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An Essay by the Uniquely Wise 'Abel Fath Omar Bin Al-Khayyam on Algebra and Equations
Contributions by: Roshdi Khalil
'Abel Fath Omar Bin Al-Khayyam - a Persian mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, physician, and poet - was most famous for his Rubaiyat, one of the classics of world literature. His work greatly influenced the development of mathematics, particularly analytical geometry, and was unsurpassed for many centuries. Although he is generally better known as a poet, his work as a philosopher, scientist, and mathematician was a major contribution to the growth of human knowledge. Omar Al-Khayyam's famous book on algebra and equations is considered to be perhaps his most important contribution to mathematics. This book deals with the solution of quadratic and cubic equations. Al-Khayyam solved all possible cases of such equations by using geometrical approaches, sometimes involving conic sections, parabolas, and hyperbolas. Historians of science, teachers of mathematics, and mathematicians themselves will find the book both interesting and informative.
Publication Date: 9/1/2008
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fredag, 26 juli 2013
AstraZeneca and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has acknowledged receipt of the New Drug Application (NDA) resubmission for investigational drug dapagliflozin for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes. The FDA assigned a new Prescription Drug User Fee Act goal date of January 11 2014.
The dapagliflozin Phase II/III clinical development program included more than 12,000 adult patients with diabetes (more than 8,000 patients received dapagliflozin) in 26 clinical trials. In response to the FDA’s January 2012 complete response letter requesting additional data to allow a better assessment of the benefit-risk profile of dapagliflozin, the NDA resubmission includes several new studies and additional long-term data (up to four years’ duration) from previously submitted studies, resulting in an overall increase in patient-years exposure to dapagliflozin of more than 50 percent.
Dapagliflozin, an investigational compound, is a selective and reversible inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), which works independently of insulin. It is currently approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in the European Union, Australia, Brazil, Mexico and New Zealand.
NOTES TO EDITORS
About SGLT2 Inhibition
The kidney plays an important role in maintaining normal glucose balance by filtering and reabsorbing glucose from circulation. SGLT2, a sodium-glucose cotransporter found predominantly in the kidney, is responsible for approximately 90% of glucose reabsorption. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the capacity of the kidney to reabsorb glucose is increased by approximately 20%, further exacerbating the hyperglycemia associated with the disease. Selective inhibition of SGLT2 reduces the reabsorption of excess glucose and enables its removal via the urine.
In 2012, diabetes was estimated to affect more than 370 million people worldwide. The prevalence of diabetes is projected to reach more than 550 million by 2030. Type 2 diabetes accounts for approximately 90% to 95% of all cases of diagnosed diabetes in adults. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by insulin resistance and dysfunction of beta cells in the pancreas, leading to elevated glucose levels. Over time, this sustained hyperglycemia contributes to further progression of the disease. Significant unmet needs still exist, as many patients remain inadequately controlled on their current glucose-lowering regimen.
AstraZeneca/Bristol-Myers Squibb Diabetes Alliance
Dedicated to addressing the global burden of diabetes by advancing individualized patient care, AstraZeneca and Bristol-Myers Squibb are working in collaboration to research, develop and commercialise a versatile portfolio of innovative treatment options for diabetes and related metabolic disorders that aim to provide treatment effects beyond glucose control. Find out more about the Alliance and our commitment to meeting the needs of health care professionals and people with diabetes at http://www.astrazeneca.com or www.bms.com.
AstraZeneca is a global, innovation-driven biopharmaceutical business that focuses on the discovery, development and commercialisation of prescription medicines, primarily for the treatment of cardiovascular, metabolic, respiratory, inflammation, autoimmune, oncology, infection and neuroscience diseases. AstraZeneca operates in over 100 countries and its innovative medicines are used by millions of patients worldwide. For more information please visit: www.astrazeneca.com.
About Bristol-Myers Squibb
Bristol-Myers Squibb is a global biopharmaceutical company whose mission is to discover, develop and deliver innovative medicines that help patients prevail over serious diseases. For more information about Bristol-Myers Squibb, visit http://www.bms.com or follow us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/bmsnews.
Esra Erkal-Paler +44 20 7604 8030 (UK/Global)
Vanessa Rhodes +44 20 7604 8037 (UK/Global)
Ayesha Bharmal +44 20 7604 8034 (UK/Global)
Michele Meixell +1 302 885 2677 (US)
Jacob Lund +46 8 553 260 20 (Sweden)
Colleen Proctor + 44 207 604 8128 mob: +1 302 357 4882
Ed Seage + 44 207 604 8125 mob: +1 302 373 1361
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|Thompson, Deborah - Debbe|
Submitted to: International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: 5/24/2008
Publication Date: 5/24/2008
Citation: Watson, K., Baranowski, T., Baranowski, J., Jago, R., Thompson, D.J. 2008. The usefulness of differential item functioning methodology in longitudinal intervention studies [abstract]. Proceedings, International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, May 21-24, 2008, Banff, Alberta, Canada. p. 158-159. Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Perceived self-efficacy (SE) for engaging in physical activity (PA) is a key variable mediating PA change in interventions. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the usefulness of item response modeling-based (IRM) differential item functioning (DIF) in the investigation of group differences at the item level in longitudinal PASE. Secondary analyses was preformed on a sample of 473 boy scouts that participated in a randomized intervention consisting of either a 9-week Internet-based physical activity (intervention) or nutrition (control) program. A 19-item PASE scale was administered pre (T1) and post (T2) intervention. IRM-DIF analysis was employed to ascertain group differences in item interpretation over time. Longitudinal IRM-DIF analysis included group and time factors. IRM-DIF results did not yield a significant group or time main effect or group*time interaction. However, significant group *time* item interactions were observed for eight items, thus indicating item functioning between T1 and T2 was different among the groups. The magnitude of the DIF was small. The control group found 4 items (primarily dealing with barriers, e.g., friends, busy, and tired) easier to respond more favorably to at T1 and T2. The treatment group found 4 items (primarily referencing a time element, e.g., 15, 30, and 45 minutes) easier to respond more favorably to at T1 and T2. IRM-DIF analysis suggests some item interpretations changed over time; partial evidence suggests small DIF due to intervention participation. Research is needed to clarify whether observed DIFs were indicative of true change or real differences in interpretation.
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Part of the Collection:
Reagan speaks about Family
I was born in 1911, in a flat above the local bank in Tampico, Illinois. According to family legend, when my father ran up the stairs and looked at his newborn son, he quipped, he looks like a fat little Dutchman. But who knows, he might grow up to be president someday.
My mother, a small woman with auburn hair and a sense of optimism that ran as deep as the cosmos, told me that everything in life happened for a purpose. She said all things were part of God's plan, even the most disheartening setbacks, and that in the end everything worked out for the best.
My father was endowed with the gift of blarney and the charm of a leprechaun. No one I ever met could tell a story better than Jack Reagan. But he also believed passionately in the rights of the individual and the working man, and he was suspicious of established authority. He passed along to his sons the belief that all men and women, regardless of their color or religion, were created equal. There was no more grievous sin at our household than a racial slur or other evidence of racial intolerance.
We learned from our parents that individuals determine their own destiny. That is, it's largely their own ambition and hard work that determine their fate in life.
When I was a child, we moved a lot. At one point, I had attended four schools in four years. My father was constantly searching for a better life and I was forever the new kid in school. We moved to Dixon, Illinois when I was nine. All of us have a place to go back to. Dixon is that place for me. Our home on Hennepen Avenue had a small table in the livingroom with a bowl that my mother often filled with popcorn. We gathered there in the evenings.
Reagan speaks about Dixon
During those first years in Dixon, I was a voracious reader, and once I found a fictional hero I liked, I would consume everything I could about him. After reading one Rover Boys book, for example, I wouldn't stop until I'd finished all of them. It was the same thing with Tarzan and Frank (Mirawell) at Yale. I read and reread the stories and I began to dream of myself on a college campus wearing a college jersey, even as a star on the football team. Even though I wasn't especially good at sports in grade school, my childhood dream was to become like those guys in the books.
In a town like Dixon during the early 1920's, the silent movie was still a novelty. Talkies hadn't been invented and television was something you read about in science fiction stories. People had to rely on themselves for entertainment, and at this, my mother excelled. She was the star performer of a group in Dixon that staged what we called readings. Whether it was low comedy or high drama, Nellie really threw herself into a part. Performing, I think, was her first love.
One day she helped me memorize a short speech and persuaded me to present it that evening at a reading. Summoning up my courage, I walked up to the stage, cleared my throat and made my theatrical debut. I don't remember what I said but I'll never forget the response. People laughed and applauded. That was a new experience for me and I liked it. I liked that approval. For a kid suffering childhood pangs of insecurity, the applause was music. I didn't know it then, but in a way when I walked off the stage at night, my life had changed.
I tried out for a student play and then another. By the time I was a senior, I was so addicted to student theatrical productions that you couldn't keep me out of them. I tried hard to understand the characters I played, especially their motivations. The process called empathy is not bad training for someone who goes into politics or any other calling.
Reagan speaks about Lifeguarding
Right around my second year in high school I got one of the best jobs I ever had. I began the first of seven summers working as a lifeguard. I worked seven days a week, ten to twelve hours a day for fifteen dollars, later twenty dollars a week. One of the proudest statistics of my life is 77, the number of people I saved during those seven summers.
By my junior year, I had shot up to 5 feet 10 1/2 inches and weighed over 160 pounds. But although I made the varsity football team, by mid-season I was still warming the bench. Then one Saturday morning the coach read off the names for the starting team. I'll never forget it. Right guard, Reagan. Once I got in, I never let the other guy get his position back.
After high school graduation, I was drawn to one college in particular and entered Eureka College when I was 17. By then I stood almost 6 feet 1 and weighed about 175 pounds. My hair was in a crewcut style and parted down the middle like the hair of the comic strip Harold Teen. I wore thick eyeglasses. I took a trunk filled with almost everything I owned and a head full of dreams.
As in a small town, you couldn't remain anonymous at a small college. Everybody gets a chance to shine at something and to build a sense of self confidence. While I didn't play much football that Fall, I did experience another type of combat, my first taste of politics.
In the autumn of 1928, Bert Wilson, the new president, decided to lay off part of the faculty and impose other cuts. We students thought he was doing it in an underhanded way and formed a committee to consider the possibility of calling a strike. I was elected to represent freshmen on the committee and was later chosen to present our committees proposal for a strike. I reviewed how the cutbacks threatened not only the diplomas of upperclassmen but the academic reputation of Eureka. I described how the administration had ignored us when we presented alternative ideas for saving money and how they planned to pull off the coup in secrecy while we were away for a Fall break.
Giving that speech, my first, was as exciting as any I ever gave. For the first time in my life I felt my words reach out and grab an audience, and it was exhilarating.
Despite my preoccupation with extracurricular activities, I'm convinced I got a solid liberal arts education at Eureka, especially in economics. It was a major I chose because I thought one way or another I'd end up dealing with dollars. If not at my father's store, then in some other business.
Early in 1932, with graduation a few months off, I faced the same question that gnaws at all college seniors. What do I do with the rest of my life.
Who was your favorite 20th-century American president? Was it FDR? Kennedy? Reagan? Or one of the other 14 men who helped usher the United Sates through the 1900s? Who do you think was the most influential?
Who is Your Favorite 20th-Century American President?
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a 24-hour years for three era in a row. Once you’ve established a move, special emojis and studies showcase adjacent to the streakers’ labels to display you how long you maintained a streak. So why do they make a difference? For starters, they increase your general Snapchat score (generally lots that reflects just how much you use the application). For another, capable sporadically become the main thing in a kid’s lives. As a result of the intense bonds teenagers can form over social media marketing, they can become a Snapstreak is actually a measure of the relationship, while they do not continue the good work they are going to allow other person straight down. Teenagers posses even started recognized to give company usage of their unique Snapchat profile maintain a streak supposed if they can not do it themselves (for example, if their particular cellphone will get recinded to be on the web a lot of). This might lead to feelings of force, anxiety and compulsion, so it is good to know if their child provides lines getting a window into precisely why that selfie might feel vital.
Snap chart showcases your local area on a map instantly. Merely your own Snapchat company is able to see what your location is.
If the pals posses decided into breeze chart, you can see their unique locations, also. (it is possible to switch this off or make use of it in Ghost means, makes it possible for you to understand chart although not be viewed by other individuals.) Breeze Map also features development and occasions from around the world—for instance, a political rally in Nicaragua, which displays as an icon on a map of the globe. The greatest threat with breeze chart try a teenager having their particular venue observed by all of their friends—since some of their own Snapchat contacts might not be real pals. Unless there’s a specific occasion therefore makes it easier for family to understand both’s venue, it is best to leave Snap Maps off or use it in Ghost setting.
WHAT IS ACTUALLY A SNAPCHAT FACTS?
An account is actually an accumulation minutes in the form of images and clips that, used along, build a story. (After Snapchat promoted the style, more social media providers, such as fb and Instagram, provided story-creation hardware, also.) On Snapchat, reports show up as sectors, as soon as your touch all of them, they autoplay the pictures or films an individual accumulated. You can generate private reports your friends can view for a 24-hour years. Or, if you feel the Snap is specially interesting or newsworthy, you’ll be able to send it to the facts. All of our tales tend to be kind of like mini-documentaries of events, holidays, online game titles or other factors going on on earth on a certain day. Snaps are curated and compiled by the firm. Although it’s cool to have your tale put into the facts, additionally it is extremely community, so children should be cautious before publishing one.
WHAT IS ACTUALLY A SNAPCODE?
Whenever you join, Snapchat provides your unique QR code.
When you meet an other Snapchat consumer and wish to associate both, you can just simply take a snap with the other individual’s rule, and they’re immediately included with your friends checklist. Because it’s easy to acquire buddies on Snapchat (according to the settings) or exchange requirements, adolescents may end with virtual strangers to their buddies checklist. For many different causes, which can be dangerous, so it is far better speak to your teenage about when it is safer to incorporate group.
Take a look at offers material date a country boy dating site created by famous people, news and amusement shops, alongside people.
You can sign up for particular Take a look at sources for their feeds. While Discover supplies some genuine information from editors such as the ny days and Vice Media, the offerings could be promotional consequently they are frequently adult. If your child has actually opted and their right birth big date, they are going to miss out the alcohol advertising along with other person contents that Snapchat filters on for underage people. Take a look at tales frequently highlight promotions compelling children to “swipe upwards” to learn more (which will causes adverts) or take a quiz (that is frequently an advertising instrument). This part operates the gamut from harmless to surprising, so it is good to go searching acquire a feeling of exacltly what the children are seeing.
WHAT ARE SNAPCHAT’S OTHER FEATURES?
Snapchat try waaaay a lot more than sexy photographs. The more you employ the app, more points you obtain as well as the larger your Snapchat get goes. Snapchat prizes highest scorers with trophies and other advantages. Here are a few different Snapchat functions:
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5 Tips For Brand New Birders
If you’re like the rest of the world, you probably grew up admiring birds instinctively. It’s hard to tell what exactly it is about birds that manage to ignite such fascination.
It could be their striking features, their ability to make hovering and gliding look so graceful, or their chirpy and cheerful morning songs.
Whatever the reason is, you have, like many individuals, chosen to take that curiosity and do more with it than watch birds out your windows.
Joining the pleasant and intriguing world of birders isn’t a hard thing to do, and here are a few tips to help speed up your process. Research Your Local Area
To help narrow your focus, and to give you an indication of what exactly it is that you’re looking for, it helps to know what kind of wild bird species inhabit your specific geographical location. A field guide will be your best friend when it comes to identifying specific calls, markings, migration patterns, and other behavioral habits.
It’s also helpful to bring a pen and paper with you, so you can learn how to differentiate between similar looking birds quickly. Invest in the Right Supplies
There are many things you can invest in that will enhance your bird-watching experience, but when first starting out, it’s easiest to stick to the basics;
- a field guide (as mentioned before),
- a pair of binoculars,
- a notepad,
- and a digital camera
are four simple things that will help you see miniscule details and help you document your observations.
Also, make sure you get familiar with using your equipment beforehand. This will prevent you from missing out on a great photograph due to clumsiness with the technicalities. Start Small
If you don’t know much about birds, it helps to start out small. Consider taking a couple weeks to simply observe the species that frequent your backyard. This will make learning the basics come much more naturally than trying to identify and distinguish a large variety in the wilderness.
There are some easy things you can do to attract more birds into your yard; installing bird feeders, baths, houses, etc. helps to make your yard more bird friendly. The more feathered creatures that flock to your yard, and the longer they stay, the greater advantage you’ll have in strengthening your bird-watching skills. Be Patient and Quiet
The art of bird-watching is deeply rooted in a calm, relaxed energy, and to get the most out of your experiences, you’ll have to learn to be quiet and patient. It can take quite a bit of time to discover the local areas where birds congregate, so don’t get discouraged if it seems like you’re not making much progress at first. Instead of going out in search of the birds, find an area to crouch down and wait for them to come to you. One snap of a twig can send them fluttering elsewhere, so it’s important that you can learn to move in a very still, serene way in order to take pictures and notes. Join a Group
Fortunately, finding fellow birders isn’t as hard as it used to be; not only is it becoming an increasingly popular activity, but it’s easy to network and meet-up with those who share a similar interest.
By joining a local or online club, you’ll be able to receive advice from experts who can tell you where specific hubs are as well as useful techniques to try out. It can also be a great way to meet some new friends you can book exciting bird-watching treks with. Learning from those with experience can always give you an honest perspective, so reach out and make connections.
Taking time to admire birds can be a rewarding pastime; you’ll learn about different types of species, connect with nature, and strengthen your observational skills.
As is the case when trying anything new, it might take a little bit of time and practice before you really start to find your footing, but as long as you dedicate yourself to the craft, it will be time well spent. After all, life is too short to not sit back and enjoy the small things.
Ernie Allison is a freelance writer who enjoys taking life slow and appreciating what nature has to offer. When he’s not hiking and camping with his grandkids, he writes about attracting hummingbirds and building bird feeders. www.birdfeeders.com
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Six Basic Cooking Techniques Workshop
Cooking Techniques to Make Any Dish Better! Cancelation Policy: Please note that we have a firm 48-hour cancellation policy to ensure that we have enough time to re-fill your seat with another student. While it is not in our nature to say no, we are simply not able to offer credit for last-minute illnesses or work-related conflicts. However, you are always welcome to send someone in your place, because we understand that these things do happen. After you’ve tackled these fundamental cooking techniques, there is no limit to the variation of meals you can make. This 2 & 1/2 hour class will cover: Knife Skills (everything you need to know) Browning Meats (perfect skillet steak) Making Pan Sauces (red wine-shallot pan sauce) Roasting Vegetables (roasted potatoes and seasonal vegetables) Blanching Green Vegetables (string beans with gremolata) Cooking Leafy Greens (Swiss chard with garlic and lemon)
Founded in 2002, Home Cooking New York provides intimate and hands-on cooking classes at their Manhattan school as well as private classes in students’ home kitchens. Our clients range from absolute beginners to amateur home cooks who want to expand their culinary education. HCNY’s classes range from the basic cooking techniques (Culinary Boot Camp for Everyone, Six Basic Cooking Techniques, How to Cook Fish, Pork Lovers’ Workshop) to cuisine-focused favorites (Indian, Thai, Korean, French Bistro, Middle Eastern, Northern Italian). Each 2 ½ hour class includes a recipe packet and has a maximum of 10 students. The class is centered around the preparation of a complete menu and culminates in a sit-down meal with your fellow students.
If you have any question on this experience, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org.
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By Ian Buruma
The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa
by Yasunari Kawabata, translated from the Japanese by Alisa Freedman, with a foreword and afterword by Donald Richie and illustrations by Ota Saburo
University of California Press, 231 pp., $50.00; $17.95 (paper)
Little Boy: The Arts of Japan's Exploding Subculture
Catalog of the exhibition edited by Murakami Takashi
an exhibition at the Japan Society, New York, April 8–July 24, 2005.
Japan Society/Yale University Press, 298 pp., $60.00
Asakusa, in 1929, had seen better days. Asakusa usually has. That is the elegiac charm of this district in the east of Tokyo, flanking the Sumida River, the scene of the newly translated novel by Kawabata Yasunari, written in the late 1920s. Since the late seventeenth century, a warren of streets just north of Asakusa, named Yoshiwara, had been a licensed brothel area, whose denizens, ranging from famous courtesans to cheap prostitutes, catered to townsmen, but also to samurai, who sometimes found it necessary to disguise their identities by wearing elaborate hats. Asakusa itself really came into its own as a hub of pleasure in the 1840s. By the late nineteenth century the grounds of Asakusa Park, with its lovely ponds and miniature gardens, and its Senso temple dedicated to Kannon, the Goddess of Mercy, were given over to all manner of entertainments: a Kabuki theater, jugglers, geisha houses, circus acts, photography booths, dancers, comic storytellers, performing monkeys, bars, restaurants, and archery stalls where young women were reputed to have offered a variety of services.
Asakusa's wildest days are said to have been in the 1910s, after the Russo-Japanese War, when Russian girls, performing gypsy numbers in dance revues, known as "operas," added an exotic tang to the Sixth District, where most of the theaters were. The main attraction was to show off women's legs. Reviews featuring young women performing swordfights were designed for this purpose also. Some of the opera houses actually provided the real thing. An Italian named G.V. Rossi was brought over from London to stage operas at the grandly named Imperial Theater, only to find a scarcity of singers. In his production of The Magic Flute, the same singer had to play both Pamina and the Queen of the Night, with a stand-in on hand when the two had to appear in the same scene.
The first movie houses in Japan also were in Asakusa, as was Tokyo's first "skyscraper," the Twelve-Story Tower, or Ryounkaku. Soon the silent movies, accompanied by splendid storytellers known as benshi, were even more popular than music halls or theater, and Chaplin, Fairbanks, and Bow became the stars of Asakusa. As is usually true of entertainment districts, even the best of them, Asakusa was marked by an ephemeral quality, by a sense of the fleetingness of all pleasure, which was perhaps part of its allure. But Asakusa, in the twentieth century, really did live on the edge; the entire quarter was almost totally destroyed twice: first in the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, which hit just as people were cooking their lunches, and incinerated the mostly wooden houses in a horrific firestorm; and again in the spring of 1945, when American B-29 bombers demolished much of the city and all of Asakusa, causing the deaths of between 60,000 and 70,000 people in a couple of nights.
After the 1923 earthquake, the famous park was a charred wasteland, the Twelve-Story Tower no more than a ruined stump, and the opera palaces were rubble. Only the Kannon temple survived. It was thought by some that the statue of a famous Kabuki actor striking a heroic pose had held off the approaching flames. (The temple did not survive the American bombs, however, and had to be reconstructed.) And yet, fleeting as its pleasures may have been, Asakusa could not stay down for long. The movie houses and opera halls were rebuilt, and the park, with its pickpockets, prostitutes, Kannon worshipers, dandies, and juvenile delinquents, sprang back to life. In 1929, the Casino Folies was opened, located on the second floor of an aquarium, next to an entomological museum, or Bug House, which had somehow survived the devastation of 1923.
The Casino Folies, named after the Folies Bergère in Paris, was not especially wild, although it was rumored— apparently without any basis in truth —that the dancing girls, sometimes in blond wigs, dropped their drawers on Friday evenings. But it spawned not only talented entertainers, some of whom later became movie stars, but great comedians too. The most famous was Enoken, who appears in Kurosawa's 1945 film They Who Step on the Tiger's Tail. Everything that was raffish and fresh about Asakusa between the wars was exemplified by the Casino Folies, a symbol of the Japanese jazz age of "modern boys" (mobos) and modern girls (mogas). The cultural slogan of the time was ero, guro, nansensu, "erotic, grotesque, nonsense." Kawabata Yasunari was one of the writers whose early work was infused by this spirit, and it was his book that made the Folies famous. He hung around Asakusa for three years, wandering the streets, talking to dancers and young gangsters, but mostly just walking and looking, and reported on what he saw in his extraordinary modernist novel, The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa, first published in 1930.
The novel is not so much about developing characters as about expressing a new sensibility, a new way of seeing and describing atmosphere: quick, fragmented, cutting from one scene to another, like editing a film, or assembling a collage, with a mixture of reportage, advertising slogans, lyrics from popular songs, fantasies, and historical anecdotes and legends. There is much ero, guro, nansensu there, related in the chatty tone of a congenial flaneur, telling stories about this place or that, and who did what where, while trolling the streets for new sensations. This fragmentary way of storytelling owes a great deal to European expressionism, or "Caligarism," after the German movie The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. However, as Edward Seidensticker, quoted in Donald Richie's excellent foreword, points out, it also owes much to Edo period stories.
Kawabata himself professed to hate his early experiment in modernist fiction and quickly went on to develop a very different, more classical style, but he still made an important contribution to the Japanese Roaring Twenties. Besides the novel, he also wrote the film script for Kinugasa Teinosuke's expressionist masterpiece, A Page of Madness (1926). One of the most remarkable things about The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa is that it was serialized in a mainstream newspaper, the Asahi Shimbun, which is, as Donald Richie says, as though Ulysses had been picked up by the London Times. This testifies to the high-mindedness of the Japanese press—almost unthinkable in our age of Murdoch—but also to the willingness of the Japanese public to accept avant-garde literature in a popular newspaper; it probably helped that the avant-garde expressionism was mixed with accounts of Asakusa's low life.
Mixing high and low is of course part of modernism. Like many artists in the 1920s, Kawabata was interested in detective fiction and Caligarism is often marked by a fascination with violent crime. The use of slang and the references to popular culture of the time must have made The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa extremely difficult to translate, and Alisa Freedman has done an superb job, even though the full flavor of the original can never be fully reproduced.
The narrator/flaneur introduces the reader to various characters, low-life types like Umekichi, who skins stray cats to sell their pelts, and his girlfriend Yumiko, who poisons an older lover on a riverboat by kissing him with arsenic, and Haruko, dressed in gold crepe, and Tangerine Oshin, "the heroine of every bad girl worth the name," who had "done" 150 men by the time she was sixteen. These are the people who drift into the Scarlet Gang. But there are others, more of the guro than the ero variety: the man in the Asakusa fairground with a mouth in his belly, smoking through his stomach; or the female tramps who dress like men; or the children who clean public toilets because they love modern concrete. The narrator is only interested, he writes, in "lowly women." The lowest kind of prostitutes are the teenagers, known as gokaiya, who sleep with rag-pickers and bums. Tangerine Oshin was one of them.
In true modernist fashion, it is never clear to what extent these people are meant to be real, or pure figments of the narrator's imagination. In fact, the narrator is the first to point out the fictional quality of his story. Artifice is the point. Yumiko, after disappearing from the story for a long stretch, returns near the end of the novel as a hair oil seller. Selling oil, in Japanese, means fibbing, making up a story. Yumiko and the narrator discuss how the story should go on. The writer compares his story to a boat, like the boat on which Yumiko entertained her lover before murdering him, meandering, without a plotted course. This is where traditional Japanese storytelling meets modernism. Both share this quality.
None of the characters in Kawabata's novel has the depth of such modernist antiheroes as Franz Biberkopf in Alfred Döblin's Berlin Alexanderplatz or Joyce's Bloom. Compared to them Yumiko and the others are flimsy as rice paper. It is in conveying atmosphere that Kawabata, like so many Japanese literary flaneurs, excels. Here is the first sentence of Chapter Four:
While she did her Spanish number (and I did not make this up—this is a true story), I clearly saw that the dancer on stage carried on her biceps needle marks from a recent injection, though a small piece of adhesive tape had been stuck on top. In the grounds of the Senso Temple at around two in the morning, sixteen or seventeen wild dogs let out a terrific howl as they all rush after a single cat. That's what Asakusa is all about. You come to sniff out the scent of a crime.
Or this, about a character the writer is thinking of including in his story:
Another one I would add, a truly sad foreigner, was the leader of the water circus troupe that came from America that year. Someone put up a hundred-foot ladder on the burnt-out ruins of the Azuma Theater, and the troupe leader jumped from the top into a small pond. There was a large woman who jumped from fifty feet like a seagull, and she really did look like one, too. Beautiful.
Casual, quickly noted in passing, a little sexy, absurd: ero, guro, nansensu. This spirit was all but snuffed out by the late 1930s, when militarism suppressed everything frivolous and pleasurable. And then the bombs finished Asakusa off entirely. Materially at least. For once again, vitality would not be denied. Donald Richie, as a young American with the Allied occupation, met Kawabata in Asakusa in 1947. Neither spoke the other's language. They climbed up the old Subway Tower building and surveyed the wreckage. Richie writes in his afterword:
This had been Asakusa. Around the great temple of the Kannon, now a blackened, empty square, had grown...places where, I had read, the all-girl opera sang and kicked, where the tattooed gamblers met and bet, where trained dogs walked on their hind legs and Japan's fattest lady sat in state.
Now, two years after all this had gone up in flames...the empty squares were again turning into lanes as tents, reed lean-tos, a few frame buildings began appearing. Girls in wedgies were sitting in front of new tearooms, but I saw no sign of the world's fattest lady. Perhaps she had bubbled away in the fire.
Kawabata said nothing much at the time. Richie had no idea what the older man, dressed in a winter kimono, was thinking. Richie said "Yumiko," and Kawabata smiled and pointed at the Sumida River.
Asakusa today is pretty much like the rest of Tokyo, dense, commercial, a jumble of neon-lit concrete buildings, with the neighborhood around the Kannon temple filled with nostalgic souvenir stores selling trinkets for the tourists. The old Sixth District still has some movie houses and the odd seedy strip joint, but the action has long moved on, to the western suburbs of the city—Shinjuku, Shibuya, and beyond. What happens there, in the twenty-first century, when so much culture takes place no longer in the streets but in the virtual reality of personal computers, is the subject of "Little Boy," the exhibition of Japanese pop art currently at the Japan Society in New York.
The curator of "Little Boy" is Murakami Takashi, the most influential visual artist in Japan today. He is a painter of cartoon images, both childlike and sinister, a highly successful designer (of Louis Vuitton bags, among other things), a maker of mildly pornographic dolls, an artistic entrepreneur, a theorist, and a guru, with a studio of protégés that is a cross between a traditional Japanese workshop and Andy Warhol's Factory. His main idea is to reverse Warhol's project of turning banal, mass-produced, commercial images into museum art. Murakami wants instead to make art out of advertising, manga—Japanese comic strips—animation films, computer games, etc., and push it back into the market-driven world of mass culture.
Trained as a painter of Nihonga, or modern Japanese-style figurative painting, and an expert on the classical Kano School of painting, which dominated Japanese art between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, Murakami believes that Japanese art never distinguished high from low in the manner of European art. The West, he argues, established a hierarchy, which raised a barrier between high art and "subculture," a barrier that Murakami believes never existed in Japan. To escape from the humiliating and sterile enterprise of copying Western high art, Murakami and his followers wish to rediscover a truly Japanese tradition in the junky world of virtual "Neo Pop."
Since much of this theorizing comes in the manner of manifestoes, a certain exaggeration is perhaps to be expected. It is not true that traditional Japanese art was not subject to hierarchy. In fact there was a strong sense of high and low. Cultivated aristocrats who attended Noh performances would not have been seen dead in the baroque and raucous Kabuki theaters. The refined scroll and folding screen paintings of the Kano School, mostly done in the Chinese literati–style, were bought by upper-class samurai, most of whom would have treated woodblock prints of courtesans and merchants as the height of vulgarity. Some rich merchants cultivated a taste for "high" art too, but they would have been regarded as snobs, just as samurai with a bent for low life would have been seen as dissolute (hence their need for disguise in the Yoshiwara quarter).
It is true, however, that even court painters of the Kano School made little distinction between decorative and fine art. And mastery of past styles, or the style of masters, was, on the whole, more highly prized in Japan than individual innovation. There have been great individualists and eccentrics in Japanese art, to be sure, but the Romantic European ideal of expressing the unique personality of the artist in wholly new ways was not always understood when Japan first encountered the Impressionists, and the effort to emulate that ideal has stymied many Japanese painters ever since. In this sense, perhaps, Murakami is indeed working in a Japanese tradition. His designs for Louis Vuitton bags and his acrylic paintings are all part of the same artistic vision.
Certain aspects of both Murakami's own art and that of his colleagues are immediately apparent. One is the infantile quality of much of the imagery: the wide-eyed little girls, the cute, furry animals, the winking, smiling mascots that one normally finds on candy boxes and in comic strips for children (which, by the way, are avidly consumed in Japan by adults too). The word, much used to describe young girls and their girlish tastes, is kawaii. The Hello Kitty doll is kawaii, as are little pussy cats, or fluffy jumpers with Snoopy dogs. Kawaii denotes innocence, sweetness, a complete lack of malice.
In the "Little Boy" exhibition the remarkable thing about the childlike drawings of young girls by Kunikata Mahomi, or the computer-generated prints by Aoshima Chiho, or Ohshima Yuki's plastic dolls of prepubescent girls, or Nara Yoshitomo's paintings of bug-eyed children, is that these supposedly kawaii images are actually not innocent at all, and sometimes full of malice. When you look at them carefully, you notice a strain of sexual violence. Everything about Aoshima Chiho's wide-eyed, nude girl lying on the branch of an apricot tree is kawaii, apart from the fact that she is tied up. In another picture by the same artist, cartoonish little girls are sinking into the earth in an apocalyptic-looking shower of meteors. Ohshima Yuki's plastic dolls at first look like the cute little pendants on a nine-year-old's school satchel; but on closer inspection they are objects of pedophile lust, half-naked children in suggestive poses. Murakami's own painting in pink acrylic of a smoky death's head with garlands of flowers in the eye sockets turns out to be a stylized version of the atomic bomb cloud.
In other works, the violence is more overt. Aoshima's Magma Spirit Explodes. Tsunami Is Dreadful shows a kawaii girl as a monster spewing fire, rather like a traditional Buddhist vision of Hell (see illustration on page 12). Komatsuzaki Shigeru is obsessed with the Pacific War, which he depicts in a weird mixture of comic-strip exaggeration and hyperrealism. There is much of the souped-up heroic quality of wartime propaganda art in his paintings that is surely deliberate.
The sense of catastrophe, of apocalyptic doom, in much Japanese Neo Pop imagery, echoing the popularity of Japanese animation films and computer games about world-destroying wars and Godzilla-type monsters, is explained by Murakami as a reflection of Japan's ill-digested wartime past. The horrors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, smothered in silence during the US occupation, have left a kind of unresolved, largely repressed rage. Japan's own atrocities have not been forthrightly faced either. Murakami argues that the US has successfully turned Japan into a pacifist nation of irresponsible consumers, encouraged to get richer and richer while leaving matters of war and peace to the Americans.
"Postwar Japan was given life and nurtured by America," writes Murakami in one of the catalog essays:
We were shown that the true meaning of life is meaninglessness, and were taught to live without thought. Our society and hierarchies were dismantled. We were forced into a system that does not produce "adults."
Part of this state of permanent childhood, in Murakami's view, is a sense of impotence, fostered by the US-written pacifist constitution, which robs Japan of its right to wage war. Murakami writes:
Regardless of winning or losing the war, the bottom line is that for the past sixty years, Japan has been a testing ground for an American-style capitalist economy, protected in a greenhouse, nurtured and bloated to the point of explosion. The results are so bizarre, they're perfect. Whatever true intentions underlie "Little Boy," the nickname for Hiroshima's atomic bomb, we Japanese are truly, deeply, pampered children.... We throw constant tantrums while enthralled by our own cuteness.
This, we gather, is Murakami's explanation of the images of tied-up little girls, exploding galaxies, atom bomb clouds, Pacific War battles, and angry prepubescent children with tiny bodies and enormous heads—the overheated fantasies of frustrated Peter Pans, dreaming of national and sexual omnipotence, while playing the keyboards of their personal computers in the cramped quarters of suburban apartments. This is the culture of otaku, literally "your home," but used to describe the millions of nerdish fantasizers living inside their own heads, filled with the mental detritus of comic strips and computer games. Not responsible for the real world, the Japanese, Murakami believes, have retreated into a virtual one, which can be blown to smithereens with the click of a mouse. It is all about the war, the bomb, General MacArthur's emasculation of Japan, and American capitalism.
Murakami and other theorists of this persuasion link these infantile "tantrums" and dreams of omnipotence to the actual violence of Aum Shinrikyo, the quasi-Buddhist cult, whose followers in the 1990s murdered unsuspecting Tokyo subway passengers with sarin gas while waiting for Armageddon. They, too, used apocalyptic fantasies to explode the meaninglessness of the postwar greenhouse. The difference is that these deluded men and women, many of them well-educated scientists, led by the half-blind guru Asahara Shoko, really believed they could find utopia by waging war on the world.
One thing that Aum Shinrikyo, with its paranoid visions of a world governed by a secret cabal of Jews, has in common with the theorists of otaku Neo Pop is a deep self-pity. One of Murakami's most avid admirers, a cultural critic named Sawaragi Noi, writes to Murakami ecstatically that "the time has come to take pride in our art, which is a kind of subculture, ridiculed and deemed 'monstrous' by those in the Western art world." The crowds at the opening night of the show in New York suggested otherwise, as did the hyped-up press coverage. But Sawaragi goes on to say, "Art is made by monsters at odds with the everyday life we live...." To which Murakami adds: "We are deformed monsters. We were discriminated against as 'less than human' in the eyes of the 'humans' of the West."
All this strikes me as wildly exaggerated. No one disputes that the atomic bombings were a terrible catastrophe or that the pumped-up postwar prosperity of Japan did much to bury the traumas of the wartime past. That overdependence on US security—combined with a de facto one-party state— has led to a kind of truncated political consciousness is at least plausible (I have argued this myself). And the humiliation of feeling dominated by Western civilization for more than two hundred years cannot be dismissed. But to explain contemporary Japanese culture entirely through the prism of postwar trauma is much too glib.
Most modern art movements, waving their banners and manifestoes, like to think they are onto something totally new. But the combination of grotesque violence and sexual perversity is hardly new. In fact, there is more than a little ero-guro in Japanese Neo Pop. Nor is the fascination for very young girls, tied up or not, a novelty; Kawabata was obsessed by this theme all his life. Variations of ero, guro, nansensu appear at different stages of Japanese art history. The middle of the nineteenth century, just when Asakusa came into its licentious own, was a rich time for it. The Kabuki stage was given to dark tales of violence by such playwrights as Tsuruya Namboku, and woodblock artists like Yoshitoshi did prints of tortured women, suspended in ropes, and the like. We know about the 1920s, but the 1960s, too, were an ero-guro time, when poster designers, photographers, filmmakers, and playwrights borrowed heavily from the Twenties.
Even though the oversized, indeed grotesque proportions of human genitalia in pre-modern Japanese erotic art give a very different impression than the childlike humanoids in current art, a feeling of impotence goes back much further than General MacArthur's occupation. It might have something to do with the traditional constraints which have been a constant feature of Japanese society. Who knows, it may even have something to do with overbearing mothers, smothering their (male) toddlers with too much care, before the social handcuffs are applied and early childhood becomes a lost Eden to be pined for until death.
I think Murakami, Sawaragi, et al. are right about one thing: the impotence they protest is political, apart from anything else. Sawaragi draws our attention quite rightly to the failure of the left during the 1960s to challenge the power of the state, and the security treaty with the US in particular. They tried. Students were mobilized in large numbers to demonstrate against the treaty and the Vietnam War, but political radicalism was made irrelevant in the end, not by police brutality so much as the blandishments of ever greater material prosperity. When radical energy could no longer find an outlet in politics, it turned inward, first to extreme violence inside the protest movement itself, and then to ero-guro. It is interesting to see how many artists turned from political radicalism to pornography in the 1970s. Oshima Nagisa, the filmmaker, is only one example.
In a way, it was always like this. Japan under the shoguns was close to being a police state, with no room for political dissent. Instead, men were allowed to let off steam in the designated pleasure districts, whose courtesans became the stars of popular art and fiction. Kawabata's Asakusa was a late echo of this. There were periods of rebellion, of course, but when these came to an end, crushed by the authorities, ero-guro would usually gather force.
But the latest generation of artists and consumers, represented in the "Little Boy" show, appears to have lost the sheer physical energy of their forebears in the 1840s, 1920s, and 1960s. Otaku and yurui, another term often used by Neo Pop theorists, meaning "loose, lethargic, slack," denote a lack of vigor. The eroticism in contemporary Japanese art is virtual, not physical, narcissistic, and not shared with others. It, too, takes place entirely inside the otaku heads. Here, I think, there is a new departure, which is not uniquely Japanese.
The virtual world, in art and life, is perfect for a generation that has broken away from collective effort, be it political, artistic, or sexual. This is why the novels of Murakami Haruki are so successful, in East Asia especially, but also in the West, where the otaku culture is spreading. His characters are disengaged from society, often isolated, living out their private fantasies in a world of their own. This began, in the 1960s, as a quiet revolt against the extended family with all its duties. Traditional arrangements were increasingly being replaced by nuclear families in suburban bed towns. But things have progressed since then. Since family is the main symbol of constraint, people tend to interpret individualism in a narrow way, as a retreat into solipsism, where no one can touch you.
The other escape route from traditional life has been to recreate the family in an alternative way, as theater troupes and hippie communes did everywhere in the 1960s. Murakami Takashi has followed this model, with himself as the patriarch of a family of artists. And yet many of these artists show all the signs of deep self-absorption. The world they express is oddly bloodless, indeed a bit slack, in fact rather monstrous, a grotesque world where all sex and violence are unreal. It is certainly interesting to see what is going on in the virtual world of contemporary Japan. That it often looks so pretty makes it all the more disturbing.
The Yoshiwara still exists in name, though it has been sadly reduced to a few streets of tawdry massage parlors, knows as "soaplands," after the Turkish embassy protested against their earlier designation as Torukos, or Turkish baths.
For a loving description of those days, see Edward Seidensticker, Low City, High City (Harvard University Press, 1991).
For excellent examples of high art see the Kano School exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York until June 5.
See my review of Oshima's work in The New York Review, October 8, 1992.
This review appeared in The New York Review of Books, Volume 52, Number 11, June 232, 2005. Posted June 14, 2005.
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Dienosuchus3.jpg 1,262pages on this wiki Add New Page Edit History Talk0 Size of this preview: 640 × 201 pixels. Other resolution: 320 × 101 pixels. Full resolution (1,050 × 330 pixels, file size: 112 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) About File History Metadata There is no description yet. Add a description. Appears on these pages of Deinosuchus The Deinosuchus is a prehistoric crocodile-like creature from the Cretaceous, 80 to 73 million... See full list > File history Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment current18:05, August 6, 20121,050 × 330 (112 KB)Dino-Mario (wall | contribs) Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified file. Orientation Normal Horizontal resolution 75 dpi Vertical resolution 75 dpi Software used Adobe Photoshop CS4 Windows File change date and time 17:32, June 7, 2010 Color space Uncalibrated Image height 1,050 px Image width 330 px Date and time of digitizing 01:35, May 29, 2010 Date metadata was last modified 13:32, June 7, 2010 Unique ID of original document xmp.did:A62C32561A6BDF11ADE2837E0AA24ABD Read more Rutiodon Dimetrodon Sarcosuchus Retrieved from "http://landbeforetime.wikia.com/wiki/File:Dienosuchus3.jpg?oldid=28577" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected.
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About 30,000 customers in Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick remain in the dark one week after a major ice storm blanketed Central and Atlantic Canada, and warming temperatures have caused new power outages in Toronto.
- Ice storm aftermath: Staying safe during power outages
- Insurance and the ice storm: Are you covered?
- Get the latest forecast information at CBC Weather Centre
Toronto Hydro tweeted shortly after 6 p.m. ET Saturday that power has been restored to 95 per cent of customers affected by the ice storm. That leaves 16,000 customers still without power, down from 23,000 Saturday morning and 18,000 at noon.
More than 8,600 customers in New Brunswick are also struggling through a long power outage as of 3 a.m. local time Sunday, according to NB Power. Most of them are in St. Stephen and the Saint John area.
In Quebec, more than 9,500 Hydro-Québec clients are experiencing power outages as of 1 a.m. local time Sunday. The company noted that the number of affected customers will fluctuate during the day due to restoration work which may require turning off power lines.
New outages in Toronto
Toronto Hydro CEO Anthony Haines said early Saturday that melting ice falling from trees and other structures has led to fresh damage.
"Over the morning hours we’ve been moving backwards, but I’m sure our crews will attend to those and we’ll start moving in the right direction again over the next couple of hours," he told CBC News Network.
Calling it a "story of ups and downs," Haines pointed out that crews have been bringing power to 18,000 affected customers each day since the storm hit.
The falling ice caused at least one injury when a Hamilton worker was struck in the head, Toronto Mayor Rob Ford said. Officials couldn't provide an update on the worker's condition.
"This is Day 7 and there's light at the end of the tunnel," said Ford in an interview with CBC News midday Saturday. "What that day is, I can not tell you...We're trying our best."
In response to the backlash the mayor and other officials have received from people still without power, Ford said "it tears my heart out."
"We have crews from Ottawa, we have crews from Windsor," he said. "I share their frustration...it's all hands on deck [and] we are moving as fast as we can."
Haines said computer simulations have shown three days, but that there are variables at work like the new outages and the arrival of more crews. The provincial utility, Hydro One, said the outages outside Toronto are largely over, which has allowed it to send crews in to help the city.
“I’m hopeful certainly by the early part of next week the vast majority of customers will be back," Haines said.
Working around the clock
Haines, who noted that the average Toronto Hydro customer is equivalent to 2½ people, said he sympathizes with people.
“What we can do is work around the clock and we can bring extra resources in from far and wide ... we will not stop until the power is on for everybody," he said.
Haines and Toronto Community Housing CEO Gene Jones (who is still dealing with outages in about 80 housing units) said they will perform a postmortem after the outages are over to see what they might do better next time.
Haines stressed the enormous scope of the damage:
- Forty per cent of the city's power lines, which would cross Canada twice, have been affected by the storm.
- Thirty-thousand pieces of equipment have been installed back into the grid and about 47,000 metres of cable have gone back up into the air.
- The City of Toronto says about 20 per cent of the city's tree canopy has been damaged and it could take seven weeks to clean up all the fallen limbs, Haines said.
Amid the rising anger and frustration of those still in the dark, utility companies are pleading for patience, saying crews are working around the clock and nothing else can be done to speed up the process.
That's little consolation for people who have been in the dark for a week, including Carmen Andronesu, who is one of more than 1,000 residents who live in a condo complex in Toronto's north end.
"No matter how much you try calling here and there, it’s like you cannot find help from anywhere," she said.
Wynne promises help for food spoilage
In a morning news conference, Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne said the concern she's heard most around the province is spoiled food. She said she's looking at providing help and would offer details over the next couple of days when a plan had been confirmed.
"We've reached out to food suppliers to try to come up with a way of compensating people and getting some extra food — or food vouchers, something to folks, so that's what we're working out over the next couple of days," she said.
Ford said Toronto won't be looking into any sort of compensation until the power has been restored.
"I can’t give any numbers or any assurances that we can reimburse anyone," Ford said.
Reflection after ice storm
In New Brunswick, some people won't have their power restored until the new year, according to a tweet from NB Power on Saturday. Gaetan Thomas, the utility's CEO, said extra crews are being brought in from Quebec tonight, which means more than 200 crews will be working in the province to restore electricity.
Thomas said another large storm, forecast for tomorrow, will also hinder their efforts as it brings freezing rain and snow.
In the rural southern New Brunswick community of Titusville, people without power have been heading to the generator-powered general store to buy kerosene, propane, candles and water.
Owner Mark Carline said the storm and outage has caused him to reflect.
"I think we were all reminded and humbled by the fact that at any given time we could be set back to this state, where we’re scrambling [to get] the basic necessities."
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Several universities in Rwanda have directed students to make sure they have proof of at least one Covid-19 vaccination dose or risk missing out on their studies.
The University of Rwanda (UR) and Mount Kenya University Kigali Campus (MKUR) are among the universities that have urged all students and staff to be vaccinated against Covid-19 if they are to be allowed back into the campuses – a directive that is likely to be given to all universities and higher learning institutions.
“This is to inform all staff and students in Remera based campus that with effect from Monday, September 27 only students and staff that have been vaccinated so far, will be allowed into the campus upon presentation of vaccination certificate at least for the first doze,”
“Therefore, the security office is informed about enforcing instructions,” reads a notice signed by Prof. Jeanne Kagwiza, the Ag. Principal, UR College of Medicine and Health Sciences. A similar memo was issued by all Kigali-based UR campuses, with the national university expected to extend the directive to all campuses countrywide.
A notice issued by the student leadership at UR urged all students to make sure that they get vaccinated as soon as possible, providing a form to fill out to get vaccinated. It adds that by October 5, no unvaccinated student will be allowed into the campuses.
Mount Kenya University Rwanda on the other hand took tough measures, pointing out that there has been an ongoing vaccination exercise at the university for students and staff, adding that by Monday, September 27, registration will be put on hold for those who will have not been vaccinated.
“Students are expected to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 before arriving on campus. Fully vaccinated means you have gotten both the first and second dose. Students who have not been fully vaccinated (two doses) as recommended by the Ministry of Health must get vaccinated as soon as possible to avoid progressive sanctions associated with non-compliance,”
“In this regard, all those who have not been vaccinated or are due for the second dose are requested to be on Campus tomorrow 22nd September, 2021at 8.00 a.m. to get their vaccination,” a notice signed by Dr. John Nyiligira, the Deputy Vice Chancellor in charge of Administration, Planning and Institution Advancement, reads.
Rwanda has so far distributed Covid-19 vaccines to more than two million people including a million and a half who have been fully vaccinated. They include persons above 18, including university students.
According to the Ministry of Health, over 18 percent of the target population of 7.8 million people (representing 60 percent of the Rwandan population) are fully vaccinated for Covid-19. This is equivalent to 10.8 percent of Rwanda’s total population of 13 million.
The Minister of Health, Dr. Daniel Ngamije said the Government of Rwanda is looking to acquire more vaccines to reach 30 percent of the target population by the end of the year.
Rwanda has currently received 3,658,310 doses of Covid-19 vaccines through a variety of platforms including COVAX facility, African Vaccine Acquisition Trust (AVAT),bilateral agreements and Government direct purchases in partnership with the World bank.
“Government efforts including vaccination activities have reduced the Covid-19 positivity rates from over 10 percent in July and August 2021 to the currently manageable rate of less than 3 percent in September. This has ultimately led to opening up a number of economic activities as surveillance and vigilance continue,” the Ministry said.
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The Wild Flowers of Sterkfontein
We generally consider the area where we live as grassland. The scientific term used to be called “False Bankenveld” (Acocks). However, according to the new “Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland”, it is now referred to as the “Carletonville Dolomite Grassland Vegetation Unit” (Mucina and Rutherford – 2006). For the purposes of this website, lets just stick to “grassland”.
When one talks about grasslands, one tends to think the area comprises of grasses only. After all, this is usually all one sees, grasses and nothing else. This is, however, not the case at all! In reality, grasslands include many flowering plants, growing amongst the grasses. In fact, some grasslands actually have more flowering plant species than grass species! The area where we live, the Carletonville Dolomite Grassland, boasts in particular, an exceptionally wide range of flowering plants.
The flowering plants in our area are well adapted and have evolved many characteristics to survive the hazardous and often harsh conditions associated with South African grasslands. Fire is usually a constant threat to flowering plants. So too is grazing by herbivores and insects. However, our flowers are unique in the sense that they have evolved particularly clever adaptations to live with these threats. Many species have large tubers, bulbs or other underground root systems, to protect them against veld fires and to ensure their survival after a fire. They also live for many years, even centuries in some instances. Many species produce seeds that will only germinate after being exposed to fire. The flowers of others mimic the appearance of the grasses to prevent them from being eaten. Therefore, don’t expect the splendour of the Western Cape flora or the flowers along the KZN coastal regions. The flowers of our area are usually small and inconspicuous, and are often overlooked altogether.
Herewith some of the flowering plants found in our area.
Please click on one of the links below:
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Streaming media use exploding worldwide -
New research published today by Palo Alto Networks has revealed what it calls ‘exponential growth’ in streaming media compared with previous years.
Offering real-world data about application usage based on assessments of raw application traffic from 2,036 organisations worldwide between November 2011 and May 2012, among the findings of the latest Palo Alto Networks Application Usage and Risk Report was the fact that streaming video bandwidth consumption had increased by more than 300% year on since the last report covering April to November 2011.
In addition, the survey showed that total bandwidth consumed by streaming video tripled to 13% something that represents a more significant infrastructure challenge to organisations. Furthermore, an average of 34 different streaming media applications were found on 97% of participating organisations' networks. This included an increase in the use of streaming video services such as YouTube and Netflix in North America, as well as an increase in the use of P2P video streaming network PPStream in the Asia-Pacific region.
"As the lines between professional and private life continue to blur, our data shows that employees are increasingly using personal technologies like Netflix and Tumblr in the workplace," explained Rene Bonvanie, chief marketing officer at Palo Alto Networks. "The key to this 'new reality' is not to ignore or even vilify the existence of these applications, but to manage their usage with policies that give today's modern workforce the flexibility they desire without impeding on the business. Companies are finding that they can successfully implement network security controls that enable web application usage for employees while still ensuring that quality-of-service standards for business-critical applications are met and security threats are managed."
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WASHINGTON (MarketWatch) - The Federal Reserve's two rate cuts were designed to reduce economic risk and not to reduce the risk that investors will lose money from bad decisions they've made, Fed Gov. Frederic Mishkin said Monday. In a detailed and clear explanation of his votes to cut interest rates in September and October, Mishkin insisted that the Fed is powerless to protect investors, who continue to report tens of billions of dollars in losses from bad investments in securities linked to risky mortgages. The Fed's job is to limit damage to the economy, he said. "Policies to achieve this goal are designed to help Main Street and not to bail out Wall Street," he said.
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The Greco-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid
Empire of Persia ... At the Battle of Lade, the Ionians suffered a decisive defeat,
and the rebellion collapsed, with the ......
The Persians had the advantages of numbers and resources, but due to the size
of their empire ... Have the Persians defeated the Greeks in any war?
Greco-Persian Wars: How the Greeks Defeated the Persians ... With the Persian
defeat came a thriving period of time where the Greek ... How did they do it?
Jan 17, 2007 ... Battle of Marathon: Greeks Versus the Persians · facebook · twitter ... The
Athenians had defeated the most powerful empire in the Western world. Around
the 5th ... How did this sequence of events come to pass? From the time ...
Conclusively, I suggest the Persians failed to take Greece because ... It's either
that, or, from the Greek point of view; the Persians did care, ..... But, personnally, i
think that Persians have just been defeated on the battleground.
But this success was short-lived, as the Persians retaliated and the Greek fleet
was .... Xerxes knew he must meet and defeat the Greek fleet if he was to .... the
Greeks, which might succeed if Pausanius did not manage to reestablish a route
Apr 6, 2016 ... The Persian Wars refers to the conflict between Greece and Persia in the 5th ... If
they had been defeated then the western world may not have ... Darius did not
lead the invasion of mainland Greece in person but put his ...
Sep 7, 2016 ... Once the Persian armies had defeated the Ionian revolt, they turned their
attention on Greece, first capturing Eretria (who had helped the ...
In the Battle of Thermopylae of 480 BC an alliance of Greek city-states fought the
... After several days of confrontation the Persians attacked but were defeated by
heavy ... We know of one case in which a small force did stop a larger invading
force from ...... I'm curious how did you manage to trace an ancestor that far back?
Athens and Sparta had cooperated during the Persian War, but relations ..... was
appointed to manage the affairs of the city, virtually supplanting the council of five
... of the Athenian defeat in Sicily in 413 were further compounded when Persia
.... As a result of political divisions among their leadership, the Spartans did not ...
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Simpson Desert Regional Map
If guided tours are not for you why not take on the Simpson Desert? All you need is a 4x4, a desert parks pass, loads of fuel, plenty food and water, some spare parts, a good awning, a first aid kit… oh yeah, better throw in a Hema map of the desert, too. It's worth the effort though, because this is one of Australia's classic deserts. In fact it's the largest sand dune desert in the world. Hang on, you're thinking. Sand dunes, 4x4 - that's right, dune driving! This is no place to be unprepared, though, because no surfaced roads cross the desert and if you run out of something help can be a long way away. Since 2009 access is restricted in the summer so this is a trip for the cooler seasons. Even then it's hard going. If you know what you're doing, though, you'll find some of the best desert driving in the world. That's worth making the effort for.
This Hema regional map gives you all the information you need to safely cross the Simpson Desert. It covers from Alice Springs to the Birdsville Track and from the Donohue Highway to Oodnadatta. The information sections were written by Ron and Viv Moon, both legendary 4x4 drivers, so you know this map is a great investment. It's made from synthetic paper so it's waterproof and tear resistant. This new version includes a number of new tracks including the Hay River Track. There's plenty of GPS data to simplify desert navigation, plus contact numbers and locations of the last fuel and supply stops before the desert.
The Hema Map Patrol field-checked the data for this sheet in 2008 and had a great time doing it. You'll find some of their photos on the cover and back of the map.
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Confusion after surgery may be a very early sign of Alzheimer’s disease
Patients experiencing confusion after joint replacement surgery may be in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, according to Queen’s University Belfast researchers.
Sudden confusion known as delirium is seen in approximately one in six people after planned hip and knee replacement surgery. People who develop delirium following surgery are thought to be more likely to develop dementia in the future.
A new study from researchers at Queen’s University Belfast, the Belfast Health and Social Care Trust and University College London shows delirium after surgery is more likely in people who have a toxic form of a protein called amyloid known to be involved in Alzheimer’s disease – a common cause of dementia. The findings raise the possibility that delirium during recovery from surgery could be due to underlying, early stage Alzheimer’s disease.
In the initial stages of Alzheimer’s disease, the level of amyloid b42 protein (Ab42) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) declines as the protein moves from the fluid into the brain where it accumulates as plaques. These changes to CSF Ab42 happen a decade or more before the onset of any symptoms of the disease.
To study the association between CSF Ab42 and delirium, the research team followed 282 patients aged 65 years and over without a prior diagnosis of dementia, admitted to hospital for planned hip and knee replacement surgery. Cerebrospinal fluid was sampled from patients and analysed in the Leonard Wolfson Experimental Neurology Centre, in University College London, for Ab42 protein. After surgery patients were tested for delirium every day before they were discharged from hospital.
The researchers found patients who had low levels of CSF Ab42 were more likely to develop delirium after their operations than patients who had normal patterns of CSF Ab42, suggesting a link between very early Alzheimer’s disease and delirium after surgery.
Not all patients in the study with low levels of CSF Ab42 became delirious and some patients with normal levels of CSF Ab42 still showed signs of confusion, suggesting Ab42 protein in the brain is a risk factor for, and possible predictor of, post-surgical delirium, rather than an absolute cause.
Dr Emma Cunningham, lead researcher at the Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast said: “Our findings show that having a protein called amyloid in your brain, even when you don't have dementia, puts you at higher risk of developing delirium after surgery. This would in turn suggest that developing delirium after surgery may, for some people, be a very early sign of that protein accumulating which, after many years or decades can lead to Alzheimer's disease.”
The study is the first to show an association between Ab42 in cerebrospinal fluid and cases of delirium in a group of patients undergoing elective, or planned, hip and knee surgery.
According to the researchers, people with pre-symptomatic changes in protein levels typically associated with Alzheimer’s disease may be more likely to develop delirium after surgery because their brains are more vulnerable to the stressors involved with operating, including drugs, pain and inflammation.
Professor Jonathan Schott, Professor at the Institute of Neurology, University College London added: “This study provides evidence that the presence of Alzheimer related proteins in the brain may predispose to post-operative confusion. This has important implications for predicting which patients need particularly close monitoring after surgery, and suggests that in elderly individuals, post-operative delirium may be a marker of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease.”
More research is needed to achieve a better understanding of both the link between delirium and dementia, so that medical professionals can help to reduce the risk of delirium for patients undergoing surgery, and best advise them and follow them up after surgery. The researchers say people will be invited into research studies that follow participants for several years after surgery to see what difference, if any, developing delirium in the few days after surgery makes in the longer term.
Read the full paper here
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President Barack Obama is in the U.S. midwest on what the White House calls an economic bus trip through politically important states as he ramps up campaigning for the 2012 presidential election. The president faces some new poll numbers reflecting deep worries Americans have about the economy.
At stops across the country, Obama has frequently said that while Americans voted for divided government in Washington, they did not vote for a "do nothing" government.
He is amplifying this theme on this trip, urging support for balanced solutions to the nation's fiscal woes and contrasting his approach with that the Republicans, particularly those in the conservative Tea Party, took in recent debt and deficit negotiations.
Watch a related report by Kane Farabaugh
In his first stop in Cannon Falls, Minnesota, which was last visited by a president in 1928, Mr. Obama repeated his criticisms of political brinksmanship in Washington.
"We have got a politics, in which some folks in Congress, not the folks who are here, but some in Congress would rather see their opponents lose than America win," said President Obama. "We ended up creating more uncertainty and more damage to an economy that was already weak."
The president faced mostly friendly questions from a supportive crowd of about 500.
Obama repeated criticisms of Republicans for their approach in the debt negotiations. He underscored his position that programs such as Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid need to be strengthened, but not radically changed and urged people to pressure Congress.
"You have got to send a message to Washington that it is time for the games to stop, it is time to put country first," said Obama.
The White House said there is no direct link between the president's trip and the recent "straw poll" in Iowa, a Republican preference vote won by Minnesota Congresswoman, and Tea Party lawmaker, Michelle Bachmann.
But President Obama needs to raise support in midwestern states important to his re-election hopes, as Republican presidential candidates step up their attacks on his handling of the economy.
The current Republican front-runner, former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney issued a political video showing Minnesotans, including Joseph Bromley, criticizing the president on the state of the economy. "In the last election, I voted for Barack Obama, and I just feel that I can not [now]," he said.
Campaigning in the northeastern state of New Hampshire, Romney continued to criticize the president's economic policies.
"Twenty-five-million Americans [out of work or underemployed], home values still going down, three years into the president's four-year term, home values going down, record foreclosures," said Romney.
U.S. unemployment remains above the nine-percent mark. Underscoring American's worries about the economy, a new Gallup Poll shows President Obama's job approval rating at 39 percent, a new low for him, although other presidents have struggled with similar numbers in their first term.
Mr. Obama's schedule included a similar town hall later in the town of Decorah, Iowa.
On Tuesday, he conducts a rural economic forum at Northeast Iowa Community College in Peosta, and has two events on in Illinois.
At his appearances on Monday, President Obama pointed to a commentary published Monday in The New York Times by billionaire Warren Buffett, who he consults on economic issues.
Saying the U.S. Congress should "stop coddling the super rich" Buffett called for raising taxes immediately on Americans earning more than $1 million.
In the difficult compromise with Republicans for a debt and deficit, Mr. Obama called for eliminating tax loopholes for wealthy Americans and has called for Congress to extend tax advantages for the middle class.
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The article deals with the transition to 12-year education which is a justified step. Since the negative factors affecting the development of the national pre-school models — old system of evaluation of educational achievements are not able to stimulate students led the transition of the education system of Kazakhstan to world standards. In turn, the 12-year-old system of education makes it possible to take into account more fully the interests, needs and capabilities of participants in the educational process and to more efficiently reallocate training material on curricula.
The main task of modernizing the educational system of the Republic of Kazakhstan is to provide modern quality education and to bring all the components of the education system in line with current and future needs of the individual, society and state.
In a world on the path of globalization, the ability to quickly adapt to the competitive environment is becoming a major factor of sustainable development. Competitive ability of any developed country associated with the development of its social capital, which is largely determined by the state of the education system.
Reform of the education system, conducted in Kazakhstan, affecting all levels of education, however, the greatest transformation expect senior level secondary school. Modernization of the structure of secondary education is aimed at implementing a 12-year school-based socialization of students with the needs of the labor market, to perfect a flexible relationship with the school institutions of vocational education. This is what determines the competitiveness and sustainable development of Kazakhstan in the XXI century. It was repeatedly said by President Nursultan Nazarbayev. «Enough of us to import education», — said in one of his speeches, the Nation leader noted that we should set a goal aimed at improving Kazakhstan's education to international standards. In addition, it should be noted that in the present conditions are greatly increased requirements for scientific, technological and humanitarian training of young people, which in the future is destined to strengthen the country's position on the world stage .
In his message to the people of Kazakhstan «Strategy» Kazakhstan-2050» — a new policy established state» Leader of the Nation N.A.Nazarbayev stressed: «In order to become a developed competitive state, we have to be highly educated nation.In today's world it is not enough to have simple universal literacy. Our citizens must be prepared to continuously acquire the necessary skills to work in the most advanced equipment and the most modern production. It is also necessary to pay great attention to functional literacy of our children, in general, all of the younger generation. It is important that our children have been adapted to modern life».
Going national education system to world standards — a vital topic for parents and teachers. It is no secret that innovation should wear thoughtful character, and the reforms in such a sensitive field — consistently implemented.
At present, significantly increased demands on the quality of training of graduates of educational institutions, which is reflected primarily in their ability to self-consciously make choices and future professional activities, actively involved in solving problems of social and economic development of the country. In connection with this problem actualized improving the educational process in upper secondary school. Its effective solution is primarily due to the construction of educational content based on wide profile differentiation, allowing more responsive to the interests and abilities of students and the needs of society and the state in the formation of socially active and creative personality of a citizen .
Go to the 12-year-old school is highlighted in the State program of education development in Kazakhstan for 2011–2020 as one of the priorities of the entire education system of Kazakhstan. This is one of the key elements of changes in the whole educational sector of the country, which together with other substantial reforms will raise Kazakhstan's education to a new level .
According to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan «On Education», the State Program for Education Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2011–2020, the structure of the 12-year education includes the following levels (stages) of education:
- primary education (grades 1–4), which ensures the formation of the child's personality, his positive motivation for cognitive processes, the development of their individual abilities and skills in training activities;
- basic secondary education (grades 5–10), which ensures the development of the basic foundations of science, the formation of students' high moral and spiritual culture and the culture of interpersonal, inter-ethnic communication, self-identity and preprofile preparation;
- general secondary education (grades 11–12), providing studying the development of an integrated complete system of knowledge about nature, society and man, the creation of conditions for further intellectual, spiritual, physical growth and development of the individual, the choice for future profession on the basis of differentiation, integration and profiling of content education .
Going on 12 years of schooling requires a preliminary study of the basic principles and approaches to the teaching of natural sciences; understanding of the goals of learning the subject, the time sequence of the study of educational material; subject teaching content development, required regulatory documents, in particular, the concept of natural science education 12-year school .
The objectives of science education Kazakh school legislation by the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan «On Education», which states that education should be directed: to ensure the self-determination of the individual, creating conditions for its self-realization; the development of civil society; to strengthen and improve the rule of law. Science education as an integral part of the overall primary and secondary education contributes to the achievement of the overall objectives of the school, providing students mastering the basics of academic disciplines, the development of their mental and creative abilities, forming the scientific worldview. Formation of natural-scientific picture of the world is achieved, provided that the study of natural sciences is primarily a means of ensuring the development of cognitive abilities of the person, expansion of its intellectual capacity, familiarity with that part of human culture, which largely determines the face of modern civilization .
Based on the foregoing, the goal of education can be summarized as follows: the formation of a fully developed personality; the development of personal qualities that promote self-identity, creating conditions for its self-actualization, willingness to improve, continuing education, civil society development, strengthening and improving the rule of law; mastering the basics of academic disciplines of educational area «science» of pre-school educational program; study of the main components of natural-scientific picture of the world; the understanding of basic concepts of the scientific method of scientific knowledge and its place in the educational system; development of cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities.
Achieving these objectives should be carried out taking into account the age characteristics of students. Each of the defined goals and detail revealed in the subsequent stages of development of normative and methodical documentation of training.
The aims of education are implemented in a particular educational process on the basis of certain didactic principles, forming a system peculiar selection rules for the structure of science education and the selection of the content of educational material. The main didactic principles governing science education, include the following principles: fundamental, availability, scientific, continuity, integrity and consistency.
The principles of education, learning objectives, providing for the formation of multiple personality of the child, the maximum disclosure of its creative potential, allow us to make very specific conclusions about the structure and content of educational programs 12-year-old school .
In accordance with the principle of continuity of education study subjects in the 12-year school should be carried out throughout the 12 years of training in the form of three concenters: at propedeutics in elementary school, systematic, basic school, differentiated, high school, and in high school they The study was conducted taking into account the individual interests of students.
In the first stage, propaedeutic, primary school pupils are introduced to the basic phenomena of the world, studying the course «The world around us». Then, in the first two classes of the primary school (grades 5–6), continued their acquaintance with the basic natural science and natural phenomena such basic techniques of the scientific method as observations, description of what he saw, perform measurements reveal patterns, conducting experiments and predict outcomes . Achieving these goals is possible in the framework of the integrated course «Natural» and with courses that provide a preliminary substantive specialization in physics, chemistry or biology, where the initial research techniques and skills are formed at the school for an example of science. In the second phase of 7–10 class of primary school it is advisable to study the systematic courses in physics, chemistry, biology, geography compulsory for all students. In the third stage, According to the «Law on Education» in high school, in grades 11 and 12 are studied differentiated courses in physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, depending on the profile of education (humanitarian, technological, natural sciences and mathematics), selected students and their parents .
The transition to 12-year education is a justified step. Since the negative factors affecting the development of the national pre-school models — old system of evaluation of educational achievements are not able to stimulate students led the transition of the education system of Kazakhstan to world standards . Furthermore, under the previous model, there is a lack of personal development, civic and moral qualities of the younger generation, the low level of awareness of their own interests and perspectives.
In turn, the 12-year-old system of education makes it possible to more fully take into account the interests, needs and capabilities of participants in the educational process, as well as more efficiently reallocate training material on curricula. At the same time there are opportunities to create favorable conditions for individual learning.
The introduction of international standards of education will enable Kazakhstan to achieve a number of objectives. First, limit and subsequently reduce available now increase the technological gap with developed countries. Secondly, it will contribute to a comprehensive quality training of graduates. Finally, it provides students with additional opportunities to select individual educational program. Thus will be laid the foundation of becoming competitive person. At the same time, the increase in the period of schooling contributes to the level of general education. It is based on the comprehensive development of the individual .
In connection with the transition to 12-year schooling it is necessary to review the content of quality education, school subjects and time spent on their development. In addition, it is necessary to implement a set of measures aimed at upgrading the training facilities of schools, as well as training of the teaching staff. For these purposes MES has developed the concept of a 12-year secondary education in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
According to the approved concept, the 12-year secondary education will contribute to a competitive personality, ready not only to live in a changing social and economic conditions, but also to actively influence the existing reality, changing it for the better.
We welcome the concept, but all training should be ahead of child development or to keep up with him. Most alarming is the weakness of the mental and physical health of children today. It was found that for almost six years more than half of children have immature psychomotor, emotional and volitional instability, decreased performance, social immaturity, anxiety and aggression. In this regard, for further modernization of education necessary to develop strategic verified and scientifically based directions the organization of all parts of education. Research should be integrated with the participation of psychologists, psychoneurologists, educators, sociologists. Perhaps a certain category can be trained in six-year remedial classes. Unfortunately, it is increasing the number of children with both severe and mild mental and physical disabilities. It is this category of persons should be of special concern, since in terms of attitude towards them has always regarded the level of civilization of the state. Differential diagnosis, forms, methods and content of education, social and labor training, psychological support, employment — this is not an exhaustive list of issues regarding correctional (special) preschool and school institutions of Kazakhstan.
Against the background of environmental and social disadvantage, as well as an intensification of schooling, there is the increasing deterioration of the health of children. This problem is exacerbated in the transition to 12-year education. Most of the children in terms of developmental needs, come to school even in 7 years is not enough ready to learn. School overload that acquire systematic character, are the cause of poor progress or achievement in training gets the price of children's health. Prolonged exposure to these situations cause different behavioral and neuro-psychiatric disorders younger students. What is the way out of this impasse, of this problem of social character and is incredibly growing like a snowball, in anticipation of the transition to 12-year education. Scholars and practitioners need to actively seek effective ways of scientific research protects, gentle children's health, educational technologies. Because the human mind is based on the neurophysiological functioning, it is necessary to pay close attention to these aspects. It is known that the most energy-intensive function at this age is beforehand. That is almost half of the first grade is reduced. Suffer properties such attention as volume, shifting, stability, concentration and fluctuation of attention is a negative factor for kids. Even children with highly motivated school found these features. One of the most common childhood problems is the decline in their performance.
The way out of this situation is to prevent violations of psychosomatic health of students, the foundation, which is the correct dosage of educational tasks and ensuring proper rest .
Аs a result, Kazakhstan's transition to 12-year schooling will allow to successfully solve the strategic task — to create a new national model of education that can compete with the best foreign analogues.»Enough of us to import education», — said in one of his speeches, the Nation leader noted that in the future will aim to raise the level of the Kazakh education to international standards.
- The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana,
- The Concept of education development in the Republic of Kazakhstan till 2015, Astana,
- Concept of 12-year secondary education in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, 2005, p.
- The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan «About Education». The State Program for Education Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2011–2020, Astana, 2010.
- Omarova R.S. Features of the learning process in a 12-year-old school: Methodical manual, Almaty, 2003, p.
- Smagulova T., Tulebayeva H.T., Orazbayeva Z.E. Features health of the preserving technology of training of younger school students at lessons: Methodical recommendations, Astana, 2002, 102 p.
- Zhadrina M. Pedagogics, 2002, 3, p.
- Problems of improving the structure and content of 12-year education in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Collection of scientific methodological articles, Astana, 2002, p.
- Akhutina T.V. Health School, Moscow: MSU publ., 1995, p. 160–170.
- Omarova S. Features of process of training in the conditions of 12-year school: Methodical manual, Almaty: Gylym, 2003, p. 40.
- Pavlenko V.K. To a problem of improvement of the content of training in 1-4 classes of 12-summer school: Methodical manual, Astana: Foliant, 2004, 38 p.
- Sadykova T.S., Abylkasymova A.E. Methodology of 12-year education, Almaty: Gylym, 2003, p.
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FS170 - Fire Behavior and Combustion
Credit Hours: 3.0
This course explores the theories and fundamentals of how and why fires start, spread, and are controlled. Topics include physical properties of the three states of matter, components of fire, physical and chemical properties, the burning process, chemistry and dynamics of fire, fuels, fire suppression agents, and fire extinguishments. This course is aligned with Fire and Emergency Services Higher Education (FESHE) Curriculum.
|Course||Sec||Days||Beg Date||End Date||Times||Campus|
|FS170E||01||--T-R--||01/17/17||05/12/17||5:00PM - 6:15PM||Online Course|
|FS170||02||--T-R--||01/17/17||05/12/17||5:00PM - 6:15PM||Main Campus|
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Thousands of Protestant marchers took to the streets for Northern Ireland's biggest parade day, a traditionally tense event known as "the Twelfth," during which the Protestant Orange Order plans hundreds of parades across Northern Ireland to commemorate a 1690 military victory over Catholic forces. As marches began, there appeared to be relative calm, though at least a dozen rioters hurled firebombs at police monitoring the event. Marches come after talks among British and Irish prime ministers, as well as the North's main political parties, failed to break a deadlock over the IRA's refusal to disarm.
About 200 South African government workers tore down squatters' shacks on land near Johannesburg after a judge ruled that their occupancy was illegal. Hundreds of squatters, including Winnie Bembe and her son Thabiso, remained as the demotions began. Several thousand poor people settled two weeks ago on the land, owned partly by the government, after the opposition Pan-Africanist Congress illegally sold the plots for $3 each.
A bitter row over Japanese history textbooks accused of whitewashing World War II atrocities intensified as South Korean adopted sanctions against Japan. Angered by Japan's refusal to revise the controversial middle-school books, South Korea froze all military exchanges and canceled plans to open its market to Japanese music, cartoons, and video games. Japan has angered Asian neighbors, who say the books ignore atrocities, such as the thousands of Asian women forced to work as sex slaves for Japanese soldiers.
Israeli tanks shelled a Palestinian police post in the West Bank town of Nablus, killing a Palestinian security officer in retaliation for shooting attacks that wounded four Israelis. The violence marked a further escalation in ongoing fighting that has not halted despite a US-backed truce declared a month ago.
The only deputy representing the breakaway Republic of Chechnya in Russia's parliament, Aslambek Aslakhanov, threatened to resign unless Moscow's troops improved their treatment of the area's civilian population. His threat came a day after Russia's top military chief in Chechnya admitted Russian troops, who raided three Chechen villages last week, committed "large-scale crimes" and "lawless acts," including beating, torturing, and robbing Chechen civilians during the searches.
Paramilitary officers and armored cars guarded the homes of Indonesia's two top police commanders in defiance of President Abdurrahman Wahid's demands that they be arrested for plotting against him. A senior Cabinet minister also refused to carry out the arrest order by Wahid, who is likely to be ousted by the national assembly when it meets Aug. 1. Wahid is accused of corruption and incompetence.
(c) Copyright 2001. The Christian Science Monitor
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News Investigators/ A lecturer at the Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ilorin, Usman Akanbi, has asserted that no Nigerian has the right to expel others from any part of the country.
Mr. Akanbi made the assertion while speaking with newsmen in Ilorin on Tuesday.
He said that the growing inter-ethnic tensions, most especially between the herdsmen and farmers in the South-western part of the country would negatively affect food production.
The don, a former Coordinator of Kwara State FADAMA Project asserted that there must be political correctness on the part of politicians so as to promote national peace and development.
Mr. Akanbi said that most of the security challenges facing the country were encouraged by the political incorrectness of the actions of elected leaders at the federal, state and local levels.
He urged leaders to work on their capacities at managing inter-ethnic interactions and tensions.
Mr. Akanbi said that leaders must ensure equal application of instant and swift justice to all manners of people.
He advocated a new system of ranching that would not lead to the consistent destruction of agricultural produce and the attendant loss of lives and properties.
Mr. Akanbi said this would reduce the attendant conflicts between farmers and herdsmen.
He also advised that the ethnic complexity and large population of Nigeria should be explored and exploited positively and not used to further divide the country. -nan
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Mr. Rudolf PARDUBSKY
hip & knee
in hip & knee
The first attempts to replace the parts of the damaged hip joint date back to the beginning of the 20th century. Significant improvement in the concepts of hip prostheses was made in the 1960's with better functional results and longevity. The hip replacement designs and materials are constantly evolving, allowing us to optimize the biomechanics of the artificial joints and biocompatibility with the life tissues. If you are keen on understanding what happens during the hip replacement, this video animation will provide you with an interesting inside.
The knee joint is a very complex system with specific structures providing stability and movement. There are many different concepts of prosthesis design, aiming to get as close to the normal functional anatomy as possible, recreating for the patient the feeling of a normal joint during the stance and movements. To understand what the intervention consists of please watch this useful video animation.
The keyhole surgery is a mini-invasive procedure, which is very useful in treatment of knee disorders, under the direct vision of the camera introduced through small incisions. This intervention has small associated risks and in most of the cases is well tolerated and requires relatively short recovery time. The basic aspects of this type of surgical intervention is shown in this video animation.
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- By Jennifer O'Hara
Mayo Clinic Q&A podcast: With a focus on health during Black History Month, a conversation on addressing disparities in care
Each February, Black History Month is celebrated to recognize the important role Black people have played in U.S. history.
"Black history is American history, and everyone should celebrate our history 365 days a year," explains Dr. Folakemi Odedina, a Mayo Clinic prostate cancer scientist and global health equity researcher.
This year's theme for Black History Month is "Black Health and Wellness." This theme acknowledges the legacy of Black scholars and medical practitioners.
"It is really about time that we focus on Black health and wellness because our community is disproportionately experiencing health disparities," says Dr. Odedina. "We have to recognize that there are multiple dimensions of wellness."
According to Dr. Odedina, dimensions of health and wellness include physical, mental, emotional, intellectual, spiritual and environmental, and social health.
On the Mayo Clinic Q&A podcast, Dr. Odedina discusses the factors responsible for health disparities in the Black community and shares how her work supports health and wellness for Black people.
Learn more about Black pioneers in medicine and science:
- Black History Month: Honoring Dr. Marie M. Daly
- Black History Month: Honoring Dr. Rebecca Lee Crumpler
For everyone's safety, Mayo Clinic has strict masking policies in place. Anyone shown without a mask was recorded prior to COVID-19 or recorded in an area not designated for patient care, where social distancing and other safety protocols were followed.
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You are herecontent / The Compassion of Women of Afghanistan for the Women of Gaza
The Compassion of Women of Afghanistan for the Women of Gaza
By Ann Wright
Last week I was in Gaza, just days after the 8 day Israeli attack on Gaza that killed over 180 Palestinians and subsequent rockets from Gaza that killed 6 Israelis.
This week I have been in Afghanistan where tens of thousands of Afghans have been killed since the United States began its military operations after September 11, 2001 to capture al Qaeda leadership, and where over 2 million have been killed in the past 30 years of war.
The United States now is in its twelfth year of war on Afghanistan. In fact, it was 12 years ago, almost to the day, that I arrived in Kabul on a small State Department team to reopen the US Embassy.
After my resignation from the US government in opposition to Bush’s war on Iraq, I have returned to Afghanistan three times, 2007, 2010 and now 2012.
On this trip, we have listened to women who have been deeply affected by the US war. Our hosts, the Afghan Peace Volunteers, initiated a sewing program to employ these women to make duvets, or heavy quilts. The duvets are given to families living in tents in the internally displaced tent camps in Kabul.
Last year during harsh Afghan winter, many people living in tent camps across from one of the US/NATO military bases in Kabul, froze to death because their tents had no heat. The military compounds are actually multi-billion dollar self-contained modern cities that have all the amenities for the occupiers of Afghanistan—heat, water, sewage, food—yet right across the road are the occupied--Afghans living in the most difficult and dangerous circumstances—and freezing to death.
The UN is estimating that 2 million Afghans are in danger from this winter’s extreme cold, so the Peace Volunteers’ small project is lifesaving to those who receive the duvets.
Our delegation from the United States, Ireland and Australia, including Nobel Peace Laureate Mairead Maguire and renown peace advocate John Dear, met with the women and listened to their stories of pain and grief from the past 12 years of war. The women said that only with peace in Afghanistan could their lives be lifted out of the misery they were enduring. One woman said, “Afghanistan is a hospital. Everyone here is wounded.” Another said, “What have we done to deserve this pain?”
And another, reaching beyond her own pain to others in yet another area of conflict said, “I heard that the people in Gaza were attacked again by the Israelis. I know the women of Gaza have suffered much; we know what they are living through.” Having just come from Gaza, the woman’s comment brought me to tears. Here in Afghanistan, a country ravaged by war for 30 years, a woman whose country is described as a “hospital,” reached out to women in an area called “an open air prison.”
For the past year, the Afghan Peace Volunteers have had an international campaign “2 million Friends for Afghanistan.” The campaign is in memory of the 2 million Afghans who have died in the three decades of war the people of Afghanistan have endued.
On December 11, they organized a moving ceremony in which they delivered to a United Nations representative, a petition calling for all parties to agree to a ceasefire and to begin negotiations. Nobel Peace Laureate Mairead Maguire gave a moving address relating her struggle for peace in Northern Ireland to the struggle for peace in Afghanistan. Maguire said that only through dialogue among all parties will the conflict in Afghanistan be resolved. She recalled that peace takes the efforts of citizens as well as governments and that the road to peace is not easy and maintaining the peace is a a constant challenge.
She called on President Obama to speed up the withdrawal of US forces and specifically to end the drone strikes in Afghanistan. This year the US military has used drones 447 times in 2012 to kill Afghans. Drone attacks now constitute 11 percent of the air war in Afghanistan.
More attention over the past months has focused on the CIA’s drone assassination program in Pakistan in which over 3,200 Pakistanis have been killed in the US undeclared war on Pakistan.
Meeting with the Afghan Peace Volunteers gives one hope that in time of conflict, there are remarkable people who, at great risk, will take action for peace.
About the Author: Ann Wright is a 29 year veteran of the US Army/Army Reserves who retired as a Colonel. She served 16 years in the US Department of State as a US diplomat and was on the team that reopened the US Embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan in December, 2001. She resigned from the US Government in 2003 in opposition to the war on Iraq. She recently returned from delegations to Pakistan, Gaza and Afghanistan.
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Increasingly in this country (UK) people with PhDs are signing themselves in their correspondence (such as in e-mail) as Dr (Name). I have always thought that it was bad form to present yourself your title (even Mr). Shouldn’t people use (Name), PhD andNOT Dr (Name)? Is there is a difference in practice between US and UK? (By the way, I have a PhD.)
— Geoff In London
Dear Geoff in London:
I have several Q&A on giving oneself an honorific. See http://www.formsofaddress.info/PA.html and specifically at http://www.formsofaddress.info/PA.html#106 where I compare those who hold doctorates and work in different places.
But on the Honorific vs Post-nominal Abbreviation issue … (Name), (post-nominal initials) is how you address a person on a letter to their office (professional correspondence). Dr. (name) is how you address a person in conversation or address a letter to their home (social correspondence).
– Robert Hickey www.formsofaddress.info
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Elizabeth Montagu Biography
Elizabeth Montagu: A Life in Letters
Eighteenth-century letter-writing was a highly performative act and allowed for the creation of multiple, parallel selves, each tailored to its recipient. As Montagu wrote to her sister in 1767: ‘I am a Critick, a Coal owner, a Land Steward , a Sociable Creature ...one must write.’ Elizabeth Montagu, christened ‘Queen of the Bluestockings’ by Samuel Johnson, was famous in her lifetime as a Shakespeare critic, salon hostess and champion of women’s writing. She attracted the leading writers, politicians and artists of her day to her sparkling London assemblies, where she placed a new emphasis on conversation as a pleasurable and enlightened pursuit. Her guests included Joshua Reynolds, George, Lord Lyttelton, David and Eva Garrick, William Pulteney, Earl of Bath, Horace Walpole, Edmund Burke, Elizabeth Carter and Samuel Johnson, and later Anna Laetitia Barbauld, Hannah More and Fanny Burney. In her richly decorated London homes, Montagu aimed to bring together sensual and intellectual pleasure, and to allow talents of many kinds to flourish in an atmosphere that was free from the party politics that dominated court culture. Here Montagu nurtured a rising generation of metropolitan intellectuals, writers and artists. She was a public figure within eighteenth-century culture, whose life not only illuminates the history of several important aspects (and locations) of her age but also brings together a number of connected lives. As she wrote in a letter to her fellow bluestocking hostess Mrs Vesey in 1781, ‘We have lived with the wisest, the best, and the most celebrated men of our Times, and with some of the best, most accomplished, most learned Women of any times.’
How did Montagu achieve such a powerful position at the heart of several important networks of the age, with the ability to bestow favour in a regal manner? Her privilege was largely the result of her own incessant energy and social ambition. Born in York on 2nd October 1718 as Elizabeth Robinson, she was nicknamed ‘Fidget’ as a child, in honour of the liveliness of her mind and body. She was the fifth of nine children, and spent a great deal of time with her grandparents as a child. Conyers Middleton, her step-grandfather, was librarian for Cambridge University and created a hub for learned conversation at his home. He would ask the young Elizabeth to observe intellectual interaction and to note down what she had heard, and she thus became aware of conversation as a highly performative and intellectual tool. Through Middleton, who was also Librarian to Edward Harley, Elizabeth Robinson was introduced to the Harley family at Wimpole Hall and began a lifelong correspondence with Margaret Cavendish Harley, later Bentinck. Elizabeth’s wit and energy endeared her to Margaret and their intense friendship deepened further after the latter became Duchess of Portland and developed her estate at Bulstrode into a centre for knowledge sharing and collecting.
Elizabeth enjoyed nearly a decade of independent friendship before she finally decided to marry. She married upwards in 1742, to Edward Montagu (grandson of the first Earl of Sandwich), a fifty-year old bachelor, prone to solitude and with scholarly interests in mathematics. The birth of their only child, John, brought the couple great happiness. Elizabeth wrote some of her most intimate and personal letters about her son, whom she called ‘Punch’. When he died at the age of only 16 months she was devastated. Perhaps to distract herself from her grief, she started to become involved in the management of her husband’s numerous coalmines in Newcastle. First as a wife, and then during her long widowhood, Montagu oversaw the running of the estates with a shrewd head for business. By the end of her lifetime ‘Montagu Main’ was the second most expensive coal on the market and her bank account at Hoare & Co. was transferred to the category reserved for the richest members of the aristocracy. Montagu combined attention to detail and daily pragmatism with a longer view of the social purpose and responsibilities of wealth, ploughing her coal money directly into her ambitious cultural projects. Her character and actions harnessed the energy and optimism – and also opportunism – of the age.
Montagu’s most profound legacy was to advance the cause of female writing and education, both as a powerful patron and as a role model who defied contemporary expectations of her sex. For most women, education was confined to the realms of ‘accomplishment’. If women did express intellectual interests they were usually encouraged to hide them for fear of provoking disapproval from polite society and threatening their chances on the marriage market. As Montagu wrote to her friend the Earl of Bath: ‘Distinguish’d talents expose Women to a great deal of envy, & seldom assist them in making their fortunes. It is hard to say whether Women remarkable for their understanding suffer most from the envy of their own sex or the malice of the other, but their life is one continual warfare.’
Despite her awareness of the potential difficulties that faced learned women, Montagu believed strongly that women should have an equal right to participate in intellectual culture. Her addiction to letter-writing was matched by more formal literary ambitions. In 1769 she published An Essay on the writings and Genius of Shakespear, compared with the Greek and French Dramatic Poets. With Some Remarks Upon the Misrepresentations of Mons. de Voltaire, cleverly timed to coincide with Garrick’s Shakespeare Jubilee. Montagu defended the role of mystery and religion in literature, as well as showing a particular appreciation of Shakespeare’s use of the vernacular language or ‘mother tongue’, which drew upon her status as female critic, who, like Shakespeare, had not been formally educated in the classical languages. She praised the psychological complexity and realism of Shakespeare’s characters in contrast to the rigid formalism of French neoclassical drama; the Essay catapulted her to literary fame and she became a national heroine. When she visited Paris in 1776 she was invited to attend a meeting of the Académie Française, at which Voltaire’s defence of his position was to be read out. In a letter to Mrs Vesey, Montagu described her impatience with the ‘trash’ of Voltaire’s argument, writing, with striking self-confidence: ‘I was asked by an Academician if I wd answer this piece of Voltaires & did not doubt but I could do it very well. I said ... that I remembered 60 years ago in the same Academy, Old Homer had met with ye same treatment with Shakespear, that they now did justice to Homer, I did not doubt but they wd do so to Shakespear, for that great Geniuses survived those who set up to be their Criticks, or more absurdly to be their Rivals.’ Montagu’s intervention in a public and nationalist debate consolidated her intellectual reputation and showed that women could compete as equals in the public literary arena.
As her fellow author Hester Thrale remarked, Montagu was ‘brilliant in diamonds, solid in judgement and critical in talk.’ Thrale’s concise verdict captures Montagu’s unique combination of intellectual and material brilliance, which attracted the admiration, envy and scrutiny of many. Correspondence, which Montagu referred to as a ‘kind of chatting on paper’, was of crucial significance in establishing a sense of intellectual community amongst women. Montagu’s indefatigable appetite for letter-writing assumed the level of vocation, central to her identity. On a practical level, the daily business of letter writing could incorporate a wide spectrum of experience, from the public to the private. In 1780 she referred to the labour of ‘epistolary commerce’: ‘In the course of two posts I had letters from a Polish Prince, a great dealer in Cattle, one of the most distinguished of our Literati, my Northern Steward, a great Scotch Philosopher, my head Carpenter in Portman Square, the sweet Minstrel Dr Beattie, an artist at Birmingham, my Bailiff at Sandleford & many characters between these extremes.’ On a more intimate level, Montagu invested in letter-writing as means of exploring the expansive possibilities of the female self and in the pursuit of a new language in which to express such possibilities. As she wrote to Elizabeth Carter in 1769, ‘We shall say what has not been said before.’ Despite failing eyesight, she continued her correspondence almost to the date of her death on 25th August 1800.
As I hope this brief overview of her life in letters suggests, Montagu offers rich possibilities for future research in a number of different fields. EMCO makes is possible for a new generation of readers to witness and engage with the multiple lives and voices to be found in the letters of Elizabeth Montagu.
Please note that all dates and location information are provisional, initially taken from the library and archive catalogues. As our section editors continue to work through the material we will update our database and the changes will be reflected across the edition.
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“If dandelions were hard to grow, they would be most welcome on any lawn.”
~ Andrew Mason
I’ve dedicated this year to learning about herbs and how to use them. I am certain that I will now be spending the rest of my life on this journey. I’m hooked. As I’ve learned to identify beneficial herbs, I’m thoroughly amazed at the varieties available to anyone with eyes to see. They grow freely along roads and trails and all over my very own property. Perhaps the herb I’ve been most delighted to “discover” has been the ubiquitous dandelion.
All parts of the dandelion are highly nutritions. Dandelions greens are packed with vitamins and minerals A, C, K, E. Folate, iron, calcium, magnesium and potassium. Dandelion root is full of inulin, a soluble fiber. The flowers are high in anti-oxidants and are suspected to help bodies deal with a host of maladies from inflammation to high cholesterol.
A fellow homesteader whom I enjoy following on Instagram shared with me a link for dandelion syrup. I looked at a few different recipes online, played around with them, and came up with my own version that I want to share with you. The syrup has such a unique flavor… earthy, but sweet. I found it an incredibly delicious addition to iced coffee and iced tea. It can be poured over waffles or pancakes or used to flavor baked goods. Best of all, this prolific flower is free and available to anyone who will take the time to harvest it. Make sure that it is growing in a place free from fertilizer or other chemicals.
First, pick a bowl-full-of-sunshine:
Next, make Dandelion Tea;
Follow the recipe below to turn your tea into a quart of Dandelion Syrup:
- 3 cups dandelion petals
- 6 cups water
- 4 cups sugar
- 1/4 cup lemon juice bottled or fresh squeezed
- Harvest petals, pulling them from the green base, which is bitter. I find it easiest to pull them out as I harvest. But if kids are helping, snapping heads off first and then pulling petals out while in the kitchen might be easiest.
- Make dandelion tea! Put petals in pot, add water, and bring to a boil. Simmer for five minutes. Remove from heat and steep for 6-8 hours. (Since I'm a more-is-more gal, I tried steeping for 24 hours, but found it caused a bitter note. In this case, less IS more.)
- Strain tea through mesh strainer. Squeeze petals to get all of that anti-oxidant goodness out.
- Add strained liquid to pot and add sugar. Bring to boil, lower heat, and simmer for 1 hour or until thick and syrupy.
- Cool to room temperature and add lemon juice.(I think adding lemon juice at the end retains the citrus flavor better than adding it first and boiling it off.) After cooled, pour into glass jars. It will store for several months in the fridge or can be water-bath canned as a syrup.
It seems serendipitous that as I’ve discovered the joys of dandelions this summer, my bookclub’s summer read is the delightful, nostalgic, Dandelion Wine by Ray Bradbury, which thoroughly honors and extols this humble flower.
“Every year,” said Grandfather. “They run amuck; I let them. Pride of lions in the yard. Stare, and they burn a hole in your retina. A common flower, a weed that no one sees, yes. But for us, a noble thing, the dandelion.”
~ Ray Bradbury, Dandelion Wine
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Bringing together authors from a range of academic disciplines and research backgrounds – united as standard-bearers for the child’s right to play – and set against a backdrop evoking play’s critical essence, this book documents the rise and fall of an explosive period of political interest in play in the UK.
Has the withdrawal of so much state funding damaged the playwork profession forever? Has the battle for recognition of the significance of play in child development been lost? Why is children’s happiness always so low on the agendas of our politicians? The invaluable contributions in this book identify the lessons learned, and the opportunities that may be available to those determined to maintain the struggle for a greater recognition of the importance of children’s play in an era defined by the oppressive politics of austerity. This book was originally published as a special issue of the International Journal of Play.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Seminar Papers: Best of times to worst of times? Appraising the changing landscape of play in the UK
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Submitted to: American Society for Microbiology Conference
Publication Type: Abstract only
Publication Acceptance Date: 6/8/2010
Publication Date: 6/8/2010
Citation: Nayak, R., Deck, J., Frye, J.G., Foley, S., Stefanova, R. 2010. Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in “emerging” Salmonella Javiana from humans. American Society for Microbiology Conference. Toronto, Canada. P.36. Poster B-2. Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Background: Salmonellosis continues to be a major cause of food borne infections. Over 2,500 Salmonella serovars have been reported worldwide. Among these serovars, the CDC, in 2004, has reported >500% baseline increase in the emergence of Javiana populations in the U.S. Furthermore, this pathogen is the fifth most common serovar submitted to the CDC’s PulseNet database. Exposures to amphibians and consumption of tomatoes have been implicated with S. Javiana outbreaks. There is limited genetic information about this emerging pathogen. Materials and Methods: Clinical S. Javiana isolates (n=409) were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility with 15 drugs, plasmid profiles, replicon-typing and virulence genes. Resistant phenotypes with multiple plasmids were further analyzed by a high-density [775 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes] microarray to identify the gene profiles that may contribute to drug resistance. Results: <1% of S. Javiana was resistant to the any of the drugs tested. Isolates (n=11) elicited resistance to gentamicin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin or ceftiofur. MDR-phenotypes harbored multiple plasmids (<3 to 165 kb). In general, fluoroquinolone resistant phenotypes harbored low to mid range plasmids (<3 to 68 kb), while aminoglycosides (AG) phenotypes harbored larger plasmids (up to 165 kb). Interestingly, susceptible phenotypes also harbored multiple plasmids (43 to 87 kb). Microarray analysis identified conventional and novel AMR genes for aminoglycosides [aac(3/6), aad(A1/B/E), aph ksg, ntpII, str, yeoO), ß-lactams (ampR, blaIMP-4/PER2, oxa2, pse1, tem), chloramphenicol (cat, flo), efflux system (acrR, corA, emrA/R, marA/B/R, mexR, msrC, ybit), tetracycline (tetA/H/R), trimethoprim (dhf), along with genes encoding for AG phosphate transferase, streptomycin kinase, ABC transporters and several proteins with unknown functions. In addition, these bacteria harbored transfer associated genes (insA, intA, transposase, repE, tnpA1S26), heavy metals (merF/R/T) and disinfectant (qacE'1) genes. The PCR-based replicon typing assay detected 4 (p-1 is proportional to, T, W or I1) of 18 tested plasmid types based on their incompatibility (Inc) replicon types. PCR analysis of 26 virulence genes indicated that these bacteria harbored aceK, cdtB, fimH, hilA, invA/H, iron, orgA, pagC, prgH, sipB, sopB, spiA and tolC. Discussion and Conclusions: Although AMR appears to be limited in S. Javiana, resistant isolates elicit multiple mechanisms of drug resistance, carry multiple plasmids (conventional and replicon), and specialized genes involved in transfer of drug resistance. Furthermore, both resistant and susceptible isolates harbor multiple virulence genes that may exacerbate the disease causing potential of this Salmonella serotype in food and human outbreak scenarios.
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| 0.814453
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I recently read another article posing the choice as to whether AI being used in recruiting software is introducing or removing bias. This is a choice that I’ve seen written about, almost relentlessly, for the last few years and I’m going to be bold enough to go out on a limb and say that I actually know the answer. I’ve got this one folks. It’s doing both at the same time. We present the inevitable truth of that as an argument and there is no real argument. It’s doing both at the same time.
We like to think that ‘a thing does a thing’ – that there is healthy food and bad food. That our world can broadly be reduced, with clarity, to whether something is moving us towards or away from our goals. The world simply refuses to engage with us on those terms. In the article the author looks at several well known providers of recruitment solutions and highlights how incorrect or uncomfortable decisions can be reached. The author is absolutely correct that this is the case. However, the overall impact on fairness could be hugely different to the impact on individuals.
Do police in riot gear make you feel safe? There’s always a danger of crime, so riot police should feel like a good thing. They are there to protect the public like normal police and they are even better equipped and trained to deal with trouble. But my guess is that if you turned the corner and saw 500 riot police that the net positive impact of the above might be lost on you as an individual. You might feel uneasy. Similarly if you are misidentified as a criminal by those riot police then I’m guessing that the argument that the area is net safer probably isn’t a clincher for you. I’m guessing you are significantly more negatively impacted than before.
We know we have bias in recruitment when carried out only by humans. We know that we have a range of biases that go into recruitment decisions. We are immensely flawed and biased software. We get this stuff wrong. Therefore we need to accept the reality of the current solution – and it seems smarter to attempt to use software to do this than to correct for a combination of evolutionary and societal flaws every time we make a decision. It would be, in fact, probably the height of arrogance to believe that we could do so.
Software can probably make things better (overall), but the problem is that we are attracted to and sold ‘solutions’. And nobody likes a solution that doesn’t actually solve the problem. In this case the solution makes things a bit better overall – and possibly much better over time – but still has the same kind of flaws in it as when you started. And that is hugely problematic as Earl Weiner identified with a series of ‘laws‘ addressing the problem of automation in aviation.
I’ll pick out some and then leave you to go back to vendor selection.
17. Every device creates its own opportunity for human error.
18. Exotic devices create exotic problems.
19. Digital devices tune out small errors while creating opportunities for large errors.
20. Complacency? Don’t worry about it.
22. There is no simple solution out there waiting to be discovered, so don’t waste your time searching for it.
23. Invention is the mother of necessity
28. Any pilot who can be replaced by a computer should be.
25. Some problems have no solution. If you encounter one of these, you can always convene a committee to revise some checklist.
29. Whenever you solve a problem you usually create one. You can only hope that the one you created is less critical than the one you eliminated.
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| 0.960972
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"Spending time alone helps us silence those external influences and get better at distinguishing between all the outside noise and our inner voice. In turn, you can get clearer and clearer on knowing what you really want."
What is it like to walk the path of curiously discovering who we are? This episode is inspired by this cool quote from the leadership coach and bestselling author, Robin Sharma.
"The starting point of discovering who you are, your gifts, talents, your dreams is being comfortable with yourself. Spend time alone. Write in a journal."
Tune in now to discover how you can know yourself through Sharma's three suggested steps:
In this week's episode, we explore:
"The more we can hear our true self, the more we can make decisions that are aligned with what's going to make us happy."
Journaling is a powerful tool for knowing who we are. It's an important journey. The more we know who we are, the more we can shape and shift our lives into the direction that can bring us the most joy, fulfillment, and connection with our best selves.
This week's journaling prompt.
What do you want?
Also, check out the BestSelf Co. range of journaling tools:
1. Creating Your Live List [$5 investment].
2. Transform Fear to Focus [$5 investment].
3. 52 List Journaling Prompts [a free tool].
4. Journaling options... Self Journal & Scribe.
Find us on social. I'm @GeorginaElMorshdy, and we're @bestselfCo.
"Depth is a differentiator. Depth is where the clarity comes from. The more complex thoughts we can juggle and move through, the more we can surface insight and wisdom. We want to get beyond the surface and superficial chatter."
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en
| 0.919123
| 378
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| 2
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Of course, Evernote employees might have to read notes to deal with bugs and abuse, but aren't those problems already covered by the "protect against potential spam, malware or other security concerns" language? It's unclear why Evernote chose to add the capacious "troubleshooting" clause to its policy, given how broadly it could be interpreted.
Anthropologist Michael Oman-Regan warned followers on Twitter that they need to be aware of the policy, adding, "If you're using Evernote for research with human subjects, it may be necessary to export your data and leave." That's because researchers must be able to guarantee the privacy of human subjects in experiments. Evernote no longer allows any researcher to make that guarantee.
For its part, Evernote has assured users that they can opt out of the machine learning features, so they're guaranteed that no algorithms will look at their notes. If users with sensitive data want to benefit from machine learning, they also have the option to encrypt private notes and make them off-limits to algorithms. As long as you choose a good password, it should be off-limits to humans too.
Evernote did not immediately respond to a request for comment on its new policy.
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http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/12/evernotes-new-privacy-policy-raises-eyebrows/?comments=1
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| 0.958261
| 256
| 1.65625
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Sabine Kuegler's childhood was far from typical. The child of German linguists and missionaries, she spent her youth living among the Fayu tribe in the most remote jungles of West Papua, Indonesia. There, as her family struggled for acceptance among the tightly knit and fiercely loyal community, Sabine spent her time swimming with crocodiles, shooting poisonous spiders with arrows, and chewing on pieces of bat-wing in place of gum. And she was happy. It wasn't until the age of 17 when her world was upended that Sabine experienced true fear for the first time. She was sent off to a boarding school in Switzerland and forced to confront the culture clash of modern Western society--giving her plenty of reason to be afraid. This is her remarkable true story.
Click to the right or left of the sample to turn the page.
(If no book jacket appears in a few seconds, then we don't have an excerpt of this book or your browser is unable to display it)
"Young readers, and anthropologists, too, will find this account of a most unusual childhood engrossing and will root for the survival of the Fayu." - PW.
"An earnest tale of an idyllic childhood in a missionary family in Papua New Guinea, this German best seller (Dschungelkind) has touched the hearts of readers around the world." - Library Journal.
"The prose is elementary, even plodding-there's nothing lyrical here, and at times, it feels like an account of childhood written for children. Exotic, but not engaging." - Kirkus.
The information about Child of the Jungle shown above was first featured in "The BookBrowse Review" - BookBrowse's online-magazine that keeps our members abreast of notable and high-profile books publishing in the coming weeks. In most cases, the reviews are necessarily limited to those that were available to us ahead of publication. If you are the publisher or author of this book and feel that the reviews shown do not properly reflect the range of media opinion now available, please send us a message with the mainstream media reviews that you would like to see added.
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BookBrowse seeks out and recommends books that we believe to be best in class. Books that will whisk you to faraway places and times, that will expand your mind and challenge you -- the kinds of books you just can't wait to tell your friends about.
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en
| 0.951549
| 578
| 1.757813
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Global Demography: Fact, Force and Future
David Bloom and
David Canning ()
MPRA Paper from University Library of Munich, Germany
In the past 50 years, the world accelerated its transition out of long-term demographic stability. As infant and child mortality rates fell, populations began to soar. In most countries, this growth led to falling fertility rates. Although fertility has fallen, the population continues to increase because of population momentum; it will eventually level off. In the meantime, demographic change has created a ‘bulge’ generation, which today appears in many countries as a large working-age population. This cohort will eventually become a large elderly population, in both developed and developing countries. Population growth has been the subject of great debate among economists and demographers. Until recently, most have agreed on a middle ground, in which population growth per se has no effect on economic growth. New evidence suggests that changes in the age structure of populations – in particular, a rising ratio of working-age to non-working-age individuals – leads to the possibility of more rapid economic growth, via both accounting and behavioural effects. The experiences of east Asia, Ireland and sub-Saharan Africa all serve as evidence of the effect of demographic change on economic growth (or lack thereof). Both internal migration (from rural to urban areas) and international migration complicate this picture. The overall implications of population growth for policy lie in the imperative for investments in health and education, and for sound policies related to labour, trade and retirement. Understanding future trends is essential for the development of good policy. Demographic projections can be quite reliable, but huge uncertainties – in the realms of health, changes in human life span, scientific advances, migration, global warming and wars – make overall predictions extremely uncertain.
Keywords: demography; population; aging (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: J11 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-for and nep-sea
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations View citations in EconPapers (2) Track citations by RSS feed
Downloads: (external link)
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2577/1/MPRA_paper_2577.pdf original version (application/pdf)
Chapter: Global Demography: Fact, Force and Future (2006)
Working Paper: Global Demography, Facts, Force and Future (2006)
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.
Export reference: BibTeX
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Persistent link: http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:pra:mprapa:2577
Access Statistics for this paper
More papers in MPRA Paper from University Library of Munich, Germany Ludwigstraße 33, D-80539 Munich, Germany. Contact information at EDIRC.
Series data maintained by Joachim Winter ().
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May 21 - August 20, 2004 (prolonged)
Following the R.Crumb exhibition was a show with 4 large, original Blackboard drawings and 4 architectural modells by Rudolf Steiner, the founder of Anthroposophy. As well as Crumb, Steiner was a very controversial, almost anarchistic personality with a huge creative output. He mostly worked in fields other than art, but which in many points crossed or touched art and his approach was ahead of the artistic discussion of his time. He influenced artists e.g. like Mondrian or Kandinsky. Although he died about 80 years ago, his Blackboard drawings are vivid, energetic and contemporary, and so can be meaningful and influential to us right now. He didn't consider himself to be an artist, but his drawings and sketches are obvious artistic works. Performed during talks, they have an existence of their own, apart from being an illustration and often were the most direct outcome before Steiner verbalized his ideas. I look at them as pictures which convey something essential , and show a mind free and unlimited. They have a lightness and easyness free from calculation or effect. The exhibition could be seen until August 20, 2004 (prolonged).
Parallel to his exhibition other events were taking place, talks, discussions and a perfomance.
Dr. Walter Kugler and Vera Koppehel from the Rudolf Steiner Archiv in Dornach were a great help in creating this exhibition.
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Inside the Kingdom
Saudi Arabia is a country defined by paradox: it sits atop some of the richest oil deposits in the world, and yet the country's roiling disaffection produced sixteen of the nineteen 9/11 hijackers. It is a modern state, driven by contemporary technology, and yet its powerful religious establishment would have its customs and practices rolled back to match those of the Prophet Muhammed over a thousand years ago. In a world where events in the Middle East continue to have geopolitical consequences far beyond the region's boundaries, an understanding of this complex nation is essential. With "Inside the Kingdom", British journalist and bestselling author Robert Lacey has given us one of the most penetrating and insightful looks at Saudi Arabia ever produced. More than twenty years after he first moved to the country to write about the Saudis at the end of the oil boom, Lacey has returned to find out how the consequences of the boom produced a society at war with itself. Filled with stories told by a broad range of Saudis, from high princes and ambassadors to men and women on the street, "Inside the Kingdom" is in many ways the story of the Saudis in their own words.
The complex story of what's been happening within Saudi Arabia - while the West wasn't looking
Robert Lacey is a British journalist and the author of the bestselling books Majesty and Ford: The Men and the Machine, among others. In 1979, he moved with his family to Saudi Arabia for eighteen months to research his book, The Kingdom, an eye-opening and penetrating study of that country's complex and often paradoxical culture. For the past three years he has split his time between Saudi Arabia and London, gathering material for this book.
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| 0.962035
| 346
| 2.03125
| 2
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Security event manager
A security event manager (SEM), and the related SIM and SIEM, are computerized tools used on data networks to centralize the storage and interpretation of logs, or events, generated by other software running on the network.
The acronyms SEM, SIM and SIEM have sometimes been used interchangeably, but generally refer to the different primary focus of products:
- Log management: Focus on simple collection and storage of log messages and audit trails
- Security information management (SIM): Long-term storage as well as analysis and reporting of log data.
- Security event manager (SEM): Real-time monitoring, correlation of events, notifications and console views.
- Security information and event management (SIEM): Combines SIM and SEM and provides real-time analysis of security alerts generated by network hardware and applications.
In practice many products in this area will have a mix of these functions, so there will often be some overlap – and many commercial vendors also promote their own terminology.
Many systems and applications which run on a computer network generate events which are kept in event logs. These logs are essentially lists of activities that occurred, with records of new events being appended to the end of the logs as they occur. Protocols, such as syslog and SNMP, can be used to transport these events, as they occur, to logging software that is not on the same host on which the events are generated. The better SEMs provide a flexible array of supported communication protocols to allow for the broadest range of event collection.
It is beneficial to send all events to a centralized SEM system for the following reasons:
- Access to all logs can be provided through a consistent central interface
- The SEM can provide secure, forensically sound storage and archival of event logs (this is also a classic log management function)
- Powerful reporting tools can be run on the SEM to mine the logs for useful information
- Events can be parsed as they hit the SEM for significance, and alerts and notifications can be immediately sent out to interested parties as warranted
- Related events which occur on multiple systems can be detected which would be impossible to detect if each system had a separate log
- Events which are sent from a system to a SEM remain on the SEM even if the sending system fails or the logs on it are accidentally or intentionally erased
Although centralised logging has existed for long time, SEMs are a relatively new idea, pioneered in 1999 by a small company called E-Security, and are still evolving rapidly. The key feature of a Security Event Management tool is the ability to analyse the collected logs to highlight events or behaviors of interest, for example an Administrator or Super User logon, outside of normal business hours. This may include attaching contextual information, such as host information (value, owner, location, etc.), identity information (user info related to accounts referenced in the event like first/last name, workforce ID, manager's name, etc.), and so forth. This contextual information can be leveraged to provide better correlation and reporting capabilities and is often referred to as Meta-data. Products may also integrate with external remediation, ticketing, and workflow tools to assist with the process of incident resolution. The better SEMs will provide a flexible, extensible set of integration capabilities to ensure that the SEM will work with most customer environments.
One of the major problems in the SEM space is the difficulty in consistently analyzing event data. Every vendor, and indeed in many cases different products by one vendor, uses a different proprietary event data format and delivery method. Even in cases where a "standard" is used for some part of the chain, like Syslog, the standards don't typically contain enough guidance to assist developers in how to generate events, administrators in how to gather them correctly and reliably, and consumers to analyze them effectively.
As an attempt to combat this problem, a couple parallel standardization efforts are underway. First, The Open Group is updating their circa 1997 XDAS standard, which never made it past draft status. This new effort, dubbed XDAS v2, will attempt to formalize an event format including which data should be included in events and how it should be expressed. The XDAS v2 standard will not include event delivery standards but other standards in development by DMTF may provide a wrapper.
- Computer security incident management
- Security information management
- Comparison of network monitoring systems
- Security information and event management
- http://www.securityinformationeventmanagement.com/security-event-management.php SIEM
- Preparing for Security Event Management
- A Practical Application of SIM/SEM/SIEM Automating Threat Identification
- Swift, David (26 December 2006). "A Practical Application of SIM/SEM/SIEM, Automating Threat Identification" (PDF). SANS Institute. p. 3. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
...the acronym SIEM will be used generically to refer...
- "SIEM: A Market Snapshot". Dr.Dobb's Journal. 5 February 2007.
- The Future of SIEM - The market will begin to diverge
- "Novell buys e-Security", 2006, ZDNet
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Submit your reviews! We will be giving away a pair of the HandsOn Grooming Gloves
for the best review posted from now until November 31st.
Please read the November 1, 2016 newsletter for additional information on how to enter.
Horse Health Press Release
PHOENIX, Ariz. – Horse owners seeking peace of mind when it comes to the hazardous parasites threatening their animals can look to a new broad spectrum dewormer from Phoenix-based Farnam Horse Products. ComboCare™ is the only over-the-counter dewormer that kills ascarids, tapeworms, small strongyles including the encysted stages, and bots. This revolutionary product offers horse lovers a premium option in broad-based protection.
“This is so timely now because recent surveys show a significantly high proportion of tapeworms in horses in the U.S. These tapeworms have been associated with colic in a number of cases,” said Tom Kennedy, Ph.D, research and development director at Farnam. “Removal of tapeworms on a regular basis is what’s necessary for optimal equine health.”
Research suggests that more than 50 percent of horses tested in the U.S. have been exposed to tapeworms--including the most common species, Anoplocephala perfoliata. ComboCare™ provides praziquantel at a delivered dose of 2.5 milligrams per kilogram of horse body weight, which ensures effective control against the parasites. Praziquantel prevents the tapeworm larvae from clinging to the intestinal wall, causing the parasite to die.
Combining moxidectin with praziquantel, the dewormer also protects against the dangers of encysted small strongyles and bots, while providing 84-day suppression of strongyle eggs. ComboCare™ causes small encysted strongyles to die and dissolve in the horse’s gut wall, without causing further damage.
“Tapes and small strongyles are the critical areas of concern for the adult horse. What this expanded broad-spectrum control means for the horse owner is heightened protection against the dangers of colic, since tapeworms have been found to be a leading cause of the illness, and prevention against the serious threats from small strongyles,” said Paul Loomans, marketing director for dewormers at Farnam. “Horses are often infected in pastures, and the tapeworms are most active during the warmer months. Until now, tapeworms were not a big issue because symptoms were hard to diagnose, but new studies pointing to the vast exposure in the U.S. have significantly raised awareness in the equine industry.”
For more information about Farnam dewormers, in the United States call toll free at (800) 234-2269, direct at (602) 285-1660 or go to farnamhorse.com on the Internet. Founded in 1946, Farnam Companies, Inc., is a privately held company and a leader in the animal health products industry.
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Osher Twito, 13, who lost his leg in a Kassam rocket attack five years ago, met
US President Barack Obama on Thursday in Jerusalem for the second
Four months after his injury in 2008, he was taken from the
hospital, so he could meet Obama, who was then visiting Israel as part of his
first run for office.
Click here for full JPost coverage of Obama's visit to Israel
Obama invited Twito to the Jerusalem International
Convention Center and, during his major address there
, told the thousands of
people in the audience that the boy had become a symbol for him of the dangers
that face Israel.
“When I consider Israel’s security, I think about
children like Osher Twito, who I met in Sderot – children the same age as my own
daughters who went to bed at night fearful that a rocket would land in their
bedroom simply because of who they are and where they live,” Obama
After the speech, he spent a few moments talking privately with
Osher and his mother Iris.
The meeting was organized by One Family Fund,
which works with terror victims and their families. Through their efforts, seven
terror victims were at the speech. But only Twito and his mother personally
spoke with Obama.
Rebecca Fuhrman of One Family Fund, herself a terror
victim, was also with them as a translator.
“Iris immediately gave Obama
a hug and thanked him for coming to Israel.
Obama thanked her and told
her how much her story had inspired him for the last five years since he met
them,” said Fuhrman.
“It was like old friends meeting each
It was a private meeting away from the cameras, Fuhrman said,
explaining that neither Twito nor his mother wanted to speak with
But Iris did tell One Family Fund after the meeting that “it
was emotional for us and my husband who went through surgery last night and
could not come. He called me in tears when he heard him say Osher’s name in the
“I hugged the president and told him that he gives us hope,”
Fuhrman, who was injured in a March 22, 2011, bombing right
outside the convention center, said she too was inspired by Obama, particularly
given her history with that part of the city.
“I feel like a survivor,”
said Fuhrman, who is originally from Pittsburgh.
On that day, she was on
her way home from work, and luckily missed her bus, which was much closer to the
She had been in the back with two of her friends but had gotten up
as the bus pulled to the stop because she thought about getting off.
that moment, the bomb exploded.
Her memory, she said, is blurry, but she
recalled going back to get her friends and then yelling at the driver to open
the door and let them off.
“We started running down the street,” said
Fuhrman. “I didn’t know I was injured. I was in shock.”
It was only when
she woke the next morning that she saw that something was wrong with her
At first she thought it was pink eye, and it seemed so surreal to
her that she would survive a terror attack only to wake up with something so
But the doctor told her that it was actually a piece of shrapnel
that had gone into her cornea.
“But it was the emotional injury that was
more difficult,” Fuhrman said.
Without the help of family and friends,
she would not have made it through that difficult period, she said.
then went to work for One Family Fund as a way of helping terror victims who
lacked that same support system.
Obama and his office has shown so much
understanding and have built a positive relationship with victims of terror in
Israel, she said, adding that she was impressed by how personable Obama
“I always knew he was an unbelievably charismatic person.
when he walked into the room and it was like seeing an old friend. He was so
very personable that his personality really showed through,” she
“It was really inspiring to come back to a place that has such a
negative memory and to be there for something so overwhelmingly positive.”
Relevant to your professional network? Please share on Linkedin
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If you're ever worried that someone's life is in immediate danger, call 911 or go directly to emergency services.
Take Action : Spot the Signs : Use "A.L.E.C" - a simple four-step model designed to help you open a conversation with someone who might be struggling.
A : ASK someone how they’re doing – something as simple as ‘You don’t seem yourself lately – are you feeling OK?’
L : LISTEN. Give them your full attention. Follow-up questions are good too. They’ll help let him know you’re listening: “That can’t be easy. How long have you felt that way?”
E : ENCOURAGE ACTION. Help them to focus on simple things that might improve how they feel. And if he’s felt low for more than two weeks, suggest he sees his doctor.
C : CHECK IN. Follow up after your chat. This reinforces that you care and can help you to gauge if they’re feeling any better.
Don't forget to take an internal check of your own self care. Your well-being, both mentally and physically, are most important if you are going to help and care for anyone else. Be sure to check out a guide on Self-Care.
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PhD: Entry requirements vary according to the research topic and/or specific studentships. The normal minimum entrance requirement is an upper second class honours degree or masters degree, relevant to the proposed area of study, from a recognised higher education institution in the UK. You should also have experience of academic research in the previous four years, normally in the form of either a masters degree in research methods, an undergraduate degree with a research element in the final year, or work-related experience with evidence through research reports. If you have a qualification from outside the UK, or you are not sure if you meet the entry requirements, please contact us by email before applying. MPhil: Applicants should normally hold, or be expecting to obtain, a bachelors degree with at least first or upper-second class honours, or an equivalent qualification. However, entry requirements differ between academic areas, and sometimes a taught masters degree is also required. The research topic pages (in the menu on the right of our Research areas page) give details of specific entry requirements, and provide contact details to discuss your suitability for the MPhil with a member of academic staff.
Months of entry
Research in the Ecosystems and Sustainability area has access to state-of-the-art laboratory facilities in the ecosystems laboratories. There are three research themes:
- Biogeochemistry and ecosystem ecology
- Biodiversity and conservation
- Climate change and ecosystem services.
- Research in the department is funded by a diverse range of external funding bodies, including the NERC, the European Union, the European Research Council, charities (The Leverhulme Foundation; Esmee Fairbairn), Defra and the Royal Society.
- The department hosts the Evolution MegaLab, an innovative project bringing evolution into the classrooms of Europe.
- Members of the discipline regularly publish in high-impact journals such as Science, Nature, PNAS and other specialist journals.
Fees and funding
Please see The Open University website http://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/research-degrees/fees-and-funding
Qualification and course duration
Course contact details
- Administrative support
- +44 (0)1908 659036
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|Otter Tail County, Minnesota|
Location in the state of Minnesota
Minnesota's location in the U.S.
|Founded||March 18, 1858 |
|Named for||Otter Tail Lake and Otter Tail River|
|Largest city||Fergus Falls|
2,224.91 sq mi (5,762 km²)
1,979.71 sq mi (5,127 km²)
245.20 sq mi (635 km²), 11.02%
29/sq mi (11/km²)
|Time zone||Central: UTC-6/-5|
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of 2,224.91 square miles (5,762.5 km2), of which 1,979.71 square miles (5,127.4 km2) (or 88.98%) is land and 245.20 square miles (635.1 km2) (or 11.02%) is water. According to the official web site, Otter Tail County contains over 1000 lakes and two Minnesota state parks, Maplewood State Park and Glendalough State Park. The highest point in Otter Tail County is Inspiration Peak in the Leaf Mountains, at 1750 feet above sea level.
- Becker County (north)
- Wadena County (northeast)
- Todd County (southeast)
- Douglas County (south)
- Grant County (southwest)
- Wilkin County (west)
- Clay County (northwest)
Native Americans used the survey area for hunting and fishing and had permanent dwelling sites. Two Native American tribes were in constant conflict. The Dakota (Sioux) were being pushed from their home area by the Ojibwa (Chippewa) during the late 18th century and early 19th century. Burial mounds and artifacts can still be found. Some of the oldest remains of Native Americans were found near Pelican Rapids, Minnesota. The remains, nicknamed Minnesota Girl, were dated at about 11,000 B.C. (Otter Tail County Historical Museum).
The first white men to enter the county were French and British fur traders. Efforts were made to set up trading posts on the Leaf Lakes and Otter Tail Lake. In the late 19th century, most of the towns were built along the railroad lines. Lumber and agriculture were the major industries in the county at that time. The pine and hardwood forests, transportation system, and markets were instrumental in the development of Fergus Falls into a lumber center.
In 1870, the population of the county was about 2,000. At that time the principal languages spoken in the county were Norwegian, Swedish, German, and English. Otter Tail County was established in March 1858 by a legislative act. It was organized in 1868. The original county seat was Ottertail City.
The people of Fergus Falls organized a new county named Holcomb. In 1872, a legislative act abolished Holcomb County, added additional townships to the west, and established Fergus Falls as the county seat of Otter Tail County. There are 62 townships in the county. The county is named for Otter Tail Lake and the Otter Tail River.
As of the census of 2000, there were 57,159 people, 22,671 households, and 15,779 families residing in the county. The population density was 29 people per square mile (11/km²). There were 33,862 housing units at an average density of 17 per square mile (7/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 97.11% White, 0.29% African American, 0.51% Native American, 0.44% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.84% from other races, and 0.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.67% of the population. 35.5% were of German and 31.2% Norwegian ancestry according to Census 2000.
There were 22,671 households out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.4% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.98.
In the county the population was spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 19.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.8 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $35,395, and the median income for a family was $42,740. Males had a median income of $30,151 versus $20,930 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,014. About 6.7% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.1% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.
In the U.S. presidential elections, Otter Tail County has mainly been a Republican county.
During the time period of the Great Depression, however, there was actually a communist faction within the county. The areas where the movement was centered in the county are quite desolate today, however, during mid-1932, the worst possible time for farmers, there were over 900 members involved with one of the state's communist organizations. “The members of the communist party were very active in the New York Mills area of Newton, Leaf Lake, Blowers, Deer Creek and Paddock Townships. They held meetings, recruited members, placed candidates on local and state tickets, and distributed propaganda. They held dances in Heinola, Menahga, and Sebeka where the Soviet hammer and sickle was proudly displayed and ran a summer camp on East Leaf Lake.” Heinola is a ghost town today. The low activity and population among these areas today suggests that they were set up by outsiders during the Depression. When the communist movement died out, so did much of the activity and population has been on the decline ever since. This leads to the idea that the most of Otter Tail had strongly conservative roots; the few "communists" in the area were farmers under the influence of outsiders.
By the time Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented some of the New Deal programs in the county, most of the communist movement began to lose all its steam. In addition, the Winter War in Europe between Finland and the U.S.S.R. soured the taste of communism to many Finnish immigrants (the Fins were a major denomination among the communists at the time). Carl Peltoniemi, a former supporter of the organization, said, “The communist movement within the Finnish community basically ended at the start of the Winter War in 1939-1940.”
Ever since the United States presidential election of 1936, Otter Tail County has voted Republican for every Presidential election. In the U.S. Presidential Election of 2008, 55% of the voters voted for John McCain while 42% voted for Barack Obama.
In the Minnesota House of Representatives, Otter Tail County is divided into two districts. District 10A and District 10B. Both are represented by Republicans Bud Nornes (10A) and Mark Murdock (10B). Both Nornes and Murdock won the 2008 state House elections with more than 50% of the vote. Districts 10A and 10B make up the Minnesota State Senate district 10, which is represented by Republican State Senator Gretchen Hoffman. Senator Hoffman won the 2010 election with just under 55% of the votes.
|2008||42% 13,856||55% 18,077|
|2004||37% 12,038||61% 19,734|
|2000||35% 9,176||59% 16,963|
|1996||40% 10,519||45% 11,808|
|1992||34% 9,844||41% 11,074|
|1988||42% 10,373||57% 14,015|
|1984||38% 9714||61% 15,664|
|1980||34% 9,108||57% 15,091|
|1976||48% 11,881||49% 12,113|
|1972||36% 7881||62% 13,519|
|1968||35% 7400||60% 12,483|
|1964||48% 9997||51% 10,542|
|1960||36% 8054||59% 16,080|
Cities and towns Edit
- ^ "2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST05&prodType=table. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ "Census 2000 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Counties". United States Census. http://www.census.gov/tiger/tms/gazetteer/county2k.txt. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
- ^ Otter Tail County Website http://www.co.otter-tail.mn.us/gis/soilsurvey03history.php
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ a b Tweton, Jerome (1988). The New Deal at the Grass Roots: Programs for the People in Otter Tail County, Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 29–31.
- Otter Tail Country Tourism Association
- Otter Tail County government’s website
- Otter Tail County Historical Society
|Clay County||Becker County||Wadena County|
Otter Tail County, Minnesota
|Grant County||Douglas County||Todd County|
|This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Otter Tail County, Minnesota. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.|
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Bernheim welcomes all Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and members of alternative scouting groups to participate in nature-based programs in our arboretum and forest. Scouting programs can be tailored to meet badge requirements or to provide other outdoor educational and recreational opportunities for scouts.
Time and Fee Considerations
- Scout program fees begin at $7 per scout for an hour-long program, with a group minimum of $75.
- There is no charge for scout leaders, but a minimum of one adult is required for every 10 scouts in attendance.
To review examples of programs, please review the Pre-K-12 Group Programs section of the website. To schedule a scouting program or discuss specific group needs, please email Nature-based Educator Dan Pascucci.
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- Type of resource
- Software, multimedia
- Date created
The Preserving Virtual Worlds project was a collaborative project undertaken by teams at four U.S. universities: Stanford University, University of Illinois, University of Maryland, and Rochester Institute of Technology. The project was carried out between 2008 and 2010 with funding by the National Digital Information Infrastructure Preservation Program (NDIIPP) of the Library of Congress. The project was completed in August 2010 with the release of the final project report, available at https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/17097. One of the goals of the project was to develop methodologies for defining, ingesting, and describing collections comprising game / interactive fiction / virtual world software and necessary associated documentation. Eight test cases were developed for this purpose: Spacewar! (1962), Adventure (1977), Star Raiders (1979), Mystery House (1980), Mindwheel (1984), DOOM (1993), Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos (2002) and Second Life (2003-) Data gathered by the project team for these titles was deposited in the Preserving Virtual Worlds collection after the conclusion of the project. A second related project, Preserving Virtual Worlds II, was carried out from 2010-2012 by the same four institutions, with funding provided by the Institute for Museum and Library Services.
Star Raiders is a video game originally written for the Atari 2600 game console, released in 1979 and programmed by Doug Neubauer. It was also later ported to other Atari computer and game platforms. It was distinctive for its graphics, which (under most conditions) represented an out-the-cockpit, first-person view from a fictional combat spaceship traveling through a streaming 3D starfield in pursuit of enemy fighters called "Zylons". While there had already been simple target-shooting games using this perspective, Star Raiders had considerably higher quality graphics and more complex game play. This package contains Star Raiders software plus extensive related documentation in the form of manuals, images, and web sites. It also contains Stella, an open source emulator for the Atari 2600 game console, and runs on Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Windows CE/Mobile, Sega Dreamcast, GP2X, Nintendo DS, and Wii. Stella was originally written in 1996 by Bradford W. Mott and originally known as Stella 96.
- Preferred Citation
- Neubauer, Doug. (1979). Star Raiders. Stanford Digital Repository. Available at: http://purl.stanford.edu/pp060nc9006.
- Use and reproduction
- Property rights and literary rights reside with the original rights-holder(s). To obtain permission to access, publish or reproduce the content, contact the rights-holders. For additional information, please contact the Curator for History of Science and Technology Collections, email@example.com.
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Steven Kroll has died (“Steven Kroll, an Author of Children’s Books, Dies at 69,” by Dennis Hevesi, New York Times). From history to Hanukkah, Kroll wrote about it all. The author of 96 (96!) books for children, he started his career at Chatto and Windus publishing house in London and moved to Holt, Rinehart and Winston when he returned to the United States. In 1971, he decided he’d rather write than edit and in 1975 he published his first book, Milton is Missing. Booklist‘s reviews of his titles included descriptions like lively, fun, and appealing. An active presence in the children’s literature community, Kroll will be greatly missed.
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However, I just saw this tweet;
And could proudly say, "we predicted that" - in this paper, I blogged about here. The paper came about from an ESRC seminar series and just some thoughts I had about our previous work on middle-class activism and how this would interact with the new neighbourhood planning system in England.Fewer plans in poor areas: neighbourhood plans by deprivation decile. Reposting this after being at #PPPconf2015 pic.twitter.com/ODWzDx4cX0— Alasdair Rae (@undertheraedar) September 10, 2015
I don't have anything profound to say about the philosophy of social science and my ability to predict the future. But it does seem to me that social science can predict some things, the question is what things, and what are you predicting. We could never say exactly how many more neighbourhood plans there would be in affluent areas compared to deprived areas, but smashing together some theory, some findings from an evidence review and some statistical analysis of the British Social Attitudes Survey, we could roughly say "you'll probably get more neighbourhood plans in these sorts of places because of these reasons..."
I should also add, I think this does say a lot for the realist school of evaluation from Ray Pawson's work on realist synthesis. It forces you to come up with predictive, useful, rules of thumb for whats works, in what contexts and why. This means we could easily apply the findings of our earlier study to the case of neighbourhood planning.
In the meantime, PayPal me £20 and I'll predict your lottery numbers for you.
*I wistfully recall my A Level Sociology course and one of my friends proudly stating "a dog could walk off the street and get an A in A Level Sociology" to which another friend replied with "I got a B".
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Issue Date: Vol. 52, No. 11, November 2012, Posted On: 10/22/2012
FDA: Monster Energy Drinks Cited In Death Reports
by Staff Reporter
TAGS: vending, energy drinks, Monster Beverage Corp., FDA report, Monster Energy, Red Bull, Rock Star, 5-hour Energy, caffeine limits, Dick Durbin
WASHINGTON -- Monster Beverage Corp.'s energy drinks have been cited in the deaths of five people in the past year, according to incident reports that doctors and companies submit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Like similar filings made with the FDA in cases tied to drugs or medical devices, the reports do not prove a link between Monster Energy and the deaths or health problems. The records were recently obtained under the Freedom of Information Act by the mother of a 14-year-old Maryland girl who died in December from a heart arrhythmia after drinking large cans of Monster Energy on two consecutive days, according to a story in The New York Times.
The paper said the reports do not make clear whether the incidents involved other factors, like alcohol or drugs. The Times added that the Monster Energy filings might increase Congressional calls for greater regulation of the energy products industry. Such highly caffeinated beverages as Monster Energy, Red Bull and Rock Star, as well as energy shots like 5-hour Energy, are among the energy drink brands aggressively aimed at teenagers and young people.
Sen. Dick Durbin (D-IL) is asking the FDA to consider caffeine limits on energy drinks.
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North Korea's ruling party holds its biggest meeting in 30 years early next month to pick a new leadership and likely anoint an heir to the dynasty as Kim Jong-il's health deteriorates.
Kim, suspected of suffering a stroke in 2008, is believed to have accelerated succession plans, but analysts say the meeting of the Workers' Party won't send its supreme leader into retirement just yet.
The decision by the powerful Political Bureau of the party Central Committee in June to call September's meeting indicated it will be a watershed, and that it will involve a major reshuffle of its officials for the first time in decades.
The big question is whether Kim's youngest son, Jong-un, will be given an official title and how it will rank in seniority. Additionally, North Korea watchers will be monitoring to see what positions his backers get.
I think what will happen is Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un will begin a joint leadership system in 2012, and until then, the son will hold a key position but one that is not as public, said Yang Moo-jin of the University of North Korean Studies.
Experts say North Korea, hit by sanctions punishing it for its nuclear weapons programme, could adopt a collective leadership when Kim dies with his son identified as figurehead leader but real power held by a group of officials from the ruling Workers' Party and the military.
The meeting takes place at a time of great hardship for the impoverished North as it tries to work around the sanctions and accomplish something to show for its pledge to become a powerful and prosperous nation by 2012.
By all accounts, the North's coffers are hopelessly low in cash and heavy rains this year have hit food production that even in a good year falls a million tonnes short of the amount needed to feed its 23 million people.
The meeting in early September comes amid a flurry of diplomatic activity in the region, home to the world's second- and third-largest economies and a massive arms build-up straddling the Korean peninsula military border.
Kim this week was on his second visit to China in a few months, a trip observers say was probably designed to let Beijing know of the North's planned father-to-son power transition process.
At around the same time, North Korea expressed a willingness to return to nuclear disarmament talks, which have been in limbo since 2008 when North Korea walked out and said they were finished. China has hosted the on-again-off-again talks since they began in 2003.
Speculation over who will succeed as the third generation of leader to the world's first communist dynasty has grown with Kim's noticeable decline in health.
South Korea, China, the United States and Japan will all be watching for clues as to how the transfer of power proceeds in the country with a military-first policy and enough fissile material for at least six to eight nuclear weapons.
With North and South still technically at war, having only signed an armistice in 1953, regional powers are anxious to know what changes are afoot and who will command the country's nearly 1.2 million troops and another 7.7 million in the reserves.
Founded on October 10, 1945, the Workers' Party of Korea has been the pinnacle of power in the North, the source of the go-it-alone Juche ideology, a mix of Marxism and ultra-nationalism preached by Kim's father and state founder, Kim Il-sung.
Kim Jong-il rules as the party's general secretary on top of his role as chairman of the National Defence Commission. His grooming as a future leader began at the party level three decades ago when he was given a formal role at a convention.
There has been barely a handful of sessions of the solemn national convention since the party's founding. But each was a milestone in the evolution of the state from a revolutionary movement fighting Japan's colonial rule to a reclusive regime that has stoked regional tensions with armed provocations and pursuit of weapons of mass destruction.
(Additional reporting by Chris Buckley in Beijing; Editing by Jeremy Laurence and Nick Macfie)
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Safe learning through toys
- Use recommended age labeling as a guide and look for warnings and other safety messages on toy packaging.
- Consider the home environment and the ages of other, particularly younger, children in the home. A toy intended for an older child may be unsuitable and possibly dangerous in the hands of a younger child.
- Be especially careful when selecting toys for children younger than three. Avoid toys with small parts that could be swallowed or inhaled, including small balls and un-inflated balloons, and those with sharp points or rough edges.
- No matter how old a child is, if he or she is still mouthing objects, be sure toys or pieces of toys are too large to swallow or to become lodged in the mouth or throat.
- Check for sturdy, well-sewn seams on stuffed animals and cloth dolls. Be certain that any decoration is securely fastened and cannot be pulled or bitten off.
What to look for at child care or preschool
- Teachers asking and answering questions, talking and listening to children
- Children read to, at regular times and at children’s request
- Labels on containers, shelves, and other classroom objects
- Children’s ideas and stories written and displayed
- Blocks and other materials for building, sorting, and manipulating
- Opportunities for running, jumping, climbing, and dramatic play
- Learning through activities and projects rather than direct instruction in skills and facts
Games for pre-schoolers
Vocabulary: Teach vocabulary through pictures and objects
I spy game: I spy with my little eye in this class beginning with “b”
Riddles: It flies in the air and has wings. It chirps and loves to eat worms. (Bird)
Memory Game: Teacher shows objects on a tray and then removes few from them, children to guess which are missing.
Mystery Game: In a bag keep things beginning with “b”. Children have to feel and name them. (bat -bell – bottle)
Concepts: large, larger, largest
Art Activity: Painting With Carrots
Cut real carrots with 2-3 pieces. Use them like rubber stamp – dip in orange tempera and print to make a letter c.
A child’s imagination knows no boundaries. It has wings that can fly higher than we could ever imagine! The best way to teach them is to play with them. Our words, actions, gestures are the tools that help them learn and grow into individuals with emotions, perspectives and attitudes.
It goes without saying that our choice of toys will greatly impact the moulding of a child’s personality. For example, a child growing up with books will develop deep intellect and power of reason. A child playing with educational toys will learn to explore and use his motor skills more adeptly. A child playing outdoors, will be a rough and tough one. Similarly kids playing with violent toys, highly stimulating video games etc. will raise restless and reckless adults who lack stability and focus in life.
Another important factor is not just to buy toys for kids but spend some quality time playing with them. Truthfully there is much developmental opportunity for parents and teachers to observe child behaviour and enhance learning just at play. It factually reveals a child’s personality in the making and facilitates grown ups to adjust their parenting styles and attitudes accordingly.
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Microfinancing allows individuals and small businesses to quickly obtain small loans for short periods of time. It is easier to obtain them than bank loans, but the rates on such loans are usually much higher.
Microfinance institutions represent a small-sized, yet important element of the financial system. They are often present in regions where there are few banks and, therefore, credit is less available to individuals and small businesses. Microfinance institutions address the demand for short-term and small loans urgently needed by individuals.
Microfinance market participants are microfinance organisations, consumer credit cooperatives, agricultural consumer credit cooperatives, housing savings cooperatives and pawnshops.
The Bank of Russia maintains state registers of microfinance market participants, supervises their activity directly and through self-regulatory organisations, and regulates the microfinance market.
To make sure that microloans help people in different circumstances, rather than worsen their financial situation, the following restrictions on MFO loans have been imposed:
- a restriction on the maximum ratio of debt under a consumer loan agreement to the consumer loan principal amount — 1.5 times starting from 1 January 2020
- a restriction on the daily interest rate — no more than 1% per day starting from 1 July 2019
- a restriction on the total cost of a loan to no more than 365% per annum
- ban on microloans secured by residential property
The activities of illegal creditors who misrepresent themselves as microfinance organisations remain a serious problem. Applying to them for loans is dangerous: illegal creditors may fraudulently force a borrower to sign a loan agreement with a criminally high interest rate, against the pledge of property or housing. Litigation proceedings against illegal creditors can take a lot of time and effort. To avoid falling victim of such creditors, borrowers must check whether the organisation from which they plan to borrow funds is listed in the Bank of Russia Register
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- AFTER THE STORM
Hurricane Sandy: UD response helps region
- THE CHALLENGES FACING SNOW LEOPARDS
- HELPING FAMILIES AFFECTED BY AUTISM TO THRIVE
- BRAIN TRUST
- AN ACT OF LIBERTY
- THE CURIOSITY SHOP
Tania Roth, assistant professor of psychology at UD and a researcher whose work is supported by the new Delaware Center for Neuroscience Research, knows that the genes we're born with don't determine our future.
Her investigations focus on behavioral epigenetics, seeking to define the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for environmental influences on gene activity, the development of behavior and psychiatric disorders. Epigenetics refers to the tiny chemical "tags" in living things that interact with genes and affect the way they function, sometimes, for example, "turning off" the normal operation of a particular gene.
The epigenome has been compared to the software that tells a computer—the genome itself—when to operate and what to do.
"In our lab, we're interested in understanding how the environment interacts with genes," Roth says. "We look at molecular, or epigenetic, changes that occur and then how that affects the brain and behavior."
She uses a rodent model to investigate the relationship between environmental experiences and lifelong patterns of gene expression and behavior. Roth's work focuses on DNA methylation, which is a chemical change in the brain that is important for cell development and gene expression.
She is specifically researching the effects of negative experiences early in life—particularly, adverse care giving, such as neglect or mistreatment—on epigenetic programming and patterns of gene expression. Such an adverse early experience, she says, can lead to epigenetic changes in the brain that might last a lifetime and even affect later generations.
Roth, who has been interested since graduate school in early life experiences and their effects on the brain, says her work with genes and chemical tags is the specific focus of the grant she's received through the new neuroscience center. But her research also has expanded recently to include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and she has been collaborating with a national consortium of scientists studying that condition.
"Your early life experiences can chemically tag your DNA, and that in turn can cause changes in the activity of your genes and behavior," she says. "One question we are interested in addressing is: Do chemical tags on DNA produced by adverse early life experiences make you more susceptible to developing PTSD if you experience trauma as an adult?"
PTSD has gained attention in recent years because of its rates of occurrence among soldiers who served in wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, but many cases also occur outside the military, including in victims of violent crimes and survivors of serious car accidents.
However, these chemical tags are not only relevant to understanding PTSD, but a host of other health outcomes associated with early-life adversity, including depression and anxiety.
Roth adds, "Studies in the field of behavioral epigenetics are giving us a new molecular framework to understand how our experiences can become part of our biology. An epigenetics perspective in research with animal models and in clinical trials stands to yield substantial information regarding biological determinants of brain function and health outcomes, and new approaches to diagnose and possibly treat psychiatric disorders."
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A 10-week-old fingerprint was 'lifted' with the help of a fluorescent dye and a 5-W diode-pumped laser.
Ten-year-old Anthony Martinez was abducted and killed last April, and his nude, bound body dumped in a remote desert site in Berdoo Canyon, Calif. Despite an intense investigation, few clues to the identity of the boy's brutal killer have turned up.
But the first real break in the highly publicized case may have come from a fingerprint discovered at the crime scene through the use of a forensic application of photonics, Riverside County sheriff's deputies say.
The 10-week-old fingerprint was "lifted" by the forensics unit of the California State Department of Justice in late June, using a fluorescent dye and a 5-W, 532-nm diode-pumped Millennia laser produced by Spectra-Physics Lasers of Mountain View, Calif.
Since the print was found on evidence that had not been handled by police, deputies are hopeful the print belongs to the killer. Sheriff's Sgt. Mark Lohman declined to identify the piece of evidence on which the print appeared.
At press time, authorities were still trying to find a match through a computerized search of existing state felony registries, which include registered sex offenders and other known criminals.
Because of the nonporous surface on which the print was found, and the length of time that had elapsed since discovery of the body, the print could not be lifted by traditional means. That involves dusting the surface with a black powder, which preferentially sticks to the print configuration. Adhesive tape is used to lift the print from the surface, and the impression is placed on a white card to provide maximum contrast. But for this method to work, a print must be fairly fresh, and it cannot be lifted from textured, oily or sticky surfaces.
Continued on page two.
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2021, issue 4, p. 27-34
Received 13.12.2021; Revised 18.12.2021; Accepted 21.12.2021
Published 30.12.2021; First Online 27.01.2022
Vehicle Routing Problem When Using UAVs
V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv
Introduction. In recent years, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is growing rapidly. Initially introduced for military purposes, drones and related technologies have been successfully switched to a number of new civilian applications in the last few years, such as delivery, logistics, surveillance, entertainment, and more. They also opened up new opportunities, such as working in difficult or dangerous areas. The UAV has the potential to solve the problem of air mobility, allowing to change transport and logistics in the future. Combining UAVs with traditional land vehicles can solve the last-mile delivery problem by achieving significant improvements in distribution costs and speed of vehicle delivery. One of the biggest challenges is to plan UAV routes with a number of constraints, including time, distance or energy costs, cargo weight, environmental and environmental conditions (such as wind direction or obstacles), UAV battery life, and demand requirements. users you want to visit. Thus, it revealed the need to classify different types of research and study the general characteristics of the study area. This article aims to help identify the main topics and new areas of research, as well as provides a published overview of the current state and contribution to the problem of UAV routing, as well as a general categorization of the problem of vehicle routing (VRP).
The purpose of the paper is to analyze the scientific contributions to the problem of UAV routing to determine the main characteristics of these problems, as well as trends in research and recent improvements.
Results. Sources are classified according to the areas of application of UAVs; methods that include exact, heuristic, metaheuristic, and mixed algorithms are mentioned.
Conclusions. An overview of the work on routing problems using UAVs and the tasks they generate, trends in research and recent developments.
Keywords: Unmanned aerial vehicle, routing, vehicle, optimization.
Cite as: Norba I. Vehicle Routing Problem When Using UAVs. Cybernetics and Computer Technologies. 2021. 4. P. 27–34. (in Ukrainian) https://doi.org/10.34229/2707-451X.21.4.3
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ISSN 2707-451X (Online)
ISSN 2707-4501 (Print)
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- "The Jewish nation is not a nation without Torah."
- "God: I have inscribed Myself and given it to you"
Talmud, Tractate Shabbat 105a
- "God peered into the Torah and created the universe"
- "Torah is our life and the length of our days."
The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute
Serving learning centers in over 900 communities and on the internet, the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute (JLI) is the world's preeminent provider of Jewish learning.
An aha! moment in every lesson.
JLI's mission is to make Jewish learning accessible and personally meaningful to every Jew, regardless of background or affiliation. JLI's insightful curricula utilizes cutting-edge pedagogic techniques, embracing the multiple intelligence model and utilizing multimedia and an array of approaches to engage, educate, and inspire all kinds of minds in a dynamic Jewish learning experience.
JLI Flagship ProgramFounded in 1998, JLI's flagship program continues to operate in over 350 locations worldwide offering three accredited courses per year on an array of topics including Jewish ethics, Jewish mysticism and philosophy, Jewish history and culture, and Jewish belief and practice. JLI's courses are accredited for continuing legal and medical education and all courses offer CEU credits.
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Torah StudiesTorah Studies is a weekly text-based Torah study program offered in 275 cities on six continents. Torah Studies was founded in 2004 to provide instructors with well-researched, in-depth classes on the weekly Torah portion. Torah Studies enables students of all backgrounds to gain a true appreciation of cardinal Jewish beliefs and practices.
The Rosh Chodesh SocietyThe Rosh Chodesh Society (RCS) is a global initiative that aims to transform the lives of Jewish women, their families, and their greater communities through the bonds of shared Jewish experience. Through an international network of women scholars, leaders, and educators, RCS provides cutting-edge adult education in tandem with monthly cultural and social programs.
Sinai ScholarsSinai Scholars Society integrates the study of classic Jewish texts, social programming, and national networking opportunities to provide a fresh and exciting context for Jewish life and learning on the university campus. Sinai Scholars invites students to engage in an open community of study and self-discovery that will help them to become passionate, informed Jewish leaders on campus and in their respective communities.
JLI TeensJLI Teens provides advanced Jewish involvement for high school students by challenging teenagers to incorporate Jewish thought into their everyday life. Each series incorporates ethics, philosophy, faith, history, community service, current events, and textual studies
MyShiurThe MyShiur Talmud Learning Initiative offers authentic and in depth Talmud study opportunities. Utilizing JLI's revolutionary pedagogic methodology, MyShiur makes Talmud study accessible to all.
The National Jewish RetreatEstablished in 2006, JLI's annual National Jewish Retreat has been dubbed "the Jewish event of the year," offering five days of luxury and learning and an unprecedented over 150 sessions with forty of the world's leading Jewish personalities. Participants get to mingle with renowned speakers, scholars, and authors as they enjoy first-class gourmet cuisine and 5-star accommodations in an immersive Jewish experience.
The Land & The SpiritEstablished in 2008, JLI's luxurious biennial Israel experience offers an inspiring taste of the land of our heritage for dozens of communities across North America and around the globe. Participants don't just get see the land, they learn about the places they visit and capture a taste of its soul. Infused with genuine Chabad warmth and spirit, participants encounter Israel's modern heroes, soldiers, prominent politicians, newsmakers, and some of the greatest kabalists and Torah giants of our time.
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Drive technology is the largest sub-sector in mechanical engineering. Drive technology ‘made in Germany’ is in heavy demand and can hold its ground on the global market despite high cost pressures as a result of the synergy of premium quality, intelligent design, and efficiency.
Integration of power electronics systems in drive technology and therefore in the production process and in building services technology has risen disproportionately. Applications of this kind are particularly energy-efficient and flexible. More use needs to be made of frequency inverter-controlled drive systems in future, for instance, in order to achieve global climate policy targets.
The requirements and complexity of modern systems and plants have also risen in line with the increase in power and microelectronics components. BLOCK has an extensive range of reactors and filters which guarantee that the drive technology works reliably, efficiently, and failure-free, including within the scope of Industry 4.0.
A power electronics drive system consists of more than a frequency inverter, motor cable and motor. Additional Power Quality components also need to be integrated into the system in order to ensure safe and failure-free operation for the mechanical system. This is because system and plant manufacturers are required to guarantee the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the drive system and of the entire plant and provide evidence of this through the CE mark.
“EMC” relates to the ability not to disturb other devices through unwanted electrical or electromagnetic effects, or to be disturbed by other devices and systems. We speak of EMC problems if this does occur.
Frequency inverters can be the source of various EMC effects. By transforming the mains frequency and the mains AC voltage, firstly into DC voltage and then into pulse-width-modulated voltage (PWM), a large part of the plant’s overall power is transferred to a motor (in most cases an electric motor).
Frequency inverters consist of an input rectifier circuit which converts the mains AC voltage into DC voltage. The downstream intermediate circuit capacitor smooths the DC voltage further and also serves as an energy storage system. The intermediate circuit capacitor is charged temporarily via the rectifier circuit (1~ B2-/3~ B6 bridge rectification). Spikes arise in the mains power signal as a result of this. Aside from the fundamental frequency of the mains, these also feature superimposed frequency components and are known as “harmonics” or “harmonic vibrations”. Harmonics can be presented and evaluated in a magnitude spectrum via the Fourier Transform. These harmonics result in non-linear voltage drops across the impedance in the upstream mains and therefore to voltage distortions in the network range supplied by the same transformer. This circuit feedback causes damage or impairs the operation of the transformer and of further consumers. A high degree of harmonic currents means high additional reactive power at the same time, which is also known as distortion reactive power. This reactive power must be provided by the energy supplier and may be charged. The applicable standards such as IEC 61000-3-2 / -3-12 or IEEE 519 stipulate limit values for harmonic currents.
Line reactors reduce low-frequency disturbances (harmonics) and reduce the strain on the mains supply by compensating for the distortion reactive power. Limiting the start-up current protects the connected consumers and thereby also increases their lifetime. The standard product range includes series with short circuit voltages of 3%, 4% and 5%.
Passive harmonic filters
Passive harmonic filters from BLOCK reduce harmonic currents and thereby also reduce the distortion reactive power because they are precisely aligned with the main harmonics frequencies. The quality of the power signal is stated as a percentage with the THDi value (Total Harmonic Distortion). While a THDi of 30 – 40% is achieved with a line reactor in standard industrial applications, BLOCK harmonic filters can reduce the THDi to <= 7%. In this way, in addition to improving the Power Quality, BLOCK harmonic filters also contribute towards mains stabilization.
Currents and voltages deviating from the sinusoidal shape feature components with higher frequencies. In the frequency range between 0-2000 Hz, they are known as harmonics, while in the frequency range over 150 kHz, they are known as radio interference. Radio interference is subdivided into conducted interference (150 kHz to 30 MHz) and radiated interference (greater than 30 MHz). High-frequency switching operations (cycle frequencies) featuring high edge steepness in the kHz range at the output of the frequency inverter cause these types of radio interference. The higher the frequency and steeper the rising edge (hard switching), the greater the potential for radio interference. There are standards and limit values which must be complied with and which relate to the operational environment for the device or for the system in the residential or industrial area. Radio interference can only be effectively reduced by radio interference filters.
Passive EMI filters are used to suppress electromagnetic interference between the mains network and frequency inverter in the frequency range between 150 kHz and 30 MHz. They are used for compliance with the limit values required by the standards for the residential or industrial area. We offer a comprehensive range of filters as well as measurements on-site or at our in-house accredited EMC Lab. When designed as a line filter, the passive EMI filter can also be combined with a line reactor. This also reduces low-frequency interference (harmonics).
Functional leakage currents can result in downtime
Leakage currents can arise through damaged insulation (fault current). They then flow via the equipotential bonding system (ground). An upstream fault current circuit breaker is able to switch off these leakage currents safely. This safety system protects people and provides protection against fire. On the other hand, leakage currents also occur through grounded capacitors for suppression of radio interference, and through unwanted/parasite capacitors in the system. Functional leakage currents result in system downtimes as they trigger the upstream safety systems (FI circuit breaker). In the case of frequency inverter-controlled drive systems, parasite capacitors produce switching frequency-dependent leakage currents in the kilohertz range via the motor cable and at the motor itself. The intermediate circuit capacitor is the source here. Radio interference suppression capacitors in the EMI filter and frequency inverter produce low-frequency leakage currents with the mains network as the source. BLOCK has experts with specific expertise in solving the problems caused by excessively high leakage currents or frequent false tripping of the FI circuit breakers. They also carry out measurements on-site or at our in-house EMC Lab.
Motor reactors protect the drive from high voltage spikes and enable safe operation
Frequency inverters used for three-phase motor drives are a source of differential mode (symmetrical) and common mode (asymmetrical) interference. Controlling the rotating field frequency, torque, as well as the start-up and braking behavior of the connected motor works through variation of the pulse and pause times of the pulse-width modulated voltage at the output of the frequency inverter. This voltage signal rises via the capacity-based motor cable. This can damage the motor insulation and thereby reduce the motor’s lifetime. Longer motor cables in particular make operation of large drive systems more difficult. This is because leakage currents, bearing currents, and EMC problems impair the drive system’s operational reliability.
Motor reactors protect the motor from high edge steepness of the frequency inverter output voltage. High edge steepness at the motor occurs through an upswing in the pulse width modulated voltage at the output of the frequency inverter via the capacitance per unit length of the connected motor cable. The longer the motor cable the higher the capacitance per unit length – and therefore the higher the expected edge steepness at the motor. This is stated as a dv/dt value and results in a gradual increase in voltage. A dv/dt value of >2 kV/µS is achieved if no filters are used. This can cause insulation damage and even total failure, particularly with older motors or motors with efficiency classes IE1 and IE2. Motor reactors reduce the dv/dt value to up to <500V/µs for motor cable lengths of up to 100 meters. A dv/dt value of <250V/µs is also feasible with long cable lengths >100 m when a dv/dt filter is used with additional filter components, such as small capacitors and resistors.
Sine filters produce a sinusoidal voltage featuring low distortion from the switched frequency inverter output voltage. The sine filter achieves a very high filter effect through precise low-pass tuning to the switching frequency of the frequency inverter. The useful signal (motor operating frequency) passes through the sine filter with a minor effective drop in voltage, while the switching frequency is reduced by approx. 90%. Switching frequency harmonics are almost entirely filtered out. The use of sine filters enables the use of long shielded motor cables and ensures low noise motor operation.
Sensors and process data acquisition have long been part of connected plant and drive systems. Interfaces in the inverter enable communication via fieldbus systems for status monitoring as well as plant management and control. Bearing currents, leakage currents, and EMC problems caused by common-mode voltages impair a drive system’s operational reliability. High-frequency parasitic currents of this type couple into the grounding system via the stray capacitance of the motor cable and of the motor itself. They can spread throughout the entire plant area via fieldbus cables and encoder cables as well as on the wire paths for the voltage supply and the equipotential bonding. The galvanic coupling of the disturbance is one of the principal causes of EMC problems in electrical plants. Disrupted communication signals in the data transmission process can result in undefined plant statuses and downtimes. Control and electronics components installed within the system can also be damaged. All-pole sine filters from BLOCK provide a comprehensive solution for ensuring operational reliability in the production process in plant networks according to Industry 4.0.
All-pole sine filters
All-pole sine filters combine the benefits of a regular sine filter with additional filtering of the common-mode components which cause bearing currents at the motor, excessively high leakage currents, and EMC problems in the plant. BLOCK’s concept for all-pole sine filters provides for an additional connection to the intermediate circuit of the frequency inverter. This means that common-mode currents are returned directly to the source, i.e. the intermediate circuit of the frequency inverter. Further benefits:
◼︎ Reduction in bearing currents
◼︎ Very long, unshielded motor cables can be used
◼︎ EMC optimization
◼︎ Reduction in filter components on the mains
◼︎ Reduction in leakage currents
◼︎ Flawless operation on FI circuit breakers
BLOCK: Longstanding development partner for more Power Quality in industry
As one of the world’s leading manufacturers of inductive winding goods, BLOCK began working on the EMC of frequency inverter-controlled drive systems at an early stage. We have demonstrated our capacity for innovation in supporting this development over the last 40 years, together with manufacturers of drive systems and machine constructors. Our EMC solutions are geared towards these drive systems. Extensive vertical integration and our expertise in filtering frequency inverter-controlled drive systems in our in-house Fundamental Research and Innovation Center ensure that customers achieve the best practice EMC solution for their application. Aside from EMC checks and tests for the most adverse environmental conditions, we also carry out shock and vibration tests in our in-house laboratory.
At BLOCK, we develop a closely aligned solution whenever customers are planning particularly challenging projects. We benefit here from our many years of experience and constantly gain innovative ideas from the requirements from a wide range of industries, such as railway technology or wind power. In this way, we develop the perfect voltage solution for our customers’ products.
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Where’s your accent on the North American English dialect map?
We are searching data for your request:
Upon completion, a link will appear to access the found materials.
Rick Aschmann claims to collect dialects like other people collect stamps. I’m thinking a stamp collection on par with what he’s got going on here would be enough for everyone on Earth to send everyone else on Earth at least one piece of mail.
The more you get into this map, the more mind-boggling it is; he’s got major dialect areas, divisions, subdivisions, and transitional or anomalous areas. Explanations of how the indigenous accent mingled with migrant accents. And when you finally zone in on a spot and click, you’re taken to that area on his list, which includes audio samples with names, locations, and YouTube or audio clips to hear the dialect for yourself.
If you can bring yourself to scroll down and away from the map, he’s also got a series of fascinating articles on which states and provinces are the most linguistically complex, thoughts on where people speak “general American English,” and a debate on whether or not the cot-caught merger came from Scotland.
That’s one hell of a stamp collection.
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KAOSPILOT`S THIRD VISIT TO THE MOTHER CITY
WHAT IS THE OUTPOST?
The Kaospilot outpost is a 4-month placement in a city outside of Scandinavia, which challenges students to address new ideas and tasks by applying their skills in entirely different ways, by working with new projects and local partners. The outpost is themed and this year, as in previous years, the theme is ‘Fibre to Fabric’. The outpost is designed to develop the students’ learning process create change in multiple ways as the students’ predisposed concepts of society, economy and culture are challenged and creates new perspectives.
WHY IS IT VALUABLE FOR US?
This year outpost will, again, be held in Cape Town as it presents the students with a fertile ground for learning in a cosmopolitan city where there is always something to do for young people, be it work or some needed play. The diversity of the city provides a good atmosphere and foundation for us to work from.
By getting right into the heart of a setting crammed full of diversity and cultural extremities, the Kaospilot outpost in Cape Town is a uniquely rewarding experience in the 3-year programme. Whilst we are on location, our motivation is to create a positive impact on the projects we are involved with and to generate renewable networks and connections to allow for future collaborations.
SO, WHAT EXACTELY DO WE DO THERE?
We source partners to work with whilst we are in Cape Town and the students will have 10 projects to complete that are set up by these local partners in and around the city. These projects vary in their content but share the same goal of getting the students to confront new tasks with skills they already know and apply them in a new context, creating value and impact with the local project partner.
We try to immerse ourselves in the culture of the country on all fronts, so each year we find new spaces and the students find their own homes and rent bikes and cars to get around the city and surrounding areas. We firmly believe that it integrating with the people and culture of Cape Town enhances learning and is definitive of Outpost. What the students learn often has a profound effect on their professional and private lives.
“There is an expectation that we will go there and learn, and be open and have great humility and tread lightly, with respect, whilst we are in there.”
William Hewett, Teamleader
Arrival in Cape Town
2 March – 4 March
Introduction and start up
Networking and launch event
7 March – 22 April
25 March – 28 March
2 May – 13 May
16, 17 & 18 May
Departure from Cape Town
PREVIOUS OUTPOST DESTINATIONS
San Francisco: Durban, Habana, Vancouver, Shanghai, Bogota, Cape Town
SA: +27 76 712 0065
DK: +45 2971 6699
SA: +27 713245188
DK: +45 3193 8204
It will be updated from March 2016
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Catfish offers a variety of health benefits. Catfish has a high protein/amino acid profile. Amino acids contained in protein are responsible for many processes in the dog’s body, including maintenance of smooth workflow and digestion. Amino acids also help to regulate hormones, build muscles, fix tissue in tendons, ligaments, cartilages, and maintain healthy skin, hair, and nails. The fat contained in catfish will help your dog’s body in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Catfish provide a substantial amount of dietary fat that is enriched with essential fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6, that are adept at reducing inflammation, arthritis and other joint problems. Physiologically Tuned™, limited ingredient premium food for dogs. Hypo-allergenic meat first recipe, with no Corn, Wheat, Soy, Dairy or Chicken, Chicken Eggs or Chicken By-Products.
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|MS Access Order Smallest to Biggest Query Help||13||43|
|MS Access Why isn't the relationship ID being copied when an input is made?||7||23|
|Access 2010 Query Syntax||5||25|
|How do i remove text in between commas in Excel?||14||19|
Join the community of 500,000 technology professionals and ask your questions.
Connect with top rated Experts
25 Experts available now in Live!
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Progress report for ENC19-181
A revolution is happening in our food system due to a public that demands: local food produced sustainably; access to healthy fresh foods for all communities; a larger group of players in the foodshed such as urban farmers, community gardeners, consumers, not-for-profits, and policymakers; and resilient agricultural systems that can withstand climate change. This public mostly lives in urban areas, thus the role of urban agriculture in this renewed interest in our food system is increasingly important. The complex interactions that occur within the food system require a new generation of agricultural educators with a diverse skillset and a keen interest in collaborative partnerships. In 2009, KSU responded by launching an M.S. specialization in Urban Food Systems (UFS) within the Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources. The UFS graduate program curriculum was developed with assistance from key UFS leaders and students learn directly from UFS practitioners in several venues. The goal of this project is to provide agricultural educators (extension, non-for-profits, NGOs, K-12 and community college instructors) with opportunities to diversify their professional skills and cultivate a cohort of UFS leaders to support the food revolution in the North Central Region. Short-term outcomes include increased knowledge of: sustainable methods for UFS, the impact of UFS on food security, and challenges associated with UFS. Long-term outcomes include: economic sustainability amongst food entrepreneurs in urban communities, increased health and quality of life amongst consumers and farmers, and confident and connected educators that have a holistic understanding of the Urban Food System.
- Ten quarterly webinars that will be archived on YouTube and linked at the urbanfoodsystemsymposium.org website. We expect an average audience of 150 live participants and at least 500 views per year for each webinar.
- Content of the UFSS will be delivered to at least 50 UFS educators including the most-recent research and activities surrounding UA, community development, food distribution, urban farmer training, policy, planning and development, international UFS, food access, and sovereignty.
- UFSS program materials and written communications (abstracts, website, etc.) delivered to at least 50 UFS educators
- Powerpoints, publications, pictures and other teaching tools delivered to at least 50 UFS educators related to technical content topics delivered during the pre-symposium workshops.
- Content of the food security audit for UFS will be delivered to at least 15 UFS educators
- Detailed information from 15-18 UFS practitioners and pictures of their operations will be provided to 15 UFS educators during the UA Study Tour
- Content of the Facebook group including posts, pictures, and discussion of relevant topics
- Gaining Ground Webinar Series curriculum that is informed by a survey of our target audience
- Two half-day pre-symposium workshop curricula that address technical needs identified by a survey of our target audience
- 15 UFS educators will understand how to complete a food security audit of UFS projects and understand how they contribute to food security in urban communities
- 15 UFS educators will learn how to deliver a study tour that is based on a broad range of food systems players and utilizes a group assignment to facilitate discussion.
- At least 2000 UFS educators will identify the KSU UFS program as a resource for information, UFS experts, professional networks, and informal mentoring as a result of the webinar series, Facebook group, UFSS, and UA Study Tour.
- Facebook group of at least 300 UFS educators to post announcements and discuss relevant topics
- 50 UFS educators will build professional networks through the UFSS and pre-symposium workshops.
- Three cohorts of 5 UFS educators will develop strong professional linkages amongst themselves through the UA Study Tour.
- 15 UFS educators will make at least 20 contacts (300 total) across three cities during the UA Study Tour.
- 15 UFS educators will make at least 10 contacts (150 total) with faculty and students in the UFS M.S. program at KSU.
The goal of this project is to develop a training program that will build capacity in UFS by providing UA educators and outreach specialists (extension, non-for-profits, municipalities, NGOs, K-12 and community college) with the tools they need to support the emerging area known as UFS. Therefore, we plan to include four major objectives to accomplish this goal.
- Gaining Ground Webinar Series
- Urban Food Systems Symposium
- Pre-Symposium Workshop
- Urban Agriculture Study Tour (put on hold for 2020 due to the COVID-19 Pandemic)
Education & Outreach Initiatives
Overview of different FSA loan programs with a focus on the best options for small and diversified urban growers. He will also discuss repayment requirements, microloan programs, and how Extension agents can help their clients.
Financing the Farm: Navigating FSA Loans presented by Brian W. Wheeler, a Farm Loan Manager from Lafayette County FSA in Higginsville, Missouri. Wheeler has a bachelor’s degree in Agriculture Business Management form the University of Missouri – Columbia and has over a decade of experience in farm lending.
Urban Agriculture Educators are able to provide urban farmers with basic information about FSA loans and other resources available for financing a farm.
The webinar will include an overview of Quickbook and Excel with a focus on the best options for small and diversified urban growers. She will also discuss the pros and cons of both programs, additional resources and give helpful hints for growers. Gaining Ground is a free webinar series geared toward agriculture educators
Bookkeeping Tools for Farmers presented by Julia Shanks, an Entrepreneurial Consultant. Shanks earned an MBA from Babson College, is a QuickBooks certified ProAdvisor and the author of “The Farmer's Office: Tools, Tips and Templates to Successfully Manage a Growing Farm Business”. Her online program, “The Farmer’s Office” is a successful course that helps farmers build financially sustainable businesses.
Urban Agriculture Educators are able to provide urban farmers with basic information about bookkeeping tools and other resources for managing the business side of the farm.
The objective of this webinar is to answer the question, “What is a food hub?”. Other topics that will be covered are the pros/cons and tradeoffs of food hubs, the value of joining a food hub, and the resources that a food hub provides.
Anthony Flaccavento, Economic Development Consultant and Organic Farmer, presented at this webinar. Author of "Building a Healthy Economy from the Ground Up: Harnessing Real World Experience for Transformative Change," Anthony Flaccavento is an economic development consultant and organic farmer from Abingdon, Virginia, in the heart of Appalachia. His consulting business, SCALE Inc., works with communities around the world to help build more locally-rooted, sustainable economies and healthier food systems.
The learning outcomes of this initiative is to go deeper into the idea of food hubs and the impact of them on the community and the food system.
The objective of this webinar is to discuss value added production can create opportunities to increase profits, create opportunities to differentiate products in a crowded marketplace, and how we can help growers find the tools and resources to overcome obstacles.
There were three different speakers at this webinar. Jim Pierce, is the founder of “Of the Earth Farm + Distillery”, where he offers seasonal produce, hand crafted spirits, and locally raised meats. Beth Robinette works at Lazy R Ranch is Washington State. Beth is also the co-founder of LINC Foods, a worker-farmer owned cooperative food hub based in Spokane. Tom Ruggieri owns Fair Share Farm where they aim to promote community, sustainable agriculture, and healthy eating habits.
The learning outcome of this webinar was to provide participants with the information and resources on how to overcome obstacles related to value added products opportunities.
The goal of the Urban Food System Symposium is to bring together a national and international audience of professionals to share and gain knowledge on UFS.
The theme for the 2020 UFSS is “Nourishing Cities in a Changing Climate” (http://www.urbanfoodsystemssymposium.org). Topics at the symposium include UA, community development, food distribution, farmer training, policy, planning and development, international UFS, food access, and food sovereignty. The UFSS provides an opportunity for educators, researchers, students, extension, not-for-profit staff, community organizers, and other UFS experts to share their work, learn from others, and make connections with their peers. It also provides an opportunity for project participants to learn directly from practitioners working in the field. The 2020 UFSS was held virtually on the Whova platform due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was a great success with over 200 registered participants
Attendees will learn about the most recent research and other projects related to UA, community development, food distribution, urban farmer training, policy, planning and development, international UFS, food access, and sovereignty during the 2020
These half-day workshops will be an interactive learning environment focused on technical topics not covered during the symposium. The workshops will be taught primarily by regional UFS practitioners and the topics covered will be informed by the survey results.
The Food Policy Council Workshop took place on November 18th, 2020 and featured speakers Mark Winne, Beth Low-Smith, Misty Jimerson, and Wynona Bynum. There were 125 registered participants. Following short talks by each of the panel members, the participants participated in breakout groups where they were assigned to discuss different topics in relation to the challenges food policy councils face. The different topics were: climate change, COVID-19, and racial inequality.
The learning outcomes of this initiative was to provide information on food policy councils from individuals who work directly with these types of groups, and discuss the challenges they face and possible solutions.
The objective of this webinar was to introduce UA educators to the challenges of zoning in urban agriculture and provide Kansas City as an example of some of the barriers that have been addressed or still need to be.
Andrea Clark is dedicated to creating healthy, resilient and equitable communities through research, planning and advocacy. As a member of the policy team at KC Healthy Kids, she focuses on the connections between active living, food security and the built environment through the lens of social justice. Her work also supports initiatives of the Greater KC Food Policy Coalition, including leading the Urban Farm Zoning and Planning Task Force. She is actively involved in the Food Systems Division of the American Planning Association.
The learning outcome of this webinar was to provide participants with the information and resources on how to overcome obstacles related to zoning in urban agriculture. There were 176 registrants and 99 attendees that were able to learn from a practicing food policy advocate and expert in zoning for urban agriculture.
The objective of this webinar was to introduce UA educators to the challenges building healthy soils in urban environments. Information was provided by a soil scientist and an urban farmer.
Ganga Hettiarachchi, Ph.D., is a professor of soil and environmental chemistry in the department of agronomy at Kansas State University. She is one of the world's leading scientists in the fields of trace metal and nutrient chemistry in soils. Her research at K-State focuses on understanding the chemistry of both nutrient and contaminant elements in soils, with the goal of developing solutions to agricultural or environmental problems. Mike Rollen of Ophelia's Blue Vine Farm started his farming business seven years ago and is dedicated to restoring access to healthy, affordable food for all people in the Kansas City metropolitan area. Their local farm brings produce directly to the community to help improve the overall health of our society. They currently grow at 2416 Vine St. in Kansas City, Missouri, and sell directly to neighborhood residents as well as 14 HyVee Supermarkets in the metro area.
The learning outcome of this webinar was to provide participants with the information and resources on how to overcome obstacles related to building healthy soils in urban agriculture systems. There were 149 registrants and 89 attendees that learned from a soil scientist and practicing urban farmer.
The goal of the Urban Food System Symposium is to bring together a national and international audience of professionals to share and gain knowledge on UFS.
The theme for the 2022 UFSS is “Building Coalitions for a Changing World” (http://www.urbanfoodsystemssymposium.org). Topics at the symposium include UA, community development, food distribution, farmer training, policy, planning and development, international UFS, food access, and food sovereignty. The UFSS provides an opportunity for educators, researchers, students, extension, not-for-profit staff, community organizers, and other UFS experts to share their work, learn from others, and make connections with their peers. It also provides an opportunity for project participants to learn directly from practitioners working in the field. The 2022 UFSS will be held in late September in Kansas City, MO. The project will support travel scholarships to Urban Agriculture Educators.
Attendees will learn about the most recent research and other projects related to UA, community development, food distribution, urban farmer training, policy, planning and development, international UFS, food access, and sovereignty during the 2022 UFSS. We are expecting 200-250 attendees and have awarded 13 of the 25 scholarships that are available already.
Educational & Outreach Activities
2022 Urban Food Systems Symposium (September, Kansas City, MO)
Immediate (knowledge): This project seeks to increase knowledge amongst UFS educators about successful UFS enterprises, sustainable UA practices, the impact that individual entities have on food security, and the challenges associated with the UFS. Specific immediate outcomes include:
- Participants will learn technical and systems-level information for successful UFS practices through the Gaining Ground webinar series.
- 277 UA educators, urban farmers, researchers, and practitioners learned about the most recent research and other projects related to UA, community development, food distribution, urban farmer training, policy, planning and development, international UFS, food access, and sovereignty during the 2020 Urban Food Systems Symposium.
- These participants will gain perspective from UFS practitioners regarding the challenges involved with UA and what strategies can be used to overcome them.
Short Term (behavior): This project aims to better equip educator’s in disseminating knowledge regarding various topics within UA, thereby:
- Participants disseminate knowledge recommending sustainable practices for UA.
- Educators provide more recommendations based on informed decisions.
- More effective teaching methods are utilized by UFS educators.
- Extension educators, NGOs, and other food system educators will engage in peer-to-peer mentoring as a result of connections made through the project.
- Participants will engage experts established by the webinar, UFSS and workshops, and study tours to bring that expertise to their own communities.
- New UFS enterprises including non-for-profits and UA operations will engage with participants and other professional educators as a result of higher credibility in UFS.
- Participants and other UFS educators will engage in further professional development through online graduate programs and other training opportunities.
- UFS educators will successfully guide and/or implement behavior change in the food system based on the information they received from UFS practitioners during the webinar, UFSS, and UA Study Tour.
Long Term (conditions): This project will contribute towards a sustainable network of food entrepreneurs in urban communities, increased quality of life amongst consumers and farmers, and confident UFS educators that have strong relationships amongst their peers, stakeholders and community.
- Higher profitability and economic sustainability amongst food entrepreneurs in urban communities
- High credibility and professionalism amongst UFS educators including extension, non-for-profits, and youth educators
- Increased health and quality of life amongst consumers and farmers
- Confident educators that have a holistic understanding of UFS and the challenges that exist within UA.
- UFS educators who work in partnership with urban and peri-urban farmers and others on developing programs and activities that enhance the sustainability of communities and the urban food system
- A successful change in the food system (aka food revolution)
Evaluation Data Summary statements
Food Policy Council Workshop (November 18, 2020)
- 72% of participants would recommend the workshop to a colleague
- 65% of attendees had previously worked to advance food policy councils in their communities whereas 85% plan to after the workshop
- 80% of participants agreed or strongly agreed that the workshop improved their knowledge and understanding of food policy councils
Urban Food Systems Symposium (October 2020)
- 20% of survey respondents indicated that they joined the conference to learn about what is going on in UA in other areas of the country and the world
- 20.75% of survey respondents indicated that they joined the conference to be exposed to the latest research in urban food systems
- 66% of survey respondents indicated that they would recommend the Urban Food Systems symposium to colleagues
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Did you know at Ghazipur, Bhalswa and Okhla landfills in Delhi, the piles of garbage have reached more than half the height of Qutub Minar? We all know there is a serious waste disposal problem to deal with, but the question is, are we doing enough to solve this problem? In an effort to cut Municipal solid waste (MSW), which is one of the most serious pollutants in the country, especially in Delhi, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) passed an order on December 19 to enforce a fine of Rs. 10,000 on those throwing garbage in public places and in an effort to ease the pressure on landfills, it asked all the civic authorities to ensure that the waste is collected, transported and disposed is in accordance with the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016. While one of the city’s municipal bodies the North Delhi Municipal Corporation welcomed the move, we spoke to a few experts for their views on the NGT order.
‘Putting the onus on Urban Local Bodies Won’t Suffice’
A fine when littering on public places is a welcome move by NGT, with piles of waste lying in open drains and illegal dumping points in the capital, the spot fine law shall restrict commercial complexes, hotels etc. to responsibly manage their waste. So far in Delhi, not many hotels are complying with treatment at source; the examples are just in numbers. Most of them illegally dump the garbage at night in open drains/illegal spots. This not only adds to littering and garbage in the city but can lead to outbreak of diseases as well.
But, the monitoring and fine shall only work if apart from municipalities, other bodies are empowered to take spot fines. Just putting the onus on Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) won’t suffice as they don’t have that much staff, says Swati Singh Sambyal, Programme Manager, Environmental Governance (Municipal Solid Waste) from Centre for Science and Environment.
By giving an example of Himachal Pradesh where over 20 institutions are empowered to collect fine on ban of plastic or littering, Swati Singh Sambyal added, “decentralization of powers is a must to make this work. Else, it will crash again.”
Ms Sambyal also said that this polluter pay principle is a way to make the generator responsible. Currently the capital generates about 9,600 metric tonnes of municipal solid waste per day, and mostly the waste gets dumped at three landfills, as there is very little segregation of waste happening. To deal with this troublesome issue fine for public littering jumped from Rs 50 to Rs 10,000 now.
In April, the Environment Ministry revised 16-year-old rules for solid waste management with an aim to start more solid waste treatment plants across the country. These new rules on solid waste management programme are aimed at covering 17,000 inhabited areas and will benefit some 45 crore people directly. As of today the solid waste management programme benefits only 15 crore people.
Bharati Chaturvedi, an environmentalist and the founder and director of Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group said, This move can only be made successful if public themselves is involved – Whenever they see a person littering they should immediately raise a complaint against them. What we need is not strict penalties, but public awareness about waste segregation and why littering is harmful. Government should focus on strategies which involve general public; maybe then this move will be a success.
Reacting to the NGT order, Founder of Swechha, an NGO that is engaged in environmental and social development issues, Vimlendu Jha said, Waste Management is the most challenging aspect of governance in modern India and it’s important that every stakeholder comes together in addressing this issue. The recent NGT order reinforces the need for strict adherence to waste segregation and imposing penalty for littering in public. This order will surely act like a deterrent but what is needed is strict imposing of this fine. It’s important for the public to know that they should not litter because it’s unlawful now, but it is environmentally dangerous. Virtue of waste wisdom should not be restricted to public places but also our private lives. When it comes to waste management, private is public, public is private.
The Green Court has also noted in its order that municipal bodies have no “clear map” ready as of now to deal with the huge quantity of waste. Therefore, the court has directed Commissioner of each of the corporations to submit a scheme in a month’s time to provide incentives to those who segregate waste at source.
Environmental experts opine that the need of the hour is that citizens need to adopt the practice of segregating wastes at source as the three landfills in Delhi have long crossed their permissible limit for dumping garbage. The limit is approximately 15 to 20 metres but the sites at Okhla, Ghazipur and Bhalswa have crossed 40 metres for now.
A Delhi High Court-constituted panel had asked Delhi Development Authority (DDA) to identify new sites for two new landfills to cope up with the issue of ‘Garbage Dump.’ The panel had also suggested implementation of a policy focusing on the conversion of wastes to energy, compost and useful byproducts, but till date there has been no progress in this direction.
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Though small in stature and well into his seventies, Octavio Paz, with his piercing eyes, gives the impression of being a much younger man. In his poetry and his prose works, which are both erudite and intensely political, he recurrently takes up such themes as the experience of Mexican history, especially as seen through its Indian past, and the overcoming of profound human loneliness through erotic love. Paz has long been considered, along with César Vallejo and Pablo Neruda, to be one of the great South American poets of the twentieth century; three days after this interview, which was conducted on Columbus Day 1990, he joined Neruda among the ranks of Nobel laureates in literature.
Paz was born in 1914 in
Mexico City, the son of a lawyer and the grandson of a novelist. Both figures were important to the development of the young poet: he learned the value of social causes from his father, who served as counsel for the Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata, and was introduced to the world of letters by his grandfather. As a boy, Paz was allowed to roam freely through his grandfather’s expansive library, an experience that afforded him invaluable exposure to Spanish and Latin American literature. He studied literature at the , but moved on before earning a degree. Universityof Mexico
My political and intellectual beliefs were kindled by the idea of fraternity. We all talked a lot about it. For instance, the novels of André Malraux, which we all read, depicted the search for fraternity through revolutionary action. My Spanish experience did not strengthen my political beliefs, but it did give an unexpected twist to my idea of fraternity. One day—Stephen Spender was with me and might remember this episode—we went to the front in
Madrid, which was in the university city. It was a battlefield. Sometimes in the same building the Loyalists would only be separated from the Fascists by a single wall. We could hear the soldiers on the other side talking. It was a strange feeling: those people facing me—I couldn't see them but only hear their voices—were my enemies. But they had human voices, like my own. They were like me.
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Miniature Alexander the Great Crateros Sword Gold - DA308.1
Miniature Alexander the Great Crateros Sword Gold by Marto of Toledo Spain Alexander the Great: Conquest of the Persian Empire Alexander the Great 4th Century B.C. Alexander III of Macedonia, nicknamed Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, Born July 21 of 356 B.C., (reigning from 336 to 323 B.C.), conqueror of the Persian Empire. Alexander the Great is considered to be the greatest political figure of antiquity, great military strategist (the first one of all, in Anibal's opinion) and creator of a work of great cultural importance. Alexander the Great is known as one of the most brilliant generals in history. Besides being a brave military man, Alexander the Great was planning his campaigns with great brilliance, since a very early age. Features Overall Length: 7 1/4 inches Blade: 5 1/4 - silver finish Handle: 2 inches - gold finish with faux ivory detailing Desciptive folder - Alexander story enclosed. Marto Alexander cover.
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To begin launch your Internet browser. Type in the address bar without the quotes www.yandex.ru. Press Enter. You go to the main page. In the left part of the page is a block called "Mail". Click on the blue button "Get mail".
Browser will take you to the first page of registration. Here you need to specify your real name, real name and login. Click on the field-filling of login, the system will provide 10 options available usernames based on the above data. If you don't like one of your own, but if the desired username already occupied by someone else, you'll have to find another until, until you find free. At the end click on the "Next"button.
On the next page you need to come up with the password for the mailbox. The more complex the password, the less likely that your email will be hacked. Remember, anybody never, under any conditions do not reveal your password! Writing it down, confirm the second time. Select a security question from the list or create and write your. If you forget your password, you can restore access to a mailbox by correctly answering your secret question. The answer only you should know! Give the answer. If desired, specify a different e-mail address, if available. Specify the mobile number, it will send the recovery code. To prove to the system that you are not a robot, please enter the characters you see in the pictures. Read the terms and conditions of the User agreement and set beside them a box that you consent to the processing of your personal data.
The registration is successfully completed. You can start immediately to use email, you can print out the registration details of your account or to tell a little about yourself.
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Buy this Book at Amazon.com
Ancient Jewish Proverbs, by Abraham Cohen, , at sacred-texts.com
VAGARIES OF FORTUNE
226. This world is like pump-wheels whereby the full become empty that the empty shall become full (Lev. R. ch. xxxiv. § 9; D. 246).
Cf. "It is a wheel that revolves in the world" (Shab. 151b; D. 196), "The wheel has revolved" (Jalkut to Ruth § 601), and "The world is a staircase; some are going up and some are coming down."
*227. In the place where the master of the house once hung up his weapons, there the shepherd hangs up his scrip (B. M. 84b; Sanh. 103a; D. 141).
Palestinian proverb. The wheel of fortune revolves constantly, and inferiors usurp the place of their betters.
228. The sow pastures with ten [young ones] and the lamb not even with one (Gen. R. ch. xliv. § 23; D. 288).
Fortune does not always smile on those who deserve it most.
229. They eat and we say Grace (Ber. 44a; D. 81).
We have the work and they the enjoyment. Cf. "One beats the bush and another catches the bird."
*230. Shechem married [Dinah] and Mabgai was circumcised (Mac. 11a; D. 631).
Palestinian proverb based on the incident narrated in Gen. xxxiv. Mabgai is the name of a Samaritan town, and is used here generally of the people living under the rule of Shechem. The thought of the proverb is the same as that of the preceding.
*231. Tobiah sinned and Sigud is beaten (Mac. 11a; cf. Pes. 113b; D. 306).
The Babylonian equivalent of no. 230.
*232. Shilo sinned and Joḥanan is punished (Gen. R. ch. xxv. § 3; D. 630).
Same as preceding.
233. If I had not removed the potsherd for thee, thou wouldst not have discovered the pearl under it (B. M. 17b; Jeb. 92b; Mac. 21b; D. 45).
One is reminded of Samson's words: "If ye had not plowed with my heifer, ye had not found out my riddle" (Judg. xiv. 18). Lewin quotes an English proverb, "It's good to pluck flowers in your neighbour's garden." One does the work, the other reaps the reward.
*234. The wine [belongs] to the master, but the credit [goes] to the butler (B. K. 92b; D. 295)."
Credit is not always given where it is rightly due.
235. The common soldiers do the fighting, and the officers claim the victory (Ber. 53b; Nazir 66b; D. 190).
Same as preceding.
*236. When the maker of stocks sits in his stocks, he is paid out of his own work (Pes. 28a; D. 537, p. 218).
(This is the reading in the MSS., saddāā besaddéh, adopted by Jastrow. The editions read saddānā bisedanéh: "When the smith sits at his anvil, he is paid out of his own work," i.e. he often receives blows from the instruments which he himself had fashioned.) The meaning of the proverb is illustrated by the phrase "Hoist with his own petard."
*237. If the arrow-maker is killed by his arrow, he is paid out of his own work (Pes. 28a; D. 195).
Same as preceding.
*238. In the same ladle which the carpenter fashioned will the mustard burn [his mouth] (Pes. 28a; D. 405).
Same as preceding.
*239. Together with the shrub the cabbage is beaten (B. K. 92a; D. 143).
The good suffer together with the bad when a calamity overtakes a community, just as when in pulling up shrubs a cabbage is also sometimes uprooted. On the other hand, it
is pointed out that rain benefits the wicked as well as the righteous (Taan. 7a).
*240. To the fox in his time one has to bow (Meg. 16b; D. 660).
"Every dog has his day."
241. Not the mouse but the hole is the thief (Git 45a; Kid. 56b; Erach. 30a; D. 425).
Circumstances often determine a man's actions. Similarly: "The breach [in the wall] invites the thief" (Suc. 26a; D. 578). Cf. "Opportunity makes the thief." "An open door may tempt a saint."
242. Should [opportunity] fail the thief, he conducts himself like an honest man (Sanh. 22a; D. 297).
A contrast to the preceding proverb.
*243. A woman accustomed to miscarriages is no longer troubled by them (Keth. 62a; D. 219).
Everything, even troubles and misfortunes, is lightened by frequent occurrence. Cf. "Familiarity breeds contempt" and proverb no. 13.
*244. The thief is not put to death after two or three [offences] (Sanh. 7a; D. 135).
Because punishment does not overtake the culprit in the early stage of his career of crime, let him not imagine that he will escape altogether. Cf. "God stays long, but strikes at last."
245. Are the maid's acts of stubbornness many,
they will [all be dealt with] by one chastisement (Shab. 32a; D. 662).
Similar to preceding. Cf. "Punishment is lame, but it comes."
*246. Through Kamtsa and Bar Kamtsa was the Temple destroyed (Lam. R. to iv. 2; Git. 55b; D. 158).
Small causes lead to great consequences. The story is told that a man of Jerusalem was arranging a banquet and sent an invitation to Kamtsa, one of his friends. Unfortunately it was delivered in error to Bar Kamtsa, his enemy, who accepted it. On discovering the mistake, the host wished to drive him out of the house, and refused the latter's offer to pay for whatever he ate. Thereupon Bar Kamtsa went to the Roman Emperor, and, to revenge the insult, denounced the Jews as traitors. This act ultimately led to the destruction of the Temple. Cf. "Little chips light great fires," "Little strokes fell great oaks."
*247. The ox ran and fell, so they place a horse in its crib (Sanh. 98b; D. 611).
Although in the East horses are highly prized and not used for agricultural work, still in the time of need they too have to be trained to that kind of labour. In the context the proverb is used for a special case. It is applied to Israel, who, having stumbled,
was displaced from his crib (Palestine) and other nations permitted to take possession of it.
*248. Hast hired thyself to him, comb his wool (Jom. 20b; D. 133).
If one has undertaken a duty, he must fulfil even the unpleasant parts which are involved. Wool-combing was usually done by women, and therefore despised by men. See no. 23. Cf. "Money taken, freedom forsaken."
*249. Seven years lasted the pestilence, but not a man died before his year (Jeb. 114b; Sanh. 29a; D. 623).
Everything is predestined and nothing hastens the decree of Providence. The ancient Jews, like all Orientals, were fatalists and firm believers in Predestination. It is, e.g., said "Forty days before the creation of a child a supernatural voice [Bath Kōl] proclaims, "The daughter of so-and-so for so-and-so, the house of so-and-so for so-and-so, the field of so-and-so for so-and-so" (Sot. 2a; cf. Moed K. 18b); "Even the appointment of the overseers of wells [an insignificant office] is ordained from heaven" (B. B. 91b); "No man pricks his finger below, unless it has been decreed above, for it is said (Psalm xxxvii. 23) "A man's goings are established of the Lord" (Ḥul. 7b). Such beliefs were due
mainly to the cultivation of astrology. Thus we read: "Existence, offspring, and sustenance depend not upon personal merit but upon the Mazzāl, i.e. horoscope." (Moed K. 28a); "The Mazzāl makes wise and rich" (Shab. 156a); although some maintained that Israel was not affected by astrological influences (ibid.). But several of the mediæval Rabbis, e.g. Maimonides, repudiated all such notions. Cf. the English proverb, "The fated will happen." On "seven" see no. 57.
250. If the stone falls on the pot, woe to the pot; if the pot falls on the stone, woe to the pot; in either case, woe to the pot (Esth. R. ch. vii. § 10; D. 530.)
The weak always suffers. A proverb in the identical terms is current in Spain, borrowed in all probability from the Jews. Cf. the following Hindu saying: "Whether the knife fall on the melon, or the melon on the knife, the melon suffers."
251. Any piece of coal which does not burn at the [required] time will never burn (j. Maas. Sh. v. 3; j. Bets. ii. 4; j. Ḥag. ii. 3; D. 365).
What does not occur at the moment when it can be of service is useless.
*252. In the place of beauty disfigurement (Shab. 62b; D. 290).
Based on Isaiah iii. 24.
*253. From the camel the ear (Shebu. 11b).
The camel has small ears in comparison with its bulk. For all that, be satisfied if you can get even the ears as your share of the camel.
254. A young pumpkin [now] is better than a full-grown one [later on] (Suc. 56b); Keth. 83b; Temur. 9a; D. 147).
Cf. "Better an egg to-day than a hen to-morrow."
*255. Better one bird tied up than a hundred flying (Eccles. R. to iv. 6; D. 301).
Cf. "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush."
*256. A scorpion met a camel [and stung her], and she pushed it aside with her heel. Whereupon [the scorpion] exclaimed, By thy life, I [hope next time] to reach thine head! (Jalkut to Psalms § 764; D. 565).
The camel should have killed the scorpion and saved herself from the possibility of revenge. The disdainful neglect of something deemed at the time insignificant may later on have serious consequences.
Next: Chapter VIII: Social Life
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Cammermeyer v. Perry
A 28-year veteran of the Army and National Guard, and Chief Nurse of the Washington State National Guard, Colonel Margarethe Cammermeyer was the highest-ranking service member to be discharged for being lesbian or gay. Among many other honors, she received a Bronze Star for her service in Vietnam and was selected as the Veterans Administration Nurse of the Year in 1985. After she was discharged based on her sexual orientation, Lambda Legal filed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of her discharge. Two years later, a federal district judge held that the military’s pre-“Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” ban violated the equal protection and due process guarantees of the U.S. Constitution and ordered the Army to reinstate Cammermeyer to the Washington National Guard. The government did not appeal Cammermeyer’s right to be reinstated, but it asked the Ninth Circuit court of Appeals to strike the judge’s ruling from the books. The ruling took issue with the old ban as well as “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.” The Ninth Circuit denied this request and sent the case back to district court, which refused to strike its original judgment in favor of Cammermeyer. Cammermeyer has now retired.
An average of 900 service members a year are discharged from the Army for being gay under the government’s “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy.
Lambda Legal's Impact
Because the district court refused to strike its judgment in favor of Cammermeyer, a valid ruling critical of the military’s ban on gay people remains on the books. Cammermeyer’s case, which was dramatized in the film Serving in Silence, also helped educate the public about the unjustness of the military’s antigay policies. For over thirty years, Lambda Legal has challenged discriminatory policies against lesbians and gay men in the military, one of the country’s largest employers. Our litigation seeks recognition of the constitutional right of lesbian and gay service members to be judged by the same standards as all others.
- 1992 After Cammermeyer’s discharge, Lambda Legal and the Northwest Womens’ Law Center file lawsuit in federal court in Washington state on her behalf. The lawsuit challenges both Cammermeyer’s discharge and the military’s regulations that mandated that lesbians and gay men be separated from the service.
- June 1994 Victory! U.S. District Court Judge Thomas Zilly holds that the former (pre “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”) ban on gays in the military was unconstitutional and orders the Army to reinstate Cammermeyer.
- October 1996 The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals dismisses the government’s appeal as moot, because the government was not challenging Cammermeyer’s reinstatement and had rescinded the regulations that were held unconstitutional. The Ninth Circuit denies the government’s request to vacate the district court’s ruling, sending the case back to the district court to consider whether that should be done.
- 1997 The district court denies the government’s motion to vacate, maintaining the value of the victory as precedent.
Jon W. Davidson , Mary Newcombe, Beatrice Dohrn
Jeffrey Tilden, Michael Himes, Charles Bumer
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Indybay FeatureRelated Categories: Central Valley | Education & Student Activism | Global Justice and Anti-Capitalism | Police State and Prisons
Support The Davis Dozen! Drop All Charges!
The “Banker's Dozen” were served with arrest notices one month after the U.S. Bank on UC Davis campus closed its doors for good, following weeks of protests against the university's privatization, its collusion with corporate profiteers, and the banks' role in increasing student costs and student debt. Twelve people are now threatened with 11 years each in jail and one million dollars in fines for a conspiracy to sit down. Privatization and austerity continue, more unpopular than ever. The university's policy of criminalizing dissent to protect and impose its policies continues, as it must in the face of increasing resistance.
This website provides news and statements; dates for things like court appearances and benefits; contacts; press materials; and information on how you can help the Banker's Dozen—and how you can help fight austerity and privatization. That struggle continues too.
Statement made at UC Berkeley Press Conference (9 April 2012)We all know that banks love students. Banks love student loans, the only kind of debt you can't default on. People over 60 owe $36 billion in student debt, total student debt exceeds $1 trillion. Banks foolishly believe that these loans will all be paid back, and in this hope have created financial instruments that further profit from these loans. It is not going to work, but banks will still take plenty from us because, if we do not pay in cash, our wages, health care, and social security (should we have any of the three) will be garnished.
Last year, UC Davis and US Bank entered a relationship. The deal was that US Bank would provide some money each year to UC Davis, an amount based on how many students opened up accounts with US Bank, in exchange for Davis leasing an office to the bank in the Student Union and issuing new student ID cards, ones with a US Bank logo, that could be used as debit cards. This is a deal that benefits both sides, US Bank gets a captive group of possible customers and UC Davis gets some cash. The only people who do not benefit are the students. The logic of privatization is most clear when a student ID card is branded by its corporate sponsor. The money paid by US Bank to UC Davis is simply tuition by another name. Rather than call it tuition, they call it rent. But for US Bank this money is profit from student debt and for the University it is the financial benefit of privatization. It is a vicious cycle. The UC raises tuition forcing students to take on more debt, and students purchase more debt a portion of the profits of which go to the University. No one can be unclear about what this means, this University is not a site of disinterested learning or even one of strategic consideration of how to get the right degree for a future, well paid job. No, the University is a place to accumulate debt, to sell the value of future labor. The students are not the driving intellectual and cultural force that will graduate to participate in a thriving economy, they are wage slaves who will be deprived of much of their future wage in order to earn the right to a wage.
Protest of this deal met with what seemed like administrative silence. Unlike the notorious pepper spray incident of November 18th, no spectacular violence occurred—until the last two weeks.
At this point, the University announced that it had referred six cases to the Yolo County District Attorney, who increased the number to twelve cases. These individuals were to be charged with twenty one misdemeanor counts, adding up to a possible eleven years in prison.
This tactic is being used at Berkeley as well as elsewhere: retroactive criminalization. Truly the banal violence of the courts system. No batons, no pepper spray, just letters in the mail and time in prison. This type of violence cannot be photographed and circulated on the web to raise ire. But this violence is, in many ways, more terrible than the physical violence of the riot cops.
In the process of privatizing public education, the University will have to enforce its policies with the means available to it. For the past several years this has predominately meant riot cops. Now the use of courts has increased in this mix. As a friend said, it is like that show Law and Order was all about fucking over students.
We have to understand that this level of repression is serious and heavy handed. So frequently I am asked by friends, why do you think the UC is treating protestors so harshly? To be frank, I think it is because the University may better estimate our power than we do. This question assumes that the protestors can not really end the process of privatization (or even reverse it), and so draconian repression is excessive. Let us challenge this assumption. Perhaps this repression is because we are potentially so powerful, because the University accurately estimates our potential power. Let's actually be that powerful.
From the How to Help section of http://davisdozen.org/
Donate to our legal fund.
Sign our petition.
Call, fax, or write the Yolo County D.A. and ask him to drop all charges:
District Attorney Jeff W. Reisig
301 Second St
Woodland, CA 95695
Voice: (530) 666-8180
Fax: (530) 666-8423
Call or write Chancellor Katehi, demanding that she immediately cease the criminalization of protest on the Davis Campus:
Chancellor Linda Katehi
Offices of the Chancellor and Provost
Fifth floor, Mrak Hall
University of California, Davis
One Shields Avenue
Davis, CA 95616
Come support us at our arraignment on Friday 27 April, 2012 8:30 a.m.
Yolo County Superior Court, Dept. 9
213 Third Street
Woodland, CA 95695
Like Davis Antirepression Crew on facebook to stay up to date.
As to the DA, when you call, you can say you are a California taxpayer, voter, native and want the charges dropped immediately against the 12 people for the US Bank protest. If they let you, you can add that you want all California schools to be public and free from preschool through university, paid for by increasing the progressive income tax on those who make over $200,000 a year, and that all student debt that exists today should be paid by the US government and never allowed to exist again.
As to Chancellor Katehi, please tell her to resign. The pepper spray report proved what we all suspected: that she has no business being Chancellor.
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Graduation, whether it’s from high school or a college commencement, is not only a time to reflect on the past while planning ahead for the future, it’s a time to celebrate accomplishments and find inspiration for life beyond the big day.
More than 3 million students are projected to graduate high school this year, according to the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education. The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) projects 1.6 million additional graduates will receive bachelor’s degree diplomas as the college Class of 2014. Plus, there are even more students graduating with master, doctorate and law degrees.
In other words, that’s a lot of cap and gowns.
While graduation signals a time to plan for the future, whether it’s more school, a break or entering a new life, commencement is also a time to celebrate accomplishments and reflect. Whether you’re embarking on the next chapter post college or high school, here are 28 quotes to share for graduation or to include in a commencement speech by inspirational scholars, celebrities and leaders.
“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” –Nelson Mandela
“There is no such thing as failure. Failure is just life trying to move us in another direction." -Oprah Winfrey, Harvard Commencement 2013
“We can do not great things, only small things with great love.” –Mother Teresa
“Success is stumbling from failure to failure with no loss of enthusiasm.” –Winston Churchill
“So many of our dreams at first seem impossible, then they seem improbable, and then, when we summon the will, they soon become inevitable.” –Christopher Reeve
“The world is more malleable than you think and it's waiting for you to hammer it into shape." -Bono, University of Pennsylvania Commencement 2004
“It is not true that people stop pursuing dreams because they grow old; they grow old because they stop pursing dreams.” –Gabriel Garcia Marquez
“A dream you dream alone is only a dream. A dream you dream together is reality.” –Yoko Ono
"Death is very likely the single best invention of life. It's life's change agent; it clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now, the new is you. But someday, not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it's quite true. Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life." -Steve Jobs, Stanford University Commencement 2005
“Nothing in life is worthwhile unless you take risks. Fall forward. Every failed experiment is one step closer to success.”
“If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking. Don’t settle. As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it.” –Steve Jobs
“Go confidently in the direction of your dreams. Live the life you have imagined.” -Henry David Thoreau
“I have never let my schooling interfere with my education.” -Mark Twain
“I’ve learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel.” -Maya Angelou
“People will frighten you about a graduation…. They use words you don’t hear often: And we wish you Godspeed.” It is a warning, Godspeed. It means you are no longer welcome here at these prices.” -Bill Cosby
“Sooner or later we all discover that the important moments in life are not the advertised ones, not the birthdays, the graduations, the weddings, not the great goals achieved. The real milestones are less prepossessing. They come to the door of memory unannounced, stray dogs that amble in, sniff around a bit and simply never leave. Our lives are measured by these.” -Susan B. Anthony
“The important thing is not to stop questioning.” -Albert Einstein
“The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.” -Aristotle
“There are two types of education. One should teach us how to make a living, and the other how to live.” -John Adams
“To those of you who received honors, awards and distinctions, I say well done. And to the C students, I say you too may one day be president of the United States.” -George W Bush
“Try not to become a man of success, but rather try to become a man of value.” -Albert Einstein
“Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover.” -Mark Twain
“We do not need magic to change the world, we carry all the power we need inside ourselves already: we have the power to imagine better.” -JK Rowling
“It is clear the future holds great opportunities. It also holds pitfalls. The trick will be to avoid the pitfalls, seize the opportunities, and get back home by six o’clock.” -Woody Allen
“A man who has never gone to school may steal from a freight car; but if he has a university education, he may steal the whole railroad.” -Theodore Roosevelt
“Be who you are and say what you feel, because those who mind don’t matter and those who matter don’t mind.” -Dr. Seuss
“Do not follow where the path may lead. Go, instead, where there is no path and leave a trail.” -Ralph Waldo Emerson
“Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing worth knowing can be taught.” -Oscar Wilde
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Hi, I’m MJ! This is a blog about Great Literature in the Western tradition. I have read the classics since youth, obtained advanced degrees in English, taught literature in university classrooms for seventeen years, and talked about it with many other literature lovers. Through all, my enthusiasm for “the Greats” has only continued to grow.
I am here to share that enthusiasm with you, drawing on my conversations about literature with people ranging from beginning university students to expert readers. I will also share some tips for getting more out of what you read, and some of my own thoughts about some of my favorite classics. On occasion, Guest Writers may appear as well, to share their ideas about literature with you.
What Can You Find on the Site? Click “Continue Reading” for index:
The literary era we now call the English Romantic Period was short, only the 40 years or so between 1789 and 1832; yet many of the loveliest poems and innovative fictions in our treasury of great literature were written during this time.
For indeed, who can forget, once they read them, so many great moments in works from this era: the solemn ecstasy of Wordsworth praising a field of daffodils, the supernatural thrills of the ghost ship that appears when Coleridge’s Ancient Mariner shoots the albatross, the wit and sardonic charm of Byron’s version of the adventures of Don Juan, the spiritual yearning of Shelley gazing at the sublime Mont Blanc, the transcendent longings of Keats as he is swept away by the beauty of a Grecian vase or a nightingale’s song?
Fiction readers too can find their sublimities in this era among novels as different as Anne Radcliffe’s Gothic romantic fantasies, Mary Shelly’s philosophical Gothic novel Frankenstein, Walter Scott’s sweeping historical dramas in both verse and prose, and Jane Austen’s irresistible combination of true love and witty social critique in some of the most famous novels of all time.
Jane Austen’s works in particular have become known as Regency novels because they are set during the particular years known as the Regency. These years from 1811-1820, during which The Prince Regent George, Prince of Wales, ruled England in his incapacitated father’s stead, coincide with the English Romantic period.
English Romantic works are varied, yet several overarching themes and artistic preoccupations appear in almost all. What, then, is English Romantic Literature about?
First, overwhelmingly, English Romantic literature is about Nature.
English Romantics wrote many words about the places where they experienced the power, peace, or sublimity that Nature can bring.
Second, it’s about People, particularly Common People and their folkways.
Narratives featuring common people, speaking in their own language abound.
Third, English Romantic literature is about Freedom and Revolution.
As young writers, many English Romantics were swept with enthusiasm for the French Revolution and its promise of liberty for common people, before the Reign of Terror destroyed their hopes.
Beyond the French struggle, Romantic writers called for revolution of all kinds: to increase the rights of women, to do away with slavery, to elevate and succor common working people, to reconsider religious orthodoxies, and rebuild governmental institutions.
Fourth, Romantic writers sought to invent and practice new ways of writing poetry and fiction, to elevate the creative ability of the poet’s Imagination to create and transmute Nature into organically beautiful works.
English Romantic writers fought to resist the over-mechanized, cold, sterile view of life and mind they believed was promulgated by the Enlightenment thinkers of the previous century. As we have seen, Romantic writers revived much older styles downplayed by 18th century writers, such as ballads, lyric poems, sonnets, and romantic adventure tales akin to medieval tales of chivalry.
Fifth, English Romantic literature is about wrestling with the human condition—with impermanence, sorrow, and mortality.
Keenly aware of the struggles of human life, English Romantics pursued passionately their hopes for transcendence through Beauty, Nature, Intellect, and Spiritual Awareness.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
If you would like to dive directly into some of the most beautiful poems and prose ever written, you can click this link to proceed directly to our Timeline and Reading List of 19th Century English Romantic and Regency Literature, where you will find recommendations for readings from most of the great authors of this era. You can also go there to learn much more about individual English Romantic authors and their works.
But if you want to gain more perspective and background on 19th Century English Romantic writing before you start reading some, click “Continue Reading” to see more of this post. Either way, I hope you will continue to explore the great English literature of the early 19th century!
What emotions do different fictional tales evoke? Readers must distinguish tone in fiction to appreciate the total effect of a writer’s art.
“Tone” in fiction guides our emotional responses. Is the story funny, sad, tragic, or ironic, or all these? Let’s take a look at the gamut of Tone in Fiction, with examples and clues to distinguishing tone and irony.
How to Read Fiction Step 6: Distinguishing Tone
When teaching Tone and Irony in fiction, I often began by asking the class to imagine a scenario:
Suppose that I, the instructor, walk into the classroom where all the students are assembled. I stride purposefully toward my desk, but before I can get there, I hit a wet spot on the floor. I slide, falter, and fall– boom!– right onto my derriere. Papers go flying, my handbag spills, books scatter. A classroom tragedy!
Or is it? Maybe it’s not tragic at all, but actually kind of funny? Or even truly slapstick, knee-slapping funny? Or perhaps it’s a great example of irony, since only yesterday I had told students to watch out for wet floors. Or perhaps it’s a satisfying end to some long drama, a karmic come-down for a supercilious professor who enjoys berating her students day after day. (Note: that situation would be a total fiction, of course!)
If someone were telling this story aloud, it would be fairly easy to interpret which of these reactions the teller expects us to have. We could discern it from the speaker’s tone of voice, gestures, and body language. But If this story were being related within a fiction, how can we decipher how the author means readers to experience or interpret this event?
The bare sequence of the events as described doesn’t tell us how to react. What does? For one thing, the kind of language used to describe this event would help shape tone for readers. Is my pain and indignity being described, or is the description comically exaggerated?
In addition, readers also might need to consider more context while interpreting tone. For instance, if I hit my head going down, become comatose, and miss my daughter’s wedding, it might be tragic. If the student I most dislike comes to my aid, and I learn to regard him fondly, readers might experience pathos. If I slip and slide all over the room, waving wild arms before crashing, then get up and just start the class as if nothing happened, just rolling my eyes a little, it might be comic.
Is this situation funny or sad, tragic or ironic, or all? The writer’s tone can tell us.
When reading any good fiction, readers must interpret verbal and contextual cues to figure out just what kind of a story this really is. Those qualities of fiction that evoke particular attitudes and emotional responses in readers work together to produce Tone in fiction. If readers can’t interpret the tone of a scene, or worse, the overall tone of an actual work, they will misunderstand the story that the author is telling.
Keep reading to learn more about how readers can recognize the cues given by an author to establish the Tone of the fiction for readers. I especially want to talk about recognizing comedy and irony, since many students find those especially difficult to recognize in older works where verbal conventions were different.
John Dryden, major English author of the Restoration and early 18th century, and family.
Literature of the English Enlightenment: Courage to Use Your Own Reason
Our newest Timeline and Reading List features literature from the English Enlightenment. Lasting from 1660 to the late 1700s, the era often referred to as “The Long Century” is an incredibly rich period, not only for innovations in literature, but also for developments in philosophy, science, mathematics, and political thought. Historians and students of culture find a common quest over these years to apply human reason to ultimate questions.
This “long 18th century” has been given many names: The Age of Reason, The Age of Enlightenment, The Age of Individualism, and The Age of Empiricism. In much of the literature of the era, writers did not just document their own times, but sought for general truths that applied to people at all times, everywhere.
What made people tick, and especially, how can we formulate those truisms?
Much literature focused on moral questions: what values are right, true, good, and everlasting? Who on the public scene, especially writers and politicians, are following them and who is breaking them, and what are the consequences? Based on these values that are good for people and good for society as a whole, how do we judge our politicians, writers, and dramatists in light of these truths?
Join us for a look at some background information on the literature of this era that can help readers understand and enjoy it. For an overview of the culture, authors, themes, and major works of this prolific and seminal era, click the “Continue Reading” link under the London river view painting. To skip the overview and go directly to the Restoration and 18th Century Timeline, or to any specific section of it, use the links just above “Continue Reading.”
From the Metropolitan Museum of Art: “This painting combines the two genres: the imaginary foreground is inspired by antiquity, while in the background is a view of the north bank of the Thames with St. Paul’s cathedral, the Tower of London, and Old London Bridge.” Painted in late 1740s.
The blue link will skip the rest of this background article and go directly to the Timeline and Reading List.
To read more of this background post, click “Continue Reading” button just below.
With Christmas season upon us, book lovers the world over must think yet again of that familiar holiday story by Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol.
Whatever winter festival you celebrate, A Christmas Carol endorses its most lavish version. As the miserly Scrooge is instructed by his ghostly visitors, this winter celebration should be brimful of gifts, lights, decorations, and loving charities, and spent with a myriad of friends and family gathered closely around tables full of delicious food.
However, in the context of 2020, when “social distance,” sadly, has become a buzz-phrase, the Dickens Christmas scenes that spring to my mind are not those from A Christmas Carol, but rather from another great Dickens work that begins its tale on Christmas Eve: Great Expectations.
The opening of Great Expectations describes a very different kind of Christmas indeed. In the opening pages, we are introduced to Pip, a dismissed and denigrated little boy, who happens upon a starving, escaped convict out on the lonely moor near his home. This convict frightens Pip into stealing him a pork pie from his older sister’s replete Christmas pantry. We then watch Pip in misery at Christmas dinner, unable to enjoy much food in spite of the plentiful treats provided, as he is bullied and harassed by the Christmas guests and riddled with guilt over his theft.
Though this Christmas scene begins with fear, it ends in compassion. At first Pip sees the scary convict as a monster. But later, when the kind blacksmith Joe takes Pip along to follow the authorities who chase down and capture the convict, Pip comes to see him through Joe’s eyes, as a cornered, harried, and harassed wreck of humanity–not wholly unlike himself.
These two versions of Christmas are both described by Dickens but could hardly be more unlike. One celebrates the value of sharing companionship amidst material surfeit. The other shows that food and company alone are not enough to provide enjoyment or meaning when true fellow-feeling and love is lacking.
Around the world, many who celebrate Christmas or other Winter Festivals may be feeling a similar contrast, perhaps remembering last year’s cherished holiday rituals and merrymaking, celebrating with co-workers, friends, and family who came together from far-flung places, around tables of plenty in houses filled with laughter.
Crowded Christmas celebration in 2014 at One Observatory Circle, US Vice President’s home, perhaps a contrast to many of this year’s quieter celebrations.
But now, people may may be facing a quieter holiday amid recommendations to keep a “social distance” during the epidemic. Many who honor a winter holiday may do so alongside just a spouse or a few family members, or perhaps alone, in a much quieter house than last year.
What does classic literature have to say about facing a quieter holiday–Christmas surfeit v. Christmas simplicity?
Looking to vintage literature from the American 19th century, we find that this is actually a favorite theme. On one of my favorite web repositories of classic American literature, Americanliterature.com, we find a whole section devoted to stories about Christmas. The Academy of American Poets’ website, Poets.org, provides links to many poems about Christmas from several eras. Let’s see what some of these works had to say about the virtues of a quiet Christmas.
Vintage Christmas card showing spare branch of holly with some mistletoe: Christmas simplicity.
Tere Marichal, storyteller from Puerto Rico, telling the Afro-Caribbean folktale of Anansi at Biblioteca Juvenil de Mayag during a Multicultural Childrens Book Day.
How to Read Fiction Step 5: Narrators and Point of View
Wading into a new fiction, it’s natural to size up the characters and get a bead on the story line. Who’s the central character? What is her problem or goal? Then off we go, following the storyline up and down until we find out how it all comes out in the end.
But before launching out into the plotline, there’s one big question we need to ask first, and keep asking all the way through: who is telling this story, anyway?
Is it someone who is in the story with a limited view of events, or someone outside looking omnisciently down? Is it someone we can trust or someone we must question?
A work of fiction is not just a description of a series of incidents; it is a description of a series of incidents as told by a particular teller. Sometimes a fiction is more about the teller than it is about the events in the storyline itself. Whatever the narrator choice or mode of telling, this important aspect of great fiction is something we don’t want to miss.
In this post I’m going to talk about the many different types of narrators an author could choose when constructing a fiction, and how that artistic choice influences the story that we experience as readers.
Realism in the Novel is an old story today. But at the beginning of the eighteenth century, Realism was something new, and Daniel Defoe was one of the first writers to practice it.
In the early 1700s, a metamorphosis in English fiction writing took place. Fewer stories featured high-born princes and gorgeous ladies, clever rogues, or their slaves and minions. Instead, fiction focused more on clerks, maids, sailors, lawyers, bankers, bakers—realistic, ordinary people that an 18th century reader might actually meet.
Settings moved from vaguely described kingdoms lying somewhere in foreign lands to everyday places, like the streets of London or Colchester, or the inside of a shop, rooming house, or jail. Instead of characters who spoke in high-flown witty phrases manifesting extremes of emotion, fictional characters slowly began to talk more and more like real people.
Before the advent of this newer way of writing fiction, which became known as Realism, writers had not focused on providing “verisimilitude” to their tales. That is, they had not developed all the writerly techniques that make readers feel that a story could have happened in the factual world, the one they saw daily out of their windows.
But with Daniel Defoe’s publication of Robinson Crusoe in 1719 and Moll Flanders in 1722, “verisimilitude” is exactly what readers saw: fictions that seemed as real as actual memoirs or biographical accounts. In fact, many of Robinson Crusoe’s earliest readers believed that this fictional account was a true story. With Crusoe and Moll Flanders, and other novels to come, Daniel Defoe was helping invent something that seemed new: Realism and the Novel genre, which developed as showcase for the Realist’s techniques and aims.
Defoe made his storytelling in Crusoe feel real by basing its form on a popular memoir of an actual castaway, Alexander Selkirk. Defoe populated his faux-memoir Crusoe’s pages with numerous mundane details to make readers feel he was writing about the real world, not just dreaming up wild events in his imagination.
In Moll Flanders, the Defoe novel that I know the best, he continued to experiment and develop with techniques to make a story feel real, so much so that you can watch Defoe’s techniques develop and the story’s texture evolve as you read it from one end to the other.
To learn more about where Defoe got inspiration for this new way of writing, and how he invented and honed his Realism, come along for a closer look at Moll Flanders, and an important fictional predecessor to Defoe, a famous teller of sexy romantic tales, Aphra Behn. And before that, we’ll talk a bit about whether Realism is really a “thing,” and if so, where it might have come from.
Who says you can’t read poetry? And why bother? Here’s why and how:
If I’ve heard it once, I’ve heard it a hundred times: “Poetry just isn’t my thing!”
My response to that: Don’t be so sure! Could it be that you just haven’t met the right poem?
I can well believe that some particular poem, or poet, is not your thing. Many famous poems are quite old, therefore using language that seems unfamiliar to modern readers. Even some poetry written after 1900 may be hard to understand, given that many 20th century writers followed a modernist aesthetic calling for experimental, strange, or highly figurative language. That kind of poetry might seem puzzling at first reading. If you’re not accustomed to poetic language of these kinds, reading poetry might not seem worth the effort.
However, classic and much beloved poems are hardly all alike. Many lovely poems are not that hard to understand; reading them can add meaning and beauty to your mental life.
Besides, making poetry is natural to the human mind: poetry is playing with language, finding meaningful and powerful ways of expressing ideas, and reveling in beautiful and interesting sounds of words. From the very beginning of language, people have naturally sought memorable words to capture, enshrine, and encourage contemplation of human experience.
Besides offering meaning, so many poems are just pretty—their pictures, their sounds, the feel of the words upon the tongue. Experiencing poetry taps into something primal and pleasurable in the human mind.
Whether you are poetry skeptic or poetry-loving enthusiast, I invite you to join me now for a little poetry read-along. Just below, I quote three different poems. Below each one is a series of guided reading questions I hope will help you understand and enjoy the poems more.
Want to play?
To get the most out of the process, read each poem a couple of times through, then get a piece of notepaper to jot down your own responses to the questions. I hope the little time it takes to think through the questions will bring each poem to life for you.
If You Like:
When you’ve interpreted each poem for yourself, you can click the link or scroll down to the bottom of the article to see some of my responses to each question. I expect we won’t have all the same answers to every question, and that’s OK! Every reader has a personal response to every poem.
It doesn’t follow, though, that a poetic text can mean just anything at all. Words, even poetic ones, do communicate specific ideas. As you develop your ideas of what each poem is saying, test those ideas to see if they truly fit with the words, phrases, and references in the poem itself, as the writer seems to have used them. One object of reading poetry, just like reading any literature, is to lend an open mind and ear to exactly what that writer is communicating to us, whether the idea is familiar to us or completely strange or new.
Ready to go on this guided poetry-reading adventure? If doing a slow and deep analysis is the sort of thing that just makes you nuts, no problem! Just choose some great poems and read away. You can skip to this post for suggestions about how to “Just Fall In,” or skim on down this post, leaping over the reading questions to take today’s poems direct and straight.
However, if you do want to come along on this guided poetry reading journey, read on!
Here’s a list of great 19th Century Novels to try. You can find inexpensive copies, or download and read for free!
With a pandemic raging, many of us are in official or self-imposed quarantine. I send you prayers and hopes that you and your loved ones are well, or soon will be, and that this epidemic will soon pass. If you are well but stuck inside, maybe now is the time to pick up one of those beefy classic novels you always meant to read.
But what to go for first?
Here I offer a smattering of my suggestions for best overall Big Reads that, for me, offer not just classic status, but also engaging stories and characters, worthy and thought-provoking ideas, and immersion in other times and places in western cultural history.
The great thing about choosing Classics for reading is that you can find many of them online for free, or pick up inexpensive second-hand copies from online booksellers. If you have a Kindle or other e-reader, you can even download copies of many classic works from Gutenberg.org in the correct format. The listings below provide links to Gutenberg download pages for each.
A word to the wise: be patient when first starting your Classic Read. It might take a chapter or two to become accustomed to the more elaborate language and leisurely pace of fiction written in bygone years. But if the experience of most of my students is any indication, you won’t read far into these great books before you are wholly absorbed in the story-line, captivated by the characters, and stimulated by the thoughtful commentaries about being human that these great authors can offer.
Here are my picks for some great classics I think you would like to meet.
The most well-known day to celebrate romantic love, Valentine’s Day, is upon us again, so it may be a bit contrarian to focus on poems about Love Lost. But let’s be realistic: sometimes–a lot of times–love goes wrong; and probably, no theme inspires more heartfelt verse than Love Lost.
When Love is Lost, how do people respond? First may come lament, the long, unfettered howl of the broken heart.
Next we might try to forget, deny, or just to cope somehow.
When forgetting seems impossible, we may do the opposite: linger on memories of Love Lost that we just can’t expunge.
Of course, there are beautiful, amazing poems for all of these phases. After lingering over a few of these poems, we might wonder: with all the misery that love can bring, would we just be better off without it? You won’t be surprised that there are excellent poems all about that too.
The pains of Love Lost have inspired so much lovely, wise, moving, and enduring poetry, I personally can’t wish to do away with all the pain. Let’s take a tour of a variety of poems focusing on Love Lost.
In the end, though love has caused plenty of pain to poets and non-poets alike, most of us can’t make up our mind to do without it. Ironically, that observation may be a truly appropriate Valentine’s Day sentiment.
Side note: if you want to read something a little more upbeat about love on Valentine’s Day, take a look at these two Valentine’s Day-appropriate posts:
Shakespeare’s As You Like It: Touchstone the Jester romances Audrey, the country lass.
As You Like It: Is Love Real? Learning and Laughing at this and other Big Questions
How could a very old play about an imaginary forest where shepherds and shepherdesses tend their flocks, sing of love, and write poems on trees have anything to say about our lives in the 21st century?
Plenty, as I and my students repeatedly found—because this play, As You Like It, was written by the magnificent William Shakespeare. Shakespeare’s knowledge of the human heart shows as full and rich today as ever it did when As You Like It was first performed in 1599.
One reason I love this play so much is that it tells us something so many of us modern cynics need to hear today:
Love is real. Yes, it may be complicated, twisted, and strange–but ultimately, love is good, and can truly be long-lasting.
Here’s another good message in this play:
Simplifying your life, taking it right down to the basics even for a short while, can help you gain self-knowledge and regenerate your soul.
Not that Love, or Anything, is Simple. . .
Of course neither message is presented as just that simple. As You Like It may be high on love, but also illustrates its negative aspects.
For one thing, love is not as nearly so “romantic” as poems and romance novels often describe it. People get mixed up, mistaking obsession, lust, or ambition for love. We call all kinds of relationships “love” that, in truth, really aren’t. And not all loves are going to last.
As You Like It also shows that a “simple” life in the country—living rough and leaving a “small footprint,” as we might call it today–isn’t always that simple, or even very pleasant. However, life in the sophisticated city doesn’t always offer the best life either.
For one thing, civilization isn’t always that civilized. “Civilized” people can treat each other with savagery. The best people struggle to keep their positions in society as the worst people strike out from behind false smiles.
Yet when all is said and done in Shakespeare’s comedy, after many witty dialogues by the characters and much laughter from the audience, As You Like It ends with some clear messages:
Though some folk are corrupt and selfish, there are good people in the world.
A simple country life, for all its hardships, has valuable lessons to teach.
Urban civilization, for all its corruptions, can also enrich people’s characters.
And. . . True Love, despite its complexities, is very much worth pursuing.
As You Like It: Part Parody
It’s doubly fun and interesting that Shakespeare conveys these, and many other themes and ideas, through engaging in a a re-mix of another popular work: Thomas Lodge’s pastoral fiction Rosalynde. According to Oxford’s Bodleian Library, “Thomas Lodge’s prose romance Rosalynde: Euphues Golden Legacy (first published 1590) is best known today as the major source for Shakespeare’s As You Like It, but its own success is apparent from its numerous reprintings.” As You Like It, coming along nine years after Rosalynde’s first printing, is both homage to and parody of Lodge’s pastoral fiction.
Shakespeare’s play follows many of the conventions popularized by Lodge’s work and other Renaissance pastoral romances, in which well-born ladies and gentlemen leave their sophisticated lives at court to wander an idyllic forest and countryside among simple shepherds and shepherdesses. (“Pastoral” means “country.”) In traditional pastoral, these fictional lads and lasses have little to do but discourse of love and woo one another from morning to night. Thus, Lodge’s work is lively and enchanting. Shakespeare’s version of the pastoral in As You Like It, however, is as gritty, real, and elemental as it is charming and sweet.
Though funny and very entertaining, As You Like It goes well beyond Lodge’s Rosalynde in presenting a balanced view of the elemental questions about life and love. Let’s take a closer look at As You Like It.
Shakespeare’s forest of Arden in As You Like It. 1864 painting by John Edmund Buckley.
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When creating a great e-commerce web page, you’ll initially need to select the type of items you’ll offer. You’ll need a website name. Fortunately, there are many different top-level domains you can choose from, including a. com, a. store, and a. solutions. The choice of a domain name relies on your business objectives, yet there are some what you should keep in mind when ever establishing your ecommerce website.
The first step in developing a internet site is discovering your Learn More target market. You’ll want to choose a niche market and build a product line based on it. Small businesses should start small and gradually develop to a larger scale. When you’re founded, you can expand your platform to incorporate a large selection of goods and services. Aim to offer everything on a single page. Assuming you have many different types of goods, you should use a template.
Once you have decided on a distinct segment, you can start buying a platform to host your web blog on. Many ecommerce programs offer free of charge templates and can be included with CMS platforms just like WordPress. Receiving an SSL certificate is essential for your website’s secureness. If you’re aiming to sell physical products internet, an SSL certificate will give you the protection you need. A good hosting platform may even offer cost-free SSL certificates for your webpage.
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You're in your seat. You have your paddle. The auctioneer clears his throat and lays his gavel on the podium. The auction is about to start. It is a passionate battle waged in a sometimes-foreign language, and it could be your treasure at stake! Making sure you understand important terms before you're in the heat of the moment is definitely a safe bid. As usual, buyer beware!
by David Rago
A bid placed by a buyer who is not attending the sale in person. The bidder might have attended the preview, or may simply be responding to an online or print catalogue. These absentee bids, which detail the lots in which the bidder is interested as well as the extent to which he is willing to bid, are executed on behalf of the bidder by the auction house. As a rule, these bids are rendered without the passion that auctions usually — and are intended to — instill. In other words, they tend to be saner, more rational, bids. And, as a result, they also tend to be less than successful in winning an item. Absentee Bids are also known as Order Bids, Left Bids, or Book Bids (e.g., "I have a bid of $500 in the book.").
When a lot is auctioned "As Is," it means that the owner isn't guaranteeing anything about the condition of the piece being sold. Therefore, the responsibility is yours and yours alone to determine the condition of such pieces before you decide to bid on them.
A commission that is immediately added by the auction house to the hammer price of each lot as it sells. All auction houses that charge these fees schedule them clearly in their catalogues prior to each sale. In truth, it is a way of splitting the commissions earned by the houses so as not to discourage consignors with higher fees up front. For example, a house might charge a consignor 15% and the buyer 20%, instead of charging the consignor an alarming 35%. These are often also referred to as "points," where "20 points" indicates a premium of 20%.
These can be obtained over the phone or online, and they are prompted by requests from prospective buyers about the fitness of a given lot. Some auction houses, especially specialty firms, have such extensive condition reports printed in their catalogues that it often precludes the need to ask for them. But especially if an auction is "as is," buyers should try to get a condition report from the auction house.
A certificate given by the auction house to the consignor, the purpose of which is to clearly state all terms of sale, including fees.
The owner of a lot or lots being sold at an auction; the seller. Also known by the auction house as "the boss," because the consignor is paying the house a commission to serve as her agent in selling property.
The winning bid on a lot being auctioned; that is, the price of the item when the auctioneer's hammer falls.
A bid by someone who is in the room where the auction is taking place, bidding live. While it can also mean that someone is participating "live" via the phone or the Internet, the term usually represents someone who has taken the time and trouble to personally inspect the material offered, and intends to take the fight to the auction block in an attempt to win the lot. If you want an item badly, this is the best way to meet your "enemy" head-on and win.
Either an individual item or a group of items that are sold at one time (thus, a one "lot") at the fall of the auctioneer's hammer. For instance, while one auction house might sell a single Rookwood vase, another house might also choose to offer an entire tea set as a single "lot" instead of breaking the teapot, sugar bowl, and creamer into three individual offerings.
The low estimate shown in a catalogue. The low estimate is an important figure because it is usually reflective of where the reserve price on a given lot has been placed. For example, at most auctions, the reserve price is no higher than the minimum value. If a lot is estimated at $1,000 to $1,500, then the reserve price is probably between $800 and $1,000. In nearly all cases, the higher the estimate, the higher the reserve. If a lot does not meet the reserve during auction, there are several things that could take place. The lot is either returned to the seller, sold to a buyer at a lesser price (which is reached by the house cutting their buyer's premium, sold to a buyer because the consignor has agreed to lower the reserve, or a combination thereof. In our case, lots that remain unsold are either returned after 30 days or later auctioned in another specialty sale at no more than 65% of the reserve/estimate from the previous sale.
Original Purchase Price Paid
Like the Buyer's Premium, this is the commission charged to the consignor to assist in paying for the auction house's cost in selling an item. In nearly all cases, the seller will also be paying an insurance fee (usually 1.5%), photo fees (averaging about $400 to $500), shipping costs, and in some cases, storage costs.
Increasingly, telephone bidders are the source of much of the competition at an auction. Some people are on the phone for a single item, while other very serious buyers might request an "open line" so that they can bid on numerous pieces throughout a sale. If you ask for an open line, you are expected to be aggressive. Generally, these bids are a considerable amount of trouble for the auction house to arrange, expensive in phone and employee costs. People who ask to be on the phone and who subsequently stop bidding somewhere near the low estimate of a lot tend to make few friends at auction houses.
Appraisals are based on track records for similar pieces, recent market trends, and inside information concerning specific buyers, museum exhibitions, new books and research, etc. Value is always, at best, a moving target. There are also situations where an appraiser must determine the value of a unique piece. Ideally, auction estimates should be placed at no more than a high wholesale level. For example, if a piece is worth $1,000, the estimate should be no more than $800 to $1,200, with a reserve price of about $700. People might pay more at auction than an object is normally worth, but they won't respond well if they're told that they have to begin at that level. Wise auctioneers start lower and let the market determine the auction value of a lot, at least on that day, at that place and time.
Even a lot being auctioned "without reserve" actually always does have some kind of a reserve price. For example, if a lot is estimated for $1,000 to $1,500, it might ordinarily have a reserve price of $800 to $1,000. But if that same lot is auctioned "without reserve" and with the same estimate, it still isn't ever going to sell for a dollar. The auctioneer will set a starting point, somewhere between $100 to $500, where that lot will be initially offered. Thus, auction houses can announce that lots are being sold "without reserve," whereas in actual fact, it means such lots are just being sold with reserve prices much lower than where they would normally be placed.
posted on 01.26.05
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what is it
- annual flowering plant.
- flowering between June and October
- flower are hat shaped
- normal grow to 1-2 meter high
- the flower are pink
- It is illegal to grow in the wild in the uk
1 of 4
were is it from
- from the Himalyan. hence the name
- human Introudction rusulted it being present in the Northen Hemispher.
- it normal found near an aduncdance of moisuter.
2 of 4
what damage dose it do.
- spreads quickly and form dense thickets.
- the seeds spread quickly, leading to large area geeting covred fast
- they proudces a lot of pollen which reudce the pollination of native plants.
- move up stream up due to exploding seed pods.
3 of 4
how are they trying to eradicate it
- revome it before seed set in.
- if it got shallow roots it can be pulled out.
- if seeds are present you have to burn it to kill the seeds.
- if the above is done regular it should die our within 2-3 years
- trimming of a large area can stop and prevent flowering,
4 of 4
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Report from James Jordan, with interview of Lorena Ochoa from Lazos de Dignidad
Colombia’s machinery of repression started kicking in even though the National Strike for peace, justice, and human rights was still a day away. My partner, Raquel Mogollón, and I arrived in Bogotá at 3am on Wednesday November 20, 2019. After a much needed sleep, I woke up mid-morning to news that the police in Palmira, Valle de Cauca, had raided the seat of the Communist Party and the Patriotic Union (Unión Patriótica) based on some vague allegation that there was a “dangerous person” at their office. Later in the day, at a meeting with Fundacion Lazos de Dignidad (Links of Dignity Foundation), we would hear that these kinds of raids have been happening throughout Colombia. (Lazos de Dignidad is a legal collective that works for human rights, focusing on cases involving ex-insurgents participating in the peace process, and current and former political prisoners.) We also ourselves saw more than the usual military and police out on the streets and heard about deployments around the country in preparation for the strike. Our friends in the Fensuagro federation of agricultural workers unions warned us that the situation is very tense.
The strike is planned for Thursday, November 21. We will be accompanying leaders from both Fensuagro and Lazos de Dignidad, who are already under threat from enemies of Colombia’s peace process. We will be reporting throughout the day as events unwind.
The context in Colombia is that every 30 hours, on average, a human rights defender, social movement leaders, rural activist, or ex-insurgent is being murdered. At least 40% of those targeted are Afro-Colombian or indigenous, and over the past few weeks, according to some reports, three indigenous leaders are being murdered every day. Although ex-insurgents from the former FARC-EP (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army) have been fully compliant with the terms of the peace accords, the government has only fulfilled between a quarter and a third of its commitments. The US government has had a direct hand in undermining the peace accords. Besides funding Colombia’s military, police, and other organs of repression, the Trump administration has worked eagerly to encourage the Colombian government to renege on commitments for rural development and crop substitution in exchange for the voluntary eradication of crops with illicit uses. Instead, the White House has demanded forced, violent eradication, with no development, as well as the use of glyphosate (developed as Monsanto’s RoundUP Ultra), which is sprayed indiscriminately on communities in coca and marijuana growing regions. US policies, Colombian government noncompliance, and the ongoing murders and displacement of social movement leaders and ex-insurgents has put Colombia’s entire peace process at risk.
Following is a video interview with Lorena Ochoa, one of the volunteers at Lazos de Dignidad, who has been helping coordinate their activities in support of the strike.
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The aim of de novo protein design is to find the amino acid sequences that will fold into a desired 3-dimensional structure with improvements in specific properties, such as binding affinity, agonist or antagonist behavior, or stability, relative to the native sequence. Protein design lies at the center of current advances drug design and discovery. Not only does protein design provide predictions for potentially useful drug targets, but it also enhances our understanding of the protein folding process and protein-protein interactions. Experimental methods such as directed evolution have shown success in protein design. However, such methods are restricted by the limited sequence space that can be searched tractably. In contrast, computational design strategies allow for the screening of a much larger set of sequences covering a wide variety of properties and functionality. We have developed a range of computational de novo protein design methods capable of tackling several important areas of protein design. These include the design of monomeric proteins for increased stability and complexes for increased binding affinity.
To disseminate these methods for broader use we present Protein WISDOM (http://www.proteinwisdom.org), a tool that provides automated methods for a variety of protein design problems. Structural templates are submitted to initialize the design process. The first stage of design is an optimization sequence selection stage that aims at improving stability through minimization of potential energy in the sequence space. Selected sequences are then run through a fold specificity stage and a binding affinity stage. A rank-ordered list of the sequences for each step of the process, along with relevant designed structures, provides the user with a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the design. Here we provide the details of each design method, as well as several notable experimental successes attained through the use of the methods.
20 Related JoVE Articles!
Sampling Human Indigenous Saliva Peptidome Using a Lollipop-Like Ultrafiltration Probe: Simplify and Enhance Peptide Detection for Clinical Mass Spectrometry
Institutions: Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, University of California, San Diego , VA San Diego Healthcare Center, University of California, San Diego .
Although human saliva proteome and peptidome have been revealed 1-2
they were majorly identified from tryptic digests of saliva proteins. Identification of indigenous peptidome of human saliva without prior digestion with exogenous enzymes becomes imperative, since native peptides in human saliva provide potential values for diagnosing disease, predicting disease progression, and monitoring therapeutic efficacy. Appropriate sampling is a critical step for enhancement of identification of human indigenous saliva peptidome. Traditional methods of sampling human saliva involving centrifugation to remove debris 3-4
may be too time-consuming to be applicable for clinical use. Furthermore, debris removal by centrifugation may be unable to clean most of the infected pathogens and remove the high abundance proteins that often hinder the identification of low abundance peptidome.
Conventional proteomic approaches that primarily utilize two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) gels in conjugation with in-gel digestion are capable of identifying many saliva proteins 5-6
. However, this approach is generally not sufficiently sensitive to detect low abundance peptides/proteins. Liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based proteomics is an alternative that can identify proteins without prior 2-DE separation. Although this approach provides higher sensitivity, it generally needs prior sample pre-fractionation 7
and pre-digestion with trypsin, which makes it difficult for clinical use.
To circumvent the hindrance in mass spectrometry due to sample preparation, we have developed a technique called capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probes 8-11
. Data from our laboratory demonstrated that the CUF probes are capable of capturing proteins in vivo
from various microenvironments in animals in a dynamic and minimally invasive manner 8-11
. No centrifugation is needed since a negative pressure is created by simply syringe withdrawing during sample collection. The CUF probes combined with LC-MS have successfully identified tryptic-digested proteins 8-11
. In this study, we upgraded the ultrafiltration sampling technique by creating a lollipop-like ultrafiltration (LLUF) probe that can easily fit in the human oral cavity. The direct analysis by LC-MS without trypsin digestion showed that human saliva indigenously contains many peptide fragments derived from various proteins. Sampling saliva with LLUF probes avoided centrifugation but effectively removed many larger and high abundance proteins. Our mass spectrometric results illustrated that many low abundance peptides became detectable after filtering out larger proteins with LLUF probes. Detection of low abundance saliva peptides was independent of multiple-step sample separation with chromatography. For clinical application, the LLUF probes incorporated with LC-MS could potentially be used in the future to monitor disease progression from saliva.
Medicine, Issue 66, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Sampling, Saliva, Peptidome, Ultrafiltration, Mass spectrometry
Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies
Institutions: North Shore – LIJ Health System.
Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several techniques, including infusion of exogenous bacterial toxin (endotoxemia) or bacteria (bacteremia), as well as surgical perforation of the cecum by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)1-3
. CLP allows bacteria spillage and fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, mimicking the human clinical disease of perforated appendicitis or diverticulitis. The severity of sepsis, as reflected by the eventual mortality rates, can be controlled surgically by varying the size of the needle used for cecal puncture2
. In animals, CLP induces similar, biphasic hemodynamic cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunological responses as observed during the clinical course of human sepsis3
. Thus, the CLP model is considered as one of the most clinically relevant models for experimental sepsis1-3
Various animal models have been used to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of experimental sepsis. The lethal consequence of sepsis is attributable partly to an excessive accumulation of early cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1 and IFN-γ)4-6
and late proinflammatory mediators (e.g., HMGB1)7
. Compared with early proinflammatory cytokines, late-acting mediators have a wider therapeutic window for clinical applications. For instance, delayed administration of HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies beginning 24 hours after
CLP, still rescued mice from lethality8,9
, establishing HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal sepsis. The discovery of HMGB1 as a late-acting mediator has initiated a new field of investigation for the development of sepsis therapies using Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. In this paper, we describe a procedure of CLP-induced sepsis, and its usage in screening herbal medicine for HMGB1-targeting therapies.
Medicine, Issue 62, Herbal therapies, innate immune cells, cytokines, HMGB1, experimental animal model of sepsis, cecal ligation and puncture
HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL
Institutions: Johns Hopkins University, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins University.
CTL with optimal effector function play critical roles in mediating protection against various intracellular infections and cancer. However, individuals may exhibit suppressive immune microenvironment and, in contrast to activating CTL, their autologous antigen presenting cells may tend to tolerize or anergize antigen specific CTL. As a result, although still in the experimental phase, CTL-based adoptive immunotherapy has evolved to become a promising treatment for various diseases such as cancer and virus infections. In initial experiments ex vivo
expanded CMV (cytomegalovirus) specific CTL have been used for treatment of CMV infection in immunocompromised allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients. While it is common to have life-threatening CMV viremia in these patients, none of the patients receiving expanded CTL develop CMV related illness, implying the anti-CMV immunity is established by the adoptively transferred CTL1
. Promising results have also been observed for melanoma and may be extended to other types of cancer2
While there are many ways to ex vivo
stimulate and expand human CTL, current approaches are restricted by the cost and technical limitations. For example, the current gold standard is based on the use of autologous DC. This requires each patient to donate a significant number of leukocytes and is also very expensive and laborious. Moreover, detailed in vitro characterization of DC expanded CTL has revealed that these have only suboptimal effector function 3
Here we present a highly efficient aAPC based system for ex vivo
expansion of human CMV specific CTL for adoptive immunotherapy (Figure 1). The aAPC were made by coupling cell sized magnetic beads with human HLA-A2-Ig dimer and anti-CD28mAb4
. Once aAPC are made, they can be loaded with various peptides of interest, and remain functional for months. In this report, aAPC were loaded with a dominant peptide from CMV, pp65 (NLVPMVATV). After culturing purified human CD8+
CTL from a healthy donor with aAPC for one week, CMV specific CTL can be increased dramatically in specificity up to 98% (Figure 2) and amplified more than 10,000 fold. If more CMV-specific CTL are required, further expansion can be easily achieved by repetitive stimulation with aAPC. Phenotypic and functional characterization shows these expanded cells have an effector-memory phenotype and make significant amounts of both TNFα and IFNγ (Figure 3).
Immunology, Issue 50, immunotherapy, adoptive T cell therapy, CD8+ T cells, HLA-A2-Ig, CMV, aAPC, DC
Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages
Institutions: Texas A&M University, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M University.
The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.
Immunology, Issue 76, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Medicine, Genetics, Biomedical Engineering, biology (general), genetics (animal and plant), immunology, life sciences, Life Sciences (General), macrophage polarization, bone marrow derived macrophage, flow cytometry, PCR, animal model
Induction and Testing of Hypoxia in Cell Culture
Institutions: Baylor College of Medicine.
Hypoxia is defined as the reduction or lack of oxygen in organs, tissues, or cells. This decrease of oxygen tension can be due to a reduced supply in oxygen (causes include insufficient blood vessel network, defective blood vessel, and anemia) or to an increased consumption of oxygen relative to the supply (caused by a sudden higher cell proliferation rate). Hypoxia can be physiologic or pathologic such as in solid cancers 1-3
, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis etc… Each tissues and cells have a different ability to adapt to this new condition. During hypoxia, hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIF) is stabilized and regulates various genes such as those involved in angiogenesis or transport of oxygen 4
. The stabilization of this protein is a hallmark of hypoxia, therefore detecting HIF is routinely used to screen for hypoxia 5-7
In this article, we propose two simple methods to induce hypoxia in mammalian cell cultures and simple tests to evaluate the hypoxic status of these cells.
Cell Biology, Issue 54, mammalian cell, hypoxia, anoxia, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), reoxygenation, normoxia
Antibody Transfection into Neurons as a Tool to Study Disease Pathogenesis
Institutions: Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.
Antibodies provide the ability to gain novel insight into various events taking place in living systems. The ability to produce highly specific antibodies to target proteins has allowed for very precise biological questions to be addressed. Importantly, antibodies have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), paraneoplastic syndromes, multiple sclerosis (MS) and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) 1-9
. How antibodies cause disease is an area of ongoing investigation, and data suggests that interactions between antibodies and various intracellular molecules results in inflammation, altered cellular messaging, and apoptosis 10
. It has been shown that patients with MS and HAM/TSP produce autoantibodies to the intracellular RNA binding protein heterogeneous ribonuclear protein A1 (hnRNP A1) 3, 5-7, 9, 11
. Recent data indicate that antibodies to both intra-neuronal and surface antigens are pathogenic 3, 5-9, 11
. Thus, a procedure that allows for the study of intracellular antibody:protein interactions would lend great insight into disease pathogenesis.
Genes are commonly transfected into primary cells and cell lines in culture, however transfection of antibodies into cells has been hindered by alteration of antibody structure or poor transfection efficiency 12
. Other methods of transfection include antibody transfection based on cationic liposomes (consisting of DOTAP/DOPE) and polyethylenimines (PEI); both of which resulted in a ten-fold decrease in antibody transfection compared to controls 12
. The method performed in our study is similar to cationic lipid-mediated methods and uses a lipid-based mechanism to form non-covalent complexes with the antibodies through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions 13
. We utilized Ab-DeliverIN reagent, which is a lipid formulation capable of capturing antibodies through non-covalent electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions and delivering them inside cells. Thus chemical and genetic couplings are not necessary for delivery of functional antibodies into living cells. This method has enabled us to perform various antibody tracing and protein localization experiments, as well as the analyses of the molecular consequences of intracellular antibody:protein interactions 9
In this protocol, we will show how to transfect antibodies into neurons rapidly, reproducibly and with a high degree of transfection efficiency. As an example, we will use anti-hnRNP A1 and anti-IgG antibodies. For easy quantification of transfection efficiency we used anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies labelled with Atto-550-NHS and FITC-labeled IgG. Atto550 NHS is a new label with high molecular absorbtion and quantum yield. Excitation source and fluorescent filters for Atto550 are similar to Cy3 (Ex. 556 Em. 578). In addition, Atto550 has high photostability. FITC-labeled IgG were used as a control to show that this method is versatile and not dye dependent. This approach and the data that is generated will assist in understanding of the role that antibodies to intracellular target antigens might play in the pathogenesis of human diseases.
Neuroscience, Issue 67, Medicine, Molecular Biology, Immunology, Transfection, antibodies, neuron, immunocytochemistry, fluorescent microscopy, autoimmunity
Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance
Institutions: Medical College of Wisconsin , Medical College of Wisconsin , Medical College of Wisconsin .
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical mediators of immune tolerance to self-antigens. In addition, they are crucial regulators of the immune response following an infection. Despite efforts to identify unique surface marker on Tregs, the only unique feature is their ability to suppress the proliferation and function of effector T cells. While it is clear that only in vitro
assays can be used in assessing human Treg function, this becomes problematic when assessing the results from cross-sectional studies where healthy cells and cells isolated from subjects with autoimmune diseases (like Type 1 Diabetes-T1D) need to be compared. There is a great variability among laboratories in the number and type of responder T cells, nature and strength of stimulation, Treg:responder ratios and the number and type of antigen-presenting cells (APC) used in human in vitro
suppression assays. This variability makes comparison between studies measuring Treg function difficult. The Treg field needs a standardized suppression assay that will work well with both healthy subjects and those with autoimmune diseases. We have developed an in vitro
suppression assay that shows very little intra-assay variability in the stimulation of T cells isolated from healthy volunteers compared to subjects with underlying autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. The main goal of this piece is to describe an in vitro
human suppression assay that allows comparison between different subject groups. Additionally, this assay has the potential to delineate a small loss in nTreg function and anticipate further loss in the future, thus identifying subjects who could benefit from preventive immunomodulatory therapy1
. Below, we provide thorough description of the steps involved in this procedure. We hope to contribute to the standardization of the in vitro
suppression assay used to measure Treg function. In addition, we offer this assay as a tool to recognize an early state of immune imbalance and a potential functional biomarker for T1D.
Immunology, Issue 53, suppression, regulatory T cells, Tregs, activated T cells, autoimmune disease, Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)
Systematic Analysis of In Vitro Cell Rolling Using a Multi-well Plate Microfluidic System
Institutions: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Harvard University, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
A major challenge for cell-based therapy is the inability to systemically target a large quantity of viable cells with high efficiency to tissues of interest following intravenous or intraarterial infusion. Consequently, increasing cell homing is currently studied as a strategy to improve cell therapy. Cell rolling on the vascular endothelium is an important step in the process of cell homing and can be probed in-vitro
using a parallel plate flow chamber (PPFC). However, this is an extremely tedious, low throughput assay, with poorly controlled flow conditions. Instead, we used a multi-well plate microfluidic system that enables study of cellular rolling properties in a higher throughput under precisely controlled, physiologically relevant shear flow1,2
. In this paper, we show how the rolling properties of HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia) cells on P- and E-selectin-coated surfaces as well as on cell monolayer-coated surfaces can be readily examined. To better simulate inflammatory conditions, the microfluidic channel surface was coated with endothelial cells (ECs), which were then activated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), significantly increasing interactions with HL-60 cells under dynamic conditions. The enhanced throughput and integrated multi-parameter software analysis platform, that permits rapid analysis of parameters such as rolling velocities and rolling path, are important advantages for assessing cell rolling properties in-vitro
. Allowing rapid and accurate analysis of engineering approaches designed to impact cell rolling and homing, this platform may help advance exogenous cell-based therapy.
Bioengineering, Issue 80, Microfluidics, Endothelial Cells, Leukocyte Rolling, HL-60 cells, TNF-α, P-selectin, E-selectin
Adaptation of Semiautomated Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) Assays for Clinical and Preclinical Research Applications
Institutions: London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London Health Sciences Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University.
The majority of cancer-related deaths occur subsequent to the development of metastatic disease. This highly lethal disease stage is associated with the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). These rare cells have been demonstrated to be of clinical significance in metastatic breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. The current gold standard in clinical CTC detection and enumeration is the FDA-cleared CellSearch system (CSS). This manuscript outlines the standard protocol utilized by this platform as well as two additional adapted protocols that describe the detailed process of user-defined marker optimization for protein characterization of patient CTCs and a comparable protocol for CTC capture in very low volumes of blood, using standard CSS reagents, for studying in vivo
preclinical mouse models of metastasis. In addition, differences in CTC quality between healthy donor blood spiked with cells from tissue culture versus patient blood samples are highlighted. Finally, several commonly discrepant items that can lead to CTC misclassification errors are outlined. Taken together, these protocols will provide a useful resource for users of this platform interested in preclinical and clinical research pertaining to metastasis and CTCs.
Medicine, Issue 84, Metastasis, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), CellSearch system, user defined marker characterization, in vivo, preclinical mouse model, clinical research
Conversion of a Capture ELISA to a Luminex xMAP Assay using a Multiplex Antibody Screening Method
Institutions: Luminex Corporation, Luminex Corporation.
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has long been the primary tool for detection of analytes of interest in biological samples for both life science research and clinical diagnostics. However, ELISA has limitations. It is typically performed in a 96-well microplate, and the wells are coated with capture antibody, requiring a relatively large amount of sample to capture an antigen of interest . The large surface area of the wells and the hydrophobic binding of capture antibody can also lead to non-specific binding and increased background. Additionally, most ELISAs rely upon enzyme-mediated amplification of signal in order to achieve reasonable sensitivity. Such amplification is not always linear and can thus skew results.
In the past 15 years, a new technology has emerged that offers the benefits of the ELISA, but also enables higher throughput, increased flexibility, reduced sample volume, and lower cost, with a similar workflow 1, 2
. Luminex xMAP Technology is a microsphere (bead) array platform enabling both monoplex and multiplex assays that can be applied to both protein and nucleic acid applications 3-5
. The beads have the capture antibody covalently immobilized on a smaller surface area, requiring less capture antibody and smaller sample volumes, compared to ELISA, and non-specific binding is significantly reduced. Smaller sample volumes are important when working with limiting samples such as cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, etc. 6
. Multiplexing the assay further reduces sample volume requirements, enabling multiple results from a single sample.
Recent improvements by Luminex include: the new MAGPIX system, a smaller, less expensive, easier-to-use analyzer; Low-Concentration Magnetic MagPlex Microspheres which eliminate the need for expensive filter plates and come in a working concentration better suited for assay development and low-throughput applications; and the xMAP Antibody Coupling (AbC) Kit, which includes a protocol, reagents, and consumables necessary for coupling beads to the capture antibody of interest. (See Materials section for a detailed list of kit contents.)
In this experiment, we convert a pre-optimized ELISA assay for TNF-alpha cytokine to the xMAP platform and compare the performance of the two methods 7-11
. TNF-alpha is a biomarker used in the measurement of inflammatory responses in patients with autoimmune disorders.
We begin by coupling four candidate capture antibodies to four different microsphere sets or regions. When mixed together, these four sets allow for the simultaneous testing of all four candidates with four separate detection antibodies to determine the best antibody pair, saving reagents, sample and time. Two xMAP assays are then constructed with the two most optimal antibody pairs and their performance is compared to that of the original ELISA assay in regards to signal strength, dynamic range, and sensitivity.
Molecular Biology, Issue 65, Luminex, xMAP, Multiplex, MAGPIX, MagPlex Low Concentration Microspheres, xMAP Antibody Coupling Kit, ELISA, Immunoassay, Antibody Screening, Optimization, Conversion
Fluorescence-based Monitoring of PAD4 Activity via a Pro-fluorescence Substrate Analog
Institutions: Lehigh University.
Post-translational modifications may lead to altered protein functional states by increasing the covalent variations on the side chains of many protein substrates. The histone tails represent one of the most heavily modified stretches within all human proteins. Peptidyl-arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) has been shown to convert arginine residues into the non-genetically encoded citrulline residue. Few assays described to date have been operationally facile with satisfactory sensitivity. Thus, the lack of adequate assays has likely contributed to the absence of potent non-covalent PAD4 inhibitors. Herein a novel fluorescence-based assay that allows for the monitoring of PAD4 activity is described. A pro-fluorescent substrate analog was designed to link PAD4 enzymatic activity to fluorescence liberation upon the addition of the protease trypsin. It was shown that the assay is compatible with high-throughput screening conditions and has a strong signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, the assay can also be performed with crude cell lysates containing over-expressed PAD4.
Chemistry, Issue 93, PAD4, PADI4, citrullination, arginine, post-translational modification, HTS, assay, fluorescence, citrulline
Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
Institutions: University of California, Davis, University of California, Davis, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy and/or cytotoxic chemotherapy. To induce bladder cancer, C57BL/6 mice (MUC1.Tg and wild type) were treated orally with the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) at 3.0 mg/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks. To assess the effects of OH-BBN on serum cytokine profile during tumor development, whole blood was collected via submandibular bleeds prior to treatment and every four weeks. In addition, a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine and placebo were administered to groups of mice weekly for eight weeks. Multiplex fluorometric microbead immunoanalyses of serum cytokines during tumor development and following vaccination were performed. At termination, interferon gamma (IFN-γ)/interleukin-4 (IL-4) ELISpot analysis for MUC1 specific T-cell immune response and histopathological evaluations of tumor type and grade were performed. The results showed that: (1) the incidence of bladder cancer in both MUC1.Tg and wild type mice was 67%; (2) transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) developed at a 2:1 ratio compared to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC); (3) inflammatory cytokines increased with time during tumor development; and (4) administration of the peptide vaccine induces a Th1-polarized serum cytokine profile and a MUC1 specific T-cell response. All tumors in MUC1.Tg mice were positive for MUC1 expression, and half of all tumors in MUC1.Tg and wild type mice were invasive. In conclusion, using a team approach through the coordination of the efforts of pharmacologists, immunologists, pathologists and molecular biologists, we have developed an immune intact transgenic mouse model of bladder cancer that expresses hMUC1.
Medicine, Issue 80, Urinary Bladder, Animals, Genetically Modified, Cancer Vaccines, Immunotherapy, Animal Experimentation, Models, Neoplasms Bladder Cancer, C57BL/6 Mouse, MUC1, Immunotherapy, Preclinical Model
Setting-up an In Vitro Model of Rat Blood-brain Barrier (BBB): A Focus on BBB Impermeability and Receptor-mediated Transport
Institutions: VECT-HORUS SAS, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259.
The blood brain barrier (BBB) specifically regulates molecular and cellular flux between the blood and the nervous tissue. Our aim was to develop and characterize a highly reproducible rat syngeneic in vitro
model of the BBB using co-cultures of primary rat brain endothelial cells (RBEC) and astrocytes to study receptors involved in transcytosis across the endothelial cell monolayer. Astrocytes were isolated by mechanical dissection following trypsin digestion and were frozen for later co-culture. RBEC were isolated from 5-week-old rat cortices. The brains were cleaned of meninges and white matter, and mechanically dissociated following enzymatic digestion. Thereafter, the tissue homogenate was centrifuged in bovine serum albumin to separate vessel fragments from nervous tissue. The vessel fragments underwent a second enzymatic digestion to free endothelial cells from their extracellular matrix. The remaining contaminating cells such as pericytes were further eliminated by plating the microvessel fragments in puromycin-containing medium. They were then passaged onto filters for co-culture with astrocytes grown on the bottom of the wells. RBEC expressed high levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins such as occludin, claudin-5 and ZO-1 with a typical localization at the cell borders. The transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of brain endothelial monolayers, indicating the tightness of TJs reached 300 ohm·cm2
on average. The endothelial permeability coefficients (Pe) for lucifer yellow (LY) was highly reproducible with an average of 0.26 ± 0.11 x 10-3
cm/min. Brain endothelial cells organized in monolayers expressed the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), showed a polarized transport of rhodamine 123, a ligand for P-gp, and showed specific transport of transferrin-Cy3 and DiILDL across the endothelial cell monolayer. In conclusion, we provide a protocol for setting up an in vitro
BBB model that is highly reproducible due to the quality assurance methods, and that is suitable for research on BBB transporters and receptors.
Medicine, Issue 88, rat brain endothelial cells (RBEC), mouse, spinal cord, tight junction (TJ), receptor-mediated transport (RMT), low density lipoprotein (LDL), LDLR, transferrin, TfR, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER),
Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro
Institutions: The University of Chicago Medical Center, The University of Chicago Medical Center.
Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro
using spreading depression (SD), as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets for episodic and chronic migraine. SD is the likely cause of migraine aura and migraine pain. It is a paroxysmal loss of neuronal function triggered by initially increased neuronal activity, which slowly propagates within susceptible brain regions. Normal brain function is exquisitely sensitive to, and relies on, coincident low-level immune signaling. Thus, neural immune signaling likely affects electrical activity of SD, and therefore migraine. Pain perception studies of SD in whole animals are fraught with difficulties, but whole animals are well suited to examine systems biology aspects of migraine since SD activates trigeminal nociceptive pathways. However, whole animal studies alone cannot be used to decipher the cellular and neural circuit mechanisms of SD. Instead, in vitro
preparations where environmental conditions can be controlled are necessary. Here, it is important to recognize limitations of acute slices and distinct advantages of hippocampal slice cultures. Acute brain slices cannot reveal subtle changes in immune signaling since preparing the slices alone triggers: pro-inflammatory changes that last days, epileptiform behavior due to high levels of oxygen tension needed to vitalize the slices, and irreversible cell injury at anoxic slice centers.
In contrast, we examine immune signaling in mature hippocampal slice cultures since the cultures closely parallel their in vivo
counterpart with mature trisynaptic function; show quiescent astrocytes, microglia, and cytokine levels; and SD is easily induced in an unanesthetized preparation. Furthermore, the slices are long-lived and SD can be induced on consecutive days without injury, making this preparation the sole means to-date capable of modeling the neuroimmune consequences of chronic SD, and thus perhaps chronic migraine. We use electrophysiological techniques and non-invasive imaging to measure
neuronal cell and circuit functions coincident with SD. Neural immune gene expression variables are measured with qPCR screening, qPCR arrays, and, importantly, use of cDNA preamplification for detection of ultra-low level targets such as interferon-gamma using whole, regional, or specific cell enhanced (via laser dissection microscopy) sampling. Cytokine cascade signaling is further assessed with multiplexed phosphoprotein related targets with gene expression and phosphoprotein changes confirmed via cell-specific immunostaining. Pharmacological and siRNA strategies are used to mimic
SD immune signaling.
Neuroscience, Issue 52, innate immunity, hormesis, microglia, T-cells, hippocampus, slice culture, gene expression, laser dissection microscopy, real-time qPCR, interferon-gamma
Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
Institutions: The University of Florida.
Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have emerged as a central culprit in overzealous inflammatory immune responses associated with many autoimmune disorders. In this method we purify T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, and stimulate purified CD4+ T cells under control and Th17-inducing environments. The Th17-inducing environment includes stimulation in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-6, and TGF-β. After incubation for at least 72 hours and for up to five days at 37 °C, cells are subsequently analyzed for the capability to produce IL-17 through flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISAs. Th17 differentiated CD4+CD25- T cells can be utilized to further elucidate the role that Th17 cells play in the onset and progression of autoimmunity and host defense. Moreover, Th17 differentiation of CD4+CD25- lymphocytes from distinct murine knockout/disease models can contribute to our understanding of cell fate plasticity.
Immunology, Issue 79, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Medicine, Infection, Th17 cells, IL-17, Th17 differentiation, T cells, autoimmunity, cell, isolation, culture
Real-time Imaging of Endothelial Cell-cell Junctions During Neutrophil Transmigration Under Physiological Flow
Institutions: Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, AMC at University of Amsterdam.
During inflammation, leukocytes leave the circulation and cross the endothelium to fight invading pathogens in underlying tissues. This process is known as leukocyte transendothelial migration. Two routes for leukocytes to cross the endothelial monolayer have been described: the paracellular route, i.e.,
through the cell-cell junctions and the transcellular route, i.e.,
through the endothelial cell body. However, it has been technically difficult to discriminate between the para- and transcellular route. We developed a simple in vitro
assay to study the distribution of endogenous VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 during neutrophil transendothelial migration under physiological flow conditions. Prior to neutrophil perfusion, endothelial cells were briefly treated with fluorescently-labeled antibodies against VE-cadherin and PECAM-1. These antibodies did not interfere with the function of both proteins, as was determined by electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing and FRAP measurements. Using this assay, we were able to follow the distribution of endogenous VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 during transendothelial migration under flow conditions and discriminate between the para- and transcellular migration routes of the leukocytes across the endothelium.
Immunology, Issue 90, Leukocytes, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs), transmigration, VE-cadherin, PECAM-1, endothelium, transcellular, paracellular
Establishment of a Surgically-induced Model in Mice to Investigate the Protective Role of Progranulin in Osteoarthritis
Institutions: NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York University Medical Center.
Destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM) model is an important tool for studying the pathophysiological roles of numerous arthritis associated molecules in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) in vivo
. However, the detailed, especially the visualized protocol for establishing this complicated model in mice, is not available. Herein we took advantage of wildtype and progranulin (PGRN)-/- mice as examples to introduce a protocol for inducing DMM model in mice, and compared the onset of OA following establishment of this surgically induced model. The operations performed on mice were either sham operation, which just opened joint capsule, or DMM operation, which cut the menisco-tibial ligament and caused destabilization of medial meniscus. Osteoarthritis severity was evaluated using histological assay (e.g.
Safranin O staining), expressions of OA-associated genes, degradation of cartilage extracellular matrix molecules, and osteophyte formation. DMM operation successfully induced OA initiation and progression in both wildtype and PGRN-/- mice, and loss of PGNR growth factor led to a more severe OA phenotype in this surgically induced model.
Bioengineering, Issue 84, Mouse, Cartilage, Surgery, Osteoarthritis, degenerative arthritis, progranulin, destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM)
Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
Institutions: Stanford University School of Medicine .
We describe a methodology by which we are able to collect and measure biochemical inflammatory and nociceptive mediators at the surgical wound site. Collecting site-specific biochemical markers is important to understand the relationship between levels in serum and surgical wound, determine any associations between mediator release, pain, analgesic use and other outcomes of interest, and evaluate the effect of systemic and peripheral drug administration on surgical wound biochemistry. This methodology has been applied to healthy women undergoing elective cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. We have measured wound exudate and serum mediators at the same time intervals as patient's pain scores and analgesics consumption for up to 48 hours post-cesarean delivery. Using this methodology we have been able to detect various biochemical mediators including nerve growth factor (NGF), prostaglandin E2 (PG-E2) substance P, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, TNFα, INFγ, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCP-1 and MIP-1β. Studies applying this human surgical wound bioassay have found no correlations between wound and serum cytokine concentrations or their time-release profile (J Pain. 2008; 9(7):650-7).1
We also documented the utility of the technique to identify drug-mediated changes in wound cytokine content (Anesth Analg 2010; 111:1452-9).2
Medicine, Issue 68, Biochemistry, Anatomy, Physiology, Cytokines, Cesarean Section, Wound Healing, Wounds and Injuries, Surgical Procedures, Operative, Surgical wound, Exudate, cytokines, Substance P, Interleukin 10, Interleukin 6, Nerve growth factor, Prostaglandin E2, Cesarean, Analgesia
CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Capture Using a Disposable Microfluidic Chip for HIV
Institutions: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Cellular Biology, Issue 8, microfluidic, blood, diagnostics, bioengineering, HIV, Translational Research
Generation of Bone Marrow Derived Murine Dendritic Cells for Use in 2-photon Imaging
Institutions: University of California, Irvine (UCI), University of California, Irvine (UCI).
Several methods for the preparation of murine dendritic cells can be found in the literature. Here, we present a method that produces greater than 85% CD11c high dendritic cells in culture that home to the draining lymph node after subcutaneous injection and present antigen to antigen specific T cells (see video). Additionally, we use Essen Instruments Incucyte to track dendritic cell maturation, where, at day 10, the morphology of the cultured cells is typical of a mature dendritic cell and <85% of cells are CD11chigh. The study of antigen presentation in peripheral lymph nodes by 2-photon imaging revealed that there are three distinct phases of dendritic cell and T cell interaction1, 2
. Phase I consists of brief serial contacts between highly motile antigen specific T cells and antigen carrying dendritic cells1, 2
. Phase two is marked by prolonged contacts between antigen-specific T cell and antigen bearing dendritic cells1, 2
. Finally, phase III is characterized by T cells detaching from dendritic cells, regaining motility and beginning to divide1, 2
. This is one example of the type of antigen-specific interactions that can be analyzed by two-photon imaging of antigen-loaded cell tracker dye-labeled dendritic cells.
Immunology, Issue 17, dendritic cells, mouse, bone marrow, 2-photon imaging, cell culture
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June 28, 2007
A rally against eminent domain abuse, four City Council members and the "Willets Point effect"
Atlantic Yards Report
As the fight against eminent domain abuse heats up, maybe it's time to start talking about "the Willets Point effect." The coalition fighting the Atlantic Yards project has gathered savvy from a high-profile battle lasting more than three years. Those challenging Columbia University's West Harlem expansion have a clear David vs. Goliath fight. And the two homeowners on Duffield Street in Downtown Brooklyn have strong suggestions of a link to the Underground Railroad in the face of denial by the city agency that wants their land.
But the 225 businesses operating in the “Iron Triangle” of Willets Point, Queens, employing some 1800 workers, have the manpower and muscle to mount a very public fight against the city’s plans for an upscale development that would include some 5500 housing units, a hotel and convention center, a million square feet of retail and 500,000 square feet of office space.
So, as the four disparate groups gathered yesterday on the steps of City Hall to join in a rally as New Yorkers Against Eminent Domain Abuse, the Willets Point contingent was the largest and the loudest, wearing hats and t-shirts indicating their protest, arriving by bus with signs in tow.
And given that a good number were white guys who do physical labor, the group in some ways echoed the contingent of construction workers who flooded Atlantic Yards public hearings last summer to argue for, rather than against, condemnation.
Posted by lumi at June 28, 2007 7:53 AM
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S7: Energy 2
- An improved multi-layer thermal model for photovoltaic modules
Giuseppe Marco Tina and Antonio Gagliano (University of Catania, Italy)
An essential task in devising photovoltaic power plant energy production capacities is based on the evaluation of a PV module thermal behavior from typical meteorological conditions in a given place. In this context up to 5 °C error in the operating temperature can be considered acceptable and so simplified single-layer models (SLM) can be adopted. In this case the PV module is approximated as a single slab with uniform thermal characteristics. On the other hand, multi-layer models (MLMs) allow not only to evaluate more precisely the PV cell temperature but also to calculate both front and back layer temperatures through at least a 3 temperatures multi-layer models (3T-MLMs). Front and back layer temperatures, especially the back layer temperature, can be measured during the operation of a PV module, so it is likely to tune on-line the thermal model and calculate very precisely the inner temperature. MLMs need to solve thermal energy balance equations between the PV module and the surrounding environments. Hence, both radiative and convective thermal fluxes ought to be calculated. This study introduces an innovative MLM, with the aim to evaluate more precisely the front and back cover superficial temperatures. The mathematical model that describes the thermal behavior of the PV module has been implemented in Matlab environment. The predicted thermal behavior of the PV modules is described and checked against measured data. The numerical results put also in evidence the uncertainties introduced by the environmental variables (ambient temperature, irradiance, wind speed) measurements.
- Techno-economical analysis of replacing Diesel propulsion with hybrid electric-wind propulsion on ferries in the Adriatic
Goran Gasparovic (UNIZG-FSB, Croatia); Branko Klarin (University of Split, FESB, Croatia)
The research presents results of analysis of 36 ferry and passenger routes on the Croatian Adriatic shore, with sail time up to 60 minutes. 19 of the routes representing 41.5% of daily mileage in the high season have been found suitable. Those lines carried 81.1% of all passengers and 87.4% of vehicles in the domestic sea transport in 2015. Detailed analysis of requirements for electrification has been conducted on one hull type and one ferry line in the Split port region. Grid requirements for shore-side charging and multiple scenarios involving Diesel, hybrid and full electric propulsion have shown potential for reduction in usage of Diesel fuel, giving the return on investment within four years, given current prices. Additionally, wind-driven component of the propulsion could further reduce energy demands in the order of 20 to 50%.
- Energy Harvester for Smart Sensors Systems
Leonardo Pantoli, Alfiero Leoni, Vincenzo Stornelli and Giuseppe Ferri (University of L’Aquila, Italy)
We present a high dynamic range and high efficiency energy harvesting system. The designed circuit is a dual band architecture able to capture the largest amount of EM radiation in the urban environment being tuned both at GSM and WiFi operating frequencies. The system handles, with a high conversion efficiency, an incoming power typically ranging from -20dBm to 20dBm and rectifies it into a DC voltage source. Test measurements of the proposed system have confirmed all expectation making the proposed solution suitable to be used in several commercial urban remote low power sensor networks applications as those for buildings monitoring.
- Energy Efficiency Combined SW Techniques on Mobiles Android OS
Luan Ruçi, Olimpjon Shurdi and Luan Karcanaj (Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania)
Energy efficiency in mobile computing, especially in the wireless data transmission involved in mobile applications, is one of the most challenges that have attracted much attention from mobile device manufacturers, mobile application and OS providers and as well network operators. Nowadays a major target of this research area is to develop cross solution for reducing the energy consumption of mobile devices while trying to maintain the device performance. If we look at the system-level power management solutions from the viewpoint of software architecture, the proposed solutions for now can be implemented on OS part, as middleware or application level or combination between any of them. Main contribution of this paper is to analyse the methodologies used in nowadays Android OS for different kind of Smartphone’s HW that could be even personalized in case of good programming knowledge.
- A Service Oriented QoS Architecture Targeting the Smart Grid World & Machine Learning Aspects
Christos Chrysoulas (University of Essex, United Kingdom); Maria Fasli (Universit of Essex, United Kingdom)
Dynamic selection of services and by extension of service providers are vital in today’s liberalized market of energy. On the other hand it is equally important for Service Providers to spot the one QoS Module that offers the best QoS level in a given cost. Type of service, response time, throughput, availability and cost, consist a basic set of attributes that should be taken into consideration when building a concrete Grid network. In the proposed QoS architecture Prosumers request services based on the aforementioned set of attributes. The Prosumer requests the service through the QoS Module. It is then the QoS Module that seeks the Service Provider that best fits the needs of the client.
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Consumer borrowing has seen the largest increase since before the financial crisis. The levels of borrowing have increased by £1.2bn from February to March, a report from the Bank of England states.
Unsecured borrowing saw the biggest rise i.e. overdrafts and cash loans.
In fact, of the £1.2bn rise, £1.1bn was accounted for by unsecured borrowing such as this.
This figure is now higher than it has been since February 2008. This is not reflected in the level of credit card and mortgage lending, which has remained constant.
From February to March credit card spending went up by just £200m and the number of mortgages approved fell slightly in this time.
One of the most likely causes of this big spike in consumer borrowing is that interest rates remain extremely low.
This increase in consumer borrowing has many people worrying that people will once again become bogged down with debts that they cannot handle.
“March’s sharp rise will likely fuel concern that consumers will pile up debt again to fund spending,” stated the chief economist for IHS Global Insight, Howard Archer.
However, the Insolvency Service has stated this week that personal insolvencies are at their lowest since 2005.
Compare personal loans with MoneyExpert.com.
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TRANS-DISCIPLINARY (TRANS-D) APPROACH
The Trans-D approach is a family-centred approach to enhance holistic and comprehensive development in clients by adopting a common view on the educational needs and a consensual commitment for integrated planning & implementation.
A team of teachers and Allied Health Professionals collaborate with parents and caregivers to create shared goals for the client. The Trans-D approach aims to maximise client development by integrating learning opportunities in their daily activities.
- Increase collaboration between therapists and teachers
- Promote the integration of services and programmes in school
- Build learning opportunities across different settings
- Support families by embedding learning in daily routine-based activities
The Trans-D approach was first piloted in CPAS in 2013 before it was gradually implemented organisation-wide through the three core programmes namely Early Intervention Programme for Infants and Children (EIPIC), CPAS School and Adult Services.
A Trans-D team is comprised of the class teacher/interventionist and Allied Health Professionals (Occupational Therapist, Physiotherapist, Speech Language Therapist, Social Worker and Psychologist).
Each team holds monthly meetings to discuss the setting and implementation of the individual goals for each client. The team also creates individualised strategies and recommends suitable assistive devices that the client may need.
This integrated approach replaces the previous approach that separated interventions by discipline through pull-out sessions, in order to enhance holistic development and deliver better results for our clients. Therapy is delivered in the client’s natural setting while facilitating collaboration and professional exchange of knowledge and skills between teachers, interventionists and Allied Health Professionals.
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The Honest to Goodness Truth on What Is a Resultant in Physics
It’s valid for a variety of vectors. They are normally represented by means of an arrow. This is the way vectors were born. A vector differs since it has a direction in addition to a magnitude. They are considered equal despite custom essays of the initial points as long as the vectors have the same magnitude and direction (Vectors). Consequently our resultant vector gets smaller in magnitude than the very first example.
Vector subtraction utilizing perpendicular components is quite similarit is only the accession of a negative vector. The exact same equation has to be utilised to calculate this downstream distance. It’s because you’re calculating the lengths of two distinct vectors. Then, we use analytical procedures of vector algebra to locate the resultants.
This is a vector since it offers you that additional bit of information. Examine the presented pictures below. Oh yeah, and don’t neglect to earn a drawing.
They can likewise be utilized to inspect the reasonableness of more precise calculations. It’s one example of locating the elements of a vector. Discussion The head-to-tail graphical technique of vector addition works for a variety of vectors. Basically, you’d be using the head-to-tail method of vector addition.
There are lots of applications in physics where this is a beneficial point to do. The method begins by the range of one of the 2 angles (aside from the perfect angle) of the triangle. Work is an intriguing concept because the exact same quantity of work can be completed in various scenarios. An instance of the use of the head-to-tail procedure is illustrated below. In truth, it can be utilized in any situation it’s a generic course of action.
This may be tested utilizing the plumb line. She swims back 10 m but cannot locate the camera, so she makes the decision to end the dive. Model boxes boost the text’s emphasis on modelinganalyzing a complex, real-world situation in regard to simple but sensible idealizations which can be applied repeatedly in solving problems. TO better understand, let us have a look at the example given below.
Likewise, lifting twice the weight over the exact same distance also doubles the quantity of work. And the diagonal distance throughout the river isn’t known inside this case. When it is moving, it continues moving at the exact same speed and in the exact same direction.
Getting the Best What Is a Resultant in Physics
Below are a couple differences for superior understanding. By way of example, 20 Newton cannot act as a complete description of a force that’s acting on an object. It is an easy matter to alter the point of application of a force by introducing equal and opposite forces at two points of application that generate a pure torque physically. Once an object has a great deal of forces acting on it, the end result is the exact same as one force in a certain direction. Bear in mind, Newton’s first law states that in the event the resultant force is zero, the object won’t change its motion at all. Repeat the very same actions in locating the equilibrium by moving the third force to the suitable angle and mass.
The angle has to be found for the forces to stay in equilibrium. These 3 trigonometric functions can be put on the hiker problem to be able to ascertain the direction of the hiker’s in general displacement. When you’re working in 1 dimension, the size of the force isn’t something you’ve got to think about. You work this issue just as you discover the destination in everyday life. The direction is still the same, but the magnitude changes based on the scalar quantity.
This technique is described below. If it was stationary to start with, then it will stay stationary. Lifting the exact same amount of weight twice as higher means twice the sum of work is completed. The order of subtraction doesn’t influence the results.
Moreover, we’ll discover how to get the X and Y elements of a givenvector employing a small bit trigonometry. The other method of differentiating both of these quantities is by making use of a notation. The accession of these bodily quantities follows the basic rules of the algebra. We benefit from trigonometry at this time. They are not the same as scalar numbers since they also include information regarding direction.
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$56.00 donated in past month
Add comment on:Budget Cuts and Happy Times
Ingo Schmidt and Thomas Fricke
For three decades, a Troika from Wall Street, the US Treasury Department and the Federal Reserve pushed global (capital) investments with a mixture of tax cuts, cheap credits and overrated securities...The world economy is plagued by an excess of uncollectable debts as well as over-capacities and demand weakness. Is there a political way out of these calamities?
Guidelines for commenting on news articles:
Thanks for contributing to Indybay's open publishing newswire. You may use any format for your response article, from traditional academic discourse to subjective personal account. Please keep it on topic and concise. And please read our editorial policy, privacy, and legal statements before continuing. Or go back to the article.
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Mar 29, 2020
In episode #1336, we chat about how AI will impact the future of digital marketing. Artificial intelligence is arguably the biggest looming area of modern technology and the future of this field of development will undoubtedly have a huge impact on the course of human history. This will translate into the marketing field as well, with companies being about to offer increasingly impressive services thanks to the data-ingesting abilities of AI systems. Tune in to hear all about it!
TIME-STAMPED SHOW NOTES:
topic: How AI Will Impact the Future of Digital
[00:35] The current AI climate and big players in the game right now.
[01:26] Smart devices, IOT and increasingly integrated systems.[03:01] The abilities of machines to sift through massive amounts of data.
[04:23] Suggested products and service; leveraging your tastes and those around you.
[04:52] How this translates into the marketing game right now.[05:38] That’s pretty much it!
[05:40] To stay updated with events and learn more about our mastermind, go to the Marketing School site for more information.
Links Mentioned in Today’s Episode:
Leave Some Feedback:
Connect with Us:
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The Nigerian Government has enjoyed cordial relationship with the government of the United States over the years especially given the former’s quantum of oil deposit and the latter’s access to exploiting same. However, the emergence of Boko Haram insurgence has been a source of concern to both countries especially as it portends danger to their interests. Despite the efforts of both countries in finding a lasting solution to the problem, the desired result is yet to be attained. In view of this, the study examined the effectiveness of the US security strategies in assisting Nigeria overcome the crisis of Boko Haram. Intractable conflict theory was adopted in arguing that it would be difficult to resolve the crisis of Boko Haram but it can, at least, be managed if proper strategies are put in place. Finally, the work discovered that in line with American foreign policy of zero tolerance to international terrorism, its strategies in assisting Nigeria overcome Boko Haram crisis have not been very effective.
This work by European American Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License
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February 01, 2011
The following history of Topsfield is taken from the Historical Collections of the Topsfield Historical Society.
The town of Topsfield, without doubt derives its name from the parish of Toppesfield, in the County of Essex, England. Samuel Symonds, the Assistant and Deputy Governor, who owned land in Topsfield and lived in Ipswich, had emigrated from the English parish and his children had been baptised in its church - - St. Margaret's. The name "Toppesfield" was applied to this locality as early as March 21, 1642 when John Winthrop, jr. sold land lying near Mr. Symonds grant, to Henry Parks of London. The deed describes the land as lying partly in "the Hamlett Village or place called Toppesfield in the parish of Ipswich."*
See Historical Collections of the Topsfield Historical Society, Vol. VI, pp. 40-41.
The several acts of the Great and General Court relating to the founding and incorporation of the town are as follows:--
"Whereas the inhabitants of
Salem have agreed to plant a village neare the ryver wch runs to
Ipswich, it is ordered, that all the land neare their bounds, between Salem
& the said ryver, not belonging to any other towne or person, by any former
grant, shall belong to the said village."
Clicking on these links will take you to actual town records, newspaper articles, and other data.
The Topsfield Copper Mines - an article from the
Topsfield Historical Collections about copper mining in
Statistics of Topsfield to the End of 1849 - Compiled by John Slaughter and
transcribed by Brenda Costello -
Topsfield Roll Call - Who's researching who - submit your name/e-mail address
Links to Other Sites
Essex County Massachusetts Genealogy Project -
Founded August 1996.
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Mudflap Pointer Debugging
It is enabled by passing -fmudflap to the compiler. For front-ends that support it (C and very simple C++ programs), it instruments all risky pointer/array dereferencing operations, some standard library string/heap functions, and some other associated constructs with range/validity tests. Modules so instrumented should be immune to buffer overflows, invalid heap use, and some other classes of C/C++ programming errors. The instrumentation relies on a separate runtime library (libmudflap), which will be linked into a program if -fmudflap -lmudflap is given at link time. Run-time behavior of the instrumented program is controlled by the MUDFLAP_OPTIONS environment variable. You can get an actual list of its options by setting MUDFLAP_OPTIONS to -help and calling a mudflap compiled program. At the moment this gives the following output:
The mudflap code can be controlled by an environment variable: $ export MUDFLAP_OPTIONS='<options>' $ <mudflapped_program> where <options> is a space-separated list of any of the following options. Use `-no-OPTION' to disable options. -mode-nop mudflaps do nothing -mode-populate mudflaps populate object tree -mode-check mudflaps check for memory violations (active) -mode-violate mudflaps always cause violations (diagnostic) -viol-nop violations do not change program execution (active) -viol-abort violations cause a call to abort() -viol-segv violations are promoted to SIGSEGV signals -viol-gdb violations fork a gdb process attached to current program -trace-calls trace calls to mudflap runtime library -verbose-trace trace internal events within mudflap runtime library -collect-stats collect statistics on mudflap's operation -sigusr1-report print report upon SIGUSR1 -internal-checking perform more expensive internal checking -print-leaks print any memory leaks at program shutdown -check-initialization detect uninitialized object reads -verbose-violations print verbose messages when memory violations occur (active) -abbreviate abbreviate repetitive listings (active) -timestamps track object lifetime timestamps (active) -ignore-reads ignore read accesses - assume okay -wipe-stack wipe stack objects at unwind -wipe-heap wipe heap objects at free -heur-proc-map support /proc/self/map heuristics -heur-stack-bound enable a simple upper stack bound heuristic -heur-start-end support _start.._end heuristics -heur-stdlib register standard library data (argv, errno, stdin, ...) (active) -free-queue-length=N queue N deferred free() calls before performing them (4) -persistent-count=N keep a history of N unregistered regions (100) -crumple-zone=N surround allocations with crumple zones of N bytes (32) -lc-adapt=N adapt mask/shift parameters after N cache misses (1000003) -backtrace=N keep an N-level stack trace of each call context (4) -thread-stack=N override thread stacks allocation: N kB (0)
Use -fmudflapth instead of -fmudflap to compile and -fmudflapth -lmudflapth to link if your program is multi-threaded.
Ignoring Pointer Reads
Use -fmudflapir, in addition to -fmudflap or -fmudflapth, if instrumentation should ignore pointer reads. This produces less instrumentation (and therefore faster execution) and still provides some protection against outright memory corrupting writes, but allows erroneously read data to propagate within a program.
In a mail between Frank Eigler and Chris Scott (see http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2005-01/msg01655.html) it became clear that at the moment mudflap does not insert padding between data structures which makes it blind to some program mistakes.
Consider the following example:
int a; int b; [...] int *i; for (i = &b ; i < &a ; i++) *i = 0; [...]
Currently mudflap will not detect the passage from b to a because it only checks that each individual pointer dereference points to a valid object: which for each value of i in this particular case, it does. It does not track the fact that i was originally assigned from &b.
A straightforward improvement to mudflap would be to emit padding between adjacent static (or even auto) objects, and mark those regions as inaccessible. Then such simple iteration patterns would be caught.
mudflap does not currently work with DSOs, see [gccbug:24420].
mudflap produces copious spurious violations for most C++ programs (e.g. any program using std::vector): see [gccbug:19319].
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How Your Springtime Allergies Are Impacting Your Oral Health
Photo by Brittany Colette on Unsplash
How are you adjusting to spring? This time of year can be a doozy when it comes to allergies. Our oral health has a fascinating connection with our sinuses, which happens to be the subject of today’s blog.
Allergies are the source that cause a multitude of oral health problems, such as toothaches, dry mouth and sore throats.
Many people experience toothaches during peak seasons for allergies like spring and fall. Mucus builds in the sinuses and adds pressure around the molars causing pain in the cheek area. Sinuses are “designed” to drain upward. When these passages become impacted it makes the body’s job more difficult.
When your airways are inhibited by stuffy noses, often times we default to breathing out of our mouths. Dry mouth affects the amount of saliva produced by the mouth. Increasing your daily intake of water, eating sugar free candy and gum can help improve saliva production which helps to flush out all the bad cavity and tooth decay causing bacteria.
Nasal congestion’s impact on the number of available airways can not only affect the mouth but also the throat. The cool air combined with the drainage from nasal passages can lead to throat irritation. A ritual of a soothing with hot beverages mixed with honey or a throat coating lozenge should do the trick.
Battling the sniffles caused by springtime allergens is no fun. Perhaps if we look at them as a rite of spring, we’ll be able to forget they ever happened once they’ve passed and we can get back to enjoying the wonderful weather!
If you’re experiencing these issues, don’t discredit your oral pain for allergies. We recommend speaking with your dentist. It’s better to be safe than sorry.
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If you’re building an iOS application, whether it’s for an iPhone, an iPad, an iPod Touch, or all three, you really should be testing on the actual device that you’re coding for. Knowing how it actually functions on a device can give you a much clearer feeling of the user experience of your application.
The iOS simulator and Instruments are useful tools for identifying bugs and unexpected behaviour earlier in your development process. However, the simuator doesn’t always replicate in-device behaviour and it’s really important to realise that apps behave differently on each individual device, and under a range of conditions. Unfortunately iOS has become a rather fragmented environment, thanks to the range of devices running iOS (iPhones, iPads and iPod Touches), which means if we want to know the true behaviour of our app on the devices that our customers will be using, we need to check across a range of devices and versions of iOS.
It is possible to automate in-device hardware testing to a certain extent using outside providers, who have devices hooked up to servers in their data center that you can essentially rent for a period of time, so you could run some scheduled jobs and run your automated test on a real device. They often record the screen so you can see the output of the test later. Should you do just this? It’s debatable - my view is that if you’re going to pay for that service, do the amount of development effort to get it all hooked up, as well as sit there and review screen recordings of interactions, you might as well just buy the device and test it there. Worse still if you’re just using these services to ‘rent’ a device over the cloud for manual testing. You’ll soon end up spending the same (or more) than if you’d just purchased a device.
Isn’t Android device testing far worse?
We’ve spotted 3997 distinct devices.
Yep, it is.
The fragmentation in iOS is still not as bad as Android’s fragmentation, with a corresponding increase in horror for in-device testing. The crazy fragmentation is actually great for manufacturers (and customers) as they can customise everything to their heart’s content and target a whole range of markets, but it’s horrible for developers and testers as there’s an almost infinite number of devices to potentially test. Not to mention Android’s customisation abilities creates an almost infinite set of possible system/environment configurations.
OpenSignalMaps, who are trying to build a cellphone coverage map from crowd-sourced data using an Android app, did a report recently on how bad fragmentation has become, how they test in that environment and the compromises they’ve made in their development effort. It’s worth a read to grasp some of the challenges in developing in a fragmented mobile environment.
Animoca uses over 400 Android devices for testing.
Animoca is forced to test with over 400 Android devices, and they can only really do that because they have deep capital backing to allow them to purchase all these devices. The capital gives them a lot more flexibility to cover more devices in primary markets, as well devices in growing markets (Android has become particularly strong in developing markets given the cheapness of some handsets there).
PocketGems also has to use a huge range of devices.
But before you start pointing and laughing at Android developers, the problem is still exists in iOS. It’s just a slightly smaller problem. Even if you only consider the devices immediately available for sale now, there’s still a whole range of iPhones, iPads and iPod Touches that you’ll need to cater for. It’s more if you’re considering older devices who have different versions of iOS. Each of these could have varying levels of connectivity (LTE, 3G, EDGE, 2G, WiFi) and other activities going on (calls, background activities, etc).
PocketGems has a wall of iOS devices.
PocketGems has a device testing wall for just iOS devices - I can see 30-odd devices on that wall alone and I’d guess they have more of them out there somewhere. It’s a reasonable problem for everyone.
This is obviously worse for cross-platform development teams, who may have to handle some combination of iOS, Android, Windows Mobile, Nokia, BlackBerry and a whole range of other devices including any number of web browsers. For teams like this, I’d consider a cross-device solution like Calatrava or if you want to expand even less effort, perhaps PhoneGap. Once you have a web-based solution, you can test using existing web automated testing tools such as Selenium, and then do exploratory on devices.
So what would I recommend?
Here’s a few things you should consider. Depending on the size and composition of your iOS development/testing team, some or all of these will be appropriate. I’m focusing on iOS here but most of this advice could be applicable to other platforms.
If you are building an app from scratch, I’d seriously consider building an iOS 6+ version only. The majority of users are already using iOS 6 - 300 million people is not a small marketplace. I’d warrant a fair number of those have already upgraded to iOS 6.1 - Over-The-Air updates are driving the update rate even faster). This isn’t always possible - if you’re building an app that has to be widely available (eg. a government app, or the app version of a website), you might have to extend back to iOS 4 coverage to allow for legacy devices still hanging around. As a team though, if you can justify being able to move forward, you should definitely do it (or if you’re still building a legacy app). You can focus on building the best experiences for new devices, rather than hunting down bugs in old devices (this kills the soul of the developer). If you’re an independent developer, then I would go for what costs you the least amount of effort - by only supporting iOS 6+ users, you’re saving yourself a lot of bug-fixing time that can be better spent developing new features. Bigger development houses or companies may (and may need to) afford to extend compatibility to older versions of iOS, with a commensurate amount of effort and resources burnt doing so. A side advantage of supporting the latest and greatest iOS version is that your chances of being featured in the App Store rise slightly (and being featured is a massive boost for sales).
If you can, I’d build an universal app over a specific version for iPhone and iPad. Separate versions are two individual codebases to maintain and check. You may have a good reason to do so (eg. forcing customers to buy your app twice), but really, you’d just be better off building a new app instead. However, if you have significantly different interfaces and interactions between your iPhone and iPad versions, then product-wise you’d be better off building two products.
Force the iOS simulator to run a slow build of every version of iOS (you are using continuous integration, right?). You could do this manually if you don’t release updates very often, but it’s going to be a painful process and manual testing is not as reliable as continuous validation by automated tests. You’ll be able to identify bugs earlier and this will save on in-device testing time.
Take a pragmatic view of in-device testing. Test major releases across the devices you believe the majority of your users are going to use. If you’re building a specific iPhone application (predominately an app requiring internet connectivity that is likely to be used in-transit or away from a stable WiFi connection, or a camera app, etc), then I would test on the versions of what the majority of your iPhone users will be running.
Use HockeyApp to build a broad beta tester group. Know where you’re lacking test coverage in devices (triggering discoveries like “gee, we don’t have many iPod Touch testers when 30% of our production users actually use a iPod Touch”) and actively seek out those users and get their feedback. Seek out testers with unusual devices as well - there are still people floating around with old iPhones or iPod Touches that don’t have the flexibility to upgrade to the latest and greatest. A free alternative to HockeyApp is TestFlight that I worked with on a prior project but it proved incredibly flaky during that time and in the last 6 months. It’s fine as a temporary solution (hey, it’s free!) but the cost of HockeyApp is so minimal that my opinion is that you should just pay for the hosted HockeyApp service. If you’re not comfortable with that (whether it’s uptime or privacy/security concerns), you can run your own HockeyApp instance, maybe in an AWS machine.
Suck it up and start collecting devices. Borrow devices from other developers or friends. Run a build onto their device from Xcode and play around with your app. You might not find any bugs or you might find whole functionality has just stopped. There’s only one way to be sure.
Before investing in buying all the possible devices you could test on, release your app. Use HockeyApp in your production app to track what devices are using your apps, and see where your usage actually lies Focus your in-device testing on the majority of usage. Then buy devices to cover gaps (you may need to scour second-hand stores or eBay to acquire what you need).
Investigate automated in-device testing using KIF and Fruitstrap. Stewart Gleadow talks about getting Fruitstrap up and running to install apps onto a device and Sean Freitag wrote some notes about combining KIF and Fruitstrap. Somewhere in the middle is the solution. There was talk that KIF and Frank were going to work on in-device testing as part of their core solution but I’m not sure where that landed.
What’s happening locally
A few of us here in Melbourne are trying to organise a local device testing lab made up on iOS, Android, BlackBerry, Windows Mobile devices and some other weird variations, of both phone and tablet forms. It’s mostly made up of donated devices right now (rather than purchasing current models) but having that resource to spend some time to verify your designs and ideas against is hugely powerful and can expose some unusual edge cases that were not previously expected. Especially as you continue support for older devices, getting exposure to those old devices can get harder and harder.
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April is National Minority Health Month—a time to raise awareness on issues impacting health disparities and health equity in America. The theme for 2017, Bridging Health Equity Across Communities, emphasizes the collaborative, community-level work being done across the nation to help achieve health equity.
The conditions in the places where people are born, grow, live, work, play, learn, and age have significant impact on the health outcomes of individuals, families, and their communities. Throughout the month, the HHS Office of Minority Health (OMH) will highlight partner initiatives in communities that address the indirect conditions that affect health, also known as social determinants of health.
From federal agencies and national partners to grantees and community-based organizations, HHS OMH is proud to salute its partners from sectors such health, education, justice, housing, transportation, nutrition, and employment as we build bridges to help end disparities in health and health care.
By addressing the social determinants of health, we can strengthen the foundation of better health.
We invite all individuals and organizations to take action in helping communities achieve their full potential for health.
Join the conversation at our #Bridge2Health Twitter Town Hall on April 12 at 1PM.
Spread the word by sharing graphics on your website and social media channels throughout the month.
Use these web and social media images to help connect your organization's work to health equity.
Health disparities—the differences in health and well-being—have a significant impact on our nation and among racial and ethnic populations in particular. Minorities are less likely to get the preventive care needed to stay healthy, less likely to receive quality care, and more likely to face poorer health outcomes.
The deaths that result from these health disparities cost the United States $1.24 trillion. Healthier communities mean lower health care costs, which translate into a stronger economy and a more productive, competitive America.
During this National Minority Health Month, we highlight the work of the HHS OMH and its partners that serve as bridges between the sectors that impact health.
Our work and the work of our partners creates bridges that help make high quality education, safe neighborhoods, quality housing, reliable transportation, clean surroundings, nutritious food, and stable employment available to all Americans. It is work that touches the everyday lives of American communities: transportation that makes it possible to get to a well visit; neighborhoods where it is possible to exercise or play outdoors; and accessible grocery stores that make it possible to eat a well-balanced diet.
All of us are touched by health. Whether you are a banker providing small business loans to bring grocery stores to local neighborhoods or a school administrator looking to bring a health center to your school, community-based partnerships are helping us move closer to being a nation where everyone has the opportunity to achieve their full potential for health.
Collection of blogs related to #NMHM17.
Below are ways you can get informed, get involved, and get connected this National Minority Health Month.
Visit the National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities to learn more about collaborations at the community level that address the social determinants of health.
Explore resources for providing culturally and linguistically appropriate health services on the Think Cultural Health website.
Learn how your health coverage can work for you. Visit My Coverage, My Care to access tools and resources.
Find information on your health condition at the My Health portal. Use this information to prepare for your next medical appointment.
Share infocards on your social media and web pages to illustrate the connection between health and the social determinants of health.
Use resources from the National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities and Think Cultural Health to conduct a presentation on health disparities and health equity at your next membership, board or staff meeting.
Attend a health disparities webinar or presentation in your area to learn about the issues impacting your community. Find one in your area by visiting the National Minority Health Month Events Calendar.
Add your events to the National Minority Health Month Events Calendar and share photos from your event with us on Facebook.
Receive email updates on OMH and health disparities issues by signing up for our newsletters.
Questions about National Minority Health Month? Contact firstname.lastname@example.org.
Share this sample newsletter article on health equity with your networks so they too can get informed, get involved, and get connected! It takes action from all individuals and organizations to help create healthier communities and bridge the gap in health disparities.
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https://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/nmhm17/
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On this page an overview is given of a number of files that can be helpful with the description and interpretation of the humus form profile.
Field guide humus forms
You can download here the English translation of the Field Guide Humus Forms as pdf-file (19 Mb). In this field guide the role of the organic matter cycle in the ecosystem and the way the organic matter cycle expresses itself in the humus form profile are discussed. You can also find instuctions about the best way to describe the humus form profile, which horizons to distinguish and how these horizons relate to the environmental factors. This field guide also deals with the classification of the humus form profiles into humus form types. In order to do so a classification key is included. This field guide is meant for a wide spread public. For a good understanding a glossary is included. In this first revision of the guide remarks of users are processed and some relevant mistakes are corrected. If you want to see the remarks made click here (in Dutch). This first revision is only available in digital form and not as a printed document.
The English edition of the field guide can be ordered by transfering € 15 to the bankaccount number 36 70 54 612 in the name of Alterra, Wageningen, with reference to 'Field guide humus forms'. This price is V.A.T. and sending costs (within the Netherlands) included. (For more details: +31 317 477766 or firstname.lastname@example.org).
Keys of determination
The keys of determination from the first revision of the filed guide can be downloaded as a separate pdf -file (46 Kb). Convenient for use in the field!
Form for profile describtion
The form for profile describtion is mentioned in the field guide as a usefull tool for the description of humus form profiles. This form for profile description can be downloaded as a separate pdf-file (32 Kb). The characteristics mentioned in this form are clarified in the filed guide.
Tables for classification into humus forms
The classification of the humus form types is summarized into to two tables. These tables are not included in the field guide. The classification is based on characteristics as the appearance and thickness of the horizons, the texture and calcium content of the parent material and the appearance of gley symptoms within the first 25 cm below the soil surface. In the tables these characteristics are indicated for each humus form type. The first table concerns the description of humus forms on the level of order, suborder and group (in Dutch). The second table concerns the description of humus forms on the level of Group, subgroup and fase (in Dutch).
Determinationprogram 'Humus forms'
An other aid for the classification of humus form profiles into humus forms is the program´Humusvormen' (voor MS-Access versie 97) (in Dutch) or 'Humusvormen' (voor MS-Access versie 2000) (in Dutch). Characteristics of the humus form profile can be imported in the program by means of a screen. The program than decides which humus forms the humus form profile can belongs to. Giving more characteristics results in a smaller choice of humus forms until at last one humus form remains.description of the humus forms program is given in:
Buis, E. en S. P. J. van Delft, 2003. Handleiding Humusvormen 1; Een programma ter classificatie van humusvormen vanuit de Ecologische Bodemtypering, Wageningen, Alterra. Alterra-rapport 708. (in Dutch)
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.wur.nl/en/Research-Results/Projects-and-programmes/Humus-forms/Downloads.htm
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| 0.849489
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Offence: Theft > theft from a specified place
Navigation: < Previous text (trial account) | Next text (trial account) >
Ibraham Israel , alias Jonas , of St. Peter's Poor , was indicted for feloniously stealing eight Silver Spoons, five Silver Forks, two Silver Canisters, one Diamond Ring, Value 250 l. a pair of Diamond Ear-Rings, Value 90 l. three Diamond Buckles, and other Goods, in the Dwelling house of John Mendez de Costa , the 4th of March last.
Mr. Mendez de Costa depos'd, That he having been Abroad, when he came Home, upon enquiry, found that the Prisoner, who had gone out with him behind the Coach, had been at Home, and was gone; upon which, going to the Scriptore, found that the Things mentioned in the Indictment were missing; that he sent after him divers Ways, to Dover, Harwich, &c. and that the Prisoner was taken at Canterbury, viewing the Cathedral.
John Pisin depos'd, That he being sent in pursuit of the Prisoner, found him in Canterbury, with the Diamond Ring, and other Things in his Pocket, and that upon his being apprehended, he confess'd he had taken them out of the Scriptore; that he found the Spoons and Forks, at a Goldsmiths at Canterhury , where he had offer'd them to sale.
Christopher Simpkins depos'd, That the Prisoner brought 2 Silver Canisters to him to sell, asking 4s. an Ounce for them, and he stopp'd them. The Goods were produc'd in Court, and own'd by the Prosecutor, and the Prisoner having nothing to say in his Defence, the Jury found him guilty of the Indictment. Death .
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t17300408-57
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The popular idiom “knowledge is power” is most commonly attributed to Sir Francis Bacon, an English philosopher and author from the late 16th and early 17 century. He was a big proponent of the scientific method and is often viewed as the father of empiricism, the theory that knowledge comes only from sensory experience. Seeing is believing, so to speak.
What’s interesting is that the exact phrase “knowledge is power” doesn’t seem to appear in any of Bacon’s English or Latin writings, but he does use the Latin expression “ipsa scientia potestas est” in a 1597 work called Meditationes Sacrae. This loosely translates to “knowledge itself is power,” which we can safely assume means fundamentally the same thing. Some people argue that it should be translated as “knowledge is His power,” referring to the omnipotence of God, but I digress.
How does this relate to the world of professional blogging, affiliate marketing, and making money online? It has everything to do with it.
Knowledge Gets You Places
As with any other prospective career or professional exploit, Internet marketing relies heavily on what you know. You can’t really start blogging, at least not successfully, without having some idea of how ad networks operate or what are some of the basic best practices for search engine optimization.
You can’t really get started with affiliate marketing until you understand the difference between CPM and CPA. You should be reasonably well versed in the basic jargon and vocabulary of the industry, like click-thru rates and landing pages and conversion rates. Combining blogging with Internet marketing, you’ll give yourself a better shot at success if you have a good understand of social media and Google Analytics and email marketing too.
The more you know, the better off you’ll be.
In a private Facebook group I belong to, one of the members was confused by the seemingly random email she received. The person was asking to insert a link into one of her existing (old) blog posts and she couldn’t understand why. Another member explained that this was an SEO tactic (that is against Google’s terms and conditions) wherein the person was trying to get some “link juice” off her site.
Armed with this knowledge, she could then make a more educated decision about whether or not she wanted to proceed with the potential agreement. Without that information, she’d be taking a guess in the dark and the money on the table would sound much more appealing. Knowledge is power. And knowing what value you bring to the table can help you negotiate for more favorable terms.
But It’s Not Enough
As Tyrion Lannister so famously said on Game of Thrones, “I drink and I know things.”
What he didn’t tell you is that knowing things is not enough and it will never be enough if you want to be truly successful at what you do. Knowing everything there is to know about search engine optimization is certainly favorable under the right circumstances, but it doesn’t really mean anything if the content on your website is of poor quality and it’s not properly monetized.
There are many people out there who seem to know a lot about a lot of things, yet they don’t reach the same level of success as so many other people whose knowledge base could be considerably less impressive. Why? The thing we have to recognize is that there are so many other factors at play, some in your control and some not.
The old expression “it’s not what you know but who you know” really applies here. When you are lucky enough to forge the right connections with the right people, you can gain incredible in-roads and advantages that are not available to other people who are in similar positions as you are. You want to start a YouTube channel and you happen to know someone with a wealth of high-end video equipment who will gladly work with you on it? You’re in much better shape than someone who knows everything about YouTube, but has no access to any quality equipment or software.
There’s a reason why so many successful people online tend to congregate in the same few hubs, like New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Seattle. Networking with the right people can take you places… and when you get to those places, your knowledge can still give you a leg up.
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<urn:uuid:6a374d0d-d101-4b87-a6b3-fd3757d655a9>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://johnchow.com/knowledge-is-power-but-its-not-enough/
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en
| 0.967633
| 932
| 1.96875
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Purpose: Estrogens have neuroprotective effects in ischemia, stroke, and other conditions leading to neuronal cell death (e.g., Alzheimer's disease). The present study examined whether estrogens may have neuroprotective effects after seizures. Methods: The kainic acid model was used to determine if estrogens protect hippocampal cells after status epilepticus in adult female rats. Rats were ovariectomized 1 week before hormone replacement. β-Estradiol benzoate (EB; 2 μg in 0.1 mL of oil) was injected subcutaneously 48 and 24 hours before seizure testing. We administered kainic acid (16 mg/kg intraperitoneally) and behaviorally monitored the rats for 5 hours. After this time, all rats were injected with pentobarbital (50 mg/kg intraperitoneally) irrespective of seizure severity. Some rats received two additional doses of EB, one immediately and one 24 hours after the seizures. Another group of rats received only these two doses of EB after the seizures, and yet another group of rats received pretreatment with the intracellular EB receptor antagonist tamoxifen before each of four EB injections. Control rats received oil instead of EB. Rats were killed 48 hours after seizures. Neuronal damage was evaluated in silver-impregnated and Nissl-stained sections. Results: Estrogen treatment before kalnic acid administration significantly delayed the onset of kainic acid-induced clonic seizures, whereas it did not change the onset of status epilepticus compared with oil-treated controls. Furthermore, estrogen treatment significantly protected against kainic acid-induced seizure-related mortality. In control rats, examination of Nissl-stained and silver-impregnated slides revealed severe neuronal damage in the vulnerable pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA3 subfield and in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. Estrogen pretreatment, as well as the combination of pretreatment and posttreatment, significantly reduced the number of argyrophilic neurons in both the CA3 and the dentate gyrus. Posttreatment only had no protective effects. The data indicate that intracellular EB receptors mediate this type of neuroprotective effect, because the tamoxifen pretreatment abolished EB neuroprotection. Conclusions: Our results suggest that estrogens can be benefical in protecting against status epilepticus-induced hippocampal damage. Hormonal conditions may have differential effects on underlying epileptic state in some patients. Therefore, more studies are necessary to determine the prospective therapeutic advantage of hormonal treatment in seizure-related damage.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Issue number||SUPPL. 6|
|State||Published - 2000|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Clinical Neurology
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<urn:uuid:ac42b005-e883-4840-a08b-81f724e00234>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/neuroprotective-effects-of-estrogens-on-hippocampal-cells-in-adul-2
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00069.warc.gz
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en
| 0.915429
| 613
| 1.664063
| 2
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In the June quarter, eight people joined Michael Milne in the ranks of convicted tax-evaders caught by Project Wickenby, bringing the number to 18.
Beyond Project Wickenby, the Tax Office convicted more than 450 people and 140 companies of tax and superannuation offences, netting $10 million in tax revenue.
Altogether 234 people and 42 companies were convicted in the previous quarter. Tax commissioner
Convictions included a solicitor who claimed $1.6 million in fraudulent rental deductions and was jailed for six years; and a man who sold counterfeit surf wear for cash without reporting $3.9 million in income and $700,000 in GST, sent to jail for 6.5 years.
Mr D’Ascenzo said the tax system underpinned our standard of living – one eroded by tax evaders.
“Every deliberate offence insults the majority of the community who do the right thing in meeting their obligations, creating an unfair advantage and adding to the burden on others."
The Tax Office’s $800 million computer systems have super-charged its ability to match hundreds of millions of pieces of data collated from various third party sources and catch wrong-doers. “If you deliberately do the wrong thing the likelihood is now very high that you will be brought to justice and held accountable," Mr D’Ascenzo warned.
Still, the latest quarterly count brings the 2011 yearly catch to 1380 people and 318 companies: down on last year, which breached the 2,500 mark. In 2008-09, the number fell just short of 3,000.
The Australian Financial Review
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.afr.com/news/policy/tax/spike-in-tax-case-convictions-20110815-i4c7f
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en
| 0.956716
| 337
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This comprehensive English-Turkish dictionary contains words, phrases, abbreviations & acronyms. It includes terms from a vast variety of subjects, such as Medicine, Electronics, Zoology, Business, Computers, Religion, etc., and features both the American and British forms of spelling.
* Search dictionary terms in our English Dictionary or Turkish Dictionary.
N. J. Conte
Na'mat day-care centers
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.babylon-software.com/free-dictionaries/Babylon_English-Turkish/57002/N/1
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en
| 0.774016
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The Noticing Function of Output in Acquisition of Rhetorical Structure of Contrast Paragraphs of Iranian EFL University Students
AbstractThis article is an attempt to contribute to the growing body of research investigating the noticing function of output (cf. Swain 1995 in Izumi/Bigelow 2000: 239), and more specifically the use of output-fronted activities that might prompt FL learners to notice their linguistic problems to facilitate their gain of rhetorical structure of contrast paragraphs in English. Three groups of EFL learners participated in the study. Two groups (the experimental group and comparison group 1) were required to initially produce a paragraph (output 1), then they received a model contrast paragraph to underline, and finally they were asked to produce a contrast paragraph (output 2). For the experimental group, the topic to write was a contrast topic; whereas, the comparison group were to write on a non-contrast topic. The third group (the preemptive comparison group 2) received the teacher's deductive instruction and explanation of contrast paragraphs in English followed by an output to produce a contrast-related paragraph. The results indicated considerable effect of output-fronted activities on learners' noticing the targeted structures and forms. In addition, the output-first-then-input activities were found to be much more effective than pre-emptive input activities.
Soleimani, H., Ketabi, S., & Talebinejad, M. R. (2008). The Noticing Function of Output in Acquisition of Rhetorical Structure of Contrast Paragraphs of Iranian EFL University Students. Linguistik Online, 34(2). https://doi.org/10.13092/lo.34.527
Copyright (c) 2013 Hassan Soleimani, Saeed Ketabi, Mohammad Reza Talebinejad
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung 3.0 International.
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<urn:uuid:024792bc-df90-470a-b128-25cc57a39ebd>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://bop.unibe.ch/linguistik-online/article/view/527
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en
| 0.883718
| 430
| 2.171875
| 2
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Satellite observations of the 2011 tsunami generated by the devastating earthquake that struck Japan indicate there was an X-shaped wave created by the merger of two large waves. If the interaction had happened at a much greater distance from shore, the devastation could have been even worse as the amplitude could have been even larger. Not every tsunami is strengthened by interacting waves, but when they do intersect there can be a powerful multiplier because of the nonlinearity.
Two mathematicians from the University of Colorado at Boulder, professor Mark Ablowitz and doctoral student Douglas Baldwin decided to investigate why some tsunamis are able to wreak so much havoc.
A paper on the subject by Ablowitz and Baldwin was published this month in the journal Physical Review E.
Ablowitz first observed the nonlinear wave action in 2009 while visiting Nuevo Vallarta just north of Puerto Vallarta with his family. He took hundreds of photographs and videos of the peculiar waves over the next several years.
"Unlike most new physics, you can see these interactions without expensive equipment or years of training," said Ablowitz. "A person just needs to go to a flat beach, preferably near a jetty, within a few hours of low tide and know what to look for."
Baldwin, who is studying under Ablowitz, wanted to verify that the wave interactions observed by his professor were not unique to one beach. He hit the jackpot at Venice Beach.
"I don't think there is anything more enjoyable in science than discovering something by chance, predicting something you haven't seen, and then actually seeing what you predicted," said Baldwin.
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<urn:uuid:7ffad7ae-bc8f-47f1-879c-87ea5bced600>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://yro.slashdot.org/submission/2265507/studying-tsunami
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00539-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.977341
| 331
| 3.390625
| 3
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Is working shift work harder than playing a game of tennis? Probably, but not if you asked the players currently competing in the Australian Open in Melbourne right now.
With a week of record temperatures (4 days of over 40 degrees), even the world’s best are struggling to overcome fatigue and extreme exhaustion.
Of course “fatigue” is a familiar word for shift workers everywhere with sleep-deprivation being the number one cause.
But what about dehydration? Because if you throw “dehydration” into the “sleep-deprivation” mix, then you’ve certainly got an uphill battle on your hands. Quite simply, if your body loses too much water then your cells, tissues and organs dehydrate making you feel weak, exhausted and even delirious.
Sounds like a typical day at the office when you work 24/7 doesn’t it?!!
Of course the obvious dietary sources to help overcome dehydration (and fatigue) is water itself along with other beverages (coconut water is awesome), but most of us underestimate the beneficial effects of our fruits and vegetables with some containing up to 90% water.
Percentage of Water in Selected Foods:
Source: ‘Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition’ by Rolfes, Pinna and Whitney.
So if you’re needing some extra help with fatigue and exhaustion (besides trying to get as much sleep as possible) …
* Make sure you’re incorporating more of the above fruits and veges into your diet each and every day – juicing is a great way to do this and
* Keep drinking water consistently throughout the day (remembering thirst drives a person to seek water, but it usually lags behind the body’s need – ie; keep drinking well before you begin to feel thirsty).
For those working in extreme heat conditions 24/7 (and most vulnerable to dehydration) – you might find taking the supplement “Megahydrate” particularly beneficial as research has shown this supplement significantly increases hydration at a cellular level and also helps with pain relief from headaches, sore muscles, and inflammation of the joints.
On that note, I’m off to watch a bit of the tennis on the telly (in the air-conditioning) with plenty of water on hand minus the heat!
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<urn:uuid:ee776fac-ef9d-4b36-a4ca-e544e85f4a54>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://healthyshiftworker.com/tag/fifo/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00069.warc.gz
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en
| 0.924424
| 534
| 2.109375
| 2
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Mass flow rate, abbreviated as \(\dot m_f\), is the average velocity of a mass that passes by a point. In engineering, mass flow rate is often used, along with the conservation of mass to determine how much product moves through a pipe or duct. The calculation and formula for determining the mass flow rate where the flow area and density are known.
Mass flow rate calculator
Mass Flow Rate formula
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<urn:uuid:17ecd99e-0eab-4cac-88f1-647927242532>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.piping-designer.com/index.php/properties/classical-mechanics/470-mass-flow-rate
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00265.warc.gz
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en
| 0.951073
| 91
| 3.484375
| 3
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Those lecture notes cover the basics of a course in microeconomic theory for MSc students in Economics. They were developed over five years of teaching MSc Economic Theory I in the School of Economics at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK.
The lectures differ from the standard fare in their emphasis on utility theory and its alternatives. A wide variety of exercises for every sections of the course are provided, along with detailed answers.
Credit is due to my students for ‘debugging’ this material over the years. Specific credit for some of the material is given where appropriate.
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<urn:uuid:d5d5cd49-2361-4714-bcd5-949eef970230>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://agaudeul.wordpress.com/teaching/msc-microeconomic-theory/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00467.warc.gz
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en
| 0.966951
| 119
| 1.84375
| 2
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Gtk2::Ex::ToolItem::OverflowToDialog -- toolitem overflowing to a dialog
use Gtk2::Ex::ToolItem::OverflowToDialog; my $toolitem = Gtk2::Ex::ToolItem::OverflowToDialog->new (child_widget => $widget);
Gtk2::Ex::ToolItem::OverflowToDialog is a subclass of
Gtk2::Widget Gtk2::Container Gtk2::Bin Gtk2::ToolItem Gtk2::Ex::ToolItem::OverflowToDialog
This ToolItem displays a given child widget in the usual way, and makes an overflow menu item to display it in a dialog if the toolbar is full.
toolbar overflow +---+ | V | dialog +-----------+ +----------------------+ | Other | | My Item | | My Item | --> | +------------------+ | | Other | | | child-widget | | +-----------+ | +------------------+ | +----------------------+ | Close | +----------------------+
This ensures a toolitem is always available to the user, if you don't have a better idea for an overflow. It's quite well suited to widgets with a lot of state, such as
Gtk2::Entry, as it's the one child widget presented in two places.
For buttons or check box type children usually it's better to have the overflow menu item just act directly on the child, like the usual Gtk2::ToolButton, Gtk2::ToggleToolButton and Gtk2::RadioToolButton. Or for instance Gtk2::Ex::ToolItem::ComboEnum does a menu item with sub-menu.
The dialog works by reparenting the child widget to the dialog then putting it back to the toolitem when closed, unmapped, or destroyed.
If the dialog is open and the toolbar becomes big enough to show the toolitem, then the dialog is not immediately popped down. This seems most sensible for the user, in particular as it's not easy to be sure the child would be visible if put back, and if the toolbar size is jumping about then the user won't be pleased to have the dialog taken away but the item not visible.
Due to the reparenting, the child widget isn't in the usual container
foreach, etc). The
child-widget property is always the child, wherever it's been reparented.
Care should be taken in any signal handlers in the child not to assume that
get_ancestor will give the toolbar or main window etc.
Create and return a new toolitem widget. Optional key/value pairs set initial properties as per
The child widget to show in the toolitem or dialog.
This is set by the usual
child property too, but
child is write-only and can only store to an empty ToolItem, whereas
child-widget is read/write and setting it replaces any existing child widget.
The usual container method
$toolitem->add($widget) sets this child widget too, but again only into an empty ToolItem.
A mnemonic string to show in the overflow menu item. It should have "_" underscores like "_Foo" with the "_F" meaning the "F" can be pressed to select the item. (Double underscore "__" is a literal underscore.)
sensitive property is propagated to the overflow menu item and to the dialog's child area. (But the dialog close button is always sensitive.) Setting insensitive just on the child widget works too, but will leave the menu item sensitive. It's probably better to make the whole toolitem insensitive so the menu item is disabled too.
tooltip-text property (new in Gtk 2.12) is copied to the dialog's child area. A tooltip can also be put just on the child widget too.
Gtk2::Ex::ToolItem::OverflowToDialog can be constructed with
Gtk2::Builder (new in Gtk 2.12). The class name is
Gtk2__Ex__ToolItem__OverflowToDialog and properties and signal handlers can be set in the usual way.
<object class="Gtk2__Ex__ToolItem__OverflowToDialog" id="toolitem"> <property name="overflow-mnemonic">_Foo</property> </object>
There's two "internal child" widgets available,
overflow_menuitem GtkMenuItem for toolbar overflow dialog GtkDialog opened from there
They can be used to set desired properties on those widgets (things not otherwise offered from the ToolItem itself). Here's a sample fragment,
<object class="Gtk2__Ex__ToolItem__OverflowToDialog" id="toolitem"> <child internal-child="dialog"> <object class="GtkDialog" id="ddd"> <property name="icon-name">something</property> </object> </child> </object>
<child> doesn't create a new child object, but accesses one already in the parent.
id="ddd" is the name to refer to it elsewhere in the Builder specification and possible later
id must be present even if not used.
dialog have the effect of creating those sub-parts immediately, where normally they wait until actually needed for a toolbar overflow and then when the user clicks on the menu item, both of which might never happen of course.
As of Perl-Gtk 1.223 the
Gtk2::Buildable interface from Perl code doesn't chain up to the parent buildable methods, so some of GtkWidget specifics may be lost, such as the
Copyright 2010, 2011, 2012 Kevin Ryde
Gtk2-Ex-WidgetBits is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later version.
Gtk2-Ex-WidgetBits is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Gtk2-Ex-WidgetBits. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
|
<urn:uuid:6a41bfeb-8ed6-4293-865f-bdb164e89730>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://search.cpan.org/dist/Gtk2-Ex-WidgetBits/lib/Gtk2/Ex/ToolItem/OverflowToDialog.pm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00234-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.804366
| 1,340
| 1.789063
| 2
|
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