Wi-Fi now 24 hours. It is highly recommended. edit
- RD Guesthouse, Norkeokoummane Road. "Starting at 50,000 kip for a dorm bed, the "Relax and Dream away" Guest house isn't very dreamy, but does have padded ceiling on the stairs (good for tall people) (but be careful going through doorways), and the library has a huge Korean selection, a modest English selection along with some other languages. edit
- Haksannon House, Khounboulom road near the Mekong end. Quiet, friendly, Large room with balcony, wifi, big fridge, cable TV etc for $20.
- Sabaidy Guest House, 203 Settathirat Road. checkout: 11:00. Has lockers to keep your belongings in. Close to the centre, dormitories with no doors or sheets on a bed for 20,000 kip, doubles for 50,000 kip. No Wi-Fi, friendly stuff, shared toilets. Laundry for 9,000 kip/kg. Warning: bedbugs have been reported. edit
- Seng Lao Hotel, (on Chao Anou Road around 3 blocks up from Fa Ngum Road), (Senglaohotel@Yahoo.com). . Clean rooms with A/C and TVs at 115,000 for single 170,000 and 190,000 for twins and 260,000 for a triple. Very helpful staff can let you know where to find more local stuff in addition to normal tourist things. edit
- Si Home Backpackers Hostel (firstname.lastname@example.org), 056 Sihome Road, (Ban sihome), ☎ +8562095512668, . checkin: 14.00; checkout: 12.00. 7. edit
- Soutchai Travel, Nokeo Koummane Road (across from Mixay Guesthouse), ☎ +856 21 25 4512-5. (Formerly aYa Guest House). Clean dorm rooms, moderately fast 24-hour Wi-Fi, small balcony, fan and air-con, lamp, locker/cabinet, towel, and water refill for 30,000 kip. Two common rooms, one with TVs. Discounted travel fares for guests. Friendly staff. Double room is 110,000 kip.. edit
- Youth Inn, (Francois Ngin Road), ☎ +856 21 21 7130 (email@example.com). Got a nice cafe with couches downstairs, friendly staff. If you insist, they might offer you an improvised dormitory, which is a three-bed room with window, fan, and a closet. Air-con available in some rooms. Free Wi-Fi for guests with questionable quality. Internet stations are 8,000 kip/hour. Pay attention, bedbugs. Dorm 25,000 kip, rooms 60,000+ kip. (17.9649569,102.6045638) edit
- Youth Inn 2, (Francois Ngin Road), (firstname.lastname@example.org), . Very clean, rooms with air-con, fan, en suite bath. Helpful and friendly staff. Free drinking water in room, bicycle hire 10,000 kip. 12-hour free Wi-Fi with captive portal or Cyberia Hotspot Wi-Fi, 6,000 kip/hour. The original older Youth Inn is located on the other end of the same road near to the river and has slightly cheaper rooms but of a lower quality. Avoid 4th floor in cool season. Rooms 80,000 kip or 300 baht. (17.9655,102.6046) edit
- Asian Pavilion Hotel, 379 Samsenthai Road. Good, if not quite their self-proclaimed "fascinating" mid-range choice. Formerly known as the Hotel Constellation as chronicled in John le Carre's, The Honourable Schoolboy. Rooms from US$26 with air-con, hot water, cable TV, breakfast and airport transfer.. edit
- Baan Champa Lao Heritage Hotel, 125 Phnompehn Road (Anou Village), ☎ +856 20 50 23782, 20 55 05840 (email@example.com). Baan Champa is a clean modest hotel. It's a family-run, relatively new and is located in a quiet area only 2 blocks from the National Museum and Cultural Centre. It is possible to book a bus to Luang Prabang and train tickets to Bangkok at reception. They are extremely kind and helpful. Room rates US$15-25 incl breakfast (toast, fruit, tea, coffee). edit
- Beau Rivage Mekong Hotel, Fa Ngum Road (on the river road but at the shady tree-lined stretch that has not yet been “developed”, a few hundred metres upriver from where the road has been asphalted), . New, very nice. All rooms have Wi-Fi, courtesy of the HBRM Spirit House next door. Room prices from US$40-70 depending on season and single or double occupancy. edit
- Chanthapanya Hotel, Nokeo Kummane Road. Owned and operated by the Chanthapanya family, the hotel offers the charm of a family guest house while providing the comfort of a hotel. All rooms have air-con, Wi-Fi, personal safe, cable TV. Wi-Fi access points are on floors 2 and 4,. Beware unpleasant smells from air-con in some top floor rooms, and ask for a room with a view (meaning not the view of the neighbours' wall). They lock up early so confirm the time with reception From US$35 per room per night. edit
- D`Rose Hotel, No. 339 Pangkham Road, Sisakhet Village (next to the Lao Plaza Hotel and walking distance to Nam Phou Fountain), ☎ +85621215038 (firstname.lastname@example.org), . Mid-size boutique hotel with all the warmth of Laotian hospitality. Laundry service, free Wi-Fi, airport transfer and it also accepts credit cards with secure facilities. US$45-60 including breakfast. edit
- iHouse Residence Hotel, Pangkham Road (near Namphu Fountain) (just north of the Namphu Fountain), ☎ +856 21 217 053 (email@example.com), . A new and modern hotel located in the heart of Vientiane. It's rooms are designed for comfort with most conveniences nearby. Rooms start at US$25 and there are special offers and promotions when reserving a room through their website. (17.964906,102.608550) edit
- Inter City Hotel, 24-25 Fa Ngum Road (the river road), . A boutique hotel. Ask for a room with a view of the river. Has rooms and corridors filled with countless statues with fierce faces, which generates a spooky feeling for some. Rooms are equally spooky with creaking floorboards, so you may wish to inspect the rooms before you check-in. Free Wi-Fi and there are two free computers in the lobby. Room prices from US$35 (standard room) to US$61 (deluxe). edit
- Lane Xang Hotel, Fa Ngum Road. A majestic old hotel from decades ago, built 1960. It is one of the oldest hotels in Vientiane. Boasted the first elevator in the country. The charm of past glory: see the bathroom fittings! Hunter S. Thompson wrote dispatches from here after scrambling out of Saigon as it fell. They claim that English, French, Japanese, Thai, Russian, Vietnamese and, would you believe it, Lao are spoken. US$30-50 including breakfast. edit
- Lani Guest House, Setthathirat Road (next to Wat Haisok), . An old, French colonial-style house in a small garden set back from the main road. A quiet place to relax, yet right in the centre. Simple breakfast is included. Shower not very good, but the place is clean and very well-located. from US$27.50 (single) to US$38.50 (double). edit
- Leuxay Hotel, 189/19 Ban Hongkhatay, Chanthabouly District, Vientiane, ☎ +856-20 265 111, . Decent hotel in a slightly out of the way location. Free Wi-Fi in rooms plus computers for guest use in lobby. Lobby is also home to an air-ticket booking service and tour service. Small but pleasant garden that is mostly occupied by a clean swimming pool. Quiet environment, also not much noise between rooms. On-site restaurant is reasonable, but by no means the best. Breakfast options are limited, but make reasonable start to the day. Friendly staff. Most expensive rooms have large balconies overlooking swimming pool. Good business hotel or for tourists who don't mind being a little out of the way. edit
- Mali Namphu Guest House, (60 m from Nam Phu (the Fountain)). Great central location near the fountain, clean rooms with air-con and own bathroom start from US$29 per night, garden rooms from US$35. A simple breakfast is included and is different every day, served in a nice garden setting. They provide Wi-Fi. Their laundry service is not good for your clothes or your budget. edit
- Memory Hotel, 88 Chao Anouvong Road, ☎ +856(21)262090, mobile = +856(20)95444147 (firstname.lastname@example.org). checkin: 24/7; checkout: 11. Newly renovated 3-star hotel in downtown Vientiane. 5 minute walk to night market and Chao Anouvong Park. Restaurant and bar onsite, along with free Wifi. Rooms from US$30 (single, double, triple) with air-con, hot water, cable TV, and private bathroom.. (17.9653068,102.602949) edit
- MIXOK Guest House, 188 Setthathirate Road (in city centre), ☎ 0085621251606. checkout: 11:00. Standard room with cable TV, private bathroom with hot shower, free Wi-Fi in rooms and free breakfast. 130,000 kip. edit
- New Lao Paris Hotel, 118 Samsenthai Road (Sieng Ngeun Village), (email@example.com, fax: (856-21) 216-382), . Renovated, very clean hotel with quiet spacious rooms. Close to the National Museum, Cultural Centre, and the American Embassy. French-run French restaurant on the premises. You can book a bus to Nong Kai, Udon Thani, Vang Vieng and Luang Prabang at the desk. Airport pick up available upon request. Receptionists speak English and are extremely kind and helpful. 1,000+ baht incl. cable TV, free bottled water, free Internet cafe and WiFi, breakfast (eggs, toast and coffee). edit
- Orchid Guest House, (Fa Ngum Road). Large rooms that face the river, with en suite bathrooms and air-con are US$20. Friendly staff and nice location on the river. Rooms from US$12 (single) to US$15 (double).. edit
- Sinnakhone Hotel, (near the Thai-Pan Hotel). Clean with air-con, private bathroom, free Wi-Fi. Double room is 150,000 kip; double room with windows is 170,000 kip.. edit
- Soupanphone Guest House, 145, Ban Wat Chan (about 300 m from the Mekong promenade on the river), ☎ +856-21 261 468 (firstname.lastname@example.org, fax: +856-21 262 094), . Clean guest house. Free Wi-Fi, TV, air-con, warm water. Breakfast optional. Nice large rooms with en-suite bath. Doubles 170,000 kip. edit
- Vayakorn Guest House, 91 Nokeo Kumman Road (just off Setthathirat Rd). Very clean, rooms with wood floors, air-con, hot water. Helpful and friendly staff. Free Wi-Fi but only reaches first floor rooms and lobby. Singles US$17 & doubles US$25. (30,) edit
- Villa Lao (Villa Nongduang or Thong Bay Guest house), Ban Nong Nuang, ☎ +856-21-242292, . Comfortable, two building hotel in a quiet area. The garden with nice seating area and hammocks make for a relaxing stay. Rooms are traditional Lao-style and unique, though a bit dark. Rooms have fan and air-con. Breakfast is not included, Wi-Fi will cost you US$1.50 a day. Overall it's a wonderful place and good value. 170,000 kip. edit
- Settha Palace Hotel, 6 Pang Kham Street (right at the end of the street, north from Nam Phu past Lao Plaza and Days Inn Hotels), . Built circa 1932, the luxurious Hotel has been restored to its former charm by the same passionate family that ran it before the revolution in 1975. Re-opened in 1999, the French colonial architecture, its period furniture and its landscaped gardens with a free-form pool, complemented by modern facilities, are some of the features of this historical landmark in the heart of Vientiane. If you see a London taxicab cruising the streets, it’s theirs, used to ferry guests around. They have an excellent restaurant “La Belle Epoque” (see above), lovely poolside seating and an open air sidewalk café. Room rates from US$170. edit
- Green Park Boutique Hotel and Resort, Thanon Ku Vieng (About 1 km east from the Morning Market), . A newer boutique hotel built in Lao style - several buildings in a garden setting. Nice pool. It is somewhat away from the centre, but ideal to “get away from the bustle”. Recent guest complaints about lost or stolen items have been verified by local authorities. Be careful with your belongings at this hotel. (Shuttle bus to the city centre every hour until 22.00). Room rates depend on season and start at 100 to 125 USD (single); 110 to 130 (double).. edit
- Don Chan Palace, (far out at the eastern end of the river promenade), . This hotel was completed in 2004, almost complying with the municipality's town planning by-laws which at the time limited buildings in Vientiane to 7 storeys, although Don Chan has 14. Offers panoramic views of the city. It has a swimming pool overlooking the Mekong and a popular open-air beer garden overlooking the Mekong which gets crowded late in the evening. Rooms are showing their age, and often smell of stale cigarettes. Slightly far from the centre but hotel provides shuttle service. From US$68. edit
- Salana Boutique Hotel, Chao Anou Road, 112 Ban Wat Chan, Chanthabouly District (just 2 minutes walk from the Mekong River and Chao Anou Park), ☎ +85621254254, . Recently named by Frommer's Budget Travel Magazine as one of the best boutique hotels in the world, Salana Boutique Hotel was revamped from the old site of Xaysana Hotel, and opened only recently in October 2010. Boasting a total of 41 rooms, Salana Boutique Hotel offers an excellent location in the centre of the city and near to the Mekong River, the recently finished Chao Anou Park, as well and other nearby attractions. The hotel is well known among business travellers and tourists, and have received many positive reviews since opening. edit
- Mercure Vientiane, Unit 10 Samsenthai Road, P.O.Box 585, Samsenthai Road, Sikhotabong (150 m west of Fa Ngum Park), ☎ (+856) 21/213570/1 (email@example.com, fax: (+856)21/213572/3), . Has absorbed the former Novotel in new premises, where it provides the standard it's 4-star status demands. Truly friendly staff with surprisingly good English, a peaceful courtyard with spotless pool, fitness centre and steam bath. Very family-friendly. Quality Sunday brunch (11:00-15:00) at 130,000 kip including use of pool and fitness centre. Saturday and Sunday poolside BBQ (15:00-18:00). Despite the price range, Wi-Fi usage costs extra (starting from 20,000 kip per hour). Rooms from 49 USD (all prices +10% service charge +10% taxes). (17.969212,102.594098) edit
See the section on "Contact" in the article about Laos
See the section on "Contact" in the article about Laos
Internet cafes are ubiquitous in Vientiane, particularly along Thanon Samsenthai and the east end of Thanon Setthathirat. The going rate is 100 Kip per minute, usually charged in 10 minute increments. Charged by the hour from 5.000-6.000 Kip.
- FastestNet, Thanon Samsenthai (between Lao Plaza and Asian Pavilion). Lives up to its name fairly well. No firewalls or program install restrictions. 100 kip per minute. edit
Wi-Fi and GPRS
If you have a laptop and Thai SIM card, 3G GPRS access via Thai network is a good option - if there is a signal in the place where you stay, of course. Thailand's TrueMove coverage is better in Vientiane than over the border in Nong Khai!
The city's waterworks are called Nam PaPaa, which some may joke means "water without fishes". Yes, the fishes have been removed but not everything else. Don't drink the tap water, no matter how long it's been boiled (it tastes very industrial) - stick to the bottled water available everywhere, though even that varies in quality. Some people have a major preference for clear plastic bottles.
Vientiane is free from malaria, but dengue is a real threat, especially during the rainy season. Take the necessary precautions against mosquito bites by wearing DEET repellent - available to purchase at any minimart. It is common practice to request a mosquito coil at dusk at outdoor venues.
They can be vicious, whether they're stray or just owned by irresponsible people who don't bother closing their gates. You don't need to be out in the suburbs to be attacked. Avoid anything but the most well-lit, busy streets at night.
If you're bitten see a doctor, even if you've had a rabies vaccination before your trip as you will still need a booster jab.
Taxi drivers will offer ladies as bed partners for single men as part of their all-out sales pitch of Laos.
Don't follow the example of the locals who will bathe in anything that looks like water. There is a real risk of picking up parasites. Swimming in public pools is okay. There is one in a kind of garden setting on Thanon Sok Paluang, and another, not in such a nice setting, on the road by the stadium.
Hotel pools are also safe. Some hotels with pools that you can use for a fee if you are not staying there: Mercure, Lao Plaza, Don Chan Palace, Settha Palace, and there are more. Recommended: the Sunday brunch (11:00-15:00) in the Mercure at 130,000 kip (+10% service charge +10% taxes) including use of pool and fitness centre.
The choices for gyms in Vientiane are limited, though good prices and adequate facilities are available. Most popular among the expat community is Sengdara Gym, located on Rue Dongpaina: expressionless reception staff and many under-employed young male staff standing around staring at you, but excellent equipment and a nice pool. Daily rates are between 30,000 and 50,000 kip. Be especially watchful at the pool with children or the infirm. In 2011, a 21-year-old Lao man sank to the pool bottom and drowned.
For the more adventurous/frugal gym-goer is Vientiane Gym located near the Russian Circus on 15 Savang St. Daily rates are beween 5,000 and 10,000 kip.
Vientiane's hospitals are a far cry from those in the West or even in Thailand. Mahosot and Setthathirat Hospitals can treat common conditions but for anything more serious you're better off heading to Thailand (see below) where there are good private hospitals with American or European trained doctors.
For emergency dental treatment you certainly do not need to go to Thailand; there is an excellent clinic just behind the Wind West Bar in Sihoum.
Mahosot Hospital is on the river (go to their "International Clinic" where you pay more and get more personal service, but from the same doctors that work in the hospital itself); Setthathirat Hospital is away from the city centre on the T4 Road.
Medical Centre : Centre Médical de l’Ambassade de France. With the support of the French Embassy in Vientiane, the “Centre Médical de l’Ambassade de France” opened its doors to the foreign community in Laos in April 2007. The medical centre provides primary health care, 24 hours a day 7 days a week, along with paramedical services, including dental care, physiotherapy, speech therapy and psychotherapy, to expatriates and tourists in Vientiane. (English-speaking.) Practice Dr. Jean Marie Hospied; Bvd Kouvieng. Simuang BP 7168.Vientiane. Laos Tel / Fax: 856 21 214150 firstname.lastname@example.org
Australian Embassy Clinic. The Australian Embassy Clinic provides limited general practice services with a small pharmacy and pathology department. Although the clinic is primarily for diplomatic staff and their families, Australian citizens may access its services on a fee for service basis. Reciprocal arrangements with other embassies means that citizens from certain other countries may also access the service. The clinic is located at the Australian Embassy at km4 on Thadeua Road. Phone number: +856 21353840. Clinic Hours: 08:30-12:30 and 13:30-17:00 Monday to Friday. There is no after-hours service. Email:Chittakone.email@example.com
The French Embassy clinic charges US$36 per consultation, and the Australian Embassy clinic US$75.
Recommended hospitals close to Vientiane are:
- Bangkok Hospital Udon in Udon Thani, full service, Heart Center, OBGYN, Pediatrics, Hemodialysis Center, 24 hour ambulance service Tel. 066-42-343-111
- Wattana Hospital in Nong Khai, good for treating simpler cases. Tel. from Laos 0066-42-465201.
- Aek Udon International Hospital in Udon Thani, has more facilities. Tel. from Laos 0066-42-342555.
- Ambulance services to Thailand: The ambulances of Wattana Hospital can cross the border to pick up patients in Vientiane; they can also take them to Aek Udon Hospital. Ambulances of Setthathirat Hospital (Tel. 021-351156) can also cross the border.
The bridge is open from 06:00 till 22:00; outside these hours the gates are only opened for emergencies upon telephone request from the hospital.
Vientiane is a fairly safe city in terms of crime. However, bag snatching from guests sitting in front of cafes is becoming more common. Bags in the baskets of (rented) bicycles or mopeds, even when moving along, are also far from safe. Do not leave a bag in an accessible position. If your bag is snatched, immediately start shouting: the perpetrators rely on tourists reacting by silently trying to chase them without alerting the numerous police boxes. The thieves are often drug addicts.
Probably a bigger hazard than crime is the missing sewer covers on pavements. Additionally, there are many loose stones that will tip if stepped on. Tread carefully and exercise extreme caution at night.
Laotian law bans foreigners from having sexual relations with Laotian nationals other than their spouses. This law is enforced by the village chief and, given the fines, the incentive to enforce is high. The penalty is US$500 for the first offence, though as the text of the law is not available, the fine could be much more (the U.S. Embassy says US$5,000); the foreign offender can face prison or deportation and the Lao woman prison. A Laotian prison is the last place anyone would want to be. If you take a girl to your room and she robs you, this law makes it almost impossible to obtain police assistance. Foreign women should note that, while rare, Laotian police enforce this law on both sexes. Bartenders are happy to provide stories of angry tourists confronting girls at the same bars they picked up the night before. Most hotels also do not allow foreigners to take girls to their rooms as it is officially prohibited. While the laws for foreigners having sexual relations with Lao woman are seemingly strict, the Lao/Thai locals can procure prostitutes as young as 15 as the penal code states that an adult who has sexual intercourse with children under the age of 15 are liable for penalties. Lao family law establishes 18 as the age of sexual consent and a desired minimum age for marriage. Despite the dictates of the Lao family law women, phuxao Bolikan (service woman) as young as 15 and over can be found gathered together in back rooms where locals can come and make a selection
from the women on offer.
Homosexuality is legal and there is a fairly open gay scene in Vientiane. Since the Pathet Lao took over in 1975, the Lao government has been completely silent on LGBT rights and homosexuality itself. Female homosexuality is relatively frowned upon for Lao women while male homosexuality is widely tolerated. A growing acceptance of homosexuality in Laos continues. Gay and lesbian travelers should be aware though that some hotels will impose the same restrictions as for straight people and not allow a Lao national into your room.
Illegal drugs are a problem throughout Laos and certainly so in Vientiane where even very young children can try to peddle "happy pills" to tourists. After declaring victory in the "war on opium" in 2005, it is not so much opium and heroin these days as methamphetamine that incurs the wrath of the authorities. Penalties are extremely harsh. Be extremely cautious of tuk-tuk drivers offering to sell you drugs, as they often collaborate with the police or police impersonators to "shake down" unsuspecting tourists.
Current as of 2006, the Lao PDR criminal code for drug trafficking or possession are:
Heroin: up to life imprisonment and 10 million kip ($1,316) fine; death penalty for possession of over 500 g.
Chemical substance: up to 20 years imprisonment. 50 million kip ($6,578) fine.
Amphetamines: up to 5 years imprisonment and 7 million kip ($921) fine.
Opium: up to 15 years imprisonment and 30 million kip ($3,947) fine; death penalty for possession of quantities over 3 kg.
Marijuana: up to 10 years imprisonment and 20 million kip ($2,631) fine; death penalty for quantities over 10 kg.
WARNING: Every week some tourists go smoke weed late night at Mekong river bank behind the night market. Beware there are spotters who try to find tourists smoking weed and once confirmed they will approach as secret police. The spotters have fake IDs and have paid off the military to show up with AK47s. If the fake police finds any weed on you they will "arrest" you with handcuffs and escort you to a nearby house. The procedure looks quite real and convincing. At the house the fake police will ask money about 10 million kip if you don't want to go to jail. This can be easily negotiated down to 2 million kip. It's advised to give the money you got on you and not to go to the ATM to bring more. If you go to the ATM, you will probably lose between 1 to 3 million kip as your "fine". You can walk away from this scam if you are bold and confident.
As noted above, dogs - whether stray or just owned by irresponsible idiots - are dangerous, especially at night. Stay on well-lit, busy streets.
Long trousers and sleeves are recommended when visiting a temple or official offices. Foreign women adopting the traditional long sarong (siin) are very appreciated.
- China, Wat Nak Road, Sisattanak (Get there: motorbike, tuk-tuk (~15.000Kip from centre, 1 way), jumbo, small white bus from capital bus station to engineering faculty (2,000 kip) + 5min walk), ☎ +856 21 315100 (firstname.lastname@example.org, fax: +856 21 315104), . M-F 09:00-11:30. To apply for Chinese visa, pay only in U.S. dollars, valid for 90 days, duration of stay 1 month maximum, but extendable. Standard fee US$32 (Americans US$140) in 4 days, express extra fee US$30/20 in 1 day or 2-3 days. One air ticket out of China and one hotel booking required. edit
- Philippines, Unit 18, Ban Sibounheuang, Sisattanak District, P.O. Box 2415, Vientiane, Laos, ☎ +856 21 452-490/ 491 (email@example.com, fax: +856 21452-493), . edit
- Thailand, Rue Bourichane (Unless you don't live in the area, take a tuk-tuk as most of the drivers know where it is.), ☎ (+856) 21415335. Visa application: 08:30–11:30, passport collection: 13:30–16:00 (next day). Visas for Thailand can be obtained here. Be aware that the METV tourist visa is NOT available unless you are not a citizen from Lao.
The procedure is straightforward and you will get a visa on the next business day. Please check for national holidays as this may delay the visa procedure.
Beware: Many tuk tuk drivers will leave you 20meters from the main gate, where some officially looking people will charge you extras for submitting the forms on your behalf. Unless you don't want to delegate the procedure to them, walk few steps and fill the form yourself. 1000 THB. edit
- Canada, KM4, Thadeua Road, Watnak Village, Sisattanak District, ☎ +856 (0) 21 35 38 34 (VNTNE@international.gc.ca, fax: +856 21 353 801), . To apply for a Canadian Visa the closed full service Canadian Embassy is located in Bangkok. edit
- Vietnam, No 85, 23 Singha Road, Ban Phonxay, Saysettha District (Go to Patuxai and continue road from town center), ☎ +856 21 990986 (firstname.lastname@example.org, fax: +856-21 416720), . M 10AM-11:30AM & 1:30PM-4:30PM, Tu-F 8AM-11:30AM & 1:30PM-4:30PM. To get visa, pay only in U.S dollars. Need to fill a form, 1 picture, next day delivery US$50, 2 days delivery US$45, 1 month duration, 1 day delay. Update December 2013: Applying for a visa in person costs $65 for next day service at around 3-4pm. edit
- Cambodia, Thadeua Road, Km 2 (30mins walk from the main tourist area along Thadeua Road), ☎ (+856) 2 131 4950 (email@example.com, fax: (+856) 2 131 4951). 8:00AM-11:00AM & 1:30PM-4:30PM. Same day service, pick up 4pm. $20 USD 30 day tourist visa, can also pay in LAK but the exchange rate isn't great (170,000).
It can be beneficial to get your visa in Laos if you are doing a land border crossing into Cambodia as both Cambodian and Laos border staff will ask you to pay extra for 'stamp duty' ($2 each side), by getting a visa in advance you can have an excuse to not carry any such currency, and avoid the scam. edit
Buses take you to dozens of towns around Laos including the most popular. Minibuses operate from here to around the town suburbs itself, though there is nothing to see around the town that you need a bus to get to, and tuk-tuks will be more direct, convenient and relatively cheap if you bargain.
Ticketprice vary quite a lot between agents so shop around to find the best price! Transport by songthaew to designated bus terminal is invariably included to the price (D & K Travel seems to one of the most used transport service provider). It may happen that instead of going to the bus terminal the songthaew will stop at roadside near the bus terminal and you will wait there until the bus departures and comes to pick you up. Obviously you will get to choose the last available seats. One can only wonder the reason for such arrangement. Maybe it's because the bus station is too crowded and it's more comfortable to wait at the roadside, as the songthaew driver will tell you, or maybe the bus personnel will line their own pockets with the ticket money and leave a bigger comission to the travel agent and songthaew company - who could ever tell.
- Luang Prabang a supremely charming city in the north of the country.
- Vang Vieng for a party atmosphere head three hours north to the beautiful town of Vang Vieng.
Buses to Thailand operate regularly from Talat Sao bus station. There are 6 buses to Nong Khai and Udon Thani during the day. Avoid the tuk-tuk/songthaew drivers insisting it is late/slow/gone and wanting 50,000 kip to drive you to the border before dumping you there at the mercy of their Thai equivalents on the other side. Your driver will provide Thai arrival/departure cards for you to fill out on the way to speed the process; be sure to have a Thai multiple entry visa or pre-arranged visa ready so that you don't delay the bus. They do undertake head counts, but do you want to risk it driving off without you while you fill in forms? (Related matter: carry your bag with you just in case it ends up at the destination and you do not!)
To Thailand on your own: Bus #14 goes to Friendship bridge from Talat Sao and costs 6k kip (feb 2015). A bus to take you over the bridge to Thailand is then 4k kip. Continuing on to Nong Khai city center costs max THB 50/person in a tuktuk or minivan.
Buses to Cambodia: see above: Get In > By road > From Cambodia: The same information applies for the reverse journey.
Asking around the bus station for "Friendship Bridge" or "border" is effective. The last bus, #14, leaves Talat Sao for the bridge and Buddha Park at 17:30 according to the timetable, but it may run later. Don't believe anyone who tells you the bus has gone. Just ask the bus driver.
There are no immigration fees when exiting Laos via the bridge, except at weekends when a token 9000 kip or 40 baht (August 2010)"overtime charge" might apply. Just walk past the exit fee booth. If no one stops you, you haven't done anything wrong.
Tickets from Vientiane to Udon Thani can only be bought from the Talat Sao bus station on the day of the trip for 22,000 kip (October 2014).
For nationalities that can enter Laos visa free (such as ASEAN) prepare 10000 kip when exiting Laos via the bridge just in case an officer asks you to proceed to the booth. Paying in USD is also accepted but they will ask 2$ (equivalent of 16,000 kip).
It seems nationalities that enter with visa on arrival are exempted from the exit fee, but be prepared just in case.
Central bus station
Some bus are available from there at the same price than south bus station, most notably Tha Khek/Pakse. All the bus services within the Vientiane city depart from this Central Bus Station(CBS). The service is provided by Vientiane Capital State Bus Enterprise.
South bus station
Take bus 29 (3,000 kip, ~20min) to go there. Shared songthaews are leaving from Talat Sao bus terminal (Morning Market) for around 20,000 or bargain down to 15,000 kip. Non-shared tuk tuk should be around 30-50,000 from the center.
Typical destinations are Tha Khek (60,000 kip), Pakse.
|| Departs hours
|| Approximate Price (Kip)
|| Duration (Hours)
|| Last update
|Lak Sao (Local)
|Nam Thone (Local)
|Tha Khaek (Local)
|Tha Khaek (VIP)
||10 - 11
North Bus Station
The northen bus station is located about 10 km from the city centre.
From Talat Sao bus terminal(at morning market) you can take bus no. 170 to the North Bus Station (other buses might also serve this destination). Cost 5,000 (July 2016).
A tuk-tuk will probably try to charge you about 50,000 kip. Don't pay more then 15,000 kip (October 2014)! As of Feb 2012 one person including baggage costs 20,000 kip.
|| Departs hours
|| Approximate Price (Kip)
|| Duration (Hours)
|| Last update
|Luang Prabang (Local)
||11 - 12
|Luang Prabang (VIP)
|Luang Prabang (VIP Sleeper)
|Oudom Xay (Local)
|Oudom Xay (Local)
|Oudom Xay (VIP Sleeper)
|Luang Namtha (Local)
|Xam Neua (Local)
|Xam Neua (Local)
|Xam Neua (Sleeper)
|Xieng Khuang (Phonsavan) (Local)
|Xieng Khuang (Phonsavan) (VIP Sleeper)
|Nong Hat (Local)
|Borkeo (Houay Xai) (Local)
|Borkeo (Houay Xai) (VIP Sleeper)
There is no rail terminal in Vientiane; the only train station in Laos itself is 20 km away at Tha Naleng, beside the Friendship Bridge. Built with enthusiasm by the Australian government wishing for improved connections between Laos and Thailand, the Vientiane government has simply left it hanging as an almost useless station in the middle of nowhere with no plans to connect it to the town.
If you do wish to travel by train (e.g., for decent sleeping quarters), the most convenient bus for rail travel to Bangkok leaves at 14:30 for 15,000 kip. This allows you to breeze through the border during a less busy time and on to the quiet charm of Nong Khai with an hour or two to spare before the "Rapid" train heads for Bangkok at 18:30, arriving supposedly at 07:00 but often closer to 08:00. Cost of this journey: 15,000 kip (17,000 on weekends) for bus to Nong Khai, 680 baht for a 2nd class sleeping berth to Bangkok.
There are plans for building a high speed railway from Kunming (China) to Vientiane, and extend to Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Wattay International Airport is close to the town but direct flights only operate to/from Laos' four more developed neighbours, Thailand, China, Cambodia and Vietnam, as well as AirAsia's direct service to Kuala Lumpur. Note that flights to Cambodia go via Pakse - meaning that there are no money changing facilities - so make sure you change your kip in town before you leave as it's not exchangeable outside of Laos. If you only have a small amount of kip, some shops at the airport may be able to give you change in US dollars if you buy something. When travelling long distance to Laos, aim for Bangkok and travel on from there. It is often cheap and relatively painless to travel to Vientiane overland rather than by air from its neighbours.
Vientiane may be situated on the mighty Mekong; but it lives more in fear than in love with the river. There are no bridges across it in Vientiane, and there are no docks or promenades currently: a new levee is being built (due for 2010) that will separate the town from the river by 100 m of parkland. As such, boat travel from Vientiane on the Mekong is extremely rare, slow and expensive, especially travelling upstream.
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Watch above: Tens of thousands of Canadians are expected to descend on Parliament Hill to celebrate Canada Day, but that’s easier said than done for people with disabilities. Vassy Kapelos explains.
I first realized there were problems with Parliament Hill’s wheelchair accessibility last winter, when I was supposed to attend a talk there for one of my journalism classes.
I was already in a terrible mood, running late and trying to rush. The February wind whipped brutally at my face, and I was determined to get inside as fast as possible.
I sped through the first gate I saw, not pausing to check whether it was too steep for me. My trusty power wheelchair had always been able to get me up any hill I cared to take.
Any hill, it turned out, except Parliament Hill. About three-quarters of the way up the ramp, my chair suddenly began a treacherous slide backwards.
The brakes held, so I didn’t go flying down. But when I tried to back up, my chair wouldn’t cooperate with me either. I was stuck.
Eventually, a tourist rescued me, holding on to my chair so that I had enough stability to get back down.
A House of Commons security guard saw me staring at the ramps, and pointed out which one was accessible as though it was obvious. Maybe it should have been, but a prominent sign might have helped. (There is a sign, but only at the top of the ramp.)
I was half an hour late for the talk.
I’ve been in a wheelchair all my life, but only started my master’s degree in journalism last fall.
My cerebral palsy doesn’t cause too many problems for me when I’m out and about, but now I’m supposed to get into places ordinary Canadians can’t access.
When I came to Global News to join the Ottawa bureau for the summer, I was a little nervous things might not go smoothly. I had figured out which ramp I needed to take to get onto the Hill—fellow wheeled travellers, it’s the Metcalfe St. entrance—but I had no idea what it would be like trying to work there day-to-day.
It was easier and harder than I feared. All wheelchair users should be so lucky as to work in a place with marble floors. Every Hill staff member I approached for help was gracious and friendly.
But there were little things, too, like the gorgeous heritage doors of East Block that require security guards to open. The first time I went there to cover a House committee, I didn’t know where the entrance I needed was, so my assignment producer came with me.
We stared at each other awkwardly as we summoned help on the intercom, and two security guards began the painstaking process of undoing the multiple locks.
The theme song to Jeopardy! started playing in my head when a few of them got stuck.
I was only 15 minutes late that time, so I had made progress.
But I couldn’t help wondering if tiny obstacles like these would stand in the way of my ambitions.
If a job covering Parliament became available, why would a bureau hire someone who can’t sit in the press gallery because a wheelchair can’t get there?
A big part of our job is interviewing MPs and senators in the house foyer—what if I needed a quote and couldn’t get there because the elevator doors were cordoned off to discourage wandering tourists?
I decided I had to talk to Conservative MP Steven Fletcher. The former cabinet minister and veteran MP was the first quadriplegic ever to be elected to the House.
I thought he might know what I was going through, even if it was from the other side.
I didn’t have to work very hard to get Fletcher, because he zoomed up to me in the foyer and challenged me to a race immediately. We haven’t had it yet, but for the record, I think I could take him.
Journalists are used to chasing after what we want.
Fletcher told me a lot has changed since he was elected in 2004, but said he doesn’t think the changes go far enough.
He said he is excited about the sweeping renovations happening in the parliamentary precinct right now.
“This is a once-in-a-hundred-year opportunity to include universal design in the buildings,” Fletcher said.
He added that he hopes the renovations go farther than just updating the buildings to comply with the existing building code, which he refers to as “the lowest common denominator.”
Fletcher said he believes the buildings should be an example of accessibility for all Canadians.
“I’ve been on top of glaciers in my wheelchair, I’ve been underground a mile in my wheelchair. If glaciers and mines can be made accessible, we can make man-made buildings in Canada accessible too,” he said.
To see how far we’ve come, I spoke with Collinda Joseph, a paraplegic who was a summer tour guide in 1988. Joseph said she never had a problem once she got inside, but navigating outside was a different story.
Joseph showed me how the curbs on the Hill have been cut to accommodate people using mobility devices and those with visual impairments.
“Curb cuts can be a significant hazard for people with visual disabilities if they’re not warning them about the fact that they’re about to step on to the road. But for someone who uses a mobility device, a curb cut is access to the sidewalk,” Joseph explained.
The bumps leading up to the level curb cut make it safe for everyone, because people with visual impairments can feel them under their canes, and no one in a wheelchair will get stuck on them.
Joseph and her family plan to attend Canada Day celebrations on the Hill this year, something they have only been able to do recently because there wasn’t space for Joseph to sit with her husband and children.
“It meant that I would have to be separated from my family. In the crush of people, I never felt safe. We never felt accommodated,” Joseph said.
But now there is a raised platform where people in wheelchairs can watch the show, with room for their families and friends.
So I can see things changing. You can get up the hill safely in a chair, if you know where to go. Joseph can enjoy Canada Day with her whole family.
Fletcher has made Parliament more accessible just by his presence and the advocacy he has done to make sure he can represent his constituents.
As for me, I will chase any politician I want.
Sarah Trick is an intern with Global News’ Ottawa bureau
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There is a magnetic coil inside the area where the key goes in. This magnetic coil "reads" the key code that is embedded in the starter key and compares it with the key code programmed in the ECU. Due to accumulation of dust / grime, sometimes the coil is not able to "read" the code on the key. Usually cleaning the coil does the trick. It may, however, be possible that due to wear-and-tear the coil itself is damaged. In this case the coil will have to be replaced.
I have experienced this problem twice in the last 5 years. The first time it got fixed with simply cleaning the coil. The second time the coil had to be replaced. It is not a long (or expensive) job -- can't remember how much I paid.
Unfortunately, both times the dealer sorted it out for me, so I can't help you with a step-by-step "how to" post. I guess I caught it while it was still intermittent. I can see your problem, though -- you need to get your car to the dealer first!! Just try turning the key repeatedly (from OFF to MAR to ON); hopefully on one of these tries, the code light will go off. That's your window to make a beeline to the nearest dealer!!!!
Good luck ....
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Stone Natural Resources is a modern, technology-driven third-party logistics partner that remains steadfast in our principles of providing the best possible transportation solutions to business ...
Removal of esker for use as natural resources. Deposits layed down in latest iceage by nature. Naturaly rounded stones and gravel.
PART NUMBER LIMLYMRAA1224T-3BNPC DIMENSIONS 12X24 2 SF MATERIAL LIMESTONE ORIGIN TURKEY FORMAT COPING THICKNESS 3CM FINISH TUMBLED FINISH EDGE BULLNOSE COLORS LINENZ UOM PC APPLICATIONS MASONRY WALLS, COLUMNS, LANDSCAPE, STEPS amp POOLS
Mar 18, 2013 Natural Resources Sustainable natural resources. No matter where you are on this planet, you are never far from sand and stone. Silica sand is amongst the most commonly found minerals 1 on the Earths crust and basalt and dolomite are amongst the most common of volcanic rocks.. Although the composition of sand varies, silica is the most common constituent 2.
Stone Natural Resources . 4 5. Share. Share Stone Natural Resources Description. Over the course of 25 years, Stone Natural Resources have earned a reputation for providing domestic freight Transportation and Logistics services, delivering exceptional customer satisfaction with every shipment.
May 16, 2011 Public Notices Public Comments. Search permits, rules and actions on public notice and provide your input. Forum or Stakeholder Groups. Discuss specific environmental issues with department staff through forums, workgroups, committees and advisory groups
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Natural resources are materials from the Earth that are used to support life and meet peoples needs. Any natural substance that humans use can be considered a natural resource. Oil, coal, natural gas, metals, stone and sand are natural resources. Other natural resources are air, sunlight, soil and water. Animals, birds, fish and plants are ...
Jun 29, 2018 Natural resources can be defined as the resources that exist on the planet independent of human actions. These are the resources that are found in the environment and are developed without the intervention of humans. Common examples of natural resources include air, sunlight, water, soil, stone, plants, animals and fossil fuels.
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May 29, 2018 Natural resources, particularly precious stones, have funded war and insurgency in Afghanistan for decades. In the 1990s, the United Islamic Front 17 allegedly earned between 60 and 200 million per year from illegal extraction and trafficking in northern Afghanistan. Mineral resources play an important part in funding the current insurgency.
Feb 17, 2016 Add carefully selected natural materials, such as a large pine cone, a loofah, a large seed pod, shells and large polished stones to a treasure basket collection for young babies to explore. Use a choke tester to check that the resources you choose are large enough not to present a choking hazard. Natural materials are perfect resources for use ...
After many years, and a great investment of time and resources, the natural stone industry is able to tell the world about its sustainability standard. This standard will assure architects, landscape architects, designers, contractors, owners and others that there is verifiable data to compare natural stone with
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Rocks and minerals are important to everyone, every day. We see rocks everywhere both as a part of the Earth, and used by society in construction and manufacturing. All of the raw materials we use to make things are either grown plants and animals or mined rocks and minerals. Dinosaur bones maybe be the most well-known fossils, but they are not the only fossils.
Some of Georgias many natural resources include Georgia, the largest state east of the Mississippi river, has almost eight million acres of farmland classified as prime, which may be defined as available land that is best suited for producing food or fiber.
Aug 14, 2017 Today, Myanmars natural resources include oil and gas, various minerals, precious stones and gems, timber and forest products, hydropower potential, etc. Of these, natural gas, rubies, jade, and timber logs are the most valuable and currently provide a substantial proportion of national income.
Nov 09, 2017 The search for natural resources especially precious stones in West Africa started since the colonial era. In Nigeria for example, the search for crude oil can be traced back to the 1903s where exploration for oil, coal and bitumen were intensely undertaken. Nigeria today is
Reviews from NATURAL STONE RESOURCES employees about NATURAL STONE RESOURCES culture, salaries, benefits, work-life balance, management, job security, and more.
Natural resources are Earth materials used to support life and meet the needs of people. Any organic material used by humans can be considered as a natural resource. Natural resources include oil, coal, natural gas, metals, stone, and sand. Air, sunlight, soil, and water are other natural resources.
Sep 08, 2021 Natural Resources warns about danger of stone bridge in Cabo Rojo. 1 month ago 2 min read. That request, the official explained, arises after the seismic sequence in the southwest of Puerto Rico that has weakened the natural bridge that is accessed by the Los Morillos Lighthouse in that municipality.
Wood and stone as natural resources. Image Editor Save Comp. Similar Photos See All. Removal of esker for use as natural resources. Deposits layed down in latest iceage by nature. Naturaly rounded stones and gravel. Reflections on the surface of the mountain In the study of natural resources
From rivers to mountains, to precious stones and minerals, the earth is abundant with resources that develop on the planet using its surrounding environment to help it thrive or take form. There are natural resources that we are all familiar with, where were taught in school about these in much detail.
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Dec 11, 2013 Today, Myanmars natural resources include oil and gas, various minerals, precious stones and gems, timber and forest products, hydropower potential, etc. Of these, natural gas, rubies, jade, and timber logs are the most valuable and currently provide a substantial proportion of national income. To date, there has been a very low level of ...
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Who was the first leader of the Conservative Party?
Who is the head of the Conservative Party in Canada?
21 October — The 2019 Canadian federal election was held. The Conservatives remained in opposition against a minority Liberal government. Under CPC rules, a loss in an election triggers an automatic leadership review. 22 October — CPC Leader Andrew Scheer announced he will continue as leader.
How many political parties are there in the UK?
As of 2 August 2019, the Electoral Commission showed the number of registered political parties in Great Britain and Northern Ireland as 408.
How is the Conservative Party funded?
The Conservative Party relies on donations mostly from individuals and companies; as well as these sources the Labour Party receives a significant portion of its donations from trade unions. The Conservative Party received £5,269,186, the Labour party received £3,045,377 and the Liberal Democrats received £816,663.
How many members does the Liberal Party of Canada have?
Liberal Party of Canada
|Liberal Party of Canada Parti libéral du Canada|
|Seats in the Senate||0 / 105|
|Seats in the House of Commons||154 / 338|
Who is the current chairman of the Conservative Party?
The Conservative Party is currently co-chaired by Amanda Milling, who was appointed on 13 February 2020, and Ben Elliot, who has been Co-Chairman since July 2019. Lee Rowley MP is Deputy Chairman.
Is NDP left or right?
The New Democratic Party (NDP; French: Nouveau Parti démocratique, NPD) is a social democratic federal political party in Canada. On the political spectrum, the party sits to the left of the Liberal Party.
Why are conservatives called Tories?
As a political term, Tory was an insult (derived from the Middle Irish word tóraidhe, modern Irish tóraí, meaning “outlaw”, “robber”, from the Irish word tóir, meaning “pursuit” since outlaws were “pursued men”) that entered English politics during the Exclusion Bill crisis of 1678–1681.
Is Tory the same as conservative?
Tory has become shorthand for a member of the Conservative Party or for the party in general in Canada and the UK. It is also used to refer to the Conservative Party’s predecessor parties, including the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.
What does Liberal Party believe in?
Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but they generally support free markets, free trade, limited government, individual rights (including civil rights and human rights), capitalism, democracy, secularism, gender equality, racial equality, internationalism.
What are conservatives main beliefs?
Conservatism in the United States is a political and social philosophy which characteristically shows respect for American traditions, republicanism, and limited government. It typically supports Judeo-Christian values, moral universalism, American exceptionalism, and individualism.
What did Tony Blair achieve?
During his first term as Prime Minister, Blair raised taxes; introduced a National Minimum Wage and some new employment rights; introduced significant constitutional reforms; promoted new rights for gay people in the Civil Partnership Act 2004; and signed treaties integrating the UK more closely with the EU.
How many seats does the Conservative Party have in Parliament?
Template:UK House of Commons composition
When did Erin O’Toole become leader?
|The Honourable Erin O’Toole PC CD MP|
|In office August 31, 2017 – January 31, 2020|
|Shadowing||Chrystia Freeland François-Philippe Champagne|
|Preceded by||Peter Kent|
Who runs the Conservative Party?
Incumbent. Boris Johnson The Leader of the Conservative and Unionist Party in the United Kingdom is the elected head and most senior politician of the governing body of the Conservative Party. To date, two of the party’s leaders have been women: Margaret Thatcher and Theresa May.
Where does Erin O’Toole come from?
How old is otoole?
48 years (January 22, 1973)
How many years have the Conservatives been in power?
The Conservatives have been in government since 2010 and as of 2019, hold an overall majority in the House of Commons with 365 Members of Parliament.
How much can you donate to a political party?
Contribution limits for 2021-2022 federal elections
|Donor||Individual||$2,900* per election|
|Candidate committee||$2,000 per election|
|PAC: multicandidate||$5,000 per election|
What do UK Conservatives believe?
The party has generally had liberal economic policies. that favours free market economics, and deregulation, privatisation, and marketisation. The party is British unionist, opposing Irish reunification, Scottish and Welsh independence, and is generally critical of devolution.
How much money can you donate to a political party?
a Legislative Council candidate who is a member of a party can make a political donation to the party of up to $51,100.
What are the new conservatives policies?
New Conservative is a political party in New Zealand. Observers describe the party’s policies as far-right, though the party itself disputes this. It advocates for lower taxation, anti-abortion measures, protection of freedom of speech, prison labour, gun rights and austerity cuts.
Does the Conservative Party have a deputy leader?
Distinct from being “second-in-command”, there is formally no current position of deputy party leader in the party’s hierarchy. The term has sometimes been mistakenly used to refer to the party’s deputy chair.
Is the Conservative Party of Canada right-wing?
Conservatism in Canada is generally considered to be primarily represented by the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada in federal party politics, and by various centre-right and right-wing parties at the provincial level.
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How I Use It
I like to use this game for free exploration when students have finished their work. I also allow students to earn math playground time for good behavior and completion of goals. This is also a great website to use for homework. I ask my students to practice math facts each night. This is a great tool for review, preview, and extension of concepts. There is a Common Core Correlation to a variety of games..why not assign a game for homework? There is also a word problem section. My students really like Grand Slam Math. Give it a try!
I love this website. Lots of game choices. Students in grades K-6 can choose their favorite game and practice math skills. It seems more like play than math. You do have to deal with the ads, but the students don't seem to mind. At times, students do need help understanding what to do for different games. My students love helping each other. We even have game 'experts' that help others. I like the variety of levels and games to choose from. This website helps with individualizing learning for students.
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“Founding fathers” of the Communities: countries and public figures. European Symbols
The European Union is a Community of European nations and citizens gathered around common political, economical, cultural and social values, today of 25 and, starting with the 1st of January 2007, of 27 members.
The European Community was founded by the declaration of the 9th of May 1950 of the French Foreign Minister, Robert Shuman, proposing the integration of the coal and steel industries of Western Europe.
“ Founding fathers ” of European Union was:
Robert Schuman - he was born in Luxembourg but grew up in France. In 1919 he was first elected as a deputy to the French Parliament, where he served for twenty years. Following World War II, Schuman served as France’s prime minister, foreign minister and finance minister. From 1955-1961 he was president of the European Movement, and from 1958-1960 president of the European Parliament in Strasbourg.
The European Movement and its many affiliates were almost completely financed with funds provided by the CIA, the Marshall Plan, and private Insider sources such as the Ford, Rockefeller and Carnegie foundations. Once Jean Monnet’s Action Committee had drawn up the plan for the European Coal and Steel Community, he approached Schuman to sponsor it. Schuman did, and the ECSC was launched as the “Schuman Plan for Europe. The Robert Schuman University in Strasbourg, the Robert Schuman Center in Florence, the Robert Schuman Institute in Budapest, the Robert Schuman Journalism Award and other monuments attest to the valuable services this European globalist performed for those who seek to submerge Europe in a regional superstate, as one building block in a one-world government.
Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet (November 9, 1888 – March 16, 1979) is regarded by many as the architect of European Unity. Never elected to public office, Monnet worked behind the scenes of American and European governments as a well-connected pragmatic internationalist.
Following liberation, Monnet proposed a "global plan for modernization and economic development" to the French government. Appointed Planning Commissioner by de Gaulle, he oversaw the revitalization of the French economy. It was from this position that, in 1949, Monnet realized that the friction between Germany and France for control of the Ruhr, the important coal and steel region, was rising to dangerous levels, presaging a possible return to hostilities as had happened after the First World War. Monnet and his associates conceived the idea of a European Community. On 9 May 1950, with the agreement of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer of West Germany, French Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Schuman made a declaration in the name of the French government. This declaration, prepared by Monnet for Schuman, proposed integration of the French and German coal and steel industries under joint control, a so-called High Authority, and open to the other countries of Europe.
E-pasta adrese, uz kuru nosūtīt darba saiti:
Saite uz darbu:
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| 0.95399
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Bhagavad-gītā 7.1--Hindi , Bombay , 1973-10-26
Pradyumna = "Now hear, O son of Pṛthā, how by practicing yoga in full consciousness of Me, with mind attached to Me, you can know Me in full, free from doubt." [Bg. 7.1]
Prabhupāda: So, which language I shall use? English or Hindi? If I speak in Hindi...
Prabhupāda: But if I speak in Hindi they'll not understand. As you say. Hmm? Majority? [laughter] Shall I speak in English? [Hindi] Thank you. So they want me to speak in Hindi, We got permission? [Hindi] [laughter] So, shall I speak in Hindi? [laughter] Hey?
Devotee: A little of both? Maybe a little of both?
Prabhupāda: Both [indistinct] ...little? Hmm.
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The concept of the public trust relates back to the origins of democratic government and its seminal idea that within the public lies the true power and future of a society; therefore, whatever trust the public places in its officials must be respected. One of the reasons that bribery is regarded as a notorious evil is that it contributes to a culture of political corruption in which the public trust is eroded. Other issues related to political corruption or betrayal of public trust are lobbying, special interest groups and the public cartel.
Use in the Philippines
In the Philippines, "betrayal of public trust" is one of the impeachable offenses. In Francisco, Jr. vs. Nagmamalasakit na mga Manananggol ng mga Manggagawang Pilipino, Inc., the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that the definition of "betrayal of public trust" is "a non-justiciable political question which is beyond the scope of its judicial power" under the Constitution. It did not prescribe which branch of government has the power to define it, but implies that Congress, which handles impeachment cases, has the power to do so.
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Public trust|
|This government-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
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Cost Studies Recharge/Service Centers
A recharge/service center is a unit within Northwestern which provides goods and/or services of a specialized nature to other Northwestern users on a recurring basis and charges a fee for those goods/services. Operations that are set up as recharge/service centers are designed to recover the costs of their operations primarily through charges to internal (NU) users.
The following documents (and their links) may be used as references for policy guidelines and for the administrative handling of recharge/service centers:
Recharge Center and Pass-Through Activity Guidelines
This document provides information on the budgeting/approval process for recharge centers, as well as basics on how to calculate user rates and areas of compliance. The appendices provide definitions for terms, examples of rate calculations, and a section for frequently asked questions.
Calculation of Recharge Center Rates (Step-by-Step Guidance)
The detailed steps in the process of calculating user rates are provided. In addition, there is an appendix which highlights the “unallowable” cost categories.
Recharge Centers, A to Z
A comprehensive guide which highlights the steps in the recharge center process and provides an example which shows how to use our standard template.
Setting Up a New Recharge Center
A Flowchart and Key Components of Set Up a New Recharge Center.
Roles and Responsibilities of Financial Recharge Operation
A flowchart indicating the roles and responsibilities of the units that are involved in financial recharge operation.
Recharge Centers and Core Facilities, 2012 NURAP Presentation
A NURAP PowerPoint presentation which focuses on Core Facilities recharge operations and Federal update (as of January 2012).
If you wish to use our standard templates for the calculation of your recharge rates, the links (along with links for the instructions) can be found here:
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| 0.917265
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|
Deviating from normal procedure whereby Israel contends itself with submitting a letter of protest to the UN Secretary-General and the Security Council president following terror attacks, Israeli ambassador to the UN Ron Prosor lead a diplomatic effort to issue a security council presidential statement condemning the terror attack killing 8 Israelis and injuring dozens and its perpetrators.
The Israeli ambassador held round-the-clock consultations Thursday and Friday with the ambassadors of most of the council member nations, leading to the United States, and additional member states expressing their support for the Israeli effort.
On Friday, the council members held an unofficial discussion in which Lebanon, a non-permanent member of the council demanded amendments be made to the presidential statement suggested by the U.S.. Lebanon asked that the statement include criticism of what Lebanon dubbed "the escalation in Israeli bombardment of Gaza."
Israel preferred to give up on the presidential statement altogether rather than adhere to the Lebanese request.
The issuing of a UN Security Council presidential statement requires the unanimous consent of all 15 council members.
"Once again the UN turns blind and mute when it comes to terrorist attacks against Israeli civilians," ambassador Prosor told Haaretz, "It isn't a coincidence that Lebanon, the only Security Council member state to oppose the condemnation, is a country controlled by a terrorist organization."
Want to enjoy 'Zen' reading - with no ads and just the article? Subscribe todaySubscribe now
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Young entrepreneurs often need help starting their venture, and may well find themselves asking things like “where can i borrow money asap?” in order to finance their ideas. There are several options out there to help you receive financial support – you may apply for loans from banks, use friends and partners, or turn to the private lender – the choice is up to you.
In any case, borrowing money for business isn’t so clear. There are plenty of factors that influence the lender’s decision and prevent you from convenient conditions. Money for startups isn’t a piece of cake. Unlike 100 dollar loan for small needs, they require large sums and responsibility.
A common question is a connection between personal score and your venture. Are these things related, and how to boost your enterprise by fixing a grade? See the experts’ overview of this issue and quick ways to improve the situation.
What Is a Personal Credit Score
Each American has a credit history – the record of taken loans, debts, and other money flows. Such papers are maintained and kept by special financial agencies.
Based on them, the agency determines a personal score – a number from 300 to 850 which shows your reliability while borrowing money.
This factor affects all of your financial operations, connected with lending. Card rate, access to large credits, mortgage conditions – all these things depend on the number in your score.
Pay attention: Borrowing money, you need to provide info about your history and rate. Based on it, the lender accepts or denies the application. That’s why more and more people prefer personal loans – private companies won’t check your papers.
If you are worried about your credit score there are several options available.
Personal Credit Score and Business Connection
Talking about personal finances, everything’s clear – a high rate means better conditions. But is it so for business loans?
Borrowing money, you have to provide documents concerning your personality, financial state, and history. The lender looks all this up and makes conclusions about your trustworthiness.
Giving a business loan, banks aren’t obligated to analyze your own info – data about the company is enough. But let’s be honest. Most of them do this just to understand what humans stand behind the startup, and should they trust you. Most commonly, people reflect their relations with money on venture assets. That’s where troubles begin. Who would trust an entrepreneur, who cannot repay his debts?
It’s important to understand that there’s no particular mark to seem reliable. Each lender has its criteria. Michelle Black, Forbes contributor, writes:
“For example, just because you’re considered to have a good score to an auto dealer doesn’t mean a mortgage lender would consider that same score to be a good credit risk.”
The decision doesn’t depend only on the number. Other facts are:
- the sum you borrow;
- scale and age of the venture;
- amount of debts;
It means, you still may apply and hope for approval. But with a bad history, your chances are much lower.
How it Affects Your Business
Grade in your report isn’t a fatal factor. You still can avoid inquiries, or find lenders with lower demands. Sort out, which ways suit you, and what situations to stay away from.
When Credit Rate Matters
1. You Borrow From Traditional Banks
These institutions work only with wealthy companies and persons to avoid any risk and save their reputation. Philip Gaskin, a vice president of Kauffman Foundation noticed that the government don’t try much to support small ventures:
“Small businesses and entrepreneurs drive America’s economy, but the environment they operate in is far from level.”
That’s why people prefer personal loans or turn to online services. It’s the only way to get support now.
2. Your Venture Is in the Very Beginning
Lenders prefer experienced borrowers, who know how to operate their cash flows. To take business credit in such a situation, you should show an excellent score, but even a high number won’t guarantee approval.
3. Your Rate Is Extremely Low
If you have a bunch of debts, even the softest creditors would hardly help. In such a situation, think if you are capable of running an enterprise now? Sometimes, it’s better to start with organizing daily money management.
How to Avoid Inquiries
1. Use Online Lenders
Private lenders offer business loans for any enterprise – even beginners may get approval. They don’t require collateral and a perfect score. Sure, you’ll pay higher interest for such convenience, but it’s the only way to get quick financial support.
What numbers show? Big banks approve only 27% of applications, while alternative services allow 56,5% of the clients to borrow money for entrepreneurship.
2. Personal Loans for Small Ventures
If you only started the enterprise, getting a business loan is difficult. Better use personal credits, which may be given for any purpose. Such options are available online and require only soft inquiries.
3. Borrow from Friends and Partners
Cooperate with other businessmen, or ask your friends for support. This way you avoid interest rates and strict terms. However, such a solution is more responsible and requires a clear understanding of how to repay this sum.
Correct the Situation: Ways to Fix Your Rating
The longest, but the most reliable solution is to develop your score. Take these steps as the beginning of rate restoring:
- Start with small debts which may be repaid at once. It includes cards, forgotten bills, and utility costs.
- Contact your agency and ask them for a report. Here you can find mistakes and old debts you’ve already repaid.
- Use loans for consolidations to cover older debts, and get better conditions.
- Save a part of your income to gradually repay other issues.
There’s no straight connection between personal and business finances. But most lenders use your credit history to check, whether you’re a reliable borrower, and learned to operate your money. To avoid such issues, use private lending, or borrow from partners and family. However, work on your debts repayment to prevent further troubles, and free yourself from these boundaries.
Image source: Unsplash.com
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1000 DAYS OF THEORY
The Political Economy of Peer Production
Not since Marx identified the manufacturing plants of Manchester as the blueprint for the new capitalist society has there been a deeper transformation of the fundamentals of our social life. As political, economic, and social systems transform themselves into distributed networks, a new human dynamic is emerging: peer to peer (P2P). As P2P gives rise to the emergence of a third mode of production, a third mode of governance, and a third mode of property, it is poised to overhaul our political economy in unprecedented ways. This essay aims to develop a conceptual framework ('P2P theory') capable of explaining these new social processes.
Peer to Peer
P2P does not refer to all behavior or processes that takes place in distributed networks: P2P specifically designates those processes that aim to increase the most widespread participation by equipotential participants. We will define these terms when we examine the characteristics of P2P processes, but here are the most general and important characteristics.
- produce use-value through the free cooperation of producers who have access to distributed capital: this is the P2P production mode, a 'third mode of production' different from for-profit or public production by state-owned enterprises. Its product is not exchange value for a market, but use-value for a community of users.
- are governed by the community of producers themselves, and not by market allocation or corporate hierarchy: this is the P2P governance mode, or 'third mode of governance.'
- make use-value freely accessible on a universal basis, through new common property regimes. This is its distribution or 'peer property mode': a 'third mode of ownership,' different from private property or public (state) property.
The Infrastructure of P2P
What has been needed to facilitate the emergence of peer to peer processes? The first requirement is the existence of a technological infrastructure that operates on peer to peer processes and enables distributed access to 'fixed' capital. Individual computers that enable a universal machine capable of executing any logical task are a form of distributed 'fixed capital,' available at low cost to many producers. The internet, as a point to point network, was specifically designed for participation by the edges (computer users) without the use of obligatory hubs. Although it is not fully in the hands of its participants, the internet is controlled through distributed governance, and outside the complete hegemony of particular private or state actors. The internet's hierarchical elements (such as the stacked IP protocols, the decentralized Domain Name System, etc...) do not deter participation. Viral communicators, or meshworks, are a logical extension of the internet. With this methodology, devices create their own networks through the use of excess capacity, bypassing the need for a pre-existing infrastructure. The 'Community Wi-Fi' movement, Open Spectrum advocacy, file-serving television, and alternative meshwork-based telecommunication infrastructures are exemplary of this trend.
The second requirement is alternative information and communication systems which allow for autonomous communication between cooperating agents. The web (in particular the Writeable Web and the Web 2.0 that is in the process of being established) allows for the universal autonomous production, dissemination, and 'consumption' of written material while the associated podcasting and webcasting developments create an 'alternative information and communication infrastructure' for audio and audiovisual creation. The existence of such an infrastructure enables autonomous content production that may be distributed without the intermediary of the classic publishing and broadcasting media (though new forms of mediation may arise).
The third requirement is the existence of a 'software' infrastructure for autonomous global cooperation. A growing number of collaborative tools, such as blogs and wiki's, embedded in social networking software facilitate the creation of trust and social capital, making it possible to create global groups that can create use-value without the intermediary of manufacturing or distribution by for-profit enterprises.
The fourth requirement is a legal infrastructure that enables the creation of use-value and protects it from private appropriation. The General Public License (which prohibits the appropriation of software code), the related Open Source Initiative, and certain versions of the Creative Commons license fulfill this role. They enable the protection of common use-value and use viral characteristics to spread. GPL and related material can only be used in projects that in turn put their adapted source code in the public domain.
The fifth requirement is cultural. The diffusion of mass intellectuality, (i.e. the distribution of human intelligence) and associated changes in ways of feeling and being (ontology), ways of knowing (epistemology) and value constellations (axiology) have been instrumental in creating the type of cooperative individualism needed to sustain an ethos which can enable P2P projects.
The Characteristics of P2P
P2P processes occur in distributed networks. Distributed networks are networks in which autonomous agents can freely determine their behavior and linkages without the intermediary of obligatory hubs. As Alexander Galloway insists in his book on protocollary power, distributed networks are not the same as decentralized networks, for which hubs are obligatory. P2P is based on distributed power and distributed access to resources. In a decentralized network such as the U.S.-based airport system, planes have to go through determined hubs; however, in distributed systems such as the internet or highway systems, hubs may exist, but are not obligatory and agents may always route around them.
P2P projects are characterized by equipotentiality or 'anti-credentialism.' This means that there is no a priori selection to participation. The capacity to cooperate is verified in the process of cooperation itself. Thus, projects are open to all comers provided they have the necessary skills to contribute to a project. These skills are verified, and communally validated, in the process of production itself. This is apparent in open publishing projects such as citizen journalism: anyone can post and anyone can verify the veracity of the articles. Reputation systems are used for communal validation. The filtering is a posteriori, not a priori. Anti-credentialism is therefore to be contrasted to traditional peer review, where credentials are an essential prerequisite to participate.
P2P projects are characterized by holoptism. Holoptism is the implied capacity and design of peer to processes that allows participants free access to all the information about the other participants; not in terms of privacy, but in terms of their existence and contributions (i.e. horizontal information) and access to the aims, metrics and documentation of the project as a whole (i.e. the vertical dimension). This can be contrasted to the panoptism which is characteristic of hierarchical projects: processes are designed to reserve 'total' knowledge for an elite, while participants only have access on a 'need to know' basis. However, with P2P projects, communication is not top-down and based on strictly defined reporting rules, but feedback is systemic, integrated in the protocol of the cooperative system.
The above does not exhaust the characteristics of peer production. Below, we will continue our investigation of these characteristics in the context of a comparison with other existing modes of production.
P2P and the Other Modes of Production
The framework of our comparison is the Relational Models theory of anthropologist Alan Page Fiske, discussed in his major work The Structure of Social Life. The fact that modes of production are embedded in inter-subjective relations -- that is, characterized by particular relational combinations -- provides the necessary framework to distinguish P2P. According to Fiske, there are four basic types of inter-subjective dynamics, valid across time and space, in his own words:
People use just four fundamental models for organizing most aspects of sociality most of the time in all cultures. These models are Communal Sharing, Authority Ranking, Equality Matching, and Market Pricing. Communal Sharing (CS) is a relationship in which people treat some dyad or group as equivalent and undifferentiated with respect to the social domain in question. Examples are people using a commons (CS with respect to utilization of the particular resource), people intensely in love (CS with respect to their social selves), people who "ask not for whom the bell tolls, for it tolls for thee" (CS with respect to shared suffering and common well-being), or people who kill any member of an enemy group indiscriminately in retaliation for an attack (CS with respect to collective responsibility). In Authority Ranking (AR) people have asymmetric positions in a linear hierarchy in which subordinates defer, respect, and (perhaps) obey, while superiors take precedence and take pastoral responsibility for subordinates. Examples are military hierarchies (AR in decisions, control, and many other matters), ancestor worship (AR in offerings of filial piety and expectations of protection and enforcement of norms), monotheistic religious moralities (AR for the definition of right and wrong by commandments or will of God), social status systems such as class or ethnic rankings (AR with respect to social value of identities), and rankings such as sports team standings (AR with respect to prestige). AR relationships are based on perceptions of legitimate asymmetries, not coercive power; they are not inherently exploitative (although they may involve power or cause harm).
In Equality Matching relationships people keep track of the balance or difference among participants and know what would be required to restore balance. Common manifestations are turn-taking, one-person one-vote elections, equal share distributions, and vengeance based on an-eye-for-an-eye, a-tooth-for-a-tooth. Examples include sports and games (EM with respect to the rules, procedures, equipment and terrain), baby-sitting co-ops (EM with respect to the exchange of child care), and restitution in-kind (EM with respect to righting a wrong). Market Pricing relationships are oriented to socially meaningful ratios or rates such as prices, wages, interest, rents, tithes, or cost-benefit analyses. Money need not be the medium, and MP relationships need not be selfish, competitive, maximizing, or materialistic -- any of the four models may exhibit any of these features. MP relationships are not necessarily individualistic; a family may be the CS or AR unit running a business that operates in an MP mode with respect to other enterprises. Examples are property that can be bought, sold, or treated as investment capital (land or objects as MP), marriages organized contractually or implicitly in terms of costs and benefits to the partners, prostitution (sex as MP), bureaucratic cost-effectiveness standards (resource allocation as MP), utilitarian judgments about the greatest good for the greatest number, or standards of equity in judging entitlements in proportion to contributions (two forms of morality as MP), considerations of "spending time" efficiently, and estimates of expected kill ratios (aggression as MP).
Every type of society or civilization is a mixture of these four modes, but it can plausibly be argued that one mode is always dominant and imprints the other subservient modes. Historically, the first dominant mode was kinship or lineage based reciprocity, the so-called tribal gift economies. The key relational aspect was 'belonging'. Gifts created obligations and relations beyond the next of kin, creating a wider field of exchange. Agricultural or feudal-type societies were dominated by authority ranking, that is, they were based on allegiance. Finally, it is clear that the capitalist economy is dominated by market pricing.
P2P and the Gift Economy
P2P is often described as a 'gift economy' (see Richard Barbrook for an example). However, it is our contention that this is somewhat misleading. The key reason is that peer to peer is not a form of equality matching; it is not based on reciprocity. P2P follows the adage: each contributes according to his capacities and willingness, and each takes according to his needs. There is no obligatory reciprocity involved. In the pure forms of peer production, producers are not paid. Thus, if there is 'gifting' it is entirely non-reciprocal gifting, the use of peer-produced use-value does not create a contrary obligation. The emergence of peer to peer is contemporaneous with new forms of the gift economy, such as the Local Exchange Trading Systems and the use of reciprocity-based complementary currencies; however, these do not qualify as peer production.
That is not to say that these forms are not complementary, since both equality matching and communal shareholding derive from the same spirit of gifting. Peer production can most easily operate in the sphere of immaterial goods, where the input is free time and the available surplus of computing resources. Equality matching, reciprocity-based schemes and cooperative production are necessary in the material sphere where the cost of capital intervenes. At present, peer production offers no solution to the material survival of its participants. Therefore, many people inspired by the egalitarian ethos will resort to cooperative production, the social economy, and other schemes from which they can derive an income, while at the same time honoring their values. In this sense, these schemes are complementary.
P2P and Hierarchy
P2P is not hierarchy-less, not structure-less, but usually characterized by flexible hierarchies and structures based on merit that are used to enable participation. Leadership is also 'distributed.' Most often, P2P projects are led by a core of founders, who embody the original aims of the project, and who coordinate the vast number of individuals and microteams working on specific patches. Their authority and leadership derives from their input into the constitution of the project, and on their continued engagement. It is true that peer projects are sometimes said to be 'benevolent dictatorships'; however, one must not forget that since the cooperation is entirely voluntary, the continued existence of such projects is based on the consent of the community of producers, and on 'forking' (that is, the creation of a new independent project, is always possible).
The relation between authority and participation, and its historical evolution, has been most usefully outlined by John Heron:
There seem to be at least four degrees of cultural development, rooted in degrees of moral insight:
- autocratic cultures which define rights in a limited and oppressive way and there are no rights of political participation;
- narrow democratic cultures which practice political participation through representation, but have no or very limited participation of people in decision-making in all other realms, such as research, religion, education, industry etc.;
- wider democratic cultures which practice both political participation and varying degree of wider kinds of participation;
- commons p2p cultures in a libertarian and abundance-oriented global network with equipotential rights of participation of everyone in every field of human endeavor."
These four degrees could be stated in terms of the relations between hierarchy, co-operation and autonomy.
- Hierarchy defines, controls and constrains co-operation and autonomy;
- Hierarchy empowers a measure of co-operation and autonomy in the political sphere only;
- Hierarchy empowers a measure of co-operation and autonomy in the political sphere and in varying degrees in other spheres;
- The sole role of hierarchy is in its spontaneous emergence in the initiation and continuous flowering of autonomy-in-co-operation in all spheres of human endeavor.
P2P and Communal Shareholding
With P2P, people voluntarily and cooperatively construct a commons according to the communist principle: "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs." The use-value created by P2P projects is generated through free cooperation, without coercion toward the producers, and users have free access to the resulting use value. The legal infrastructure that we have described above creates an 'Information Commons.' The new Commons is related to the older form of the commons (most notably the communal lands of the peasantry in the Middle Ages and of the original mutualities of the workers in the industrial age), but it also differs mostly through its largely immaterial characteristics. The older Commons were localized, used, and sometimes regulated by specific communities; the new Commons are universally available and regulated by global cyber-collectives, usually affinity groups. While the new Commons is centered around non-rival goods (that is, in a context of abundance) the older forms of physical Commons (air, water, etc.) increasingly function in the context of scarcity, thus becoming more regulated.
P2P and the Market: The Immanence vs. Transcendence of P2P
P2P and the Market
P2P exchange can be considered in market terms only in the sense that individuals are free to contribute, or take what they need, following their individual inclinations, with a invisible hand bringing it all together, but without any monetary mechanism. They are not true markets in any real sense: neither market pricing nor managerial command are required to make decisions regarding the allocation of resources. There are further differences:
- Markets do not function according to the criteria of collective intelligence and holoptism, but rather, in the form of insect-like swarming intelligence. Yes, there are autonomous agents in a distributed environment, but each individual only sees his own immediate benefit.
- Markets are based on 'neutral' cooperation, and not on synergistic cooperation: no reciprocity is created.
- Markets operate for the exchange value and profit, not directly for use value.
- Whereas P2P aims at full participation, markets only fulfill the needs of those with purchasing power.
The disadvantages of markets include:
- They do not function well for common needs that do not involve direct payment (national defense, general policing, education and public health). In addition, they fail to take into account negative externalities (the environment, social costs, future generations).
- Since open markets tend to lower profit and wages, they always give rise to anti-markets, where oligopolies and monopolies use their privileged position to have the state 'rig' the market to their benefit.
P2P and Capitalism
Despite significant differences, P2P and the capitalist market are highly interconnected. P2P is dependent on the market and the market is dependent on P2P.
Peer production is highly dependent on the market for peer production produces use-value through mostly immaterial production, without directly providing an income for its producers. Participants cannot live from peer production, though they derive meaning and value from it, and though it may out-compete, in efficiency and productivity terms, the market-based for-profit alternatives. Thus peer production covers only a section of production, while the market provides for nearly all sections; peer producers are dependent on the income provided by the market. So far, peer production has been created through the interstices of the market.
But the market and capitalism are also dependent on P2P. Capitalism has become a system relying on distributed networks, in particular on the P2P infrastructure in computing and communication. Productivity is highly reliant on cooperative teamwork, most often organized in ways that are derivative of peer production's governance. The support given by major IT companies to open-source development is a testimony to the use derived from even the new common property regimes. The general business model seems to be that business 'surfs' on the P2P infrastructure, and creates a surplus value through services, which can be packaged for exchange value. However, the support of free software and open sources by business poses an interesting problem. Is corporate-sponsored, and eventually corporate managed, FS/OS software still 'P2P': only partially. If it uses the GPL/OSI legal structures, it does result in common property regimes. If peer producers are made dependent on the income, and even more so, if the production becomes beholden to the corporate hierarchy, then it would no longer qualify as peer production. Thus, capitalist forces mostly use partial implementations of P2P. The tactical and instrumental use of P2P infrastructure, (collaborative practices) is only part of the story. In fact, contemporary capitalism's dependence on P2P is systemic. As the whole underlying infrastructure of capitalism becomes distributed, it generates P2P practices and becomes dependent on them. The French-Italian school of 'cognitive capitalism' stresses that value creation today is no longer confined to the enterprise, but beholden to the mass intellectuality of knowledge workers, who through their lifelong learning/experiencing and systemic connectivity, constantly innovate within and without the enterprise. This is an important argument, since it would justify what we see as the only solution for the expansion of the P2P sphere into society at large: the universal basic income. Only the independence of work and the salary structure can guarantee that peer producers can continue to create this sphere of highly productive use value.
Does all this mean that peer production is only immanent to the system, productive of capitalism, and not in any way transcendent to capitalism?
P2P and the Netarchists
More important than the generic relationship that we just described, is the fact that peer to peer processes also contribute to more specific forms of distributed capitalism. The massive use of open source software in business, enthusiastically supported by venture capital and large IT companies such as IBM, is creating a distributed software platform that will drastically undercut the monopolistic rents enjoyed by companies such as Microsoft and Oracle, while Skype and VoIP will drastically redistribute the telecom infrastructure. In addition, it also points to a new business model that is 'beyond' products, focusing instead on services associated with the nominally free FS/OS software model. Industries are gradually transforming themselves to incorporate user-generated innovation, and a new intermediation may occur around user-generated media. Many knowledge workers are choosing non-corporate paths and becoming mini-entrepreneurs, relying on an increasingly sophisticated participatory infrastructure, a kind of digital corporate commons.
The for-profit forces that are building and enabling these new platforms of participation represent a new subclass, which I call the netarchical class. If cognitive capitalism is to be defined by the primacy of intellectual assets over fixed capital industrial assets, and thus on the reliance of an extension of IP rights to establish monopolistic rents, (as the vectoral capitalists described by Mackenzie Wark derive their power from the control of the media vectors) then these new netarchical capitalists prosper from the enablement and exploitation of the participatory networks. It is significant that Amazon built itself around user reviews, eBay lives on a platform of worldwide distributed auctions, and Google is constituted by user-generated content. However, although these companies may rely on IP rights for the occasional extra buck, it is not in any sense the core of their power. Their power relies on their ownership of the platform.
More broadly, netarchical capitalism is a brand of capital that embraces the peer to peer revolution, all those ideological forces for whom capitalism is the ultimate horizon of human possibility. It is the force behind the immanence of peer to peer. Opposed to it, though linked to it in a temporary alliance, are the forces of Common-ism, those that put their faith in the transcendence of peer to peer, in a reform of the political economy beyond the domination of the market.
Transcendent Aspects of P2P
Indeed, our review of the immanent aspects of peer to peer, on how it is both dependent and productive of capitalism, does not exhaust the subject. P2P has important transcendent aspects which go beyond the limitations set by the for-profit economy:
- peer production effectively enables the free cooperation of producers, who have access to their own means of production, and the resulting use-value of the projects supercedes for-profit alternatives
Historically, though forces of higher productivity may be temporarily embedded in the old productive system, they ultimately lead to deep upheavals and reconstitutions of the political economy. The emergence of capitalist modes within the feudal system is a case in point. This is particularly significant because leading sectors of the for-profit economy are deliberately slowing down productive growth (in music; through patents) and trying to outlaw P2P production and sharing practices.
- peer governance transcends both the authority of the market and the state
- the new forms of universal common property, transcend the limitations of both private and public property models and are reconstituting a dynamic field of the Commons.
At a time when the very success of the capitalist mode of production endangers the biosphere and causes increasing psychic (and physical) damage to the population, the emergence of such an alternative is particularly appealing, and corresponds to the new cultural needs of large numbers of the population. The emergence and growth of P2P is therefore accompanied by a new work ethic (Pekka Himanen's Hacker Ethic), by new cultural practices such as peer circles in spiritual research (John Heron's cooperative inquiry), but most of all, by a new political and social movement which is intent on promoting its expansion. This still nascent P2P movement, (which includes the Free Software and Open Source movement, the open access movement, the free culture movement and others) which echoes the means of organization and aims of the alter-globalization movement, is fast becoming the equivalent of the socialist movement in the industrial age. It stands as a permanent alternative to the status quo, and the expression of the growth of a new social force: the knowledge workers.
In fact, the aim of peer to peer theory is to give a theoretical underpinning to the transformative practices of these movements. It is an attempt to create a radical understanding that a new kind of society, based on the centrality of the Commons, and within a reformed market and state, is in the realm of human possibility. Such a theory would have to explain not only the dynamic of peer to peer processes proper, but also their fit with other inter-subjective dynamics. For example, how P2P molds reciprocity modes, market modes and hierarchy modes; on what ontological, epistemological and axiological transformations this evolution is resting; and what a possible positive P2P ethos can be. A crucial element of such a peer to peer theory would be the development of tactics and strategy for such transformative practice. The key question is: can peer to peer be expanded beyond the immaterial sphere in which it was born?
The Expansion of the P2P mode of production
Given the dependence of P2P on the existing market mode, what are its chances to expand beyond the existing sphere of non-rival immaterial goods?
Here are a number of theses about this potential:
- P2P can arise not only in the immaterial sphere of intellectual and software production, but wherever there is access to distributed technology: spare computing cycles, distributed telecommunications and any kind of viral communicator meshwork.
- P2P can arise wherever other forms of distributed fixed capital are available: such is the case for carpooling, which is the second most used mode of transportation in the U.S.
- P2P can arise wherever the process of design may be separated from the process of physical production. Huge capital outlines for production can co-exist with a reliance on P2P processes for design and conception.
- P2P can arise wherever financial capital can be distributed. Initiatives such as the ZOPA bank point in that direction. Cooperative purchase and use of large capital goods are a possibility. State support and funding of open source development is another example.
- P2P could be expanded and sustained through the introduction of universal basic income.
The latter, which creates an income independent of salaried work, has the potential to sustain a further development of P2P-generated use-value. Through the 'full activity' ethos (rather than full employment) of P2P, the basic income receives a powerful new argument: not only as efficacious in terms of poverty and unemployment, but as creating important new use-value for the human community.
However, as it is difficult to see how use-value production and exchange could be the only form of production, it is more realistic to see peer to peer as part of a process of change. In such a scenario, peer to peer would both co-exist with and profoundly transform other intersubjective modes.
A Commons-based political economy would be centered around peer to peer, but it would co-exist with:
- A powerful and re-invigorated sphere of reciprocity (gift-economy) centered around the introduction of time-based complementary currencies.
- A reformed sphere for market exchange, the kind of 'natural capitalism' described by Paul Hawken, David Korten and Hazel Henderson, where the costs for natural and social reproduction are no longer externalized, and which abandons the growth imperative for a throughput economy as described by Herman Daly.
- A reformed state that operates within a context of multistakeholdership and which is no longer subsumed to corporate interests, but act as a fair arbiter between the Commons, the market and the gift economy.
Such a goal could be the inspiration for a powerful alternative to neoliberal dominance, and create a kaleidoscope of 'Common-ist' movements broadly inspired by such goals.
Pluralities/Integration monitors P2P developments and is archived at: http://integralvisioning.org/index.php?topic=p2p
A longer manuscript and book-in-progress on the subject is available at: http://integralvisioning.org/article.php?story=p2ptheory1
The Foundation for P2P Alternatives has a website under construction at: http://p2pfoundation.net/index.php/Manifesto
Fiske website. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/relmodov.htm
Personal communication with the author
Barbrook, Richard. Media Freedom. London: Pluto, 1995
Ferrer, Jorge N. Revisioning Transpersonal Theory: A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality. Albany: SUNY, 2001
Fiske, Alan Page. Structures of Social Life. New York: Free Press, 1993
Gunderson, Lance H. and C.S. Holling. Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Systems of Humans and Nature. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2001
Heron, John. Sacred Science. Llangarron, Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books, 1998
Galloway, Alexander. Protocol: How Control Exists After Decentralization Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004
Himanen, Pekka. The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age. New York: Random House, 2002
Inglehart, Ronald. Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989
Kane, Pat. The Play Ethic: A Manifesto for a Different Way of Living. London: Macmillan, 2003
Lazzarato, Maurizio. Les révolutions du capitalisme. Paris: Les Empêcheurs de penser en rond, 2004
Lessig, Lawrence. The Future of Ideas. New York: Vintage, 2002
Lessig, Lawrence. Free Culture. New York: Penguin U.S.A., 2004
Raymond, Eric. The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly, 2001
Sagot-Duvauroux, Jean-Louis. Pour la gratuité. Paris: Desclée-De Brouwer, 1995
Sahlins, Marshall D. Stone Age Economics. Chicago: Aldine, 1972
Skolimowski, Henryk. The Participatory Mind. New York: Penguin USA, 1995
Skrbina, David. Panpsychism in the West. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005
Stallman, Richard. Free Software, Free Society. Boston, MA: GNU Press, 2002
Stewart, John. Evolution's Arrow. Canberra: Chapman Press, 2000
Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor, 2005
Tuomi, Ilkka. Networks of Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003
Vercelonne, Carlo, dir. Sommes-nous sorti du capitalisme industriel? Paris: La Dispute, 2003
von Hippel, Eric. The Democratization of Innovation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004
Wark, McKenzie. A Hacker Manifesto. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004
Weber, Steve. The Success of Open Source. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004
Michel Bauwens is an internet pioneer. He created two dot.com companies, was (eBusiness) strategic director for the telecommunications company Belgacom, and 'European Manager of Thought Leadership' for the U.S. webconsultancy MarchFIRST. He co-produced the television documentary TechnoCalyps: the metaphysics of technology and the end of man, and co-edited two French-language books on the 'Anthropology of Digital Society.' He was also editor-in-chief of the Flemish digital magazine Wave. Originally from Belgium, he now lives in Chiang Mai, Thailand, where he created the Foundation for P2P Alternatives. He has taught courses on the anthropology of digital society to postgraduate students at ICHEC/St. Louis in Brussels, Belgium and related courses at Payap University and Chiang Mai University in Thailand.
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Interview: Tony Smith, Chief Executive, Consumer Council for Water
“We don't want the market to disappoint the customer… if that happens, the customer view of the industry could decline.”
It’s less than a year before non-household retail competition is introduced in England in April 2017, but current moves from the government and regulator are already drawing attention to the next phase of reform – household retail competition for the domestic customer.
Following the government’s announcement last November that it wants to introduce competition for households by 2020, Ofwat is conducting a cost-benefit analysis of the proposed move which is expected to be published shortly. So it was against this backdrop that the Consumer Council for Water (CCWater) recently quizzed over 3,500 domestic water customers on their views of the reform for research entitled Floating the idea: Household customer views on water market reform in England.
The findings were less than a ringing endorsement of the prospective market. Two-thirds (65%) of people initially said that they supported the idea of competition in the water market, but this fell to 51% once the wholesale-retail split and its implications were fully explained. Once they were presented with a likely figure for the amount they could save by switching (£4-8 off the annual bill per year) the proportion saying they would be interested in switching in such a market was much lower, at 32%.
“The principle of having a choice is viewed as a positive by the majority of customers, but their view changes quite a lot when you start to put into scale the amount of money that customers could potentially save,” CCWater chief executive Tony Smith tells WWT. “Primarily, it is the case that customers are looking for a reduction in their bill as a result of choice. We know from our research that the majority are satisfied with the service they receive from water and sewerage. So they are not really looking for a service benefit – they just want to know what competition will mean for their bill. And when we start to reveal the size of saving that may be available in the retail component of the bill, at that point it causes a large number of customers to reduce their level of interest.”
Participants in the study had an unrealistic view of the savings that might be gleaned from competition. When asked the amount that would be needed to entice them to switch, 61% named a figure that was higher than £20 per year, and 44% wanted higher than £40. Yet the retail component of a water bill is only around 10%, or £40 on a typical £400 annual bill. With water companies’ profit margin within that only 10-20%, a saving of £4-8 per year is probably as much as can be expected; many customers therefore could be in for a disappointment.
On the face of it, a 32% willingness to switch would still represent a healthy market, but even this figure needs to be taken with a pinch of salt as it represents what customers say they would do, not what they what they actually will do. Add in the likely effect of customer inertia – so prevalent in energy retail and in other sectors such as banking – and real switching rates would be much less.
However, switching rates are not everything, according to Smith.
“The success of a new market is not necessarily all to do with switching; it’s also to do with customers’ engagement in the market,” he says. “You might choose to renegotiate with your current supplier. That’s not switching, but you are actively engaging with the market and getting benefit from it. And if someone’s consciously deciding not to play the market, that’s fair enough too, because that’s their choice. But if the market disappoints the customer, then I think that’s a bit more of an issue. You wouldn’t want a market that causes the customer view of the water industry to actually decline.”
Domestic customers remain notably less enthusiastic about competition than business customers, who stand to gain more from a competitive landscape, both in cost and customer service terms. However, some of the concerns about the process are the same for both: customers are hesitant to switch to a new entrant without a track record, and also want to know that in the event of a problem, it will not complicate matters to have a different wholesaler and retailer.
Perceptions of metering emerged as a barrier to customers’ interest in the market, with 60% of unmetered customers saying they would be unlikely to switch if it meant they had to have a meter installed, even if this led to a better deal. Yet it does not necessarily follow that metering is a pre-requisite for competition, stresses Smith; neither does it follow that the ban on customers being disconnected for non-payment would have to be lifted – another topic explored in the research.
But he adds: “One interesting question is what would happen if customers had an opportunity to bundle water with energy for example, and they were on a prepayment meter. Would that prepayment meter extend to supplying the water services as well? If so, would this mean that the customer could be disconnected? It’s this sort of question that arises when new entrants come into a market – they may well come in with new innovations.”
One conclusion that can be clearly drawn from the research is the need for regulation to protect the interests of vulnerable customers who currently benefit from social tariffs or payment plans. These customers are less likely to be active in the market, and would be penalised if these tariffs and payment plans are not offered by new market entrants.
Whatever the outcome of Ofwat’s analysis, CCWater will continue to keep a close eye on customer opinion, with its research findings playing a role in the design of the market. After the advent of non-household competition next April, the organisation is expecting to have an increased volume of industry complaints to handle, an effect which would be only increased should progress be made on domestic competition.
Currently, 50% of CCWater’s complaints relate to billing, while 10% of overall complaints are from business customers. Both of these segments might be expected to attract more complaints as markets open up, if customers experience problems with switching, the transfer of customer data between companies, and so on.
“We tend to hear quite quickly if a company’s got a problem, because our phones start ringing a lot,” says Smith. “We’ll be playing an important role not just in fixing the problems for the customers, but in relaying to Ofwat if there are systemic problems with one particular supplier or with the market as a whole.”
So is the proposed timescale feasible to bringing in domestic competition around 2020? Smith is cautious.
“It is possible to do it in that timeframe, but I think it would be helpful to see the lessons, good and bad, from the introduction of the non-domestic market, and to take those lessons and apply them to the domestic market. I think there’s got to be enough of a window in order to allow that to happen.”
- Research Notes: How will water be delivered in 2065? The TWENTY65 consortium of six universities, led by the University of Sheffield, recently won £3.9M in funding from the... Read More >
- Comment: Towards a UK national grid for water The prospect of a national grid for water has long been written off, but the wholesale- retail split creates the conditions... Read More >
- How apps enhance maintenance Efficiencies can be delivered by better use of mobile technology, says James Hannay, managing director of Schad, a mobile... Read More >
- Water Industry Procurement: could Brexit provide a fresh start? Could Brexit lead to a re-examination of the procurement rules which govern the water industry and other infrastructure... Read More >
- Industry View: Let's not drop the ball after PR19 There must be better alignment between PR19 strategic plans and actual delivery plans if water companies are to get full... Read More >
- Close-Up: From Sludge to Bioresources As a separate price control for sludge takes shape for PR19, who will be the winners from the new market for bioresources? Read More >
- Digging Deeper: The Water Framework Directive and Brexit The next 12 months will be a critical time for the UK water industry as its response to the Water Framework Directive in... Read More >
- Comment: Why value is the key to opening up the water market The opening of the non-household retail market will result in opportunities for improving environmental performance and... Read More >
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The other day, an older white male was wandering by a Merewether verge in which several Acacias (Wattles) have been planted. The predominant comment this man made was… “Wattles?! Why would you plant those useless things?!” This reaction is one that I have some across a number of times now, and I believe that it comes from the meeting of a few societal trends and a lack of ecological understanding which I will try and rectify in this article.
This attitude meets with something I’ve encountered fairly frequently in plant selection (outside Permaculture circles at least)… people can be uneasy with plants of shorter life-span. Be it for the reason of wanting to keep their paid-for product around for as long as possible, or the whole concept of death seen as solely a bad thing and an uncomfortable reminder of their own inevitable demise.
Without getting overly philosophical, western society generally seems to have a disconnect with the transience of life, despite that cycling of life and death providing for our very existence. This is probably a reflection on our increasing disconnection with nature and our supporting environment. It is likely that this in turn has a lot to do with ego, individualism and consumerism. More fear of loss is present and death is then regarded as the ultimate loss. Marketing for Funeral Insurance and other death-related industry play upon and exacerbate this fear. Ie; “Don’t leave your surviving family to pay for your excessive carcass-processing fees! Pay us lots of money BEFORE you die! It could be at ANY MOMENT!!”
Railing against the truly inevitable is a profound waste of physical and psychological energies, so I believe it is worth shifting our approach to the transience of life. To be comfortable with change as change is inevitable. EVERYTHING is impermanent and without death, there would be no new life. A wise guy from times of old named Heraclitus once said, “the only thing that is constant is change” which rings very true to me.
A healthier approach to transience is observed in South America, exemplified by the Mexican Festival of the Dead, where birth and death are regarded more as a continuum → No matter what we are in life, in death we are all the same…. Fertiliser!! ;-P
I don’t mean, ‘once you’re dead we should all just forget about you’, but rather, instead of getting morose beyond mourning, we should celebrate what the dead-in-question loved in life and how that life is now providing the building blocks for other life.
Look at the bush or a garden… it isn’t a painting, it is a living system that is always in flux and that flux holds its own distinct beauty. So really an individual’s value isn’t so much about how long it hangs around, it’s about what that thing achieves in that limited time and how many other lives it supports and benefits.
Wattles are a great example of this, generally very fast growing and comparatively short-lived trees. The old adage ‘live-fast, die-young’ applies very well in that a single Acacia can produce food and habitat for thousands upon thousands of various animals and plants, during and beyond its lifetime, all the while acting to quickly protect and regenerate highly disturbed environments.
Throw in that beautiful floral display and pollen that isn’t actually that likely to cause allergies compared to say Rye-grass that flowers at similar times… why on earth wouldn’t you plant some?!?!
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Return to "The Last King" Index
|This is part of the booklet "The Last King, Donal IX MacCarthy Mór, King of Desmond and the Two Munsters, 1558-1596".||
The Last King
Donal IX MacCarthy Mór, King of Desmond and the Two Munsters, 1558-1596
J. J. MacCarthy
|The booklet is web published here by permission of The MacCarthy Clan Society, Kanturk, Co. Cork.|
"He was a man eminent and of great power in Munster" (Camden's description of King Donal IX MacCarthy Mór in the Annals of Queen Elizabeth)
King Donal IX MacCarthy Mór was the last reigning King of Desmond and Titular King of the Two Munsters (1558-1596). He is reputed to have been extravagant and with a fondness for drink. However, he was a wise and strong leader of Desmond in a difficult era and protected his territory with diplomacy rather than force. Nicholas Browne noted in 1597 that 'these Irish septs (MacCarthys) are of greater force and strength than they were these three hundred years'. Donal IX was a Gaelic poet of considerable merit. One of these poems, 'Aisling-thruagh do mhear meisi' (A sorrowful vision has deceived me) was a poem of sixteen verses; another, 'Och an och! a Mhuire bu de' (Alas! Alas! O benign Mary), was a religious poem of forty verses.
King Donal's reign coincided with that of the English Queen, Elizabeth Tudor. Ireland was at that time sub-divided into several autonomous states, and there was no central leadership. Many of these domains were riven by internal disputes. Althought the threat posed by Tudor England was both insidious and potent, the Irish lords and chiefs, more concerned with bitter internecine struggles, permitted the menace to take root.
Donal IX was the second son of Donal VIII (Donal an Druiminin). He had one older brother Tadgh, and two sisters, Eveleen and Catherine. He was predeceased by Tadgh. Eveleen ('Eveleen of the Eyes of Splendour') had married Conor O'Brien, the Earl of Thomond. The other princess, Catherine, had married Finghin MacCarthy Reagh, uncle of the famous Florence MacCarthy who later married Donal IX's daughter Ellen (Elena). Donal IX also had an illegitimate brother Donogh. King Donal IX was married to Honora Fitzgerald. She was the daughter of James Fitzjohn Fitzgerald, 13th Earl of Desmond. Her mother was Fitzgerald's second wife, Maud. Maud was the only daughter of Moelrony MacShane O'Carrol, Lord of Elye, and his wife Margaret O'Brien of Thomond. The 13th Earl of Desmond's first wife had been Joan Roche, mother of Gerald, the 14th Earl of Desmond. Honora was the mother of Tadgh and Ellen, Donal IX's only legitimate children. Sir William Herbert in a letter dated 1588 wrote:
"Onora (Honora) Countess of Clancare, was wife, sister and daughter of an Earl, ever of very modest and good demeanour, though matched with one most disorderly and dissolute."
Donal IX had several illegitimate children. Three of these were his sons, Donal, Dermod, and Eoghan. Donal (the Base Son) was a particular favourite and, under the terms of his father's will, received Castle Lough and other lands.
The Extent of His Territory; Dues Owed by Vassals
When Donal IX became King of Desmond in 1558, he was the master of a vast territory which extended over much of Co. Cork, and taking in large part of Co. Kerry. His jurisdiction an dominion consisted of at least fourteen 'countries'. These were the Lordships of Duhallow, Muskerry, O'Sullivan Mór, O'Sullivan Bear, O'Donoghue Mór, Coshmang, Kerslawny, MacGillycuddy, MacFineen, Clan Donogh Roe, O'Donoghue Glan, Clan Dermod, Clan Lawras and Loughlegh. These countries were administered by different Eoghanachta clans and later branches of the MacCarthy dynasty. Each country had its own chief lord, vassal lords and freeholders. All owed allegiance to MacCarthy Mór. He had the right to confirm the cheifs and lords in office by the bestowing of the white wand or sceptre, the symbol of authority. In certain countries he could also claim the Rising Out, i.e. the call to arms, of all the fighting men, and the right to billet gallowglasses (heavily armed foot soldiers). In addition to these exactions, he had other fees and duties from each country, which came to £194 per annum altogether. In 1565, Donal IX was taken to England and coerced by Queen Elizabeth into accepting the inferior title of Earl of Clancare. He had been accompanied by Owen O'Sullivan Bear who was forced to accept the title of Knight. At Donal's insistence, all rents and services owed to him out of O'Sullivan Bear's Country were recorded. This record gives an insight into the tributes owed to an Irish king by his under chief:
"He (O'Sullivan Bear) should pay all such rents and services as were due to the said Donal Earl of Clancare. These services were as follows: 1. Upon proper notice given he was to aid him (Donal IX) with all his strength and to be Marshall of his forces; 2. He was to raise 5 Kerns or Gallowglasses for each arable plowland, or instead thereof, to pay MacCarthy Mór a beef or six shillings and eight pence, of which he was to have his choice; 3. For every ship that came to fish or trade in O'Sullivan's harbours, he was to pay MacCarthy Mór half a crown."
In addition Donal IX was 'to have all kinds of wares and merchandises' brought in by ship to these ports at the same price as O'Sullivan Bear. O'Sullivan Bear had to provide MacCarthy Mór and his retinue with lodging and food at Dunboye Castle, 'with a competent number there to attend upon his person', for at least two days and nights per year. He also had to provide fodder for the horses kept at Pallis and to provide Donal 'with convenient sustenance for his greyhounds, hounds, and spaniels', and wages for his huntsmen. Donal also had chief rents 'issuing out of Barrett's Country, by the City of Cork', Killaha Abbey, Ballinskelligs, and Church lands in Beare, all of which came to £23 per annum. These were considerable sums of money at that time, though inadequate for a leader of MacCarthy Mór's status and financial obligations. He was responsible for the administration and security of his domain, along with the upkeep of his several castles and his retinue. MacCarthy Mór also held demesne or personal lands in Magunihy, Iveragh, at Pallis (The Palace), Ballycarbery Castle, Castle Lough, and Muckross Abbey, all of which came to approximately 60 ploughlands. He also held demesne lands in O'Sullivan Bear's Country, Muskerry and Dunhallow. Now, if the ruling family of a vassal clan became extinct, then all of its territories and rights reverted to the paramount or supreme chief. In this manner, Donal IX also had possession of the Lord of Coshmang's Country (84 ploughlands), O'Donoghue's Country (45 ploughlands), and Clan Lawras O'Sullivan Country (32 ploughlands).
Sir Warham St. Leger writing to the Lords of the Privy Council in 1588 reported:
"All his (King Donal IX) lands and territories lie in the Counties of Desmond and Cork and some parts in the County of Kerry. The most part of his land is waste and uninhabited, which hath grown partly by the calamities of the late wars, partly by the exactions he had used upon his tenants."
In this last part St. Leger is being disingenuous. In fact, for eight months in 1580, Munster and in particular Cork and Kerry bore the brunt of Tudor barbarity. In 1580, as a consequence of the Second Desmond Rebellion, Munster had been most savagely and notoriously laid waste by the Lord Justice, William Pelham, and Butler of Ormonde. This was nor mere tribal incursion, but a determined policy of genocide. In March 1580, Pelham and Ormonde met up in Clonmel and prepared to march south to make Munster, as Pelham put it, 'as bare a country as ever Spaniard set his foot in'. Ormonde himself estimated that 10,000 people had been exterminated by sword and rope at the end of the campaign. Among the ghastly sights to be seen for months afterwards were the great oak trees festooned with the rotting corpses of Pelham's victims. This slaughter, along with the attendant famine, had decimated the population. Edward Fenton, travelling from Cork to Limerick in 1581, noted the emptiness of the countryside. He was soon to discover that the fields and meadows were covered in the decomposing remains of animals and people. Sir Nicholas White was also shocked by Pelham's legacy. He wrote: "Her Majesty had many countries forsaken of people but well stocked with hares." The hares had increased rapidly in the absence of other animals. In fact, so plentiful had they become, that, when the Elizabethan soldiers needed a respite from slaughtering the inhabitants of Munster, they indulged in hare coursing, which became their favourite past-time. Following this devastation of the people, the crops, and livestock, Munster had become a barren, depopulated wasteland. Therefore, it was not surprising that MacCarthy Mór's territory was for the most part 'waste and uninhabited'.
As well as these depredations, Donal IX MacCarthy Mór had to withstand the defection of some of his most powerful septs. The most prominent of these was Muskerry. According to Warham St. Leger in his Tract of 1588:
"The Lords of this Country (Muskerry), by taking Letters Patent of the Kings of England, have exempted themselves from him (Donal IX), as they affirm."
MacCarthy Mór's power depended on his ability to collect the rents, land-taxes, and other dues owed to him by his vassal lords. The enforcement of these rights was determined by the number of armed men that he could muster from his own immediate followers. The territories that were ruled directly by MacCarthy Mór were relatively small. Desmond itself consisted of three baronies, Magunihy, Iveragh, Dunkerron, and half the barony of Glanerought, which took in Kerry south of the Maine River, and the old baronies of Bere and Bantry in West Cork. During the repression of the Gaelic chiefs by Elizabeth, Donal had refused to have this territory incorporated into the newly created County Kerry, and it was known as the 'County of Desmond'. In 1606, ten years after Donal had died, Bere and Bantry were assigned to County Cork, with the rest of the territory going to County Kerry. Some of the vassal Lords, such as MacCarthy of Muskerry and O'Sullivan Mór, were equal in power to Donal IX, their paramount chief. Thus the greater part of MacCarthy territory was under the direct rule of strong and independant under chiefs, so that during Elizabeth Tudor's reign King Donal IX only exercised nominal power over those vassals. This prevented him from effectively opposing the Tudor advance in Munster. O'Neill had successfully turned back the Tudor tide that was threatening to engulf Tyrone because, as suzerain, he ruled a larger territory than any of his under chiefs. The shortfall in revenues, allied with the defection of powerful vassals, fettered King Donal IX in his attempt to rule his kingdom. Professor W. Butler precisely summarieses this difficulty:
"It is in the numerous sub-divisions of the clan of MacCarthy itself, and in the fact that they were overshadowed by several of their nominal vassals, that we must seek the real reasons of the small part played in Tudor times by the MacCarthy More."
Despite these difficulties, Donal IX MacCarthy Mór was a prominent member of the Desmond Confederation of 1569-1572, a league formed for the defence of Ireland and the faith by James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald, cousin of Earl Gerald Fitzgerald of Desmond. The Earldom of Desmond took in the territory of the Munster Fitzgeralds, and was distinct from the Kingdom of Desmond to which it was adjacent and of which Donal IX was king. Much of the Fitzgerald lands had been wrested from the MacCarthy clan during earlier centuries, and this had led to bitterness and tension between the two factions. However, there were blood ties between the two families due to intermarriage, and Donal IX was married to a sister of the Earl of Desmond. The Mayor and Corporation of Waterford complained to Sir William Cecil in 1569:
"The chieftains of this rebellion (the Desmond Confederation) are James Fitzmaurice, called Captain of the Geraldines, and MacCarthy More, who refuses the new titles of Earl, and is offended with any one that calleth him Earl of Clancar. These and other rebels have forced Kinsale to compound."
Therefore on his return from England, Donal IX had rejected the title of 'Earl of Clancare' which had been bestowed on him by Elizabeth Tudor, and reverted to the more important status of MacCarthy Mór. A few years later, in 1579, the Tudor forces under Captain Maltby inflicted a serious defeat on Sir John Fitzgerald of Desmond at Monaster and one of Donal IX's illegitimate sons was slain. Sir William Stanley, who had been in the battle, wrote that 'these rebels came as resolutely to fight as the best soldiers of Europe could'. It was said that Earl Gerald greatly influenced Donal IX against the Tudor government. In February 1580, at the start of the Second Desmond Rebellion, the captain of a Spanish ship witnessed Donal IX and Earl Gerald participate in a long ceremony at Castleisland. Kneeling side by side before the priest, Dr. Sanders, 'having a mass-book under their feet and with a cloth spread over their heads', Donal and Gerald swore to support each other. Commencing in March 1580, as described already, Pelham and Butler ravaged Munster in eight months. Carrigafoyle fortress and the Desmond stronghold of Askeaton both fell. Spanish help had been insufficient and there had been no aid from the Pope. Earl Gerald was held responsible for these disasters by his allies. Donal IX shrewdly realised that there was more to be lost than to be gained in the expedition. Perceiving that Earl Gerald's campaign was useless and its leader incompetent, he marched on Cork to surrender, taking with him his great vassal clans. Gerald continued the campaign for another three years, enduring great hardship and privation. He was murdered at Glenagenty in 1583. At the end of the campaign, the Geraldines lost everything. Their lands were confiscated and divided among the settlers. Donal IX, however, had preserved the territory of Clan Carthy.
The Loss of a Son
In 1565, Donal IX was abducted by David Roche, Lord Fermoy, and taken as a prisoner to England. As mentioned already, he was coerced by Elizabeth Tudor and her agents into accepting the title 'Earl of Clancare' (Clancarthy). Much has been made of this apparent renunciation of the kingship by Donal, and this is discussed in detail by Count Clandermond in 'She Engaged Him to Surrender Into Her Hands His Kingdom of Desmond' in this book. It is clear that Donal, a wily prisoner of Elizabeth, accepted this ersatz title in order to secure his release. Immediately on his return to his kingdom he reverted to his original status, that of MacCarthy Mór. Elizabeth had extracted an agreement from him that, if he should die without 'legitimate male issue of his body', his lands would devolve onto her. As Donal had one legitimate son, Tadgh of Valentia, he must have felt safe in this agreement. He also knew that the powerful Clan Carthy, who under Irish Law were the actual owners of the territory, would prevent the Tudor sovereign from enforcing this extortion. In this he was correct, as after his death in 1596 his lands were retained by his daughter Ellen and her husband Florence MacCarthy Reagh. In 1770, one of their descendants, Charles MacCarthy, actually willed the ancient MacCarthy Mór lands away from his MacCarthy cousins, leaving them instead to his mother's people, the Herberts of Muckross, descendants of an English settler. Although Donal IX had felt secure in having an heir in Tadgh of Valentia, he did not appreciate the deviousness of Elizabeth's agents in Ireland. Tadgh was taken as a hostage by them in 1578 in order to extort his father's co-oporation. He was sent to Dublin. In a letter dated 23rd May 1583, Donal IX wrote to Elizabeth Tudor seeking the release of his son, and referring to the fact that his wife was being held as a hostage in Cork and had been there for two years. Following the death in 1583 of his uncle, Earl Gerald of Desmond, the boy was sent to England for a time. He was sent back again to Dublin Castle for education in the English ways. He managed to escape from Dublin with the help of a William Barry and made his way to France, where he died some time before July 1, 1588. The circumstances of this escape are murky and shrouded in mystery, as are the details of young Tadgh's death. The last direct legitimate descendant in the male line of the reigning branch of the Royal House of MacCarthy Mór had died an obscure and unrecorded death in an alien land. Following the early death of his son and heir, Donal IX sought solace from excessive spending and lavish entertainments. Don Philip O'Sullivan Bear has remarked upon these 'sumptuous banquets', 'magnificent entertainments' and 'lavish expenses'.
With Tadgh's death, and in accordance with the conditions extorted from Donal IX, Elizabeth Tudor stood to gain vast tracts of MacCarthy lands. This huge acreage would pass to English settlers, either as payment for service to the crown, or at a small rent. An inquisition dated July 1st, 1588, stated:
"The Earl of Clan Kertie that now is, who is without issue male; he hath only one daughter. After the Earl's decease his countrie is in Her Magestie to dispose."
There were many people with an interest in the early death of the young Tadgh MacCarthy of Valentia. Indeed, before Chrismans 1588, Sir W. Herbert wrote to the Queen's Secretary, Walsingham:
"I mean to take 6000 acres within the County of Kerry, and am desirous to have other 6000 acres in the County of Desmond, after the Earl of Glincar's death," and also "I may thre have Castle Logh, the Pallace, and Ballicarbry, with 6000 acres around them, I write rather thus timely, if not out of time, least some other should first make means and suit for them."
Valentine Browne, another settler, and Herbert's rival, also coveted the MacCarthy Mór's estates.
The Marriage of a Princess
Following Tadgh of Valentia's death, the betrothal of his sister, Ellen, interested many prominent settlers in Munster. Valentine Browne, who as we have seen coveted MacCarthy Mór's estates, sought to have her married to his son, Nicholas. Now, Donal IX was severely short of revenue due not only to a tendency for lavish entertaining, but also to his involvement in various rebellions, and the devastation of his dominions by Pelham and Ormonde in 1580. Thus he had mortgaged some of his property to Sir Valentine Browne and knew the gentleman very well. This financial transaction (lending money on a mortgage) was a favourite device of some astute settlers since it enabled them to get a foothold on the property of the clans. However, Valentine Browne recovered neither money nor property during Donal IX' life-time. Sir Valentine pressed the suitability of his son as a candidate for Ellen's hand, and a marriage contract was drawn up and signed by Donal IX. The Brownes then applied for the Queen's consent to the marriage. However, the chieftains of the various septs of the House of MacCarthy Mór were enraged by the proposed marriage of the royal Ellen to the son of a mere English settler, and made their opposition to this inferior match clear. Indeed, both Ellen and her mother objected to the match. Sir Warham St. Leger afterwards wrote:
"The countess and young lady came unto me and divers of the gentlemen of the country, to acquaint me with their discontentment."
Donal IX travelled to the court of Elizabeth, probably to avoid the wrath of the clan, but more likely to meet a young nobleman, Florence MacCarthy Reagh, who was present at court, and who was favoured by the Queen. Countess Honora MacCarthy later stated that Donal IX wished that his daughter should join him in England, and failing that, she should marry Florence MacCarthy. Shortly after Donal's arrival at court, Florence left and returned to Munster. A few days later, Florence had married Ellen, heiress to Donal IX, in a secret mid-night ceremony at Muckross Abbey. Mass was said by the officiating priest, and only the Countess Honora MacCarthy and The O'Sullivan Mór were present. This event precipitated much consternation amoung Elizabeth's officials in Ireland. In a letter dated May 14, 1588, to the Lords of the Privy Council, Sir Warham St. Leger wrote:
"Florence, alias Fineen MacCarthy, hath lately espoused the only daughter and child legitimate of the Earl of ClanCarty, by a cunning practice contrived between the Countess (Donal IX's wife), mother to the said child, and the said Fineen, without her husband's consent." He continued: "For my own part, I do think in my conscience it is a secret practice between the Earl and his wife; and the matter concluded in England before Fineen's coming thence, intending thereby to prevent the bestowing of her (Ellen) by Her Highness' directions." Later in the letter he states: "It (the marriage) was very secretly done; and after the solemnizing thereof (they thinking that it should not be known), they sent letters to overtake a messenger lately sent from hence to the Earl of Clancarty, who should have been stayed if he had not gone to the sea".
Donal IX had no intention of permitting his daughter to marry Nicholas Browne, despite the marriage contract! A flurry of letters descended on the Lords of the Privy Council over the following months. On December 7th, 1588, Sir Warham St. Leger wrote from Cork:
"And cheifly if the marriage of Florence MacCarthy may be undone, and she (Ellen) married to some English gentleman by the Queen's appointment; whereby her father may be (by him that shall marry her) directed to govern his country according to the laws of this realm, which is the dangerest country for foreign invasion to attempt, that appertaineth to this realm."
By this St. Leger meant to divorce Ellen from Florence, and marry her to an English settler who would ensure her father's loyalty. Ellen, who was about eighteen years of age, had been removed to Cork by the President of Munster and was in the custody of a 'merchant of the town', while Florence had been taken to Dublin. In February 1589, a messenger from Dublin slipped into Cork with a secret message from Florence to Ellen. The courier returned to Dublin, and the following day, Friday, 'late towards night, about the shutting of the gates', Ellen and her lady's maid slipped outside the walls of Cork. Outside the gates of the city an acquaintance of Florence, Bryan of the Cards, named for his ability at card-playing, awaited her, and she was spirited away into the gathering dusk. Ellen was not seen again for two years, by which time she had reached her majority, and could not be forced to divorce Florence. Detention in Dublin did not prevent Florence from arranging the escape of his bride. By this action he forfeited a fine castle where there was a 'great store of orient pearls', all of which he had entered as recognisance for Ellen's safty in Cork. Florence was sent from Dublin to England, where he was detained until 1598. Ellen's mother, honora, along with MacFinnan MacCarthy had been taken into custody at the fortress of Castlemaine by Tom Springe, Constable of Castlemaine, relative of Sir Valentine Browne, and one of the 'principal men of Countie Kerrie'. Sir W. Herbert, fearing for Honora's health, wrote to Sir F. Walsingham, the Queen's Secretary, seeking her release from Castlemaine Fortress and into his custody at his own house. There was also the fear that, should Countess Honora die in captivity, Donal IX might remarry and produce another legitimate heir. Part of this letter dated July 12, 1588, dealt with the problem of Donal the Base Son:
"Since this marriage (of Ellen) I understand of another in hand no less dangerous, between Sir Owen O'Sullivan's daughter, being the Lord of Berehaven, and one Donal MacCarthy, the Earl of Clancare's base son, whom the inhabitants of Desmond much affect (favour)." The letter reports that the Base Son was "shunning all officers, and standing upon his guard with some few followers, though doing no other harm," and that "he will in time breed some trouble, for in the first descents Bastardy is no impediment, and he is a person both willing and able to do mischief.
King Donal IX, either because he was too powerful, or because of the marriage contract with Valentine Browne, was unmolested.
Donal the Base Son
Donal the Base Son was especially favoured by his father. He was a courageous soldier, and had escaped from prison to spend many months as an outlaw, living rough with a band of followers on the wild mountains and glens of Kerry. He was the terror of the local settlers and launched many raids on them and their property.
The English officials dubbed him the 'Munster Robin Hood'. He had a special dislike for Nicholas Browne, who suffered most from these attacks. In October 1588 Valentine Browne wrote to Walsingham that:
"Donal MacCarthy, the Earl's bastard, is gone to the woods, and lyeth as an outlaw, resorting continually to the MacCarthys of Carbery, and is there secretly supported."
In 1594 Donal was still regarded as an outlaw, and it was recorded that:
"His rebellious actions have troubled this quiet state chiefly of the English inhabitants in Kerry, and have brought many subjects to their end with loss of their blood."
Donal IX supported his son in these actions and provided him with a base from which he could sally forth on his expeditions against the settlers. Indeed, Donal IX undertook a similar mission in 1589, when he ejected Alexander Clarke, and English settler, from the lands of Clan Donnel Roe. Clarke undertook to argue with Donal IX, 'reproving him for his presumptuous dealing, in dispossessing him out of the Queen's lands'. Donal answered Clarke saying that if he and his company did not quit the land that he "would cut them in pieces." Donal then ordered his followers to kill the man, which they would have done, only Clarke escaped because he was on horse-back and armed with a pistol.
In the spring of 1599, more than two years after the death of Donal IX, the Earl of Essex arrived in Dublin with a large army. He marched south to Munster dispersing the rebels before him. As the Earl marched, he passed through a narrow ravine surrounded by dense woodland in Laoighis. There he was ambushed and routed by Donal, the O'Mores, and the Geraldines. The ravine became known as Bearna na Cleitidhe, the 'Pass of the Plumes', from the number of plumed English helmets scattered around. The Lake Hotel, Killarney, is built in the grounds of the ruined Castlelough Castle. In 1867 there was a feather-bed preserved there which was reputed to have been made from the plumes collected at the Pass of the Plumes by order of Donal. Essex retreated over six days of incessant battle. Don Philip O'Sullivan Bear records that 'Essex was chased, with incredible losses, by Donal and the Geraldines out of Munster'.
Donal the Base Son was a very strong leader and brave soldier. After his father's death, he adopted the title of MacCarthy Mór with the backing of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, and joined him in open rebellion against the Tudor queen. Donal retired from warfare around 1605 and lived quietly at Castlelough Castle. His last recorded descendant was a James MacCarthy who settled in America during the nineteenth century.
In his final years Donal IX lived quietly and devoted himself to his poetry and religion. On October 17th, 1595 Geoffry Fenton dispatched a letter to Lord Burghley on a ship leaving Kinsale. He wrote:
"The Earl of Clancare, who is McCarthy More, is so poor, and sickly as there is no reckonin to be made of him, or his name."
In the winter of 1596 the ailing king finally passed away. The Annals of the Four Masters, in a mean paragraph, record the death of the last King of Desmond, the descendant of illustrious ancestors and the possessor of a noble and ancient pedigree:
"MacCarthy Mór died; namely Donnell, the son of Donnell, son of Cormac Ladhrach, son of Teige; and, although he was usually styled MacCarthy Mór, he had bee honourably created Earl by order of the Sovereign of England. There was no male heir who could be installed in his place (nor any heir), except one daughter (Ellen), who was the wife of the son of MacCarthy Reagh, i.e. Fineen; and all thought that he was the heir of the desceased MacCarthy, i.e., Donnell."
King Donal IX MacCarthy Mór was interred in Muckross Abbey and his tombstone with coat of arms still exists there.
Donal IX left no legitimate male heirs. There were, however, three main contenders for the title of MacCarthy Mór. These were Donal the Base Son; Florence MacCarthy Reagh who was married to Ellen (heiress to Donal IX); and Dermot MacDonogh MacCarthy, Lord of Duhallow. The last two did not belong to the royal derbhfine, or family of princes, from which the candidate for MacCarthy Mór was selected by tanistry, and had no valid claim to the title. For a time the title of MacCarthy Mór alternated between Donal the Base Son and Florence MacCarthy. However, the ancient Kingdom of Desmond had died with King Donal IX MacCarthy Mór.
I am a ghost upon your path,
A wasting breath,
But you must know one word of truth
Gives a ghost breath.
In language beyond learning's touch
Passion can teach.
Speak in that speech beyond reproach
The body's speech.
|(Donal IX MacCarthy Mór)|
Return to "The Last King" Index
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Summary: Psalms 23
HIS SHEEP AM I (PSALM 23)
Have you heard of the computer user’s version of Psalm 23?
The Lord is my programmer, I shall not crash.
He installed His software on the hard disk of my heart. All of His commands are user friendly.
His directory guides me to the right choices for His name's sake. Even though I scroll through the problems of life, I will fear no bugs, for He is my back-up.
His password protects me. He prepares a menu before me in the presence of my enemies.
His help is only a keystroke away.
Surely goodness and mercy will follow me all the days of my life and my file will be merged with His and saved forever.
Psalms 23 is the most beloved psalm in the Bible and the shepherd analogy is the most popular analogy in the Bible. A pastor says, “Psalms 23 is the most quoted and memorized poem in history” and a writer says it is the most repeated and cited chapter in the Bible. A renowned pastor Coffman remembers quoting Psalms 23 at every one of the one hundred funerals that he held in 1937.
What kind of a relationship do we have with the Lord and how do we deepen our relationship to Him? Why must we closely and consistently follow our Savior and Shepherd?
No Supply is Surer
1 The Lord is my shepherd, I lack nothing. 2 He makes me lie down in green pastures, he leads me beside quiet waters, 3 he refreshes my soul. He guides me along the right paths for his name’s sake.
Once I went to my clubhouse for my morning swim and my club card got entangled with small bills in my pocket. I joked to the lady who manned the morning shift: “There goes my money. Now I cannot be rich anymore!” She said, “Mr. Yip, it is not necessary to be rich; having enough is OK.”
The shepherd is the most beloved analogy for God in the Bible. In the Old Testament the Lord is known as the Shepherd of Israel (Ps 80:1), and in the New Testament Jesus is the good shepherd (John 10:11), that great shepherd of the sheep (Heb 13:20), the Shepherd and Bishop of souls (1 Peter 2:25) and the chief Shepherd (1 Peter 5:4). We, on the other hand, are the sheep of His pasture (Ps 74:1, 79:13, 100:3) and the sheep of His hand (Ps 95:7).
The noun “shepherd” may also be translated as keeper (Gen 4:2), feed (Gen 29:7), a companion (Prov 13:20), friendship (Prov 22:24) and pastors (Jer 3:15). It is more a title; it is a task. It is practical more than positional. It is a duty more than a designation. The shepherd is dear, dedicated and dependable, never distant, dreaded or disliked.
The verb “lack” (v 1) is traditionally translated as abated (Gen 8:3), decrease (Gen 8:5) and bereave (Eccl 4:8). The same phrase “lack nothing” is repeated in eight other verses – half of which famously referred to the wilderness experience where those who gathered little had no lack (Ex 16:18), where they spent forty years lacking nothing (Deut 2:7), eating bread without scarceness (Deut 8:9), experiencing God’s sustenance in the wilderness (Neh 9:21). Other passages outside of the wilderness experience include Elijah’s promise of oil without fail to the widow of Zarephath (1 Kings 17:14), no want of any good thing (Ps 34:10), husbands with capable wives who have no need of spoil (Prov 31:11), and the promise of bread without fail for the exile (Isa 51:14). The shepherd is tender, tenacious and, most of all, trustworthy. We are never short, stranded or starved with our shepherd around us and attending us. There is no hunger, harm, hazard, hurry or heartbreak with Him around.
The next line begins with four second person HE singular: HE makes me lie down in green pastures, HE leads me beside quiet waters (v 2), HE refreshes my soul, and HE guides me along the right paths for his name’s sake.
The noun “pastures” (v 2) make its debut in the Bible and can be translated as habitations (Ps 74:20), houses (Ps 83:12) and pleasant places (Jer 23:10). The noun “green” (v 2) is never translated as “green” elsewhere, but as grass (Gen 1:11), tender herb (Deut 32:2) and tender grass (2 Sam 23:4). It refers to superior, satisfying and sprouting food. The verb lie down implies recline, rest and relax, not rushed.
The verb “lead” (v 2) is more work to mere “lead.” It includes feeding (Gen 47:17), guiding (Ex 15:13) and carrying (2 Chron 28:15). The noun “quiet/still” can be translated as rest (Gen 49:15), ease (Judg 20:43), and comfortable (2 Sam 14:17). Besides green pastures, sheep require quiet waters for the food to go down. Pastures and waters are plural in Hebrew. There is peace and plenty in the Lord.
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A funny thing happened in New York City last week: Cops stopped arresting people. Not altogether, of course—that would be anarchy. But since last Monday, the number of arrests in America's largest city plummeted by two-thirds compared to the previous year. The decline is a conscious slowdown by New York's police force to protest City Hall's perceived lack of support for law enforcement.
NYPD officers and union leaders have been at odds with Mayor Bill de Blasio in the wake of the Eric Garner case and the killings of Officers Wenjian Liu and Rafael Ramos this month. In their latest move, officers have begun a "virtual work stoppage" throughout the city by making fewer low-level arrests and issuing fewer citations. The Patrolmen's Benevolent Association, New York's largest police union, urged its members not to make arrests "unless absolutely necessary," according to the New York Post's report.
[The slowdown] has helped contribute to a nose dive in low-level policing, with overall arrests down 66 percent for the week starting Dec. 22 compared with the same period in 2013, stats show.
Citations for traffic violations fell by 94 percent, from 10,069 to 587, during that time frame.
Summonses for low-level offenses like public drinking and urination also plunged 94 percent—from 4,831 to 300.
Even parking violations are way down, dropping by 92 percent, from 14,699 to 1,241.
Drug arrests by cops assigned to the NYPD’s Organized Crime Control Bureau—which are part of the overall number—dropped by 84 percent, from 382 to 63.
Although safety is cited as the reason for the police union's move, political considerations are central. "This is not a slowdown for slowdown’s sake," a police source told the Post. "Cops are concerned, after the reaction from City Hall on the Garner case, about de Blasio not backing them." The NYPD slowdown also comes amid protracted contract negotiations between police unions and the mayor's office.
The Post, which enthusiastically championed the NYPD during this year's turmoil, portrayed this slowdown in near-apocalyptic terms—an early headline for the article above even read "Crime wave engulfs New York following execution of cops." But the police union's phrasing—officers shouldn't make arrests "unless absolutely necessary"—begs the question: How many unnecessary arrests was the NYPD making before now?
Policing quality doesn't necessarily increase with policing quantity, as New York's experience with stop-and-frisk demonstrated. Former Mayor Michael Bloomberg asserted that the controversial tactic of warrantless street searches "keeps New York City safe." De Blasio ended the program soon after succeeding him, citing its discriminatory impact on black and Hispanic residents. Stop-and-frisk incidents plunged from 685,724 stops in 2011 to just 38,456 in the first three-quarters of 2014 as a result. If stop-and-frisk had caused the ongoing decline in New York's crime rate, its near-absence would logically halt or even reverse that trend. But the city seems to be doing just fine without it: Crime rates are currently at two-decade lows, with homicide down 7 percent and robberies down 14 percent since 2013.
The slowdown also challenges the fundamental tenets of broken-windows policing, a controversial strategy championed by NYPD Commissioner Bill Bratton. According to the theory, which first came to prominence in a 1982 article in The Atlantic, "quality-of-life" crimes like vandalism and vagrancy help normalize criminal behavior in neighborhoods and precede more violent offenses. Tackling these low-level offenses therefore helps prevent future ones. The theory's critics dispute its effectiveness and contend that broken-windows policing simply criminalizes the young, the poor, and the homeless.
Public drinking and urination may be unseemly, but they're hardly threats to life, liberty, or public order. (The Post also noted a decline in drug arrests, but their comparison of 2013 and 2014 rates is misleading. The mayor's office announced in November that police would stop making arrests for low-level marijuana possession and issue tickets instead. Even before the slowdown began, marijuana-related arrests had declined by 61 percent.) If the NYPD can safely cut arrests by two-thirds, why haven't they done it before?
The human implications of this question are immense. Fewer arrests for minor crimes logically means fewer people behind bars for minor crimes. Poorer would-be defendants benefit the most; three-quarters of those sitting in New York jails are only there because they can't afford bail. Fewer New Yorkers will also be sent to Rikers Island, where endemic brutality against inmates has led to resignations, arrests, and an imminent federal civil-rights intervention over the past six months. A brush with the American criminal-justice system can be toxic for someone's socioeconomic and physical health.
The NYPD might benefit from fewer unnecessary arrests, too. Tensions between the mayor and the police unions originally intensified after a grand jury failed to indict a NYPD officer for the chokehold death of Eric Garner during an arrest earlier this year. Garner's arrest wasn't for murder or arson or bank robbery, but on suspicion of selling untaxed cigarettes—hardly the most serious of crimes. Maybe the NYPD's new "absolutely necessary" standard for arrests would have produced a less tragic outcome for Garner then. Maybe it will for future Eric Garners too.
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Freemasonry or Masonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft (or Blue Lodge) Freemasonry. Members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, and are usually administered by different bodies than the craft degrees.
The basic, local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the Lodge. The Lodges are usually supervised and governed at the regional level (usually coterminous with either a state, province, or national border) by a Grand Lodge or Grand Orient. There is no international, worldwide Grand Lodge that supervises all of Freemasonry; each Grand Lodge is independent, and they do not necessarily recognise each other as being legitimate.
Modern Freemasonry broadly consists of two main recognition groups. Regular Freemasonry insists that a volume of scripture is open in a working lodge, that every member profess belief in a Deity, that no women are admitted, and that the discussion of religion and politics is banned. Continental Freemasonry is now the general term for the "liberal" jurisdictions who have removed some, or all, of these restrictions.
- 1 Masonic Lodge
- 2 Organisation
- 3 Other degrees, orders and bodies
- 4 Ritual and symbolism
- 5 History
- 6 Anti-Masonry
- 7 See also
- 8 Footnotes
- 9 External links
The Masonic Lodge is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly to conduct the usual formal business of any small organisation (pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members, etc.). In addition to business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a Masonic degree or receive a lecture, which is usually on some aspect of Masonic history or ritual. At the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge might adjourn for a formal dinner, or festive board, sometimes involving toasting and song.
The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a separate ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft, and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason. In all of these ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs and grips peculiar to his new rank. Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, with its own secrets to distinguish its members. In other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge.
Most Lodges have some sort of social calendar, allowing Masons and their partners to meet in a less ritualised environment. Often coupled with these events is the obligation placed on every Mason to contribute to charity. This occurs at both Lodge and Grand Lodge level. Masonic charities contribute to many fields from education to disaster relief.
These private local Lodges form the backbone of Freemasonry, and a Freemason will necessarily have been initiated into one of these. There also exist specialist Lodges where Masons meet to celebrate anything from sport to Masonic research. The rank of Master Mason also entitles a Freemason to explore Masonry further through other degrees, administered separately from the Craft, or "Blue Lodge" degrees described here, but having a similar format to their meetings.
There is very little consistency in Freemasonry. Because each Masonic jurisdiction is independent, each sets its own procedures. The wording of the ritual, the number of officers present, the layout of the meeting room, etc. varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
The officers of the Lodge are elected or appointed annually. Every Masonic Lodge has a Master, two Wardens, a secretary and a treasurer. There is also a Tyler, or outer guard, who is always present outside the door of a working Lodge. Other offices vary between jurisdictions.
Each Masonic Lodge exists and operates according to a set of ancient principles known as the Landmarks of Freemasonry. These principles have thus far eluded any universally accepted definition.
Joining a Lodge
Candidates for Freemasonry will have met most active members of the Lodge they are joining before they are initiated. The process varies between jurisdictions, but the candidate will typically have been introduced by a friend at a Lodge social function, or at some form of open evening in the Lodge. In modern times, interested people often track down a local Lodge through the Internet. The onus is on candidates to ask to join; while candidates may be encouraged to ask, they are never invited. Once the initial inquiry is made, an interview usually follows to determine the candidate's suitability. If the candidate decides to proceed from here, the Lodge ballots on the application before he (or she, depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction) can be accepted.
The absolute minimum requirement of any body of Freemasons is that the candidate must be free, and considered to be of good character. There is usually an age requirement, varying greatly between Grand Lodges, and (in some jurisdictions) capable of being overridden by a dispensation from the Grand Lodge. The underlying assumption is that the candidate should be a mature adult.
In addition, most Grand Lodges require the candidate to declare a belief in a Supreme Being. In a few cases, the candidate may be required to be of a specific religion. The form of Freemasonry most common in Scandinavia (known as the Swedish Rite), for example, accepts only Christians. At the other end of the spectrum, "Liberal" or Continental Freemasonry, exemplified by the Grand Orient de France, does not require a declaration of belief in any deity, and accepts atheists (a cause of discord with the rest of Freemasonry).
During the ceremony of initiation, the candidate is expected to swear (usually on a volume of sacred text appropriate to his personal religious faith) to fulfil certain obligations as a Mason. In the course of three degrees, new masons will promise to keep the secrets of their degree from lower degrees and outsiders, and to support a fellow Mason in distress (as far as practicality and the law permit). There is instruction as to the duties of a Freemason, but on the whole, Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying. Some will further explore the ritual and symbolism of the craft, others will focus their involvement on the social side of the Lodge, while still others will concentrate on the charitable functions of the lodge.
Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are independent and sovereign bodies that govern Masonry in a given country, state, or geographical area (termed a jurisdiction). There is no single overarching governing body that presides over worldwide Freemasonry; connections between different jurisdictions depend solely on mutual recognition.
Freemasonry, as it exists in various forms all over the world, has a membership estimated by the United Grand Lodge of England at around six million worldwide. The fraternity is administratively organised into independent Grand Lodges (or sometimes Grand Orients), each of which governs its own Masonic jurisdiction, which consists of subordinate (or constituent) Lodges. The largest single jurisdiction, in terms of membership, is the United Grand Lodge of England (with a membership estimated at around a quarter million). The Grand Lodge of Scotland and Grand Lodge of Ireland (taken together) have approximately 150,000 members. In the United States total membership is just under two million.
Recognition, amity and regularity
Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of Recognition. Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises. When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be in amity, and the brethren of each may visit each other's Lodges and interact Masonically. When two Grand Lodges are not in amity, inter-visitation is not allowed. There are many reasons why one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another, but the two most common are Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity.
Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area. If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one. (In 1849, for example, the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions, each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge. Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed.) Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction (for example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply, and other Grand Lodges may recognise both).
Regularity is a concept based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, the basic membership requirements, tenets and rituals of the craft. Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition of what these landmarks are, and thus what is Regular and what is Irregular (and the definitions do not necessarily agree between Grand Lodges). Essentially, every Grand Lodge will hold that its landmarks (its requirements, tenets and rituals) are Regular, and judge other Grand Lodges based on those. If the differences are significant, one Grand Lodge may declare the other "Irregular" and withdraw or withhold recognition.
The most commonly shared rules for Recognition (based on Regularity) are those given by the United Grand Lodge of England in 1929:
- The Grand Lodge should be established by an existing regular Grand Lodge, or by at least three regular Lodges.
- A belief in a supreme being and scripture is a condition of membership.
- Initiates should take their vows on that scripture.
- Only men can be admitted, and no relationship exists with mixed Lodges.
- The Grand Lodge has complete control over the first three degrees, and is not subject to another body.
- All Lodges shall display a volume of scripture with the square and compasses while in session.
- There is no discussion of politics or religion.
- "Antient landmarks, customs and usages" observed.
Other degrees, orders and bodies
Blue Lodge Freemasonry offers only three traditional degrees, and in most jurisdictions, the rank of past or installed master. Master Masons are also able to extend their Masonic experience by taking further degrees, in appendant bodies approved by their own Grand Lodge.
The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite is a system of 33 degrees (including the three Blue Lodge degrees) administered by a local or national Supreme Council. This system is popular in North America and in Continental Europe. The York Rite, with a similar range, administers three orders of Masonry, namely the Royal Arch, Cryptic Masonry and Knights Templar.
In Britain, separate bodies administer each order. Freemasons are encouraged to join the Holy Royal Arch, which is linked to Mark Masonry in Scotland and Ireland, but separate in England. Templar and Cryptic Masonry also exist.
Ritual and symbolism
Freemasonry describes itself as a "'beautiful system of morality, veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols". The symbolism is mainly, but not exclusively, drawn from the manual tools of stonemasons – the square and compasses, the level and plumb rule, the trowel, among others. A moral lesson is attached to each of these tools, although the assignment is by no means consistent. The meaning of the symbolism is taught and explored through ritual.
All Freemasons begin their journey in the "craft" by being progressively initiated, passed and raised into the three degrees of Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry. During these three rituals, the candidate is progressively taught the meanings of the Lodge symbols, and entrusted with grips, signs and words to signify to other Masons that he has been so initiated. The initiations are part allegory and part lecture, and revolve around the construction of the Temple of Solomon, and the artistry and death of his chief architect, Hiram Abiff. The degrees are those of Entered apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason. While many different versions of these rituals exist, with at least two different lodge layouts and versions of the Hiram myth, each version is recognisable to any Freemason from any jurisdiction.
In some jurisdictions the main themes of each degree are illustrated by tracing boards. These painted depictions of Masonic themes are exhibited in the lodge according to which degree is being worked, and are explained to the candidate to illustrate the legend and symbolism of each degree.
The idea of Masonic brotherhood probably descends from a 16th-century legal definition of a brother as one who has taken an oath of mutual support to another. Accordingly, Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret, and to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law. In most Lodges the oath or obligation is taken on a Volume of Sacred Law, whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother (usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition). In Progressive continental Freemasonry, books other than scripture are permissible, a cause of rupture between Grand Lodges.
Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges, dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate a mythologised history of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining. The fifteenth century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia.
There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today's Masonic Lodges, but the earliest rituals and passwords known, from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th–18th centuries, show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or speculative Masons, as those members who did not practice the physical craft came to be known. The minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland show a continuity from an operative lodge in 1598 to a modern speculative Lodge. It is reputed to be the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world.
The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster (later called the Grand Lodge of England (GLE)), was founded on 24 June 1717, when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner. Many English Lodges joined the new regulatory body, which itself entered a period of self-publicity and expansion. However, many Lodges could not endorse changes which some Lodges of the GLE made to the ritual (they came to be known as the Moderns), and a few of these formed a rival Grand Lodge on 17 July 1751, which they called the "Antient Grand Lodge of England." These two Grand Lodges vied for supremacy until the Moderns promised to return to the ancient ritual. They united on 27 December 1813 to form the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE).
The Grand Lodge of Ireland and the Grand Lodge of Scotland were formed in 1725 and 1736 respectively, although neither persuaded all of the existing lodges in their countries to join for many years.
The earliest known American lodges were in Pennsylvania. The Collector for the port of Pennsylvania, John Moore, wrote of attending lodges there in 1715, two years before the formation of the first Grand Lodge in London. The Premier Grand Lodge of England appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731, based in Pennsylvania. Other lodges in the colony obtained authorisations from the later Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland, which was particularly well represented in the travelling lodges of the British Army. Many lodges came into existence with no warrant from any Grand Lodge, applying and paying for their authorisation only after they were confident of their own survival.
After the American Revolution, independent U.S. Grand Lodges formed themselves within each state. Some thought was briefly given to organising an overarching "Grand Lodge of the United States," with George Washington (who was a member of a Virginian lodge) as the first Grand Master, but the idea was short-lived. The various state Grand Lodges did not wish to diminish their own authority by agreeing to such a body.
Prince Hall Freemasonry
Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans. In 1775, an African-American named Prince Hall, along with fourteen other African-Americans, was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Ireland, having failed to obtain admission from the other lodges in Boston. When the military Lodge left North America, those fifteen men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, but not to initiate Masons. In 1784, these individuals obtained a Warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England (GLE) and formed African Lodge, Number 459. When the UGLE was formed in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls – due largely to the War of 1812. Thus, separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 – and became a de facto "Grand Lodge" (this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa). As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organised on a Grand Lodge system for each state.
Widespread segregation in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African-Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions – and impossible for inter-jurisdiction recognition between the parallel U.S. Masonic authorities. By the 1980s, such discrimination was a thing of the past, and today most U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts, and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition. The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges. While celebrating their heritage as lodges of black Americans, Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion.
Emergence of Continental Freemasonry
English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s, first as lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites, and then as distinctively French lodges which still follow the ritual of the Moderns. From France and England, Freemasonry spread to most of Continental Europe during the course of the 18th century. The Grande Loge de France formed under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont, who exercised only nominal authority. His successor, the Duke of Orléans, reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773. Briefly eclipsed during the French Revolution, French Freemasonry continued to grow in the next century.
The ritual form on which the Grand Orient of France was based was abolished in England in the events leading to the formation of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1813. However the two jurisdictions continued in amity (mutual recognition) until events of the 1860s and 1870s drove a seemingly permanent wedge between them. In 1868 the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the State of Louisiana appeared in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, recognised by the Grand Orient de France, but regarded by the older body as an invasion of their jurisdiction. The new Scottish rite body admitted blacks, and the resolution of the Grand Orient the following year that neither colour, race, nor religion could disqualify a man from Masonry prompted the Grand Lodge to withdraw recognition, and it persuaded other American Grand Lodges to do the same.
A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England, a situation that continues today.
Not all French lodges agreed with the new wording. In 1894, lodges favouring the compulsory recognition of the Great Architect of the Universe formed the Grande Loge de France. In 1913, the United Grand Lodge of England recognised a new Grand Lodge of Regular Freemasons, a Grand Lodge that follows a similar rite to Anglo-American Freemasonry with a mandatory belief in a deity.
There are now three strands of Freemasonry in France, which extend into the rest of Continental Europe:-
- Liberal (also adogmatic or progressive) – Principles of liberty of conscience, and laicity, particularly the separation of the Church and State.
- Traditional – Old French ritual with a requirement for a belief in a supreme being. (This strand is typified by the Grande Loge de France).
- Regular – Standard Anglo-American ritual, mandatory belief in Supreme being.
The term Continental Freemasonry was used in Mackey's 1873 Encyclopedia of Freemasonry to "designate the Lodges on the Continent of Europe which retain many usages which have either been abandoned by, or never were observed in, the Lodges of England, Ireland, and Scotland, as well as the United States of America". Today, it is frequently used to refer to only the Liberal jurisdictions typified by the Grand Orient de France.
The majority of Freemasonry considers the Liberal (Continental) strand to be Irregular, and thus withhold recognition. For the Continental lodges, however, having a different approach to Freemasonry was not a reason for severing masonic ties. In 1961, an umbrella organisation, Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg (CLIPSAS) was set up, which today provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide. Included in the list of over 70 Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are representatives of all three of the above categories, including mixed and women's organisations. The United Grand Lodge of England does not communicate with any of these jurisdictions, and expects its allies to follow suit. This creates the distinction between Anglo-American and Continental Freemasonry.
Freemasonry and women
The status of women in the old guilds and corporations of mediaeval masons remains uncertain. The principle of "femme sole" allowed a widow to continue the trade of her husband, but its application had wide local variations, ranging from full membership of a trade body to limited trade by deputation to approved members of that body. In masonry, the small available evidence points to the less empowered end of the scale.
At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era, during the 1720s, James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons, the basis for most subsequent constitutions, which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry. As Freemasonry spread, continental masons began to include their ladies in Lodges of Adoption, which worked three degrees with the same names as the men's but different content. The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century. Later organisations with a similar aim emerged in the United States, but distinguished the names of the degrees from those of male masonry.
Maria Deraismes was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882, then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge. Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body, she and Georges Martin started a mixed masonic lodge that actually worked masonic ritual. Annie Besant spread the phenomenon to the English speaking world. Disagreements over ritual led to the formation of exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England, which spread to other countries. Meanwhile, the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901, only to cast it aside again in 1935. The lodges, however, continued to meet, which gave rise, in 1959, to a body of women practising continental Freemasonry.
In general, Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry amongst women, dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite to allow them, in 1899, to form their own grand council, recognised by the other Continental Grand Councils of that Rite. The United Grand Lodge of England issued a statement in 1999 recognising the two women's grand lodges there to be regular in all but the participants. While they were not, therefore, recognised as regular, they were part of Freemasonry "in general". The attitude of most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons.
Anti-Masonry (alternatively called Anti-Freemasonry) has been defined as "opposition to Freemasonry", but there is no homogeneous anti-Masonic movement. Anti-Masonry consists of widely differing criticisms from diverse (and often incompatible) groups who are hostile to Freemasonry in some form. Critics have included religious groups, political groups, and conspiracy theorists.
There have been many disclosures and exposés dating as far back as the 18th century. These often lack context, may be outdated for various reasons, or could be outright hoaxes on the part of the author, as in the case of the Taxil hoax.
These hoaxes and exposés have often become the basis for criticism of Masonry, often religious or political in nature or are based on suspicion of corrupt conspiracy of some form. The political opposition that arose after the "Morgan Affair" in 1826 gave rise to the term Anti-Masonry, which is still in use today, both by Masons in referring to their critics and as a self-descriptor by the critics themselves.
Freemasonry has attracted criticism from theocratic states and organised religions for supposed competition with religion, or supposed heterodoxy within the fraternity itself, and has long been the target of conspiracy theories, which assert Freemasonry to be an occult and evil power.
Christianity and Freemasonry
The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church. The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine. A number of Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry. The first was Pope Clement XII's In eminenti apostolatus, 28 April 1738; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890. The 1917 Code of Canon Law explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic excommunication, and banned books favouring Freemasonry.
In 1983, the Church issued a new code of canon law. Unlike its predecessor, the 1983 Code of Canon Law did not explicitly name Masonic orders among the secret societies it condemns. It states: "A person who joins an association which plots against the Church is to be punished with a just penalty; one who promotes or takes office in such an association is to be punished with an interdict." This named omission of Masonic orders caused both Catholics and Freemasons to believe that the ban on Catholics becoming Freemasons may have been lifted, especially after the perceived liberalisation of Vatican II. However, the matter was clarified when Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI), as the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, issued a Declaration on Masonic Associations, which states: "... the Church's negative judgment in regard to Masonic association remains unchanged since their principles have always been considered irreconcilable with the doctrine of the Church and therefore membership in them remains forbidden. The faithful who enrol in Masonic associations are in a state of grave sin and may not receive Holy Communion." For its part, Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity. Those Grand Lodges in amity with UGLE deny the Church's claims. The UGLE now states that "Freemasonry does not seek to replace a Mason's religion or provide a substitute for it."
In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism. Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his personal opinion only, and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry.
Free Methodist Church founder B.T. Roberts was a vocal opponent of Freemasonry in the mid 19th century. Roberts opposed the society on moral grounds and stated, "The god of the lodge is not the God of the Bible." Roberts believed Freemasonry was a "mystery" or "alternate" religion and encouraged his church not to support ministers who were Freemasons. Freedom from secret societies is one of the "frees" upon which the Free Methodist Church was founded.
Since the founding of Freemasonry, many Bishops of the Church of England have been Freemasons, such as Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher. In the past, few members of the Church of England would have seen any incongruity in concurrently adhering to Anglican Christianity and practising Freemasonry. In recent decades, however, reservations about Freemasonry have increased within Anglicanism, perhaps due to the increasing prominence of the evangelical wing of the church. The former Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, appeared to harbour some reservations about Masonic ritual, whilst being anxious to avoid causing offence to Freemasons inside and outside the Church of England. In 2003 he felt it necessary to apologise to British Freemasons after he said that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and that he had barred the appointment of Freemasons to senior posts in his diocese when he was Bishop of Monmouth.
In 1933, the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus, until he repents, the person involved with Freemasonry cannot partake of the Eucharist. This has been generally affirmed throughout the whole Eastern Orthodox Church. The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions: "Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism."
Regular Freemasonry has traditionally not responded to these claims, beyond the often repeated statement that those Grand Lodges in amity with UGLE explicitly adhere to the principle that "Freemasonry is not a religion, nor a substitute for religion. There is no separate 'Masonic deity,' and there is no separate proper name for a deity in Freemasonry."
Christian men, who were discouraged from joining the Freemasons by their Churches or who wanted a more religiocentric society, joined similar fraternal organisations, such as the Knights of Columbus for Catholic Christians, and the Loyal Orange Institution for Protestant Christians, although these fraternal organisations have been "organized in part on the style of and use many symbols of Freemasonry".
Islam and Freemasonry
Many Islamic anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to both antisemitism and Anti-Zionism, though other criticisms are made such as linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah). Some Muslim anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque in order to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. In article 28 of its Covenant, Hamas states that Freemasonry, Rotary, and other similar groups "work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ..."
Many countries with a significant Muslim population do not allow Masonic establishments within their jurisdictions. However, countries such as Turkey and Morocco have established Grand Lodges, while in countries such as Malaysia and Lebanon there are District Grand Lodges operating under a warrant from an established Grand Lodge.
Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917, when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) was opened. Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s, and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923. However, the position changed following the revolution, and all lodges were forced to close in 1965. This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein; the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations."
In 1799, English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation. In the wake of the French Revolution, the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation. The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister William Pitt (who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work. As a result, Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act, provided that each private lodge's Secretary placed with the local "Clerk of the Peace" a list of the members of his lodge once a year. This continued until 1967 when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by Parliament.
Freemasonry in the United States faced political pressure following the 1826 kidnapping of William Morgan by Freemasons and subsequent disappearance. Reports of the "Morgan Affair", together with opposition to Jacksonian democracy (Andrew Jackson was a prominent Mason) helped fuel an Anti-Masonic movement, culminating in the formation of a short lived Anti-Masonic Party which fielded candidates for the Presidential elections of 1828 and 1832.
In Italy, Freemasonry has become linked to a scandal concerning the Propaganda Due lodge (a.k.a. P2). This lodge was chartered by the Grande Oriente d'Italia in 1877, as a lodge for visiting Masons unable to attend their own lodges. Under Licio Gelli's leadership, in the late 1970s, P2 became involved in the financial scandals that nearly bankrupted the Vatican Bank. However, by this time the lodge was operating independently and irregularly, as the Grand Orient had revoked its charter and expelled Gelli in 1976.
Conspiracy theorists have long associated Freemasonry with the New World Order and the Illuminati, and state that Freemasonry as an organisation is either bent on world domination or already secretly in control of world politics. Historically, Freemasonry has attracted criticism—and suppression—from both the politically far right (e.g., Nazi Germany) and the far left (e.g. the former Communist states in Eastern Europe).
Even in modern democracies, Freemasonry is sometimes viewed with distrust. In the UK, Masons working in the justice system, such as judges and police officers, were from 1999 to 2009 required to disclose their membership. While a parliamentary inquiry found that there has been no evidence of wrongdoing, it was felt that any potential loyalties Masons might have, based on their vows to support fellow Masons, should be transparent to the public. The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership of applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by Justice Secretary Jack Straw (who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate, since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons.
Freemasonry is both successful and controversial in France; membership is rising, but reporting in the popular media is often negative.
In some countries anti-Masonry is often related to antisemitism and anti-Zionism. For example, In 1980, the Iraqi legal and penal code was changed by Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party, making it a felony to "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations". Professor Andrew Prescott of the University of Sheffield writes: "Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry, so it is not surprising that allegations that 11 September was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order".
The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Reich Security Main Office) show the persecution of Freemasons during the Holocaust. RSHA Amt VII (Written Records) was overseen by Professor Franz Six and was responsible for "ideological" tasks, by which was meant the creation of antisemitic and anti-Masonic propaganda. While the number is not accurately known, it is estimated that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime. Masonic concentration camp inmates were graded as political prisoners and wore an inverted red triangle. Hitler believed Freemasons had succumbed to the Jews conspiring against Germany.
The small blue forget-me-not flower was first used by the Grand Lodge Zur Sonne, in 1926, as a Masonic emblem at the annual convention in Bremen, Germany. In 1938 a forget-me-not badge—made by the same factory as the Masonic badge—was chosen for the annual Nazi Party Winterhilfswerk, the annual charity drive of the National Socialist People's Welfare, the welfare branch of the Nazi party. This coincidence enabled Freemasons to wear the forget-me-not badge as a secret sign of membership.
After World War II, the forget-me-not flower was again used as a Masonic emblem at the first Annual Convention of the United Grand Lodges of Germany in 1948. The badge is now worn in the coat lapel by Freemasons around the world to remember all who suffered in the name of Freemasonry, especially those during the Nazi era.
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The Persons admitted Members of a Lodge must be good and true Men, free-born, and of mature and discreet Age, no Bondmen, no Women, no immoral or scandalous Men, but of good Report.
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In preparing this work [Pike] has been about equally Author and Compiler. (p. iii.) ... The teachings of these Readings are not sacramental, so far as they go beyond the realm of Morality into those of other domains of Thought and Truth. The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite uses the word "Dogma" in its true sense of doctrine, or teaching; and is not dogmatic in the odious sense of that term. Everyone is entirely free to reject and dissent from whatsoever herein may seem to him to be untrue or unsound (p. iv)
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Founded by Michael J. McGivney, a New Haven, Connecticut, parish priest, the Knights of Columbus paralleled the structure of Freemasonry with ritual, degrees, passwords, and the motto "Charity, Unity, Fraternity, and Patriotism."
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- Francke, Karl Heinz; Ernst-Günther Geppert (1974). Die Freimaurer-Logen Deutschlands und deren Grosslogen 1737–1972 (in German) (Second rev. ed.). Bayreuth: Quatuor Coronati.Also in: Francke, Karl Heinz; Ernst-Günther Geppert (1988). Die Freimaurer-Logen Deutschlands und deren Grosslogen 1737 – 1985 : Matrikel und Stammbuch; Nachschlagewerk über 248 Jahre Geschichte der Freimaurerei in Deutschland (in German). Bayreuth: Quatuor Coronati. ISBN 978-3-925749-05-6. OCLC 75446479.
- "The Story Behind Forget Me Not Emblem!". Masonic Network. 11 December 2009.
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- "Freemasonry". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- Web of Hiram at the University of Bradford. A database of donated Masonic material.
- Masonic Books Online of the Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry
- The Constitutions of the Free-Masons (1734), James Anderson, Benjamin Franklin, Paul Royster. Hosted by the Libraries at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- The Mysteries of Free Masonry, by William Morgan, from Project Gutenberg
- A Legislative Investigation into Masonry (1832) on the Internet Archive, OCLC 1560509
- The United Grand Lodge of England's Library and Museum of Freemasonry, London
- A page about Freemasonry – claiming to be the world's oldest Masonic website.
- Articles on Judaism and Freemasonry
- Anti-Masonry: Points of View – Edward L. King's Masonic website
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Newspapers' digital archives pose ethical challenges
Interesting story in the Chronicle of Higher Education (free area) this week on how college alumni, including former student journalists are trying to rewrite history by asking that embarrassing material -- including stories they have written -- be taken down from college publication Web sites.
So time for a little self-promotion here.
Larry Timbs, Will Atkinson and I did some of the first exploration two years ago into the ethical and operational issues raised by newspaper Web sites and the digitization of newspaper archives. We asked newspaper editors a wide range of questions, including some relating to four possible situations in which someone might ask that their picture or a story naming them be taken down.
You can find How America's newspapers handle (or don't handle) their 'digital attics': An investigation into ethical, legal and privacy issues emerging from publications' Web archives at the Grassroots Editor Web site. (The paper was presented at the 13th Newspapers and Community Building symposium.)
If you want the direct link to the PDF, here it is.
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FAMILY MEDICAL LEAVE ACT: THE HOT DEBATE
June 3, 2005
A battle is brewing over that 1993 law, the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA). The Department of Labor is expected to come out shortly with proposals to revise parts of the law. Some labor and family groups, such as the National Partnership for Women & Families, fear those changes will cause hard-won family leave protections to be lost.
Business groups such as the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), however, say the current law is too vague and vulnerable to employee abuse. The FMLA provides eligible employees up to 12 weeks of job-protected leave for an employee's serious illness or that of an immediate family member, or the birth or adoption of a child. Health insurance must also be continued.
Any changes to the FMLA have the potential to be a big issue, because millions have had illnesses or other life events that fall under FMLA's umbrella:
- In an 18-month period in 1999 and 2000, nearly 24 million Americans took leave from work for an FMLA-covered reason, according to the Labor Department's most recent figures.
- FMLA is often used because not all companies grant sick leave or disability coverage.
- Furthermore, complying with the FMLA cost employers $21 billion in 2004, according to an analysis by the Employment Policy Foundation.
FMLA was passed by Congress and signed by president Bill Clinton in 1993 after nearly 10 years of lobbying from family and labor groups such as the AFL-CIO.
Source: Stephanie Armour, "Family, medical leave act at center of hot debate," USA Today, May 26, 2005
Browse more articles on Economic Issues
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A movement to improve outcomes and reduce opportunity gaps for boys and young men of color.
The City of Houston accepted My Brother’s Keeper (MBK) Community Challenge in September 2014 and officially launched the Local Action Summit on November 13, 2014. The Local Action Plan (LAP) was released in May 2015, establishing 23 interventions across all six (6) milestones. Houston joins several metropolitan areas around the country united in moving the needle to improve performance and long term success for these children.
MBK Houston is focused on bringing systemic changes across the six pillars of success.
- Enter School Ready to Learn
- Read on 3rd Grade Level by the 3rd Grade
- Graduate High School Ready for College or Career
- Complete Post-Secondary Education or Training
- Enter the Workforce Successfully
- Reduce Crime and Violence and Provide Second Chance Opportunities
MBK Houston supports a community-wide strategy whereby diverse organizations and individuals utilize their strengths, leverage their existing resources and work together to implement collaborative solutions.
In 2017, the Houston Health Foundation kicked off TeamUp, a nationally-pioneering initiative that connects students to careers in athletics off the field. In close cooperation with the Health Department and Bloomberg Associates, the Foundation has helped hundreds of students connect with professionals at leading area sports teams including the Houston Dynamo and Dash and the Sugar Land Skeeters.
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THE government is pouring about P108.920 million worth of various infrastructure projects in Zamboanga del Norte this year to boost the province’s economic development, the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) announced on Friday.
Zamboanga del Norte remains one of the country’s poorest provinces, according to documents from the DAR.
The DAR said in a statement on March 20 that its officials expect farmers in Zamboanga del Norte to enjoy greater economic opportunities as soon as it partners with the Asian Development Bank for the various projects in support of the country’s sustainable rural development program.
The projects are in various stages of development, some of which were already set in motion last month, the statement said.
The statement identified these projects as including the concreting of four farm-to-market roads in the municipalities of Siocon, Labason, Manukan and Sindangan, and the construction of the Panabutan communal irrigation in Sirawai.
The bidding for the projects will be conducted in the ensuing weeks, after which construction will start immediately, DAR Regional Director Julita Ragandang said.
According to Ragandang, the development of Zamboanga del Norte, being one of the poorest provinces in the country, aims to reduce the incidence of poverty and raise the standard of living of farmers.
“Zamboanga del Norte, whose residents consists mainly of farmers and fisherfolk, will greatly benefit from these infrastructure facilities. These [infra projects] will enhance the rural economy and in the process, create job opportunities in the province,” Ragandang said.
The infrastructure projects under DAR’s Agrarian Reform Community Project will cover 19 agrarian-reform communities. (Jonathan L. Mayuga)
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CHICAGO, Feb. 25, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- CME Group, the world's leading and most diverse derivatives marketplace, announced today that it has launched FuturesFundamentals.com, an innovative educational website to help explain the role of futures markets in everyday life.
With easy-to-understand content that everyone from students to experienced market participants will find useful, FuturesFundamentals.com takes investing concepts like futures, hedging and speculating and shows how they play an essential role in the world around us. The site incorporates interactive elements like video and quizzes, as well as a host of infographics designed to simplify complex market topics. The goal of the site is to make financial education an engaging experience for anyone, regardless of how well versed they are in the world of finance.
"Over the past few years, we have seen a real need for information about how people and businesses manage risk, and how that risk impacts people's everyday lives," said Anita Liskey, CME Group Managing Director, Corporate Marketing & Communications. "Our goal for this site is to be a go-to resource on the futures industry, and why futures and options matter - whether you're a novice on Main Street or an expert on Wall Street."
Futuresfundamentals.com provides information on the derivatives industry as a whole, and is the latest example of the company's efforts to provide risk management education to the general public, as well as current and potential customers. For example, last year CME Group embarked on a partnership with the National 4-H Council to bring a Commodity Carnival game to over 130 state and county fairs, reaching 50,000 fairgoers with information about managing risk in agriculture. CME Group is also currently in the middle of its annual CME Group Trading Challenge, which last year attracted 1,500 graduate and undergraduate students from 25 different countries to learn more about futures trading.
As the world's leading and most diverse derivatives marketplace, CME Group (www.cmegroup.com) is where the world comes to manage risk. CME Group exchanges offer the widest range of global benchmark products across all major asset classes, including futures and options based on interest rates, equity indexes, foreign exchange, energy, agricultural commodities, metals, weather and real estate. CME Group brings buyers and sellers together through its CME Globex® electronic trading platform and its trading facilities in New York and Chicago. CME Group also operates CME Clearing, one of the world's leading central counterparty clearing providers, which offers clearing and settlement services across asset classes for exchange-traded contracts and over-the-counter derivatives transactions. These products and services ensure that businesses everywhere can substantially mitigate counterparty credit risk.
CME Group is a trademark of CME Group Inc. The Globe Logo, CME, Globex and Chicago Mercantile Exchange are trademarks of Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc. CBOT and the Chicago Board of Trade are trademarks of the Board of Trade of the City of Chicago, Inc. NYMEX, New York Mercantile Exchange and ClearPort are registered trademarks of New York Mercantile Exchange, Inc. COMEX is a trademark of Commodity Exchange, Inc. KCBOT, KCBT and Kansas City Board of Trade are trademarks of The Board of Trade of Kansas City, Missouri, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Further information about CME Group CME, +0.26% and its products can be found at www.cmegroup.com.
SOURCE CME Group
Copyright (C) 2014 PR Newswire. All rights reserved
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Edvard Munch ( MUUNK, norwegian : [ ˈɛ̀dvɑɖ ˈmʊŋk ] ( ) ; 12 December 1863 – 23 January 1944 ) was a norwegian cougar. His best known make, The Scream ( 1893 ), has become an iconic image of the art populace. His childhood was overshadowed by illness, mourning and the apprehension of inheriting a genial condition that ran in the class. Studying at the Royal School of Art and Design in Kristiania ( nowadays ‘s Oslo ), Munch began to live a bohemian biography under the influence of the anarchist Hans Jæger, who urged him to paint his own emotional and psychological submit ( ‘ soul painting ‘ ). From this emerged his classifiable expressive style.
Reading: Edvard Munch – Wikipedia
Travel brought new influences and outlets. In Paris, he learned much from Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, particularly their use of color. In Berlin, he met the swedish dramatist August Strindberg, whom he painted, as he embarked on a major series of paintings he would late call The Frieze of Life, depicting a series of deeply-felt themes such as love, anxiety, jealousy and treachery, steeped in atmosphere. The Scream was conceived in Kristiania. According to Munch, he was out walking at sunset, when he ‘heard the enormous, infinite screech of nature ‘. The painting ‘s agonize face is widely identified with the angst of the modern person. between 1893 and 1910, he made two motley versions and two in pastels, equally well as a phone number of prints. One of the pastels would finally command the fourth highest nominal price paid for a painting at auction. As his fame and wealth grew, his emotional country remained insecure. He briefly considered marriage, but could not commit himself. A mental breakdown in 1908 forced him to give up heavy toast, and he was cheered by his increasing adoption by the people of Kristiania and exposure in the city ‘s museums. His later years were exhausted working in peace and privacy. Although his works were banned in Nazi-occupied Europe, most of them survived World War II, securing him a bequest .
life [edit ]
childhood [edit ]
Edvard Munch was born in a farmhouse in the greenwich village of Ådalsbruk in Løten, Norway, to Laura Catherine Bjølstad and Christian Munch, the son of a priest. Christian was a repair and medical policeman who married Laura, a womanhood half his age, in 1861. Edvard had an elder sister, Johanne Sophie, and three younger siblings : Peter Andreas, Laura Catherine, and Inger Marie. Laura was artistically talented and may have encouraged Edvard and Sophie. Edvard was related to the painter Jacob Munch and the historian Peter Andreas Munch. [ 2 ] The family moved to Christiania ( renamed Kristiania in 1877, and now Oslo ) in 1864 when Christian Munch was appointed medical officeholder at Akershus Fortress. Edvard ‘s beget died of tuberculosis in 1868, as did Munch ‘s favored baby Johanne Sophie in 1877. [ 3 ] After their mother ‘s death, the munch siblings were raised by their forefather and by their aunt Karen. Often ill for much of the winters and kept out of school, Edvard would draw to keep himself busy. He was tutored by his school mates and his aunt. christian Munch besides instructed his son in history and literature, and entertained the children with graphic ghost-stories and the tales of the american writer Edgar Allan Poe. [ 4 ] As Edvard remembered it, Christian ‘s positive behavior toward his children was overshadowed by his ghoulish religiosity. munch wrote, “ My father was temperamentally nervous and compulsively religious—to the point of neurosis. From him I inherited the seeds of lunacy. The angels of concern, grief, and death stand by my side since the day I was born. ” [ 5 ] Christian reprimanded his children by telling them that their mother was looking down from eden and bereaved over their misbehavior. The oppressive religious milieu, Edvard ‘s poor health, and the vivid ghost stories helped inspire his ghastly visions and nightmares ; the male child felt that death was constantly advancing on him. [ 6 ] One of Munch ‘s younger sisters, Laura, was diagnosed with mental illness at an early senesce. Of the five siblings, only Andreas married, but he died a few months after the wedding. Munch would late write, “ I inherited two of world ‘s most frightful enemies—the inheritance of consumption and insanity. ” [ 7 ] christian Munch ‘s military give was very low, and his attempts to develop a private side commit failed, keeping his family in civilized but perennial poverty. [ 3 ] They moved frequently from one brassy compressed to another. crunch ‘s early drawings and watercolors depicted these interiors, and the individual objects, such as medicine bottles and drawing implements, plus some landscapes. By his teens, artwork dominated Munch ‘s interests. [ 8 ] At thirteen, Munch had his first gear exposure to other artists at the newly formed Art Association, where he admired the bring of the norwegian landscape school. He returned to copy the paintings, and soon he began to paint in oils. [ 9 ]
Studies and influences [edit ]
In 1879, Munch enrolled in a technical college to study engineer, where he excelled in physics, chemistry and mathematics. He learned scaled and position string, but frequent illnesses interrupted his studies. [ 10 ] The pursue year, much to his beget ‘s disappointment, Munch left the college determined to become a painter. His founder viewed artwork as an “ unholy craft ”, and his neighbors reacted bitterly and sent him anonymous letters. [ 11 ] In contrast to his forefather ‘s fanatic pietism, Munch adopted an free-thinking stance toward art. He wrote his goal in his diary : “ In my art I attempt to explain life and its meaning to myself. ” [ 10 ] In 1881, Munch enrolled at the Royal School of Art and Design of Kristiania, one of whose founders was his distant relative Jacob Munch. His teachers were the sculptor Julius Middelthun and the naturalistic painter Christian Krohg. [ 12 ] That class, Munch demonstrated his flying absorption of his digit train at the academy in his first portraits, including one of his forefather and his first self-portrait. In 1883, Munch took character in his inaugural populace exhibition and shared a studio with early students. [ 13 ] His full-length portrait of Karl Jensen-Hjell, a ill-famed bohemian-about-town, earned a critic ‘s dismissive reply : “ It is impressionism carried to the extreme. It is a travesty of art. ” [ 14 ] Munch ‘s nude paintings from this time period survive only in sketches, except for Standing Nude ( 1887 ). They may have been confiscated by his don. [ 15 ] From a young age Munch was influenced by Impressionists such as Édouard Manet and late on by post-impressionism artists including Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin. [ 16 ] During these early years, he experimented with many styles, including Naturalism and Impressionism. Some early works are evocative of Manet. Many of these attempts brought him unfavorable criticism from the press and garnered him constant rebukes by his don, who however provided him with small sums for exist expenses. [ 14 ] At one distributor point, however, Munch ‘s beget, possibly swayed by the negative opinion of Munch ‘s cousin Edvard Diriks ( an established, traditional painter ), destroyed at least one paint ( probably a nude ) and refused to advance any more money for artwork supplies. [ 17 ] crunch besides received his father ‘s wrath for his relationship with Hans Jæger, the local nihilist who lived by the code “ a mania to destroy is besides a creative passion ” and who advocated suicide as the ultimate means to freedom. [ 18 ] Munch came under his malefic, anti-establishment spell. “ My ideas developed under the influence of the bohemians or quite under Hans Jæger. many people have mistakenly claimed that my ideas were formed under the influence of Strindberg and the Germans … but that is incorrectly. They had already been formed by then. ” [ 19 ] At that time, reverse to many of the other bohemians, Munch was still respectful of women, vitamin a well as reserved and well-bred, but he began to give in to the bust drinking and brawl of his traffic circle. He was unsettled by the intimate revolution going on at the time and by the mugwump women around him. He late turned cynical concerning sexual matters, expressed not merely in his behavior and his art, but in his writings vitamin a well, an model being a long poem called The City of Free Love. [ 20 ] hush dependent on his family for many of his meals, Munch ‘s relationship with his church father remained tense over concerns about his bohemian biography. After numerous experiments, Munch concluded that the Impressionist artistic style did not allow sufficient construction. He found it superficial and excessively akin to scientific experiment. He felt a need to go deep and explore situations brimming with aroused content and expressive department of energy. Under Jæger ‘s teaching that Munch should “ write his life ”, meaning that Munch should explore his own aroused and psychological state, the young artist began a period of reflection and introspection, recording his thoughts in his “ soul ‘s diary ”. [ 21 ] This bass perspective helped move him to a raw see of his art. He wrote that his painting The Sick Child ( 1886 ), based on his sister ‘s death, was his first “ soul painting ”, his first break from Impressionism. The paint received a negative answer from critics and from his family, and caused another “ violent effusion of moral indignation ” from the community. [ 22 ] only his supporter Christian Krohg defended him :
He paints, or rather regards, things in a way that is different from that of other artists. He sees entirely the essential, and that, naturally, is all he paints. For this reason Munch ‘s pictures are as a convention “ not complete ”, as people are sol please to discover for themselves. Oh, yes, they are complete. His complete handicraft. Art is complete once the artist has actually said everything that was on his mind, and this is precisely the advantage Munch has over painters of the early generation, that he actually knows how to show us what he has felt, and what has gripped him, and to this he subordinates everything else. [ 23 ]
Munch continued to employ a variety show of brushstroke techniques and semblance palettes throughout the 1880s and early 1890s, as he struggled to define his vogue. [ 24 ] His idiom continued to veer between naturalistic, as seen in Portrait of Hans Jæger, and impressionist, as in Rue Lafayette. His Inger On the Beach ( 1889 ), which caused another ramp of confusion and controversy, hints at the simplified forms, heavy outlines, crisp contrasts, and emotional message of his mature style to come. [ 25 ] He began to cautiously calculate his compositions to create tension and emotion. While stylistically influenced by the Post-Impressionists, what evolved was a subject matter which was symbolist in content, depicting a state of mind quite than an external reality. In 1889, Munch presented his first one-man show of closely all his works to date. The recognition it received led to a biennial state scholarship to study in Paris under french painter Léon Bonnat. [ 26 ] crunch seems to have been an early critic of photography as an art form, and remarked that it “ will never compete with the brush and the palette, until such time as photograph can be taken in Heaven or Hell ! ” munch ‘s younger sister Laura was the national of his 1899 interior Melancholy: Laura. Amanda O’Neill says of the work, “ In this inflame claustrophobic scene Munch not only portrays Laura ‘s calamity, but his own apprehension of the madness he might have inherited. ” [ 28 ]
Paris [edit ]
crunch arrived in Paris during the festivities of the Exposition Universelle ( 1889 ) and roomed with two colleague norwegian artists. His visualize Morning ( 1884 ) was displayed at the norwegian pavilion. [ 29 ] He spent his mornings at Bonnat ‘s busy studio ( which included female models ) and afternoons at the exhibition, galleries, and museums ( where students were expected to make copies as a way of learning technique and observation ). [ 30 ] Munch recorded short enthusiasm for Bonnat ‘s drawing lessons— ” It tires and bores me—it ‘s numb ” —but enjoyed the master ‘s comment during museum trips. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] munch was enthralled by the huge display of modern european artwork, including the work of three artists who would prove influential : Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec —all noteworthy for how they used color to convey emotion. [ 32 ] Munch was particularly inspired by Gauguin ‘s “ reaction against realism ” and his creed that “ art was human work and not an imitation of nature ”, a belief earlier stated by Whistler. [ 33 ] As one of his Berlin friends said late of Munch, “ he need not make his way to Tahiti to see and experience the primitive in human nature. He carries his own Tahiti within him. ” [ 34 ] Influenced by Gauguin, angstrom well as the etchings of german artist Max Klinger, Munch experimented with prints as a medium to create graphic versions of his works. In 1896 he created his first woodcuts—a medium that proved ideal to Munch ‘s emblematic imagination. [ 35 ] together with his contemporary Nikolai Astrup, Munch is considered an pioneer of the woodcut average in Norway. [ 36 ] In December 1889 his don died, leaving Munch ‘s family destitute. He returned home and arranged a large loanword from a affluent norwegian collector when affluent relatives failed to help, and assumed fiscal duty for his family from then on. [ 37 ] Christian ‘s death depressed him and he was plagued by self-destructive thoughts : “ I live with the dead—my mother, my sister, my grandfather, my father…Kill yourself and then it ‘s over. Why live ? ” [ 38 ] Munch ‘s paintings of the take after year included sketchy tavern scenes and a series of bright cityscapes in which he experimented with the pointillist stylus of Georges Seurat. [ 39 ]
Berlin [edit ]
Melancholy, 1891, oil, pencil and crayon on canvas, 73 × 101 cm, , 1891, anoint, pencil and crayon on poll, 73 × 101 curium, Munch Museum, Oslo By 1892, Munch formulated his characteristic, and master, Synthetist aesthetic, as seen in Melancholy ( 1891 ), in which color is the symbol-laden element. Considered by the artist and diarist Christian Krohg as the first Symbolist paint by a norwegian artist, Melancholy was exhibited in 1891 at the Autumn Exhibition in Oslo. [ 40 ] In 1892, Adelsteen Normann, on behalf of the Union of Berlin Artists, invited Munch to exhibit at its November exhibition, [ 41 ] the society ‘s first one-man exhibition. however, his paintings evoked bitter controversy ( dubbed “ The Munch Affair ” ), and after one week the exhibition closed. [ 41 ] Munch was please with the “ bang-up whirl ”, and wrote in a letter : “ never have I had such an amusing time—it ‘s incredible that something vitamin a innocent as paint should have created such a stimulate. ” [ 42 ] In Berlin, Munch became involved in an international traffic circle of writers, artists and critics, including the swedish dramatist and leading intellectual August Strindberg, whom he painted in 1892. He besides met danish writer and painter Holger Drachmann, whom he painted in 1898. Drachmann was 17 years Munch ‘s aged and a drink companion at Zum schwarzen Ferkel in 1893–94. [ 44 ] In 1894 Drachmann wrote of munch : “ He struggles hard. dear luck with your struggles, lonely norwegian. ” [ 45 ] During his four years in Berlin, Munch sketched out most of the ideas that would comprise his major make, The Frieze of Life, first designed for script example but former expressed in paintings. [ 46 ] He sold little, but made some income from charging capture fees to view his controversial paintings. [ 47 ] Already, Munch was showing a reluctance to function with his paintings, which he termed his “ children ”. His other paintings, including casino scenes, show a simplification of kind and detail which marked his early mature style. [ 48 ] Munch besides began to favor a shoal pictorial space and a minimal backdrop for his frontal figures. Since poses were chosen to produce the most convincing images of states of mind and psychological conditions, as in Ashes, the figures impart a monumental, static timbre. Munch ‘s figures appear to play roles on a field stage ( Death in the Sick-Room ), whose mime of fixed postures signify respective emotions ; since each quality embodies a single psychological dimension, as in The Scream, Munch ‘s men and women began to appear more emblematic than realistic. He wrote, “ no farseeing should interiors be painted, people reading and women knitting : there would be living people, breathing and feeling, suffering and loving. ” [ 49 ]
The Scream [edit ]
The Scream exists in four versions : two pastels ( 1893 and 1895 ) and two paintings ( 1893 and 1910 ). There are besides respective lithographs of The Scream ( 1895 and late ). The 1895 pastel sold at auction on 2 May 2012 for US $ 119,922,500, including commission. It is the most colorful of the versions and is distinctive for the downward-looking stance of one of its background figures. It is besides the entirely translation not held by a norwegian museum. The 1893 version was stolen from the National Gallery in Oslo in 1994 and was recovered. The 1910 paint was stolen in 2004 from the Munch Museum in Oslo, but recovered in 2006 with limited damage. The Scream is Munch ‘s most celebrated knead, and one of the most recognizable paintings in all art. It has been widely interpreted as representing the universal anxiety of modern man. [ 49 ] Painted with broad bands of brassy color and highly simplified forms, and employing a high point of view, it reduces the agonize digit to a dress skull in the throes of an emotional crisis. With this painting, Munch met his state goal of “ the discipline of the person, that is to say the discipline of my own self ”. [ 51 ] Munch wrote of how the painting came to be : “ I was walking down the road with two friends when the sun sic ; abruptly, the flip turned ampere red as lineage. I stopped and leaned against the fence, feeling ineffably tired. Tongues of fire and rake stretched over the blue black fjord. My friends went on walk, while I lagged behind, shivering with fear. then I heard the enormous, infinite screech of nature. ” [ 52 ] He late described the personal pain behind the paint, “ for respective years I was about mad… You know my picture, ‘The Scream ? ‘ I was stretched to the limit—nature was screaming in my blood… After that I gave up hope ever of being able to love again. ” [ 53 ] In summing up the paint ‘s effects, generator Martha Tedeschi has stated :
Whistler’s Mother, Wood ‘s American Gothic, Leonardo da Vinci ‘s Mona Lisa and Edvard Munch ‘s The Scream have all achieved something that most paintings—regardless of their art historic importance, smasher, or monetary value—have not : they communicate a particular meaning about immediately to about every viewer. These few works have successfully made the transition from the elect kingdom of the museum visitor to the enormous venue of popular culture .
Frieze of Life—A Poem about Life, Love and Death [edit ]
Loving Woman and Madonna. Munch is not famous for religious artwork and was not known as a Christian. The affinity to Mary might be intended nevertheless, as an emphasis on the beauty and perfection of his friend (1894, oil on canvas, 90 cm × 68 cm ( 35
in × 26
Read more: Lev Yashin – Wikipedia
in), Munch Museum, Oslo) Although it is a highly unusual representation, this paint might be of the Virgin Mary. Whether the painting is specifically intended as a representation of Mary is disputed. munch used more than one claim, including bothand. munch is not celebrated for religious artwork and was not known as a Christian. The affinity to Mary might be intended however, as an vehemence on the smasher and perfection of his friend Dagny Juel-Przybyszewska, the model for the work, and an formulation of his idolize of her as an ideal of womanhood. In December 1893, Unter den Linden in Berlin was the placement of an exhibition of Munch ‘s work, showing, among other pieces, six paintings entitled Study for a Series: Love. This began a motorbike he later called the Frieze of Life—A Poem about Life, Love and Death. Frieze of Life motifs, such as The Storm and Moonlight, are steeped in atmosphere. other motif illuminate the nocturnal slope of beloved, such as Rose and Amelie and Vampire. In Death in the Sickroom, the subjugate is the death of his baby Sophie, which he re-worked in many future variations. The dramatic stress of the painting, portraying his entire family, is dispersed in the separate and abrupt figures of grieve. In 1894, he enlarged the spectrum of motifs by adding Anxiety, Ashes, Madonna and Women in Three Stages ( from innocence to previous old age ). [ 57 ] Around the beginning of the twentieth hundred, Munch worked to finish the “ Frieze ”. He painted a number of pictures, several of them in bigger format and to some extent featuring the Art Nouveau aesthetics of the time. He made a wooden human body with carve reliefs for the large paint Metabolism ( 1898 ), initially called Adam and Eve. This study reveals Munch ‘s preoccupation with the “ fall of man ” and his pessimistic philosophy of beloved. Motifs such as The Empty Cross and Golgotha ( both c. 1900 ) reflect a metaphysical orientation, and besides reflect Munch ‘s holier-than-thou breeding. The entire Frieze was shown for the inaugural time at the secessionist exhibition in Berlin in 1902. [ 58 ] “ The Frieze of Life ” themes recur throughout Munch ‘s bring but he particularly focused on them in the mid-1890s. In sketches, paintings, pastels and prints, he tapped the depths of his feelings to examine his major motifs : the stages of life, the femme fatale, the hopelessness of beloved, anxiety, infidelity, jealousy, intimate humiliation, and separation in life and death. [ 59 ] These themes are expressed in paintings such as The Sick Child ( 1885 ), Love and Pain ( retitled Vampire ; 1893–94 ), Ashes ( 1894 ), and The Bridge. The latter shows limp figures with featureless or hidden faces, over which loom the threatening shapes of intemperate trees and brooding houses. Munch portrayed women either as delicate, innocent sufferers ( see Puberty and Love and Pain ) or as the induce of bang-up hanker, jealousy and despair ( see Separation, Jealousy, and Ashes ). crunch much uses shadows and rings of color around his figures to emphasize an aura of fear, menace, anxiety, or intimate intensity. [ 60 ] These paintings have been interpreted as reflections of the artist ‘s intimate anxieties, though it could besides be argued that they represent his churning relationship with love itself and his cosmopolitan pessimism regarding human universe. [ 61 ] Many of these sketches and paintings were done in several versions, such as Madonna, Hands and Puberty, and besides transcribed as wood-block prints and lithograph. crunch hated to part with his paintings because he thought of his shape as a one body of expression. so to capitalize on his production and make some income, he turned to graphic arts to reproduce many of his paintings, including those in this series. [ 62 ] Munch admitted to the personal goals of his shape but he besides offered his artwork to a wide purpose, “ My art is in truth a voluntary confession and an attack to explain to myself my relationship with life—it is, therefore, actually a screen of egoism, but I am constantly hoping that through this I can help others achieve clarity. ” [ 63 ] While attracting strongly negative reactions, in the 1890s Munch began to receive some understand of his aesthetic goals, as one critic wrote, “ With pitiless contempt for form, clarity, elegance, wholeness, and reality, he paints with intuitive strength of talent the most insidious visions of the soul. ” [ 64 ] One of his capital supporters in Berlin was Walther Rathenau, late the german foreign minister, who powerfully contributed to his success .
Paris, Berlin and Kristiania [edit ]
In 1896, Munch moved to Paris, where he focused on graphic representations of his Frieze of Life themes. He further developed his woodcut and lithographic technique. Munch ‘s Self-Portrait with Skeleton Arm ( 1895 ) is done with an etching needle-and-ink method besides used by Paul Klee. [ 65 ] Munch besides produced motley versions of The Sick Child, concerning tuberculosis, which sold well, vitamin a well as several nudes and multiple versions of Kiss ( 1892 ). [ 65 ] In May 1896, Siegfried Bing held an exhibition of Munch ‘s function inside Bing ‘s Maison de l’Art Nouveau. The exhibition displayed sixty works, including The Kiss, The Scream, Madonna, The Sick Child, The Death Chamber, and The Day After. Bing ‘s exhibition helped to introduce Munch to a french hearing. [ 66 ] however, many of the parisian critics however considered Munch ‘s exercise “ fierce and brutal ” evening if his exhibitions received dangerous attention and good attendance. [ 67 ] His fiscal position improved well and in 1897, Munch bought himself a summer house facing the fjords of Kristiania, a belittled fisherman ‘s cabin built in the late eighteenth hundred, in the small town of Åsgårdstrand in Norway. He dubbed this home the “ felicitous House ” and returned here about every summer for the future 20 years. [ 68 ] It was this position he missed when he was overseas and when he felt lower and exhausted. “ To walk in Åsgårdstrand is like walking among my paintings—I get so inspire to paint when I am here ” .
In 1897 munch returned to Kristiania, where he besides received grudging acceptance—one critic wrote, “ A fair count of these pictures have been exhibited before. In my opinion these improve on acquaintance. ” [ 68 ] In 1899, Munch began an inner relationship with Tulla Larsen, a “ emancipated ” upper-class womanhood. They traveled to Italy together and upon returning, Munch began another fertile period in his artwork, which included landscapes and his final painting in “ The Frieze of Life ” serial, The Dance of Life ( 1899 ). [ 70 ] Larsen was tidal bore for marriage, and Munch begged off. His drink and poor health reinforced his fears, as he wrote in the third base person : “ ever since he was a child he had hated marriage. His sick and nervous home had given him the feeling that he had no right to get marry. ” [ 71 ] Munch about gave in to Tulla, but fled from her in 1900, besides turning off from her considerable luck, and moved to Berlin. [ 71 ] His Girls on the Jetty, created in eighteen different versions, demonstrated the theme of feminine young person without negative connotations. [ 62 ] In 1902, he displayed his works thematically at the hall of the Berlin Secession, producing “ a symphonic effect—it made a great stir—a fortune of antagonism—and a fortune of approval. ” [ 72 ] The Berlin critics were beginning to appreciate Munch ‘s work even though the public still found his work alien and strange. The commodity weight-lift coverage gained Munch the attention of influential patrons Albert Kollman and Max Linde. He described the turn of events in his diary, “ After twenty years of struggle and misery forces of good ultimately come to my help in Germany—and a bright door opens up for me. ” [ 73 ] however, despite this positive change, Munch ‘s self-destructive and erratic behavior involved him beginning with a violent quarrel with another artist, then with an accidental fritter in the presence of Tulla Larsen, who had returned for a brief reconciliation, which injured two of his fingers. munch former sawed a self-portrait portray him and Larsen in half as a consequence of the shoot and subsequent events. She last left him and married a younger colleague of Munch. Munch took this as a betrayal, and he dwelled on the humiliation for some prison term to come, channeling some of the bitterness into newly paintings. [ 75 ] His paintings Still Life (The Murderess) and The Death of Marat I, done in 1906–07, intelligibly reference the blast incident and the aroused after effects. [ 76 ] In 1903–04, Munch exhibited in Paris where the coming Fauvists, celebrated for their boldly false colors, likely saw his works and might have found inspiration in them. When the Fauves held their own show in 1906, Munch was invited and displayed his works with theirs. [ 77 ] After studying the sculpture of Rodin, Munch may have experimented with plasticine as an aid to design, but he produced fiddling sculpt. [ 78 ] During this prison term, Munch received many commissions for portraits and prints which improved his normally parlous fiscal condition. [ 79 ] In 1906, he painted the sieve for an Ibsen meet in the modest Kammerspiele Theatre located in Berlin ‘s Deutsches Theater, in which the Frieze of Life was hang. The field ‘s director Max Reinhardt late sold it ; it is now in the Berlin Nationalgalerie. After an earlier period of landscapes, in 1907 he turned his care again to human figures and situations. [ 81 ]
Breakdown and recovery [edit ]
munch in 1933 In the fall of 1908, Munch ‘s anxiety, compounded by excessive drink in and brawl, had become acuate. As he late wrote, “ My condition was verging on madness—it was touch and go. ” [ 82 ] Subject to hallucinations and feelings of persecution, he entered the clinic of Daniel Jacobson. The therapy Munch received for the following eight months included diet and “ electrification ” ( a discussion then fashionable for anxious conditions, not to be confused with electroconvulsive therapy ). [ 83 ] Munch ‘s last out in hospital stabilized his personality, and after returning to Norway in 1909, his shape became more colorful and less pessimistic. Further brightening his climate, the general populace of Kristiania last warmed to his shape, and museums began to purchase his paintings. He was made a Knight of the Royal Order of St. Olav “ for services in art ”. [ 84 ] His first american exhibit was in 1912 in New York. [ 85 ] As contribution of his convalescence, Dr. Jacobson advised Munch to only socialize with effective friends and invalidate drink in public. munch followed this advice and in the march produced respective full-length portraits of high quality of friends and patrons—honest portrayals barren of flattery. [ 86 ] He besides created landscapes and scenes of people at shape and play, using a new optimistic style—broad, loose brushstrokes of vibrant semblance with frequent use of egg white space and rare habit of black—with lone casual references to his ghoulish themes. With more income, Munch was able to buy several properties giving him new vistas for his art and he was last able to provide for his family. [ 87 ] The outbreak of World War I found Munch with separate loyalties, as he stated, “ All my friends are german but it is France I love. ” [ 88 ] In the 1930s, his german patrons, many Jewish, lost their fortunes and some their lives during the rise of the Nazi movement. [ 89 ] Munch found norwegian printers to substitute for the Germans who had been printing his graphic work. [ 90 ] Given his poor health history, during 1918 Munch felt himself golden to have survived a bout of the spanish influenza, the cosmopolitan pandemic of that year. [ 91 ]
subsequently years [edit ]
munch spent most of his last two decades in solitude at his about self-sufficient estate of the realm in Ekely, at Skøyen, Oslo. [ 92 ] Many of his late paintings celebrate farm life, including respective in which he used his workplace knight “ Rousseau ” as a model. [ 93 ] Without any feat, Munch attracted a regular stream of female models, whom he painted as the subjects of numerous bare paintings. He likely had sexual relationships with some of them. [ 94 ] Munch occasionally left his home to paint murals on perpetration, including those done for the Freia cocoa factory. [ 95 ] To the end of his biography, Munch continued to paint unsparing self-portraits, adding to his self-searching cycle of his life and his unblinking series of takes on his aroused and physical states. In the 1930s and 1940s, the Nazis labeled Munch ‘s work “ pervert art “ ( along with that of Picasso, Klee, Matisse, Gauguin and many other modern artists ) and removed his 82 works from german museums. [ 96 ] Adolf Hitler announced in 1937, “ For all we care, those prehistoric Stone Age culture barbarians and art-stutterers can return to the caves of their ancestors and there can apply their primitive international rub. ” [ 97 ] In 1940, the Germans invaded Norway and the Nazi party took over the politics. munch was 76 years old. With about an entire collection of his art in the second floor of his house, Munch lived in fear of a national socialist confiscation. Seventy-one of the paintings previously taken by the Nazis had been returned to Norway through purchase by collectors ( the early eleven were never recovered ), including The Scream and The Sick Child, and they excessively were hidden from the Nazis. [ 98 ] munch died in his sign of the zodiac at Ekely near Oslo on 23 January 1944, about a month after his eightieth birthday. His Nazi-orchestrated funeral suggested to Norwegians that he was a national socialist sympathizer, a kind of appropriation of the mugwump artist. [ 99 ] The city of Oslo bought the Ekely estate of the realm from Munch ‘s heirs in 1946 ; his house was demolished in May 1960 .
bequest [edit ]
Munch Museum, Oslo
From my rotting body,
flowers shall grow
and I am in them
and that is eternity .
When Munch died, his remaining works were bequeathed to the city of Oslo, which built the Munch Museum at Tøyen ( it opened in 1963 ). The museum holds a solicitation of approximately 1,100 paintings, 4,500 drawings, and 18,000 prints, the broadest collection of his works in the worldly concern. [ 102 ] The Munch Museum serves as Munch ‘s official estate of the realm ; [ 102 ] it has been active in responding to copyright infringements arsenic well as clearing copyright for the work, such as the appearance of Munch ‘s The Scream in a 2006 M & M ‘s advertise crusade. [ 103 ] The U.S. copyright representative for the Munch Museum and the Estate of Edvard Munch is the Artists Rights Society. [ 104 ] munch ‘s artwork was highly personalize and he did little teaching. His “ individual ” symbolism was far more personal than that of early symbolist painters such as Gustave Moreau and James Ensor. crunch was placid highly influential, particularly with the german Expressionists, who followed his philosophy, “ I do not believe in the art which is not the compulsive leave of Man ‘s urge to open his heart. ” [ 49 ] Many of his paintings, including The Scream, have universal appeal in addition to their highly personal intend. munch ‘s works are immediately represented in numerous major museums and galleries in Norway and afield. His cabin, “ the glad House ”, was given to the municipality of Åsgårdstrand in 1944 ; it serves as a small Munch Museum. The armory has been maintained precisely as he left it. One translation of The Scream was stolen from the National Gallery in 1994. In 2004, another version of The Scream, along with one of Madonna, was stolen from the Munch Museum in a dare day robbery. These were all finally recovered, but the paintings stolen in the 2004 looting were extensively damaged. They have been meticulously restored and are on expose again. Three crunch works were stolen from the Hotel Refsnes Gods in 2005 ; they were soon recovered, although one of the works was damaged during the looting. In October 2006, the color woodcut Two people. The lonely ( To mennesker. De ensomme ) set a fresh record for his prints when it was sold at an auction in Oslo for 8.1 million danish krone ( US $ 1.27 million equivalent to $ 1,700,000 in 2021 ). It besides set a phonograph record for the highest price paid in auction in Norway. [ 106 ] On 3 November 2008, the paint Vampire set a new read for his paintings when it was sold for US $ 38,162,000 ( equivalent to $ 48,000,000 in 2021 ) at Sotheby ‘s New York. munch ‘s image appears on the norwegian 1,000-kroner note, along with pictures inspired by his artwork. [ 107 ] In February 2012, a major crunch exhibition, Edvard Munch. The Modern Eye, opened at the Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt ; the exhibition was opened by Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] In May 2012, The Scream sold for US $ 119.9 million ( equivalent to $ 141,500,000 in 2021 ), and is the second most expensive artwork always sold at an clear auction. ( It was surpassed in November 2013 by Three Studies of Lucian Freud, which sold for US $ 142.4 million ). In 2013, four of Munch ‘s paintings were depicted in a series of stamps by the norwegian postal service, to commemorate in 2014 the hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary of his parentage. [ 111 ] On 14 November 2016 a version of Munch ‘s The Girls on the Bridge sold for US $ 54.5 million ( equivalent to $ 61,500,000 in 2021 ) at Sotheby ‘s, New York, making it the second gear highest price achieved for one of his paintings. [ 112 ] In April 2019 the british Museum hosted the exhibition, Edvard Munch: Love and Angst, comprising 83 artworks and including a rare original print of The Scream. [ 113 ]
University Aula [edit ]
History (left), The Sun (front), Alma Mater (right), smaller paintings on corners The Aula sport ( left ), ( movement ), ( right field ), smaller paintings on corners In 1911 the concluding competition for the decoration of the large walls of the University of Oslo Aula ( assembly hall ) was held between Munch and Emanuel Vigeland. The sequence is known as the “ Aula controversy ”. In 1914 munch was finally commissioned to decorate the Aula and the employment was completed in 1916. This major workplace in norwegian monumental painting includes 11 paintings covering 223 m2 ( 2,400 sq foot ). The Sun, History and Alma Mater are the winder works in this sequence. munch declared : “ I wanted the decorations to form a complete and freelancer global of ideas, and I wanted their ocular saying to be both distinctively norwegian and universally homo ”. In 2014 it was suggested that the Aula paintings have a value of at least 500 million norwegian krone. [ 114 ] [ 115 ]
major works [edit ]
Life by Munch, at the The Munch room by Munch, at the Rådhuset ( City Hall ) in Oslo. The room is called
Selected works [edit ]
Nudes [edit ]
Landscapes [edit ]
photograph [edit ]
See besides [edit ]
- Edvard Munch, a 1974 biographical film
References [edit ]
Citations [edit ]
General sources [edit ]
far learn [edit ]
Read more: Fabio Cannavaro – Wikipedia
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Non members can order hardcopy publications by ringing our orders team on 0845 4500 009
While there are many universal issues in education, there are also significant differences between the independent and state-maintained sector
Unlike the state sector, there are no national pay and conditions for teachers. There is no standard book of rules for teachers or support staff. Sometimes there isn�t even a written contract of employment. Pay and conditions vary enormously from school to school.This handbook for ATL members working in the independent sector - now in a newly updated third edition - addresses these issues and difficulties. It is also a useful resource for ATL school reps, branch secretaries and regional officials.
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It's Time to Awaken the Sleeping Giant
It’s interesting that Carney refers to U.S. manufacturing as a sleeping dinosaur—long extinct—rather than, say, a sleeping giant or sleeping gorilla, hence my paraphrased title for this Editorial. U.S. manufacturing is in fact not extinct, but merely hibernating. As it awakens, it will be hungry, for materials, equipment, automation and trained—perhaps retrained—workers.
Carney spoke in the wake of major labor concessions won by GE that include a two-tier wage structure where new GE workers will earn substantially less (37 percent less) than most current workers. GE’s new Louisville plant—taking over work now being done in China—will employ 420; the firm also is building a battery plant in Schenectady, NY.
Unfortunately, the fine print says that GE’s commitment to its new U.S. plants is for a brief—very brief—two years. After that, there are no promises. But, the fact that the Louisville operation will take over work from China represents yet one more reshoring (work contracted to a supplier oversees that is brought back to the United States) victory for U.S. manufacturers.
As noted in a recent San Francisco Business Times article, “companies are reshoring manufacturing…for reasons that vary as widely as the types of goods returning to American factory floors.” The article describes why CP Lab Safety recently shifted production of more than 80 of its products to a California contract manufacturer, after more than seven years of using a contract manufacturer in China. “In the U.S., you can manufacture on a cost comparable to China,” says company CEO Kelly Farhangi.
GE evidently agrees, albeit with major union concessions. But all in all, I applaud the Louisville local of the International Union of Electrical Workers—Communications Workers of America, which accepted a two-year wage freeze in addition to the lower wage tier for new employees. For his part, GE chief executive Jeffrey Immelt hasn’t taken a pay raise since 2005, according to The Financial Times; instead, his take-home pay dropped by 64 percent in 2008 versus 2007.
In order for the sleeping giant that is America’s manufacturing engine to awaken, the cost structure must change. Yes, pay cuts—often very deep cuts—hurt badly. But, in the short term, they beat the alternative: extinction. To save the jobs that remain and help companies awaken and grow to a point where they can rehire, reduced wages for those working in manufacturing, at every level from the CEO all the down, represent a much better alternative than watching manufacturing jobs completely disappear—like the dinosaurs did.
Over the long term, of course, cost reductions won’t cut it. All of the cost cutting that’s occurred in our industry will only hold up for so long; GE’s two-year timeframe seems about right to me. As the recession weakens and business picks up, GE and others hoping to ride the wave must focus on offering value. Feed your hibernating company by focusing on generating new business and extending your business offerings in s you might not have thought about before. Our newly restored U.S. factories will have fewer “routine” jobs than ever before. In their place should be jobs conceived for people who innovate and create—designers and engineers, researchers and developers—and for the people who advance and expand their skills to meet new challenges.
There are no comments posted at this time.
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ERIC Number: ED453586
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 2001
Reference Count: 0
Law and American Education: A Case Brief Approach.
Palestini, Robert H.; Palestini, Karen F.
It is important that teachers and administrators have at least a rudimentary knowledge and understanding of school law and how it affects their day-to-day classroom activities, since the courts have played an increasingly significant role in defining school policy. Decisions in school desegregation, prayer, public school financing, student rights, collective bargaining, students with disabilities, and sexual harassment attest to the extent and importance of judicial influence. There is a sizable body of school law with which educators should be familiar if they wish to conduct themselves in a legally acceptable manner. This text provides introductory material for those educators interested in K-12 educational issues, and who have little or no background or knowledge in school law. It offers background reading in the sources of law and the structure of the judicial system that will enable readers to comprehend both procedurally and substantively significant aspects of cases and benefit from the information presented in succeeding chapters. The text also deals with the important issues endemic to nonpublic schools, as well as examining the extent of the state's and local school system's authority when individuals disagree with educational policy: compulsory school attendance, allowing religion in the schools, permitting the use of school facilities, providing aid to nonpublic schools, charging school fees, and providing health services. Other specific areas cover students and the law, teachers and the law, school desegregation, and school finance. (DFR)
Descriptors: Academic Freedom, Attendance, Educational Legislation, Educational Policy, Elementary Secondary Education, Financial Needs, Legal Responsibility, Parent Rights, Private Schools, Public Schools, Religion, School Desegregation, School Districts, Student Rights, Teacher Rights, Unions
Scarecrow Press, Inc., 15200 NBN Way, P.O. Box 191, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214 ($36). Tel: 800-462-6420 (Toll Free); Fax: 800-338-4550 (Toll Free); Web site: http://www.scarecrowpress.com.
Publication Type: Books; Guides - Non-Classroom
Education Level: N/A
Audience: Administrators; Practitioners; Teachers
Authoring Institution: N/A
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Toronto Fire Services recorded 114 smoking-related fires in 2017. Over half started on balconies. This year, up to Aug 7, 25 of 54 smoking-related fires have been on balconies.
High-rise residents and guests may smoke on a balcony to help keep the home smoke-free. They throw cigarettes off the balcony assuming they land on the street. Wind catches the cigarette and it ends up on another balcony; on a cushioned chair, in a planter, or other flammable item that ignites. This is how many high-rise fires are presumed to start.
Today there is a proliferation of plastic and foam material used in place of natural material. Most of these products are petroleum based and can ignite when heated. Potting soils used with plants can contain peat moss which is flammable when dry. Dead plant material falling off a plant is also flammable.
What we are seeing in balcony fires is modern materials set aflame or damaged because of the carelessness of smokers. Condo communities will post signs reminding residents and guests not to put cigarette butts in plants or discard them off balconies. Frequently these signs are ignored.
With cannabis now legal, fire departments across Canada are anticipating an increase in high-rise building fires. Condo communities that have chosen to prohibit smoking of all types on the property are at less risk of fire.
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Most Canadians often forget that our nation is one of only a handful of countries acting as custodian of the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans.
As such, it makes sense that Canada initially proposed World Oceans Day back in 1992. Since then, every June 8 is a chance for us to reflect on the health of our oceans and seas. For one patient in particular, the signs aren’t good.
While the Atlantic and Pacific oceans capture most of our attention, the Arctic Ocean needs our focus most. Among our ocean ecosystems, the Arctic is perhaps least understood, and arguably the least directly affected by human activity.
That is changing — quickly. Scientists and northerners — the Inuit and Invialuit of Canada’s Arctic for example — are bearing witness to disturbing changes along the vast, largely frozen and seemingly inhospitable body of water that makes up close to two-thirds of our coastline. More than a few hunters, in hamlets like Qikiqtarjuaq and Arctic Bay, have talked to me about the environmental — and social and economic — changes they have seen in their lifetimes. The challenges they face moving forward are significant.
A reduction in summer sea ice has resulted in a larger and more prolonged open water season. Poor quality ice and unpredictability of the ice has made subsistence hunting an increasingly dangerous activity for those whose livelihood depends on it. Less ice also has the potential to enable increased ship traffic, thus encouraging oil and natural gas exploration in a sensitive ecosystem, and even raising the possibility of increased militarization to settle sovereignty disputes and natural resource claims.
Beyond the observable physical changes, melting sea ice may unlock contaminants and release “legacy pollutants,” adding to the risks to human health and marine ecosystems. And most worryingly, many of the physical changes in the Arctic Ocean will not necessarily be gradual or incremental, making our responses (whether economic, social or political) that much more difficult.
Evidence is mounting that biophysical conditions in the Arctic Ocean are reaching tipping points — that we may be near a critical threshold beyond which sea ice cover will permanently decline, with little hope of going back.
The consequences of such changes will extend far beyond the Arctic Ocean: open water from melting ice absorbs more heat, adding to an already warming world; changes to the Arctic system have the potential to alter the thermohaline circulation — large-scale ocean circulation patterns driven by temperature and salinity — with uncertain consequences for climate patterns in the Northern Hemisphere. Rapid changes and tipping points in the Arctic Ocean system will almost certainly cascade through other physical, economic and social systems from the local to global scales.
But what can be done?
Politically courageous acts will be required. Federal government engagement with climate science is necessary. Support for a moratorium on oil and gas development in the high Arctic may be prudent, not just because of the threat of spills, but because of a very limited ability to deal with those spills when they happen. And 2,000 scientists recently signed a letter calling for a moratorium on fishing in the Arctic in light of the increased access, and in the absence of sound science and management upon which to base fishing decisions. We should pay heed to this warning, but recent moves to alter much of Canada’s environmental legislation — Bill C-38 — will probably make protecting the Arctic environment more difficult.
Building a knowledge base to navigate the coming changes to the Arctic Ocean will be crucial. Here, a federal government commitment to furthering Arctic science is a paramount need.
Maintaining the capacity to monitor and observe, in-situ, environmental change is fundamental to our understanding of the Arctic Ocean. But as importantly, efforts to understand and respond to changes in the Arctic Ocean and wider region must be led by northerners — like the ones I have learned from and many others.
The Inuit and Inuvialuit of Canada’s North, for example, are keen observers of environmental change and have many lessons to offer about how to respond. And many of the more innovative approaches to understand and adapt to change in the Arctic context that I have observed are taking place at the sub-national level, and involve long-term partnerships with northern communities, co-management boards, government agencies, and in some cases industry.
They aren’t easy, but that’s because they involve collaboration, learning, sharing of knowledge, and ultimately, involve shifts in the way decisions are made and by whom. The spirit and principle of these initiatives need to be scaled up. What better time than Canada’s own idea, World Oceans Day, to lend our support?
Derek Armitage is associate professor in environment and resource studies and leads the environmental change and governance group in the faculty of environment, University of Waterloo.
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Trenton Evening Times
According to Wikipedia, propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position. Propaganda is usually repeated and dispersed over a wide variety of media in order to create the desired result in audience attitudes.
A writer for the Trenton Evening Times in Trenton, New Jersey had his doubts about the privacy of information divulged during the 1940 Census.
This article, published on Monday, April 1, 1940 encouraged the public to withhold information from local enumerators. If only they knew just how long we’ve had to wait to see their answers, they may have given the truth and nothing but the truth!
THE CONTROVERSIAL CENSUS
On the eve of the 1940 census, it is gratifying to have the following assurance from Governor Moore:
Everyone can rest assured such information will be kept confidential and will not be used to the detriment of any individual. The answers are for census purposes only, and may not be examined by other agencies of the Government.
That no doubt represents the sincere intent of the Census Bureau. However, what bothers a great many citizens is the fact that various potentially embarrassing points of information, including personal income and the past marital status of women, will be given to politically-appointed census takers who may, in specific instances, be neighbors or acquaintances of the persons being questioned.
Moreover, it has not always been true that information handed Government bureaus has been treated in a scrupulously confidential manner. There have been leaks with respect to income tax reports even when, under the law, such data was supposedly kept beyond reach of the curious.
Regardless of the popular reaction during the next few weeks, Congress may well reconsider the whole problem of census policy and work out a less controversial program for adoption 10 years hence. Information on unemployment, for example, could probably be procured without resort to the provocative queries printed on the 1940 census sheets.
As a result of Senator Tobey’s agitation, many people probably will show considerable reluctance about answering questions that seem to come within the category of bureaucratic snooping. Even though answers are finally given because of a fear of jail sentences and fines, the national lawmaking body should regard the present protest movement as a sufficient reason for the rearing of future safeguards against unnecessary invasions of the traditionally American right to privacy.
If that’s not propaganda, I don’t know what is! Here’s hoping your ancestor decided to believe Senator Tobey instead of the writer of this article.
To get all these juicy, embarrassing details about Aunt Betty out into the open public as fast as possible, I urge you to volunteer as an 1940 Census indexer. Check out the1940census.com for more information on how you can volunteer.
Check out genealogybank.com for more historical newspapers with cool articles like this.
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Why is estimating the effort necessary for a software development project so much more complicated than estimating the construction of a building? Because a software development project is a new project with mostly new people and often new technology for every new project.
Once again I had to experience that the estimation for a project was too optimistic. It is easy to estimate the expectable effort if yourself will be the person who has to realise the project. I remember that all estimations I did for myself where exact.
But as soon as the project is larger and is about a new business area, you have to do more work. You will have to do different kinds of estimations, for example a SCRUM story point estimation, a comparison with a similar project, a function point analysis and so on.
Now, there is the cone of uncertainty which tells us that an estimation done before the projects requirements were investigated properly could be far far away from the real effort you will spend. And the estimation will only come down to a more realistic value if you do another estimation after the requirements are clearer or even after you have started developing.
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HarperCollins is proud to present its new range of best-loved, essential classics.
'Stars, hide your fires!
Let not light see my black and deep desires.'
One of Shakespeare's darkest and most violent tragedies, Macbeth's struggle between his own ambition and his loyalty to the King is dramatically compelling. As those he kills return to haunt him, Macbeth is plagued by the prophecy of three sinister witches and the power hungry desires of his wife.
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Appearance: off-white to pale yellow solid.
Solubility: soluble in hot water.
Risk: irritation, low irritation to skin, eye.
Ecology: May be hazardous to environment. Water body should be given special attention.
Characteristics: excellent sustained-release, thickening, dispersing, emulsifying, binding, moisture, gelling, film-forming abilities. Almost no nutritional value. gel temperature: 35-40 °C. non-ionic polysaccharide.
Quality standards & test methods
physical and chemical indexes
Use as sustained-release agent, thickening agent widely.
Use as adhesives, dispersing agent, emulsifying agent.
Conditioning agent, thickening agent in personal care products.
Use as gel electrophoresis.
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He said due to the prolonged war in Ukraine as well as the European economic crisis and intensifying migration pressure emerging in its wake, in the coming years we must pay even more attention to protecting Hungary’s security and sovereignty.
The Defence Council operating within the government will play a prominent role in this as this body will oversee, among others, the national security services, public security, border policing, defence, refugee affairs, disaster management, anti-terrorism as well as the proposals and reports related to defence developments.
The Defence Council is a political decision-making forum vested with special powers in governmental decision-making, headed by the prime minister, while the senior advisor for national security serves as its secretary. Members of the Defence Council are the Minister heading the Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, the Interior Minister, the Defence Minister, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the senior advisor for national security appointed by the Prime Minister. Meetings of the Defence Council will also be attended as a permanent invitee by the state secretary for administration of the Government Bureau of the Prime Minister.
The Defence Council will meet as frequently as necessary, but minimum every two weeks. Any member can initiate the convening of an extraordinary meeting.
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When the president hopped on a hastily planned conference call intended to push the passage of the Paycheck Fairness Act, he got a key statistic wrong. But that would be corrected for him hours later.
President Obama mistakenly said that women earn 70 cents for every dollar that men make. The correct statistic is 77 cents on the dollar.
Three hours after the noon call, the White House circulated by e-mail a revised transcript crossing out the “70″ and replacing it with “77″ with a note at the top: “Please see below for a correction (marked with an asterisk*).”
This is apparently standard practice for the White House — correcting wording when the president misspeaks and when the transcriber has made a mistake. On May 11 in Reno, Nevada, the White House issued a similar correction when the president incorrectly said his mortgage refinancing proposal would save families $3,000 “a month” when he should have said $3,000 “a year.”
The problem? For those who weren’t on the conference call, or there to witness the president speak, the transcript could make it look as though the mistake may have been the transcriber’s fault.
The White House, no doubt, is paying close attention to the Paycheck Fairness Act, which is heading to Congress for a procedural vote tomorrow. The legislation, which failed on a procedural vote in the Senate in 2010 and is expected to fail again, would make it easier for workers to win pay discrimination lawsuits.
The legislation could help Obama energize a key voting bloc: unmarried women.
Pay discrepancy most acutely affects single women, who delivered 70 percent of their votes to Obama in 2008. This year 55 million of them are eligible to vote.
And that was 70 percent of the vote. The White House would certainly take 77 percent this year.
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To answer this question, find the "exchange rate" of these two currencies. Exchange rates are updated regularly and can be found on various web sites, such as xe.com, which offers an online conversion calculator. The reason the value of a particular money changes relates to the economy in the places that use the particular money, as well as other factors. When you exchange (or change) currency, you are essentially buying another type of currency with your own currency.
How many dollars are in 5,000 pesos?
Let's say you visited Mexico on vacation and wanted to purchase an item that cost 5,000 pesos, you would need $460.63 in US dollars to cover the expense. We can convert the 5,000 pesos into US dollars by knowing the current Mexican Peso to US Dollar exchange rate (which, at the time Cliff wrote this, is 0.0921527) and multiplying the number of pesos and the exchange rate:
5000 multiplied by 0.0921527 (current exchange rate) = 460.629 = $460.63 U.S. dollars
As you can see, we rounded up our money to the nearest cent, since the half-cent is rarely used in any currency. Also note that many countries use the term "peso" for the name of their currency, but all pesos are not equal. For example, the Mexican peso (MXN) is worth more than the Chilean peso (CLP).
Again, note that these exchange rates change on a regular basis, and that the exchange rates listed in these examples may vary (sometimes dramatically), within years and even months. The 5,000 Mexican peso item that you intend to purchase may cost more (or less) than it did today, depending on the exchange rate at the time you plan on making the purchase.
|
<urn:uuid:e5a39f54-75ed-4a65-a2aa-5f2976949f0d>
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https://www.cliffsnotes.com/cliffsnotes/subjects/math/how-many-dollars-are-in-5000-pesos
|
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Send the link below via email or IMCopy
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Statistics - Women's Beach Volleyball Scores
Transcript of Statistics - Women's Beach Volleyball Scores
Data: Number of Successful Attacks in the games Hope Mamboleo
Makeda Sandford Country represented # of Successful Attacks in all games played Mode:
Median: Measure of Center 80 (3x)
Standard Deviation: Measures of Spread 180
46.905 no outliers. Box & Whisker 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 Lower Quartile
106 Median: 106 Minimum Value: 34
Maximum Value: 214
Lower Quartile: 80 Upper Quartile: 142 Histogram Interpretation. The most appropriate Measure of Center would be the Mean because there are no outliers.
The spread of the data:
Our data ranged from 34 to 214, and the range is 180.
The interquartile range shows us the middle fifty percent of the data. It is 62.
The variance is the average of the squared deviation. They must be squared because some are negative. The variance is 2200.0790.
The standard deviation is the square root of the variance, which is 46.905 Noted Patterns in the data?
The data drawn from the Women's Volleyball games from the olympics shows that teams scored closer to 90-116 than any other grouping of scores. This causes our histogram to show a bell-shaped curve with more scores after than before, but still ranging around the mean value.
The reason for the the scores mainly in the 90-116 range is because of the vigorous competition that these teams went through while playing eachother. The ladies on the Women's Volleyball team are the best in the world. What is an attack? When the offensive team
hits a very intense, fast throw
using the palm of their hand and
all the force of their body close up
to the net in order to give a surprise
attack on the other team, and hopefully
an instant point.
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://prezi.com/0zx0laahrcz4/statistics-womens-beach-volleyball-scores/
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|Title||Sanitation service levels: assessing services in rural and peri-urban Mozambique|
|Publication Type||Briefing Note|
|Year of Publication||2011|
|Authors||Potter, A., Uandela, A., Naafs, A.|
|Pagination||16 p. : 6 fig., 12 tab.|
|Place Published||The Hague, the Netherlands|
WASHCost has developed a range of indicators to cover service levels associated with sanitation facilities and used them to provide a wider ranging and more nuanced assessment of sanitation facilities available to Mozambicans than traditional measures which focus solely on the available toilet technology.
Scoring against these indicators result in one of four service levels (improved, basic, limited and no service) applied to four parameters (access, use, reliability and environmental protection).
Using these wider service level measures, WASHCost's findings from surveys conducted in 2010 regarding sanitation in rural and peri-urban Mozambique suggest the following:
Access: 7% of rural and 38% of peri-urban Mozambicans have basic access to a sanitation service.
The difference between WASHCost service level results and MICS findings on the use of different sanitation technologies could support the assertion that more sophisticated technologies do not necessarily imply better services.
This assertion is further supported by the finding that taking into account the four parameters of access, use, reliability and environmental protection, all technologies aside from traditional latrines, can only achieve a basic service.
These findings support the contention that sophisticated technologies do not necessarily result in better service levels, and that reliability and use are more useful indicators of actual services received.
This Briefing Note describes and discusses these findings in more detail.
The copyright of the documents on this site remains with the original publishers. The documents may therefore not be redistributed commercially without the permission of the original publishers.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.ircwash.org/resources/sanitation-service-levels-assessing-services-rural-and-peri-urban-mozambique
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| 0.856448
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| 2.34375
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|
Windows 7 Upgrade Scenarios
Scenario 1: Upgrade from a Higher-End Vista/XP Version to a Lower-End Windows 7 Version
Upgrade type: Custom
Here's the deal. You're running some version of Windows Vista. But you want to upgrade to a lower-end version of Windows 7. For example, perhaps you have Windows Vista Business or Ultimate, and you want to "upgrade" to Windows 7 Home Premium.
Should be easy, right?
Should be, but isn't. Here's how it works. Anyone using a valid, activated version of Windows Vista (or XP) qualifies for any Windows 7 Upgrade version. But in order to perform a "true" (or "in-place") upgrade, you must be upgrading to an equivalent, or higher-end, Windows 7 version. That process is very straightforward, and you can read about it my previous article, Upgrading from Windows Vista to Windows 7.
But what about that "equivalent or higher-end" bit? What if you are, in fact, upgrading to a lower-end version of Windows 7? The chart below will help you figure out which versions of Windows Vista are equivalent to which versions of Windows 7:
|This version of Windows Vista...||is equivalent to...|
|Windows Vista Starter||Windows 7 Starter|
|Windows Vista Home Basic||Windows 7 Home Basic|
|Windows Vista Home Premium||Windows 7 Home Premium|
|Windows Vista Business||Windows 7 Professional|
|Windows Vista Ultimate||Windows 7 Ultimate|
Looking at this chart, you can see that an in-place upgrade from, say, Windows Vista Home Premium to Windows 7 Home Premium is perfectly acceptable. As is an in-place upgrade from Windows Vista Home Premium to Windows 7 Professional or Ultimate.
But what if you want to upgrade from Windows Vista Business to Windows 7 Home Premium? In that and other similar cases, an in-place upgrade is impossible. So you will have to perform a migration, a process I describe in Upgrading from Windows XP to Windows 7 (don't be thrown by the title, it works the same for Vista-to-7 as well).
Here are some screenshots that illustrate important parts of the process.
1. You start with some version of Windows Vista, in this case Windows Vista Business.
2. Attempting an in-place upgrade to Windows 7 Home Premium, by choosing "Upgrade" during Setup, will fail, because Windows Vista Business is a higher-end version than Windows 7 Home Premium.
3. Instead, you must choose a "Custom" install type during Setup. (Be sure to backup your files and data first.) When you do so, you're provided with a simplified disk partitioning screen in which you cannot change the partition of the disk on which Windows now lives.
4. When you choose this disk, Setup informs you that your old Windows install will be backed up to a Windows.old folder structure.
After clicking through that last screen, Windows 7 Setup will perform a clean install, replacing your older Windows Vista install. You can activate this version of Windows without issue. Success!
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<urn:uuid:5d93822f-3522-46eb-9cde-535c6b29c446>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://winsupersite.com/print/article/windows-7/windows-7-upgrade-scenarios-scenario-1-upgrade-from-a-higher-end-vistaxp-version-to-a-lower-end-windows-7-vers
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00393-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.87363
| 644
| 1.617188
| 2
|
Via kottke.org, here is the first installment of an Errol Morris essay on Han van Meegeren, the Dutch artist who duped the art world into thinking that his paintings were the work of Vermeer. Morris concludes with the following
To be sure, the Van Meegeren story raises many, many questions. Among them: what makes a work of art great? Is it the signature of (or attribution to) an acknowledged master? Is it just a name? Or is it a name implying a provenance? With a photograph we may be interested in the photographer but also in what the photograph is of. With a painting this is often turned around, we may be interested in what the painting is of, but we are primarily interested in the question: who made it? Who held a brush to canvas and painted it? Whether it is the work of an acclaimed master like Vermeer or a duplicitous forger like Van Meegeren — we want to know more.
The economics version of this question is why the price of a painting would fall just because it has been discovered to be a forgery by technical means and not because the painting was considered of lesser quality. And a corollary question. If you own a painting which is thought by all to be a genuine Vermeer, why would you or anyone invest to find out whether it was a forgery. There is probably a good answer to this that doesn’t require resorting to the assumption that buyers value the name more than the painting.
The value of a painting is the flow value of having it hang on your wall plus the eventual resale value. For the truly immortal works of art the flow value is negligible relative to the resale value. The resale value is linked to the flow value to the person to whom it will be sold to, the person she will sell it to, etc. Ultimately this means that the price is determined by the sequence of people who have the greatest appreciation for art, since they will be willing to pay the most for the flow value. The existence of just one person in that sequence who is sensitive enough to distinguish a true Vermeer from a Van Meegeren implies a large difference in the prices, even if that person is not alive today and will not be for many generations.
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<urn:uuid:ab1bea04-a306-4694-9a13-5d8c5789dc90>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://cheaptalk.org/2009/05/28/pricing-forgeries/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00555-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.968061
| 478
| 2.34375
| 2
|
|Color of the day: Red
Incense of the day: Gardenia
In China today, the festival of Kwan Yin is celebrated. Kwan Yin, also spelled Quan Yin, is the goddess of compassion and mercy. Her name translates to "the one who heals the cries of the world." As one of Asia's most revered and popular goddesses, Kwan Yin's qualities are altruism, service to others, and unconditional love. She is often invoked for protection from danger and to heal illness. A ritual to honor Kwan Yin reminds us of the importance of showing compassion, a quality that is often overlooked in our fast-paced lifestyle. To invoke Kwan Yin qualities, sit in a quiet place and ask yourself: How can I serve others without neglecting my own needs? How can I improve a relationship with a partner, friend, or family member by showing more compassion and less judgment?
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<urn:uuid:a311d880-15a6-4a1e-b042-5be1c66f0c96>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.llewellyn.com/spell.php?spell_id=2045
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00066.warc.gz
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en
| 0.950468
| 186
| 2.96875
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|
"The blasting to extract ore has cracked the walls, and ruined some of the frescoes," Xinhua quoted Abbot Shi Renfa of the Manjusri Monastery in the Wutai Mountains, as saying.
"I used to worry greatly that they would also break the Buddha statuettes and the outdoor pagoda made of coloured glaze."
The area is home to rich iron ore deposits and about 10 mines were being developed there, the report said.
China is desperate for energy, metals and other natural resources to feed its rapidly expanding economy, but the ruling Communist Party is also intent on maintaining social stability and cracks down hard on public protests.
It pays particular attention to stability in its ethnic minority regions like Bamei town in the southwestern province of Sichuan, where hundreds of Tibetans rioted in June over the exploitation of Yala Mountain, smashing mining equipment and attacking work teams in an attempt to halt work at the mine.
Residents said at the time that village elders went missing after they tried to petition the government, and they believed they had been arrested.
Thursday's report made no mention of the unrest in Sichuan, but said the decision to ban mining on sacred mountains had been taken in response to a joint letter filed in June by a group of monks in Shanxi to the provincial religious association.
In mid-August, the city and provincial governments announced they would close three mines within the Wutai mountain range and suspend operations of seven others nearby, the report said.
The government was still assessing compensation for the mining companies, it added.
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<urn:uuid:50148d4b-a9ea-43f0-a855-f481a2afc7b9>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=46,4733,0,0,1,0
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|
en
| 0.978506
| 325
| 1.757813
| 2
|
One way to think about products is that consumers hire various products (or services) to help them accomplish a job that they need to get done in their life.1 An accountant hires a spreadsheet to help track and calculate large or difficult number sets. A night shift worker might hire a cup of coffee or a sugary snack to help get them through the late night hours. A product, then, is something that gets hired in to help them make progress on that job.
When a product helps someone make progress so without creating friction, you have match between the demand side (the job) and the supply side (the product). A mismatch between supply and demand spells trouble for the long term success of a product.2 Sometimes products come out of a supply side innovation that then necessitates the discovery of demand, but most often, demand more effectively drives the supply side of innovation.
Another driver of success for a product is the market that the jobs it might solve for comprise. A market, often time, is referred to as a set of connected consumers who share similar attributes like the industry in which they sit, the size of the organization, etc. Another way to frame markets is as a collection of adjacent and overlapping jobs to be done that are sufficiently solved by a product.3
Thinking then about jobs wrapped up in markets, one of the ultimate goals in the early stages of a market is to move towards product-market-fit. Andy Rachleff defines product-market-fit as the inflection point where the demand side is pulling the supply out of your organization as fast as or faster than you’re able to create it.4 He describes it as the dogs eating the dog food (which makes sense if you’ve seen a hungry dog at meal time). Wrapping that all together then, when your product has solved a sufficiently large job or collection of adjacent jobs within a market, you should expect to see signs of product-market-fit.5
A related and helpful way to think of products is as functions that take an input (a job that needs to be done) and performs some kind of work to transform that input (i.e. help accomplish the job).6 The output of that function can be compared to other functions with the equal inputs, and the delta between the value of those solutions is your comparable value to your competitors.
Combining this metaphor of functions with our discussion above of jobs and markets, products succeed when the transformation of a sufficiently large input or set of inputs results in a recognizable greater value than other similar products.
- For the full scale understanding of the Jobs to be Done framework, it’s helpful to read Clay Christensen work on the matter, especially Competing Against Luck. For a shorter introduction to his work, you can also read his Harvard Business Review article on the subject: “Know Your Customers’ Jobs to be Done”.↩
- For a deeper look into the supply-demand model of thinking about products, check out the great work Bob Moesta has done to build on Christensen’s framework. Here’s a talk he gave that is similar to a workshop I attended with him in 2020.↩
- Thought ultimately just a piece of the conversation, I thought that the way that Daniel Ek talks on Invest Like the Best with Patrick O’Shaugnessy about jobs and markets was incredibly instructive.↩
- Andy Rachleff on Invest Like the Best. One of the implications of his description of product-market-fit is that great products often don’t need strong marketing or sales functions, and I haven’t yet been able to square if that’s true in the B2B as much as it is in consumer.↩
- Rahul Vahora has talked and written extensively about how Superhuman developed metrics around product market fit. It’s an adaptation of the NPS score which is often used as a proxy metric for product market fit (i.e. set a baseline percent of folks who are promoters and measure constantly).↩
- This metaphor comes from Ryan Singer at Basecamp. He spends a great deal of time laying out this metaphor, and I won’t belabor his points too much here. ↩
|
<urn:uuid:b8ed86a4-f751-44cf-aa84-6c85a81e75be>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://jsumnersmith.com/notes/jtbd-and-functions/
|
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|
en
| 0.956783
| 876
| 2.5625
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|
Performance Evaluation of Manet Routing Protocols GRP, DSR and Aodv Based on Packet Size
Mobile Ad hoc Networks has become an essential part of interest of researchers in last couple of years. A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network is a collection of independent wireless mobile nodes having no any centralized access-point, infrastructure and any centralized administration. In order to communicate with other nodes inside the network, a routing protocol is used to find out best possible routes among nodes. The most important goal of ad hoc network routing protocol is to discover, validate and establish route between a couples of nodes, for appropriate, fast and reliable message delivery.
|
<urn:uuid:a1a3a336-4515-4c31-b7ee-85d7d543bc5d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-44
|
http://www.techrepublic.com/resource-library/whitepapers/performance-evaluation-of-manet-routing-protocols-grp-dsr-and-aodv-based-on-packet-size/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00427-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92185
| 130
| 3.3125
| 3
|
Self-reliance and sustainability in the 21st century.
I’ve been closely watching the bees in our top bar hive the past few weeks, as winter approaches. Their comb building behavior changed about the end of August, from the straight and narrow and well defined, to a somewhat more erratic pattern, with individual combs attached to 2 or sometimes 3 top bars. If you catch them early they are easy to remove, realign or straighten, if not…and sometimes my attention gets stretched across too many projects…not unlike the combs…they can go several directions all at once and major reconstruction is required. This is, as you can imagine, troublesome for the bees, and for the beekeeper, certainly another reason to keep on top of things, no matter the beehive you’re working with.
The population of bees is small in our top bar hive. Certainly not the 40,000 or more like the 10-frame Langstroth hives have in the middle of September, which is down from the maybe more than 60,000 in July. Even our 8-framers are larger, but not as populous and the 10-frame giants. I’m often asked how you estimate the population and contents of a colony…adults, brood, eggs, honey. For hives with frames it’s pretty easy. I’ve developed a fairly good sense of how many cells each size of frame has for the mediums, and the very few deeps, which are all I use. A Langstroth frame is right about 90 cells wide…it varies depending on the manufacturer, but that’s a good estimate. Medium frames then are about 30 cells tall, again, depending on the maker. That gives about 2700 cells per side, or about 5400 for a frame. With not a lot of practice, you can begin to accurately estimate the percent of space open and sealed brood occupys on each side of a frame, and from there the actual number of individual cells inhabited…in the brood stage…that are on that frame. That tells you how many more bees there will be in a few days, or a couple of weeks or so in the hive. And, most hives have bees, brood and honey on only some of the frames of each box…this isn’t an all day task, you know.
Deep frames are right about 50 x 90 cells for about 9000 cells/frame. If you recall, there are about 10,000 bees in a three pound package (about 3200 bees per pound)…so a single deep frame can almost raise one of those three pound packages you can buy…for about $90 or so next spring.
Those figures are easy. But the top bar hive of course has a truncated triangle shaped comb…that is a triangle with the point removed…so the top and bottom are parallel, with the bottom about half as long as the top with sides sloping in at…ahhhh…there’s the rub…the angle and the depth of the comb. Well, my math hasn’t kicked in yet to give me the dimensions, and the cell numbers of each of the combs on our top bar combs, so I’m guessing at best on the amount of brood and honey on each comb.
I imagine experienced top bar beekeepers have this figured out, is that right Chirsty? Number of combs in September, what percent of each is brood, if any, and what percent of each is honey, and how many bees. Oh, I forgot – bees. To figure out how many bees you have in a hive with frames, again, calculate the number of cells on a frame… you already know that…and know that an adult bee, when standing on a comb, covers two cells…so a medium frame completely covered with adult bees…top to bottom, side to side…will have right about 1300 or so bees on it…about 2700 if both sides are covered. A deep, about 4500 adults if both sides are covered.
Figuring the area of a top bar comb isn’t hard, now that I look at it. Break it into three parts…two right triangles on the sides and a rectangle in the center. Count the cells on each side and BINGO! You have the numbers you need.
Here’s the easy way to get this down…take a photo. Digital cameras make this a no brainer for later counting. When you are at the hive, remove a frame, estimate brood, bees and honey, take a photo of both sides and later, count them exactly and see how close you were when at the hive. Practice makes perfect, but it doesn’t take much.
So…I still have to figure out how much honey this hive has. And how much it will need. Right away, I think it needs some more food, even though there’s a goldenrod flow on, there’s not a lot of comb that isn’t already full…this could get dicey later in the winter.
I know my 8-frame, medium colonies, with four supers weigh about 125 pounds when full, and about 60 of that is honey. I don’t know how much the top bar should weigh…less probably since there isn’t as much hardware to weigh…maybe about 100?
New territory here. Help me out Christy.
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<urn:uuid:8bc6e42b-7eae-48d7-9d8b-799b39bdc873>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/getting-a-top-bar-hive-ready-for-winter
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00095-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
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|
This mod adds a Web Screen Block! So, what do you think this block will do ? Well, when you place a few of those blocks (144 in fact) in a 16x9x1 surface shape, and you right-click it, a real web browser shows up. You can go on YouTube, watch some videos or listen to your favourites musics, or watch the stream of your favourite streamer, and everything in-game.
First, you need to craft 16×9 = 144 = 64 + 64 + 16 web screens blocks crafted like this:
So, in fact, you will need 9 rose red, 9 catcus green, 9 lapis lazuli, and 54 glass panes. Then, build a 16×9 wall with them, and right click on the face where you want the screen to appear (check that you don’t have any items in your hand). That’s it, you created your screen. Shift-Right Click to change the URL. Don’t forget http:// before the URL, or it won’t work. To click on the screen, simply right-click it.
For windows client:
- Download and install installer
- Download Web Displays Mod Installer
- After downloading the installer, double-click on it to launch it and click on install. You can click on the three dotted button to change the .minecraft folder. This is NOT needed if you are using the official Minecraft Launcher. If you didn’t use the Forge installer to install , your launcher profile that you are using to play Minecraft with Forge might be called different than “Forge”.
For non-windows clients:
On non-windows clients, you won’t be able to see screens it is just made so that you can join server that uses this mod.
- Download and install Minecraft Forge installer
- Download Web Displays Mod
- Put Web Displays Mod zip file into your /.minecraft/mods folder. Do not unzip it. If you don’t have a mods folder, create it
- This mod is a BETA mod! There are probably still a LOT of bugs
- This mod can at the moment only work on WINDOWS
- You can still install the mod so that you can join server that uses it, but you won’t be able to see screens.
More posts of Web Displays Mod :
|
<urn:uuid:e08b8281-346f-42e9-87a9-85961c5aedbc>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://minecraft-forum.net/minecraft-mods-downloads/1-6-4-web-displays-mod-download/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00069-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.866987
| 502
| 1.953125
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|
Will it be a snowy winter?
Winter arrived just in time for the holiday season yesterday, as daytime rain and sleet turned into evening snow, falling well into the night in a broad swath across southern Wisconsin. Madison officially received 1.3 in. of snow over the course of Wednesday, with flurries continuing into the early morning hours of Thanksgiving. It was the first measurable snowfall of the winter.
Overall snow measurements varied slightly across Dane County, with totals ranging from 1.0 to 2.4 in. None of these figures compare to the record amount of 4.2 in. that was set in 1945. The precipitation did provide for the first white Thanksgiving in Madison in quite some time, though.
"Records show that there has been at least one inch of snow on the ground on 13 Thanksgiving days," notes the National Weather Service in a factsheet on the holiday's climactic history over the 57 years that snow depth records have been measured. There's been none over the last decade, though, excepting a trace level seen in 2000. Snowfall on Thanksgiving itself is even more rare, occurring in less than 10% of the holidays over the last 127 years, though the trace levels like those seen early this morning have been seen another 20% of the time.
The snow that is on the ground is likely to melt quickly with above freezing temperatures and at least party sunny skies forecast through the weekend.
In fact, the winter outlook released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration last week suggests there's a better than even chance that the 2007-08 winter season will be warmer than normal in south-central Wisconsin. It may also be snowier too, with above average precipitation predicted for the Great Lakes region. Both are attributed by the forecasters to La Niña conditions in the Pacific Ocean.
More information about the history of snowfall levels in Madison (and Milwaukee) since the late 19th Century is provided in a statement issued by the National Weather Service. Will this winter be the first of this decade with total snowfall over 60 inches?
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On April 19, 1775, British and American soldiers exchanged fire in the Massachusetts towns of Lexington and Concord. On the night of April 18, the royal governor of Massachusetts, General Thomas Gage, commanded by King George III to suppress the rebellious Americans, had ordered 700 British soldiers, under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith and Marine Major John Pitcairn, to seize the colonists’ military stores in Concord, some 20 miles west of Boston.
A system of signals and word-of-mouth communication set up by the colonists was effective in forewarning American volunteer militia men of the approach of the British troops. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poem “Paul Revere’s Ride” tells how a lantern was displayed in the steeple of Christ Church on the night of April 18, 1775, as a signal to Paul Revere and others.
One if by land, and two if by sea;
And I on the opposite shore will be,
Ready to ride and spread the alarm
Through every Middlesex, village and farm,
For the country folk to be up and to arm.
At Lexington Green, the British were met by approximately seventy American Minute Men led by John Parker. At the North Bridge in Concord, the British were confronted again, this time by 300 to 400 armed colonists, and were forced to march back to Boston with the Americans firing on them all the way. By the end of the day, the colonists were singing “Yankee Doodle” and the American Revolution had begun. Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, 1774-1789 includes a timeline of the events that followed.
By the rude bridge that arched the flood
Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled
Here once the embattled farmers stood
and fired the shot heard round the world.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Concord Hymn”
- Search on the terms Lexington, Concord, and Minute Man in Touring Turn-of-the-Century America: Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920 to find more photographs of these historic towns.
- To find maps of the Boston area at the outset of the Revolution, browse the Subject Index of the Military Battles and Campaigns section of Map Collections.
- Search through the George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741-1799 on Thomas Gage for correspondence between the two men which pre-dates the Revolution by nearly twenty years, when both were British officers. There is also an interesting exchange on the treatment of prisoners of war in their correspondence during the year 1775.
- The text of many of the depositions of eyewitnesses can be read in the May 11, 1775, entry in the Journals of the Continental Congress in A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875. The depositions themselves begin on page 28.
- A Guide to the American Revolution, 1763-1783 and Primary Documents in American History: The American Revolution and the New Nation are rich in materials related to this era. Visit the Web guides for links to a wide variety of information on the Revolutionary War.
- Visit the Web site for Minute Man National Historic Park, which winds along the original battle grounds of April 19, 1775.
- Works of American art and literature were inspired by events at Lexington and Concord. Among those noted in Today in History are the poem “The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere” by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and the statue The Minute Man by sculptor Daniel Chester French.
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Browsing by Author "Lyell, Charles, Sir, 1797-1875. Recession of the falls."
Everyman his own guide to the Falls of Niagara : or, The whole story in few words; enl. and embellished with engravings, to which is added a chronological table containing the principal events of the late war between the United States and Great Britain / Hulett, Thomas G.; Lyell, Charles, Sir, 1797-1875. Recession of the falls. (Buffalo : Faxon & Stevens,, 2009-08-11)
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The Global HIV Story Board Project
By Kevin Maloney
March 13, 2011
HIV is not only a gay disease, it is a HUMAN disease and it is GLOBAL pandemic, and your stories whether in writing or on video not only help to take away the stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS, they remind us that HIV/AIDS is still exists. Your courageous stories I have read or heard over the past year have been powerfully uplifting, inspirational, informational, and empowering. Your stories at times have moved me to tears, have made me laugh, and have called me to action and given purpose to keep going. I chose not to give in to HIV and Hepatitis C, but to rise up above it; and a countless number of your stories from across the World helped me do just that.
I learned of my HIV status on March 3rd 2010, and a month later with follow up labs was told that I had also contracted Hepatitis C (non IV drug user). To cope I sought the help of psychologists, and psychiatrists, friends, and family. Unless your are living with HIV it is hard for people to relate fully to what you are going through.
What has really gotten me through the year is hearing your stories via video on YouTube and other websites and reading numerous blog entries of YOUR experiences, YOUR strength, and YOUR hope living with HIV/AIDS.
Over the past couple months I have reached out to many people and asked them if they would share their story. I've been met with an overwhelming response to those who wish to share their story living with HIV/AIDS. For many telling ones story can be very therapeutic and liberating. Telling your story to someone newly diagnosed is invaluable. I thank you in advance for your stories, for your courage and deciding to take a stand and rise up to HIV. I look forward to corresponding with folks from all over the World.
For those who wish to tell their story via video who do not have video capabilities I have bought an inexpensive yet viable FLIP video camera that I can mail anywhere in the World, excluding the Countries below. While many from these Countries may want to tell their story I will not facilitate your persecution by sending you a camera to record your story. However, if you want to break your silence in one of these countries feel free to e-mail me your video or story, and we can discuss disclosure options.
If writing your story, it must be at minimum 500 words, and include 3-5 pictures depending on the length of your writing. If telling your story via video it please keep it 10 minutes or under. I am seeking stories from across the gamut, from all over the World to include Men and Women, straight and gay, young and old.
If you are the founder/CEO of a grassroots organization and making a difference in your community or any other extraordinary individual making a positive impact in your community with regard to HIV/AIDS then I also welcome a video or writing submissions from you.
What to Talk About?
There is really no format, but as a guideline talk about your experiences, your strength and your hope living with HIV, and see below further talking points if you need some guidance.
Some Possible Talking Points
How to Submit
E-mail your video or writing submission to email@example.com If requesting the Flip Cam, please e-mail me your address.
Once your video goes live I can delete it from my websites, but I cannot control who may copy or share it. So, essentially once submitted your story may be on the internet forever, and be able to be viewed by anyone. By submitting your story or video you understand this and release me of any liability.
While we know that HIV is a HUMAN disease, it is my responsibility to point out where homosexuality is illegal and where disclosing your HIV status, may also carry legal consequences.
Know Your Rights Regarding Homosexuality and HIV in Your Country
If you would like to partner with me, or become a sponsor on this project please e-mail me at firstname.lastname@example.org.
This project is brought to you by Kevin Maloney, founder and CEO of RiseUpToHIV.
"Voices in unity strengthening community." -- KM
Add Your Comment:
(Please note: Your name and comment will be public, and may even show up in
Internet search results. Be careful when providing personal information! Before
adding your comment, please read TheBody.com's Comment Policy.)
Rising Up and Speaking Out About HIV and Hepatitis C
Random things about me: I am kind, caring, respectful and wanting to make a difference/impact in the World. I've been to Australia, New Zealand and 13 countries in Europe, and have traveled and lived all over the United States. I have a Bachelor's degree in Health Services Management and will be working towards my Master's In Public Health. I am an uncle of two of the MOST adorable girls in the World, and have one brother. I am a Momma's boy, and it is hard to see my mother's health in such a deteriorated state -- she has severe COPD (from 40 years of smoking). In March 2010 I was told that I have HIV and a month later, with follow-up labs, was then told I also acquired hepatitis C (not through IV drug use). I aspire to great things. Stay tuned.
Subscribe to Kevin's Blog:
January 23, 2013 - Take a Photo and Be Part of the "No Shame About Being HIV Positive" Campaign! A Blog Entry by Kevin Maloney
September 21, 2012 - Contest: Write a Poem About HIV/AIDS and/or Hepatitis C and Win a Gift Card of Your Choice -- A Blog Entry by Kevin Maloney
August 26, 2012 - A Letter From My Dad Regarding Life Challenges, My New Career Path and My Recent Award: A Blog Entry by Kevin Maloney
April 26, 2012 - Join the Campaign to Trend #HIV #AIDS and #IAC on Twitter During the International AIDS Conference: A Blog Entry by Kevin Maloney
March 5, 2012 - Tell Gilead to Reduce the Cost of HIV Medications Now! A Blog Entry by Kevin Maloney
A Brief Disclaimer:
The opinions expressed by TheBody.com's bloggers are entirely their own, and do not necessarily reflect the views of TheBody.com itself.
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PITTSBURGH (KDKA) — A couple says their daughter has been beaten up several times at Liberty Elementary School in Shadyside.
“It’s really sad,” Isabel Mattick, a third grader at the school, said. “I don’t want this happening anymore. I want my school to be peaceful and nice like it should be every day.”
In the most recent attack, Isabel says she had mulch thrown in her eyes, stabbed with a stick and punched repeatedly.
“I don’t want to get hurt again … I don’t want anything bad to happen,” she said.
Her parents say the school isn’t doing enough and feel helpless.
“They violated that sense of trust,” Christopher Mattick, Isabel’s father, said. “ ‘We won’t protect your child, we can’t protect your child.’”
“I need to know that she’s safe and that somebody’s going to take care of her and the bullying will not be tolerated in the schools,” Laura Hodge, Isabel’s mother, said.
School officials tell a somewhat different story. They say it’s true a little girl threw mulch into Isabel’s eyes and another girl in a separate incident shoved her, but the school nurse found no signs of her being stabbed with a stick or punched repeatedly.
One little girl is being disciplined for Monday’s incident. They won’t say what the discipline is.
A spokesperson for the school says they’re unaware of any ongoing bullying at the school.
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تجزیه و تحلیل خطا - حساسیت از کرم دنده ساعت شنی با عناصر کروی درگیر
|کد مقاله||سال انتشار||مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی||تعداد کلمات|
|26896||2013||14 صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید||محاسبه نشده|
Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)
Journal : Mechanism and Machine Theory, Volume 70, December 2013, Pages 91–105
This paper aims to study the influence of tooth errors and shaft misalignments on the tooth contact in hourglass worm gearing with spherical meshing elements. The geometries of the worm and worm-gear tooth surfaces are described, and the distribution characteristic of contact lines is explored. Based on the common moving frame of conjugate tooth surfaces, the errors and the variations are quantified, and the error-variation equation is developed; in order to evaluate the influence levels of different errors, the error-sensitivity formulas are deduced and illustrated by a numerical example. The results provide a theoretical basis for the manufacture and the tooth contact analysis of hourglass worm pair with spherical meshing elements.
Worm gearing is one of most important mechanisms for transmitting the rotation and the torque between spatial crossed axes, and it is widely used in industrial gear systems that demand high transmission ratio, steady working situation and compact structure. There are three different types of worm gearing: (i) non-throated cylindrical worm drive, (ii) single-throated conical worm drive, and (iii) double-throated hourglass worm drive, and their theoretical and technical problems in design, manufacture and analysis have been the subjects of intensive researches of many scholars. In recent years, Fang et al. proposed some tooth profile modification methods for ZE, ZN and ZK-type worm gearings, and studied the effects on the meshing performance of these worm gearings , , and . In order to lessen the transmission error in the manufacture and assembly processes of conical worm drive, Litvin and Donno presented a method to modify the tooth surfaces with localized bearing contact . By means of the meshing simulation, Zhang and Xu obtained accurate conditions for the formation of contact envelope and tooth undercutting in conical worm gear drive, which presents a basis for the proper design of worm gear blank and tooth geometry . Due to high load-carrying capacity, hourglass worm gearing draws increasing attention from the researchers. Shi et al. applied the finite element method (FEM) to study the localization of the contact zone in the planar double-enveloping hourglass worm gearing . Wang et al. presented a parameter optimization approach for the non-backlash double-roller enveloping hourglass worm gearing, in which the contact and lubrication performances were taken into consideration . Chen et al. explored the real tooth surface of toroidal worm gearing with spherical meshing elements machined by means of the forming method . Due to the impacts of elastic deformation, manufacture and assembly errors, the transmission error cannot be completely avoided, and then the meshing performance of gear pair will turn faulty. If the transmission error is a continuous linear function, a high level of gear vibration and noise will be caused. In order to reduce the negative influence of errors, a high-order discontinuous function of transmission error is usually chosen to absorb the linear error. Livtin et al. applied a parabolic transmission error function as the basis of tooth profile modification, and related findings for traditional gears have been presented , , , and . Stadtfeld and Gaiser applied a fourth-order function of transmission error to reduce the gear noise and to increase the gear strength of bevel and hypoid gear sets . Wang and Fong presented a synthesis modification methodology for the tooth surfaces of a face-milling spiral bevel gear set by means of a predetermined fourth-order polynomial function of transmission error . Xu et al. discussed the contact problem of conjugate surfaces with the effect of assembly errors, and verified the error compensation property of mismatched teeth . Wu et al. studied the error-sensitivity of the mounting error in the point-contact spiral bevel gear pair . Aiming to different types of cylindrical worm gears, Simon conducted an intensive investigation about the influence of tooth errors and shaft misalignments on loaded tooth contact . All these efforts have contributed significantly to the progress of gear design, manufacture and analysis technologies. The methods to study the transmission error can be roughly classified into two groups: (1) methods in which the effect of tooth deflection under load is taken into account, and (2) methods which are conducted from the kinematics point of view. In this thesis, hourglass worm gearing with spherical meshing elements is considered under the rigidity condition without taking the load-dependent deformation into account. The geometries and the contact characteristics of conjugate tooth surfaces are described, and the error-variation equation, reflecting the inherent relationships between the errors and the variations, is developed. In order to evaluate the influence levels of different errors, the error-sensitivity formulas are deduced and illustrated by a design example of mismatched hourglass worm pair with spherical meshing elements.
نتیجه گیری انگلیسی
On the basis of obtained results, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) In hourglass worm gearing with spherical meshing elements, the rotation angle variation is only involved in the position difference between the directrix of the worm surface and the center of the steel ball, and is irrelevant to actual shapes of the worm surface and the steel ball; the position variation is a synthetic result of multi-factor co-action, but at the tooth depth direction it is irrelevant to the angular error. (2) The error-sensitivities related to the angular error are far less than the error-sensitivities related to the linear error. The tooth contact is severely influenced by the radial and tangential errors of the worm gear, however it is insensitive to the axial error of the worm gear and the perpendicularity error of axle holes. (3) The induced tooth pitch cumulative error of the worm gear is generated by the rotation angle variation and it influences the number of teeth being in mesh at every instant; the contact area is influenced by the position variation along the tooth depth direction.
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The survey of work produced in the last 15 years of his life includes cabinets in wood, metal and acrylic plus glass and ceramic objects.
The gallery opened in 2007 and the inaugural show was a display of new work by Sottsass, before he passed away later that year at the age of 90.
With a career spanning 60 years, Sottsass is best known for his work with Italian computing brand Olivetti in the 1960s and as one of the founding members of the radical postmodern Memphis Group in the 1980s.
The exhibition continues until 10 August.
Here's some more information from the gallery:
This June, Friedman Benda will open a survey of Ettore Sottsass’ works from 1992 to 2007. It will be the sixth exhibition by the gallery of his work and a rare look at the final stretch of his celebrated career, presenting ceramic and glass objects, and wooden, metal, and acrylic cabinets.
The last fifteen years were a period of heightened craftsmanship for Sottsass, and they offer a gateway to the mind of an inimitable designer. Through all six decades of his practice, he possessed an intuitive knowledge of proportion, nurtured by his immersion in everything he witnessed, from surviving artifacts to Modernist offerings. Each work offers a gesture of aesthetic and formal mastery, as well as an awareness of what was created out of other societies’ endeavors and a spiritual connection to basic human concerns.
The innate qualities of the material come to the fore in this survey. The idiosyncratic compositions of Sottsass’ cabinets underscore his choice of fine woods and color accents. Blown glass, crafted in collaboration with Murano glassworks, plays between transparency and opaqueness, contrasting the organic, vibrant forms with their cold metal base. And the ceramics—rational, square slates that when stacked together make a lively pile—seem inviting and wise, balancing geometric edges with the weaving vigor of the overall form.
A significant counter-force to Modernism, Sottsass changed the bandwidth of design, adding alternate routes to those available in the post-war era. Over his lifetime, he made a trail of iconic designs, from the ceramic totems and laminate Superboxes of the mid-1960s to the Valentine typewriter of 1969— for which he was awarded the Compasso d’oro—and the Carlton room divider for Memphis from 1983, to list only a few. Enhancing domestic life with his best-selling designs for Alessi, and emerging as a practicing architect in the 1980s, he maintained throughout a personal, artisanal practice—an echo of and testament to Italian craft and world traditions.
Sottsass’ individualism was balanced by his sensitive observation of design traditions, and his concern with social and cultural implications of contemporary design. In rigorous pursuit of new languages of making, Sottsass challenged convention for over six decades with provocative color, atypical functionality, and novel composition. While leaving sketchbooks and essays to guide others, he forged new territory, leaving entire movements and thought processes such as radical design, anti- design, and post-modernism in his path.
Ettore Sottsass’ work can be found in the permanent collections of museums worldwide, including: the Museum of Modern Art, New York; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the Centre Pompidou, Paris; the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam; the Victoria and Albert Museum, London; and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, among others.
He has been the focus of major museum retrospectives at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, in 2006; the Design Museum, London in 2007; and the Centre Pompidou, in 1994, 2003 and 2009. A monograph on the artist’s work is in preparation by Phaidon. Sottsass received the title of Officier dans l’ordre des Arts et des Lettres from the French Republic in 1992, and of Grande Ufficiale per l’Ordine al Merito from the Italian Republic in 2001.
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Behaviour management strategies – Do no harm
Exercise better class control with this series of bite-sized behaviour tips from Robin Launder…
The first principle of behaviour management is ‘Don’t make things worse.’
You might feel hurt by that boy’s personal comment, irritated by those giggly girls’ whispers, wound up that pair’s continual chatting – but losing your rag with the class, whether you think it’s justified or not (which, by the way, it’s not) won’t help.
Instead, wait until you’ve calmed down before you act. You’ll be more balanced, objective and reasonable, in a way that will benefit both you and the student(s). Oh, and you’ll have modelled a really useful life skill in the process – namely self-control.
Don’t let the apparent simplicity of this tip give you the impression that’s it’s not important, because it is. Very. And be wary of labelling it as ‘obvious’.
The problem with describing certain things as obvious is that, well, it’s not always the case that they are – at least not to everyone. The same applies to ‘common sense’, which can sometimes turn out to be not as commonly understood as we think it is.
To reiterate, ‘do no harm’ is the first principle of behaviour management. And you do no harm by carefully controlling your reactions to any and all behaviour situations you find yourself in.
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Offering dental care to a patient suffering from high blood pressure is a situation that must be closely monitored. Anaesthesia, aspirin and even simple anxiety require proper attention and medical management.
Other People Are Reading
Dental health professionals exercise caution when ascertaining whether a patient suffers from hypertension, also known as high blood pressure. "Dental management in hypertensive patients can be complicated, since any procedure causing stress can further increase the blood pressure and can precipitate acute complications such as a cardiac arrest or a cerebrovascular accident," say Dr. Jin Y. Kim and Dr. E. Barrie Kenney of the University of California at Los Angeles.
Special care is a necessity for hypertensive patients who suffer from the anxiety sometimes associated with a trip to the dentist. This panic may push the blood pressure higher, possibly resulting in a cardiac situation. The consumption of oral sedatives the evening before any dental procedure may alleviate this stress.
Dental patients with stage one hypertension, which is diagnosed as a systolic pressure of 140 to 159 or diastolic pressure of 90 to 99, may proceed with elective dental treatments, but blood pressure should be monitored during the procedure. Those with stage two hypertension, diagnosed as a systolic pressure of 160 or higher or diastolic 100 or higher, should be referred to a physician for evaluation, and undergo only emergency or non-invasive elective treatments.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for
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Child Advocacy Studies
If you want a career working with or for children, a minor in Child Advocacy Studies (CAST) may be a valuable asset for your future. Minors in CAST work in a variety of fields including social services, healthcare, education and criminal justice.
The Child Advocacy Studies program seeks to provide professionals working with children a common knowledge base for responding to child maltreatment through an interdisciplinary curriculum focused on field experience, ethical practice and cultural sensitivity.
Through their training in Child Advocacy Studies, students will become better equipped to advocate for children.
The Child Advocacy Studies curriculum focuses on experiential, interdisciplinary, ethical and culturally sensitive content that provides professionals working with children a common knowledge base for responding to child maltreatment.
Program Mission Statement
The mission of the Child Advocacy Studies (CAST) program at Winona State University is to prepare learners who seek to advocate for healthy children and families by educating them with a curriculum that is interdisciplinary, experiential, evidence-based, and ethically and culturally sensitive.
- The CAST Program will develop learners who are prepared to advocate for healthy children and families.
- The CAST Program will provide an interdisciplinary, experiential, evidence-based, and ethically and culturally sensitive curriculum to learners at all levels.
- The CAST Program will foster relationships across Winona State University and the community.
- The CAST Program will conduct and review research to enhance the experience of learners and child and family advocates in the community.
- The CAST Program will routinely assess learning.
Dr. Jodi Saunders
CAST Program Director
Gildemeister Hall, Room 201
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This is how a whale hearsFebruary 4th, 2008 - 2:19 pm ICT by admin
Washington , Feb 4 (ANI): Researchers from San Diego State University and the University of California have discovered a new pathway for sound entering the head and ears in an unusual whale species by utilising computer models.
The scientist made use of advances in Finite Element Modeling (FEM), Computed tomography (CT) scanning, and computer processing, to imitate the effects of underwater noise on Cuviers beaked whale.
These technologies have made it possible for the researchers to simulate the environment and anatomy of a Cuviers beaked whale when a sonar signal is sent out or received by the whale.
This study triggered by Dr Cranford of San Diego State University may prompt future research that could end years of speculation about the effects of underwater sound on marine mammals.
FEM is an engineering technique that is used, for example, to simulate the effect of an earthquake on a building. The effect of forces such as an earthquake, or in this case noise vibrations, can be accurately predicted by putting in the exact geometry and physical properties of a building.
Ten years back, Dr Cranford started the research into Cuviers beaked whales, when he undertook the first ever CT scan of a large whale. This made the researchers to obtain the very complex anatomic geometry of a sperm whales head.
I think that the methods developed for this research have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the impact of noise on marine organisms, said Dr Cranford.
It has been thought since 1968, that noise vibrations travel through the thin bony walls of toothed whales lower jaw and onto the fat body attached to the ear complex.
However, the research displayed that thin bony walls do not transmit the vibrations. In fact they enter through the throat and then pass to the bony ear complex via a unique fatty channel.
The research was published in the recent issue of the Institute of Physics Journal, Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. (ANI)
Tags: beaked whales, computer models, ct scanning, cuviers beaked whale, diego state university, exact geometry, fat body, finite element modeling, institute of physics, marine mammals, marine organisms, physics journal, san diego state university, sonar signal, sperm whales, toothed whales, underwater noise, underwater sound, whale species, whales head
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[Haskell-cafe] Pattern match failure
jackmarathon at gmail.com
Wed Apr 9 22:05:05 EDT 2008
I'm trying to write a function to recognize a context free grammar, but I
keep getting pattern match failure errors. This is what I have:
data Grammar c = Brule c c c | Rule c c
gez = [(Brule 'S' 'p' 'D'),(Brule 'D' 't' 'E'),(Rule 'E' 'j')]
recog :: String -> String -> [Grammar Char] -> Bool
recog a b list = case list of
[Brule x y z] -> if a == [x] then recog [z] b list else recog a b list
[Rule x y] -> True
how can I solve this pattern matching error?
View this message in context: http://www.nabble.com/Pattern-match-failure-tp16600643p16600643.html
Sent from the Haskell - Haskell-Cafe mailing list archive at Nabble.com.
More information about the Haskell-Cafe
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Richard III Activity Pack
This resource has been created as a supplement for any scheme of work on Richard III.
I can immediately think of many different opportunities to use this resource in my current teaching at both KS3 and KS4
- Differentiated unique tasks for every event and scene for pupils to complete!
- Appealing fonts and relevant pictures plus teacher commentary.
- Extension activity for the more able pupils for every task.
What do teachers say about this resource? (2432)
This really attractive resource makes Richard III manageable... By covering every scene in every act, this resource allows students a thorough knowledge of the play through fun, bitesize chunks. It would be perfect as a supplementary resource, especially for cover lessons and extension tasks... I liked that the resources can stand alone and are ready to go straight from the pack! There were some original and creative activities... This is a useful resource for independent learning homework, cover lessons and silent lessons. It fosters high expectations of students but remains accessible: the resource checks understanding of the basic events and facts and then challenges students to analyse the details of language and consider the complexities of character... The annotations to the extracts were excellent and stop students stumbling... this would be empowering... The worksheets are attractive and would appeal to KS3 students... Matched really well to the whole range of abilities at KS3. GCSE assessment objectives are definitely met through the tougher questions, whilst the earlier sheets provide a good basic understanding of the play... I can immediately think of many different opportunities to use this resource in my current teaching at both KS3 and KS4.
EXCELLENT! Extremely thorough with lots of varied activities. VERY good resource – my compliments to the author
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Gut infection helped by fecal transplant
Last fall, Dena Harris went to a rehab facility to visit her 90-year-old mother, who was recovering from a broken hip. Harris knew something wasn’t right: Her mother’s skin was pale and her eyes glassy.
The doctors diagnosed her with a raging gut infection of Clostridium difficile, a nasty bacterium that causes watery diarrhea. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that C. difficile kills 14,000 people each year in the U.S. alone.
Harris’ mother, Ann Hart, received the standard treatment — a hefty dose of antibiotics — but the drugs provided only temporary relief. When the infection returned for the third time, Harris became desperate.
"[My mother] was crying from the pain,” Harris says. Hart wound up seeing Dr. Colleen Kelly, a gastroenterologist at Brown University.
Kelly had cured similarly stubborn infections with an unconventional treatment called a fecal transplant. Kelly takes stool from a healthy donor, mixes it with saline and sends it through a tube into the colon of a patient infected with C. difficile.
As Kelly explains, the treatment provides helpful germs that can restore the balance in the gut, replacing a patient’s sickly microbiome with a healthy one. “Those flora establish themselves and crowd out the C. difficile to prevent it from recurring,” she says. “It’s kind of like biological warfare.”
Hart had her transplant in June, and Harris served as her donor. “My mother is clean,” Harris says. “If there’s any doctors out there who snicker, laugh or are ignorant of it, shame on them — it works.”
Kelly says she’s on the cusp of launching a clinical trial — one of the first — to test the procedure.
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General Robotics Limited, the leading supplier of subsea simulation and visualisation software, has opened a ROV pilot support and assessment centre in Aberdeen, intended to help both individual pilots and ROV operators extend and evaluate piloting skills.
Carrying out objective assessments to consistent standards of inexperienced applicants for ROV Pilot/Technician training, and experienced contract hire pilots before they go offshore, is extremely difficult. GRL with the assistance of veteran ROV pilots and trainers has developed Assessment Metrics software which used with a ROVolution simulator, objectively assesses a pilot’s performance of key ROV flight manoeuvres such as maintaining a flight path and tether management. The software also evaluates core competencies, like the use of navigation aids, spatial awareness and time keeping.
ROV pilots at all levels must be at their best every time they take the controls, they are required to undertake more difficult tasks in ever deeper waters and with increasingly complex arrangements of equipment, cabling and vessels in the water at the same time. With a Work Class ROV costing upwards of £1.5m and ROV vessel day-rates in excess of £45,000, pilots and their employers are under unremitting pressure to perform.
A regular problem for trainee pilots is the lack of opportunity for hands on experience. The Centre offers preconfigured scenarios running on GRL’s simulators from basic offshore tasks to the most complex subsea interventions. Coupled with GRL’s model and simulation building services the centre can also play host to Pilot/Technicians familiarising themselves and rehearsing their next mission before going offshore.
GRL can speedily and cost-effectively turn clients’ inanimate subsea field and site engineering drawings into 3D models that are then pulled into the simulator’s scenario library. Pilots can call up the scenario and fly a mission. They can use the assessment tools and metrics to monitor their performance improvements as they familiarise themselves with the mission, the subsea site and the intervention tasks they are to perform.
“Simulator based training is becoming more and more a part of pilots’ lives, whether they are newcomers learning the ropes from scratch or veteran pilots familiarising themselves with their next offshore mission,” said Miller Crockart Head of Business Development at GRL. “We have designed a Pilot Training Metrics tool that allows the pilot and their trainer to analyse performance, so they can pinpoint where a pilot needs additional training or support. Pilot Metrics can show, for example, when a pilot needs help improving their tether management skills or on how to optimise their retention of a heading. Pilot Metrics allows the user to analyse a ROV flight in a way I believe has not been available before, and which will help the continuing drive to improve efficiency and performance, and allow training to be targeted on the needs of individual pilots. It also means pilots will be able to obtain objective feedback and benchmark their improvement over time”.
Well prepared pilots will be less stressed in ‘the chair’ and perform to the best of their abilities, confident in the knowledge they already have an appreciation of what they will face once offshore. With comprehensive training, employers will see the risk of offshore mission failure reduce and subsea intervention times come down. Employee relations should also improve as pilots see their employer investing in developing their skills.
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Scientific study proves the relevance of glial cells for epileptic seizures and shows potential for new therapies
The study investigated epileptic seizures in zebrafish – a widely used model organism for modelling human brain physiology. Zebrafish contains the same cell types that are present also in human brains. Two of these cell types are glia and neurons. Neurons are primarily involved in transmitting signals. The main functions of Glial cells include maintaining a balanced environment and providing support for the neurons, assisting the immune system and increasing the speed of neural signalling.
The study found that just before an epileptic seizure, nerve cells were abnormally active but only in a localized area of the brain. Instead, glial cells showed large burst of synchronous activity that are widely dispersed across the brain. During the actual seizure, the neuronal activity increased abruptly. The functional connections between the nerve cells and glial cells became vigorous. When this happened, generalized seizure spread like a storm of electrical activity across the entire brain due to a strong increase in the level of glutamate, a chemical compound that transmits signals between neuronal cells. Glutamate was secreted by glial cells, which convert themselves from a friend to a foe.
The findings indicate that epilepsy may occur not only due to anomalies in neurons, but also in glial cells. “Our results provide a direct evidence that the interactions between glial cells and neurons change during the transition from a pre-seizure state to a generalized seizure. It will be interesting to see if this phenomenon is generalizable across different types of epilepsies,” says Prof. Emre Yaksi. Normally, the glial cells absorb the excess glutamate that is excreted during the increased activity of the nerve cells. This study assumes that the secretion process of the glial cells that we observed in combination with their hyperactivity just before a seizure is a defence mechanism of the brain.
Photo: A microscopic view of a young zebrafish brain. Red indicates the glia cells and greens are neurons.
CREDIT: © Emre Yaksi Lab, NTN U
Nature Communications: “Glia-neuron interactions underlie state transitions to generalized seizures” by Carmen Diaz Verdugo, Sverre Myren-Svelstad, Ecem Aydin, Evelien van Hoeymissen, Celine Deneubourg, Silke Vanderhaeghe, Julie Vancraeynest, Robbrecht Pilgrims, Mehmet Ilyas Cosacak, Akira Muto, Caghan Kizil, Koichi Kawakami, Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi and Emre Yaksi.
“There are more glial cells than neurons in our brains. Yet, these cells were rather understudied. Our work uncovers an interesting function of the glia and will undoubtedly attract more interest into this cell type”, says CRTD research group leader Dr. Caghan Kizil who together with his colleague Mehmet Ilyas Cosacak is one of the co-authors of the study.
Their group conducts its research at the CRTD of the TU Dresden as well as at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE).
In recent decades, a number of new epilepsy drugs have been developed, but a third of patients still do not have good control over their seizures. One reason may be that the current anti-epileptic drugs mostly target the neurons, while the glial cells, which constitute about 80% of the cells in the brain, have been overlooked. “Now we’re working further to investigate whether we can recognize any of the mechanisms that we identified in our current study, in our ongoing collaboration with clinicians” says Yaksi.
The Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD) of TU Dresden is academic home for scientists from more than 30 nations. Their mission is to discover the principles of cell and tissue regeneration and leveraging this for recognition, treatment and reversal of diseases. The CRTD links the bench to the clinic, scientists to clinicians to bring expertise in stem cells, gene-editing and regeneration towards innovative therapies for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, haematological diseases such as leukaemia, metabolic diseases such as diabetes, retina and bone diseases. Since 2016, the CRTD is part of the central scientific unit “Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering” (CMCB) of the TU Dresden and plays a central role within the research priority area Health Sciences, Biomedicine and Bioengineering of the TU Dresden. http://www.tu-dresden.de/crtdhttp://www.tu-dresden.de/cmcb
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Nigeria: 700,000 birds culled
Around 700,000 birds have been culled in Nigeria since
bird flu was discovered there in February, according to World Health
Organisation (WHO) official Chijioke Osakwe.
Osakwe said it cost Nigeria 560 million naira (US$4.3 million dollars or
€3.4 million) to cull the birds, with the costs primarily associated with
compensation paid to farmers whose birds were killed.
Backyard poultry accounted for 60 percent of the country's 140 million
birds, he said, with the industry contributing nine percent to Nigerias GDP.
Quoting the World
prediction of an 800-million-dollar annual loss in the global poultry
sector due to the ravaging bird
disease, Osakwe said efforts must be made by all stakeholders and the
citizens to stem its spread.
Osakwe described bird flu as a virus that did not require a passport to
enter any country, and likened it to the Spanish flu
which spread across the globe, killing an estimated 20-40 million people between
1918 and 1919.
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Or register to be able to comment.
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Original Dutch WWI M-1915 Stormdolk Commando Knife With Scabbard
Original Item: Only One Available. This is an outstanding example of the Dutch M-1915 Fighting Knife. The knife was known in Dutch service as the "Stormdolk", and is often referred to by collectors as a Dutch Commando Knife, as some of the Dutch Commando forces that operated with the British during World War II, chose to carry this knife rather than the British special forces standard issue Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife. The knives were produced from 1915 until the Germans overran Holland in 1940. After the German occupation, many of the knives served as ersatz fighting knives for the German military, both in their original condition and sometimes as modified variants.
The knife, as originally produced, was manufactured with an 8" stiletto blade and had an overall length of about 13 1/4". The blade was heat blued and examples with large amounts of their original blade finish are truly striking. The solid wooden handle was oval in cross section, with eight grasping grooves to enhance the grip of the knife. The grip was otherwise smooth, with a bulbous pommel cap area. The blade was secured to the solid wood handle with a pair of rivets that were approximately 1/4" in diameter. A 3/16" wide metal ferrule reinforced the front section of the handle, butting up against an oval cross guard that was approximately 2 1/8" x 15/16". The ferrule and cross guard were heat blued as well.
The front of the crossguard was stamped with the serial number of the knife, and this same serial number was marked on the rear of the frog, which the leather scabbard was attached to. The ferrule, ricasso and wooden pommel cap were all marked with military inspection marks. The knife was carried in a brown leather covered metal scabbard with a steel ball tip. The scabbard was permanently attached to a leather belt frog via rivets, and the frog included a retaining strap to secure the hilt of the knife.
This example of the Dutch M-1915 Stormdolk Fighting Knife is in about excellent overall condition. The knife is full length and the blade retains about 50%+ of its original heat blued finish. The majority of the finish loss is from scabbard contact along the high edges of the blade or from simply fading over time. The knife shows only a handful of minor light finish scuffs along the edge, where it may have been very lightly sharpened during the period of use. The cross guard and ferrule retain about 60% of their original vivid heat bluing, with the majority of the loss the result of fading. The front of the oval guard is marked with the serial number 9581 / E. The obverse ricasso and grip ferrule are both marked with (CROWN) / Z inspection marks. The grooved wooden grip is in excellent condition as well. The wooden pommel cap is marked with the usual Dutch military (CROWN) / Z inside an oval inspection mark, a larger version of the marks found on the blade and ferrule. The grip is smooth but does have a repaired crack. The grip does show some minor handling marks, along with some minor scuffs and dings.
The leather covered metal scabbard is in very nice condition. The rear of the leather frog is marked with the serial number 5635 / E. The scabbard shows only some minor finish loss and light scuffing, all of which are the result of use in the field. The end of the front of the scabbard is stamped with what appears to read WW. The riveted leather frog is in FINE condition as well, and is securely attached. All of the original rivets are in place. The frog remains strong and supple and quite usable today. The original leather hilt-retaining strap is in place, along with the metal closure stud. As would be expected, the strap shows some moderate wear, crazing and light finish loss due to use. The strap still closes securely and retains the hilt as it should.
Overall this is a really outstanding example of a scarce World War I- World II era Dutch military fighting knife. When these scarce knives are found on the collector market, they are rarely found with their scabbard, and if a scabbard is present at all it is often mismatched much like this one. The knife is simply in wonderful condition with a really gorgeous blade with some of the original heat blued finish.
This would be a fantastic addition to any advanced edged weapons collection that focuses on fighting knives from either of the World Wars, and would be a great addition to any collection that specializes in ersatz NSDAP fighting knives. This is a piece that will make a striking addition to any collection anyone would be pleased with this very high condition example of a very rare combat knife.
Blade Length: 8"
Blade Style: Double Edged "Stiletto" Dagger
Overall length: 13 1/4“
Crossguard: 2 1/8”
Scabbard Length: 9" with Belt Loop
- This product is available for international shipping.
- Eligible for all payments - Visa, Mastercard, Discover, AMEX, Paypal, Amazon & Sezzle
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- This post contains affiliate links. Read more here.
- Not a substitute for professional veterinary help.
Reviewed by Christy Caplan, C.V.T., on July 18, 2022
You know that you’re supposed to drink eight glasses of water a day. But what about your dog? You see them drink, but how much water are they actually lapping up? We’ve gathered the what’s what on dogs and water, so you can be confident that your pup is hydrated—or recognize the signs when they aren’t.
Helping Your Dog Stay Hydrated
Most dogs drink eagerly when they’re thirsty, but it may be that your dog seems reluctant to drink up. To encourage hydration, check the basics first. Make sure your furry friend is always supplied with clean water. It’s harder for your dog to become dehydrated when they have access to really fresh H2O. To ensure your pooch isn’t parched:
- Replace your pet’s water every day. Just like you, your dog needs access to lots of fresh water. Clean your pet’s bowl daily to prevent bacteria and germs from building up in the bowl which may prevent your dog from desiring a drink, and could potentially make them sick.
- Keep an eye out for debris that may land in your pet’s bowl. It’s easy for hair and bits of kibble to contaminate their water and make it unappealing.
- Leave bowls in a cool or shaded area of the house, out of the sun. Your dog is less likely to drink out of a warm bowl that has been sitting in the sun.
Providing Water on the Go
If you’re going for a long walk, dog park visit, or hike, pack extra water for your dog.
Even if your outing is relatively short, bring water if it’s hot. If you’d want a water bottle, your dog probably would too.
A collapsible silicone water dish is convenient for easy drinking on the go, or a dog thermos such as the Highwave AutoDogMug is essentially a water bottle with a drinking bowl on top so that your dog can easily slurp a few sips when you squeeze.
For more about portable dog water bowls and bottles, check out the following articles:
- Do You Need a Dog Water Bottle? The Hidden Value of Portable Hydration
- Sleek, Smart, Budget: A Review of the Malsipree, OllyDog, and Gulpy Dog Water Bottles
- 7 Must-Have Dog Water Bottles and Travel Dog Bowls
How Much Water Do Dogs Need?
Dogs should drink about an ounce of water per pound of body weight per day. If your dog is really active, or a puppy, they may need more. And like humans, dogs also need more water when they spend time outside in hot, dry conditions.
During the hot summer months, it’s important to keep your dog hydrated at home and on the go, but you should know the signs that your pet hasn’t had enough to drink. To tell if your pup is dehydrated, check the following:
- They’re listless. A dehydrated dog won’t seem like themselves, and may pace or drool.
- They’re looking for water. If your dog is thirsty, they’ll be searching frantically for something to drink.
- Their gums are pale, dry, and/or sticky. Pale, dry, or sticky gums are a reliable symptom of dehydration.
- You’ve checked their scruff. Take your dog’s scruff (the loose skin over their shoulders) and lift it away from their back. If your dog is dehydrated, the skin will take a long time to settle back down. If your furry friend is hydrated, their skin will snap back immediately.
In general, if your dog has a medical condition, is sick, vomiting, has diarrhea, or is otherwise ill, monitor their water intake and be sure to keep a close eye on them to ensure they don’t develop the signs of dehydration.
If You Suspect Dehydration in Your Dog
What do you do if you suspect your dog is dehydrated?
- Offer your dog little sips of water to help them rehydrate—don’t let them drink too fast or it may cause vomiting.
- If they aren’t interested in water, try offering a few ice cubes—again, making sure they aren’t eaten too quickly (as this can cause bloat).
- If your pet’s symptoms are not improving, or worsening, take them to the vet immediately.
- Is My Dog Dehydrated?
- What You Need to Know to Prevent Heatstroke in Dogs
- Do Dog Water Fountains Encourage a Pup to Drink More?
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Friedrich-Wilhelm Wellmer, Manfred Dalheimer, Markus Wagner, "Economic Evaluations in Exploration"
Springer | 2007-11-20 | ISBN: 3540735577 | 250 pages | PDF | 8,2 MB
The textbook is intended for the economic geologist who deals with the evaluation of deposits at an early stage of development. It offers rules for quick and easy calculations based on the application of approximate data. It provides both the student and the geologist in the field with a complete set of rules and methods enabling them to perform a quick initial evaluation of the deposit without the support of specialists or computers – even if he is left to his own resources. To support the "how to do"-approach all rules for calculations are illustrated with examples and also points out mistakes and pitfalls the authors encountered during their careers. The case histories, exercises, metal prices and terminology, especially concerning "reserves and resources", have been fully updated in this second edition. New chapters discuss topics including the life time of deposits, derivation of interest rates for the net present value (NPV) calculations, the influence of political risk and the evaluation of mineral prospects without known mineralization.
Enjoy this great book! Brought to you by SMIRK
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а б в г д е ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я
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- New Uniphase Plant Targets Telecom Market
Michael D. Wheeler
In the latest in a string of acquisitions, Uniphase Corp. has opened a European semiconductor laser fabrication plant. Uniphase Laser Enterprise will increase the company's production of 980-nm diode lasers substantially. This type of diode laser is a crucial component in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, which increase the speed and message-carrying capacity in today's fiber optic networks.
Uniphase invested more than $20 million to construct the 6000-square-meter high-capacity diode laser factory in the Binz industrial district. Formerly part of IBM's Zurich Research Laboratory, the plant will produce more than 100,000 laser diode chips annually. The new location provides more cleanroom capacity to develop high-power chips -- about 300 mW. These diode lasers are suitable for submarine cable and other underwater applications.
Kevin Kalkoven, Uniphase chairman and CEO, said the facility will enable the firm to keep up with the demand for fiber optic components and modules in the communications industry.
The opening of the facility follows on the heels of Uniphase's acquisition of Indx Pty. Ltd. last November. The Australia-based division produces fiber components for high-speed wavelength division multiplexing.
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| 0.859135
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| 1.679688
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Introduction. The present study was initiated to investigate the cadmium concentrations in whole blood of Northern Sardinian, non-occupationally exposed adult subjects. Sardinia is a large Italian island which differs genetically and environmentally from other mainland Italian areas.
Methods. Two hundred and forty-three adults (157 females and 86 males) were selected in the study area from subjects who were undergoing blood collection for laboratory analysis during the period January 2005-May 2005. Whole blood was analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with a Zeeman-effect background corrector (Perkin Elmer ZL5100) and an auto sampler. The adopted analytical procedure uses the Stabilized Platform Temperature Furnace (STPF) technique.
Results. The mean value of Blood Cadmium Concentration (BCdC), expressed as Geometric Mean, was 0.32 mg/l (CI 95%: 0.31-0.34 mg/l) significantly ranging from 0.27 mg/l (CI 95%: 0.26-0.29 mg/l) in non-smokers to 0.34 mg/l (CI 95%: 0.30-0.39 mg/l) in ex-smokers up to 0.47 mg/l (CI 95%: 0.42-0.53 mg/l) in smokers (p inf. 0.0001). Discussion. The results show that BCdC levels in Northern Sar- dinian non-occupationally exposed adults are lower than levels found in many other regions, including those within Italy. Nev- ertheless, similar values have been detected in other European countries and cities.
Conclusions. In relation to other reports in which data were analysed by strata for smoking habit and age, we found similar BCdC values among non smokers. However, Sardinian smokers seem to show lower levels of blood cadmium.
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Sonlight invites your family to help change the world.
In the past, Sonlight families have helped:
- Teach women in India to read.
- Translate Bibles in Mozambique.
- Support children's education in Asia.
- and more!
Sonlight stands committed to fantastic home education resources. But we also cherish the opportunity to help you raise children with a heart for the world. Our homeschool curriculum and company values have always reflected our focus on international missions work. We started in 1990 with the goal of helping missionaries stay on the field "one more year." As we've been able to serve more and more families both in North America and abroad, we're thrilled to help bring missions work to you.
See below for some of our past educational fundraisers.
Rice Bag Project
In 2008, Sonlight partnered with Mission India to create the first Sonlight community giving opportunity. The program began with an eight-week course that introduced students to the people of India. Students learned about a simple giving technique that many poor Indian Christians practice. Though they don't have money to give to others, they sacrificially set aside a handful of their family's rice each day in a simple rice bag. When the bag is full, they give it to a family who needs it even more than they do. Inspired by this simple but profound practice, Sonlight families collected loose change in real rice bags from India.
This first Rice Bag Project was a huge success as homeschool students gathered over $115,000 in loose change. With a matching gift from Sonlight's founders, John and Sarita, the total exceeded $230,000; enough to help 7,682 Indian women learn to read through Mission India's programs. These women can now better provide for their families, find their way on the bus system and avoid being cheated in the marketplace.
The OneVerse Project
The Seed Company teamed up with Sonlight in 2009 to offer a OneVerse project. For only $30, Sonlight families could fund the translation of one verse into a language that has never had the Bible before. Again, the results were astounding: With a matching gift, over a quarter of a million dollars came in; enough to translate the entire New Testament for the Meeto people of Mozambique, as well as a quarter of another New Testament project!
My Passport to India
In 2010, Sonlight again partnered with Mission India, but this time for a new program: My Passport to India. Each dollar raised paid for one student to attend a two week Child's Bible Club which provided tutoring and an opportunity to learn about Jesus. With a matching gift, 317,104 children were able to attend Bible Clubs all over India.
Phoenix Phaxx' Pocket Guide to the Great Commission
Sonlight and Far East Broadcasting Company teamed up for a global adventure in 2012. Families "traveled" to Russia, Indonesia, Cambodia and South Korea with tour guide Phoenix Phaxx. Together, we raised over $300,000 to buy radios for families who have not yet had a chance to hear of Jesus.
Lost in India
We returned to India in 2013 with Mission India's Lost in India program. We traveled with our host, Chris, as he tried to meet up with his friend Justin, but got lost in the process. Along the way, we uncovered many facts and insights into India and its people.
Through this adventure, over 360,000 children were able to attend a Bible Club and get tutoring as well as hear about Jesus.
In 2014, we partnered with Frontiers in a quest called Off-Road Encounters: Beyond Adventure in the Muslim World. This cross-cultural encounter shattered the stereotypes, revealed commonalities, and reinforced the biblical view of the world you have been building throughout your Sonlight studies.
With the matching gift from Sonlight, students made it possible for 329,000 Muslims to have the opportunity to meet Jesus!
The 2017 partnership with Pioneers raised $47,000 to provide both practical and spiritual help to people around the world, including water, medicine, food, Bibles, and evangelistic materials to refugees, social outcasts, and people who have never heard the good news of Jesus. Sonlighters joined in this free, educational fundraising opportunity called WorldViews (www.world-views.com). The digital curriculum and video series taught about the five primary religious views held by the nearly 7,000 people groups around the world who still don’t have a strong church planting or evangelical movement in their midst (the THUMB groups: Tribals, Hindus, the Unchurched, Muslims and Buddhists).
India has the largest population of children who have never heard of Jesus on earth. In 2018, in partnership with Mission India, we raised $170,381 for 7,099 boys and girls to attend year-long Children's Bible Clubs. We experienced India with a four week, virtual reality (VR) adventure online and saw how these Children's Bible Clubs are making great strides in reaching not only children attending the Bible Clubs, but also their families and communities.
Read for Missions
At Sonlight, we love books and missions. We love missionary biographies and generosity. And we love to see children learning and growing in their love for the world. Combining all of our favorite things, we were excited to raise money for missions by reading in 2020. Through Read for Missions, Sonlight families raised money for missions, simply by reading great books and recruiting sponsors. Sonlight matched the donations, and together we raised more than $210,000 to support 4 different missions organizations.
Current Giving Opportunity
Our plans are not yet finalized, but we hope you will join us for the next giving opportunity.
Why bother with giving projects?
Sarita shares her heart behind it all:
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26 March 2018 – Medellín, Colombia – A landmark 3-year assessment report produced by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) and approved at the 6th session of the IPBES Plenary, identifies land degradation as the main cause of species loss and the driver of mass migration.
Worsening land degradation caused by human activities is undermining the well-being of two fifths of humanity, driving species extinction and intensifying climate change. It is also a major contributor to mass human migration and increased conflict, according to the world’s first comprehensive evidence-based assessment of land degradation and restoration.
Providing the best-available evidence for policymakers to make better-informed decisions, the report draws on more than 3,000 scientific, government, indigenous and local knowledge sources.
Photo credit: Popsuievych/Shutterstock.com
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NOTE: To answer the questions, you must type the character's full name and the complete name of the work. You do not have to type ''in.'' Example: C.R. in W. T. P. Answer: Christopher Robin, Winnie the Pooh If you know your answer is correct, you might have typed the answer too quickly. and the computer didn't pickup all the letters.
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Chocolate milk contains healthy fats, protein and low glycemic carbohydrates. Believing that the naturally sweet drink, especially in the low fat variety, hinders a healthy diet plan sounds odd after knowing the nutritional content.
Natural low fat chocolate milk with no additives and substitutes usually contains all of the same vitamins and minerals as plain or other chocolate milks in other fat content varieties. The main debate involves the sugar content of chocolate milk, and the process by which the sugars block nutrient absorption. People feel that milk serves as a calcium source, but by drinking the chocolate variety, the calcium practically becomes cancelled out because it cannot be absorbed. Others believe sugars in chocolate milk generally add more calories. The bottom line of the milk debate relates to the other foods consumed in a diet. One food choice does not make or break a diet, but rather slightly or majorly hinders the effectiveness of the diet on the human body.
A glass of low fat chocolate milk has valuable nutrients, along with a sweet taste that attracts many people to drink it frequently. Consider limiting the consumption of the drink if your diet targets weight loss. The frequent consumption of any product moderately high in sugars can impair the effects of the rest of an otherwise smart diet. On the other hand, one glass of chocolate milk as a treat, or as the base of a healthy protein shake, will never completely reverse the effects of a good diet, regardless of the physical goal.
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Are there any specialized short term health insurance companies?
Most people think of health insurance coverage as the traditional policies that have deductibles, co-pays, networks, etc. This type of coverage is often available to employees through their work. There are other options for health coverage however. One of these options is short-term health insurance coverage.
Are you in need of temporary or short-term health insurance? If so, enter your zip code in the area provided to receive affordable health insurance quotes.
If you are unemployed, between jobs, or a recent graduate, you may not have the option of traditional health care coverage. In cases such as these, you may want to check into a short-term policy. Short-term policies are designed to fill gaps such as these. Although short-term policies do not provide the comprehensive coverage provided by traditional plans, they do provide assurance that you are covered in case of an accident or a serious medical condition.
There are definite positives and negatives to short-term health insurance plans. One of the positives is a much lower health insurance premium cost. On the negative side, however, if you have any type of pre-existing condition, you probably won’t be able to get coverage.
Short-term health insurance plans are not designed to cover pre-existing conditions. You will have to identify these conditions on a health questionnaire when you apply for coverage.
How long does short term health coverage last?
Short-term health insurance policies can be purchased for terms of one month, six months, or one year. These policies can be renewed after they term. However, if you filed any claims under your short-term policy, the company probably won’t renew the plan. They however, may offer you a new policy but any conditions that you experienced in the previous policy will be excluded.
Also with short-term coverage, the shorter the period opted, the lower the premium cost. Before deciding what length of coverage to elect, you should carefully consider your situation. Are you expecting to be covered under a group plan within six months? If so, then you should elect a six-month temporary policy. If group health insurance coverage is not in your immediate future, you may want to elect the one-year coverage.
Each state has different health insurance rules and regulations that effect short-term insurance plans. Before you make a coverage election, you should be sure to investigate your state’s rules.
What are some of the other advantages of a short-term policy?
In addition to the benefit of less cost, a short-term policy does have other advantages. For one, you are not limited to a certain network as with other plans. You are free to choose your doctor, hospital, or other health care provider.
Short-term plans offer immediate coverage. You are insured from the day you sign up.
At the end of your short-term policy, you can normally obtain a Certificate of Credible Coverage from the insurance company. This is an important document to have – particularly if you become eligible for traditional coverage through an employer or otherwise. A Certificate of Credible Coverage will guarantee that your new plan cannot subject you to any exclusion for pre-existing conditions.
What are some other disadvantages of short-term health care insurance?
The biggest disadvantage of short-term health care insurance is, again, the fact that your coverage will be non-renewable if you had any claims under the plan. You may apply for a new policy, but any conditions for which you were treated under the previous policy will be excluded.
Here’s a real example of how that could have a big impact on your coverage: Let’s say that elect a six-month policy and you have an accident and are hospitalized on the last day of that coverage. Any charges incurred after that day will not be covered under the existing plan; also, even if you are able to get another short-term plan, the new plan won’t pick up these charges either.
Other disadvantages of short-term health care insurance are:
- Does not cover pregnancy-related expenses
- Usually have an age limit
- You must meet complete a health questionnaire
Note that information from your questionnaire, including your height and weight, may exclude you from being able to obtain coverage.
Remember, short-term health insurance coverage is not the same as traditional insurance coverage. You should be very careful when choosing a policy. Identify your needs beforehand and research your particular state’s laws as they relate to this type of insurance.
If you are in a situation where you feel short-term insurance coverage is right for you, enter your zip code now in the box to obtain health insurance quotes from reputable companies.
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There are many vitamin C health benefits and some excellent natural vitamin C food sources.
And that’s very good news for us human beings.
This is because although most animals can internally manufacture their own vitamin C, we human beings, along with bats, fish and guinea pigs, have to get ours from a natural vitamin C food source or vitamin C supplements.
It's vitally important that we do get plenty of natural vitamin C (with bioflavonoids) in our diets.
Besides protecting you from scurvy, which can kill you fast, vitamin C helps produce collagen. Collagen works like super-glue to keep all the cells in your body where they belong.
Plus, if you get wounded or break a bone, collagen comes to the rescue to help mend and heal.
The Best Natural Vitamin C Sources
Fortunately, C is abundant in most raw high fiber fruits and vegetables.
We all know that a great vitamin C food source is citrus fruit. But there are many other high fiber foods sources on the fruits list including: lemons, limes, oranges, grapefruits, kiwifruit, papayas, cantaloupe, raspberries, watermelon, tomatoes, pineapples and strawberries.
Good natural vitamin C sources from the vegetables list include: spinach, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, peppers, celery, peas, romaine lettuce, carrots, mustard greens, turnip greens, collard greens, onions, corn, yams, sweet potatoes, chard, cabbage, parsley and asparagus.
Although fruits and vegetables are the best vitamin C food sources, some high protein meats also contain small amounts. These include oysters and organ meats like liver and heart.
Even though vitamin C is naturally abundant in fruits and vegetables, it's a delicate nutrient.
Broiling, grilling, frying, boiling and lengthy storage can all easily destroy the vitamin C in food. However, lightly steaming minimizes the loss. And since chilled and frozen fruits and vegetables retain their C, it's best to keep all produce refrigerated or frozen until you're ready to eat it.
Vitamin C Health Benefits
Vitamin C is so important in making collagen, that it's an essential nutrient for healthy bones, tendons and ligaments. Other important vitamin C health benefits include the prevention of:
- Blood clots,
- Heart disease,
- Hair and tooth loss,
- High blood pressure,
- Joint pain and swelling,
- Various forms of cancer,
- High LDL (bad) cholesterol,
- And development of cataracts.
Vitamin C Recommendations
The recommendations for vitamin C vary widely.
For example, the National Academy of Sciences says the lowest minimum recommended daily allowances (RDA) for vitamin C should be: men 90 mgs, women 75 mgs and pregnant and lactating women up to 120 mgs. Whereas many other health authorities believe the Optimum Daily Allowance (ODA) should be 250 to as high as 3,000 mgs a day.
How do you know you're getting enough C (ascorbic acid) from food and supplements?
The most common symptoms of a vitamin C deficiency include bleeding gums, nosebleeds, anemia, tendency to bruising, low resistance to infections and slow healing of wounds.
Now that you know all of the vitamin C health benefits and natural vitamin C food sources, make sure you’re getting as much as you need from your diet and nutritional supplements. And, if you take supplements, always be sure they include a natural bioflavenoid complex along with the C.
Be sure to sign up for my free Natural Health Newsletter.
Click here for the Site Map.
Articles you might also enjoy:
8 Natural Ways to Prevent Cancer
How to Lower Blood Pressure Naturally
How to Avoid Diabetes and Reverse Diabetes
How the Immune System Works with Lymph Diagram
To subscribe to the Natural Health Newsletter, just enter your email address in the subscribe box at the bottom of this page.
©Copyright by Moss Greene. All Rights Reserved.
Note: The information contained on this website is not intended to be prescriptive. Any attempt to diagnose or treat an illness should come under the direction of a physician who is familiar with nutritional therapy.
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|
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|
A revolutionary way to educate
More information on our neural networks
This product is a virtual teacher for children based on an animatronic.
This system can:
check whether the interested person/people is/are attentive or not during a lesson. It can be applied both to a “normal” class
or for remote teaching,
read preloaded lessons,
ask questions to the students in order to evaluate them.
Detects the audio and makes specific task
Tracks the entire person's body and replies to the movements
This product is compatible with the following infrastructure:
- Most IP cameras on the market
- We will recommend one
|
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|
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| 0.852007
| 168
| 1.851563
| 2
|
Alexander Wood Statue
How will we be accountable?
The Church-Wellesley Village BIA is calling for removal of the Alexander Wood statue [see attached letter]
The Church-Wellesley Village BIA Board commits to addressing racism in The Village by
a) The full Board receiving the City of Toronto’s Confronting Anti-Black Racism Training to be completed by December 2021
b) The full Board to receive Indigenous teachings around the history of Anti-Indigenous racism and the treatment of Indigenous Peoples in residential schools in Canada to be completed by February 2022
Continue to uncover the truth of this situation and share our findings with the community (ongoing)
Publicly acknowledge the damage done to Indigenous culture and apologize for putting this monument in place
Use the space for a project that is 2 Spirit-advised with the cost shared by the Church-Wellesley Village BIA and The City of Toronto and begin the planning stages by October 2021
Encourage other BIAs, towns, and cities across Canada to question what is in their community and to learn about those stories in light of the truth of Canada’s history
Create sexual assault and bystander intervention awareness literature to distribute and post publicly this summer
As of March 2022, we have hired a contractor who will remove the Alexander Wood statue. 3/4 of our board members have received Confronting Anti-Black Racism Training and Indigenous teachings around the history of Anti-Indigenous racism and the treatment of Indigenous. In June 2021 we installed a mural at 512 Church Street. At this mural, there are resources for people who have experienced sexual assault and information on informed consent.
In November of 2021, we hosted an Introduction to Indigenous Culture for Local Businesses in Barbara Hall Park. Kelly Brownbill facilitated this introduction. Our staff and local business owners were in attendance. On February 16th & 17th 2022 we hosted two 2 hour sessions on the Foundation to Indigenous Cultural Competency. Kelly Brownbill led this webinar. Business owners and BIA staff were in attendance.
As of April 2022, the Alexander Wood statue has been removed.
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Stress And Stress Management Essay, Research Paper
Stress can be loosely defined as anything that is experienced as a threat to your stability or equilibrium. A portion of your nervous system is activated to ready the body to meet the demands brought on by an emotional upset. The stress responses is a physiological response to stress that results in heightened mental and physical awareness such as elevated heartrate, faster breathing, dilated pupils, and tense muscles. Stress can be broken down into three stages.
The initial reaction to stress is the alarm response or the fight or flight response. The body’s resources are put into action to meet immediate physical activity. The activity of the sympathetic nervous system, heartrate, and stroke volume is increased and digeation is decreased to deal with a wide range of physical change coping with an impending threat.
The second stage is the resistance response. The body increases its capacity to deal with stress. If the stress continues for a prolonged amount of time, the increased physiological adjustments that have been maintained so far have detrimental effects on the body.
The third stage is the exhaustion response. At this point the body can no longer deal effectively with stress. Some detrimental symptoms that are apparent are high blood pressure, extra heart beats, and emotional problems.
Some behavorial reactions to stress are difficulty relaxing, sleeping, controlling emotions, and generalized anxiety. There is frequent drug, alcohol, and food abuse. Also, under stress, there may be inability to concentrate, short attention span, boredom, or frustration. Included as well might easily be anger, irritability, and impatience.
As well as behavorial symptoms, there are many physiological reactions. For example, tension and migraine headaches, dizziness, and teeth grinding are some common symptoms. Some others might include increased blood pressure, palpitations, or heart pounding. Also acid stomach, general stomach aches, indigeation or hyperventilation frequently occur. There are many other physiological, as well as behavioral responses due to stressful situations.
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http://mirznanii.com/a/59173/stress-and-stress-management-essay-research-paper
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| 0.944347
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|
Real-time implementation of signal reconstruction algorithm for time-based a/d converters [electronic resource] /
ABSTRACT: The A/D converters available in the market are based on the technique of sample, hold and amplitude quantization of signals at uniform sampling intervals. However all these A/D converters consume power in the order of milliwatts. Time-based converters are a new class of A/D converters that hold the amplitude information of the signal as a temporal code. These A/D converters provide a tradeoff of simpler and low-power analog hardware for more complex reconstruction at the receiver. Hence, these show promise of being used as future A/D converters.
School:University of Florida
School Location:USA - Florida
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:analog to digital converters adc real time
Date of Publication:
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| 0.854852
| 186
| 2.015625
| 2
|
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