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The former Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith - once known as the Holy Office of the Inquisition - from 1981 until his election.
His defence of church doctrine led to him be called "the Pope's enforcer" and "God's rottweiler".
Since his election, the Vatican has been at pains to portray a softer image.
The music-loving, professorial Pope is described by those who know him as laid back, with a mild and humble manner.
Pope Benedict has a lower profile than that of his predecessor, John Paul II, and lacks his charisma and showmanship.
Despite this apparent lack of populist appeal, Pope Benedict consistently draws crowds as large as those of the late John Paul II to his weekly audiences.
Joseph Ratzinger was elected to the papacy in April 2005. At the age of 78, he was the oldest cardinal to become Pope since Clement XII was elected in 1730.
The public image was of a staunch defender of conservative theology. He campaigned against liberation theology, which had gained ground among priests in Latin America and elsewhere as a means of involving the Church in social activism and human rights issues - but to him it was too close to Marxism.
Joseph Ratzinger was born into a traditional Bavarian farming family in 1927, although his father was a policeman.
The eighth German to become Pope, he speaks many languages and is said to be an accomplished pianist with a preference for Beethoven.
At the age of 14, he joined the Hitler Youth, as was required of young Germans of the time, but was not an enthusiastic member.
His studies at Traunstein seminary were interrupted during World War II when he was drafted into an anti-aircraft unit in Munich.
He deserted the German army towards the end of the war and was briefly held as a prisoner of war by the Allies in 1945.
His supporters say his experiences under the Nazi regime convinced him that the Church had to stand up for truth and freedom.
The Pope's conservative, traditionalist views were intensified by his experiences during the liberal 1960s.
He taught at the University of Bonn from 1959, and in 1966 took a chair in dogmatic theology at the University of Tuebingen.
However, he was appalled at the prevalence of Marxism among his students.
One incident in particular at Tuebingen, in which student protesters disrupted one of his lectures, seems to have particularly upset him.
In his view, religion was being subordinated to a political ideology that he considered "tyrannical, brutal and cruel".
"That experience made it clear to me that the abuse of faith had to be resisted precisely," he later wrote.
In 1969 he moved to Regensburg University in his native Bavaria - where he would return as Pope to make his controversial remarks on Islam in September 2006 - and eventually rose to become its dean and vice-president.
He was named Cardinal of Munich by Pope Paul VI in 1977.
No responsibility or liability shall attach itself to either myself or to the blogspot ‘Clerical Whispers’ for any or all of the articles placed here.
The placing of an article hereupon does not necessarily imply that I agree or accept the contents of the article as being necessarily factual in theology, dogma or otherwise. | <urn:uuid:68509056-9874-44cc-b590-28572e816a18> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://clericalwhispers.blogspot.com/2009/02/profile-of-pope-benedict-xvi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00492-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990891 | 687 | 2.9375 | 3 |
#Google, #Googlesecuritykey, #2-stepverification, #FIDO, #U2F
Google's latest introduction in to personal security, password management offers even more secure way than the usual two-step smartphone method. A USB also doesn't require batteries or a mobile connection, so it can work anytime anywhere. Think about if your phone is dead and your notebook is on it's last breath of battery life and you need to login to Google to send that email with proposal that you spent last few hours preparing. The Security Key uses the open Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) protocol from the FIDO (Fast IDentity Online) Alliance, and it will be compatible with any site that follows the suit
Even with the level of security it offers, the USB based Security Key only works if the website is verified to be legitimately coming from Google. This will block out phishing attempts and fake sites that would attempt to make you send the credentials to them.
Google's Security Key implementation only works, at the moment, with Google Accounts and on the Chrome browser, specifically version 38 and later only. But I am sure the space will widen.
If you would like to learn more please follow the following links.
Google Online Security Blog: Strengthening 2-Step Verification with Security Key
You can obtain security key, the USB devices themselves available for sale here. And also here | <urn:uuid:4a416fd7-25d0-42bf-ad59-6911c88b9342> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://snapvoip.blogspot.com/2014/10/google-introduces-security-key-to.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718866.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00003-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927518 | 292 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Background Pressure injuries (PIs), especially in the sacral region are frequent, costly, and increase morbidity and mortality of patients in an intensive care unit (ICU). These injuries can occur as a result of prolonged pressure and/or shear forces. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can increase muscle mass and improve local circulation, potentially reducing the incidence of PI. Methods We performed a randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of NMES in preventing PI in critically ill patients. We included patients with a period of less than 48 h in the ICU, aged ≥ 18 years. Participants were randomly selected (1:1 ratio) to receive NMES and usual care (NMES group) or only usual care (control group—CG) until discharge, death, or onset of a PI. To assess the effectiveness of NMES, we calculated the relative risk (RR) and number needed to treat (NNT). We assessed the muscle thickness of the gluteus maximus by ultrasonography. To assess safety, we analyzed the effects of NMES on vital signs and checked for the presence of skin burns in the stimulated areas. Clinical outcomes were assessed by time on mechanical ventilation, ICU mortality rate, and length of stay in the ICU. Results We enrolled 149 participants, 76 in the NMES group. PIs were present in 26 (35.6%) patients in the CG and 4 (5.3%) in the NMES group ( p ˂ 0.001). The NMES group had an RR = 0.15 (95% CI 0.05–0.40) to develop a PI, NNT = 3.3 (95% CI 2.3–5.9). Moreover, the NMES group presented a shorter length of stay in the ICU: Δ = − 1.8 ± 1.2 days, p = 0.04. There was no significant difference in gluteus maximus thickness between groups (CG: Δ = − 0.37 ± 1.2 cm vs. NMES group: Δ = 0 ± 0.98 cm, p = 0.33). NMES did not promote deleterious changes in vital signs and we did not detect skin burns. Conclusions NMES is an effective and safe therapy for the prevention of PI in critically ill patients and may reduce length of stay in the ICU. Trial registration RBR-8nt9m4. Registered prospectively on July 20th, 2018, https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-8nt9m4
Several experimental studies have shown that chemical modification of graphene oxide with n-alkylamines allow to control its interfacial activity in oil–water systems, altering its dispersibility and favoring the formation of emulsions. However, due to the complexity of its chemical structure and experimental limitations, the emulsification mechanism and interfacial properties have not been fully understood. In order to understand the behavior at the oil-water interface of alkylamine functionalized Graphene Oxide (GO) based materials, in this research we evaluated the interfacial activity of GO functionalized with different alkylamines (aGO) with different aliphatic chain lengths of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 carbon atoms by Molecular Dynamics simulations. The dispersibility of the GO-based materials was analyzed and it was found that the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) of the GO can be controlled with the alkylamine chain length, making the GO more hydrophobic as the aliphatic chain length of the alkylamines becomes longer. Alkylamine chains bonded on the GO structure were capable to modifying the orientation relative to the Toluene/Water interface, going from parallel for the GO case to orthogonal for the aGO nanosheets, adopting a “head–tail” configuration due to the hydrophobic effect between the aliphatic chains and the Water molecules. Simulations also revealed that synergistic effect of aGO can decrease the interfacial tension of the Toluene-Water system as the aliphatic chain length and number of sheets increase obeying the Traube´s rule, indicating a behavior like molecular surfactant, where the IFT of the system decreases as the amount of surfactant increases.
Se trata de un paciente masculino con antecedente de artritis reumatoidea, síndrome de ojo seco y trasplante de córnea, hace 3 años. El paciente informa disminución de la agudeza visual en el ojo derecho. En el examen físico, se detecta una línea de rechazo en el meridiano a las 6 en la córnea e hiperemia conjuntival temporal. Un mes después refiere secreción excesiva y disminución de la agudeza visual (cuenta dedos a 3 metros). El examen reveló vascularización corneal de 360° y una perforación aséptica de la córnea central. La primera medida terapéutica fue cianoacrilato y lentes de contacto blandos, colirio de moxifloxacino al 0,5 % cada 4 horas, y colirio de hialuronato de sodio al 0,1 %. Quince días después no refirió mejoría, y su agudeza visual se redujo a cuenta dedos a 2 metros. Al examen, la neovascularización en cuatro cuadrantes y la prueba Seidel fueron positivas. Al día siguiente, se realizó un injerto conjuntival que mejoró el cuadro clínico; finalmente, se realizó un segundo trasplante tectónico de córnea. El abordaje terapéutico y quirúrgico de una perforación corneal depende del tamaño, forma, ubicación y causa de la lesión, siendo útiles los adhesivos tisulares de cianoacrilato en lesiones pequeñas.
Collagen bundle orientation (CBO) in myocardial infarct scars plays a major role in scar mechanics and complications after infarction. We aim to compare four histopathological methods for CBO measurement in myocardial scarring. Myocardial infarction was induced in 21 pigs by balloon coronary occlusion. Scar samples were obtained at 4 weeks, stained with Masson’s trichrome, Picrosirius red, and Hematoxylin–Eosin (H&E), and photographed using light, polarized light microscopy, and confocal microscopy, respectively. Masson’s trichrome images were also optimized to remove non-collagenous structures. Two observers measured CBO by means of a semi-automated, Fourier analysis protocol. Interrater reliability and comparability between techniques were studied by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland–Altman (B&A) plots and limits of agreement. Fourier analysis showed an almost perfect interrater reliability for each technique (ICC ≥ 0.95, p < 0.001 in all cases). CBO showed more randomly oriented values in Masson’s trichrome and worse comparability with other techniques (ICC vs. Picrosirius red: 0.79 [0.47–0.91], p = 0.001; vs. H&E-confocal: 0.70 [0.26–0.88], p = 0.005). However, optimized Masson’s trichrome showed almost perfect agreement with Picrosirius red (ICC 0.84 [0.6–0.94], p < 0.001) and H&E-confocal (ICC 0.81 [0.54–0.92], p < 0.001), as well as these latter techniques between each other (ICC 0.84 [0.60–0.93], p < 0.001). In summary, a semi-automated, Fourier-based method can provide highly reproducible CBO measurements in four different histopathological techniques. Masson’s trichrome tends to provide more randomly oriented CBO index values, probably due to non-specific visualization of non-collagenous structures. However, optimization of Masson’s trichrome microphotographs to remove non-collagenous components provides an almost perfect comparability between this technique, Picrosirius red and H&E-confocal.
Composting is a promising process for green waste (GW) management. However, reducing the processing time and increasing end-product quality are aspects to be improved. A strategy to optimize GW composting is using bacterial strains and microbial consortia that stimulate lignocellulose degradation. This work systematically analyses the research trends on the use of those bacterial inoculants and microbial consortia. The information was analyzed according to three topics: (i) microbial role in the process; (ii) process optimization; and (iii) end-product quality. Research needs identified by our research include: (i) selection of bacterial consortia and optimization of inoculum concentration; (ii) correlation between enzymatic activity of indigenous and exogenous bacteria and nitrogen availability during the process; and (iii) stimulation of lignocellulose degradation and formation of humic substances considering end-product quality. This research contributes to planning future research endeavors related to the use of microbial inoculants to optimize GW composting. Graphical Abstract
Cetane number (CN) is one of the most important parameters affecting diesel fuel behavior. It is related to the time that elapses between fuel injection and beginning of combustion. To determine it, a combustion standardized test, under ASTM D613 regulation, needs to be carried out. As this process is limiting, since it requires a specific engine, CN can be approximated from the distillation temperatures of diesel fuels, providing another dimensionless parameter, named calculated cetane index (CCI). It also provides an approach to the explosion delay. ASTM D4737 standard is the regulation that allows its calculation. It is based on a four-term equation that may be applied to oil-derived products. Chemical composition of diesel fuel is composed exclusively of hydrocarbons of different nature. However, biodiesel is mainly composed of alkyl esters and, to a lesser extent, glycerides and glycerol impurities. This difference makes convenient to adapt the equation to biodiesel distillation curve. The aim of this work is to provide an alternative to CN calculation for biodiesel, based on CCI prediction. This manuscript presents distillation curves and density values of 14 different biodiesel types, from both animal and vegetable origin. This data, together with data from literature, have been used with non-linear equation modeling techniques. As a result, a modification of ASTM D4737 regulation with experimental data from biodiesel sources has been proposed. The proposed equation exhibits an error with respect to experimental data below 3.5% for most evaluated cases. Subsequently, it may be concluded that the proposed methodology may be applied to accurately calculate biodiesel CCI, as a substitute of CN.
Hydrogen is a bright energy vector that could be crucial to decarbonise and combat climate change. This energy evolution involves several sectors, including power backup systems, to supply priority facility loads during power outages. As buildings now integrate complex automation, domotics, and security systems, energy backup systems cause interest. A hydrogen-based backup system could supply loads in a multi-day blackout; however, the backup system should be sized appropriately to ensure the survival of essential loads and low cost. In this sense, this work proposes a sizing of fuel cell (FC) backup systems for low voltage (LV) buildings using the history of power outages. Historical data allows fitting a probability function to determine the appropriate survival of loads. The proposed sizing is applied to a university building with a photovoltaic generation system as a case study. Results show that the sizing of an FC-battery backup system for the installation is 7.6% cheaper than a battery-only system under a usual 330-minutes outage scenario. And 59.3% cheaper in the case of an unusual 48-hours outage scenario. It ensures a 99% probability of supplying essential load during power outages. It evidences the pertinence of an FC backup system to attend to outages of long-duration and the integration of batteries to support the abrupt load variations. This research is highlighted by using historical data from actual outages to define the survival of essential loads with total service probability. It also makes it possible to determine adequate survival for non-priority loads. The proposed sizing is generalisable and scalable for other buildings and allows quantifying the reliability of the backup system tending to the resilience of electrical systems.
The purpose of this study is to describe the efficacy of lateral supramalleolar flap as an option for soft tissue repair in open fractures of foot and ankle and to present the experience in 2 trauma units: Hospital Susana López de Valencia, Popayán Colombia, and Hospital Universitario de Santander, Bucaramanga Colombia. This is an observational, case series study including all patients with open fractures of foot and ankle who were treated from January 2016 to June 2021 and who required soft tissue coverage. Patients whose soft tissue injury was located on the anatomical area of the perforating peroneal artery, those with less than 6 months of follow-up and those who refused the proposed treatment were excluded. On the other hand, although literature reports flaps of up to 100 cm² (1), in our hands, this flap unsuitable for skin defects larger than 60 cm², and other procedures such as free flaps should be considered in these cases. Thirteen patients were selected, 9 men and 4 women, with a mean age of 30 years (12- 62 years) and mean follow-up duration of 10.3 months (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14). In 11 patients, the mechanism of trauma involved a motorcycle accident. Mean flap size was 40 cm2 (30-48 cm²). Ten flaps survived with no acute problems, 2 presented with venous congestion and epidermolysis, which were treated conservatively, and 1 developed complete necrosis requiring reintervention. All interventions were performed by the authors belonging to the orthopedic trauma units from the involved hospitals. The lateral supramalleolar flap is an excellent alternative for the treatment of coverage defects caused by open foot and ankle fractures, producing satisfactory and predictable results in the hands of orthopedic surgeons with no specific training in microsurgical techniques. Level of clinical evidence: 4.
Bacteroides fragilis is one of the most common causative group of microorganisms that is associated with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI). Metronidazole (MTZ) is the drug of choice used in the treatment of SSTI caused by the bacterium. However, owing to its physiochemical properties, MTZ have limited skin permeation, which render the drug unsuitable for the treatment of deep-rooted SSTIs. One strategy to overcome this limitation is to reformulate MTZ into nanosuspension which will then be loaded into dissolving microarray patches (MAPs) for the treatment of SSTIs caused by B. fragilis. Herein, we report for the first time on the preparation and optimisation of MAP loaded with MTZ nanosuspension (MTZ-NS). After screening a range of polymeric surfactants, we identified that Soluplus® resulted in the formation of MTZ-NS with the smallest particle size (115 nm) and a narrow PDI of 0.27. Next, the MTZ-NS was further optimised using a design of experiments (DoE) approach. The optimised MTZ-NS was then loaded into dissolving MAPs with varying MTZ-NS content. Furthermore, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and cell proliferation assays along with LIVE/DEAD™ staining on the 3T3L1 cell line showed that the MTZ-NS loaded dissolving MAPs displayed minimal toxicity and acceptable biocompatibility. In vitro dermatokinetic studies showed that the MTZ-NS loaded MAPs were able to deliver the nitroimidazole antibiotic across all strata of the skin resulting in a delivery efficiency of 95 % after a 24-hour permeation study. Lastly, agar plating assay using bacterial cultures of B. fragilis demonstrated that MTZ-NS loaded MAP resulted in complete bacterial inhibition in the entire plate relative to the control group. Should this formulation be translated into clinical practice, this pharmaceutical approach may provide a minimally invasive strategy to treat SSTIs caused by B. fragilis.
Objective Novel foods and dietary practices, a lack of available land, and displacement by armed conflict have affected the ancestral food traditions practiced by the Inga community in Aponte, in Nariño, Colombia. These factors have led to problems with food security and malnutrition, which have impacted the growth and development of children. Therefore, this study is aimed at identifying the changes in ancestral food practices reported by Inga grandmothers, and the possibility of recuperating them in order to improve children’s health. Method A qualitative study was conducted that included 24 mothers with children under five years old and 25 grandmothers in nine Inga communities. Participants were recruited using snowball sampling. Free listing was used to identify changes in food patterns, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 grandmothers to delve deeper into the subject. A translator of the Inga language facilitated communication, and the Inga researcher validated the translation using audio recordings. Each interview was transcribed and categorized for the purpose of analysis, using the NVivo 12 software. Results Free lists showed changes from a corn-based to a rice-based diet and a wide variety of non-ancestral food products. According to the grandmothers, “tiendas” have replaced traditional foods with those that are easy to prepare, which are attractive to mothers as well as to the children because of their flavor. Ancestral practices such as grinding, peeling, and log cooking are being abandoned. Government programs and daycare have incorporated new food that compete with traditional ones, with no clear evidence of an intercultural approach. Added to this is the dismissal by young mothers of the knowledge held by their grandmothers, which hinders the continuation of traditions. Conclusions The findings suggest that it is necessary to prevent the loss of the Inga food culture, and policies need to be created that promote and protect ancestral knowledge and that help to regain the value of the “chagra” farming system, with the support of elders, authorities who are recognized by the community, and government technicians, as recommended by the grandmothers who participated in this study.
The study of the reactivity of catalysts requires assessing chemical kinetics and mechanism in the absence of mass transport artifacts. Despite the existence of models and criteria for assessing the presence of mass transfer limitations during catalytic tests for gas-phase reactions in isothermal fixed bed reactors, the literature does not present straightforward protocols for performing the latter calculations. In this work, we present a systematic protocol for the calculations above. Particularly, the effectiveness factor for external and the Weisz-Prater number for the internal mass transfer limitations were developed. The oxidation of propane over mixed vanadium-aluminum (hydr)oxides was taken as a case study. Based on these protocols we perform a sensitivity study of the models. Results showed that the model for calculating the effectiveness factor was poorly sensitive to all the above modifications. Meanwhile, the Weisz-Prater number was much more sensitive to the studied modifications, even reaching deviations up to ~200%.
Monkeypox has been a global concern since May 2022 because cases have been reported from 19 non-endemic countries across three World Health Organization (WHO) regions . The recent outbreak has sparked international concern, allowing for the dissemination of unregulated information through social media. Previous studies have highlighted the misinformation spread on Twitter (Twitter, Inc., San Francisco, CA) during recent public health emergencies, mainly Ebola, Yellow fever, and COVID-19 [2-6]. Therefore, we investigated the quality of monkeypox information on this social networking platform.
Experimental research has studied the emergence of fairness criteria such as merit and equality at increasingly younger ages. How much does the recognition and practice of these principles depend on the influence of central aspects of Western educated and industrialized societies? In an attempt to answer these questions, this article provides evidence regarding the choices of children in the Kogi indigenous community of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, a traditional society living in the mountains of Northern Colombia that practices swidden agriculture, cattle-raising, and enjoys a special cultural status granted by the Colombian Constitution. Two groups of 6–7 and 10–11 year olds (N = 104) were tested on a modified dictator game and several scenarios from a resource distribution task including different fairness criteria. Our results point to the lack of focality of the idea of merit among Kogi children at these ages when deciding on third-party allocation tasks, even when the design prevented equal distribution.
Understanding the present-day crustal stress field is fundamental to comprehending active deformation in complex intraplate settings. This is especially true in the Colombian North Andean Block (C-NAB), where the Nazca, Caribbean, and South American plates interact. Our main goals of this study are: (1) to improve our understanding of seismotectonics of the C-NAB, (2) to test the hypothesis that slab geometry controls intraplate stresses, and (3) to evaluate the coherence between crustal stresses and strain field data obtained from GPS data. We show that south of the slab tear that separates the Nazca Plate from a northern plate (Caribbean Plate? Coiba Microplate?), a maximum horizontal compression (SHmax) trending N83°E is associated with a regional strike-slip faulting regime. In this region, the SHmax responds to the oblique subduction of the Nazca Plate, thus favoring the northeastern escape of the C-NAB. Oppositely, north of the slab tear, clockwise rotation in the SHmax to an NW–SE direction (N111°E) is associated with a regional thrust-faulting tectonic regime. Overall, the correspondence between SHmax and subducting slabs underscores relations between plate geometry, plate motion, and intraplate stresses. Finally, significant angular differences between the SHmax and horizontal shortening obtained from GPS displacements are important north of the slab tear and the western forearc region. We hypothesize that north of the slab tear, strain accumulation is enhanced due to the coupling between the upper plate and flat-slab subduction, causing clockwise rigid body rotation of the C-NAB.
Intermediate diaphragms (ID) in bridges with precast girders are intended to improve load distribution among girders. Despite this, their efficacy has been doubted recently due to the complex construction tasks needed to join them to the girders. Accordingly, this work aimed to determine the effect of the number of IDs on the distribution of vertical loads and girders response of a simply supported bridge. Four bridge layouts (0, 1, 2, and 3 IDs) were analyzed using 3D computational grillage models. The load distribution factors from the models were compared to those calculated using the Engesser-Courbon and Fauchart methods to determine the latter's accuracy in capturing the effect of the number of IDs. Moreover, the girders responses under the live loads in the current Colombian and Brazilian bridge design codes were assessed. The results show that the IDs have a more significant effect on the load distribution and deflection of interior girders than the exterior girders. Additionally, increasing the number of IDs reduced the maximum shear and torque while the bending moment and deflections remained nearly constant. Keywords Bridge, precast girders, intermediate diaphragms, live load, distribution factors, Engesser-Courbon, Fauchart, finite element method, grillage model. Graphical Abstract Theoretical and computational simulation of the effect of the number of intermediate diaphragms on the live load distribution factors and structural response of a precast girder bridge José Miguel Parra Benítez et al.
Chemical processes are usually catalytic transformations. The use of catalytic reagents can reduce the reaction temperature, decrease reagent-based waste, and enhance the selectivity of a reaction potentially avoiding unwanted side reactions leading to green technology. Chemical processes are also frequently based on multicomponent reactions (MCRs) that possess evident improvements over multistep processes. Both MCRs and catalysis tools are the most valuable principles of green chemistry. Among diverse MCRs, the three-component Strecker reaction (S-3-CR) is a particular transformation conducive to the formation of valuable bifunctional building blocks (α-amino nitriles) in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, drug research, and organic materials science. To be a practical synthetic tool, the S-3-CR must be achieved using alternative energy input systems, safe reaction media, and effective catalysts. These latter reagents are now deeply associated with nanoscience and nanocatalysis. Continuously developed, nanostructured silicate catalysts symbolize green pathways in our quest to attain sustainability. Studying and developing nanocatalyzed S-3-CR condensations as an important model will be suitable for achieving the current green mission. This critical review aims to highlight the advances in the development of nanostructured catalysts for technologically important Strecker-type reactions and to analyze this progress from the viewpoint of green and sustainable chemistry.
In this contribution, heterogeneous materials based on heteropolyacids (HPA, H 3 PW 12 0 40 hydrate) supported over several metal oxides (TiO 2 , SiO 2 , SBA-15, Al 2 O 3) were prepared using wetness impregnation, characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, acidity by TPD, nitrogen physisorption, RAMAN spectroscopy, 31 P NMR and then evaluated in the catalytic condensation of limonene with benzaldehyde. After incorporation of HPA over each support, no structural changes were observed as it was suggest by FTIR, RAMAN and XRD. Acidity analysis by TPD-NH 3 showed that increasing the HPA amount increases the acidity of the catalyst until it is constant (20-30%). HPA over alumina, silica and SBA-15 also showed high values of acidity but less than typical HPA/P25 catalyst (HPA over commercial Degussa P25). This last was one of the most selective materials (surface area of 39 m 2 /g and acidity of 187 µmol NH 3. g cat − 1) for the synthesis of 3-oxabyciclo[3.3.1]nonane (up to 80%) with a low selectivity to the limonene isomers by-products. The use of water as a solvent decreased considerably the catalytic activity. The same observation was found when the volume of the solvent increased to 30 mL. Besides, catalytic condensation can be performed at free solvent conditions and at room temperature; however, when decrease temperature, a higher number of isomers was observed rather than the desired product. In addition, catalytic condensation was also evaluated in biomass of essential oils and mixtures with sesquiterpenes showing good to excellent results. Typical LHHW mechanism was evident after kinetic analysis. HPA/P25 was shown to be a robust material since can be reused up to two times with a possible decrease in its catalytic activity.
Composting is an adequate method for treating and valorizing agricultural waste such as those from spring onion (SO) cultivation and chicken breeding (chicken manure–CM). However, the low content of Total Organic Carbon in the waste from SO and the high concentration of total nitrogen in CM are limitations for the composting process. This research studied the co-composting of SO and CM in a moorland ecosystem, together with locally available co-substrates such as biowaste (BW) and woodchips (WC), focusing on the effect of co-composting in process development and end-product quality. A pilot-scale experiment was carried out using three treatments in triplicated composting piles: (i) Treatment A: 43% CM + 41% BW + 16% WC; (ii) Treatment B: 52% CM + 32% SO + 16% WC, and (iii) Treatment C: 70% SO + 30% WC. Treatments A and B reached thermophilic temperatures after two days of the process start and remained at that level for 17 days. However, treatment B reached environmental temperature during curing in a shorter time (43 days) than treatment A (53 days). Treatment C did not achieve thermophilic temperatures. Tests carried out at the end of the process showed end-product stability and non-phytotoxic characteristics (germination indexes 80%). The fertility index of the products showed that treatments A and B presented values of 4.3 (over 5.0) while treatment C obtained a value of 2.5. From the perspective of agricultural use, products from the three treatments had limitations due to deficiencies in essential nutrients like phosphorus. Still, they had potential as a soil amendment for restoration processes. In summary, we have demonstrated that this waste, in combination with other organic materials, could be a good amendment for the composting process and the end product.
Human monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonotic viral disease caused by a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, the monkeypox virus (MPXV). MPX has been reported primarily in endemic countries in Central and West Africa, with few imported cases to other regions.1 However, a rapidly emerging outbreak of monkeypox infection in over 20 non-endemic countries commenced in May 2022 and raised concerns because most patients had no travel history to endemic areas and were diagnosed through primary care and sexual health services and were mainly reported in men who have sex with men (MSM). Several men who developed monkeypox are living with HIV, but there are limited data on monkeypox and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Previous studies in Africa found that people with uncontrolled HIV had worse outcomes, including more extensive and longer-lasting lesions, more complications, and several deaths.
Compressive covariance estimation has arisen as a class of techniques whose aim is to obtain second-order statistics of stochastic processes from compressive measurements. Recently, these methods have been used in various image processing and communications applications, including denoising, spectrum sensing, and compression. Notice that estimating the covariance matrix from compressive samples leads to ill-posed minimizations with severe performance loss at high compression rates. In this regard, a regularization term is typically aggregated to the cost function to consider prior information about a particular property of the covariance matrix. Hence, this paper proposes an algorithm based on the projected gradient method to recover low-rank or Toeplitz approximations of the covariance matrix from compressive measurements. The proposed algorithm divides the compressive measurements into data subsets projected onto different subspaces and accurately estimates the covariance matrix by solving a single optimization problem assuming that each data subset contains an approximation of the signal statistics. Furthermore, gradient filtering is included at every iteration of the proposed algorithm to minimize the estimation error. The error induced by the proposed splitting approach is analytically derived along with the convergence guarantees of the proposed method. The proposed algorithm estimates the covariance matrix of hyperspectral images from synthetic and real compressive samples. Extensive simulations show that the proposed algorithm can effectively recover the covariance matrix of hyperspectral images from compressive measurements with high compression ratios (8-15% approx) in noisy scenarios. Moreover, simulations and theoretical results show that the filtering step reduces the recovery error up to twice the number of eigenvectors. Finally, an optical implementation is proposed, and real measurements are used to validate the theoretical findings.
Institution pages aggregate content on ResearchGate related to an institution. The members listed on this page have self-identified as being affiliated with this institution. Publications listed on this page were identified by our algorithms as relating to this institution. This page was not created or approved by the institution. If you represent an institution and have questions about these pages or wish to report inaccurate content, you can contact us here. | <urn:uuid:590dd058-6361-4c7d-be19-c52e99bf0505> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Industrial_University_of_Santander | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.914401 | 6,938 | 2.109375 | 2 |
There are many wonderful things about jelly bean trees. Fresh jelly beans are much better than any you can buy in the shops. Jelly bean trees are so big and strong that you can build jelly bean houses in them — with slippery dips to get down. All kinds of weird and wonderful animals are attracted to them. And, of course, if you have a jelly bean tree then you can crown yourself Jelly Bean King!
Every page of this book is a visual delight. Aura Parker's illustrations are a magical combination of whimsical detail and mouthwatering colour. I particularly loved the jelly bean shaped backgrounds for some of the pages. Delicious!
Maura Finn's text rhymes perfectly but never feels forced. It's a fun, rhythmical story that's great to read aloud and that will happily engage kids as they go on this adventure of the imagination.
My Magnificent Jelly Bean Tree is the debut picture book for both author and illustrator. I look forward to many more!
Title: My Magnificent Jelly Bean Tree
Author: Maura Finn
Illustrator: Aura Parker
Publisher: New Frontier Publishing, $24.99
Publication Date: May 2016
For ages: 4+
Type: Picture Book | <urn:uuid:b6b1533b-1a84-4743-9784-307aef5dc347> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.kids-bookreview.com/2016/06/review-my-magnificent-jelly-bean-tree.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00327-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916651 | 249 | 1.539063 | 2 |
In 2013, we wrote to urge the government to carry out a review on the controversial Direct Subsidy Scheme (DSS) but to no avail. In this letter, we would like to discuss the DSS scheme and its impacts on our education system.
DSS was proposed by the Education Commission in June 1988 in its Report No. 3. The Scheme was implemented in secondary schools in September 1991 and extended to primary schools in 2000. By September 2013, there were altogether 74 DSS schools, representing about 9% of all government subsidized schools and providing 10% of public school places.
Comparison with government aided schools
- Financial resources
DSS schools receive a recurrent government subsidy, the amount of which is calculated on the average unit cost of an aided school place and the number of enrolment of a DSS school. Aided school subsidies, however, are governed by the Code of Aid and the amount is calculated on the number of classes a school runs. Compared to aided schools, DSS schools have more financial resources because apart from government subsidies, they may collect school fees which can generate large revenue especially when enrolment is sufficient.
- Admission system
The admission procedures for Form Two and above in DSS and aided schools are similar, but their Form One Admission (FOA) systems are quite different. DSS schools not participating in the Central Allocation (CA) of the Secondary School places Allocation (SSPA) mechanism are not subject to strict regulations over their FOA. But aided schools do not have this choice and together with a very few DSS schools which choose to participate in the CA mechanism must follow the Education Bureau’s (EDB) strict requirements on admission timetable, School Net and percentage of Discretionary Places Admission (DP).
DSS schools have advantage over aided schools in FOA in many aspects. They can enrol students from any districts all year round; they can enrol and announce the results earlier than aided schools; they can offer scholarships and financial assistance to attract top students from different parts of Hong Kong. Aided schools, however, are restricted by the DP to CA ratio and School Net. They cannot announce their admission result earlier than a specified date. They do not enjoy the freedom and privilege as their DSS counterparts. Some students are forced to give up waiting for an aided school place because of the timing difference.
- Curriculum and medium of instruction
DSS schools are required to offer principally a curriculum targeted at local students and prepare them for local examinations. Without contravening these requirements, they are allowed to have greater flexibility in curriculum design. Although the EDB does not prohibit aided schools from offering curriculum outside the Curriculum Guides, they cannot develop or offer any extra curriculum due to limited financial resources,.
As to the medium of instruction (MOI), aided schools must follow EDB’s regulations. To adopt English as the MOI, aided schools must meet EDB’s strict requirements. DSS schools, however, can choose the MOI that they deem most appropriate for different subjects. The restrictive conditions for adopting English as the MOI do not apply to them.
- Student support
As DSS students mainly come from the middle-class or above, they have greater financial and family supports as their parents are more educated, have better social network and financial ability. DSS schools can also employ extra teachers and provide other learning experience with the school fees they collect. Students of aided schools largely come from ordinary families and they rely primarily on the learning opportunities provided by their schools. But the subsidies aided schools receive from the government are much below the standard required for providing quality education.
DSS schools enrol far fewer students with special education needs and non-Chinese speaking students than aided schools. Though the EDB has increased the amount of subsidies for schools admitting these students on a headcount basis, the amount is still grossly inadequate.
- Teaching staff
DSS schools may employ teaching staff according to their needs and financial ability without having to follow EDB’s approved staff establishment. With greater financial resources, they can hire more staff and provide them with better salary and benefits. They also have more power to terminate teachers who under-perform. Aided schools must strictly follow EDB’s regulations governing the employment, salary and conditions of employment teachers. They are not allowed any flexibility. Even when hiring teachers outside the staff establishment, the seeming flexibility is greatly reduced by the little resources they have. When the supply of teachers is tight, aided schools are obviously disadvantaged.
From the above comparison, we can see the impacts DSS on our education system. If the policy on DSS does not change, the worries over upward mobility through education, cross-generation poverty and equal opportunity to quality education are justified.
Almost no city outside Hong Kong has an education scheme similar to our DSS. The nearest comparison is the global trend to privatize education. Many international studies have pointed out that without the presence of a number of factors such as effective government regulation, privatization of education would bring more negative effects than positive. Here are some examples:
- Parents seem to have more choices, but actually schools have more choices, not the parents.
- While the admission process may not be discriminatory, students of the marginal sector would have little chances of studying in these schools because of their limited access to information, the expensive school fees and expenses for transport and extra-curricular activities.
- The system widens the gap between private and public schools resulting in a divisive, unfair and unequal education system.
- Privatization of education erodes the fundamental principles of publicly-funded education turning it from an element of public interest to a private commercial interest.
Based on the above, we call upon the government to carry out a full-scale review of our education system especially the DSS. When doing so, we hope it will bear in mind that education is for the greater good of the greatest number of students. | <urn:uuid:25b5e07d-d3b1-4665-8821-e8bf1993e62d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hkahss.edu.hk/2014/01/07/%e5%86%8d%e8%ab%87%e7%9b%b4%e6%8e%a5%e8%b3%87%e5%8a%a9%e8%a8%88%e5%8a%83%e5%ad%b8%e6%a0%a1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.96792 | 1,225 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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CPA Canada: MBAEXPRESS COMPLETE PACKAGE V 2.0 | (30 COURSES) | <urn:uuid:57af3874-b369-4bea-9fef-f759e9fe29e2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blionline.org/product/mbaexpress-complete-package-v-2-0-30-courses-cpa-canada/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.869652 | 193 | 1.570313 | 2 |
In the United States, the first Friday of June is National Doughnut Day, a holiday with its history dating all the way back to World War I. To celebrate, we went to Portland, Oregon’s legendary Voodoo Doughnut, picked up the signature “Voodoo Doughnut” and made an affogato with it. We call it a Donutgato.
Here’s how to make one:
First, start with a doughnut. We chose the Voodoo Doughnut, a yeast doughnut shaped like a Voodoo doll with a pretzel for a needle and raspberry jam filling.
Next, take a big dollop of ice cream and plop it on top of the doughnut.
Then pour shots of espresso directly on top of the ice cream (get a little bit on the face for good measure.) For this we used a Mypressi Twist and Ceremony Coffee Roasters’ Rorschach Espresso.
Let it rest for a moment to allow the doughnut soak up some of the espresso/ice cream juices and voila! The Donutgato!
We recommend going straight for the guts.
How did you celebrate National Doughnut Day? Sound off in the comments below! | <urn:uuid:605871c9-bd82-4387-85c9-73f2d3999ce0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sprudge.com/voodoo-doughnut-day-we-make-a-voodoo-doughnut-affogato-57112.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.87145 | 257 | 1.804688 | 2 |
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The people of God have always had cause to sing, and who has more reason to sing than the man or woman who knows the living God, the joy of sin forgiven and the certainty of a life to come? Throughout the Old and New Testaments, believers marked God's mighty acts of deliverance in song. Hymns based on the great themes of the Christian message have their own unique ministry to mind and heart, renewing faith and hope in God especially in days of spiritual decline and apathy. In this work Faith Cook traces the development of the Christian hymn from the early period of the Christian Church to the present day. Biographical sketches of a number of our best-known writers from the past figure here. We are also introduced to some of the lesser-known poets such as Paul Gerhardt, Samuel Crossman and Samuel Medley. Love for God and the great truths of the gospel shine out through the words of these men and women of faith. More than this, we also discover how their individual personalities and circumstances are reflected in the hymns they wrote. We can only stand amazed as we read of the demonstration of their faith, often in the face of severe persecution and hardship, which has been so wonderfully expressed in verse. It is our privilege to have available to us the lives and work of such gifted writers to enhance our worship. Their words stir us up, both as congregations and personally, to express our thankfulness to God. One day the whole redeemed church of Jesus Christ will join in one great anthem of praise to his glory. Faith Cook was born in China, the daughter of OMF missionaries, and now lives in Derbyshire, England. She is the author of a number of books, including Seeing the Invisible, Lives turned upside down, and Lady Jane Grey, the nine-day queen of England, all published by Evangelical Press. Faith is married to Paul who served as a pastor in churches in Northallerton, Shepshed and Hull. They have five children and ten grandchildren.
Our Hymn Writers traces the development of the English hymn from the early period of the Christian Church up until our present century by means of biographical sketches of a number of our best-known writers. The Apostle Paul urged his Ephesian readers to encourage one another with 'psalms, hymns and spiritual songs'. This book reviews the whole sweep of hymn-writing down the centuries. Raise your heart in thankfulness to God for the men and women who have brought us these great hymns.
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Buy Hymn-Writers and Their Hymns by Faith Cook from our Christian Books store - isbn: 9780852345856 & 0852345852
The team at Christian Bookstore .Net welcome you to our Christian Book store! We offer the best selections of Christian Books, Bibles, Christian Music, Inspirational Jewelry and Clothing, Homeschool curriculum, and Church Supplies. We encourage you to purchase your copy of Hymn-Writers and Their Hymns by Faith Cook today - and if you are for any reason not happy, you have 30 days to return it. Please contact us at 1-877-205-6402 if you have any questions.
Customer Support: 1-888-395-0572 | <urn:uuid:7f5d62e5-17de-43cd-9b3c-69086de56081> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.christianbookstore.net/hymn-writers-and-their-hymns-by-faith/catalog-47124/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00132-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941806 | 769 | 1.5625 | 2 |
These excessive-scale resolutions can accommodate the workspace of a larger-screen commonplace Mac laptop on a smaller Retina MacBook Pro should you can tolerate the smaller icons, textual content, and different graphics on the screen. If you utilize a 3rd-celebration app similar to QuickRes, you can set the Retina display screen to make use of resolutions larger than the scaled settings macOS presents, together with the native resolution.
We think that with the arrival of Apple silicon processors and the flexibility to run iOS apps on the Mac it is excessive time that Apple rethought its stance on touch screen Macs. While we try to provide you with up-to-date info, prices and foreign money trade charges may be completely different at the time of reading.
The display uses in-airplane switching know-how, which implies that the outstanding image you see whereas sitting in entrance of it does not degrade much if you flip it to show a colleague what you are engaged on. However, it doesn’t provide the wide P3 color gamut that you’re going to get from the MacBook Pro screens, so it isn’t the top choice if video/photograph color correction or shade matching are important to what you do. With related specs and exterior styling across each the Air and the Pro, deciding which one is best for you largely comes all the way down to which size screen you need and how a lot processing power your typical computing duties require.
But once Apple receives your cost, the corporate ensures your purchase. The thirteen-inch Retina show has a local decision of 2560×1600, and macOS provides a scaled resolution up to 1680×1050. The sixteen-inch Retina show has a local decision of 3072×1920, and macOS’’s highest scaled resolution on these laptops is 2048×1280.
But the sixteen-inch model’s larger, 3072×1920 decision allows it to suit extra stuff at once. The greater screen makes a major distinction when you’re editing pictures or working in a large spreadsheet, and the Pro is still about the same measurement and weight as excessive-performance 15-inch laptops from most PC makers. Our really helpful configuration’s six-core Intel Core processor can give it a speed boost of just about 80%over the Air when rendering video or compiling code, and the optionally available eight-core processor can present an even bigger improvement. It also has a total of four Thunderbolt 3/USB-C ports, and its audio system are surprisingly good for a laptop. The rest of the Pro’s features are related or equivalent to those of the Air.
Head to Apple’s native stores for current prices and verify the exchange price beforehand. Trying to assert your refund at the time of departure could possibly be a headache you don’t wish to cope with at a busy airport, especially for decrease-priced merchandise like AirPods. If you resolve to do so, give yourself loads of further time to stand in line and fill out forms. Apple tests and certifies all merchandise in the Refurbished retailer. Supply is proscribed, so Apple could run out of … | <urn:uuid:ccda31ac-3786-4985-b415-2e501c980b78> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://customtermpapershelp.net/2017/02/25/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.910239 | 650 | 1.585938 | 2 |
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- You will have knowledge about databases, concurrent programming, creating attractive and intuitive graphical interfaces and client / server programming that will be strong assets to start a career as a programmer | <urn:uuid:de6531fd-59d1-4560-b2c4-9c9734443a62> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://informalschool.com/program/java-development-timisoara/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00071-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91649 | 261 | 1.5 | 2 |
See previous – Mistake #5: "Oxymoronic" LSAT Advice
There is nothing more difficult in the admissions process than being wait-listed. For 175+ years as a company we have seen students in law school admissions who have been admitted, wait-listed and denied, and they nearly universally express that the denial was easier than languishing on a wait-list for a drawn-out period. The irony is that just about every applicant is wait-listed somewhere, because just about every applicant is a splitter at a school to which they applied. The fact that just about every applicant has been wait-listed somewhere creates two interesting facts:
There are a good deal of people on the wait-list at just about every law school.
A large number of people are admitted off the wait-list at almost every law school almost every year.
Let’s look at each.
Law schools wait-list larger portions of their applicant pool than most prospective students realize. I have heard up to 50% at some schools. That’s right, if the school gets 5,000 applicants and admits 500 initially, they are wait-listing another 2,500. Only 2,000 of the 5,000 applicants are flat-out denied. This math is not so rare — many law schools use proportions like this. Of course, this is not great news if you are wait-listed and you are, like most applicants, not aware of these numbers. When you are on the wait-list, you are in a large pool.
That said, a number (that again) most prospective students are not aware of is that often up to 50% of the entering class was initially wait-listed. *Think about that on your first day at “Princeton Law School” after being admitted off of the wait list, as you look around thinking you do not fit in (a phenomena I have probably seen a thousand or more times). Half of the class is thinking the exact same thing!
So the backdrop to the wait-list strategy is that it is highly likely you are part of a large pool, and it is equally likely that a good deal of people are coming out of this pool and in to law school. What is the single most important thing that will get you admitted off of the wait-list? Unfortunately, it is something entirely out of your control, as it relates to the needs of the law school. They will run weekly or daily reports on their class statistics, namely (and in rank order): LSAT, uGPA, URM, Male/Female ratio, Geographic Diversity, Work Experience, etc. This is like Maslow’s Hiearchy of Needs, but it is The Admissions Hierarchy of Needs, i.e., if LSAT checks out, then uGPA is up next; if uGPA is okay, then next is URM, etc etc. Certainly if the school needs uGPA (not until the very very end will LSAT and uGPA be “ok” for all but maybe one school) and also female and also geographic diversity AND you have all of that, BINGO hello admit. But the needs of the law school and how you fit in these needs are beyond your control.
What you can control is the next most important thing. Does the school think you will matriculate if admitted. This is supremely important. This is why in 99% of cases when people on sites like r/LSA ask “should I send in my LOCI now or wait,” my reply is, "send in one around seat deposit time and then STAY IN TOUCH ONCE A MONTH. It is a fine needle to thread, but you want to be professionally persistent without being a pest (allioteration and all)
Are there strategies to find out what a law school’s particular needs are at any given point? Of course, and they are pretty easy to employ. Are there strategies to CREATE YOUR OWN NEED IN THE EYES OF THE SCHOOL. Heck yes. There are a tremendous array of exercises in proactivity that you can do to turn your wait-list into an admit. We do them as a firm. But just keep in mind that politely stay on a school's radar is a great step. If they have 2,000 WL'd applicants would tthey rather read all 2,000 appliucations yet again, or read yours the right day you happen to contact them and they need to fill a spot .
Up next — Mistake #3: The Fight Club In You | <urn:uuid:f7c0301f-4194-4ebc-bb5c-d5c3dedda7c2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.spiveyconsulting.com/blog-post/mistake-4-the-waiting-is-the-hardest-part/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.970499 | 963 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Why you have a problem of file name too long!
Recently while browsing over some of my backup documents and files on my Windows 7 PC, I came through some old backup files that I required to delete. I did not have some use for an old backup, so required to delete the compacted .tar file.
But when I went on to remove it, I received the following error note:
The file name(s) would be too long for the destination file
Seemingly, the compressed file controlled a JPG image file, which my Windows 8 was incompetent to delete. By the Skip option, I erased all but this file. Now why did this occur?
Under average Windows file naming scheme, the total name cannot or path beat 259 characters. This contains the folder path, file term and file addition. If it does, then when you try to erase it, you will accept this error.
Maximum Path Length Restriction:
In the Windows API (with some exclusions discussed in the following sections), the maximum measurement for a path is MAX_PATH, which is distinct as 260 characters. A native path is organized in the subsequent order: drive dispatch, colon, backslash, name workings separated by backslashes, and a dismissing null charm. For illustration, the extreme path on drive D is “D:\some 254-character path cord” where “” signifies the invisible dismissing null character for the present system code page. (The fonts<> are used here for pictorial clarity and cannot be part of a lawful path string) says MSDN.
And the file term was really long to – like Music-producer-…-and-video-games.jpg – as can be realized in the image.
I unlocked its location and tried to erase or rename the file. I was not even presented the option to do so.
So I went ‘Back’ to its subfolder and frustrated to erase it. No achievement. I conservative the same mistake message.
I then used the Move To folder option to transfer the folder to my D Drive. This functioned! The path had quickly become shorter, and I was capable to delete.
This modest trick worked in my situation, and I hope it supports you too.
Sometimes simply restarting, running Check CD or using third-party erase freeware are also known to help erase undeletable documents and files.
If zero helps, then you may want to have a guise at this Microsoft thread where some advanced ways have been optional using CMD and Robocop.
How To Fix Folder Path Too Long Mistake In Windows 7/8
Have you frustrated working on your Windows computer when abruptlyamistake pops while you are doubling files? Some mistakes you happenstance might say “File name(s) would be too lengthy for the terminus folder. You can cut the file or try a terminus that has a shorter path. “Or” filename name is too long for destination folder fix or “The basis file name(s) are larger than is reinforced by the file system. Try touching to a site which has a smaller name, or try retitling to shorter name(s) before trying this operation. “Well, such of these error letters are really irritating especially if you are on a rush of somewhat. Somehow, fixative the error might be done by retitling folders. That if, you only have to retitle one to five files. But, if the mistake needs you to retitle 200 or more files, it is going to be boring. To help you get rid of the problematic, below are thoughts and answers on how to fix file trail too long mistake in Windows.
Before you change on the solutions, you have to know first what reasons the problem. Essentially, there is anappeal limit set in identification or renaming records in your Windows effective system. The boundary is usually 250 to 260 fonts only for naming filename as well as the path terms. Thus, when you allocation files with long terms from one endpoint to another, you will knowledge path too long error in Windows system.
Answers in fixing path too long mistake in your Windows computer:
: If you are moving files in few folders only, retitling files/folders is anexcessive way to solve the difficult. Rename documentations and file paths not beyond file naming limit, which funds, you have to retitle files and folders 250 to 260 types only. After name again, you can copy and transmission files without experiencing mistakes.
: If you are not capable to rename the files, create a temporary practical drive in My Laptop. To do it, generate a backup and return point first before you continue on the following stages:
After, in succession the script, it will habitually create the folder with a solitary letter name. You can go then to My Computer >Find the drive and copy files from it. After copying files, eliminate the virtual energy you created earlier. | <urn:uuid:3fc6e67c-8a82-4492-a129-9304746ed1bc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://longpathtool.com/blog/why-you-have-a-problem-of-file-name-too-long/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00346-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938131 | 1,028 | 1.984375 | 2 |
Places of Interest nearby
Location address: United Kingdom, Guildford
Number of texts: 1
Wisley Airfield is a former wartime airfield located in the Parish of Ockham near Wisley in Surrey. Originally a grass airstrip, the runway was converted to tarmac in 1952 and used to test aircraft built at Weybridge by Vickers. All flying ceased in 1973 because the runway was too short for large aircraft and was too close to Heathrow. All the structures on the site were removed at the time the land was sold back to its principal former owner in 1980 for agricultural use. | <urn:uuid:e1ecd05c-07be-4f06-9039-b054d4ec2bfc> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.routeyou.com/en-gb/location/view/48056506/wisley-airfield | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725475.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00510-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984227 | 124 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Palestinian refugees calling for help.
By Laila Ahmad – DFLP. Not only have Iraqis suffered from the calamities of the sectarian violence which targeted their security and displaced them from where they are living. This conflict has also targeted the Palestinians living in Iraq several decades ago, where many Palestinians were either killed or kidnapped, in addition to many others who were forcibly displaced. They found nothing other than moving away from the residential areas and living in the desert in tents instead of living in houses, seeking for security and tranquility to avoid the risks of the threat that target them directly.
I met by chance a group of Palestinian inhabitants of al-Waleed Camp while they were making routine medical examinations needed for immigrating to Europe and America by the support of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
The Palestinians talked about their suffering in Al-Waleed Camp and how they preferred to live in it to save themselves and their families from the risk of death at the hands of the armed groups.
Jamil Ahmad Mahmoud, a Palestinian born in Iraq in 1955, whose family, like other Palestinian families, chose Iraq as a haven in 1948.
Mahmoud had spent his life in Baghdad in al-Bladiyat area before armed grouped evacuated him. Like many other Palestinian families, he was rescued from killing by the U.S. forces and moved to Al-Waleed Camp.
They are suffering now from difficult circumstance due to the reduction of aid and the closure of many medical clinics. Rations have been stopped by a government decision in preparation for closing the camp. Mahmoud confirms that the Palestinians in al-Waleed Camp have been deprived of studying and they are suffering from psychological symptoms.
Mustafa, 23 years, living in Al-Waleed Camp 6 years ago, spends his time playing football with his friends. He is unaware of his future. He expressed his pain for being unable to continue his studies.
The Palestinian Fahed Al-Tarawneh has been living with his family for six years. He lived a well-off life in Haifa street. He talked about the conditions of the residents of the camp amid the dust of the desert and the harmful insects in the absence of the simplest basic necessities of life. The nearest health center was 170 km away from the camp.
A woman in Al-Waleed Camp talked about the conditions of life there, and how her children had been deprived of education. Um Khalid complained of chronic diseases threatening her life. She appealed to the Iraqi government to facilitate their going out of Iraq through the UNHCR for the sake of their children’s future.
Jamil Ahmad Mahmoud confirms that since the last visit of the parliamentary delegation, the procedures of their migration have started again by the UNHCR. Mahmoud and other Palestinian families strongly reject to return to Baghdad in case the efforts of immigration fail. Those people find difficulty to return to Palestine. They have nothing other than the identity card they are holding.
It is to be noted that Al-Waleed Camp is located in Al-Tanf near the Iraqi-Syrian borders. It was set up after the escape of the Palestinian refugees from Baghdad towards the Syrian borders in 2003, but they were not allowed in. More than 450 thousand Palestinian refugees, in addition to Kurds and Arabs from Ahwas are in living the camp. The Iraqi government decided to evacuate it and move its residents to Baghdad to live in places not identified yet.
The Ministry of Migration follows up accommodating those migrants. The deputy minister, Salam Al-Khafaji confirms that the ministry branch in Anbar continuously visits them and inquires about their problems. They are encouraged to go back to Baghdad.
Al-Araji confirms that a decision to move to Baghdad and Mosel has been made in coordination with the UNHCR, but the residents of the camp are afraid of going back because of what they had suffered from the insurgents before. So, they prefer to remain at the camp rather than go back despite the harsh conditions.
Karima Al-Jawari, member of the committee of the displaced considers the Palestinian, Kurd and Iranian residents of the camp included in the fourth Geneva Convention, although Iraq is not a signatory member. But the norm is that the convention is applied by all states.
Al-Jawari revealed that the residents of the camp had been subject to many violations by the Iraqi government and Iraqi citizens when they were in Baghdad, and the ministry of interior is trying to return them to Baghdad despite the risks that might face them.
The House of Representatives formed a parliamentary committee comprising members of the human rights committees. The committee visited Al-Waleed Camp, looked into the conditions of its residents, listened to their proposals and came up with recommendations to quickly deport them outside Iraq to get in line with their demands.
Al-Jawari confirms that the committee of the refugees is in a continuous contact with the High Commissioner in order to facilitate the migration of Al-Waleed Camp residents and rescue them from the harsh living conditions they are experiencing in the camp. | <urn:uuid:ce387f0e-269a-4723-afab-9598ee3ff19e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://nsnbc.wordpress.com/2012/06/11/palestinian-refugees-calling-for-help/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00054-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979215 | 1,037 | 1.90625 | 2 |
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Uncertainty has prevailed in the red meat sector since the Brexit vote in 2016. The UK accounted for $560million worth of the sector's exports, dominated by sheepmeat which represented 85% of that total.
In a joint statement with Beef + Lamb, Meat Industry Association chief executive Tim Ritchie said the signing of the agreement, together with recent advice from the UK about the acceptance of EU health certificates post-March 29, meant the sector was assured existing regulations would remain the same.
That would help alleviate some of the immediate concerns held by exporters, Mr Ritchie said.
The veterinary agreement was key to New Zealand's sheep and beef exports to Europe as it established the principle of equivalence of sanitary measures and had reduced many potential trade irritants.
It had improved communication and co-operation on sanitary measures and had streamlined requirements to enable trade. The same would now apply to the UK.
The UK was an important market for New Zealand high-value chilled lamb exports and Brexit fell at a critical time of Easter trade, Mr Ritchie said.
It was important all steps were taken to secure continuity and stability for exporters through the Brexit process, he said.
Other aspects of the trade relationship still needed clarification, including around animal welfare standards recognition and ongoing documentation requirements.
"While we still need to work to get clarity around how our quota rights will be recognised, we support Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern's statement that New Zealand should not be left worse off as a result of Brexit - with our top priority being continuity and stability which is in everyone's interest, including the UK's," Mr McIvor said.
Silver Fern Farms' latest update to suppliers said UK authorities would be accepting consignments which had EU certification and documentation for a period ending six months beyond the Brexit date and would not be instigating additional custom checks at border ports.
That gave the company confidence that product would flow into the UK as usual, which should minimise disruption to chilled arrivals for Easter.
It was still expected product flowing from the UK into the EU would face new certification and documentation, as well as tariffs added to the majority of products.
While that situation was yet to crystallise, it was expected the changes to British lamb would affect market supply and demand dynamics.
One possibble outcome could be that domestic lamb remained on the UK market to compete with New Zealand imports. That could create price tension, driving returns lower.
On the flipside, the lack of product flowing from the UK into the EU - its major market - might create opportunities for New Zealand to supply, although the five-week shipping time made it less able to react with speed to short lead-in times from customers.
Yesterday, Alliance Group's general manager livestock and shareholder services Heather Stacy said it was a "bit quiet" on the lamb front.
Farmers had experienced excellent grass growth, with a subsequent loss in pasture quality, and lambs were not doing so well.
The Easter chilled programme started on January 28 and the company was looking at lamb flows to ensure it was able to get the volumes required while also meeting specifications.
The volume of ewes was lower than normal but there was possibly a rebuilding of capital stock. There was still strong demand for mutton, she said.
As for Brexit, there was already some softening in customer demand in the UK. If the UK could not export lamb to the EU, it would either keep it at home or put it on the global market, Ms Stacy said. | <urn:uuid:7c1fc4fc-6173-41e4-8954-7f312be6ecfd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.odt.co.nz/rural-life/red-meat/uk-agreement-ensures-status-quo-exporters | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.97755 | 742 | 1.570313 | 2 |
This article has been written by Mohd Aman Khan Afghani pursuing the Diploma in IPR and Media and entertainment law from LawSikho. This article has been edited by Prashant Baviskar (Associate, Lawsikho) and Ruchika Mohapatra (Associate, Lawsikho).
The Judgment in the case of M/s Eveready Industries India Limited Vs. Mrs. Kamlesh Chadha was delivered by the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (“IPAB”) on 22.09.2020. This Judgment was delivered by the IPAB after two rectification petitioners were filed in IPAB by the Petitioner with respect to the registration of two Trademarks, i.e. word ‘Eveready’ and the Logo ‘EVEREADY’. Many sections of the Trademarks Act, 1999 were analyzed along with their implications on the similar cases as mentioned above.
Facts of the case
The Applicant in the above case was Eveready Industries India Limited, and it is one of the renowned FMCG Companies incorporated in 20.06.1934 and it is engaged in the manufacturing and trading of dry cell batteries, packet tea, flashlights, CFL’s, insect repellants, etc. It is pertinent to mention that the aforesaid company holds the proprietary rights with respect to the Trademark “EVEREADY” and also are the owner of the same brand name and the are using the above brand name and trademark since 28.10.1942 for their business purposes like for selling their goods and products etc.
It very important to consider here that the aforesaid Company which is the Petitioner/Applicant in the above case was using the Trademark “EVEREADY” for a very long time and this Trademark forms an important part of the aforesaid Company as the whole goodwill of the company is being held by the Trademark “EVEREADY” and this Trademark only distinguishes the products and services of the Applicant company from that of others. The aforesaid company was exclusively using the Trademark “EVEREADY” in an uninterrupted manner in India and throughout the whole world. It is also pertinent to mention that the Company has earned a huge goodwill and reputation with the above Trademark and this Trademark has become a “Well known Trademark ” under the Trademark Act, 1999 under Section 2(1)(zg).
The Petition was filed by the Petitioner as in 1985. The respondent somehow got registered an identical trademark in their favor. Again in 1990, an identical or similar Trademark was registered by the Respondent in respect of goods such as hand tools, screwdrivers, cutting pliers, etc.
So a dispute arose as both the Companies claimed that the Trademark ‘EVEREADY’ belongs to them and as a result, a Petition/Application was filed by Eveready Industries before IPAB.
Issue between the parties
The main issue between the Parties was who is the true owner of the Trademark “Eveready”, whether the Petitioner/Applicant or the Respondent?
Contentions of the Petitioner/Applicant
- Petitioner/Applicant contended that the Respondent has got Trademark “Eveready” fraudulently registered in their favour.
- Petitioner/Applicant contended that from the start the Respondent’s were involved in such fraudulent practices of registering such well-known Trademarks.
- Petitioner/Applicant pleaded that the assignment deed which was signed between Mrs. Kamlesh Chadha and Mr. Sanjay Chadha dated 6.01.2009, was not even valid as M/S Everest Tools was not even in existence at that time.
- Petitioner/Applicant contended that the Respondent has filed a false affidavit.
- They contended that the Trademarks of the Respondent are supposed to be cancelled as they have admitted that the “Eveready” is a common trademark.
- The Petitioner/Applicant submitted that in the suit before Delhi High Court in 2009 against Mr. Kamlesh Chaddha titled as Eveready Industries India Ltd Vs. Mr. Sanjay Chaddha & Anr., wherein the respondents were asked to refrain from using the Mark “EVEREADY ” for goods except for pliers and screwdrivers.
Contentions of the Respondents
- Respondents contended that the Trademark “EVEREADY” was their bonafide trademark and they adopted it with honest intention and were using the same until and unless the injunction was granted against them.
- They contended that the above trademark was continuously used by them since 1985.
- Respondents contended that the Petitioner/Applicant are willing to create a monopoly in their favour with respect to the aforesaid Trademark.
- Respondents contended that the Petitioner/Applicant could nowhere prove that they are using the above stated Trademark.
- Respondents contended that the Petitioner/Applicant was aware of the fact that the above Trademark has been used since 2000 and therefore the Petitioners were stopped from registering the same.
- Respondents also contended that the Petitioner/Applicant nowhere proved that the above Trademark is a well known Trademark.
Reasoning of IPAB in the above case
- IPAB has stated that the Petitioner/Applicant were successful in proving that “EVEREADY” is a well known Trademark. IPAB analyzed Section 11 of the Trademarks Act which talks about well-known Trademarks.
- IPAN gave the reasoning that sufficient evidence was submitted by the Petitioner/Applicant which proves that the Respondent was wrong in claiming that they were unaware of the Petitioner’s/Applicant’s Trademark.
- IPAB cited many cases also in favor of the Petitioner/Applicant.
Judgment by IPAB
The IPAB held that the Petitioner/Applicant was the aggrieved party in the above case as the marks were wrongly on the register of the Trademarks and it was directed by the IPAB that both the Trademarks which were registered by the Respondent should be removed from the Register of the Trademarks and in this way, IPAB allowed the Petition/Application which was filed by the Petitioner/Applicant against the Respondent.
From the facts and contentions and the judgment of the above case, it can be observed that the basic allegation was that of a theft of a Trademark and the theft was alleged by the Petitioner/Applicant against the Respondent. It was also observed that the IPAB has very well considered the evidence of both the Parties and it has also taken into consideration the contentions which were levelled by both the parties against each other. So looking into consideration it seemed as if both the parties were right in their own sphere but after seeing the reasoning of the IPAB and the Judgment it was observed that the registration process hold a very important position or it could also be said that the registration is the process which requires continuous observation and monitoring and each and every aspect has to be seen very critically. The contentions were proved by taking into consideration the dates of the registration, the other issue which was in question was that the Trademarks were identical and similar. In the above case, the Trademark of the Respondent was found to be identical to that of the Petitioner’s/Applicant’s mark and therefore Section 33 of the Trademark Act, 1999 was not to be applied so that the Respondent could take its undue advantage. In the case of Daimler Benz Akteigesselschaft and Anr. Vs. Hydo Hindustan (1994) 14 PTC 0 287, it was held that a person who in a deliberate manner, wants to extract the benefit from someone else’s goodwill or reputation in relation to products, cannot avail protection through Trademark.
On the basis of the facts stated before it and the evidence submitted for it, the IPAB has decided and allowed the rectification and ordered for the removal of both the Trademarks of the Respondent from the Trademark register. However, the important point to note is that the Registrar has not fulfilled his duty under Section 25(3) of the Trademark Act, where it is stated that before the renewal of the Trademark the Registrar is shall send the notice to the Registered Proprietor of the Trademark, and the Trademark was renewed in 1992 and 1999, but after that, no notice was sent by the Registrar and as a result, the Registration got lapsed. It has to be considered that Section 25 has not been complied with and it is a fault on the part of the Registrar. So ignoring Section 25 is something that puts a doubt on the reliability of the Judgment which was passed by IPAB.
IPAB has considered each and every aspect of the case and has taken into consideration every minute detail related to the case. It has also considered each and every contention levelled by the parties against each other,analyzed the legal position as well relevant case laws prevailing in our country so that it can pass a well-reasoned judgment in the current matter. But the issue which was there was pertaining to Section 25 which was ignored in the Judgment and because of that, it can be said that it is the missing thread in the Judgment which was passed by the IPAB. So towards the end, the IPAB can be said to have taken into consideration everything which was required to be considered by it but still ignoring or not considering the compliance of Section 25 of the Trademark Act is something which puts a big question mark on the credibility of the Judgment which was passed by the IPAB.
- https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1914967/#:~:text=(3)%20At%20the%20prescribed%20time,may%20be%20 obtained%2C%20and%2C%20if.
Students of Lawsikho courses regularly produce writing assignments and work on practical exercises as a part of their coursework and develop themselves in real-life practical skills.
LawSikho has created a telegram group for exchanging legal knowledge, referrals, and various opportunities. You can click on this link and join:https://t.me/joinchat/J_0YrBa4IBSHdpuTfQO_sA | <urn:uuid:f43f4657-ade7-4146-a69f-bd01da701eac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.ipleaders.in/case-analysis-eveready-v-chadha/?noamp=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.974998 | 2,254 | 1.640625 | 2 |
From Long Road Track, track follows ridge before descending steeply to small clearing beside Wainamu Stream; track continues on opposite bank a little way downstream then climbs steeply to follow ridge to Wainamu Junction.
What to expect:
Tramping tracks will:
consist of formed and drained surfaces.
be signposted at track entrances and key junctions.
Tramping tracks may:
have structures in permanent wet areas but waterways will not generally be bridged.
Tramping tracks may also have limited track information, and steep grades.
Suitable for people of reasonable fitness and experience.
Distance:2.0 kmTime:2.0 hoursWheelchair access:No Pram access:No
Haben Sie eine tolle Story? Eigenen Artikel hinzufügen | <urn:uuid:f5223b26-793c-48be-b0bd-4ad7098b23bc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.newzealand.com/de/article/wainamu-bush-track/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00066-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.802766 | 172 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Greatness and calmness – here are two words that accurately describe the Paris Panthéon. Located in the very heart of the lively Latin Quarter, this edifice is alien to hustle and bustle. It is in another dimension.
The Church of Saint Genevieve
There is a cross on the top of the Panthéon’s dome. It is not hard to guess that the building was originally a church.
In 1744, King Louis XV was taken seriously ill. The king didn’t believe doctors would save him. The monarch prayed for the assistance of Saint Genevieve, the heavenly protector of Paris. Louis vowed that if he recovered, he would erect a new big temple to house her relics in it.
Louis XV did recover. The king kept his promise, albeit with considerable delay – ten years passed before he started to seek an architect who could design a truly grand church.
The choice fell on Jacques-Germain Soufflot. He got down to business with enthusiasm. Nevertheless, work proceeded very slowly. The construction required significant financial investments, sometimes far more significant ones than Louis was able to afford. Neither king nor the architect lived to see the Church of Saint Genevieve in all its glory. A pupil of Souflott, Jean-Baptiste Rondelet, finished this ambitious project in 1790.
The sarcophagus with Saint Genevieve’s relics was placed in the crypt.
The Temple of Patriotism
By the time Rondelet completed the church the French Revolution had begun. As it usually happens as the wind of change is blowing, people have rethought their attitude about God.
Atheists appeared. St. Genevieve’s relics were destroyed – only a few remaining fragments survived… However, not everyone behaved so radically. Most of the enlightened Parisians adhered to deism.
Deists asserted that God had created the universe and then left it. The task of man, in their opinion, was to learn the natural laws of the world and live according to them. The era of rationalism has come.
The temples of science, justice, and art started to play almost the same part as churches had played.
The church of Saint Genevieve received the status of a secular mausoleum. It got the name the Panthéon after the Roman Pantheon where some great Italians are entombed.
In 1790, the ashes of the Comte de Mirabeau, a leader of the early stages of the French Revolution, were solemnly brought into the former church.
Less than a couple of years later, Jean-Paul Marat and Maximilien Robespierre found evidence of Mirabeau’s secret connection with the royal court, and yesterday’s hero turned out to be a traitor. His remains were taken out of the Pantheon and buried in the graveyard for criminals. A similar nasty story happened with the remains of Marat himself soon after.
But the philosophers Voltaire and Rousseau’s ashes, placed in the Panthéon in the last decade of the turbulent 18th century, are still there.
The Mausoleum for French Luminaries
The Panthéon was twice converted back to a church and secularized during the 19th century.
Its fate was finally decided in 1885 when Victor Hugo suddenly died. The death of the towering figure in French literature, a great defender of liberty, generated unprecedented national mourning. It would be strange to bury Hugo in a cemetery. His remains were buried in the Panthéon and provided the building the constancy of its status.
Since then, the Panthéon became the last shelter to many luminaries – writers, scientists, and public figures.
The inscription on the frieze of the building reads “Aux grands hommes la patrie reconnaissante” (A grateful nation honors its great men).
The Building Reflecting its Age
In stark contrast to the sumptuous pediment of the Panthéon, its walls are barely decorated. “The architect didn’t have enough money to decorate them,” we may say. “Fine reliefs would make these huge empty areas far more attractive.”
The viewers of the 18th century had a slightly different opinion on this matter. Tired of the frivolous pomposity of Baroque and Rococo, they tended to enjoy noble simplicity.
If we could ask Parisian intellectuals of that period which building, in their view, is the ideal example of architecture, they would probably name an Ancient Greek or Roman temple. Classical edifices with their clean lines and strict proportions perfectly corresponded to the rational spirit of the Enlightenment.
Jacques-Germain Soufflot – the architect who designed the Panthéon – not only admired Classical antiquities yet also knew them very well. He had studied architecture in Rome, examined the excavations at Herculaneum, and visited Paestum to see the best-preserved Greek temples.
Of course, Soufflot modeled his life’s work after the principles of Ancient architecture. The Panthéon became one of the first Neoclassical buildings.
The main feature of Ancient Greek architecture in the appearance of the Panthéon is its elegant portico with Corinthian columns (such a column is easily recognizable due to the tongue-like leaves forming the capital), a peristyle with a triangular pediment on the main facade, and the imposing dome.
The building also has some features atypical for Ancient Greek temples, though: being a man of the Enlightenment Age, Soufflot liked experiments. He combined the principles of classical and Gothic architecture.
The interior of the Panthéon feels airy like an interior of a Gothic church, chiefly thanks to slender columns on which the dome rests.
These columns can hold the massive vault because Soufflot strengthened the stone structure with a system of iron bars. Nowadays, using reinforced constructions is a common trick; at the epoch of Jacques-Germain Soufflot, this was a bold innovation.
The fresco inside the dome depicts The Apotheosis of Saint Genevieve – in a sense, the Panthéon is still a church dedicated to the patroness saint of Paris.
The story of Saint Genevieve’s life is also represented on the walls. These pictures look unexpectedly bright. They aren’t frescoes but oil paintings, indeed.
The artists, who decorated the temple in the 19th century, worked in the technique of marouflage – they painted each scene on a canvas and affixed it to a wall.
When I was in the Panthéon, I’ve photographed this picture portraying Saint Genevieve on her deathbed:
Just look – the old sick woman isn’t waiting for sympathy or help. On the contrary, she’s the strongest person here. The adults and the children surrounded her to ask for her support. I stood in front of this picture for a long time.
The major sculptural composition of the Panthéon – La Convention Nationale – impressed me as well.
The monument references the harsh days of the French Revolution (La Convention Nationale was the first French government). In the center of the composition, a gorgeous, triumphant female figure rises – the symbolic embodiment of the free Republic. The deputies are stretching out their hands to her, the soldiers are going to struggle for her.
All the faces are smart and decisive. Only the young drummer is looking into the future with surprise, perhaps even fear.
- Architecture: The Whole Story – edited by Denna Jones, Prestel Publishing, 2014
- Анатомия архитектуры – Семь книг о логике, форме и смысле [The Anatomy of Architecture – Seven Books on Logic, Form and Meaning]- Сергей Кавтарадзе, Издательский дом Высшей школы экономики, Москва, 2020 | <urn:uuid:341c5955-e579-4ed1-a635-8e156365c2a3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://live-for-art.com/works/architecture/the-paris-pantheon-for-what-purpose-was-it-built-and-why-does-it-look-like-this/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.949024 | 1,768 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Pepsi is a leading brand in the soda industry and an arch rival of Coca Cola. It is a global company with sales in 200 countries and territories. The company was incorporated in Delaware in 1919 and reincorporated in 1986 in North Carolina. Like Coca Cola, Pepsi also has a strong global presence and a large and global distribution network. The company invests a large sum each year in marketing and has maintained its leading position in the soda industry as well as a large and global customer base. Pepsi’s growth is also a result of its focus on quality. The company has brought a large product range to the market which also includes several health friendly and low calorie or zero calorie products. In this way, Pepsi has maintained a strong competitive advantage which also reflects in its financial performance over the past several years. Its net revenue in 2018 was more than double that of its rival Coca Cola. Pepsi is also gaining market share by investing in R&D and product innovation as well as marketing.
Pepsi has built strong and sustainable competitive advantage based upon its several strengths. This is a discussion of Pepsi’s resources and capabilities that have helped the brand build sustainable competitive advantage in the soda industry.
Global presence :
Global presence of Pepsico is one of its leading sources of competitive advantage. The company sells its products across more than 200 countries and territories. Its global presence drives its heavy sales and revenue. To strengthen its presence across the world and its brand awareness, the company invests in marketing as well as product innovation. Apart from that, its distribution network throughout the globe has also played a central role in helping the brand gain a critical source of advantage. The company has organized its business mainly on a geographic basis. It has divided its business into six reportable segments that include :
Frito-Lay North America (FLNA)
Quaker Foods North America (QFNA)
North America Beverages (NAB)
Europe Sub-Saharan Africa (ESSA)
Asia, Middle East and North Africa (AMENA)
In this way, Pepsi has managed to establish strong presence across all the continents and continues to grow its brand by investing in market expansion and product innovation.
Distribution network :
The strong and stable distribution network of Pepsi plays a central role in helping the brand maintain its global presence and gain an advantage in terms of customer base, sales and revenue. Its global distribution network also acts as a core pillar of its business model. The distribution network of Pepsi includes Direct to store delivery, customer warehouses and third party distribution networks. Type of distribution channel to be used depends upon the needs of the customers, product characteristics as well as local trade practices. Pepsi with its independent bottlers and distributors operates the direct store delivery system, customer warehouses and distributor networks. The DSD system is used to distribute the products that are restocked more often. Pepsi also delivers some products to customer warehouses from its manufacturing plants. These products mostly include the ones with low turnover. In 2018, Pepsi spent total $10.8 billion on shipping and handling.
Supply chain :
Pepsi has also managed a large and global supply chain that involves thousands of suppliers from various corners of the world. Managing a large production system also requires a large supply chain that can provide all the material required to produce the beverages and snacks brands owned by Pepsi. The company has focused on creating a fast and flexible supply chain. Apart from water, which is a key ingredient required for the production of beverages, the company also depends on a large number of agricultural products for the production of snacks and beverages it sells. To manage a sustainable supply chain and for sourcing good quality raw material, the company has established a code of conduct applicable to all its suppliers. Apart from that, the company also carries out regular audits to ensure quality standards and product safety. Pepsi provides its suppliers with training and education and more resources to help them manage their business more efficiently and to sustain long term relationships with the brand. It also offers resources to farmers to help them deliver better results.
product range :
Pepsi has brought a large product range to the market that includes both regular and low calorie products. The leading brands in the portfolio of Pepsico include Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Lays, Gatorade, Quaker Oats, Aquafina and several more. The company has built a balanced portfolio of beverages, energy drinks, waters, food and snacks. In recent years, the company has grown its focus upon healthier products to cater to the changing needs and tastes of the people. People have grown more health conscious and need low calorie or zero products to avoid obesity. Growing product range of Pepsi has also brought the company higher success. Just like Coca Cola, Pepsi also has several billion dollar brands in its product portfolio. The company is able to cater to the taste of a large group of customers with diverse tastes and varying needs.
Marketing is also a key source of competitive advantage for brands in the soda industry. Apart from churning demand, it creates brand awareness and drives brand recall. Pepsi as well as its leading competitor Coca Cola spend a large sum each year on marketing and promotions. Both are known for their excellent marketing strategy and techniques. In 2018, the brand spent around $4.2 billion on advertising and promotions. The company uses both modern and traditional channels for marketing. Apart from digital channels, in-store promotions and outdoor channels are also some major marketing channels for Pepsico. The soda beverages industry has grown highly competitive and apart from Coca Cola, there are other local and international competitors of Pepsi as well. In such an environment, marketing helps retain demand as well as customer base and becomes an important source of competitive advantage.
Human resource management :
Excellent human resource management is also a critical source of competitive advantage in this era. Competition in the industry has grown intense. Companies want to hire only the best candidates. It is because talented employees can help a company find faster growth. Pepsi invests a lot in its employees including huge salaries and learning resources. Apart from good salaries, the brand also provides its employees other benefits to retain talented employees for longer. Other important aspects of its organizational culture include inclusion and diversity. It has created an environment that fosters learning and growth. An excellent performance management system at pepsi helps manage the performance of the employees and provide them the right opportunities of growth.
Large Customer base :
Pepsi’s large and loyal customer base is also an important source of competitive advantage for the brand. To retain its customers, the brand invests in marketing as well as customer engagement. Its products sell across more than 200 countries. Apart from a large range of products available in varying flavours and sizes, the company has included several low calorie products to cater to the needs of the health conscious customers. Marketing and product innovation have helped the brand expand its customer base continuously.
- Pepsi Annual Report 2018. | <urn:uuid:d621248d-52fa-43b2-afac-d692c8dc3cba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.notesmatic.com/pepsi-resources-and-capabilities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.972333 | 1,418 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Melbourne, Australia-based Hawk Measurement Systems, a provider of level, positioning and flow measurement technology, has introduced a new pulp height sensor for optimizing flotation cells. The company says its very low frequency Acoustic Wave Transmitter is non-intrusive and will penetrate through froth to measure pulp height.
The sensor, according to the company, is mounted above the froth and pulp level, reducing maintenance or mechanical problems, and the transmitter can be mounted at walkway height for easy serviceability. The transmitter can be supplied ready for connection to a typical two-wire loop power supply used for the displacement float transmitter it replaces. Remote-mounted transmitters are also an option.
Hawk also offers an optional, non-intrusive transmitter to measure froth height. Continuous measurement of the froth height, provided as feedback to the control loop for the inlet dart valve, allows the flotation cell to maintain constant overflow of froth to the launder even when ore characteristics cause variations in frothing consistency. | <urn:uuid:24b0fedd-df27-4994-b526-34cf5cb65acf> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.e-mj.com/departments/processing-solutions/899-non-contact-transmitter-penetrates-froth-to-measure-pulp-height.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719547.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00395-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910122 | 209 | 1.523438 | 2 |
These days, nobody pays much attention to Jim Gast's shiny red machines. The parking lot is empty. Inside, the salesroom of this Joliet farm implement dealership is quiet.
The lull is not unusual for this time of year. Tractors and combines don't sell well during the lazy days of summer. But many in the farm implement industry have doubts that sales will break out of their long slump anytime soon.
Mr. Gast is one of the fortunate dealers. While sales nationwide have been sluggish since 1980, he has made money in three of the last four years. Weather has been kind to the region - so kind that Gast calls it ''paradise valley.'' And this particular sunny day has been brightened by the sale of one large International Harvester combine.
But for other dealers - and for farm implement manufacturers - 1984 is turning out to be another lean year.
It was not supposed to be that way.
Industry analysts earlier had predicted the dollar volume of farm machinery sales would increase 10 percent over 1983, which was regarded as a dismal year. The industry also expected to sell 12 percent more large tractors (100 horsepower or more) this year.
Those expectations have been scaled back. LaVon Fife, senior economist at International Harvester, still forecasts an increase in total dollar volume, but one to three percentage points lower. Sales of large tractors are off even more. Mr. Fife says they might not even equal 1983 figures.
Acknowledging that farm equipment sales tend to be cyclical, the analysts nonetheless say the downturn has been unusually prolonged.
''Every two years or so, when there's a slump like this, you can expect it (the business) to come back,'' says Richard Howell, public relations director for the Farm and Industrial Equipment Institute. ''It's been four years and it still hasn't come back. That's not normal.''
The reason is an apparent major change in farmers' attitudes about debt, economists and other observers say. After decades of piling up more and more debt, these farmers have become wary of borrowed money.
They are looking into renting farmland instead of taking out the necessary loans to buy it. And they are passing up purchases of new equipment.
The farm implement industry had expected farmers to use the money earned from the government's 1983 payment-in-kind (PIK) program to buy machinery. But in May and June - when Midwestern farmers traditionally buy large tractors for spring planting - economists found an unexpectedly weak market.
According to dealers and other observers, farmers used a lot of their PIK money to repay old debts.
''We didn't see any of it,'' laments one Illinois equipment dealer.
Instead of new machinery, many farmers are buying it used or patching up their own aging equipment to get through another year.
All this does not bode well for the industry, already suffering from overcapacity and financial losses.
The International Harvester Company has extended its annual summer shutdown from two to five weeks.
And the firm's officers no longer talk of a possible profit this year, which would have put an end to a string of disastrous years.
For dealers the situation is scarcely better.
Profit margins are so thin on new machinery sales that some dealers manage to hang on only by what they earn from servicing machines, says Tom Glaub, director of the publications division of the National Farm and Power Equipment Dealers Association. Others have closed. Dealer membership in the association fell nearly 13 percent between 1979 and 1983. This continues a long-term reduction in dealer numbers as the farm population has dwindled.
Observers are split on whether farmers' debt-dodging will be an enduring phenomenon.
Fife of International Harvester sees it lasting for at least another three years before farmers feel comfortable about borrowing in large numbers again.
''I think it's just a cycle,'' he says. If the farmer ''makes money, he'll spend it. If he doesn't make it, he's not going to spend it.''
Nevertheless, the Joliet dealer has taken steps to streamline his operation. He has cut back hours of his 21 employees.
And he has reduced inventory in the past few years. Instead of 30 tractors on hand to show customers, he now carries nine.
One important factor in 1984 profits, he says, is how many combines he can sell this fall. Besides the one sold on this day, he has four in inventory and three more on order. | <urn:uuid:e7c9ceb9-5b2d-44e4-8a7f-f4c4bf2fb7a3> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://m.csmonitor.com/1984/0725/072535.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721027.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00551-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966254 | 925 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Digitalization and smart society
Research from 6G to emotion AI
In wireless communications and 6G technology research, we are pioneering internationally.
In addition to 6G, our research also covers
- virtual reality, VR applications and experiences
- artificial intelligence, including machine vision and its exploitation, e.g. in emotion AI applications and disease analysis
- robotics and its various application areas
- analysis of large amounts of data
- cyber security
- new materials and manufacturing methods of electronics
Our research also engages human sciences in the development of intelligent technologies.
Researchers and projects
Take a look at our researchers and their research topics.
The University of Oulu participates in research collaboration projects of national and international significance. Below you can find information on some research projects.
Coordination and faculties
Multidisciplinary research activities in the focus area are coordinated by the Infotech Oulu. Research is conducted mainly in the Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering. | <urn:uuid:b101000a-0f78-4b3f-aed0-3fa61baa106e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.oulu.fi/en/research/digitalization-and-smart-society | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.919352 | 202 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Don't Sweep the Ethical Problems Under the Rug! Totalitarian Versus Equalitarian Ethics
Brandt, Lewis W
Canadian Psychological Review 19(1): 63-66, Jan 1978.
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
The Basic Nature of Ethical Problems Experienced by Persons With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Implications for Nursing Ethics Education and Practice Cameron, Miriam E.; Crisham, Patricia; Lewis, Douglas E. (1993-11) | <urn:uuid:3fecb14a-ab82-4e09-bf1e-3a70f5832ae7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/715976 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00381-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.670965 | 103 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Basil is a lovely herb that is easily grown both from seed or as seedling from your local nursery. You can grow the herb successfully in both containers and outside in your garden. The plant is undemanding, but has it's preferences. Sun and Water are the main ingredients to keep basil happy.
Basil and Thyme form a perfect couple, and are a great pair to grow together. More about the Basil - Thyme combination
Transplanting basil seedlings
Basil seedlings are spindly and fragile, which makes transplanting difficult. The easiest way to add basil to your outdoor garden is from seed.
Start basil early spring
Start in the spring once all danger of frost is past. Basil, like other mints, is a sun-loving plant that isn't too fussy about the soil it occupies as long as it is moisture retentive with good drainage.
Garden grown basil seldom needs fertilization. Once established, it is also quite drought resistant. However, if you do water, tepid water will promote faster growth than cold water.
In addition to sweet basil, choose your seeds from over 160 varieties in a range of fragrances that include lemon, licorice, and cinnamon as well as the minty-fresh fragrance of traditional sweet basil. Foliage colors range from the traditional green to deep purple and many cultivars also bloom with attractive flowers.
Cover seeds with about ΒΌ inch of soil, water, and you should see sprouts in about a week. Once seedlings develop a half-dozen leaves, thin your row so transplants are six to twelve inches apart.
Care for Basil Seedlings
When seedlings are about six inches tall, pinch off the tops to promote more leaf growth and keep your basil from becoming "leggy". You can also begin harvesting basil when it is young and sweet.
Cut single leaves just about anytime. If cutting whole stems, make the cut above a pair of leaves. New growth will continue and preserve the plant for future use. In fact regular use of your basil can substitute for pruning, which is necessary to keep stems moist and tender and keep plants from becoming woody. In addition, be sure to pinch off blossoms as they appear.
Because basil is a mint, it can be very invasive. While basil needs to be weed-free, it also needs to be kept under control or your herb garden may end up being your basil bed!
At the end of an outdoor growing season, harvest the remainder of your basil by cutting the stems and freezing or drying them for winter use.
Plant container grown basil in a similar way to how you sow seed in your garden. Growing basil indoors is packed with several advantages in addition to fresh flavor for culinary purposes.
Consider planting several different varieties in a strawberry pot. This keeps each variety in place, and if you choose cultivars with various fragrances, foliage, and flower attributes, you'll have fresh grown potpourri as well as eye-candy for your kitchen!
To plant basil in a strawberry pot, fill the pot with dirt to the first opening. Plant seeds in that opening and water. Continue the same method to the top of your pot, planting a few seeds for each cultivar in each opening. Plant sweet basil in the top of the pot since it is the one you probably most often will use in cooking.
Container grown basil does have some special needs over that grown in the garden. | <urn:uuid:e27129db-b250-4987-987b-1d5204f96a71> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gardening-guides.com/herbs/grow-basil1.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00226-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958169 | 716 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Consultation is the cornerstone of our commitment to create a contemporary and relevant NCC that delivers good societal outcomes for safety, health, amenity and sustainability in the built environment. The ABCB recognises the value of engaging constructively with the community and industry when maintaining and updating the NCC. A collaborative approach in confronting key issues, affecting the building and plumbing industries, provides significant benefits for all stakeholders.
The ABCB seeks input from government and industry stakeholders, and advice and assistance from building and plumbing professionals, research communities, industry peak bodies, local governments, special interest groups and the community. In addition, the ABCB encourages key stakeholder involvement in project-specific committees and working groups. The feedback received from these groups assists in covering the full breadth of strategic, policy, technical, administrative and societal issues.
The proposal for change process enables anyone to put forward changes to the NCC. Consultation with stakeholders is undertaken on the NCC public comment draft, and the assessment of costs and benefits is undertaken as part of Regulation Impact Analysis process.
Furthermore, from time to time, the ABCB also seeks consultation on other consultation documents that inform the development of the NCC.
Meaningful consultation can promote trust between industry, the community and government. Transparency allows stakeholders to see and judge the quality of government actions and regulatory decisions. It also provides an opportunity for stakeholders to participate in the development of policy solutions and encourages broad ownership of solutions.
Early consultation is instrumental to the technical amendment processes of the NCC and on broader regulatory reform matters. Consultation assists in the ABCB's role as the regulatory ‘gatekeeper’, which includes consideration of alternatives to regulation, such as education and awareness raising activities.
Through consultation, the ABCB aim's to:
- Promote trust between stakeholders and decision-makers through a transparent regulatory decision-making process.
- Enhance relationships with stakeholders by providing greater opportunities to participate in the development of the NCC.
- Maximise the input of specialist knowledge and timely involvement of stakeholders. | <urn:uuid:d5a8957a-7fdc-41cb-9753-78d40c12989b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://abcb.gov.au/Consultation/Consultation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00223-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925396 | 416 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Mevhibe Ateş Graduate Essay Competition
In 2011, the theme of the competition is “the rule of law.” We invite scholarly papers on topics such as the relationship between legality and legitimacy, the role of constitution-making in consolidation of democracy, the emergence of constitutional courts in democratic countries, and the place of judicial review in democracies. All submissions must be based on original unpublished research, empirical or theoretical, and are expected to offer innovative, comparative perspectives. Submissions will be evaluated by a blind review process.
The rules to participate in the competition are as follows:
1. The author, at the time of the submission, must be enrolled in a
degree-granting program at a university.
2. Each submission must be original work in English by a single author and it must not be under consideration elsewhere.
3. Submissions must be sent by email to firstname.lastname@example.org
Essay guidelines: All essays must be around 6,000-8,000 words, 12 font, double spaced, and in English.
Prizes to be granted in the competition are:
1. First prize: 1500 $
2. Second prize: 1000 $
3. Third prize: 500 $
Deadline for submissions is March 25,
2011 at midnight | <urn:uuid:7475eb76-5ba9-4cc1-bbee-6f987964fd33> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cult.sabanciuniv.edu/en/announcements-detail/52274 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.940253 | 274 | 1.84375 | 2 |
The most common method that doctors use to measure cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure is the lumbar puncture, a called a spinal tap, a procedure during which a physician inserts a needle between two of the patient's lumbar vertebrae and into the space surrounding the spinal cord. The physician attaches the needle to a device called a manometer, which measures the patient's CSF pressure. In some cases, depending on the patient's medical history and symptoms, the physician might choose to insert a needle at the base of the skull or to drill a hole in the patient's skull and place a catheter directly into one of the brain's ventricles rather than perform a lumbar puncture. CSF pressure also can be tested by measuring either the cisternal pressure or the ventricular pressure in the skull. All of these methods use a catheter hooked to a manometer to measure CSF pressure, and they help the doctor determine the best course of action for treating the patient.
A doctor will perform a lumbar puncture to measure cerebrospinal fluid pressure if he or she suspects that the patient has hydrocephalus, or "water on the brain." Hydrocephalus in babies is caused by a congenital defect, and adults can develop hydrocephalus as a result of conditions such as infection, stroke, tumor or head injury. For a lumbar puncture, the patient lies on one side with his or her knees pulled toward his or her chest, and the physician sterilizes the skin over the lumbar spine and injects a local anesthetic. Then the physician inserts a needle between two of the lumbar vertebrae and into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The manometer gives a reading of the CSF pressure, which should be between 70 and 180 millimeters of water (mm H2O), meaning that the cerebrospinal fluid pressure causes the water in the manometer tube to rise 70-180 millimeters.
Before performing a lumbar puncture to test cerebrospinal fluid pressure, the doctor will look into the patient's eyes using an ophthalmoscope. If the doctor sees that the patient's optic nerve is bulging, he or she will not perform a lumbar puncture, because the procedure would not be safe. This is because a bulging optic nerve indicates high intracranial pressure — pressure inside the head — and inserting a needle into the spine can cause the CSF pressure in the spine to drop suddenly. A sudden drop in spinal CSF pressure can cause brain herniation, which is when part of the brain is pushed into the opening at the base of the skull, causing brain damage or death. If a lumbar puncture would not be safe, the doctor will test CSF pressure at a different site.
One alternate way of testing cerebrospinal fluid pressure is to measure cisternal pressure, which a doctor will do by inserting a needle into the cistern magna just below the occipital bone at the back of the skull. The doctor uses fluoroscopy to see where to place the needle, because the cistern magna is very close to the brain stem. Another way of testing cerebrospinal fluid pressure is to measure ventricular pressure. The doctor performs this test in an operating room, where he or she drills a hole in the skull and inserts a catheter directly into one of the ventricles, which are spaces within the brain that contain CSF. In some cases, such as with a serious head injury, the doctor might leave the catheter in to continuously monitor CSF pressure while the patient is in the hospital. | <urn:uuid:b38ba585-9f7a-4c73-8762-4075556a1fe2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thehealthboard.com/how-do-doctors-measure-cerebrospinal-fluid-pressure.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.928018 | 767 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Following the changes the pandemic has brought about in the business world, organizations have significantly increased their use of data and the internet. This, in turn, has increased the prevalence of cyberattacks and cybersecurity risks.
Accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers recently released a report estimating that about 62 per cent of Canadian organizations were impacted by ransomware incidents and attacks in 2021.
Since these risks have crucial implications for companies and their investors and clients, cybersecurity spending saw a major increase. Global cybersecurity spending grew to more than $120 billion in 2017 from $3.5 billion in 2004.
The Center for Strategic and International Studies estimates that malicious cyber activity costs the world $945 billion annually, while Cybersecurity Ventures estimates that global cybercrime costs could increase to $10.5 trillion by 2025.
As a result, investors, clients, suppliers and employees are demanding better management and protection of corporate data, along with better cybersecurity accountability and transparency to mitigate increased cyber risks.
In an article soon to be published in the Journal of Management and Governance, we argue that better cybersecurity and data protection can be achieved through a formal program put together after a careful auditing process. We outline the objectives of such a program below.
A shared responsibility
The responsibility of cybersecurity management no longer falls just on the shoulders of IT departments, but is now the responsiblity of the entire business. We argue that all firm departments should be involved in cybersecurity programming and planning.
Management and directors should be directly involved in carrying out best practices to mitigate cybersecurity risk. Firm managers should lead by example by embedding security throughout their company’s operations and responding rapidly to cyber threats as they arise.
Corporate board members should ensure the necessary cybersecurity protections are in place for their companies, and approve and review the cybersecurity governance and data protection program regularly.
At the very least, every board should have one cyber expert with proven, up-to-date credentials on its panel. This will lead to better protection for company investors, clients, suppliers and employees.
Auditing is the first step
The first step in creating such a program is to assess the current effectiveness of an organization’s cybersecurity risks and data management through a program like the Canadian government’s Cyber Security Audit Program or one of the U.S. government’s auditing resources. These publicly available tools help auditors assess the cybersecurity of their organizations.
As part of the audit, businesses should also hire third-party hackers to test the security of their systems through a penetration test. Hackers bring a unique insight to the audit process, and are capable of finding gaps that security professionals might overlook.
During a penetration test, hired white- or grey-hat hackers carry out an authorized cyberattack to try and find vulnerabilities in a business’s cybersecurity defences. Once detected, businesses can tighten their security to prevent these vulnerabilities from being exploited.
This assessment would provide businesses with a road map for creating a cybersecurity action plan to ensure the protection of sensitive information systems, and the data and privacy of a company’s employees, investors and clients.
Creating the program
A comprehensive cybersecurity and data protection plan should cover a wide variety of areas, including the creation and safeguarding of passwords, remote and restricted access, email encryption, social media, anti-virus measures, contingency plans, data breach responses and training programs.
Crucially, it would also involve the creation of an IT disaster recovery and emergency plan. Businesses must be prepared for any number of disasters, including power outages and cyberattacks, and be able to act accordingly to recover any lost data.
We also recommend that companies create a whistleblowing policy, since 42 per cent of occupational fraud is reported through tips and more than half of those tips come from employees. A good whistleblower policy will include a hotline for complaints and ensure confidentiality and protection for all whistleblowers.
Ultimately, a high quality cybersecurity and data protection program will help firms adjust their management protocols and be better prepared for future cybersecurity risks. The internet is only becoming more and more integral to business operations as the years pass. If companies want to stay abreast of new technological developments, they will need to make cybersecurity central to their organizations. | <urn:uuid:d09e450a-58a9-4648-97ce-950f380e4150> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://etinsights.et-edge.com/a-unified-cybersecurity-strategy-is-the-key-to-protecting-businesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.940701 | 861 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Global water workshop promotes coordinated attainment of global development goals while managing transboundary basins
Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will require coordination across sectors, coherent policies, and integrated planning. It is increasingly clear that authorities need to “break the silos” of their sectoral mandates and work in better coordination across different sectors.
The trade-offs between development areas were at heart of the discussions at the Global Stock-Taking Workshop on Assessments of the Water-Food-Energy-Ecosystems Nexus and Response Measures in Transboundary Basins, held on 6 and 7 December 2016 in Geneva. The meeting was organized back to back with the fourth meeting of the Task Force on the Water-Food-Energy-Ecosystems Nexus, held on 8 December in Geneva.
Growing pressures from development, population growth and climate change call for intersectorally coordinated, cooperative transboundary approaches to the management of water, land, energy and environmental resources. Such approaches are necessary to development at large, as the SDGs — and in particular SDG 6 (water and sanitation), SDG 2 (food security and sustainable agriculture), SDG 7 (access to energy), and SDG 15 (protection and sustainable use of ecosystems) — are closely interlinked.
The aim of the workshop was not only to review the current understanding and practical application of the nexus concept, but also to discuss possible management responses for transboundary cooperation with representatives of Governments and organizations. The issues in focus included methodologies for integrated assessments and initiatives for addressing intersectoral issues such as frictions about conflicting water uses in transboundary basins and lessons learned from assessed basins. Special attention was paid to how to put into practice a nexus approach, notably through synergic solutions such as multi-purpose design and operation of infrastructure and developing intersectoral coordination arrangements. The availability and accessibility of reliable data and information sharing were identified as key to finding sustainable solutions to nexus challenges.
At its fourth meeting, the Task Force reviewed the status of nexus assessments carried out under the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention) in South-Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, and discussed follow-up activities and future assessment work, also in North Africa. A number of transboundary dialogues in transboundary river basins, informed by technical analysis, have already been carried out, bringing together different sectoral authorities to identify concrete cooperative opportunities to improve resource management and the protection of waters.
The meetings brought together more than 120 participants, representing governments (water and energy authorities in particular), river basin organizations, specialized agencies, international and non-governmental organizations and academia. The conclusions from both the workshop and the Task Force meeting will be used to foster transboundary cooperation and provide assistance to countries and joint bodies, such as transboundary commissions.
The workshop was organized under the leadership of the Government of Finland, with the support of the UNECE Water Convention secretariat, and in cooperation with the following partners: the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), the European Commission, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Global Environment Facility (GEF) Project International Waters Learning Exchange and Resource Network (IW:LEARN), the Global Water Partnership, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
For more information on the meetings please visit:
Task Force: http://www.unece.org/index.php?id=41738#/
Environmental Affairs Officer
Tel: +41 22 917 26 66 | <urn:uuid:e2212e0a-eaf6-4cea-8c1e-d8a7a9767daa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.unece.org/info/media/news/environment/2016/global-water-workshop-promotes-coordinated-attainment-of-global-development-goals-while-managing-transboundary-basins/doc.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00521-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916337 | 739 | 2.453125 | 2 |
How Do You Make An Illustration On A Mac
For years, Macs have been preferred in the creative sector, while Windows operating system PCs have ruled the corporate world. The focus of both for graphic design work is on the management of visuals, colour and form, the availability of apps, and overall ease of use.
If you have used either platform before, you are probably adept at sticking to the one you use the most. Both solutions have the necessary software and hardware power to generate visuals. Both aid peripheral gadgets that make work easier, such as styluses, tablets, and personal assistants.
Mac vs PC
A new user can do anything they want, whether they want a Mac or a laptop, but they should be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of each. Macs are often more expensive, but their success is dependent on compatibility. PCs have more apps, but Windows does not integrate well with devices such as Apple’s MacOS, iPad, and iOS.
The graphic designer’s work includes a significant amount of handling of pictures, colour, and shape. Because Apple has a long history of being a designer’s computer, the firm focused on refining its handling of colours and typefaces, especially when going from screen to file to paper.
Do graphic designers require Mac?
If you were to choose between a Mac and a laptop based only on this factor, Apple had a minor advantage. However, the same results may be produced on a PC. In terms of web design, neither wins because you must have access to all operating systems to test your sites on all platforms.
In terms of graphic design, there is no discernible difference between the Mac and PC apps. On both systems, all key programmes, including Adobe Creative Cloud products such as Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign, are developed. Because the Mac is also considered of as a designer’s computer, there are numerous helpful tools and programmes that are exclusively available on the Mac. Overall, more software is accessible for your PC, particularly if you specialise in a particular sector, such as gaming or 3-D architecture rendering.
New features in Mac
Apple builds its operating system on simplicity of use, offering new features that can improve user experience with each release. Collaboration across applications provides for a clean workflow. Although this is most obvious in the company’s consumer programmes, such as Images and iMovie, it is also present in technical software and third-party goods. Even though Microsoft has improved the user interface in the Windows operating system, Apple wins in the category of ease of use.
Your selection may be influenced by your previous experience with Windows or MacOS. Apple’s computers are highly efficient, but they are also extremely expensive. Microsoft Windows runs on both powerful and less powerful systems.
Mac is costly
The price of a Mac used to be its disadvantage, but if you want a Mac but are on a limited budget, consider the iMac user level, which is powerful enough for graphic design work. In the end, especially when you start creating, you are probably better off with a Windows 10 PC.
You may buy a flexible machine for less money than a Mac and use the same interface features on it if you shop wisely. The outcome of your job is determined by your creativity, not the cost of your laptop.
Why do designers choose Macs?
Macs were at the vanguard of the Desktop Publishing Movement in the early years, producing PC competitors in terms of colour fidelity and typography. The differences between MacOS and Windows are less obvious these days, and file compatibility is usually excellent when utilising cross-platform suites like Adobe’s Artistic Cloud. The Mac, on the other hand, is popular with the majority of programmers.
This is due to a variety of causes, including: dependability; exceptional niche programmes that are only available for Mac (such as Sketch); tradition; and, simply, Macs that look a lot nicer than PCs.
What designers anticipate from a Mac?
The further back in time you go, the more developed and focused your creative positions become. A designer, however, will now work in several fields. Not to say that individuals are still solely focused on InDesign magazine layouts, but new artists are just as likely to branch out into animation, interface design, and 3D, all of which may be particularly hard and processor-intensive pursuits.
The extremely rapid move to digital complicates issues even further. A decade ago, when it came to acquiring a new set, the manufacturer’s main concern may have been faultless colour reproduction. However, today’s artists are more likely to focus on screen-based architecture, and their work may be exhibited on displays of all kinds and sizes. The choice of monitor will be critical for a designer who is drawn to 5K or even 6K screens.
The nature of professions can also allow them to be more mobile, so although many designers have historically chosen for a Mac Pro or an iMac, a MacBook Pro and a secondary display may be tempting.
Two tendencies that have not changed much over the years are the trend for RAM-hungry design implementations and the trend for most design projects to demand a substantial amount of space.
Advantages of Using Mac
For a long time, Macs have been associated with high-end graphic design. This is due to the way the goods are designed. Apple products are aesthetically attractive and are frequently purchased for their appearance. There are graphic design materials and apps that are exclusively available on the Mac.
Because Apple products outnumber PCs, there are fewer viruses designed for OS X. In comparison, because Apple tightly monitors the programmes on its computers, bloatware is installed on new systems with much less frequency.
Macs like to incorporate new technology into its design at a faster rate than PCs. Because Apple products are only made by one company, they can move faster when a hardware innovation, like as USB-C, occurs.
Because Mac users are in the minority, Apple has taken special effort to guarantee that their products are compatible with Windows applications. If you want to learn graphic design, Blue Sky Graphics is the ideal place to start! | <urn:uuid:c8917692-052b-4b30-a92a-00651f167ca8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blueskygraphics.co.uk/how-do-you-make-an-illustration-on-a-mac/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.960388 | 1,272 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Bloating in Women Over 50
Many women experience menopause along with gastrointestinal distress, which causes symptoms like sudden bloating, flatulence and indigestion. Not only are these symptoms embarrassing and annoying, but they are also painful.
Bloating in women over 50
This occurs for several reasons and include hormonal imbalance, poor digestion and menopausal bloating.
Bloating is the increase or swelling of the abdominal area. The most common causes are the accumulation of gas or liquid.
Causes of Bloating in Women Over 50
Here are a few causes of bloating which women over 50 might experience:
Gastrointestinal bloating is caused during menopause. During this time, air fills the abdomen and creates a full feeling inside. Even if your stomach remains the same size, you might feel that your pants are a bit tighter. Also, you may feel as if your waistline is expanding.
- Intestinal Bacteria:
The bacterial species present in your intestines can produce excess intestinal gas. This leads to a bloating sensation. Sugary foods primarily lead to the growth of these bacterial species. A lack of lactose and poor digestion can lead to gastrointestinal distress in women over 50. Lactose is an enzyme which breaks down food particles. According to medical studies, high sugar foods like broccoli, onion, cauliflower and fruits can create these bacterial species in the intestines.
Even hormones can trigger bloating in women. High doses of progesterone, for example, can cause breast tenderness and bloating. In the right dose, progesterone has a calming effect. Estradiol, a type of estrogen, can provide relief from bloating.
If you consume too much protein-rich foods at once, then this can also lead to bloating as your stomach will not be able to digest it completely. One can take a few enzymes which help in digestion of protein foods like soy. Soy products are beneficial for menopausal women.
- Digestive Function:
Bloating in women can be caused by a poor digestive function. When one eats too much fatty products, it takes a long time for the body to break it down and eliminate it. During the process of digestion, you can bloat. Even the condition of lactose intolerant can cause gas and bloating in women.
Many women who complain of chronic gas and bloating can have internal parasites, which cause this condition. Nearly 40% of women actually test positive for these parasites. These parasites can be ingested from eating out of date or imported produce. One of the most common sources is salad bars.
- Food Sensitivities:
Even food sensitivities may lead to gas and bloating. One can undergo specific tests to determine whether allergies to certain foods. A few culprits are dairy products, wheat and sugar. One can take multivitamins to keep the body’s balance and restore good health of the digestive system. It is important to take essential fatty acids to minimize intestinal inflammation.
- Premenstrual and IBS:
When women are premenstrual or have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), they usually experience bloating.
- Bloat-inducing Foods:
There are a few bloat-inducing foods like bagels, raw vegetables, beans, cabbage and pretzels which can cause bloating in women.
Tips to Beat the Bloating Blues
- Eat more fiber:
Constipation is one of the culprits for bloating. Fiber will prevent constipation. Women need to consume at least 25 grams fiber every day. You can snack on blueberries, strawberries, dried plums or dried apricots. They are high-fiber foods.
- Control PMS:
Increase in the levels of prostaglandins, estrogen and progesterone, just before your periods, slows down the digestion and leads to water retention. To cope with bloating cut down salt intake before periods. 1000 mg of calcium might also help in reducing the bloating.
- No to gassy food:
Some foods like broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower are difficult to digest for some people. Restrict your consumption of such gas-producing foods. Taking digestive enzymes before meals can also help in digestion.
Drinking water can do wonders for your system. Water flushes out the waste from your system and helps reduce constipation. Fruits also contain lots of water.
- Chew properly:
Remember your granny telling you to chew your food properly? Well, chew your food with your mouth closed. This will not allow too much air to enter your body.
A quick 10 minute walk can set you free from bloating. Exercise helps in the release of gas.
- Dairy wise:
Cut down your intake of yogurt, milk and dairy products as they produce gas.
- No to colas:
Aerated drinks have lots of gas which enters your body, so switch to health drinks.
Some medicines like antidepressants, iron pills and calcium supplements cause constipation. Consult a doctor about the bloating problem. | <urn:uuid:b5b0b548-8a73-45e9-b86b-cd2127d60f21> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://women.ygoy.com/2011/01/26/bloating-in-women-over-50/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00170-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923706 | 1,047 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Large Size Federal Reserve Notes
These historical and collectible Large Size Federal Reserve Notes are among the series of notes first issued in 1914 until 1928. They hearken back to a day when bank notes were redeemable for their value in silver coins at any Federal Reserve Bank. They were originally released in denominations of $5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 dollars.
Though the designs were slightly different from the current notes, the most significant difference was the size of the 1914 to 1928 issues. These earlier notes are about 25% larger, and therefore are usually referred to as Large Federal Reserve Notes. They are also more rare, artistic, and handsome, making them increasingly valuable to collectors as the notes age. While Lincoln, Grant, and Franklin were featured just as they are on the present day $5, $50, and $100 bills, Andrew Jackson instead of Alexander Hamilton was featured on the $10 note. Grover Cleveland appeared on the $20 note instead of Andrew Jackson as currently featured. In addition to their unique size, these design changes make the Large Federal Reserve Notes a pleasure to collect.
A brief exploration of the history of U.S. currency is worthwhile when considering the historical value of the Large Federal Reserve Notes. Federal Reserve notes are the latest in a storied history of paper currency in the United States before designs and denominations became standardized. A Federal Reserve Note is a type of legal tender issued by the United States and printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing under the authority of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. Prior to the Civil War, paper currency was not uniform, appearing in many different sizes, shapes, and colors. In fact, each state issued its own currency as well as individual banks offering their own versions.
However, attempts to standardize the production of all currency and coins came after intense hoarding during the Civil War. Among the most notable paper currencies in circulation between the civil war and the 1914 Federal Reserve Notes were the following: United States Notes (1862 to 1923), National Bank Notes (1863 to 1922), Gold Certificates (1865 to 1922), and Silver Certificates (1878 to 1923). All of these earlier currencies also boasted the larger size. In the early years before the Great Depression, these notes were redeemable for their corresponding value in silver coin or bullion.
Conversely, rather than gold or silver backing, modern Federal Reserve Notes are backed by the Treasuries owned by the Federal Reserve Banks that provide collateral for the value of the notes. What is so fun about collecting these historical Large Notes is that they represent an era when a $50 note meant $50 dollars worth of silver bullion. Therefore, collectors of rare U.S. currency will enjoy browsing through our selection of these colorful and historical specimens, and you’ll enjoy their fine artistry, as well.
There are no products matching the selection. | <urn:uuid:54978fc9-ee28-4196-99c8-a238e3f4c690> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.providentmetals.com/coins/currency/us/federal-reserve-notes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00449-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965988 | 605 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The nasal septum is the wall between the nostrils that separates the nasal passages. The septum is made of cartilage and thin bone. If the nasal septum is crooked, it is called a deviated nasal septum. A deviated septum may be caused by injury or
surgery to the nose.
A deviated nasal septum may not cause
symptoms. When present, symptoms may include a crooked nose, trouble
breathing through the nose (especially on one side), or a runny nose.
November 7, 2011
Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & Donald R. Mintz, MD - Otolaryngology
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | <urn:uuid:ddec396f-a3a8-48e2-a2cc-3c809ec470fe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.cardiosmart.org/healthwise/tp12/146/tp12146 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00338-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887702 | 187 | 3.078125 | 3 |
In the early chapters of Genesis we see that all is very good. An order within creation is revealed and we see that the creator’s intention for humanity is to be in right relationship with him, with others, with self, and with creation. Eden was the space within which these relationships were first cultivated and celebrated. Today we still see glimpses of Eden at work, and one of those glimpses is in the institution of the library. As a promoter of relationships between God, others, self, and creation, the library reflects God’s creational order in that it is an open space for the cultivating and celebrating of relationships in the midst of creation.
Public libraries may not jump to mind as institutions that promote relationships with God, but the resources that they provide allow individuals to study, learn, and explore him through his works. A library reminds us how small we are, and how vast the universe. While walking through a library, we come into contact with the creator in books on gardening, in books about astronomy, in works of poetry, in children’s literature, and in graphic novels. The awe and wonder that is displayed in a library points us toward the creator and sustainer of the universe. As we learn more about God’s creation we draw nearer to him, and libraries are spaces in which this process can take place.
Traditionally, libraries have been viewed as sanctuaries of learning, as quiet places for self-reflection and study. In a hectic, fast-paced world, this haven of quiet is an oasis for disciplined, calm reflection. A library puts us in touch not only with the world and with God, but also with ourselves. Its silence is a rare, precious thing amid the noise of the rest of our daily lives. In it, we learn more about the people we have been created to be.
Public space itself has become rare, and many of the spaces in which we come into contact with members of our community cannot truly be considered public because of exclusionary mechanisms. Theatres, arenas, and museums generally require an entrance fee that limits their public access. At the library, however, all are welcome to use the space and the resources free of charge. Today, most public libraries work to include those who would have traditionally been excluded by the academic nature of a library. Language classes are offered for newcomers, computer training for those unfamiliar with technology, resume writing workshops for those without employment, and story hour for the least among us—children.
Inclusion is reflected not only in programs offered by the library, but also within the library’s collection. The collection of a public library is intended to provide a representation of available knowledge and to include the values and ideals of all people, making today’s library a place of community. The very idea of the library promotes and depends on community. Public funding provided by the greater community brings the library into existence and allows all members of society to have access to this public good. The library survives to serve the community because of a belief in the greater good; thus, the library remains a public good with the ability to promote right relationships in a way that is increasingly countercultural.
The commission that God gives to Adam and Eve in Genesis 1:28 is to “fill the earth and subdue it.” Richard Mouw argues that this does not mean merely that men and women are meant to fill the earth with offspring. Instead, he proposes that this command relates more to how we respond to creation. Filling the earth means making culture within creation, and interacting with creation in all of its forms. As created beings made in our creator’s likeness, we are called to create as well as to respond to creation by shaping and forming culture. Libraries are storehouses for the records that catalogue human interaction with creation through the ages. Each of the records chronicles human attempts to respond with our creative natures, not only in the obvious fields of literature and poetry, but also in the fields of architecture, history, art, and so on. The library is a home and storehouse of our God-given creativity; it is the keeper of traditions. It is a home that not only lovingly cares for its belongings, but opens itself to share them with all.
The library provides a space that promotes and responds to creativity and curiosity more holistically. Google and Wikipedia are convenient, but the shelves of the internet don’t prod our curiosity, don’t invite us to sit, wait, curiously page through, and find more than we came looking for. Libraries encourage curiosity and provide contextualized information.
In a world that often seems far removed from Eden, the library is a taste of that original garden and a foretaste of the great city and its great libraries to come. The library as institution allows us to meet with God, to reflect on our humanness, to be a part of a community, and to take creative delight in the world and its maker. | <urn:uuid:a05d0e79-e052-4262-b444-9d7040ea7fda> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://comment.org/library-as-eden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.966026 | 1,021 | 2.84375 | 3 |
If everything Edward Snowden says is true, he is a criminal whose actions may have endangered American lives. He is also a conscientious citizen, risking career and liberty to expose what he believes to be grave wrongdoing. This is the paradox underlying government surveillance programs in general, and in particular the shaky foundations of the U.S. national security apparatus.
Snowden, an employee of Booz Allen Hamilton working in Hawaii as a contractor for the National Security Agency, has revealed himself as the source of leaks about a program called Prism, which allows the NSA to collect and mine user data from companies such as Google, Facebook and Microsoft.
There’s a compelling case to be made against Snowden’s actions. If Prism played the central role that officials claim, then revealing its existence could significantly harm Americans’ safety. If Snowden didn’t want to be part of such a program, he could have simply left his job. If he thought the program was being run improperly, he could have taken his concerns to the agency’s inspector general or to Congress.
But anyone seeking to pass judgment on Snowden should try to understand the dilemma he describes. He says he didn’t want to live in a society that engages in the sort of program he worked on. Based on statements from President Barack Obama and members of Congress, it seems unlikely that Snowden would have found much support from inside government for his view that the program was abusive.
Snowden’s case highlights the difficulty, if not impossibility, of debating U.S. national security policy in this age of ubiquitous technology: How do you build informed public consent for surveillance when the only people who know about those programs can’t talk about them? And without the public’s consent, how can those programs be legitimate in a democratic society?
Those who think what he did was wrong need to do more than just criticize his actions. The goal should be to make it easier for others like him to follow their consciences without breaking the law.
The Obama administration may be tempted to respond to Snowden’s actions by intensifying its policy of intimidating would-be leakers through prosecutions. Yet as this case demonstrates, the prospect of imprisonment doesn’t deter everyone. The administration and Congress should instead acknowledge that members of the intelligence community need better avenues for reporting practices they find to be abusive — if only because, absent such avenues, there will be more Edward Snowdens.
One option would be to give contractors with access to classified information the same whistle-blower protections that government intelligence personnel received under a presidential directive issued last year. Another would be to expand the role of the Office of Special Counsel or similar body to include the investigation of the type of privacy abuses Snowden says he observed.
Instead of asking whether the government should rely less on companies such as Booz Allen, the Snowden affair compels us to ask a different question: Whether the U.S. national security apparatus is now too big, and its techniques too sweeping, to maintain the level of secrecy the government claims it needs — and what size, and which means, are appropriate for a democratic republic.
Bloomberg News (June 11) | <urn:uuid:7cddd64d-e825-4c98-a978-275ce9d08f7b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://bangordailynews.com/2013/06/12/opinion/other-voices/edward-snowden-criminal-security-risk-or-model-citizen/?ref=relatedBox | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00291-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968646 | 648 | 2.125 | 2 |
ricky26 December 13, 2011 at 15:44:54 Specs: Windows XP
i bought a computer the old one works fine but it is slow. am using ethernet dsl cable. it connects through lan connections. the new one connects local only and will not let me get on internet. can you help me with my problem ? when i try to go on the internet it brings up a connection through broadband and askes for a user name and password. the other computer doesn't and i have no username or password through the dsl. also on the connection status it says connected but will not let me go to the internet please help if you can. thanks
goto the network connections and delete the connection pppoe that requires the username and password. Then goto the control panel and select internet options, connections tab.....set up a new connection and choose "a broadband connection that is always on".
The information on Computing.Net is the opinions of its users. Such
opinions may not be accurate and they are to be used at your own risk.
Computing.Net cannot verify the validity of the statements made on this
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and liability for the content of Computing.Net and its accuracy. | <urn:uuid:76e35c30-6421-425d-afce-5eba75b91680> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.computing.net/answers/networking/i-need-help-making-a-lan-connection-to-my-computer/48688.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00554-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919725 | 260 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Pope Alexander I
Pope Alexander I was born with the name Alexander, in Rome, Italy. He was the pope of the Roman Catholic Church from c. 107 to c. 115. His predecessor was Evaristus while his successor was Pope Sixtus I. There have been some claims that Pope Alexander I suffered martyrdom under the Roman Emperor Trajan or Adrian, although this is questionable.
During his papacy, Pope Alexander initiated many activities, introduced a number of significant innovations in the Catholic Church and made incredible contributions to its legacy. First, according to the Liber Pontificalis, it was Pope Alexander I who included the narration of the Last Supper in the Catholic Mass. However, there have been opposition from both Catholic and non-Catholic experts that this is not true, saying that it was just written for the sake of providing a papacy pattern of the Catholic Church.
Second, it is Pope Alexander I who is said to have started the use of blessing water mixed with salt for the purification of Christian homes against evil influences. On the other hand, Pope Alexander I is also said to have introduced the custom of mixing water with the sacramental wine. However, these two claims are also said to be inaccurate, just like the ones which claim that Pope Alexander I ordained six priests, two deacons and five bishops, yet these positions had not been established yet during his papacy. Despite all these oppositions, it is definite and true that Pope Alexander I together with others played a big role in the general governance of the Roman Catholic Church and that he played an important role in the evolution of the current liturgical and administrative policies of the Church.
In addition, Pope Alexander I is also said to have had a vision of the infant Jesus. Nevertheless, this has also been opposed and termed as inaccurate. Some experts have only said that the only activity associated with Pope Alexander I in historical sources about the time of his alleged vision of the infant Jesus is that Pope Alexander I were martyred at this period. Some of the information that claimed Pope Alexander I having been linked with the vision of infant Jesus was removed from books of Catholic history in 1960 by Pope John XXIII. In most cases, the “acts” of Pope Alexander I are said not to be genuine. However, his contribution to the Catholic Church during his papacy cannot be ignored. He played his role as pope during his reign and many regarded him as a successful pope who did not cause collisions in the church.
Pope Alexander I died in c.115 in Rome, Italy. His feast day is celebrated on 3rd May. His relics are said to have been transferred to Freising in Bavaria, Germany in AD 834. | <urn:uuid:3e9a5483-9a8e-40c4-88ca-bc041cd33fb1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://vatican.com/articles/popes/pope_alexander_1-a4134 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00430-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.991583 | 551 | 3.203125 | 3 |
At least 90% of our earth’s Sun will be covered by the Moon on Friday next, (March 20th, 2015), thus creating something of an unusual spectacle for Thurles viewers, weather permitting of course. Indeed Met Éireann claim that the south of Ireland could be the best region from which to view this partial solar eclipse.
Since Ireland resides in that zone where the Sun is not totally obscured by the moon, we will therefore only experience a partial eclipse, rather than, as in some areas of the globe, a total eclipse. An area running north through the middle of the Atlantic and up over the Arctic will in fact only experience a full solar eclipse.
Here in Thurles this phenomenon should starts around 8.23am and run until 10.36am, with the peak of the eclipse reached at around 9.27am. If our skies are very cloudy, it will not be possible to observe same, although its effect will be felt as it will get somewhat darker and it will also feel much colder. If our sky’s are clear however it will be possible to see the very distinct outline of the moon passing slowly across the shape of the Sun, from right to left.
The last time an eclipse was visible from Ireland was in 1999 and it will be 2026 before yet another partial one is seen here in Thurles again. Indeed it will be 2090 before a total solar eclipse is next visible from this part of our globe.
Warning: Do not personally look directly at this upcoming Friday spectacle and in particular impress upon your children that direct eye contact can severely damage eyes and even lead to blindness. You may be lucky enough to own a pair of special Solar Glasses or welding goggles or welding shield, all of which have sufficient filtration to fully protect your eyes from any such harmful effects of the Sun’s rays.
Of course for those of you anxious to view and who own none of the above, best to line a bucket with a black plastic bin liner before filling the bucket to the top with water. This done; view in safety the eclipse reflected on the surface of the water only. Latter is a safe and an ideal method of viewing this spectacle by groups of children, especially in a supervised educational setting, while using several such bucket apparatuses spread out. | <urn:uuid:718b25c9-000b-40a1-9f6d-5a0c01197e60> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thurles.info/2015/03/17/thurles-can-view-partial-sun-eclipse-friday-morning-next/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00291-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944935 | 470 | 2.796875 | 3 |
All the following documents are included in the Full Download, but they are also made available here so you can preview the package.
Distributed in Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) format for compactness and compatibility, the user manual and its five appendices (below) should leave you in no doubt of what the package does, and how to drive it. Appendix 'A' is a recommended diagrammatic overview.
These should be read by all users, they contain lots of stuff that hasn't made it into the User Manual yet.
Nobody is perfect, so here is a list of imperfections in issued databases. All these problems are removed when you re-make an image using AviaDBM software.
A description of the file format required for Batch Updates to the ISAM database.
A diagram depicting the functions and relationships of the programs. If it doesn't view too well, try printing it.
A program to Read, List, and Create all types of Flarm database files. | <urn:uuid:1ab0aa34-746a-4ef6-8b94-6d6986a4c6c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://web.abnormal.com/~avia_dbm/documentation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.941452 | 206 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Do you really own your property? What limits should the city place on your hobbies and your profession?
About a month ago, Valley News Live reported on the story of the Royce family in Fargo that had received a notice indicating that they could no longer keep 2 chickens in their backyard.
The Royce’s were confused, because they carefully studied what they thought was the applicable law, and found no general prohibition on chickens. In fact, they found the specific rules governing chickens kept in the city. This can be found in section 12-03 of the Fargo City Ordinances.
The ordinances define what conditions would constitute a “nuisance” from fowl and other certain types of animals, generally prohibits letting livestock run freely in the streets, and is a pretty reasonable piece of law.
My family also kept laying hens in our backyard when we lived in downtown Fargo. The neighbors seemed to enjoy the occasional eggs, and we complied with all of the relevant portions of Section 12. There are more people in urban areas keeping chickens then you might think, and a quick web search shows that the issue has come up in West Fargo, Moorhead, and several other nearby towns in the last decade.
Urban chicken keeping is popular these days, and according to Fargo animal control law, is perfectly legal.
What we didn’t know, and what the Royce’s didn’t know, is that the Fargo Animal Ordinances apparently do not comprise the entirety of applicable city law for property owners in Fargo.
Enter the Fargo Land Development Codes. You can read them here.
These are codified as article 20 of the Fargo City Ordinances.
Unlike the Animal ordinances, which were adopted back in the 1950s, the Land Development Code was first adopted in 1998 and has been revised considerably since.
It is under the land development code zoning and permitted uses rulemaking authority that the Royce’s were found to be in violation of city law.
Basically, the LDC places limitations on what private property owners can do with their property. You may have heard of “zoning” before; zoning is a large input into the LDC.
The city’s complaint against the Royce’s contends that because they are not zoned as an agricultural property, that they may not keep chickens on their property.
The problem with this claim is that nothing in the LDC supports it. In fact, the word “chicken” does not appear anywhere in the LDC.
The word “fowl”, which is a general term used for all types of birds, only appears in the code once, and only in reference to animal breeding operations. Clearly, having 2 chickens in your back yard is not a breeding operation. In fact, because the animal code prohibits animal nuisances, and nuisances include noise, people who keep backyard chickens in urban settings almost never have roosters, only hens.
I’ll connect the dots for those of you who have forgotten their chicken biology: someone with no roosters is, by definition, not running a chicken breeding operation.
Continuing, the word “animal” appears in the 222 page LDC document only in reference to keeping horses (which are allowed in some zones), animal confinement operations, dog grooming, and pet boarding services.
Strangely, the LDC specifically allows for kennels and boarding services in non-agriculturally zoned properties, and for horses in some zones, provided that the manure is managed appropriately. Having a pair of chickens in your backyard is considerably less impactful on grass, noise, neighbors, odors, and any other conceivable public interest, than running a pet grooming business, running a pet kennel, or keeping horses – all of which the LDC allows outside of agricultural zones.
Furthermore, both the animal code and the LDC have never been construed as a prohibition on pets, nor on pets that spend some or all of their time in backyards. Pets are a specifically allowed use for residential properties (although, the fact that the LDC needs to call out that “pet ownership is a permitted use” shows just how invasive the LDC is into our personal lives)
While it’s not something I’m interested in, there are people who keep chickens as pets, in the most traditional sense of the word. These are chickens that live indoors (and wear diapers to manage their excrement) and sit in peoples laps. Clearly, if there is an example of an animal being kept as a pet, the LDC would not exclude such a use. It would seem that even if the LDC made a solid case that chickens were disallowed as an agricultural or livestock operation, someone wishing to keep them as pets should be allowed to do so.
Additionally, the LDC also allows for a conditional permitted use or a code variance on a case by case basis. So it is unclear why the city would attempt to evict the chickens from the property instead of suggesting that the Royce family apply for a variance.
The worst kinds of laws are the laws that are in conflict with each other; they are little known and only enforced selectively. There’s no point in having an animal code that describes how you may keep chickens, if unelected folks working for the city are just going to interpret the LDC to mean whatever they want it to mean on a particular day for a particular victim.
The LDC has been revised well over 50 times between its introduction in 1998 and the last noted change, in 2009. Do you remember voting on these changes? Do you remember hearing them debated or discussed? I don’t. Yet how the LDC is interpreted can control nearly every aspect of how we use our home property – and as such, how we live our lives. In some neighborhoods, the LDC controls what types of shutters, siding, and windows you can put on your house.
On the topic of backdoor legislation, as I was researching the status of chickens in the LDC for this article, I came across something else interesting.
The LDC also specifies what types of businesses can and cannot be run out of a residence. On one hand, this seems reasonable. Many people would prefer that strip clubs not be run out of suburban homes. The LDC spends much time addressing precisely where adult businesses can and cannot exist.
However, the LDC doesn’t proscribe a general prohibition on home based businesses. It has reasonable rules about parking and hours of operation that would apply to any home-based businesses. Instead, it identifies some specific categories of business that are prohibited, not by public vote, but by declaration of the city planners.
One of those categories is firearms and ammunition.
The City of Fargo LDC does not allow someone to run a home based business dealing with firearms or ammunition – even if they comply with all of the other regulations. Section 20-0403.c.5e specifically prohibits selling firearms or ammunition out of the home.
The federal government has no problem with you running a gun business out of your house. There are numerous Americans who do this, all with federal government blessing. There are people in North Dakota who do this. If this were a problem, we’d have heard about it, right?
So why does the city of Fargo prohibit it? Do the residents of Fargo really prohibit this, or is there the hand of an activist city planner at work here?
Property zoning is currently the reality in much (but not all!) of urban America. Many people will agree with some of the outcomes of zoning – like limiting where adult businesses can be placed – but this doesn’t mean we should treat zoning with any less skepticism than we do other appendages of government.
Instead, because of the pervasive reach and murky applicability of zoning laws, we ought to pay them special attention, and seek to hold the public officials that propose, approve, and enforce zoning changes accountable for their misdeeds. | <urn:uuid:7b1fa499-dee2-4040-946b-7770810baaac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sayanythingblog.com/entry/fargo-land-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.964596 | 1,658 | 2.09375 | 2 |
On Tue, Mar 21, 2006 at 04:02:19PM -0800, Srinivas Kommu wrote:
> I'm running gdb on vmlinux connected to a remote target (2.4 kernel). I
> have the task_struct address of 'current' and other processes. Is it
> possible to get a symbolic stack trace of the kernel stack? Where is the
> kernel stack located? I tried to print (task_struct->reg29). Is this
> the PC?
I assume you meant task_struct->reg29) which is the address at which
the process is going to resume execution when it's time has arrived. But
in most cases this address isn't terribly interesting. So we have two
o $31 pointing to ret_from_fork
This is a new born process which will begin it's active life of
execution on a CPU at ret_from_fork. This is where the resume function
will jump to which may well be not the scheduler function.
The thread is regaining the CPU and the resume() call is going to return
straight to it's caller, kernel/sched.c:context_switch() which inlined
into schedule() and what we actually want is schedule's caller, so we
dig through the scheduler's stack frame. To make things more
entertaining the stack frame will change with configuration options and
compiler used, so we basically have to disassemble the stackframe.
For get_wchan We repeat that exercise in the cases we one of the other
scheduler functions may have called schedule() until we reach a
non-schedule function. So now we have a pointer that actually points to
something interesting, a driver or other kernel subsystem.
The whole thing is a bit of a mindbender. Why? The scheduler is designed
to deliver best possible performance and we've not compromized on
performance to make the job of backtracing any easier.
> PS. I broke into gdb using a hotkey on the serial console; so the gdb
> backtrace shows the serial driver.
In which you need to be extra careful about the validity of any pointer
you might encounter. | <urn:uuid:489fa6a7-93bb-450d-839e-4875c71c6cea> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.linux-mips.org/archives/linux-mips/2006-03/msg00211.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00080-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899567 | 470 | 1.898438 | 2 |
“When we start by being too impressed by the results of our work, we slowly come to the erroneous conviction that life is one large scoreboard where someone is listing the points to measure our worth. And before we are fully aware of it, we have sold our soul to the many grade-givers. That means we are not only in the world, but also of the world. Then we become what the world makes us. We are intelligent because someone gives us a high grade. We are helpful because someone says thanks. We are likable because someone likes us. And we are important because someone considers us indispensable. In short, we are worthwhile because we have successes. When we cling to the results of our actions as our only way of self-identification, then we become possessive and defensive and tend to look at our fellow human beings more as enemies to be kept at a distance than as friends with whom we share the gifts of life.” Henri Nouwen, Show Me the Way.
Identity can be elusive. One day we are convinced we know who we are and the next we might be spinning in confusion. We are confident in one moment and completely unsure the next. We wait to hear what people will say to us and about us. We perform and measure. We watch others perform and we re-measure. This form of self-identification is consistently shifty and notoriously erroneous. The internal scoreboard that we run in our own minds and heart gives us a false boost as quickly as it can send us plummeting into the pits.
In a culture that demands more and more of our time, energies and affections, our internal scoreboards are constantly shifting if they are based on anything other than grace. This grace is only possible because of Christ. In Christ we given grace and this grounds and sustains us. When we base our worth and identity on our abilities, our function and our production then we will constantly swing between thinking we have everything to offer and thinking we have nothing to offer.
This self-focused posture is in radical opposition to the truth of the gospel. The gospel of Jesus Christ gives us grace. We need grace to become Christians and to live as Christians. We need to be reminded of the gospel again and again and again. We need to be reminded again and again that we stand on grace. The gospel gives us grace and we continue to learn to stand on it rather than on our own work. Remember grace. Receive grace. Stand on grace. | <urn:uuid:34d8792d-9ec2-491b-8895-49976ec8a725> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blogs.bible.org/engage/laura.murray/internal_scoreboard | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00333-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969881 | 508 | 1.585938 | 2 |
ERIC Number: ED123307
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1976
Reference Count: 0
Sexism and Racism in Popular Basal Readers 1964-1976. Based Upon: A 1973 Report by the Baltimore Feminist Project. A 1975 Postscript by Mary Jane Lipton. An Afterword by the Racism and Sexism Resource Center for Educators.
Racism and Sexism Resource Center for Educators, New York, NY.
A group of six feminists undertook this study because they felt it important that people learn about racial and sexual discrimination in textbooks used in Baltimore City and other U.S. schools. The task force chose five series of basal readers widely used in Baltimore. These series are used in most, if not all, Elementary Secondary Education Act Title I schools -- schools in which a majority of students are Third World. A predetermined selection process was used to chose a block of ten stories from each book in the study sample. The examination reveals that females and racial minorities are underrepresented in central roles. Where they do appear, their characterization reinforces traditional sexual and racial stereotypes. The readers fail in general to provide positive self-images for females and racial minorities, and they reflect and reinforce social injustices. Recommendations are made for ways to use the readers and for the development of teacher, parent, and publisher awareness of the problems of sexual and racial stereotyping. An afterword has been appended reviewing 1975 and 1976 readers. (Author/JM)
Descriptors: Basal Reading, Basic Reading, Black Stereotypes, Characterization, Childrens Literature, Content Analysis, Curriculum Development, Early Childhood Education, Ethnic Stereotypes, Racial Discrimination, Sex Discrimination, Sex Role, Sex Stereotypes, Textbook Bias, Textbook Research, Textbook Selection
Racism and Sexism Resource Center for Educators, 1841 Broadway, New York, New York 10023 ($2.50)
Publication Type: Reports - Research
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: Racism and Sexism Resource Center for Educators, New York, NY. | <urn:uuid:e4787543-7559-4553-ad39-c43ced6d9692> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED123307 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00177-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884438 | 433 | 3.078125 | 3 |
High-level envoys mulled how to revive diplomacy aimed at securing a deal by July to rein in Iran's bomb-relevant nuclear activities, Reuters reports.
Finalizing a long-term plan before the expiration of an interim atomic accord was the goal of the Thursday gathering in Brussels, which brought together representatives from China, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. The looming cutoff is forcing participants in the talks to consider any ground they may offer in a bid to secure an agreement, according to Reuters.
The five permanent U.N. Security Council member nations and Germany -- represented in the discussions by European Union foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton -- are seeking limits on Iranian activities they fear could support arms development. Tehran insists its nuclear efforts are nonmilitary in nature, but has expressed openness to potential restrictions in exchange for relief from international sanctions.
Ashton spokesman Michael Mann said Thursday's meeting "affirmed the determination of the [six nations] to reach a comprehensive agreement by July 20," when their six-month interim agreement with Tehran is scheduled to lapse. The "P-5+1" nations are slated to launch their next meeting with Iran on July 2.
Meanwhile, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reaffirmed worries that the six powers may concede too much to Iran in their push for a compromise, the Jerusalem Post reported on Friday.
"If there is one message that needs to be put out today it is not to let Iran, on the sidelines of this conflict in Iraq, have nuclear weapons capability because sooner or later -- and it's sooner rather than later -- they'll have atomic bombs," Netanyahu said.
Israeli National Security Adviser Yossi Cohen and Intelligence Minister Yuval Steinitz are expected to make a similar case during a weekend trip to Washington. | <urn:uuid:04a6a214-b3fa-4266-8c40-c081cf45a59d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/key-officials-huddle-how-save-iran-talks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00124-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962731 | 361 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Stockholm — The Norwegian border with the Soviet Union is 196 kilometers of arctic desolation. it runs from the Soviet settlement of Nautsi along the Pasvikelv River and reaches the Barents Sea at the entrace of Varanger fiord. It is just snow, ice, and sub-zeo temperatures, and at this time of the year it is in perpetual darkness.
East meets West in a frozen wilderness. The ice is a fitting backdrop to the present state of relations between the Soviet Union and its Scandinavian neighbor.
The decision to allow the United States to store weapons on Norwegian territory, in the wake of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan a year ago, has provoked an angry reaction from the Soviets.
On a recent visit to Moscow, Norwegian Foreign Minister Knut Frydenlund was blasted by a strong verbal attack from Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. Mr. Gromyko's December outburst was only the culmination of a long campaign by the Soviet press against the Norwegian-US agreement.
Mr. Frydenlund played down his confrontation in Moscow. He said he was satisfied with the results of his conversation with Mr. Gromyko. He said he had outlined Norway's policies concerning defense and had explained that "certain measures" had been necessary in view of developments in the north.
Mr. Gromyko, too, was careful to point out that his government wants to maintain the "traditionally good relations" that exists between Norway and the Soviet Union. But there was no disguising the fact that Frydenlund had been told in no uncertain terms about Soviet misgivings at the new agreement with the US.
The agreement has also been subject of a heated debate in Norway itself.
The ruling Labor Party is by no means united on defense issues, and Prime Minister Odvar Nordli is forced to walk a precarious tightrope between left and right.
It was internal pressure, coupled with the Soviet press onslaught, that led Mr. Nordli to instruct his defense minister, Thorvald Stoltenberg, to "clear the air" by making public just what will be stored by the Us Marines at Trondelag in northern Norway.
The equipment, Mr. Stoltenberg revealed at a press conference, will include air, artillery, infantry, and tank weaponry. There will be 24 howitzers with a range of 40 kilometers, bridge building equipment, 250 trucks, ammunition, fuel, 24 Phantom jets, 40 Harriers, and 68 Skyhawks along with 75 helicopters.
In addition, Norway will supply 150 Caterpillar trucks able to tackle icy conditions, 90 ordinary trucks, 35 ambulances, and 6 armored cars.
The Norwegians say the agreement is necessary because of recent Soviet strengthening of its seaborne forces in northern Europe. What particularly worries NATO officials in Norway is the new type of Soviet submarine they have code-named "Oscar."
This new, fast missile-bearing sub, along with the highly developed Soviet nuclear submarine force, puts increasing emphasis on Murmansk, the Soviets' main submarine base, the first major port along the coast from the Norwegian-Soviet border.
Now looking east from Varanger fiord, the sky is dark with something more than the arctic night. | <urn:uuid:3ea2ccb3-5a9d-4dc4-827a-c6dc181d556f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.csmonitor.com/1980/1229/122944.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00066-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966384 | 668 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Create a new frame here. Actually, I have a frame set up called Paragraph Rules. And so, one of the things that we can do is we can put a rule back behind text. I'm actually not gonna open that one yet. I'm gonna show you what I mean before I open up some of those other ones that are there. And I am going to make sure I hide those hidden characters. I don't wanna see those. So if I have a headline, and then I have a bunch of text down here, and I want a frame back behind this headline. Maybe this headline is bold, and we'll make it a little bit bigger. And also, let's make it CAPS. So in that, I wanna make sure that I have a line back behind it, or square back behind it. I can do that using something called paragraph rules. So under the paragraph panel, under the menu, Paragraph Rules, which sounds like it tells you a rule that you're supposed to do something or not, but it's not, it's a line, a rule line. So I'm gonna tell it rule above or below. It doesn't matter, because we're gonna...
have to move it anyway. So I'm gonna say rule below, and turn that on, and turn on my preview. So I can see I now have a rule below that. But what I wanna do is I wanna make it, first of all, a different color. So let's make it yellow. So I'm making sort of a highlighter here. And I can choose what type of line I want. I'm just gonna use a solid line for that. And I'm gonna go ahead and just make it thicker. So basically, I'm making it thicker. And because it's an underline, it's moving the line down. And that's fine. I just wanna make it fat enough to fit that text. But then I can come back up here to the offset, and I can move that up. So let's just move that guy up until it lines up pretty good. Looks good. And then I also can tell it whether or not I want it to fit the column, or just the text itself. And I do want it to stick out a little bit beyond the text, and that's what this little left indent is for. So I can bring this in just to some negative values, just so it sticks out a little bit. And now, I've got that text set up as a rule. So, now keep in mind, this is the entire paragraph. So if I have other information, I can't just have just this one word selected. If I did, I could use the underline feature instead. If I just wanted this word to have that sort of look to it, I could use the underline feature, and I option clicked on that, and choose underline, and do the same sort of thing. But it would be just for this particular character that's here. But in this case I'm doing it across an entire paragraph. So the nice thing is, as I have other text, if I were to put text before that, and paste that in there, and hit return, I now have that, and it travels with it. As I add and delete text, that text moves with it. And that's why I don't wanna have a separate square that I have to move along with it. I can use that paragraph style that's there. I'm gonna open up one that I have with these paragraph rules, just to kind of show you some other things that you can do with that. So these are both paragraph rules as well. So this is a headline. And so this is a paragraph style that I've set up called the Bubble Banner. And all I've done is the same thing with paragraph rules. Come down to my paragraph rules. This is the same dialog box that we just saw. I turn the rule on. And I did a dotted line instead. That's how I got these rounded corners. I did a dotted line, and it's color, but I also made the gap color, the color that goes between the dots, the same exact color. So that gives me my rounded corners. So it's basically a dotted line with the gap filled in with the same exact color. So that's just a paragraph rule. I can check that in my paragraph panel under Paragraph Rules. And I have my rule above turned on, and there's that. So I have the same thing here. It's the same sort of thing. And so we can set that. So as we work with this, this becomes the same. I can go ahead and add that to each of those paragraphs that are. Sorry, sometimes though, when I hit the return though, it's going to break that, because it is actually two different paragraphs. But I can see that as I continue to hit return, it automatically adds that background to that. So that is a paragraph rule just added to the background. So it moves with it. I don't have to maintain a line or a square behind the text as well, and it moves along with them. | <urn:uuid:3e7eb3b3-55b4-4609-9ea6-5bbfd16c4cfa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://firehose.creativelive.com/class/adobe-indesign-cc-intermediate-beyond-the-basics-erica-gamet/lessons/paragraph-rules | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.976716 | 1,073 | 1.75 | 2 |
A test of mobile security products against more than 2,000 of the latest malware threats revealed Kaspersky Internet Security for Android as the highest-performing solution.
The independent testing, conducted by AV-Test, analyzed the effectiveness of products from 31 vendors in detecting and stopping 2,266 active malware samples in March of this year, as well as how the number of false positives they produced – instances of suspected virus detection against programs that are not actually harmful – as well as how they impacted device performance, battery life and Internet speed.
Kaspersky Internet Security for Android identified and neutralized 100 percent of the malware programs; the average score of the other solutions tested was a 95-percent success rate. KIS Android also produced zero false positives and did not have a significant effect on device resources – all of which combined to earn Kaspersky Internet Security for Android a flawless rating of 13 points out of 13 and a “Certified” award.
“The main task of a mobile security solution is to secure user data from cybercriminal actions and prevent the device from turning into a source of spam or other cyber attacks,” said Viktor Chebyshev, mobile threat research group manager at Kaspersky Lab. When a user chooses a solution, its impact on the device’s performance often becomes a major factor. So it is important that a security product for smartphones and tablets ensures high-level protection against cyber threats and, at the same time, does not affect the user experience.”
All products were tested on Android version 4.3, and the products were used in their default settings and were allowed to update their antivirus databases, as well as use all available protection tools and to query any cloud-based support services.
Kaspersky Lab products regularly earn high rankings in independent testing, and KIS Android is no exception: In January 2014, it earned a first-place result in PC Security Labs testing against high-level Android malware threats. | <urn:uuid:cf42f649-114f-4f6d-8be6-993d15b7cb5c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/kis-android-march-14/4693/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.953827 | 402 | 1.625 | 2 |
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) are an increasingly common group of malignancies that arise within the endocrine tissue of the pancreas. Endocrine tissue is specialized tissue that contains hormone-secreting cells. These cells secrete several different hormones into the blood (endocrine) or to local cells (paracrine, autocrine). These hormones have a variety of functions within the body. Neoplasms that arise from endocrine tissue may also secrete hormones, resulting in excessive levels of these hormones in the body and potentially a wide variety of symptoms. Although there is no difference in diagnosis and therapy, pNENs can be differentiated as functioning or nonfunctioning. Functioning pNENs secrete hormones into the bloodstream, which cause special symptoms; nonfunctioning neoplasms may produce hormones, but no systemic symptoms. Nonfunctioning neuroendocrine neoplasms can still cause symptoms relating to tumor size and location such as obstruction or internal bleeding. There are several different subtypes of functioning pNENs distinguished by the specific type of hormone that they secrete. Most pNENs occur sporadically. They have some different differentiation (G1-3), but all of them have the potential for malignant transformation. Most pNENs occur sporadically, but in some cases, pNENs may occur as part of a larger genetic syndrome such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) or von Hippel Lindau (VHL) syndrome.
Pancreatic cancer as a general term usually refers to pancreatic adenocarcinoma, an aggressive malignant cancer with a poor prognosis. Approximately 95 percent of pancreatic malignancies are adenocarcinomas, for which the prognoses are in general worse than the prognosis of G1- and G2 pNENs. G3 neuroendocrine carcinomas have the same poor prognosis as pancreatic adenocarinomas. | <urn:uuid:c58ae910-6148-4f83-8f8a-c15587e27357> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://mentalhealthhelpcenter.com/condition/encephalopathy%2C-hypoglycemic/s/Confusion/12314 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.918929 | 415 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Although not being quite old enough to have actually experienced the phenomenon of the victory gardens in WWI or WWII, the concept came to mind with regard to the current pandemic. During war time, Americans were called on to grow food in whatever space they had. To quote an article in the New York Times: ‘that idea resonates as trips to the grocery store become fraught with fears of coronavirus exposure…’
Unknowingly, I had a victory garden of sorts underway….using kitchen scraps. Weeks ago a sprouted Bermuda onion from my kitchen was the first contribution. Next, potatoes that had begun to sprout were added,
then a beet.
Finding that some loose peas had sprouted in the crisper, I dug a shallow trench for them.
I’ve recently done the same with tomato seeds.
Watching, what would have otherwise gone to compost, take root and sprout new life, is satisfying in its own right. Being engaged in a productive activity which may yield food to be shared helps give purpose to these days of isolation.
Please share what is helping to give meaning and purpose to your life as we weather these days together. | <urn:uuid:25ba118a-835d-4cca-b3f2-829862639fe4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://susanwennerstrom.com/category/food/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.978292 | 241 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Looking for ways to boost your fitness and improve at work? Check out these classes offered throughout October by the Leadership Academy at no cost to University of St. Thomas faculty and staff . The first class begins today.
- Overcoming Barriers to Living a Physically Active Lifestyle – noon-1 p.m. Tuesday, Oct. 4. Discover strategies that will help you overcome barriers to adopting a physically active lifestyle. This is a two-part brown bag session. An optional tour of the Anderson Athletic and Recreation Center will be given at the end of the session.
- Negotiating for Success – 10 a.m.-noon Thursday, Oct. 6. In this course participants will practice methods of negotiation and learn how to apply them to everyday scenarios.
- Stay Fit While You Sit – noon-1 p.m. Tuesday, Oct. 18. If most of your work week is spent at a desk, this class is for you. Dr. Tim Fargo will teach you ways to keep fit while seated in your office chair.
- Project Management – 8 a.m.-noon Monday, Oct. 31. The constant dynamic environment of today's workplace requires the quick gathering of resources, implementation of activities and fast redeployment of project teams into other business needs. Learn how project managers rise to this managerial challenge by initiating, planning, executing, controlling and closing all aspects of the project life cycle.
To register for any of these classes and to read full course descriptions, visit the Leadership Academy's website.
The Leadership Academy also offers online courses for MS Office Suite and Business Professional training. For access to these courses, or for more information, contact the Leadership Academy, (651) 962-6900. | <urn:uuid:4ba4db3c-49b2-4400-a548-9df6b7f10dff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news.stthomas.edu/leadership-academy-october/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.913096 | 350 | 1.625 | 2 |
Fibre Channel over Ethernet transports Fibre Channel frames over an Ethernet fabric. This enables data centers to increase application performance while simultaneously reducing cost, power and manageability tasks by converging storage, networking and clustering data on a single fabric.
There are six key benefits of FCoE:
Benefit No. 1: High-performance storage access over loss-less 10 Gigabit Ethernet fabrics
Benefit No. 2: Transparent access to storage devices using existing SAN (storage area network) management methods
Benefit No. 3: Retention of enterprise-proven Fibre Channel drivers and management tools
Benefit No. 4: Lower capital, energy and cooling costs with fewer adapters, cables and switches
Benefit No. 5: Lower management overhead by maintaining a single fabric
Benefit No. 6: Increased application availability by simplifying the network and server configuration
FCoE is the encapsulation of Fibre Channel in Ethernet
FCoE is an evolution of Fibre Channel that uses Fibre Channel’s network, service and protocol layers to carry data packets over Ethernet’s physical and data link layers. Using Fibre Channel’s upper layers simplifies FCoE deployment by allowing customers to leverage enterprise-proven Fibre Channel software stacks, management tools and trained administrators. Most importantly, no change is required for mission-critical applications to benefit from the performance and cost benefits of FCoE.
FCoE Deployment in Data Centers
FCoE deployment in data centers
The first FCoE products will be CNAs (Converged Network Adapters) that provide server LAN and SAN connectivity over Ethernet. In addition, FCoE switches will connect FCoE-capable initiators (server side) to existing Fibre Channel SANs, enabling customers to consolidate server interconnectivity on a single Ethernet fabric.
FCoE access switches and CNAs, or server adapters with FCoE initiators, simplify the network topology
To the nodes in the Fibre Channel SAN, the FCoE initiators appear to be directly connected, and can be managed and maintained with the same tools.
A fully converged network architecture with end-to-end FCoE
Next, native FCoE storage arrays, along with existing iSCSI and NAS storage, enable a fully converged fabric.
Loss-less Ethernet via Data Center Bridging
FCoE requirement: Loss-less Ethernet via data center bridging
To deliver storage traffic reliably and in a timely manner, Fibre Channel protocols assume that the underlying fabric is loss-less, even during network congestion. FCoE can use existing 10 Gigabit Ethernet interconnects via the existing IEEE physical pause mechanism.
But new Ethernet extensions, such as priority flow control under the label DCB (Data Center Bridging)-also known as Data Center Ethernet or Converged Enhanced Ethernet-enable logical pause capabilities in order to prioritize traffic types when consolidating I/O. This allows the creation of virtual lanes within an Ethernet link, with each virtual lane assigned a priority level.
During periods of heavy congestion, customers can pause lower-priority traffic while allowing high-priority and latency-sensitive tasks (such as data storage) to continue.
Benefits of Convergence: Cost and Power Savings
Benefits of convergence: Cost and power savings
Data Center Bridging Ethernet and FCoE make it possible to converge enterprise storage, networking, management and clustering data onto a single fabric that is simple to manage, high-performing and cost-effective.
Significant cost savings can be expected by converging storage and networking onto Ethernet fabrics. Not only are energy, management and maintenance costs reduced, but the cost of Ethernet adapters, cables and switches is lower than Fibre Channel because of the higher volumes and ultracompetitive market forces.
Converging on a single Ethernet network eliminates the need for multiple host I/O cards, including host bus adapters and NIC cards (and separate physical networks for connecting those hosts together). As a result, users can recognize significant savings in power consumption across the data center. In addition, a converged network allows for the reduction of the number of host adapters in each server, and the number of switches and cables required to build a data center infrastructure.
Jay Kidd is chief marketing officer at NetApp. Jay has extensive experience in storage, networking and high-performance systems. Before joining NetApp, he held the position of chief technology officer and VP of product management at Brocade. Before joining Brocade, Jay was VP of marketing for Omneon Video Networks (a supplier of storage and networking equipment for video broadcasters) and Multigen (a real-time 3-D simulation software company).
Prior to working at Multigen, Jay spent seven years at Silicon Graphics (SGI), where he directed marketing efforts for the graphics workstations, servers and SGI Web systems business. Earlier in his career, Jay worked at Hewlett-Packard, where he held key engineering positions in the Information Networks group.
Jay holds a bachelor’s of science degree in electrical engineering from Princeton University. He can be reached at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:7defc63e-087c-4f92-85a8-4c6b6c963878> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.eweek.com/networking/how-fibre-channel-over-ethernet-improves-data-center-efficiency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.883176 | 1,068 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Students and others interested in nineteenth century drama have long been handicapped by the lack of a convenient selection of outstanding plays of the period. The present volume is the first to fill the gap. It contains: Black Ey'd Susan, by Douglas Jerold, Money, by Edward Bulwer Lytton, Masks and Faces, by Charles Reade and Tom Taylor, The Colleen Bawn, by Dion Boucicault, Lady Audley's Secret, by Miss Braddon and C.H. Hazlewood, The Ticket-of-Leave Man, by Tom Taylor, Caste, by T.W. Robertson, Two Roses, by James Albery, The Bells, by Leopold Lewis and A pair of Spectacles, by Sidney Grundy. Where no authentic published version existed, the text has been established in this edition by a collation of several variant texts, including the manuscript copies lodged for licensing purposes in the Lord Chamberlain's Department. The aim has been to provide a book useful and attractive to play-readers, producers, and performers, as well as to those studying the theatre history and dramatic literature of the period.Keywords: Edward Bulwer Lytton Lady Audley Colleen Bawn Dion Boucicault Charles Reade Two Roses Masks And Faces Lord Chamberlain Manuscript Copies Ticket Of Leave Theatre History Collation Grundy Caste Gap Aim Tom Taylor
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The Freedom to Marry an Issue in Hawaii Gov. Race
October 04, 2010
Posted on advocate.com:
"Republican James 'Duke' Aiona said if he wins the gubernatorial election, he will propose a constitutional amendment in 2012 to ask voters whether marriage should be defined as between a man and a woman.
"Neil Abercrombie, the Democratic candidate, said if he becomes governor, he will sign a civil unions bill into law if passed again by the state Legislature...
"The divide over civil unions is among the widest between the two major candidates for governor, and their views provide some insight about how they would handle emotion-laden social policy questions if elected.
"Aiona equates civil unions with marriage for same-sex couples. He does not consider marriage a civil right, so he is comfortable putting the question on the ballot.
"He [Aiona] says the state could expand a reciprocal beneficiaries law to address any inequality for same-sex couples.
"Abercrombie sees civil unions as separate from marriage equality.
"'It's a civil rights bill [a civil unions bill passed by the Legislature this year but vetoed by Gov. Linda Lingle] that affected everybody equally regardless of their gender, regardless of their sexual orientation. It was a bill about civil rights and responsibilities under the Constitution, and did not constitute -- in my judgment -- anything approaching a revision or recalculation or redefinition of marriage,' he said of the bill, which would have applied to both same-sex and heterosexual couples.
... "...He [Abercrombie] said his views are that people should be entitled 'to make any arrangement they want with their lives.'
"Lawmakers would likely move a civil unions bill with a majority if Abercrombie is governor, since he says he would sign it into law, but would likely want a two-thirds' vote necessary to override a veto under Aiona. The House fell short of a veto-proof vote this year.
Click to read the full post: [Link] | <urn:uuid:6a663026-799e-4567-a4d7-02d54496c634> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.freedomtomarry.org/blog/entry/the-freedom-to-marry-an-issue-in-hawaii-gov.-race | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00044-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960829 | 421 | 1.789063 | 2 |
For those that weren't satisfied with seeing the Southwest pass by through glass windows, there was an option. Not only could you get away from it all, but you could live out a fantasy, sample some down home hospitality, and, for a little while at least, become a real live cowpoke. Rassling a calf to brand, riding off into the sunset, and eating huge "ranch-style" meals were just some of the pleasures awaiting the visitor of a dude ranch.
The cowboy was already becoming a folk hero by the turn of the century and America yearned for the days of the Old West. In the 1880s, travelers wandered the West to see the land of the pioneers and found it difficult to find a place to eat and sleep. Ranchers would occasionally open their doors to these travelers and let them stay for a small fee or in exchange for some help. Soon, the dude ranch was born and, with the expansion of the railroad, even normal folk could get to the great outdoors quickly and easily. The word dude simply meant a person from another area who came to the West and paid for food, lodging, riding, and/or guiding services. Later, many dude ranches changed their name to guest ranch because some Easterners disliked the word dude.
Horseback riding, roundups and rodeos were the main attractions of Southwestern dude ranches. Year-round sunshine and warm temperatures also helped to make the Arizona dude ranch especially popular with Easterners. A ranch in Arizona would sometimes advertise its close proximity to "modern public schools," attracting families who would stay the entire winter. The more successful ranches were located near towns and would emphasize relaxation over vigorous activities, a stark contrast to what remote ranches farther north were offering.
One rancher estimated that it took visitors a full month to totally adjust to ranch life. Dudes would have to learn how to relax again after hectic city life and only then could begin to enjoy their surroundings. Ranches were ideally suited to family vacations and offered new experiences for child and adult alike. Family members could take a more energetic role in the physical activities involved in a working ranch or rest, relax and enjoy the scenery and fresh air.
Although most dude ranches began as working cattle ranches, many of them found that it was more profitable to concentrate on the dude rather than the doggie. Instead of corrals, you might find tennis courts and in place of watering holes, there were swimming pools. Horseback riding still remained the main focus, although visitors would find themselves on "breakfast rides," with a chuckwagon full of flapjacks, rather than on cattle roundups.
All ranches had to publish good quality brochures to spread the word of their existence. The text and photographs in the pamphlets were sometimes the only way prospective guests could judge a ranch, a place where they may be staying for weeks or sometimes months. Because of this, many ranches had their brochures professionally published and the results were often very good-looking. The competition between ranches must have been fierce and each brochure had to show the reader that they did things a little differently than the others to attract their guests time and time again. Most ranch brochures also made mention that they did not accept guests with communicable diseases. The were not to be confused with the numerous sanitariums in the area.
The Southern Pacific and Santa Fe railroads also actively promoted Southwestern
dude ranches. Maps in their pamphlets illustrated how easy it was to get
to Wickenburg, Tucson or Silver City and then listed the individual ranches
with a brief description and rates. These pamphlets stand out for their
beautiful photography, art and entertaining text.
In order to view the following files you must have an Acrobat Reader.
If you do not possess this software please consult the
the PDF link. To view a larger color image of one page of the pamphlet in JPEG, click on any image thumbnail. To view the whole pamphlet as PDF (color or black-and-white), click on the linked call number next to the thumbnail.
In order to view the following files you must have an Acrobat Reader. If you do not possess this software please consult the About the PDF link.
To view a larger color image of one page of the pamphlet in JPEG, click on any image thumbnail. To view the whole pamphlet as PDF (color or black-and-white), click on the linked call number next to the thumbnail.
[Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway Company]
This brochure from Santa Fe Railway was typical of the promotional literature created to introduce the idea of dude ranches to the general public. "Come to a house-party on an old frontier ranch," it invited readers, where a visitor can do "just the things he or she wants to -- and nothing else."
Exploring canyons and caverns, swimming in rivers and hot springs, fishing, hunting, searching for Indian relics, and even panning for gold were ranch activities touted by the railway. Short detailed descriptions of the ranches and their rates followed with plenty of pictures to whet the reader's appetite. Maps on the last few pages showed potential travelers how easily accessible the ranches were through the Santa Fe lines.
Southern Pacific Company
"Contrary to popular belief, Southern Arizona is not an illimitable expanse of desert waste but, rather, a land of majestic mountain ranges, rolling hills, deep canyons and magic mesas, with a winter climate . . . often likened to that of lower Egypt." The climate and the fresh air of southern Arizona were known to change visitors -- they would return home "tanned, husky, bubbling with renewed vigor, and brimming with vitality."
This brochure features photos of cowboys and girls in romantic poses, overlooking great expanses or leaning against rocks or a picket fence. Nearly every photo includes horses and a bucking bronc entertains a crowd on the cover. The big draw was horseback riding and southern Arizona had plenty of room for it.
[Bar FX Ranch]
This bold, bright brochure promoted the Bar FX Ranch in Wickenburg, a town heavily populated by dude ranches. Owned by "a true western pioneer family," the Bar FX was still operating as a cattle ranch when this brochure was published. The pamphlet opens up into a large map that pinpoints the area's attractions, such as the "Devil's Bathtub," "Six Shooter Tank," "Mysterious Tunnel," and "Outlaw Horse Territory." The Bar FX was in the center of it all.
Harry C. Kendall
From "Sun and Saddle Leather" by Charles Badger Clark, Jr., written at Bar O Ranch.
The Bar O Ranch was located twelve miles from Tombstone, on the Old Spanish Trail. In the 1920s, it was one of the oldest cattle ranches in the country and remained a working ranch while taking in guests. The area was known for its Chiricahua Apaches, most notably Chief Cochise whose stronghold, where he made his last stand, was a day's ride away from the Bar O. This small, simple brochure gave the facts of staying at the ranch with no frilly language, except for one short poem that was written at the Bar O, placed at the end of the last page.
[Phil K. Lewis]
Situated in "the most beautiful setting to be found in Southern Arizona," this ranch was located within Tonto National Forest, between Stewart Mountain and Bull Dog Mountain. Sahuaro Lake Ranch boasted good fishing and riding. Noontime rides featured a chuck wagon where a guide would cook the meal "in true cowboy style over the open fire."
Soda Springs Ranch
The springs at Soda Springs in Yavapai County, Arizona were the big attraction at this ranch. There were bath houses and an outdoor swimming pool filled with warm water from the springs. The waters were also said to have excellent medicinal qualities. The Soda Springs brochure was formatted as a letter "to friends," old ones that had visited before and new ones those that had written the ranch for information.
[Mr. and Mrs. Walter E. Jahn]
This pamphlet shows off the beauty of the ranch by its photographs. One of the captions reads "A study in sunshine and shadows" and the photos that follow portray the intermingling of Arizona sun and shade, both indoor and outdoor.
[Lynn S. Gillham]
"There is never a crowd at the Flying V -- never more than thirty-two guests, to whose fun, happiness and comfort every one of the Flying V's acres is devoted -- a real ranch with many head of cattle spreading through the hills and canyons, the corrals full of good horses and sure enough cowboys singin' at their work." Among numerous activities the Flying V offered, visitors could engage in a "Bandit Hunt." A ranch cowboy played bandit while all the guests rode out to capture him. Occasionally, he would show himself on a hilltop in the distance and soon, the cowboy bandit would lead them "on a wild, roaring steeple chase all over the ranch until he is caught." Notice the maps at the end of the brochure. It only took 20 hours by plane from Washington, DC to get to the Flying V in Tucson.
[Richard L. Pfaffle]
On a visit to New Mexico, a young woman from Boston married a Texas cowboy. He knew how to run a ranch and she had the social connections. Thus, San Gabriel Ranch in Alcalde, New Mexico was born.
This is another beautiful brochure with great photography of the ranch and the region. The benefits of the San Gabriel were the outings. A map in the center of the brochure highlighted the many possible trips in the area, from Santa Fe to Canyon de Chelly.
[Ed. M. Riggs]
The Chiricahua Mountains, once discovered by early ranchers, were known as the Wonderland of Rocks because of their incredible rock formations. The Erickson family homesteaded here and soon began accepting guests. At the time this brochure was published, the ranch still managed cattle and there are photos of branding, roping and roundups as "familiar ranch scenes." Yet, in the evening you could return to Faraway and enjoy all the comforts of modern life -- "hot baths, running water, delicious meals, soft beds."
Introduction | Accessibility | Advertising | Agriculture | Architecture | Entertainment | Environment
Exotic | Health | Indigenous Culture | Railroads | Religion | Roads | <urn:uuid:1326e0f2-bc75-4069-bbac-85dae0d41afe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/pams/entertai.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00216-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974545 | 2,196 | 2.359375 | 2 |
A recent report from the World Green Building Council provides further evidence that there is a relationship between a range of factors in office design—including air quality, climate comfort and daylighting—and the health and performance of office workers. Simply stated, office design can positively impact the health and productivity of employees, pointing to a significant financial savings for employers. Download the report.
Corporate Office Properties Trust’s (“COPT”’s) sustainability programs are woven throughout the fabric of our entire company. For new construction, we have been developing buildings to a LEED® (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, a program of the US Green Building Council) Silver minimum standard since 2003. In 2014, we completed shell construction on the Company’s 35th LEED-certified building, bringing our total LEED investment to 4.5 million square feet. For buildings that are operational, we invest in energy systems and equipment that reduce energy consumption and operating costs and, since 2010, we have embraced all of the LEED-EB prerequisites, including green cleaning, ENERGY STAR® and other operations and maintenance policies to ensure our employees and tenants work in a healthy environment.
This year we have published our first report on our Sustainability Programs. Additionally, our current external reporting goal is to participate in the Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (“GRESB”) survey and to publish our first Corporate Sustainability Report (“CSR”) in 2015. Our longer term sustainability goal includes annual participation in GRESB, publishing a CSR each year, and ultimately deriving greater operating efficiencies, which will benefit our tenants and our stakeholders.
Find out more about us at www.copt.com
We pledge to sustainably develop and operate our portfolio to create healthier work environments and reduce consumption of resources.
Minimize the consumption of resources
to decrease our carbon footprint
Continually adapt and enhance our building designs and technologies to optimize resources
Influence and advocate the growth of sustainable practices by our stakeholder groups and report out our sustainability results
Maximize sustainability throughout our supply chain and affiliate with sustainable industry leaders to ensure best practices
In each building we develop and/or operate, we seek to maximize energy efficiency, create the healthiest environment possible, and minimize the building's environmental impact.
If you are an office tenant, big or small, and have a story to tell about how you Reduced, Innovated, Educated or Affiliated to create a healthier work environment and/or reduce consumption of resources, send us your story and we may feature it on our site.
COPT Corporate Office Properties Trust | <urn:uuid:c24458c5-d512-494b-bc95-62f83494ee50> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://coptgreen.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00144-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924061 | 550 | 1.601563 | 2 |
This paper aims to prepare good waterborne light-diffusion dip-coatings (WLDDC) for the glass lampshade inner walls of LED lamp tubes, the effects of viscosities and viscous flow activation energies on these dip-coatings were investigated.
The WLDDC were prepared using white pigments, light-diffusion agents, additives and an acrylic emulsion. The dip-coatings were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and a digital rotational viscometer, respectively. The effects of shear rates, temperatures and solids contents on the viscosities of the dip-coatings were studied. The viscous flow activation energies of these dip-coatings and the emulsion were calculated, compared and studied, respectively.
The results showed that the non-Newtonian behaviors of these dip-coatings were more prominent than that of the acrylic emulsion. When the temperature was maintained to be a constant and the shear rate was increased, the viscosity decreased and the shear stress increased. When the shear rate was maintained to be a constant, the viscosity decreased with increasing temperatures. The viscous flow activation energies of these dip-coatings decreased with the increasing shear rates. The higher solid contents of WLDDC were, the more its viscosity would decrease with the increasing shear rates, the more prominent its non-Newtonian behaviors would show.
A sample of good WLDDC with balanced properties was illustrated.
This investigation benefits to investigate waterborne environment-friendly dip-coatings for the inner glass walls of lamp tubes. This research provides an approach to optimize the viscosity parameters of light-diffusion dip-coatings.
The authors are grateful to the test center of South China University of Technology for help with the chemical analysis.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Fang, T. and Ye, D. (2019), "Effects of viscous flow activation energies and viscosities on waterborne light-diffusion dip-coatings", Pigment & Resin Technology, Vol. 48 No. 5, pp. 415-420. https://doi.org/10.1108/PRT-07-2018-0066
Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited | <urn:uuid:8cdbfbd2-2ef4-43e6-aef9-fd7b1b177247> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PRT-07-2018-0066/full/html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.902545 | 525 | 2.390625 | 2 |
About five generations ago, Fletcher’s Perch did not yet exist. A young couple, Anna and Bart Fletcher, a human couple, were traveling with their half-elf nephew, Andrew, looking for a new place to live. On their travels, they stopped by a forest and met a strange man dressed in bright colors and playing a gemshorn while sitting on a large stone near the forest. He called himself the Minstrel and encouraged them to call him the same. All afternoon and evening he talked with the trio and then, after Andrew had fallen asleep, he offered the couple a deal. If they gave him their nephew, he would give them a safe home. People from all over would come to find rest nearby and a small town with farms would flourish by the woods. Five generations (about 125 years) could rely on this safety. No monsters would trouble them. No disasters would harm them. All it would cost is their nephew.
Anna and Bart, perhaps drunk on the stranger’s wine and music or perhaps as sober as could be, agreed. They awoke the next morning in a house. Andrew and the stranger were both long gone. The Fletcher’s named their homestead Fletcher’s Perch. Over time it grew into a bustling town with productive farms, a good school, and frequent travelers bringing in new items and ideas. The Fletchers never told anyone about the deal they made and the child they lost, not even their own children.
Nearly five generations have passed and the stranger has come again to collect a new tribute to take to his home. This time he is approaching the children directly when the adults aren’t watching. The children call him the Dewdrop Man because one evening he pulled the dew from the grass and shaped it into animals and flowers. He is testing the children to find the one he likes best.
Deep in the woods is the portal to his home. It looks like a circle of polished stones, but the stones do not move if pushed, they do not lift if picked up. The ground amidst them seems common, but those who approach the circle hear a wind that isn’t blowing and odd music from no discernible source.
What’s Going On?
The Dewdrop Man [stats] is an Archfey who enjoys snatching children to decorate his halls in the Feywild. However, he draws a line against being a common thief. Instead, he makes deals. He wants the child gifted to him. He enjoys watching the family’s guilt as they enjoy his gifts. He also enjoys watching the child’s dismay as they realize no one is ever coming to take them home. While he is currently testing the children, his plan is to approach the parents of his favored child and offer them the deal. He prefers a gift over a willing child in his wake.
The Dewdrop Man’s influence over Fletcher’s Perch and its surrounding farmland has the following effects:
- Traders are drawn to the town. Traveling merchants like to stop by Fletcher’s Perch on their voyages.
- Most monsters have no interest in the town and surrounding farmland. This has no effect on nonmagical beasts. The forest is still dangerous. The fringes of the town and farmland are less protected as the Dewdrop Man’s power fades from those spaces. The more of an intelligence the creature has, the less affected they are by this effect.
- Long-term hungers or mental effects fade. If the players have a sword perpetually thirsty for blood, the blade is conspicuously quiet in Fletcher’s Perch. Werewolves retain their minds during the full moon. Ravenous monsters have their hungers sated. Temporary effects (e.g., confusion, rage) still work. The idea is to give these creatures a choice.
- The Dewdrop Man’s protections do not change people’s natures or their hearts and minds. People can be evil in Fletcher’s Perch.
The players probably should not fight the Dewdrop Man. Also, while he does tend to play his melodies on an instrument, he doesn’t need to. He can hum or sing them as well.
It is also important to note that magic cast within 100 feet of the polished stone circle in the woods can go a bit haywire. If the spell is 1st level or higher, the caster should roll 1d20. On a 16 or higher, the caster rolls on the Wild Magic table. If the effect doesn’t apply (e.g., requires sorcery slots), roll again. For the Dewdrop Man, roll 1d20 when he uses one of his limited spells.
What Can the Players’ Do?
People throughout the town and especially in the local tavern discuss two rumors that lead back to the Dewdrop Man. The first is the story children share with one another about the Dewdrop Man. Adults think the children have a collective imaginary friend and are mildly irritated or creeped out when the children talk about tests or bringing gifts or sacrifices to the Dewdrop Man. The other rumor is about Weyla Vandal, a local musician, who found a circle of polished stones deep in the forest one day. According to Weyla, she could hear music playing from the circle when she drew close.
If players investigate the children’s stories… The players can talk to both the parents and the children. The parents all share similar stories about the Dewdrop Man and how oddly their children are acting. One parent may have even seen the Dewdrop Man, but when they looked again, he wasn’t there. When the players talk with the children, they receive a description of the Dewdrop Man and of the various tests he’s put before them (e.g., playing music or singing, bringing him a gift of food to judge, trading compliments and insults). While the children won’t reveal where the Dewdrop Man is, the players can sneakily follow them one morning or evening.
If the players come across the Dewdrop Man, he most likely notices them right away with his passive Perception. He will play for them a song in which a desperate couple make a desperate deal and send their nephew under the hill. When speaking with the players without children present, the Dewdrop Man will be very upfront about what he is doing. He will mention that it has been a while since a child’s laughter and tears have sounded in his walls. He’ll also mention that no lasting harm would ever visit the child he takes. He is this upfront because he doesn’t fear the players.
If the players investigate Weyla’s discovery… The woods begin as fairly normal, but as the players walk deeper in, they should start noticing sprites and pixies among the trees as well as other fey creatures. They could also potentially run into a dangerous fey beast and need to fight. When they find the portal, they hear the same music Weyla described. If they enter the circle, they are transported to a maze-like mansion in the Feywild. The portal back to the Gytham Woods on the Material Plane does exist and is open, but they will have to find it. During their wandering, fey creatures attack them for intruding. Also, they find Andrew Fletcher’s diaries at various ages and drawings he made. From these they learn about what happened to him and how he plotted to escape.
When the Dewdrop Man has received his gift of a child and gone through the portal for the last time, it will disappear behind him.
The players have a bit of a dilemma: should they intervene? Is it their place to do anything? The town relies on the Archfey’s magic, even if none of them realize it. | <urn:uuid:4cb0a2e3-884f-4ddd-a8be-7b2eba02d229> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.liszante.com/the-dewdrop-man/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.976999 | 1,628 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Aug. 10 (Bloomberg) -- Warren Buffett shortened the duration of bonds held by his Berkshire Hathaway Inc. after warning that deficit spending could force inflation higher.Read the rest here.
Twenty-one percent of holdings including Treasuries, municipal debt, foreign-government securities and corporate bonds were due in one year or less as of June 30, Omaha, Nebraska-based Berkshire said in a filing Aug. 6. That compares with 18 percent on March 31, and 16 percent at the end of last year’s second quarter.
“It may be a sign that Buffett expects interest rates to start rising, maybe sooner than the conventional wisdom,” Meyer Shields, an analyst in Baltimore at Stifel Nicolaus & Co. who has a “sell” rating on Berkshire, said in an interview.
Inflation has fallen to a 44-year low even as the Federal Reserve more than doubled its balance sheet in two years to $2.33 trillion to help draw the economy out of recession. A U.S. jobs report last week showing that companies hired fewer workers than forecast in July pushed the two-year Treasury yield to a record low. Bill Gross, founder of Pacific Investment Management Co., advised investors to buy longer-dated maturities.
Buffett, 79, urged Congress last year to guard against inflation as the U.S. economy returned to growth. In an August 2009 op-ed in the New York Times, the Berkshire chief executive officer said government must address the “monetary medicine” that was pumped into the financial system after the 2008 crisis.
“The United States is spewing a potentially damaging substance into our economy -- greenback emissions,” Buffett wrote. “Unchecked greenback emissions will certainly cause the purchasing power of currency to melt.” | <urn:uuid:c469d6e5-eb56-404a-a9ee-7c904cc33b9c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ad-orientem.blogspot.com/2010/08/warren-buffet-warns-of-inflation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00547-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962915 | 373 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Scientist Develop Recipe For Testosterone Producing Cells
Posted by: Crystal Williams on: April 15, 2016 | Print This Page
—Series of growth factors and other proteins encourage stem cells to proliferate and differentiate into cells that make male hormone
Researchers led by teams at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Wenzhou Medical University of China have discovered a way to keep adult stem cells that are destined to become testosterone-producing cells multiplying and on track to fulfill their fate, a new study reports.
The findings could eventually help scientists develop transplantable cells that can churn out testosterone, avoiding the multitude of drawbacks associated with other ways to administer this quintessential male hormone. A report on the research is published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Scientists have long known that testosterone, produced by Leydig cells in the testicles, is necessary for the male reproductive system to develop in fetuses and to maintain male reproductive function later in life. More recent research has shown that testosterone performs a host of other critical jobs in the body, with deficiencies contributing to increased body fat, decreased muscle mass, increased fatigue, depressed mood, decreased cognitive function and reduced immune response. Low testosterone has also been linked to increased mortality risk in older men.
To combat these issues, and to synchronize secondary sexual characteristics with gender identity in transgendered men, doctors often prescribe testosterone supplements that can be administered a variety of ways, including injection or topically. But these methods have a number of side effects, including increased risk of heart attacks and strokes, prostate enlargement, breast enlargement and acne. These issues, says study leader Haolin Chen, Ph.D., senior scientist in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the Bloomberg School, stem from the dramatic peaks and valleys in blood concentrations of the hormone that result from artificial administration.
One way to avoid these issues would be to mimic the way the body naturally releases testosterone, with cells that release the hormone steadily over time. While Chen and his colleagues had been successful at isolating adult stem cells set to become Leydig cells, they were unsure how to keep the cells multiplying, a process known as proliferation, and additionally to direct them to be testosterone producers, a process known as differentiation.
In the new study, the researchers used a method they’d previously developed to keep the stem cells alive, culturing them along isolated sections of the tubes that carry sperm in the testicles known as seminiferous tubules. For the next several weeks, the researchers fed these samples with various growth factors and other proteins that previous research had suggested might play a role in proliferation and differentiation.
They found a variety of factors that stimulated proliferation, including the proteins desert hedgehog (DHH), basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor and activin. DHH and activin also stimulated differentiation. The research also showed that DHH played a vital role in transforming the stem cells into fully functioning, testosterone-producing Leydig cells.
Additionally, Chen and his colleagues determined that a protein called CD90, found on cell surfaces, could reliably distinguish the stem cells on the surfaces of seminiferous tubules that could be steered into Leydig cells.
Together, Chen says, these findings could be useful both for basic research as a model system for stem cells in general, and also to someday help researchers to create a population of testosterone-producing cells fit for transplant by isolating the right stem cells, prompting them to multiply and then to differentiate into Leydig cells.
“Our work could eventually offer a whole new therapy for individuals with low testosterone,” Chen says.
“Regulation of seminiferous tubule-associated stem Leydig cells in adult rat testes” was written by Xiaoheng Li, Zhao Wang, Zhenming Jiang, Jingjing Guoa, Yuxi Zhang, Chenhao Li, Jinyong Chung, Janet Folmer, June Liu, Qingquan Lian, Renshan Ge, Barry R. Zirkin, and Haolin Chen.
(410) 955-7619; firstname.lastname@example.org
(410) 614-6029; email@example.com | <urn:uuid:c152ded1-f63c-4011-a241-b69518d856fb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ictr.johnshopkins.edu/news_announce/scientist-develop-recipe-for-testosterone-producing-cells/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00458-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945287 | 872 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Intent of ObamaCare is noble one, but in reality it'll make people more dependable on government, and don't be responsible for their behavior & action. Does Obamacare really cares for the average Americans. Actually, no, it'll add more financial burden on average Americans (as you know, ObamaCare is a form of tax). it doesn't offer the real solution to address the rising cost of healthcare. yet if you average Joe can't find the money to pay for the healthcare tax, then you will be fined or even imprisoned! so ObamaCare only cares to pick pocket you poor average tax payers. ObamaCare is bad for business growth, especial for small businesses. As you know, ObamaCare mandates if small business employs more 50 people will have to buy insurance for his/her employees. Small business owner can go around the law by not hiring more than 50 workers like in the cases below posted on Huffingtonpost. "Those who employ 60 are going to lay off 11. Those who employ 49 will hire nobody," said Dan Galbraith, owner of Solutionist, a visual communication, sales and marketing firm in Greensburg, Pa. "One owner who has 70-plus employees has told me he will close his business and start another business without employees. He just doesn't have health care built into his business model." as long as Obama is in the White House, there'd be more grid lock in Washington, nothing can be solved. Consequentially, as you saw last year, US lost its triple AAA credit grading was partly due to Obama's inability to take the leadership role in the "crisis". as a result, it also means US will have to pay for higher borrowing cost. again, Obama's policies are bad for business! | <urn:uuid:6e572c30-ac06-4974-a072-623376dfa57f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.elitetrader.com/et/threads/obamacare-is-bad-for-business-and-americans.250444/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00401-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977338 | 352 | 1.820313 | 2 |
NN/LM SCR Consumer Health Classes at Dallas Public Library
The NN/LM SCR will present two Consumer Health classes at the Dallas Public Library in September. These classes are all approved by the Medical Library Association for eligibility in the Consumer Health Information Specialization program (http://mlanet.org/education/chc/index.html). See below for descriptions of the classes.
September 13, 2006: ¿No Comprende? Spanish Health Information Resources for English Speaking Librarians
8am to 12 pm
September 14, 2006: Will Duct Tape Cure my Warts? Examining Complementary and Alternative Medicine
8am to 12pm
Dallas Public Library
1515 Young St.
Dallas, TX 75201
To register: http://nnlm.gov/scr/training/register.html
¿No Comprende? Spanish Health Information Resources for English Speaking Librarians
Do you have a growing Latino population in your community? Do you need to quickly find health information in Spanish but don’t know where to look? Are the only words in your Spanish vocabulary burrito and gracias? If you answered yes to these questions, then this is the class for you. This 4-hour hands-on class will cover resources for learning basic, library, medical, and Internet Spanish vocabulary. You will also learn to evaluate and identify health websites in Spanish to which you can direct your patrons.
Will Duct Tape Cure my Warts? Examining Complementary and Alternative Medicine
The goal of this class is to increase understanding of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Students will learn the history of CAM and its impact on medical practices. They will learn how CAM is used, how to avoid “bad science” and how to look up evidence of the effectiveness of CAM therapies. This class is offered for 2 hours or 4 hours. Both classes will include lecture, discussion, and hands-on training. | <urn:uuid:9684256f-07f8-4d8d-8d2c-fed9eb76adab> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://nnlm.gov/scr/blog/2006/09/05/nnlm-scr-consumer-health-classes-at-dallas-public-library/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00313-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883802 | 407 | 1.851563 | 2 |
I've decided it's time to change Princess Rock Star's name, to send her some empowerment juju. It's time to conquer kindergarten. Going forward, she'll be Wonder Girl, named for her favorite super heroine, Wonder Woman.
Wonder Girl will be turning six this month. She wants a Wonder Woman theme party. Do you know how hard it is to find Wonder Woman theme party favors? Especially ones that parents of five-year-olds will think are appropriate? Why do female superheroes have to be so scantily clad and buxom?
Help! Any ideas would be greatly appreciated! Thank you!
Write-a-Scene Writing Prompt: What empowers your protagonist? Write a scene where he/she is confronted by an ugly situation and handles it with ease. What is his/her reaction? Is this the first time your protagonist feels empowerment? Or is it pretty much routine? This can be an emotionally charged scene, so remember to increase conflict and emotion! | <urn:uuid:10513612-760c-488f-a257-be88cd56e14f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://hipwritermama.blogspot.com/2009/09/day-4-mapping-out-writing-time.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00456-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946564 | 199 | 2.40625 | 2 |
What is the technical side of ground loop / alt whine noise?
It seems interesting to me that a ground loop in the electrical system can lead to noise through the amp and speakers. Since you have a very large cap bank in the power supply of your amp, shouldn't that be filtered out and never make...
Hey all, I’m trying to eliminate a whine in 98 subaru. Increases and decreases with rpm and only goes away if the rcas are pulled from back of head unit. We have re-grounded the electrical system using the FSM to find all the points. Ran dedicated + & - from battery to amp and head unit (...
This is going to be a long first post.
I have a 2004 Honda Accord.
I originally had my sound system installed at an installer near my house. the system was
-Alpine SPR 6x9
-Sound Ordnance M-4075
This system had a little bit of...
When i installed my second hifonics amp, i started picking up the alternator whine and some buzzing through the speakers. I bought a stinger ground loop isolator and plugged it in between my daisy chained amps, and the whine did not change. So, i grounded the tiny little red wires that were...
Ok, I think I tried everything, but hopefully someone can help me out. I have a buzzing sound coming from my speakers(tweeters and mids) when the engine is on. There is no buzzing sound when the music is playing or paused when the engine is off.
Here is what I'm running: | <urn:uuid:36f49f5a-37a3-45ab-a459-81d32bce5eaa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.diymobileaudio.com/tags/ground-loop/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.957472 | 377 | 1.578125 | 2 |
New Report Ranks the Health Of Ohio's Counties
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation released its annual county health rankings,, March 19. The report rates the health of nearly every county in the nation and shows that much of what affects health occurs outside of the physician’s office.
According to the Foundation, the three healthiest counties in Ohio are Geauga, Putnam and Deleware. The three at the bottom include Jackson, Lawrence and Scioto.
The Rankings examine 25 factors that influence health, including rates of childhood poverty and smoking, obesity levels, teen birth rates, access to physicians and dentists, rates of high school graduation and college attendance, access to healthy foods, levels of physical inactivity, and percentages of children living in single parent households.
This year's report showed a number of significant national trends:
- While rates of premature death are at the lowest level in 20 years, the unhealthiest counties still have people dying too early at rates more than twice that of the healthiest counties.
- Child poverty rates have not improved since 2000, with more than one in five children living in poverty.
- Violent crime has decreased by almost 50 percent over the past two decades.
- The counties where people die too early and don’t feel well either mentally or physically have the highest rates of smoking, teen births, and physical inactivity, and more frequent stays in the hospital that could have been prevented.
- Teen birth rates are more than twice as high in the least healthy counties than in the healthiest counties.
The online report includes interactive maps and county-level trend graphs detailing changes over time for several measures, including children in poverty, unemployment, and quality of care. To see the rankings, go to www.countyhealthrankings.org. | <urn:uuid:74b1f179-522a-4bba-b735-1eb5a597b2f8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ooanet.org/aws/OOSA/pt/sd/news_article/71576/_PARENT/layout_details/false | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00358-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955169 | 366 | 2.84375 | 3 |
This thesis explores two topics that lack needed attention in contemporary research conducted on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The first part of this thesis focuses on assessment and treatment with minority populations. The second part of the thesis is devoted to non-mainstream treatments of ADHD. Special attention is given to therapy within minority populations and non-mainstream treatments. Research information is based on experiential studies methods. Assessment and treatment methods, as well as general understanding of the diagnosis as applied to the two topics are examined throughout the thesis. In conclusion, general and Adlerian implications are stated to assist parents and professionals in their work with ADHD children.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Minority Populations & Treatment Approaches
Teresa L. Winston
Number of Pages: | <urn:uuid:6fd88122-ebc4-4d28-b5af-6b7fb78cff7e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://alfredadler.edu/library/masters/2008/teresa-l-winston | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00171-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946372 | 158 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions affect an estimated 6.1 million Australians (approximately 28% of the total population) across all ages. Due to their diverse nature, there is considerable variation in the prevalence, treatment and management, and quality of life of people with these conditions across various life stages. This report describes these impacts in the following age groups: childhood (0–15), young adulthood (16–34), middle years (35–64), older Australians (65–79) and Australians aged 80 or over.
ISSN 1833-0991; ISBN 978-1-74249-569-9; Cat. no. PHE 173; 125pp.; $16
Arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions are common, affecting an estimated 6.1 million Australians (28% of the total population) in 2011-12. Due to their diverse nature there is considerable variation in the prevalence, treatment and management, and quality of life of people with these conditions across life stages. This report describes how arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions affect people from five age groups: children (aged 0-15); young adults (aged 16-34); middle years (aged 35-64); older Australians (aged 65-79); and Australians aged 80 or over. Information is presented separately for the four major types of musculoskeletal conditions (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, back pain/problems and osteoporosis) wherever possible.
Does prevalence of these conditions vary with age?
- The prevalence of arthritis (including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of arthritis) increases steadily across life stages (from less than 1% in children aged 0-15 to 19% in people aged 35-64 and 51% in those aged 80 or over).
- Other musculoskeletal conditions (including back problems such as disc disorders, back pain/problems not further defined, osteoporosis and other conditions) affect people more consistently across life stages (increasing from 2% in children to 12% in young people, before settling to 14-19% in those aged 35 or over).
- The prevalence of osteoporosis increases sharply in those aged 65 and over (from 3% in people aged 35-64, to 12% in people aged 65-79 and 21% in those aged 80 or over).
Does treatment and management of these conditions vary with age?
- Given the limited detailed information about the management of arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions in primary health care, this report focuses on hospital data to examine disease management at the more severe end of the treatment spectrum.
- In 2011-12, there were 494,228 hospitalisations for people with a principal diagnosis of musculoskeletal conditions, accounting for 5% of all hospitalisations, with rates increasing with age.
- In 2011-12, 64,946 total joint replacements were performed on people aged 35 or over, with the highest rate of both knee and hip replacements being in people aged 65-79.
- There have been large increases in the rate of joint replacements over the period 2002-03 to 2011-12 (37%), with a particularly large increase in the rate of knee replacements in the 35-64 age group (increasing by 75% in this group compared with 45% in people aged
65-79 and 33% in people aged 80 or over).
How do these conditions affect quality of life?
People with arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions are more likely to report:
- limitations in performing core activities (particularly self-care and mobility) than the overall population at all life stages
- high or very high psychological distress compared with those without these conditions
- experiencing mental disorders than those without these conditions, with the greatest relative risk being for affective disorders (depression) in all life stages, except for people aged 65-79 who had a relatively higher risk of having a substance use disorder.
AIHW 2014. Arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions across the life stages. Arthritis series no. 18. Cat. no. PHE 173. Canberra: AIHW. | <urn:uuid:9095a6b1-6255-4fc0-a7be-358719383e80> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=60129547059&tab=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00402-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921773 | 869 | 2.859375 | 3 |
This article is courtesy of Idealware, which provides candid information to help nonprofits choose effective software. For more articles and reviews, go to www.idealware.org.
Point of sales, or POS, systems help manage the transaction between a buyer and seller and typically support physical rather than online storefronts. Far more than just a cash register or credit card terminal, POS systems consist of various combinations of software, hardware, and services to keep track of everything from items, prices, taxes, sale date and time, discounts, and payments.
They can also handle returns and voided transactions, and some POS software will support related needs, ranging from inventory management to sales and accounting reports.
Transactions can't live in a vacuum — they've got to be tracked to keep your books balanced, and many POS systems connect or report out to separate accounting software. Some have their own built-in e-commerce systems or can connect to your existing system to allow your NGO to integrate point of sales information with online storefronts.
Part of the appeal of POS software is that it can run on a variety of computer hardware, from standard desktop systems and laptops to mobile devices like Android phones and tablets, iPhones, and iPads, making it a viable and affordable choice for small businesses, nonprofits, and charities.
Some POS systems can be combined with cash drawers or price display monitors to make them more "customer-friendly." They're often sold as "all in one" or "integrated" systems that contain all the hardware needed to process sales, including a computer, a touch-screen keypad for data entry, a receipt printer, POS software, a cash drawer, bar code scanner, "price poles" that display prices to customers, and a credit card terminal.
You don't need a POS system to take credit card payments — some card readers, like the Square, plug in directly to your smartphone or tablet, and there are a number of other ways to accept credit card payments. (For more information, see A Few Good Methods For Processing Credit Cards.) But if you want to use your POS system to take credit card payments, you'll need a payment processing service and merchant account to collect money from customer accounts and a credit card reader, or terminals, to swipe cards on site.
There are several options to consider: cloud-based services, which are the least expensive and the most limited in terms of features; services specialized for nonprofits, which offer lots of potentially useful features and also cost more; all-around POS systems, which are not specialized for nonprofits but may have additional features of interest; and open-source systems, which require more technical expertise but may be attractive due to cost or ideological reasons.
Cloud-based solutions are becoming increasingly popular for the ease of setup and affordable, predictable pricing they offer. These systems offer easier integrations with multiple storefronts, social media promotion, and support for mobile devices.
Posterita is a newer cloud-based point of sales solution, offered for free to clients. They profit through means other than licensing to clients, including e-commerce integration, customizations, support, and app development fees. They use preferred payment processors to complete payment transactions — nonprofits may need to switch payment processors.
ZingCheckout is a simple POS system with a free version that's appropriate for cash-only, single-store, single-user storefronts. To use ZingCheckout to process credit card payments through the vendor's preferred payment processors, additional licensing is required at $49 per month.
Cashier Live starts at $20 per month for a single store with up to three registers and unlimited users. The vendor offers hardware bundles that work with the service, including stationary and mobile POS register systems.
A few systems stand out for their efforts to support POS processes common to many nonprofits.
Blackbaud's Altru is designed to comprehensively support museum management, one component of which is storefront POS, including museum gift shops, ticketing, and facilities reservations. In addition, Altru serves as a constituent management system for managing a museum's donor and membership management, volunteer management, mass email marketing, and more. The system starts at $10,000 per year including unlimited users, setup, and training and can increase in price depending on the level of configuration or customization support required to meet specific needs.
Cougar Mountain has developed the DENALI suite of software targeting accounting and POS needs for businesses. The POS system software integrates with Cougar Mountain's DENALI accounting systems and connects with its DENALI FUND accounting system for nonprofits. The POS system lets nonprofits designate products to apply to specific funds, which can help in cases where restricted grants require specific tracking of sold items. Cougar Mountain offers hardware bundles as well, providing the touch screen, computer, price poles, scanners, and receipt printers needed to complete a POS system. Cougar Mountain software and service is tailored to each client's needs, and they do not offer predetermined pricing. Pricing for a single register software system starts at $5,000, including accounting integration.
A popular all-around choice, the Intuit POS solution provides an easy user interface that makes it one of the simplest systems to adopt. It integrates with other QuickBooks products, making it easy to import from or share with QuickBooks account systems, and supports inventory management with alert features to signal when inventory is low.
QuickBooks POS tracks customer data at the point of sale. When coupled with the customer rewards system built into the Pro version, it can also track loyal customers and provide them with incentives to return. Intuit provides a turnkey credit card payment processing solution, making it easy to get a payment processor and merchant account system in place.
QuickBooks POS comes at three price points — $1,100, $1,600, and $1,800 per license — and is installed locally rather than hosted. The least expensive, basic package lacks some features for managing employees, shipping integration, customization for price tags, and more, but it covers the core POS needs required for most stores. The most expensive package supports multiple store locations that require centralized management.
Microsoft Dynamics bills itself as an "Enterprise Resource Planning" (ERP) software suite and contains several packages for managing both constituent and transactional information. Both Dynamics POS system and Retail Management System (RMS) are designed to support store transaction information, though Dynamics POS is the more affordable of the two, targeting critical point of sales needs for smaller stores.
Less customizable than the more advanced RMS solution, Dynamics POS features support for running a single storefront, including sales reports, purchase orders, and receipt generation, customer purchase history, role-based security, and time tracking. Additional features include inventory management and integration with Microsoft Office Small Business Accounting and QuickBooks. Dynamics POS costs about $1,400 per license.
Dynamics RMS is better suited for multisite store support and for nonprofits that may need additional software customizations and integrations to improve the efficiency of the entire POS process. RMS includes options for customizing reports and receipts, more advanced integration to support connections to e-commerce solutions for online storefronts, and the ability to manage more complex sale items — for example, clothing with size and color information that affects pricing and inventory. Dynamics RMS integrates with a variety of accounting systems including MYOB, Sage 50 Accounting, and Blackbaud products. Dynamics RMS costs approximately $3,000 for the first two licenses and approximately $500 per license thereafter.
Many open-source solutions may be appropriate for nonprofits if they have a strong technology development team, as significant customization will be needed to support a unique POS process. One open-source solution, Openbravo, is a mature and well-adopted free ERP software package with a strong POS component. Developer teams can implement their own system using Openbravo or work with a service provider using a professional version of the product. Expect to pay about $10,000 and up for 10 users.
When choosing a point of sale system, it's important to first look closely at your specific point of sales process and define what you expect of POS software and hardware to provide the greatest efficiency for your needs.
Create a plan to help you understand your goals for your new software, and have the funds available to invest in implementation, training, and support. Identify what you will you need in the way of reporting — customer receipts, purchase orders, or sales and inventory reports — and make sure the solution you choose supports it.
If you're not buying an all-in-one package and plan to use your own hardware, be sure the POS system will work with it. Make sure it will also work with any other transaction-related software you plan to use, including e-commerce systems and your current accounting software.
A good POS system will make transaction-related tasks easy, allowing you to focus on the bigger picture of managing your nonprofit's retail presence and interacting with customers.
Thanks to the following nonprofit technology professionals who provided recommendations, advice, and other help:
Image: Terminal, Shutterstock
Join today to access donations and discounts for your nonprofit or library.
Already a member? | <urn:uuid:3b77f29f-5fb7-43fe-ae6a-4cfff28179e1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.techsoup.org/support/articles-and-how-tos/few-good-point-of-sales-systems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00063-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934671 | 1,880 | 1.90625 | 2 |
- know how to write effective copy in a lot of different styles, for websites, twitter, Facebook, etc. Knowledge of writing for Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is also needed.
- Research: Social media managers need to know what is happening in the fast changing world of social and digital media, what competitors are doing and what new measurement tools are being use.
- Problem-Solving: Social media managers figure out how to best communicate a company's message on different platforms, and sometimes might need to convey sensitive issues or deal with angry customers.
- Organization: There are many different platforms, and new ones are being developed all the time. How you communicate on each, determining audience, and measuring tactics all take organization.
- Interpersonal Skills: Even through writing, social media managers are a direct connection between a company and the public. Being friendly and approachable online will help.
- Technical Skills: Social media managers work almost exclusively through computers. Understanding computers, SEO, internet access and being tech savvy is necessary.
- Data Entry
- Program Management
- SQL / MySQL
- Basic Computer Skills
- Google Apps
- Security / Network Administration
Good Match For
Requirements & Commitment | <urn:uuid:78e18845-28d8-4899-be0b-2797745a022a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.volunteermatch.org/search/opp2517162.jsp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00444-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905499 | 248 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Week of October 28
By Skip Heitzig
Here’s a warning from the Lord: “Let him who thinks he stands take heed lest he fall” (1 Corinthians 10:12).
In spite of the privilege we have of God doing so much in our lives, there can be failure. You can start well and finish poorly. (Look at King Saul.) A good start doesn’t guarantee a good finish. When the gun goes off, you don’t do one lap and say, “I’m tired, I’m going to quit.” Finish the race! Jesus said, “My food is to do the will of Him who sent Me, and to finish His work” (John 4:34).
Strong believers might think, “I’m strong. I don’t need to trust as much, or read as much, or pray or fellowship as much as I once did. That’s for the younger Christians.” But “take heed lest you fall” is a timeless principle. It’s in Proverbs 16:18: “Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.”
I see it so often as believers get older and (dare I say) “crustier.” “Oh, yeah, those young Christians, they’re so excited and emotional. They carry their Bible and want to witness all the time. I used to be like that.” Used to be? “Well, now I’m more mature in the Lord.” Would a synonym for that be “stale”? “Stagnant”? “Ineffective”? “Not being used by God anymore”? So all you do is come and get fed, and never really exercise and give out spiritually?
That’s the reason God gave us this warning through His Word, to tell us we can’t be overconfident.
We’re God’s people. We’ve been set free from sin and spiritual death—that’s all taken care of. How ought we to live? By glorifying God as a runner running the race, lest we become disqualified and go to a place where we’re not used anymore.
The greatest place in life is to be God’s instrument. When I get the chance to witness to a person one-on-one, that’s even better than teaching a Bible study or doing a crusade where hundreds of people come forward. A one-on-one encounter, where I get to share about Jesus and have them ask questions, is the greatest thrill.
So I say, whatever it takes to get our attention, to get us to wake up. What good is it to “veg” through life? Wouldn’t you rather serve and have the joy of Christ every day rather than sitting in the bleachers, watching the runners? Get in the race! Go the distance!
Copyright © 2011 by Connection Communications. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:a154512d-7d30-4abd-bcb7-1a91e4555f45> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.crosswalk.com/devotionals/theconnection/the-connection-devotional-week-of-october-28.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00468-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949789 | 664 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Tarsha Moore stands as tall as her 4‑foot 8‑inch frame will allow. Staring straight ahead, she yells out an order to a squad of peers lined up in three perfect columns next to her. Having been in the military program for six years, Tarsha has earned the rank of captain and is in charge of the 28 boys and girls in her squad. This is Lavizzo Elementary School. Tarsha is 14.
The Middle School Cadet Corps (MSCC) program at the K‑8 school is part of a growing trend to militarize middle schools. Students at Lavizzo are among the more than 850 Chicago students who have enlisted in one of the city’s 26 MSCC programs. At Madero Middle School, the MSCC has evolved into a full-time military academy for kids 11 to 14 years old.
Chicago public schools are home to the largest Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (JROTC) program, which oversees the MSCC, in the country. When moving up to high school, Chicago’s graduating eighth-graders can choose from 45 JROTC programs, including three full-time Army military academies, five “school-within-a-school” Army JROTC academies and one JROTC Naval academy.
Proponents of the programs tout leadership training and character development. But critics quote former Defense Secretary Gen. William Cohen, who described JROTC as “one of the best recruiting services that we could have.” Rick Mills, the director of Military Schools and JROTC for the Chicago Public School system, dismisses these concerns. “These kinds of programs would not be in schools if there weren’t kids who wanted it, parents who supported it and administrators who facilitated it,” he says.
The elementary school cadet corps is a voluntary after-school program that meets two or three times a week. Programs differ from school to school, but MSCC students generally learn first-aid, civics, “citizenship” and character development. They also learn military history and take field trips to local military bases. Once a week, students wear their uniforms to school for inspections. Tarsha describes buffing her uniform shoes in preparation for inspection days. “Everything has to be perfect,” she says. During drill practices they learn how to stand, turn and salute in synchronization. When they disobey an order, they do pushups. “Only 10,” says one administrator.
Joanne Young, a sixth-grade teacher at Goethe School in Chicago, recently wrote a letter to the local school council protesting the implementation of the cadet corps in her school. “I was told that it is not a military program, yet every aspect of it is military,” she wrote. “This program is training our students, as young as 11-years old, to march in formation and carry guns. … Students could be suspended for bringing something that appears to be a weapon to our school, yet we are handing them fake guns for this program.” Young, like many other teachers, feels that leadership and discipline could easily be taught in other types of after-school programs.
Herman Barnett, director of Lavizzo’s award-winning MSCC program, asks the public to give the students the benefit of the doubt. “They don’t look at it as getting ready for the army,” he says. “They’re just doing it for entertainment and fun.”
In 2002 the Bush administration passed the No Child Left Behind Act with a small, unpublicized provision: Section 9528, “Armed Forces Recruiter Access to Students and Student Recruiting Information,” requires high schools to give all student contact information to the military. Most students aren’t aware they can opt out by filling out a form.
Ranjit Bhagwat, an organizer for Chicago’s Southwest Youth Collaborative, has worked with students at Kelly High School in Chicago to inform their classmates about the provision and how to opt out. The Kelly group, founded in January, has already convinced more than 10 percent of the school’s population to sign the opt-out petition. Bhagwat says the group targeted military recruitment because the students felt the military’s presence in their school was an issue that needed to be addressed. “They had a problem with the fact that there were a lot of lies the military told,” he says.
The MSCC and JROTC programs are funded by the Defense Department, which has a $3 billion annual recruitment budget. Recruitment officers roam high schools promoting the image of a secure military career and enticing students with promises of money for college.
The “lies” mentioned by Bhagwat include the reality that, on average, two-thirds of recruits never receive college funding and only 15 percent graduate with a four-year degree. As for a “secure” career, the unemployment rate for veterans is three times higher than non-veterans.
Opponents of the JROTC program also cite ethnic profiling, arguing that the military targets students from minority and low-income areas. The Chicago Public School system is 49.8 percent African American and 38 percent Latino. Students coming from low-income families make up 85.2 percent of Chicago’s student population. JROTC director Mills is correct when he says the racial and socioeconomic status of those in Chicago’s JROTC program reflects the school system as a whole, but only five schools in all of the more affluent Chicago suburbs have JROTC programs.
Military recruiters are known for their flashy tactics: television ads, omnipresent brochures, recruiting ships, trucks and vans, and even a free Army video game kids can download off the Internet. Yet, the Army hasn’t met its recruitment goals in three months. The Marines haven’t met their quotas since January. Suspicious recruitment tactics are in the headlines and Army recruiters took off May 20 to retrain in the ethics and laws of recruitment.
Meanwhile, Mills insists the military does not look to JROTC groups for students to boost its numbers. “I get absolutely no pressure from any of the services,” he says. “None.”
Only 18 percent of graduating JROTC seniors are considering joining the service, says Mills. He does not have statistics on how many of the 71 percent that go on to post-secondary school stay with the ROTC program. Lavizzo’s Barnett also says that not all of his middle school students move on to JROTC programs in high school. Tarsha, however, has already signed up. While she wants to be a lawyer and is not planning on joining the armed forces when she graduates, the 14-year-old says, “If I were to join the military, I would be ready for it.” | <urn:uuid:76d1a15d-7d24-4790-8b69-392221f4beef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://inthesetimes.com/article/the-children-crusade | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.976219 | 1,454 | 1.921875 | 2 |
When you ask Robin Spencer Laurie how many surgeries she has had, she hesitates a moment, does a quick bit of figuring and then says assuredly, “10.”
That’s two hips, each done twice, two knees, a shoulder, both ankles, and just weeks ago another knee surgery.
The 49-year-old Hampden woman has spent her entire life learning to live with rheumatoid arthritis, one of the most common and serious forms of the disease arthritis.
Arthritis refers to more than 100 different diseases that cause chronic pain, swelling and limited movement in joints and connective tissues throughout the body. The three most common forms are osteoarthritis, in which the cartilage at the ends of bones degenerates, causing bones to rub against each other; rheumatoid arthritis, considered an autoimmune disease involving inflammation of the joint linings and sometimes organs, and in which permanent damage and deformity can occur to the joints; and fibromyalgia, which commonly involves the muscles and the areas where they connect to joints.
Spencer Laurie grew up in Deer Isle, the oldest of three sisters. She was just 2 years old when her knee swelled, turned red and became painful.
“I could not walk on my right leg,” Spencer Laurie said recently. “My parents took me to the hospital and after four days and many tests, I was diagnosed with RA.”
Rheumatoid arthritis has assailed her body ever since. She walks stiffly, is unable to turn her neck and often can hear the bones grinding against one another. She can’t bend her ankles. She decided long ago to forgo having children for fear that she would be unable physically to care for a baby.
She battles the disabling disease every day, yet runs a successful insurance company, socializes often with friends and family, goes to hockey games, recently was married, and for the past year, has been working as an ambassador for the Arthritis Foundation.
In that role, she has traveled to Washington, D.C., to meet with all four members of Maine’s congressional delegation and encourage them to support the Arthritis Prevention, Control and Cure Act, which was introduced to the House of Representatives on Feb. 26 amidst strong bipartisan support. The U.S. Senate version of the bill is expected to be introduced soon by Sen. Barbara Boxer, D-Calif., and Sen. Kit Bond, R-Mo.
The bill would help ensure that more people are diagnosed earlier in their disease process, thereby decreasing their pain and the chances of permanent disability. It would establish an interagency coordinating committee to oversee the expenditure of federal funds used for research. It further addresses the country’s shortage of rheumatologists — medical doctors who diagnose and treat arthritis — particularly pediatric rheumatologists, by encouraging more doctors to pursue that field.
It would appropriate $23 million for the arthritis program at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which amounts to about 50 cents per person with the disease.
Forty-six million Americans have doctor-diagnosed arthritis, according to the Arthritis Foundation.
Though often considered an “old person’s disease,” there are 300,000 children in this country living with some form of juvenile arthritis.
It is the leading cause of disability in the United States, according to the American College of Rheumatology. Yet as the numbers of those with arthritis grows, the dollars spent on research and prevention diminishes, the foundation Web site states.
According to statistics from the Center for Disease Control, 335,000 adults in Maine have some form of arthritis, and 133,000 of them are severely limited by their disease. Thirty-five percent of women in Maine have diagnosed arthritis and 29 percent of men, according to those same statistics.
Dr. Dora Mills, director of the Maine Center for Disease Control, said arthritis does not get the attention it deserves.
“We know it’s extremely prevalent, and we know it’s a major contributor to disability,” Mills said. “It’s a very small number of people who die with arthritis listed as a cause of death but we know, for example, that arthritis can pose a huge complication for people with heart disease, cancer or asthma. … It’s certainly a disease that needs more attention.”
Children in pain
“One of my biggest concerns is for the children with this disease,” said Spencer Laurie one morning over a cup of tea. “There is a serious lack of pediatric rheumatologists, which means on top of everything else, these families must travel great distances for treatment.”
She knows too well just what children with arthritis go through.
“I had to use braces at times when walking so that we could try to keep my feet straight. I needed to wear casts on both legs during the days at the hospital and at night when I was home. I had to do various exercises to try to strengthen my legs. We used sandbags tied together by a rope as weights. At one point, I had lifts put in my shoes and then special shoes made specifically for my feet and they were ugly and big. They made me more self-conscious than I already was,” she said.
She often had a difficult time taking that first big step onto the school bus and needed to ask for help.
She was teased. She couldn’t play on the playground. She couldn’t play sports.
“Kids can be rotten when you look different. Some kids certainly picked on me. But I joined the band and the chorus. It’s funny, but a little sad now looking back at pictures and things because I’m always way in the back sort of trying not to be seen,” she said.
Despite teasing in school, Spencer Laurie always had the comfort, support and physical help of her tight-knit family.
But then it was time for college.
“I went to Husson and it was the first time I’d been away from parents — away from their help and daily support,” she recalled recently.
An occupational therapist helped her learn how to dress herself, a task that traditionally had been done by her parents.
“I learned how to use ‘a reacher,’’’ she chuckled, referring to a device that acts almost like an extendable hand, “otherwise I couldn’t have gotten myself dressed. And perhaps the most difficult thing of all was that I had to learn how to ask complete strangers for help. That’s not an easy thing to do.”
Spencer Laurie had to learn how to dress herself, groom herself, use her “reacher” to put on her socks and use another stick to pick up items she dropped.
“My dad built blocks to go under the bed legs because the beds in the dorm were too low for me to get onto. My dad got good at improvising items to help me out. One of my first sticks was made out of a croquet mallet handle with a clothes hanger bent in the shape of an ‘S’ and screwed into the handle,” she said.
Her first college roommate asked to be transferred because she felt too uncomfortable with Spencer Laurie’s disability.
“That made me very depressed. I was already so insecure and scared,” she said. “But in the end everyone else at Husson was so great. They got used to having to pick up my books for me when I dropped them. Going there was a great experience and helped me a long way toward self-sufficiency. After graduating from there, I’ve always held a job, well, at least between surgeries.”
Patience and love
Arthritis has been among the most prevalent issues of Spencer Laurie’s life. As a young adult, she’d find herself having to explain to dates what her limitations were. She had to find friends who were willing to be patient when it took her so much longer to walk from the parking lot to a restaurant.
Then she found Tracy Laurie.
“My family was pretty protective when we first started dating. They wanted him to know right away what he was dealing with because if he couldn’t handle it, then it wouldn’t work,” she said.
Laurie stepped up.
Today, he helps her put on her socks in the morning. He ties her shoes. He vacuums and does the laundry. “I didn’t go into this with my eyes closed,” he said. “I certainly knew there would be challenges, but it just so happens that I fell in love with Robin. Robin has arthritis, but that’s who I fell in love with. Does she need extra help sometimes? Sure, but that doesn’t faze me one single bit.”
“My family was right on top of it,” she said. “They wanted him to know exactly what he was getting into because they needed to know he was OK with it. I’m very lucky.”
The latest surgery is the first they’ve been through together.
“Up until now, I’ve always depended on my parents to get me through these surgeries. This is the first time I’m not going to be recuperating at their house. I’m recuperating at our house with Tracy. That’s been a big step for all of us, but it’s a nice one. Tracy has given me that bit more of independence. I can rely on him. I can ask him for help,” she said.
There is still no answer as to what causes arthritis, though genetics may have something to do with it. There is still no cure. New biological drugs have shown promise, but many have had such bad side effects they have been pulled off the market.
Certain forms of the disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, do not just cause pain, but actually eat away at the bone and tissue, causing permanent damage.
“That’s where this bill comes in to play because we have made great progress and I really believe that with the proper research we can diminish the damage being caused to the bodies of these children,” Spencer Laurie said.
Spencer Laurie is a petite, pretty redhead. She smiles easily and doesn’t bring up the arthritis issue unless you ask. This was her most recent e-mail to me.
“Renee — thank you for reviewing this and getting the word out. One of my goals was to get in the local papers so that people could learn more about this very debilitating disease. It affects young people and old people and people of middle age. Those who have it must learn to live with pain every single day, yet learn not to let that pain control their lives,” she said.
The arthritis walk is at 9 a.m. Sunday, May 17, at William S. Cohen School, 304 Garland St., Bangor. To register, visit www.arthritis.org or call the Northern New England Chapter of the National Arthritis Foundation at 800-639-2113. Support for the bill can be made at arthrtisfoundation.com or by calling members of your congressional delegation. | <urn:uuid:bab8368b-f6ea-410f-a505-4418878c58a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://bangordailynews.com/2009/03/27/news/prevailing-over-pain/?ref=inline | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00426-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978743 | 2,405 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Nature Discovery Camp
Registration is now closed.
Nature Discovery Camp is held each summer cost-free to participants, due to the generosity of donors to the Amanda Pierce Nature Fund.
Each day, campers come to the Red River Community House from 9am to 12pm. During that time they enjoy a range of nature related activities. All campers receive a free t-shirt, water bottle, camp notebook, and more.
Week 1: June 6-9, 2022 -- For children ages 6 through 8. (Must have completed 1st grade).
Week 2: June 13-16, 2022 -- For children ages 9 through 11. Campers during Week 2 will also participate in the Arbor Day Celebration on Thursday, June 16 at 5pm.
Campers will visit various locations around town to learn about nature in the mountains.
Campers work hands-on with nature to learn about its amazing qualities!
Fun and Friends
Kids from all over join us each summer for a week of fun and educational activities in nature!
Arbor Day Celebration
A special Arbor Day celebration with Smokey the Bear, including planting a tree!
Campers learn to identify interesting nature facts around them in Red River and beyond!
Fun activities to learn about nature and enjoy the cool mountain air!
Campers participate in fun crafts to illustrate and imitate nature!
The wildflowers in Red River are beautiful - learn how to identify them! | <urn:uuid:15d12e75-6d3f-4b56-b525-3fd6fc265d82> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.redrivercommunityhouse.org/ndc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.923876 | 320 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Across America with 'Junius Brutus Booth'
by Elizabeth Robins
Published in The Universal Review.
Edited by Harry Quiller. Vol. VII, No. 27 (July 1890). London: Swan Sonneschein and Co.
Printed by Richard Caly and Sons,. Ltd. London and Bungary. Issue 27 is paginated 331-480. Vol. VII binds together the May to August 1890 issues.
Hypertext formatting by Joanne E. Gates.
Across America with 'Junius Brutus Booth' by Elizabeth Robins page 375
IT is impossible for any one who has not travelled our great country week after week, making gigantic 'jumps,' as the railroad journeys are airily termed, rushing from one 'night stand' to another, sleeping seldom twice in the same bed, almost losing track of time and the great world's happenings in the breathless chase after early-morning and midnight trains, and the struggle for breakfasts served in the dawn by yawning waiters, lunch-basket dinners, and suppers snatched while trains are 'shunting,' rejoicing in broken sleep in a Pullman berth, if a traveller is lucky, or if not, in a long night's endeavour to keep from rolling off the seat--it is impossible for any one, in fact, who has not been through all this to imagine the delight of the members of Mr. Edwin Booth's and Mr. Lawrence Barrett's Company who were invited to share the hospitality of the tragedians' private car during the winter and spring of 1888. It was in Virginia, in January, that the Worcester Excursion Car, refurnished and renamed 'Junius Brutus Booth,' was sent from the Wilmington shops and taken possession of at the end of the Richmond engagement. The members of the company who were not in the last night's bill were invited to leave their hotels and go to the car early in the evening. We wandered through the smoky station among coal cars and snorting engines until some obliging being with a sooty countenance pointed out the 'Junius Brunius Booth' a long way up the dark side track. Indeed, it looked unattractive enough, looming before our advance, with curtains
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drawn, no gleam of light or sign of life,--like the dismasted hull of some great man of war stranded useless on the shore. We climbed the high steps and felt in the dark for the electric bell, the door opened, and there in the uncertain light stood a tall mulatto servant in livery. We explained our errand, gave up our bags and wraps to the porter and went through the narrow passage to the body of the car. The lights were turned up, and we saw how little like an ordinary palace car was this latter endeavour of American taste and ingenuity to supply the comforts of home while speeding one about the world at so many miles an hour. The car was longer and wider than any we had seen, an effect of unusual roominess and ease was given by doing away with stationary seats and chairs, and by the absence of upper berths to contract the space at the sides. Beautifully furnished in hard wood and panelled with mirrors, furnished luxuriously with easy chairs and divans, one might almost imagine the car to be the cosy sitting room in some private house. A piano stood at the end, the centre table was brightened by a vase of flowers, and the latest papers and magazines were scattered over it. The most wilfully discontented could make but one objection: 'It's all very charming, but where are we to sleep?' William, the mulatto porter, with an ornate manner peculiar to his race, offered to do the honours of the establishment and show us about. At the end of the car is Mr. Booth's private room and lavatory, and behind it a smoking room with Mr. Barrett's writing desk and a small library. Passing through the body of the car again, William shows us the kitchen and presents the cook. The latter grins amiably and pulls a paper cap off his wooly head in response to our greeting. It is to this day a marvel to me how that man survived the season, for in his tiny kitchen he was almost as near the fire as our well-cooked dishes--he seemed to be always steaming hot, and I can vouch for hs being 'done very brown.' William points out another large lavatory--his refrigerators, closets and pantry, apologizing for some unnoticeable disorder by saying, 'It is the remains of the debreeze of my dinner.' Before we are yet acquainted with our new quarters in comes the party from the theatre, and soon the little centre table is expanded into a hospitable board to comfortably seat eight, and we sit down to supper for the first time, to enjoy a cuisine that was always admirable, and a service that is quite faultless, to say nothing of the far greater privileges of such company. As soon as supper is over the gentlemen disappear towards the smoking room, and we sit back to watch the table cleared and disposed of, and like the work of some enchanter our well-made and curtained beds spring into existence. Although it seemed that I closed my eyes one moment on the supper table and opened them the next in
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a dormitory, it may be as well to explain that the frame work was built up by rods and bars of brass fitting into grooves and sockets in floor and wall, and across the lower frame of each compartment a canvas was stretched and buckled. Out of the closets came matresses, linen, blankets, &c. A heavy tapestry curtain midway in the whilom supper room shut off our half of the establishment from the regions beyond. The metamorphosis completed we retired, and instead of being called at some unearthly hour to catch the train for Charleston, South Carolina, I have no clear recollection of the time when this solid and beautiful house of our hosts, swaying and trembling a little, moved southwards in the night. About 9 o'clock the next morning I opened my eyes and began to wonder where I was. I pulled up the curtain and looked out upon a vision of a sluggish river almost crossed, and some impish little negro children enjoying life in front of a log cabin on the sand bank! In that moment of passing I noticed that one member of the family was munching what seemed a generous wedge of hoe cake, while his sister sat on a tree stump near the track, and vigorously waved a tattered hat at the thundering train. For one instant the beady eyes met mine.
'Hi! hi! da! hello!' and she waved the hat with redoubled enthusiasm as I looked back. Her mouth stretched from ear to ear, white teeth flashed, and two stiff black pig-tails, standing upright on the head like small Satanic horns, made me remember the darkey speculation, 'Don' you' s'pose Gawd mus' a laffed w'en he got her done?'
William's voice outside the bed-curtains comes to me in a muffled whisper, 'Ready for yo' cup o' cawfee, miss?' I put out my hand for the welcome beverage, and as I luxuriously sip it, and glance out at the familiar Southern scenery flying past, I wonder what would our ease-loving, slave-holding grandfathers have said to such comfort as this. In an hour we are dressed and the dormitory vanishes, the curtains are folded and put away, good-mornings exchanged, and soon we are sitting at little tête-à tête tables--merely a tablet of polished wood fitting into the wall near each window--discussing such a breakfast as only the black cooks of the South know how to prepare, and I am told only Americans eat and live. First, the great Florida oranges, then hominy and milk, bacon and eggs, fried potatoes, sweet as well as white, hot biscuits, johnny cake and coffee, and at last smoking buckwheat cakes and maple syrup. In the hours that follow there are reading, letter-writing, studying, games of backgammon and checkers--as we call the English draughts--a chance for unlimited fancy work for the
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ladies and smoking for the gentlemen, and the interest of an ever-changing panorama from every window. At threee the breakfast and work stands are taken out and the long dinner table spread in the middle of the car. With Mr. Booth at one end and Mr. Barrett at the other, no one who has had the privilege of knowing either could doubt that we enjoy an interesting and brilliant hour. The talk flows on, telling day by day throughout the long tour of hard or amusing early experiences of foreign travel, of famous men and women each had known; of books of Art; in short, we have sometimes cause to feel ourselves favoured onlookers at some modern symposium. In the evening, about seven o'clock, we reach Charleston. The bill is 'Othello;' the house is crowded, the enthusiasm boundless.
The play over, no time is lost in returning to the car. William has the long table generously spread, and the atmosphere of light and warmth are a grateful exchange for the raw dampness of the outer air. We hear the events of the evening and something of old Charleston 'befo' de wah.' I remember, too, we are assured that the great buzzards (scavanger birds we have seen through the day stupidly sailing about) are creatures of great reasoning powers and unimpeachable orthodoxy. They wait in rows on fences and roofs near the Charleston markets at a certain time every day except Sunday on the look-out for the refuse, but no one has ever seen a buzzard so lost to all sense of decorum as to go to market on the Christian Sabbath when such places are properly closed. On Sunday, Mr. Barrett suggests, these pious birds 'prey' in the fields.
The next morning, about noon, we find ourselves in Savannah. As the afternoon is lovely, some of us drive out to beautiful, mysterious Bonaventura--the most unconventional and appropriate 'place of graves' I have seen. Imagine acres and acres of apparently endless natural woodland, spots of rough sunlit grass and reaches of densest shade, bowers of tangled vines and reddening winter berries along the wide
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'shell road' that winds through this silent place of peace. The trees are chiefly live oak, and scarcely one but is swathed and festooned by the hanging grey moss. As one's carriage rolls softly over the white road, the mighty trees, reaching out to shake giant hands, meet over our heads, and we find the sunlight shut out for a space. The ghostly grey banners of moss wave a solemn welcome as we pass, and Nature seems in the tender, reverent mood that meets her children's needs when they look on death. Here is no trim lawn and no fantastic flower-bed to mock the poor sightless sleeper underneath, no close crowding of mound against mound and ghastly mosaic of gravestones as far as eye can reach--simply miles of woodland and wind-swayed mourning moss, and here and there, at the foot of some great oak, a tired traveller lies rolled in his soft earth blanket often with no stone at his head.
The next day we are in Macon, and then away to thriving, busy Atlanta, where we play two nights. It is on our way to Nashville, our next town, that Mr. Booth talks of his Sandwich Island expereince as Lessee of the Royal Hawaian Theatre, of how the natives took 'Richard the Third,' and of his travels in Australia and the South Sea Islands. He tells of his youthful struggles in his own and other lands, managing his own company, playing a round of the most ambitious Shakespeareean rôles, and once reduced to doing his own bill-posting, Mr. Barrett talks about the 'palmy days' of the drama, when leading men received twelve dollars a week and stars got paper promises. Mr. Booth remembers his father's returning from Western tours with a box full of 'wild-cat scrip' and with empty pockets. Both would sometimes deepen the sense of contrast between then and now by recalling the happy-go-lucky 'Wander Jahre,' when they carried light hearts in their breasts and their wordly possessions in a champagne basket--when their stock wardrobe consisted of 'the other shirt' and a stage costume of so elastic a kind that it could by some trifling addition or subtraction be made to grace any period, from biblical times down to our own day. They tell us we have no idea of the frequency of intemperance in the 'good old times' among both actors and actresses, and one relates his saying to a clergyman how changed is the Dramatic Profession in this respect; when the man of God, being old enough to look back many years, replied, 'My good sir, I notice a similar change in my own.'
From Nashville we pass to Memphis, and then to Chattanooga, where we are again on historic ground. We listen to animated descriptions of the Civil War, and during our stay we take the 'inclined plane car' up
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Look-out Mountain, an experience no one fond of a sensation and a noble view should miss while in Tennessee. At 'Summit' we go by a narrow-gauge train around the top of the mountain to Sunset Rock, and are richly rewarded for our pains.
The next day, for we play two nights here, we drive to 'Missionary Ridge.' General Bragg's camp is pointed out, and then across 'Cedar Nob,' Grant's position, and, like a ghastly supplement to the story, we pass the National Cemetery on our way home; and, further on, the smooth green sward is rippled by a thousand Confederate graves.
Stopping at only the larger towns, on we go--over mountains and plains, crossing great rivers, flying past cotton and sugar plantations, past alligator and snake-haunted swamps, till early February finds us in New Orleans. Here we stay a week at the Hotel Royal. Canal Street near by looks very familiar, but wears a sober air as contrasted with my last sight of it about Mardi Gras time. I go down Royal Street to the St. Louis Cathedral and walk between the rows of myrtle trees in Jackson Square. One hears cheifly French spoken here, and the houses are of a quaint old-world style. My walks this week are chiefly in the French quarter; one is easily attracted by the persistence of the Gallic type and its contrast with the Newer Orleans that has grown up about the town of Colonial days. At the old French market, which one must visit about 6 A.M. to see well, a curious patios that I fancy would puzzle a Parisian is the only speech I hear, until I am answered in broken English on asking for a cup of their delicious coffee, boiled over a handful of charcoal. A Creole and his wife keep this stall, and bustle about amont the piles of squirming turtles, shrimps, and crawfish, with a cat and a parrot to complete the heterogeneous household. They ungenerously berate the beast that cannot 'answer back,' and cajole the other in their curious staccato French, while the haughty parrot condemns them, one and all, to hell-fire and damnation in choice sailor-Spanish. Going home in the pale early sunlight, along Decatur Street, and past the Cathedral, I come unexpectedly on the Old Bank in Toulouse Street; some one has told me it has a history, and just as we have felt in looking into some faces, that those eyes have seen life in strange and tragic places, so one may feel that even so unromantic a building as a bank, when it wears a front like this, must have played a great part in stirring scenes. At all events, in the days when 'cotton was king,' the rich planters of the South brought their gold to store here with no suspicion that their monarch would be dethroned, their fortunes lost, and their portionless children look up at the mighty storehouse
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of their wealth one day, to see it half ruined and deserted, and instead of busy merchants and planters coming and going, a troop of twittering doves and quarrelsome sparrows fluttering about the eaves, in and out of the balmy sunshine, mocking man's broken effigies of History of Trade by holding high carnival on the headless, armless figures sculptured over the doorway.
Every one who goes to New Orleans goes to Lake Pontchartrain and the Spanish fort, as nearly everyone has an attack of the gambling fever, and, inveighing against the practice, invests more or less heavily in the Louisiana lottery. In the shop windows the tickets dangle before the passer's eyes, and one sees rich and poor alike studying the numbers and generally unable to go on without one or more possible certificates to a princely fortune in the well-lined or ragged pocket. If you give a starving negro here the price of a dinner you may know that ten minutes later the poor wretch is as happy as he is capable of being, for, although he is still very hungry, he has a bit of paper in his hand, and in his wooly head visions of hog and hominy to repletion on Lottery Day, 'an' fo' eber an' eber. Amen.'
The week over, we leave the orange groves and myrtles behind us, and returning to the 'J.B.B.' begin a twelve days' trip through Texas, visiting Galveston, Dallas, and half a dozen other towns. We grow too familiar with the sight of great ranches, herds of cattle and the genus 'Cowboy' to even notice them, but the fine spring-like weather at Waco rouses our enthusiasm. Two of us take a long tramp to Procter Springs, several miles beyond the town, find the first delicate spring flowers already in bloom. With hands full of white stars and pink bells we return to decorate the car with our treasures, but we find the appreciative maidens of Waco have already supplied the tragedians with a large box of violets and a graceful note. Of course all over the country the Booth-Barrett private car created great interest, to the no small discomfort of the tragedians. They became gradually inured to the congregation of the inhabitants on the station platform as we entered a town, the eager scanning of our windows with craned necks and sharp eyes, cries of 'That's Barrett, I know him,' from some ragamuffin, and 'Which is Junius Brutus Booth?' But as orders were quickly given to leave the car for the future in some side track a little out of town, we usually dined in peace, but not always. The disappointed populace once or twice pursued the Junius Brutus Booth to his final stand, and finding that without a platform they could see only the tops of the two august heads, they skirmished
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about for an old barrel, a tub and a box or two, mounted whereon the enterprising Texan could see the Show to his heart's content. We are hardly seated, when tubs, barrels, and boys are comfortably range on the other side of the track. Down come the curtains, and we finish dinner by artificial light. Some time after, thinking the interest must have subsided, a blind is cautiously raised. There sits a patient row of Texan small boys. 'Curtain's up!' one yells delightedly; several pretty girls walk by with eyes fixed on the car windows; an open carriage driving past is brought to a sudden standstill, and the occupants calmly study the situation.
We are two nights in San Antonio--long enough to renew our acquaintance with the old and new so oddly mixed. Modern shops and hotels, with a Spanish cathedral front the square, where the half-breed Indians and cow-boys lounge and traffic by day, while at night the Mexicans keep up the old custom of serving coffee, 'chile concarne' and 'toumalis' piping hot from the open-air fires in the Plaza. Again we drive to the noble ruins of the old Jesuit missions some miles away. San José attracts us most, and we wander about under the close espionage of a shrivelled old Mexican dame, who understands no English except that stamped on a silver coin. Maybe she thinks we want to carry off the stone image of the Virgin at the entrance, whose companion statue was actually stolen by some vandal, and afterwards identified in a curiosity shop in New York. The sculptured portal is very interesting, and the tracery of the one great window left is delicate and beautiful. The carving on the fast-decaying doors is wonderful when one remembers the work was all done by the priests and their Indian converts. We are told these missions were the pioneer settle-
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MISSION HOUSE OF SAN JOSÉ
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ments in a barren and hostile land. They were church, cloister, farm, and fortress, set down by a river in the wilderness, surrounded by strong stone walls, and defended by a little band of cowled and hooded soldiery, until the inhospitable red men were turned from bitter enemies into friends and fellow-workers.
We hear of the schools the priests founded, the useful arts they taught the Indians, and we see the great circular stones, worn with grinding maize for themselves and all the neighbourhood. The mission was the heart of a thriving settlement, they tell us, two hundred years ago; but to-day, looking from the belfry out over the San Antonio plain, we find no trace of the Indian village--the cornfields and gardens have gone back to the wilderness, the irrigating ditches are dry and choked with weeds. Our busy generation might never have heard it was here a body of brave, hard-working priests planted civilization and solved the much-vexed 'Indian Question' if it were not for a half-ruined chapel, some broken cloister arches, and a crumbling outer wall. The famous 'Alamo,' about which the town of San Antonio has grown up, was one of these early missions, but is oftener mentioned as a beleaguered fortress than a 'house of prayer.' We are told the flags of five different factions have waved over the grey old walls, and we remember it was here one of our heroes held out so long against the barbarous Santa Anna. David Crockett, with a handful of men and women, kept the Mexican leader and his well-equipped army at bay as long as ammunition lasted. When the final charge was fired, the barricade forced, and the day surely lost, Santa Anna called for surrender. Crockett and his men refused. They dropped their useless guns and fought their way to death with bowie-knives. The battle ended only when Davy Crockett's body fell lifeless across the mission threshold; and the story of the vengeance of the Mexicans on the few survivors is recited by an old soldier, who sits alone in the dim place ready to tell a chance wayfarer 'this is where Davy Crockett fought like a lion; and here is a picture of the Alamo as it looks to-day--when the door's shut. Take two! Davy Crockett was a great man, miss!' The short day is closing as we bid the enthusiastic veteran good-bye--a white moon shines over the Alamo and lends it new impressiveness. We stop in a side street to buy some Indian pottery and silver filigree work, and especially one or two of the wax groups of figures correctly-dressed in national dress, represented engaged in various trades and native pursuits in the midst of appropriate surroundings. So faithful an impression do they give of Mexican and Indian life that the Smithsonian
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Institution in Washington had, several years ago, a case of these figures in the biological department. We go out of San Antonio after the play that night at a swinging pace; the supper service slides about, and those who care to preserve an upright position hold fast to the table--it was a remarkable and perilous run, so engineers have assured us--but we arrived safely in El Paso the next day at four o'clock. Bent on exploring, as usual, some of us leave the United States and go for an hour's stroll in a foreign country, El Paso being on the Texas side of the Colorado River, and Paso del Norte, a wretched little adobe village, across the Mexican line. We go into some of the shops to price the serapes and opals--then to the inevitable Plaza to look for a few minutes into the old Mission Cathedral 'Guadalupe.' A venerable white-haired priest leads a crowd of women from cross to cross with soft-voiced prayers and gentle benedictions, and all the women devoutly kneel and cross themselves, and touch the floor with their foreheads, while the children and dogs follow them unconcernedly, playing about from station to station. The cathedral is over 350 years old, but in excellent preservation. With such materials as they had those indefatigable Jesuit missionaries built strongly and well. The women here all seem to wear a scarf or shawl over the head, while the glory of Mexican manhood is the gorgeous sombrero of felt, beaver, or straw, heavily decorated with gold or silver braid. Many of the men wear ponchos, a sort of blanket wrap of native weaving and gay colours, and, hot as the day is, each wearer is enveloped to the eyes, as though shutting out an imaginary Boreal blast. Crossing the long open bridge over the Colorado on our return, we get a lurid, wonderful sunset effect. The wide mud flats and great plains beyond are dyed with dusky red, and the huddled groups of adobe houses seem etched in flame, for the West to-night is 'not colour, but conflagration.' Fascinating as it is, we must not stay to see the fire put out, for Portia and Calphurnia are expected in Rome in an hour. We leave El Paso the next day on our way to California, by the Southern Pacific Railroad, through hundreds of miles of sand and sage brush, and across the Yuma Desert, where we see a beautiful mirage--palm trees and limpid lakes on a horizon where we know a scorching sun beats down on miles of treeless plain. At the settlement of Yuma we are received by a score or more of Indians, who come down to the train in war-paint and feathers, to sell bows and arrows, bead necklaces, and strings of shells. All that the women appear to wear is a large sheet-like square of red cotton or flannel--it seems to matter little whether the material is thick or thin so long as it is red. They paint even the babies in arms,
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ALAMO AT SAN ANTONIO
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and smear their own and their children's coarse black hair with red and yellow pigment.
These long Western journeys become tedious; after the eager eyes of the young traveller have grown accustomed to the half-mysterious desolation of the great American desert, the dull-hued fantastic vegetation, giant cacti and prickly pear armed cap-à-pie, the sharp grey-green leaves of the Spanish bayonet, menacing and shadeless--the silence and sameness are too prolonged to be discounted by glimpses of an emigrant's white-covered waggon lumbering through the sand--a Mexican 'greaser' on a broncho, some antelopes in the distance, or a prairie dog village, or at long intervals a green line of agriculture along an irrigation canal, like a patch of soft new fabric set on a garment coarse and old. But when we are tired of all this, and further on of the wild gorges and awful heights of the Southern Sierras, we turn from the vision without to the hospitable cheer within. These were days when we lingered long at dinner, forgetful of time, listening to the brilliant talk and good-humoured badinage between our hosts. We might be forgiven for sometimes thinking such clever impromptus deserved a Boswell's fidelity to record them, instead of falling on ears that could only appreciate and not retain. But we shall long have some remembrance of stories told of Charlotte Cushman, of her rugged ways and tender heart, her kindness to Mr. Barrett once when he was ill and far from home, and how by the sick bed her great sonorous voice would soften to a gentle crooning as of a mother over her child. Then the chat would drift across the Atlantic to speak of Millais's princely present of a picture of Mr. Henry Irving to the Garrick Club in London, and then Mr. Barrett would break into enthusiastic eulogy of Garrick, 'poet, dramatist, scholar, wit, and genial gentleman.' Mr. Booth refers to his anachronistic dressing of some of his rôles, the more wonderful in that he costumed such a part as 'Don Felix' so correctly, as shown by his portrait in a medallion over our heads in the rechristened J.B.B., formerly 'the Garrick.' Mr. Barrett quotes his favourite's lines to Goldsmith, and Mr. Booth, loving justice, gives us 'Goldie's' side. Some trick of memory that forgets better things, and fastens recollection on a trifle, makes me think of a certain actress they told us of, whose genius had profoundly impressed these gentlemen long years ago--a marvellous magnetic creature, they say, who would have out-rivalled all the rest but for her love of drink, her terrific temper, and misuse of energy in a constant struggle to get rid of one husband in order to marry another. One remembers playing Thane of Fife to her
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Lady Macbeth, and holding her up in a state of unspeakable bliss while she wept and staggered through the scene. Another recalls the astonishment of the townspeople in the vicinity of her hotel one day at something fluttering at her window and the sight of the distinguished lady hung out by the waistband, a tiny fury in the strong hand of the husband of that period, while he shrieked over her with a thick brogue, 'One! Will ye 'pologize?' 'Never,' from the lady. 'When I say three I'll dhrop ye.' Awful pause, populace transfixed with horror. 'Two! Will ye 'pologize?' 'Hold on!' from the vanquished wife, and she was drawn in to 'pologize.
Our first stand in California is Los Angeles. Here we find roses and lilies in bloom, and that pride of Eastern hot-houses, the 'calla' is cut out of the gardens in great sheaves and thrown away because it spreads, and chokes out other flowers. Our modest bush of lemon verbena is here a tree, and the heliotrope reaches to the second story windows. From our hotel we have a glorious view of the green foot-hills and snowy mountains of the San Bernadino Range, for this is the 'Ramona' country. Mr. Booth tells us of Helen Hunt's lonely grave on a mountain top near Manitou, Colorado, and this Southern California seems full of her memory.
There is the Citrus Fair to interest us; the trip to Pasadena, drives to Baldwin's and Rose's ranches and the Ostrich Farms. A week here, and we are again on the wing, marvelling at the engineering skill that finds a way along these 'bleak tremendous heights,' skirting shadowy abysses, doubling on its own track, twisting through the famous 'loop,' flying over cañon and chasm, and descending safely at last into the fair San Joaquin Valley--one of Nature's vast flower gardens--hundreds of miles of vivid green lit with yellow poppies.
On March 5th we complete our ocean-to-ocean tour with our arrival at Oakland, and our first glimpse of San Francisco Bay and the Golden Gate. We play three weeks in San Francisco, and while we are enjoying the plentiful fruits and flowers and the summer weather, our friends in New York are going through the awful experiences of the great blizzard of '88, streets and tracks choked with snow--horrible suffering and death from cold, while for days all communication with the rest of America is suspended. A gentleman in New York at this time needing to hear from Boston, was obliged to send a cable message via London. And so, when people abroad ask us about the climate in our country, we are naturally a little puzzled to reply.
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Although we are duly impressed by the California Street palaces and by the breathless run down the steepest of all possible streets on a cable car dummy, I think nothing interests us so much in that country of contrasts as Chinatown. In the heart of this bustling bran-new American prosperity, is set down a few square acres of Asia. There is not the faintest sign of amalgamation; the Chinese quarter has a pig-tailed population, trades, a system of religion, a theatre, laws and penalties (we are told), and surely an atmospere all its own. No shop is kept by any 'Melican' man, no white face is seen in the dirty narrow streets, unless it be a tourist's. Only Oriental wares are sold in the shops, and in the foul-smelling markets nothing is in sight that would tempt a starving Christian. The people are all in native dress, oftentimes very gorgeous; the distinguishing mark of the merchant being a red knob, made of beads, on his cap. There is comparatively little display in the bric-à-brac shops; all the best things are tucked away, but we find the shopkeepers adepts at driving a close bargain, and we learn that their mechanical contrivance for arithmetical computation--little wooden beads strung on wires in a frame--enables them to arrive at results more quickly than is possible to any of our 'lightning calculators.'
With some San Franciscans we go one evening to the swell Chinese restaurant, gay with flags and coloured lanterns. The building is several stories high and the further up one goes, the more luxurious and expensive the accommodation, till on the top floor we find a room furnished with richly inlaid chairs, ranged around a marble and teak wood table, with Chinese pictures on the walls, which are carved, and one side panelled with glass, a divan in the alcove for the opium smokers' siesta, while a small room near by is presumably used for religious purposes, for a grotesque picture of a three-headed god is over what might be called an altar, on which, in vases filled with earth, the sandal-scented joss sticks are 'smoking the devil out of the house.' We have tea Chinese fashion, made and served in a 'gook cheung,' and marvellous good tea it is! We discover what delicious preserves the Celestials make, and that our borrowed custom of serving salted almonds for table use is an old Mongolian habit. As we go out we are taken through a large room adjoining ours, where a party of rich Chinese merchants are having dinner. The hubbub is deafening, for in the intervals of deftly emptying bowls of rice, &c., with chop sticks, these gentlemen are playing a gambling game, which seems to consist of the holding up of one or more fingers, and all are howling in unison. Many are past this intellectual enjoyment, for at least half the company are in the various
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stages of opium intoxication, some, just beginning to feel the poison, blink absently in our direction, others, no longer able to sit up, are half reclining on the tables hardly able to heat and roll the soft black pill of poison for the final pipe; others again completely overcome, lie in a death-like stupor on the divans, some with wide fixed eyes, glassy and horrible. One never forgets an opium den, even if it is not one of the subterranean holes that honeycomb Chinatown, half a dozen stories under the earth, where men lie on shelves, one above another, from floor to ceiling, smoking as long as the yellow fingers can hold the pipe--probably escaping death in the pestilent air by some antidotal virtue of the artificial poison.
We finish our explorations by going to the theatre, where we have a box. In the body of the house the men sit all together with hats on, smoking. In the gallery sit the women, not those of good position, for a Chinese 'lady' never is seen 'at the play'--but those of an humbler class, that nevertheless show some really pretty faces and charming costumes. The acting is on a rectangle of red carpet in the middle of a raised stage. Only what happens on that bit of tapestry belongs to the play, and you are not to be distracted by spectators and stage hands standing or sitting about, or the hard-worked orchestra behind this little island of dramatic action, keeping up unceasing din with gongs, rude fiddles, cymbals, pipes and drums. To be heard above this horrible noise requires great force of lung, but in that sense these are 'powerful actors.' Occasionally the immobile faces in front relax with something like a grin, and a wave of sluggish amusement rolls over the Celestial throng. The actors' make-ups are remarkable; triangles of unshaded red adorn their high cheek bones, and impossible wigs and beards are sported with a childish indifference to their unreality--in fact, the Chinese stage seems a sort of nursery 'pretend theatre.' They have no scenery and few properties. Men play women's parts in falsetto tones and a supposed ladylike manner in flourishing the hands. The dresses are often gorgeous, and the mincing gait of the small-footed women is imitated by a short man mounted on wooden pegs, which are fitted with tiny shoes, and on these miniature stilts the Chinese 'leading lady' walks into the affections of the hero. The plays are so long, it takes sometimes six months to perform one, each evening's bill is only a section of the work, although the players begin about 5 P.M., and keep it up till midnight. One of our friends brings a Chinese gentleman into the box, who tells us in excellent English about the performance. He explains that a court-room scene is in
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progress, a woman is to be tried for deserting her husband! Witnesses are called and surely lack not power in argument; they scream and gesticulate singly and en masse , the fiddles scrape, the cymbals clash, the wife protests in a shrill monotone, the husband, maddened, we think, by the strife of pipes and horns, howls dismally, beats the air and then his wife, in contempt perhaps of 'the law's delays.' The offended judge rises from his chair of state and condemns the too demonstrative plaintiff to a 'dungeon cell,' so he is dragged off, and the scene being over, the judge and the rest scamper away in undignified haste, behind the scenes. Enter two pig-tailed menials to 'set' the next scene; they remove the judge's chair and bring into the magic square a bamboo like a short fishing rod, which is secured upright between two chairs. Then the heroine comes mincing on and in a pathetic soliloquy declares that life is not worth living, and decides to hang herself. We are now to imagine she is walking in a wood; she sees the bamboo; she pantomimes, 'This is the very thing! On this sturdy tree will I hang the burden of my sorrow.' She unties a silk scarf from her waist, she drops on her knees for a moment's frantic prayer, and then with a mad rush of agony she tries to climb the chair, we beg her pardon, 'the tree,' she falls half fainting from the dangerous ascent, finally she stands secure on the dizzy height, she throws one end of her scarf over a small splinter of bamboo, fastened a foot from the top of the pole to simulate a bough, very cautiously, lest she snap the rudimentary limb; she draws down the other end of the scarf and knots the two under her chin; she meekly drops her head on one side and is supposed to be duly hanged. On comes the husband, a scene of grief insupportable: the villain appears painted half black and half white, lest we should not recognise him as a deceitfuly two-faced son of the Prince of Darkness. Husband insists on duel, swords are brought, villain is vanquished as in England and America. As he falls two supers appear, and while they hear the victim behind the curtain the hero drags from under a table a papier-mache head, which he swings about by the matted hair, intimating with grotesque gestures and savage glee that this is the gory head of his adversary. On the whole, our Western 'point of view,' or critics may think 'professional jealousy,' inclines us to the opinion that the Chinese are less successful as actors than as deft artisans and vendors of the fruits of the kindly earth, which they grow so successfully in their tiny gardens and sell to the 'Melican,' that they may buy for their own consumption tainted fish and other dainties. Every morning, in the suburbs of San Francisco, one sees the white-aproned Chinaman calling from house to house with his two large vegetable baskets suspended from
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a horizontal pole across his shoulders, rather a picturesque object with his spotless dress and curious yellow face, trotting about our shining New World streets, the great baskets swinging like giant pendulums on either side.
Our last Shakespearean performance in San Francisco is 'The Merchant of Venice.' Never could the grand old play have gone better, never could a vast housefull have been stirred by enthusiasm more contagious than that which lifts this great audience to its feet and gives it one voice to cry 'Bravo' and 'Farewell!' Speeches of grace and feeling from the two great men, and a presentation of laurel wreaths and crowns of victory by the band-boxful.
The curtain falls for the last time, the crowds surge out, the lights go down, and in place of the brilliant echo-waking throng, darkness and silence sit in gallery and stall, our ocean-to-ocean tour has ended.
Citation for this document:
Robins, Elizabeth. "Across America With 'Junius Brutus Booth'." The Universal Review. Vol. 7, no. 27 (July 1890): 375-392. Hypertext ed. Joanne E. Gates. Available from July 2000. URL [DATE OF ACCESS] Original pagination indicated is from this printing.
Available on the web since July 2000 | <urn:uuid:ea9b6161-2d15-499f-af6a-5466a05173ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jsu.edu/robinsweb/docshort/acramjbb.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.955793 | 9,322 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Many Colorado restaurants have already closed. The ones still open aren’t sure how long they can weather coronavirus.
State data shows that even though restaurants have recovered some since April, the industry is still down thousands of jobs. More than 2,500 establishments have shut down since March.
In Winter Park, most are struggling to survive. Creative thinking has allowed some owners to keep their doors open, with a hope for the future when we can get back to some normalcy.
On any given summer night, the Winter Park Pub is packed with people enjoying a cold beverage and pub fare. The Pub is a local hangout that features live music, great pizza, a Taco Bar on Tuesday’s and arguably the Best Burgers in the Universe. Owner Jeff Williams and his partner have struggled to stay open with heavy restrictions on their seating capacity. “We have had some ups and downs. At the onset of the pandemic, we shut down, but we have really started to bounce back this summer,” said Williams. “People want to get out and mingle.”
The Pub has an outdoor patio area with ample space to make guests feel comfortable and Williams said they had started to recover some of their losses when Colorado Governor Polis implemented a 10 pm curfew on bars. The mandate was another hit to businesses like the Pub. “That makes it very difficult for our bottom line”, said Williams
With the coronavirus pandemic, there are no more normal summer nights at the Pub and they are not alone. Continued statewide safety measures limit seating to only 50 people indoors, making it difficult for most restaurants to cover their overhead. And the hits keep coming. There’s winter months to think about, when it’s not so nice to sit outdoors. After reducing staffing to accommodate just take-out and delivery orders early on in the pandemic, “rehiring workers has not been easy,” said Williams.
As the pandemic drags on, many businesses have outlasted federal financial relief and initial enthusiasm to adapt to a stay-at-home way of life. Recovery appears further away than many restaurants believe they can hold on. The restaurant industry already had a reputation as a challenging market with low margins and high turnover. The latest survey by the Colorado Restaurant Association found that 56% of restaurant members fear that if coronavirus conditions don’t improve, they’ll permanently close within a few months. Williams said, “We are lucky and qualified for some loans that helped bridge the gap.” The Pub is just one longtime local hangout pinching pennies to keep the doors open.
According to the latest data from the state’s Department of Revenue, the number of food and drinking establishments filing sales tax returns dropped 19.3% between March and May, to 10,604. That indicates that about 2,500 have either closed temporarily or for good. April saw a larger drop due to the one-month sales tax extension that let businesses delay payments until May 20.
If capacity restrictions continue, which is likely until a COVID-19 vaccine is approved, thousands of jobs won’t be returning anytime soon according to a Colorado Department of Labor report. Restaurants are currently reporting that their staff is about 63% of what it was last year at this time. The report estimates that across the industry, we’ve lost at least 87,000 jobs in our state.
In June, the state’s Department of Labor and Employment estimated that there were 66,400 fewer jobs in the accommodation and food services sector than a year ago. The number of jobs had increased in May and June as restaurants were allowed to partially reopen to in-person dining. But with 227,100 people employed in this category as of June, that’s 23% less than June 2019.
If you are thinking about getting out for a cold beverage or burger, stop in and grab a nice table on the patio at the Winter Park Pub or your favorite local hangout. Our local dollars will make a difference for owners who are facing an uncertain future. | <urn:uuid:032bc113-bf35-4fd0-94be-919288596a85> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://winterparktimes.com/community/local-restaurants-operating-on-a-thin-margin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.974145 | 847 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Tampa Bay Online reports that changes in state laws on food safety inspections has led to mass confusion about jurisdiction, so much that health departments are now regaining powers to conduct kitchen hygiene inspections at child care facilities, at least for an interim period.
Marc Yacht, the retired former director of the Pasco County Health Department said he remains concerned about the "most vulnerable population" at nursing homes not having a regular food and hygiene inspection program.
Unintended consequences seem to have plagued the new law from the start, Yacht and other critics say.
Most Department of Children and Family inspectors have bachelor’s degrees in social sciences, but they lack the training and experience for food inspections. The Department of Health inspectors have degrees in science or health and training in food safety. | <urn:uuid:ffade0f1-76ce-4b3e-b254-5cd434e89335> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.barfblog.com/2010/10/florida-food-safety-inspections-shift-again/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.959762 | 158 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Is Evolution Revolution?
Long Term Evolution has long been touted as the wireless broadband solution of the future. Trouble is, so has WiMAX, LTE Advanced, WiMAX2, public Wi-Fi and others. The wait is finally over however, the solution is here -- in the real world -- after years of trials and testing.
LTE from Verizon offers speeds ranging from 5 to 12 megabits per second download and up to 5Mbps upload. You can access this torrent of data through a forthcoming range of 4G phones and it is currently available through an LG USB dongle for laptops, ideal for web workers.
Get high-speed data on your laptop and on the go
4G In the City
4G is currently available in 39 cities from New York to Nashville, from Dallas to San Jose, covering a third of the population plus most major airports. With a nationwide rollout by 2013, 4G offers not only faster speed but wider benefits.
For a start, business with larger data files will have no trouble sharing PowerPoint presentations with users. Also, mobile or remote offices can be set up without requiring any infrastructure and the dongles can be set up (on Windows-based PCs) with no need for tech support.
Web Business Goes Anywhere
For knowledge workers, web creatives and others, it also opens up the possibility of working anywhere on any part of a system, no matter how complex or sizeable. With back-ends to CMSs capable of being dog-slow when accessed in particular ways, hopefully 4G can improve the situation for a lot of users.
The dongle is currently available for US$ 149 with a US$ 50 dollar rebate when singing up for a two-year 4G data plan.
Do you think 4G will be useful to you, or could improve the way you work? Have you tried it and has it lived up to your expectations? Let us know in the comments. | <urn:uuid:39ac6481-7f4b-4590-b43b-5e03e54d3b4a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cmswire.com/cms/enterprise-20/4g-networks-herald-the-arrival-of-proper-mobile-data-009554.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00440-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932042 | 397 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Advanced Micro Devices has unveiled its new code-named Bonaire graphics processing unit aimed at the mainstream market. The first graphics card powered by the new chip costs $149 and outperforms its direct competitor, Nvidia Corp.’s GeForce GTX 650 Ti, by 8% - 32%. Unfortunately, the new boards will only become available next month.
AMD Bonaire graphics processor features 896 stream processors, 56 texture units, 16 render output units as well as 128-bit memory bus with GDDR5 support. The new chip is not a cut-down version of another one, but a brand new ASIC with 2.08 billion transistors with 160mm2 die size. Like all Radeon HD 7000-series chips, the new Bonaire GPU support all the advantages that the graphics core next (GCN) architecture has to offer, including support for DirectX 11.1, OpenCL 1.2, OpenGL 4.3, PCI Express 3.0, AMD Eyefinity 2.0, ultra high-definition output support using DisplayPort 1.2, HDMI 1.4a, optimized power consumption, integrated 7.1 audio controller, stereo-3D/Blu-ray 3D support, and other new technologies.
According to AMD’s own performance measurements, AMD Radeon HD 7790 “Bonaire” is on average 20% faster than its direct rival GeForce GTX 650 Ti in video games and benchmarks. Performance advantage over the competitor varies from 8% in Battlefield 3 to 14% in Crysis 3 to 32% in Tomb Raider and to over 40% in Dirt: Showdown.
Thanks to increased number of stream compute processors and high clock-speeds that result in 1.79TFLOPS of peak compute performance, AMD Radeon HD 7790 is also faster than Nvidia GeForce GTX 650 Ti in applications that utilize GPGPU technologies. Depending on application, performance advantage of the new Bonaire-based solution over the competitor ranges from 18% in ComputeMark 2 to 70% in PassMark/Bitonic Sorting.
AMD Radeon HD 7790 also features a new version of AMD PowerTune technology that can now optimize voltages for efficient power consumption. That efficient power consumption allows AMD to bring even higher clock-speeds, which can translate into faster frame-rates for video games without increasing thermal design power. The Bonaire GPU has eight power states, each of which has its own clock-speed and voltage setting; the intelligent software can switch between power states in 10ms, thus providing either improved performance or lower power consumption.
AMD Radeon HD 7790 graphics cards from different add-in-board suppliers will be available in retail next month for $149 in the U.S. When customers purchase this new graphics card at a participating retailer, they will receive a free copy of BioShock Infinite valued at $59.99. | <urn:uuid:dc83d972-3b01-4cb6-9060-7b5887e00d66> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/graphics/display/20130321230000_AMD_Unleashes_Radeon_HD_7790_Graphics_Solution_for_Mainstream_Market.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721141.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00415-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894529 | 585 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Making Your Thought into Reality
Going from prototyping circuits on a breadboard, to designing our own printed circuit board (PCB) is like going off training wheels. There is a lot to know about this process, so let’s dive in.
PCB design occurs in the course of the Electrical engineering (EE) process. EE creates the “brains” of how your machine will work. Without electronics, you basically have just a bunch of metal and plastic in your hands.
Things to know earlier than starting the PCB design:
1. PCB size — this is dependent upon your product measurement (or enclosure measurement). Product dimension is defined throughout electronic engineering design process. You can see our video about it here.
2. PCB layers — the more layers, the more complex the manufacturing of the PCB will be. (Note: even a single layer PCB is usually a complicated one, however here we’re talking about advancedity to manufacture the PCBs. The more layers the PCB has, the more expensive it will be to manufacture it).
2 layers normally for easy toy products
four layers normally for IoT associated products
6 to eight layers often for Smart phone or smart watch.
3. Your PCB manufacturer requirements. Make positive you read the guidelines about pacing, traces dimension, energy isolation, and file naming earlier than you start designing.
Information you will need to provide to the PCB producer:
Number of Layers (ex. 2, 4, 6,…etc.)
Materials (FR-2 (phenolic cotton paper), FR-three (cotton paper and epoxy), FR-4 (woven glass and epoxy…etc.)
Thickness (0.5 mm, 1.zero mm…etc.)
Color (Red, Black, Green…etc.)
Surface Finish (ENIG (Electroless Nickel/Immersion Gold), DIG (Direct Immersion Gold), OSP (Natural Solderability Preservatives…etc.)
Copper Weight (1 oz (35 um), 2 oz (70 um), 0.5 oz (18 um)…etc.)
After you’ve the selected device installed, you must get element specs for every of your chosen components. They are usually available in your distributors’ websites. The model files will provide help to to draw the schematic. Once you upload the model to the software device, the part will be available in the database. Then all you should do is to comply with the data sheet to attach the lines to each pin out of the components. (Note: specifics of the design process will rely on the software device of selection).
PCB Format + Gerber file
To design PCB layout and create a Gerber file you need to use the identical software tools that we mentioned for circuit design. Unlike the schematic, PCB format is allocating the precise parts to the exact location on the PCB and show the trace to connect each component together between the PCB layers. As mentioned to start with of the article, the higher number of layers you have, the more complex manufacturing it will want and it will be more costly.
Divide the PCB into logical sections according to the functionality (e.g. power supply, audio output, etc.). Then make positive to group the parts of each section in the identical area. This way you may keep conductive traces quick and reduce noise and interference.
Person interface (UI) can also be something you want to keep in mind when designing your PCB. Locations of the components like audio jacks, connectors, LEDs, etc. should be adjusted for the most effective person expertise possible.
If you beloved this short article in addition to you desire to obtain details concerning ceramic pcb manufacturer kindly check out our own web page. | <urn:uuid:de2d424d-9910-4ccc-b543-3dc9eb463ae1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://volcanohealth.org/2022/06/what-you-need-to-know-about-pcb-design-manufacturing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.901805 | 775 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Keepin' It Green: The Week in DIY: 15 Easy Ways to Save Water, 10 Foods that Fight Cancer, and More
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|The Week in DIY: 15 Easy Ways to Save Water, 10 Foods that Fight Cancer, and More
Each week, we highlight some of our favorite projects from our friends at Treehugger and Planet Green to help inspire your inner DIYer.
Your Idle Computer Can Solve Global Water Problems
IBM’s World Community Grid takes advantage of your PC’s downtime to work on everything from curing cancer to solving the water crisis.
Upcycle Denim Waistbands into a Unique Rug
Take your favorite pairs of worn-out jeans (or find usable, clean pairs at your local thrift store) and turn the waistbands into a small throw rug.
Top 10 Foods and Drinks for Cancer Prevention
From artichokes and leafy greens to red wine and flaxseed, add these ten foods to your diet for their cancer-fighting benefits.
15 Ways to Practice Water Conservation at Home
These easy tips — from fixing leaky toilets to collecting rainwater for your garden — help you save resources (and money) by cutting your water usage.
Man Builds Cat-Sized Village for Homeless Cats
At Craig Grant’s cat sanctuary, dozens of stray and abandoned felines find a new home.
5 Ways to Lighten Your Load and Live as if You’re on the Road
These “less-is-more” suggestions from Apartment Therapy give you the guidelines you need to de-clutter your home.
Can Comedy be Organic? Green? Johannah Knott and the All Organic Comedy Tour Say YES (Interview)
Going green doesn’t have to be so serious — and comedian Johannah Knott and her “eco-comedy” tour are the proof.
Sip Tea to Your Health: Alleviate a Variety of Ailments Naturally by Choosing the Right Cup
With cold and flu season on the way, see how sipping these different kinds of tea can help you keep in top form.
Who Picked Your Veggies? Using Packaging to Recognize the Farmer
In an effort to connect consumers to their food, one man hopes to add farmers’ pictures and stories to vegetable packaging. | <urn:uuid:9dd8cb83-f206-4347-ad17-851ef0c6693c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.craftster.org/blog/the-week-in-diy-15-easy-ways-to-save-water-10-foods-that-fight-cancer-and-more/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00319-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888096 | 488 | 1.914063 | 2 |
You are here
Chin up. Things Aren’t That Bad.
nation’s mood is sour these days. Rampant unemployment, home foreclosures, and
a yo-yo stock market are souring the nation’s mood.
closer look, though, reveals that things aren’t that bad and are getting better.
And, agriculture is leading the way in that respect.
Matt Ridley, a zoologist who authored the book, The Rational
Optimist, notes increases in
agricultural productivity has led to more land being set aside for forest and
“In the eastern Seaboard in the United States, there used to be 70% farmland. Now
it is 70% forest. Much of Europe now has more forest covering it (in place of
farmland). We are now so productive with farmland that we can spare some of
that land for wilderness.”
spoke at the BASF Global Agricultural
Solutions Press Info Day in Ludwigshafen, Germany, this month. Other good news
he shared includes:
You’re likely doing better
economically than your parents and grandparents.
“Ask yourself, how long does it take you to earn an
hour of reading light,” he says.
A person living in 1800 and reading by the light of
a tallow candle would have to labor 6 hours to pay for it. In the 1950s, an
average person would have to work 8 seconds to afford an hour of reading light
from an incandescent bulb.
The cost today? On average, .5 seconds with a modern
compact fluorescent lamp.
You’re healthier. “On average, we are living
30% longer than our grandparents,” says Ridley. “We are defeating early-age
mortality by defeating diseases like tuberculosis.”
The good news doesn’t stop there. “Today’s diseases
like heart disease and cancer are beginning to trend downward in rich
countries,” he says. “That wasn’t supposed to happen. Pessimists in the 1970s
said that was supposed to be the other way around. Cancer rates were supposed
to go up, due to (degradation) in the environment.”
Less violence exists. ‘The odds of being a
victim of homicide is down 35 times compared to the Middle Ages,” he says.
We are more equal
“Some people think (economic) inequality is getting worse,” he says. “Globally,
inequality is getting better. Poor countries are getting richer faster than
rich countries. The rich world has stagnated.”
So why are things so much
showed a stone arrowhead made by prehistoric hunters to a modern computer
mouse. One person could make the stone arrowhead that efficiently sliced up an
animal.Despite this invention, though, matters stayed the same economically for
Stone Age hunters for centuries.
dozens of individuals collaborated to create the computer mouse and the
technology is helps drive.
secret of what enables all this (positive change) to happen is the
extraordinary capacity of human beings to swap and exchange ideas,” says
Ridley. “No human being on the planet knows how to make a computer alone.
Knowledge is distributed through human exchange.”
is also necessary for spurring ideas. “Look at Steve Jobs and Thomas Edison,”
says Ridley. “They weren’t driven by the fear of what might be happening,
Instead, they were driven by optimism of what could happen.” | <urn:uuid:f35fefef-8e43-411d-b005-5c39dd145369> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.agriculture.com/news/technology/chin-up-things-arent-that-bad_6-ar20812 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00329-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952278 | 776 | 2.21875 | 2 |
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About this product
- DescriptionGrounded in path-breaking research but written in an accessible, engaging style Moral Talk Across the Lifespan explores how our most fundamental moral commitments are shaped by crucial conversations with family members, romantic partners, and friends. Taking a lifespan approach, the authors demonstrate that moral growth is a continual process, one stimulated by transitions (e.g., leaving home for university) and disruptive events (serious illness). With chapters penned by leading relationship scholars, the volume contributes original thinking, data, and invative theoretical pathways for researchers. For instructors it explores pressing moral questions encountered by students in their own relationships with romantic partners, friends, parents, and other family members. When is revealing a secret the right thing to do? Is revenge ever a worthy response to an insult or sleight? Why are young adults persuaded to accept some of their parents' values but t others? Is there a right (or wrong) way to support a parent facing a terminal illness? Moral Talk Across the Lifespan offers a stimulating blend of social science research and moral reflection. It is a key text for courses in Relational Communication, Family Communication, Interpersonal Communication, and Communication Ethics.
- Author BiographyVince Waldron (PhD Ohio State University) is Professor of Communication at Arizona State University. He is the author of four books, including Communicating Emotion at Work (2012). Dr. Douglas Kelley (PhD University of Arizona) is Professor of Communication at Arizona State University. He is the author/co-author of three books including Marital Communication (2012).
- PublisherPeter Lang Publishing Inc
- Date of Publication28/06/2015
- SubjectCommunication & Media
- Series TitleLifespan Communication
- Series Part/Volume Number7
- Country of PublicationUnited States
- First Published2015
- ImprintPeter Lang Publishing Inc
- Weight350 g
- Width150 mm
- Height224 mm
- Spine15 mm
- Edited byDouglas L. Kelley,Vince Waldron
- Edition StatementNew edition
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Thanks, we'll look into this. | <urn:uuid:066f983a-d9bf-485d-8b2c-4e22a233b92b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ebay.com.au/p/Moral-Talk-Across-the-Lifespan-Creating-Good-Relationships-by-Peter-Lang-Publishing-Inc-Paperback/216779993 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00032-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.879861 | 570 | 1.859375 | 2 |
One important component of plasticulture is plastic mulches that have been used commercially for the production of vegetables since the early 1960's, and their usage is still increasing throughout the world. Plastic mulches provide many positive advantages for the user, such as increased yields, earlier maturing crops, crops of higher quality, enhanced insect management, and weed control. They also allow other components, such as drip irrigation, to achieve maximum efficiency. Although a variety of vegetables can be grown successfully using plastic mulches, muskmelons, tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, squash, eggplant, watermelons, and okra have shown the most significant responses. The production of strawberries and cut flowers, like vegetables is greatly improved by the use of plasticulture. The selection of which mulch type to use will depend on factors such as the crop to be grown, season of the year, whether double or triple cropping is contemplated, and if insect management is desired.
Much of the early work on the use of plastic mulches for vegetable production was to define the impact that differently colored mulches had on soil and air temperatures, moisture retention, and vegetable yields. Based on this work three main colors of black, clear, and white predominate commercial vegetable production today, although white has been replaced largely by a co-extruded white-on-black. Plastic mulches directly impact the microclimate around the plant by modifying the radiation budget (absorbitivity vs. reflectivity) of the surface and decreasing the soil water loss. The color of a mulch largely determines its energy-radiating behavior and its influence on the microclimate around a vegetable plant. Color affects the surface temperature of the mulch and the underlying soil temperature.
Another important factor is the degree of contact between the mulch and soil or by not being taut, often quantified as a thermal contact resistance, will greatly influence the performance of a mulch. If an air space is created between the plastic mulch and the soil by a rough soil surface, soil warming can be less effective than would be expected from a particular mulch. The soil temperature under a plastic mulch depends on the thermal properties (reflectivity, absorbitivity, or transmittancy) of a particular material in relation to incoming solar radiation. Black plastic mulch, the predominate color used in vegetable production is an opaque blackbody absorber and radiator. Black mulch absorbs most ultra-violet (UV), visible, and infrared wavelengths (IR) of incoming solar radiation and re-radiates absorbed energy in the form of thermal radiation or long-wavelength infrared radiation. Much of the solar energy absorbed by black plastic mulch is lost to the atmosphere through radiation and forced convection. The efficiency with which black mulch increases soil temperature can be improved by optimizing conditions for transferring heat from the mulch to the soil. Because thermal conductivity of the soil is high relative to that of air, much of the energy absorbed by black plastic can be transferred to the soil by conduction if contact is good between the plastic mulch and the soil surface. Soil temperatures under black plastic mulch during the daytime are generally 5° F higher at a 2-inch depth and 3° F higher at a 4-inch depth compared to those that of bare soil.
In contrast, clear plastic mulch absorbs little solar radiation but transmits 85% to 95%, with relative transmission depending on the thickness and degree of opacity of the polyethylene. The under surface of clear plastic mulch usually is covered with condensed water droplets. This water is transparent to incoming shortwave radiation but is opaque to outgoing longwave infrared radiation, so much of the heat lost to the atmosphere from a bare soil by infrared radiation is retained by clear plastic mulch. Thus, daytime soil temperatures under clear plastic mulch are generally 8 to 14° F higher at a 2-inch depth and 6 to 9° F higher at a 4-inch depth compared to those of bare soil. Clear plastic mulches generally are used in the cooler regions of the United States, such as the New England states. Using clear plastic mulch will require the use of a herbicide, soil fumigant, or solarization to control weeds.
White, coextruded white-on-black or silver reflecting mulches can result in a slight decrease in soil temperature -2° F at 1-inch depth or -0.7° F at a 4-inch depth compared to bare soil, because they reflect back into the plant canopy most of the incoming solar radiation. These mulches can be used to establish a crop when soil temperatures are high and any reduction in soil temperatures is beneficial. Depending on the degree of opacity of the white mulch, it may require the use of a fumigant or herbicide because of the potential weed growth. Another family of mulches includes the wave-length-selective or photoselective mulches, which selectively transmit radiation in some regions of the electromagnetic spectrum but not in the photosynthetic region. These mulches absorb protosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and transmit solar infrared radiation (IR), providing a compromise intermediate between black and clear mulch in terms of increasing soil temperature. The color of these mulches can be blue-green (IRT-76, AEP Industries Inc., Moonachie, N.J., or Climagro, Leco Industries, Inc., Quebec, Canada) or brown (Polyon-Barkai, Poly West, Encinitas, Calif.) These mulches warm up the soil like clear mulch but without the accompanying weed problem. An above-ground spectral response exists in addition to the response t o elevated soil temperatures, and may be physio-chemical (e.g. phytochrome regulation) or radiative (e.g., increasing or decreasing the heat load on the foliage). For example, in a pepper canopy, twice as much reflected photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured above clear plastic mulch than above black plastic or bare soil. Although both red and black plastics raised soil temperatures similarly, higher early yields and less foliage were observed in plants grown on red plastic. Both red and black mulches reflected about the same amount of PAR, but red plastic increased the ratio of red:far-red wavelenghts (R:FR) in the reflected light. The R:FR ratio and the amount of blue light reflected toward the canopy apparently are critical. In turnips, blue and green mulches induced longer leaves and higher shoot:root ratios than white mulch. The R:FR ratio reflected from white plastic is lower than that of sunlight.
Additional colors that are being investigated currently are red, blue, yellow, gray, and orange, which have distinct optical characteristics and thus reflect different radiation patterns into the canopy of a crop, thereby affecting plant growth and development. This light reflectivity can affect not only crop growth but also insect response to the plants grown on the mulch. Yellow, red, and blue mulches increased green peach aphid populations, and the yellow mulch, which attracted increased numbers of striped and spotted cucumber beetles and Colorado potato beetles. Yellow has long been used in greenhouses to monitor the population of insects. Mulches with a printed silver surface color have been shown to repel certain aphid species and reduce or delay the incidence of aphid-borne viruses in summer squash. Similar to a white mulch, the degree of opacity of a gray mulch may require a herbicide or fumigant to be used to prevent weed growth. Some of these colored mulches (blue and red) had a dramatic impact on the soil temperatures, raising soil temperatures to 167 and 168° F, respectively, at the 2-inch depth when the ambient air temperature was 104° F.
At the Center for Plasticulture extensive research is being conducted on different formulations and well as colors of plastic mulches and their impact on plant growth and yields both in the field and in high tunnels. Results of this research and publications on this topic will be found in this section of the website. | <urn:uuid:53d06da6-9050-4228-a03f-dec8c5bc9cd8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://extension.psu.edu/plants/plasticulture/technologies/plastic-mulches | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00335-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928548 | 1,659 | 3.9375 | 4 |
First Case of COVID-19 Confirmed in Monona County
A case of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has been confirmed in Monona County. According to the Iowa Department of Public Health (IDPH), the individual is self-isolating at home.
“While this is Monona County’s first case, it may not be the last, and that’s why we encourage all residents to continue to make prevention a priority,” said Burgess Public Health Director Erin Brekke. These actions include:
- Washing hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds each time.
- Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or elbow/upper arm.
- Staying home when ill.
Approximately 80% of Iowans infected with COVID-19, will experience only a mild to moderate illness. Most mildly ill Iowans do not need to go to their healthcare provider or be tested to confirm they have COVID-19. Sick Iowans must stay home and isolate themselves from others in their house. Stay home and isolate from others in the house until:
- You have had no fever for at least 72 hours (that is three full days of no fever without the use of medicine that reduces fevers)
- other symptoms have improved (for example, when your cough or shortness of breath have improved)
- at least 7 days have passed since your symptoms first appeared.
If you think you may need healthcare, call first. Your provider can assess whether you need to be seen in the office or if you can recover at home. There may also be options for you to talk to a medical provider from home using technology.
For up-to-date information on COVID-19, visit the IDPH webpage at https://idph.iowa.gov/Emerging-Health-Issues/Novel-Coronavirus and follow the department on Facebook at @IowaDepartmentOfPublicHealth and on Twitter at @IAPublicHealth. | <urn:uuid:8c98f008-5de6-4e87-bfff-a4f00be2bc99> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.burgesshc.org/2020/03/first-case-of-covid-19-confirmed-in-monona-county/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.94759 | 426 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Lakewood, N.J.-based SmartPool, SmartPool, in cooperation with the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, recently announced a recall of its PE12 PoolEye alarms for aboveground pools.
Because the alarm’s on/off activation switch is reversed, the products may fail to alert consumers if a child accidentally enters the water.
The submersible alarm consists of two attached components: a sensor tube with a float switch that is submerged under water, and an audible sensor that is fixed to the outside of the pool. The siren has an on/off activation switch.
A CPSC representative said the agency was alerted of the problem by an installer of the faulty alarm, and that subsequent inventory testing confirmed the issue.
In addition to being sold at pool and spa retailers, the pool alarms also were available online from Amazon, Target, Wal-Mart, and other websites from June-July 2016. According to officials, 1,600 faulty units were available in the U.S. market.
No injuries or incidents have been reported, and consumers who have purchased the recalled alarm are instructed to immediately contact SmartPool for a free replacement unit.
It’s a violation of federal law to sell products that are subject to a publicly announced voluntary recall by a manufacturer or a mandatory recall ordered by the CPSC. Therefore, retailers must remove the alarms from their shelves and contact SmartPool if they have any questions, said Carla Coolman, press and public affairs officer for the CPSC.
Pool retailers can contact SmartPool by email at email@example.com or call (888) 560-7665. | <urn:uuid:783e0adf-8a0b-45f7-a161-ca03c182ed99> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.poolspanews.com/business/retail-management/smartpool-alarm-recalled_o | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00512-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950907 | 336 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Donovan, S.K.; Miller, David, J.
Author Affiliation, Ana.
Geography and Geology; Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences
Aspects of ancient rocky shorelines: The Hopegate and Falmouth Formations, Jamaica
Caribbean Journal of Science
Date of Publication
The dolomitized Hopegate Formation, a late Pliocene raised reef, formed rocky shorelines of two distinct morphologies during the Sangamonian (=oxygen isotope substage 5e; late Pleistocene). The older shore (130,000 yr bp) is typified by re-excavated coastal cliffs and a sloping shore platform ('Type-A Platform') that formed the substrate for the growth of the Falmouth Formation reef during a sea-level highstand. The younger shore (105,000 yr bp) formed after regression and the deposition of the Falmouth Formation, and is comprised of sea cliffs, a horizontal shore platform (= reef terrace) and a marked seaward drop ('Type- B Platform'). Deposition of the Falmouth Formation thus led to a gross change in shoreline morphology during a geologically brief time interval..... | <urn:uuid:d5debec4-dd33-4788-9002-c07a1aa6be12> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mord.mona.uwi.edu/biblio/viewrefs.asp?rid=123 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00316-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.802313 | 243 | 2.203125 | 2 |
multimediaCD-ROM in the personal computer world because the large amounts of data involved were best supplied on CD-ROM. DVDs and broadband Internet connections have now largely replaced CDs as the means of delivery. A "multimedia PC" typically includes software for playing DVD video, 5.1 audio hardware and can display video on a television. It may also include a television receiver and software to record broadcast television to disk and play it back. The Multimedia Personal Computer (MPC) standard was an attempt to improve compatibility between such systems. Usenet newsgroup: comp.multimedia.
Last updated: 1994-12-02 | <urn:uuid:ad583cf1-2255-4a80-8037-b3e9157729cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://foldoc.org/Multimedia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.955393 | 135 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Metal Confectioner's Thermometer in Case
Graduated from +80° to +200 °C
This kind of thermometer is used by professional confectioners and patisserie chefs, and is filled with a red liquid much less toxic than mercury. The protective case can be sterilised at 100°C.
With this product, we recommend : | <urn:uuid:03daf313-5031-4de6-8305-16ba22aa8913> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bienmanger.com/2F15477_Thermometre_Confiseur_Gaine_Metallique_Ronde.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00056-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893136 | 75 | 1.507813 | 2 |
the two of spades.
noun 1. See under . noun 1. any of several small to medium-sized common bats of the genera Myotis and Eptesicus, found worldwide in caves, trees, and buildings, including M. lucifugus (little brown bat) and E. fuscus (big brown bat) a widespread North American species.
- Liu Pang
[lyoo bahng] /ˈlyu ˈbɑŋ/ noun 1. 247–195 b.c, Chinese emperor: founder of the Han dynasty 202 b.c.
- Liu Shaoqi
[lyoo shou-chee] /ˈlyu ˈʃaʊˈtʃi/ noun 1. 1898–1973, Chinese Communist leader: head of state 1959–66.
- Liu shao qi
/ˈljuː ˈʃaʊˈtʃiː/ noun 1. 1898–1974, Chinese Communist statesman; chairman of the People’s Republic of China (1959–68); deposed during the Cultural Revolution | <urn:uuid:8584def7-9ab3-42d3-a99e-8c60739cfcfb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://definithing.com/define-dictionary/little-casino/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00086-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.787466 | 240 | 2.828125 | 3 |
KIEV, Dec. 28 - President Petro Poroshenko approved a plan for joint military exercises involving Ukrainian and foreign armed forces in 2016, according to a decree posted by the presidential administration.
The plan also allows certain number of foreign troops next year to participate in the exercises on Ukrainian soil, according to the decree.
Ukraine’s Constitution does not let foreign troops in the country so lawmakers have to approve a special bill every year allowing exercises that involve foreign troops. Parliament voted to approve the bill outlining the 2016 exercises on December 25.
The exercises are crucial for improving combat readiness of the Ukrainian troops as the country is facing a military aggression by Moscow-backed pro-Russian forces in the eastern regions of Donetsk and Luhansk.
The plans for the exercises include participation of up to 5,000 troops, including forces from the U.S. and other NATO members, with arms and military hardware and up to 12 planes and helicopters in January through December 2016 within NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) program.
The plans also include up to 600 troops from Canada, Lithuania and Poland, with arms and hardware for up to 25 days in May-November 2016 for the Maple Arch-2016 multinational exercise.
Also, the U.S. and other NATO members and PfP participants will contribute up to 2,000 troops with arms and military hardware, up to 15 ships, up to five submarines, up to 12 planes and helicopters and up to 100 wheeled vehicles for up to 25 days in June-October 2016 for the Sea Breeze-2016 U.S.-Ukrainian military exercise.
The U.S., other NATO members and PfP participants will contribute up to 2,000 troops with arms and military hardware, up to five planes and ten helicopters for up to 25 days in June-November 2016 for the Rapid Trident-2016 U.S.-Ukrainian military exercise.
Poroshenko instructed the government to ensure timely access by, and withdrawal of foreign armed forces to and from Ukraine, as well as the safety of Ukrainian and other citizens during the exercises.
The Ukrainian defense minister will be responsible for the preparation and conduct of the multinational military exercises in Ukraine in 2016 and ensuring the Ukrainian Armed Forces' participation in multinational exercise abroad in 2016. (nr/ez) | <urn:uuid:a73113b7-6f22-4348-b43e-237a049df511> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://ukrainianjournal.com/index.php?w=article&id=21993 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.940631 | 467 | 1.65625 | 2 |
I didnt miss the "Fen Shui" part :-P
I was just wondering if a parameter default value configured 15 years ago still applies for modern CPUs.
Regarding my second question anyone know? Getting a CPU twice as fast than the old one would we be able to reduce CPU time by alf?
I am afraid you have missed the "feng shui" part (which made me broadly smile) from Tim's answer. In plain English, playing with this type of parameter is very dangerous; I doubt that the Oracle support often recommends to do it (unless they are very desperate). It affects all your Oracle system and nobody can predict what the result will be. If you have latching issues (and you didn't say you had any), you will get much better results trying to understand why your applications are having this type of problem. Sometimes the solution is as simple as changing a job schedule. If you have big performance problems, look at the code that is running first.
Hope that helps
Stéphane Faroult RoughSea Ltd
amonte wrote: > Hi Tim > > Thanks very much foor the reply. > > Since spin_count is just a numbe rof loops, if we have a faster CPU > shouldnt we increase the value? I mean running 2000 loops in a 3GHZ > CPU is definitely not the same as running in a 500MHz CPU. In fact i > recall, Guy Harrison wrote a latch related paper mentioning that since > 2000 for spin_count has been used since Oracle 7, that is 10 - 13 > years ago a higher value for modern CPU wouldnt surprise. > > Regarding the CPU usage, if with 8 500MHz CPU I consume 30000 seconds > CPU in 1 hour, if I replace those with 1GHZ CPU would I reduce my CPU > time/usage to half? > > > TIA > > Alex > > > > On 9/4/06, *Tim Gorman* <tim@xxxxxxxxx <mailto:tim@xxxxxxxxx>> wrote: > > Spin count has little to do with CPU cycles, and everything to do with > the duration of non-pre-emptive waits on latches (i.e. column > SPIN_GETS > on V$LATCH). It is literally the count in a loop that Oracle spins > while waiting non-pre-emptively ( i.e. without losing the CPU) for a > latch. Really, really bad feng-shui to mess with spin count. > > Oracle cannot record if your CPU is working "efficiently" or not. All > it can do is report on how much CPU time was consumed. If you do the > math, 3 million centi-seconds is 30,000 seconds. An hour has 3,600 > seconds, so eight CPUs can use 28,800 seconds in an hour. It pretty > much adds up to Oracle consuming all the CPU on your server, which > is OK > if it is the only thing on the server. As far as the discrepency > between 28,800 and 30,000, don't expect too much accuracy from a > mechanism that is constantly rounding or truncating micro-seconds > to the > nearest centi-second... > > > amonte wrote: > > Hi > > > > I was wondering if anyone know how is spin_count measured? In > CPU CYCLES? > > > > I havea doubt with CPU usage as well, I undersstand that in > v$sysstat > > it is using centiseconds to measure CPU usage. I wonder how can we > > determine 1 centisecond is equivalent to how many CPU cycles? For > > example I have a server with 8 PA-RISC 1200 MHz CPU, in 1 hour it > > reports 3 million centiseconds usage, am I using fully? > Basically is > > how do you know how efficiently is your CPU working from Oracle > > Statistics. > > > > TIA > > > > Alex > > > > -- > -- > -Tim Gorman > consultant - Evergreen Database Technologies, Inc. > > website = http://www.evdbt.com > email = tim@xxxxxxxxx <mailto:tim@xxxxxxxxx> > mobile = +1-303-885-4526 > fax = +1-303-484-3608 > > -- > http://www.freelists.org/webpage/oracle-l > > > | <urn:uuid:9d52c68d-c88b-4b27-b8bc-dfef446651be> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.freelists.org/post/oracle-l/spin-count-and-cpu-usage,5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719547.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00394-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934311 | 929 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Information is every little thing that someone somewhere wishes to hide; everything else is promotion. Put it perfectly to make sure that they’ll read it today, merely to make sure that they’ll remember it, cryptically to ensure that they’ll comprehend it and, most importantly, accurately so that they can be guided by it. There’s no far better way to market an item or a service than to link it to some newspaper article that happened someplace else. (The very same puts on any advertising campaign, really.).
News is good for service individuals, especially newspapers and magazines, due to the fact that it markets. It sells like hot cakes in stores, not due to the fact that the marketers are intending to make money out of the blood circulation of the news however due to the fact that the readers want to know what is happening in the world at that moment. Visitors want to learn about severe happenings in distant places. They would like to know concerning battles, they intend to find out about natural phenomenon and also they wish to learn about anything that is uncommon or unbelievable. This is what journalism does for a living and it’s not as poor as it sounds.
This is why many individuals believe that a journalist benefiting a newspaper or magazine needs to be some type of superhuman. In truth, lots of people are reporters due to the fact that they appreciate blogging about points that intrigue them. This is part of the work, to write about points that people can get thrilled concerning and wish to read about, and also also excitement at the same time. A journalist can come to be an authority on anything and also whatever, as long as the general public continues to spend for her job.
On the other hand, if you read The New Yorker or Vanity Fair, you’ll understand that the real purpose of such publications isn’t to educate however to entertain. This is the reason such magazines are regularly voted the best magazines on the planet. This is because they are full of original and also distinct material. When a publication can make information with ease, readers will eagerly prepare for every issue, and also this will inevitably boost its audience.
In this kind of situation, it’s uncomplicated for a new author to understand that he/she does not have the same kind of acknowledgment that an established reporter has. So exactly how does one produce better news value for his/her job? This can be done by taking journalism an action further. As opposed to merely writing about current events, a much more dedicated freelance journalist can transform their abilities to reporting. The press reporters of expert journalism have actually found out how to end up being experts in their topic, as well as not simply report on what occurs in the world, yet likewise analyze what those events imply for individuals included.
You’ll observe that some reporters won’t even discuss themselves in the write-ups they write. They take a write-up as well as interpret it to ensure that the general public will certainly take rate of interest. There are times when they won’t just report on an occasion, yet will in fact entertain their readers. In this way, there is news worth since visitors will appreciate the stories, as well as the reporter’s monitorings. Such articles are relevant since viewers discover them interesting.
Obviously, you do not always require to be a seasoned reporter to generate an item of information deserving of publication. Many people like to make information based on their leisure activities or enthusiasms. As an example, many individuals might be motivated to make information out of their preferred food. If you’re a fan of food, you might intend to write about your most recent exploration or experiment, or possibly tape-record the most effective meal you have actually ever before had. Your readers will certainly value this special take on your love of food, and they may also share it with others that share your interest.
Nonetheless, some newspaper article do require to be greater than uncommon additions to the information. As was shown above, it is necessary to be conscious that even normal human interests can cause relevant records. Whether it’s about an odd pet dog, an unusual guy bites, or something seemingly ordinary, viewers will appreciate adhering to the story. It will maintain them up at night, in addition to give them something to review over coffee and also cookies!
Instances of prominent news can be observed daily in your regional information, the regional web traffic reports, evening information, and even in the day-to-day newspaper, publication, blogs and other magazines. Several media evaluate news and also deliver it to a wide audience via a variety of tool. Too, several forms of home entertainment such as tv, radio, and also print publications also distribute news to a wide audience.
In journalism, news media is defined as reporting that informs the general public. It has to be based upon realities to certify as information. For instance, a story regarding new clinical research studies could be taken into consideration relevant, but it is not considered so if it was entirely spun or entirely incorrect. Reporting on occasions that are in connection to the human interest are considered accurate and also non-hypnotic information media.
News additionally refers to any type of occasion or event that makes information. This kind of occasion or occurrence is normally a happening that is brand-new or significant somehow. It can also refer to information that is taking place because of a considerable event or event that occurred previously. A newspaper article can consist of in its product other sorts of material that adds worth to the news overall, such as photos or graphics, added information concerning the topic of the news item, or any other sort of intriguing news story. This can additionally make the information much more interesting and also helpful to visitors as well as visitors. Naija Gists
All kinds of journalism utilize a specific composing design. News writers should stick to a specific code of expert writing in order to qualify as legitimate news press reporters. A great news story requires to be very comprehensive, really in-depth and precise at the same time. A good form of composing style for this area is referred to as reporter dependent composing design or just described as TRB. This kind of journalism makes it easier for information reporters to compose a tale without devoting the errors commonly devoted by various other types of creating like essays and also narratives. | <urn:uuid:b3c8541f-351f-451e-bed1-ec76d417bc0f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.anti-sheep.com/2021/09/09/never-ever-mess-with-news-and-also-heres-the-news/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.969175 | 1,297 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Top five regrets of the dying | Life and style | guardian.co.uk
Gregory Alan Bolcer stashed this in Lying
all 5 = be more zen
Working too much and not spending enough time with friends are not deceptions.
That's not very Zen. The reasons why you work too much and not spend enough time keeping up with friends could very well fall into the self-deception category. I.e. you are doing it for them instead of your own drive to accomplish, etc.
I see your point.
The key with work is to get the important, highest impact, highest value added things done.
Not to work as many hours as possible.
Work smarter, not longer.
That's true professionally, and it's true for friendships too. | <urn:uuid:f32ac6b9-45c6-42bd-a6ce-f8b3c3c2ae80> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://pandawhale.com/post/10283/top-five-regrets-of-the-dying-life-and-style-guardiancouk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00006-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960126 | 164 | 1.5625 | 2 |
The Columbus Dispatch, December 9, 2013
U.S. employers and consumers will bear the brunt of more than $20 billion in fees to be assessed in 2014 under the Affordable Care Act. Health insurers are passing the mandatory fees on to many people, including those who buy coverage directly from insurers or who get health benefits through their jobs. In some cases, Medicare Advantage plans and Ohio's Medicaid managed-care plans also will have to pay. "These are administrative expenses that the Affordable Care Act put in place," said Jeff Williamson, the director of health-care reform for Medical Mutual of Ohio. "They're a cost of doing business as an insurance company." | <urn:uuid:5c4a3f5e-d3b3-4beb-bf17-1d0149d1f2fb> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.healthleadersmedia.com/finance/billions-healthcare-law-fees-hit-consumers-businesses | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721027.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00550-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980944 | 133 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Smethport in McKean County, Pennsylvania — The American Northeast (Mid-Atlantic)
Erected 1948 by Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
Location. 41° 48.579′ N, 78° 26.847′ W. Marker is in Smethport, Pennsylvania, in McKean County. Marker is at the intersection of West Main Street (U.S. 6), on the right when traveling west on West Main Street. Click for map. Located on right side of front steps of McKean County Courthouse. Marker is in this post office area: Smethport PA 16749, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 9 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. McKean County (a few steps from this marker); "The Bucktails" (a few steps from this marker); Tidewater Pipe Company (approx. 5.6 miles away); Mount Equity Plantation (approx. 7 miles away); Kinzua Viaduct (approx. 8 miles away); Port Allegany (approx. 8.2 miles away); Rixford World War I Memorial (approx. 8.4 miles away); Saint Mary's Church (approx. 8.5 miles away). Click for a list of all markers in Smethport.
Also see . . . Welcome to Smethport, Pennsylvania (Submitted on September 3, 2012, by Mike Wintermantel of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.)
Categories. • Settlements & Settlers •
Credits. This page originally submitted on , by Mike Wintermantel of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This page has been viewed 229 times since then and 3 times this year. Photos: 1, 2. submitted on , by Mike Wintermantel of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 3. submitted on , by Cosmos Mariner of Cape Canaveral, Florida. This page was last revised on December 29, 2016. | <urn:uuid:dfa0d22a-1b22-460c-8579-9410870d66f8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=59132 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00560-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911428 | 407 | 2.53125 | 3 |
SUPPLY— considered in Committee.
(In the Committee.)
Question again proposed,
"That a sum, not exceeding £4,080,000, be granted to Her Majesty, to enable Her Majesty to pay the Purchase Money of the Shares which belonged to the Khedive of Egypt in the Suez Canal, and the Expenses attendant thereon, which will come in course of payment during-the year ending on the 31st day of March 1876?'
, in resuming the adjourned debate, remarked that the first question to be settled was, oddly enough, the nature of the transaction they were about to discuss. The matter might be thought to be perfectly clear, but there was really an amount of doubt about it which it was desirable to dispel, and which he would endeavour to explain. On the first night of the Session the right hon. Gentleman the First Lord of the Treasury said—
Now, if that were really the question which the House had to consider there would be a very great probability that the House, having carefully considered the matter, would think that that was a transaction which it was not called upon necessarily to ratify at all; because the house of Rothschild having made the purchase only on the faith that the Government would recommend the House of Commons to take the purchase off their hands, no money would have passed, and it would have been open to the House of Commons to consider the whole question as if no pledge had been given. But that was not the case, he was sorry to say. The right hon. Gentleman was not quite accurate in his statement, though the real facts of the case were stated by the right hon. Gentleman the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Properly speaking, the question was not of our taking the shares off Messrs. Rothschild's hands, but of our having purchased the shares and borrowed money from Messrs. Rothschild to pay for them. That was a simple description of the transaction, and disposed of the statement of the First Lord of the Treasury on the first night of the Session, made no doubt from the erroneous view that no money had passed. So far from no money having passed, the fact was that £4,000,000 had been lent to the English Government on the faith that they would apply to Parliament for repayment, and that was an extremely different question from the question whether we were not bound to take upon ourselves the purchase made by other persons even under the recommendation of the Government. Nor was it therefore true that, as the right hon. Gentleman said, it was a great risk, because when money had been borrowed on behalf of the English Government—when they had had the money and actually spent it—the House of Commons would not be likely to say—" We have had the money and will not repay it." This point, as the Committee would see, was not an unimportant one. He had now, singularly enough, to charge the right hon. Gentleman the Chancellor of the Exchequer with inaccuracy—a circumstance so unlikely that it would require the strongest proof. In this case, however, he did not think there was any room for doubt. The right hon. Gentleman had moved for a Vote of £4,080,000, and that Vote was made up in this way—there was £3,976,582, the purchase money of the shares, and there was £99,414 for the commission of 2½ per cent to Messrs. Rothschild. Then there was about £4,000 for small expenses; and the Chancellor of the Exchequer laid these sums before the House as being the whole cost of the shares. So far, however, from that being the whole cost, the fact was that there had to be added a sum of £37,000; and for this reason, that the Messrs. Rothschild were not only to receive a commission of 2½per cent on the amount of the purchase, but were also to charge interest at the rate of 5 per cent per annum on the £4,000,000 until the date of repayment. There was the difficulty. No doubt there was some misunderstanding here, for there were two accounts of what was to be done—one contained in the Treasury Minute, and the other in a letter written by Messrs. Rothschild themselves. In the Treasury Minute it was distinctly stated that the Messrs. Rothschild were to charge a commission of 21 per cent on the £4,000,000 which they undertook to provide, and also that they were to receive the interest of 5 per cent from the Khedive upon the amount advanced from the date of the advance until the date of repayment of such advance by Her Majesty's Government. On the other hand, the Messrs. Rothschild, having been asked by the Secretary to the Treasury to state their terms in writing, gave a very different version of the affair. They write—"We asked the house of Rothschild to purchase those shares on our engagement to ask the House of Commons to take them off their hands. It was a great risk."
So that it appeared from the Treasury Minute that this was to be paid by the Khedive, whereas according to Messrs. Rothschild'a Minute it was to be paid by the Government. Now, if it was worth while to write to Messrs. Rothschild to ask them to put their contract in form, one would have thought that it would have been worth while to ascertain who was right and who was wrong. That, however, did not appear to have been done, and so the matter remained in its present state. There was, however, no doubt about it. Of course Messrs. Rothschild's letter was what they would be bound by and not the Treasury Minute, and it was the duty of the Government to pay them this 5 per cent, and they ought not to look for it from the Khedive. Of course, if the Khedive did pay it, it would really be we who would pay it all the same, because it would be intercepting money that was to come to us from the Khedive. He maintained that it was the duty of the Government to have made this sum for interest, whatever it happened to be, part of the Vote. They would not have the thing clearly and fairly before them until that was done; and, as to intercepting the money before it reached the Treasury, he submitted that that was a most improper proceeding. The rule of the Treasury, as he understood it, was that all monies coming to the Government should be paid into the Exchequer, and that all monies paid by the Government should come out of the Exchequer, and it was never permitted that money should be received and paid away by the Government without going through that process. It never could be allowed that money should be intercepted in its course, and a debtor of the Government allowed to pay to a creditor of the Government. The whole proceeding appeared to him as irregular, and they had a right to insist that the sum, whatever it was, that had to be paid for the forbearance of this interest should be inserted in the Vote. Not to do so was really misleading the House as to the amount that the purchase had cost. The Khedive, as far as he could see, was not a gentleman likely to let money lie idle in the bank, and it was probable that as soon as the money was in the bank it would be out of it. As far as he could estimate it, that sum would amount to £37,000, which was a considerable item in addition to the £100,000 which they were to pay already for this service; and he put it to the House whether it would not be better to reform the Vote by including that amount and making provision for its payment. As he was upon this subject, he might say—and he did so with great regret—that the sums to be thus charged were of the most exorbitant character. They really almost surpassed belief. Let them remember that the house of Rothschild had done nothing for them but to lend them the money. It was a simple question of borrowing on certain terms. But on what terms did they borrow? There was an element of uncertainty in it which he could not very well master; therefore he would not put down any estimate of his own which might be liable to cavil and objection. It was quite clear that the sum the house of Rothschild would receive was about £137,000, and what they had done for that was to forbear what would be the equivalent of £1,000,000 for nine months. There was not the least risk in the world as to the money being paid, and to charge the British Government at the rate of something approaching 20 per cent on a pure borrowing transaction was a matter most necessary the Government should justify and explain in a manner more satisfactory than he had heard yet, for it was not merely that it was a heavy loss, but it put this country on a level with all those States which experienced a difficulty in borrowing money. It was a degradation to us. If anybody told them that England in the present day would borrow money at 15 or 20 per cent, would any man have believed it? It was all the worse because it was not put forward honestly and fairly as borrowing. It was put on the ground of commission, although it had nothing to do with commission. He also thought it would be an objectionable proceeding that any Government in a matter of this kind should deal by itself face to face with any private concern whatever. The Government had an agency to which it could always have recourse in matters of this nature for advice and assistance, and that he conceived to be the Governor and Deputy Governor of the Bank of England. He thought every Minister who was wise and prudent, and wished to save his name from any slur or reproach, would adopt that course. What had happened to himself? He had to pay to the Government of America £3,200,000, and the question was how to pay it. "What he did was this—he sent for the Governor and Deputy Governor of the Bank of England and asked their advice, and they hit on a plan of paying the money by which, instead of charging the Government anything for paying that amount in gold on the day fixed, they actually saved £5,000 out of that amount. The question arose, no doubt, what was the proper course to be taken—whether, as the right hon. Gentleman seemed to say on the first night of the Session, we could, if we wished, refuse to pay this money? He (Mr. Lowe) maintained that there was no such possibility. We were bound to pay the money, and, grievous as he might think it was, there was no alternative whatever. There was, therefore, no risk in making the loan, because we could not avoid paying it, and that was founded on the plainest principles of public policy; because everyone must admit that occasions would arise when it might be most desirable that the Government should borrow money, and if we so dealt with the present transaction as that the person who lent the money should have the least excuse for saying he ran a risk that the borrower would not fulfil his pledge, the result would be that in difficult and dangerous times, when party spirit ran high, the Government would not be able to borrow the money at all, and in more tranquil times they would have to borrow it at a high rate of interest. The result, therefore, would be to take from the Government the possibility of borrowing money, and to give people an excuse which they were always ready to make—that there were risk and danger in the matter—and so exorbitant terms would be given and taken. Therefore, whatever might be their opinion of this transaction, they were bound as a matter of honour to fulfil their pledge, and on that point he should give his vote for Her Majesty's Government, only hoping that they would make the thing complete by adding an estimate for the rest of the money which we should certainly pay. He turned now from the form of the question to the substance of it. This subject might be regarded from three points of view. It might be considered as a great political demonstration, or as purely a financial affair, or merely as a question of acquiring an interest in the Canal. The first of these views, no doubt, made the Government very popular, and was caught up by the Press, especially in the metropolis, and by many newspapers throughout the country, because they believed that a spirited policy was at hand, which, however expensive it might be to the rest of the community, was sure to be profitable to the newspapers. They thought we were about to have stirring events, and a great deal of popularity was made for the Government in that way. The newspapers went upon the view that what we were doing in Egypt would ultimately lead to establishing a Protectorate, and to placing us in very stirring and exciting circumstances, which would be exceedingly agreeable to all the readers of the daily and weekly Press. That view being entertained by the writers of the daily and weekly Press, they must have undergone a great deal of disappointment when they found the idea repudiated by the Government, and of course they had all no choice but to accept that repudiation. But while they accepted it, he thought they must complain that the withdrawal of this element had left some of the conduct of the Government absolutely and entirely unintelligible. He alluded now to the mission of Mr. Cave. Could anyone tell them with what object the mission was undertaken, if it was not with a view of a political demonstration? The facts were very short. On the 4th of November Nuba Pasha wrote to General Stanton as follows:—"It is also understood that we are to charge Her Majesty's Government a commission of 2½ per cent upon the £4,000,000, and 5 per cent interest per annum until the date of repayment."
Now, under those circumstances, could anyone reasonably doubt what the answer of the Government ought to have been? Might they not have said that they would send out two young men well versed in such matters from one of the public offices, say, from the Inland Revenue, with the expression of a hope that their services would be found of use to the Khedive? That was what a reasonable Government would have done, and he had no doubt would have been done by Her Majesty's present Advisers had they not had some particular motive for taking a different course, and, as it seemed to him, some desire to make a great fuss and delay in the matter, for Lord Derby, in his reply, said that they had"I have had the honour of speaking to you respecting the two persons whom His Highness would be desirous of engaging to fill, in the Finance Department, and under the direction and orders of the Minister of Finance, the two divisions of that Department—that is to say, the direction of the receipts and the direction of the expenditure. His Highness has also spoken to you on the same subject, as well as Sir Bartle Frere. It would be desirable that the persons to be engaged, or at least one of them, should be not only familiar with the internal organization of the divisions which would be intrusted to them, such as simplifying the system of keeping the registers, the drawing up of financial statements, &c., but that they should also be familiar with the principles of political economy, which, in modem times, have been the cause of revealing the true principles which govern the development of the resources and riches of a country. I beg you, on the part of His Highness, to have the goodness to apply to the Foreign Office to recommend to us two persons having the necessary requirements to fill these posts, and at the same time to indicate the conditions which should be offered for their services."
That was to say, that the services of two Treasury clerks being required, "the information as to the powers to be given them" was regarded by the Government as "too vague," the fact being that no powers were to be given them, and that they were not to be asked to re-organize a public Department at all, but to work under a Finance Minister. Was there ever such trifling? What independent Sovereign had ever before received such an answer from a friendly State upon a matter in itself so small? But then the Government went on to say that, "after giving the matter the best consideration in their power, they had arrived at the conclusion that it was impossible to obtain by means of correspondence a satisfactory understanding on those two important points "—referring to the powers which were to be given to two young clerks—and that "they had determined that a gentleman possessing their full confidence, and of well-known financial capacity, should be sent out "—to do what?—"to confer with the Khedive and his Government as to the financial position of Egypt and its administration." The Khedive never asked them to do this; but it appeared that there was to be a report made on him by this person—he was, as it were, to be put in the dock—for the letter went on to say that "then Her Majesty's Government would be in a better position to give the assistance that was required of them," and they selected Mr. Cave to be their special envoy. It was like the old joke of making flint soup, which had never been better illustrated. But that was not all. The letter went on to say that four gentlemen were to be sent out to assist Mr. Cave in his diplomatic correspondence and in his financial inquiries, so that the result was that for these two men in buckram they had now Mr. Cave and his four assistants, with Colonel Stokes added. He (Mr. Lowe) ventured to say a more extraordinary thing had never taken place. The House was told that the purchase of the Suez Canal shares had nothing to do with politics—nothing to do with the Protectorate of Egypt, and under all those circumstances no man in his senses could, he thought, believe that the real grounds had been stated in that Paper for sending out Mr. Cave to ransack the whole finances of Egypt and to make a report on it to the Government. The whole thing was an enigma of which no solution had yet been furnished, and he hoped, therefore, some solution of it would be given before the end of the debate. He would give an illustration of the way in which the matter presented itself to his mind. Let him suppose that he had asked a friend if he knew a butler who would suit him, that the reply was—" I will think about it," and that the next morning, hearing a disturbance downstairs, he went to his kitchen, and found five gentlemen seated there, who described themselves as being the men to suit him, and that one sent by his friend asked him—" How many silver spoons have you got? "another—" How many table-cloths? "another—" Who is your butcher?" "Give us the key of your cellar," and so on—would such conduct be more preposterous than that which was done by the Government when they sent out an envoy and four able assistants, over several thousand miles of land and sea, to ransack the finances of Egypt and to turn them upside down, with no other excuse than that they were asked to recommend two clerks? If it had not been repudiated by Her Majesty's Government he should have said the solution of that enigma was that it was a part of the spirited policy which had been attributed to them. That not being so, however, the enigma remained so entirely an enigma that he hoped some hon. Gentleman on the other side would clear it up that evening. He would further observe that Mr. Cave had made a report, and that he should very much like to see that right hon. Gentleman before the money was voted which the House was asked to supply. Mr. Cave was to have been at home a month ago; but, unfortunately, his arrival here had been delayed by one cause or another, although his company would have been most agreeable that evening. The next circumstance in this transaction was even more strange. His excellent Friend Mr. Wilson, who held a very important office, which he administered to the satisfaction of Her Majesty's Government, was, at a very busy period of the year, to go out to Egypt to see if he could agree with the Khedive, and if not he was to come back again. Considering that all the Khedive asked for was two clerks, considering that Mr. Wilson had a most desirable and valuable office, the duties of which he was thoroughly competent to discharge, was it likely that he was going to Egypt to be placed under the Finance Minister, and unless he did that was not sending him out the merest trifling? Did any one believe that the Khedive would take an Englishman and put him over all his officials, and give him such a salary as would induce such a man to leave his valuable appointment in England, unless it were for an object more important than that professed by the Government? It looked to him like a lingering desire to prolong the glory acquired in that field already for the longest time possible. These remarks, however, he had merely made with the view to elicit some explanation from the Government, and he would now pass on to another part of the subject. Before doing so, he would read a few words from the speech of the right hon. Gentleman the Chancellor of the Exchequer on the previous Monday, and he was very glad he was able to read that speech edited by himself, because a good deal depended on the wording. The right hon. Gentleman said—and he would call the attention of the Committee to it—"Every desire to render to the Khedive any assistance which it may be in their power to give towards the reorganization of the Financial Department of his Administration; but the information afforded to them as to the actual condition of Egyptian finance, and as to the powers proposed to be given to the Gentlemen to be nominated by Her Majesty's Government was of so vague and general a character that it seemed to be impossible to suggest the names of gentlemen to be appointed or the conditions of their engagement."
Now, from the latter part of that statement he most emphatically dissented. So far from their having information to enable them to understand what they were about, and arrive at a decision deliberately, he maintained that nothing of the kind occurred. What occurred was this—The Government, with almost incredible negligence and carelessness, omitted to inform themselves of the circumstances which were most material to be known with regard to the purchase of these shares. Having so made the purchase, they were now—he hardly knew how to phrase it—putting the matter before them as if that which was the result of a great oversight and an almost incredible piece of negligence and carelessness was really their deliberate view and opinion. ["Oh, oh!"] That was what he asserted. Of course, his assertion was nothing; but he would prove it. Let it be clearly understood, again, what it was he asserted. He maintained that the Government committed a most enormous oversight in failing to ascertain what it was their duty to ascertain—that was, whether the shares carried votes with them; and that having done so, instead of confessing it at once, they were now putting before the country and before the House that which they had done under a sort of involuntary compulsion produced by ignorance as if it were their own free and deliberate act. What the Government meant to have done was, no doubt, to purchase a considerable amount of power in the Suez Canal, and when they purchased these shares they certainly thought they bought votes with them. [The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER Oh, no; they did not.] He still maintained that that was the case, and would give this proof of it. He would show from the Correspondence that at, before, and after the time of the purchase the leading Members of the Government were of opinion that these shares did confer votes, and that their purchase did give us great and important influence. If he could show that by documentary evidence he should make out his case. In order to do so, he would have to call the attention of the House to certain details connected with the transaction. The purchase of the Suez Canal shares was made on the 25th of November; on the 26th the news was published; and on the 3rd of December there came from Egypt a despatch stating that the English Government could only obtain 10 votes. It appeared from the printed Papers that Lord Derby, writing to Lord Lyons on the 20th of November, said—"But we thought we should be cowards if we were to shrink from the responsibility of fulfilling the trust which had been committed to our keeping. We did not come to a sudden decision—that is to say, we did not come to a decision the first moment this proposal was made to us—without a duo knowledge of the circumstances of the case. We did not come to a resolution in the course of an hour or two. We had had this question of the Suez Canal for months and years under our notice, and we had had this special crisis under our notice for a period of more than 10 days. We had at our command information enabling us fully to understand what we were about, and we arrived at our decision deliberately."
How could the Khedive, who had so much power over the Company in other ways, "surrender an important means of influencing the measures taken by the Company" unless his shares carried votes? This was only a surmise, but still it was forcible as far as it went, for the words had no meaning if the writer supposed the shares would carry no votes, or only 10 votes. Again, the Earl of Derby, writing to Lord Lyons on the 27th, two days afterwards, said, with reference to a conversation he had had with the Marquess d'Harcourt, the French Ambassador—"The Khedive, in parting with the shares which he now possessed in the Suez Canal Company, would, in my opinion, surrender an important means of influencing the measures taken by the Company and its staff, and as such we could not look upon such a transaction with indifference."
What did that mean? What was the sense of alluding to a minority of votes if the shares carried no votes, or only 10 votes? It was clear that the ex- pression pointed to a belief in the mind of the writer that there was a power of voting connected with the shares, and that we should be better off with a large than with a small power of voting. These passages, he admitted, were by no means conclusive; but at a trial it was not the practice to prove everything at once. He next came to another point. The day after the shares were purchased the Government thought it necessary to apprise the public of what they had done, and leading articles appeared in the various newspapers. He did not mean to say, however, that the Government were answerable for everything that was written by the glowing pens of the journalists. This was what appeared in The Times, and what appeared in The Times was frequently of very great importance—"I added that we had even now a minority of the Canal shares; but that the question for Her Majesty's Government was not one of establishing an exclusive interest, but of preventing an exclusive interest from being established as against this country."
The meaning was as clear as words could make it. It was possible the Govern-might have never intended to give The Times this view of the case, and, if so, what so natural as to say to the editor—" You are going rather too fast; we did not mean that we had got the votes—only that we had got the shares." So far from that, see how The Times came out next day. On the 27th it said—"When the assent of Parliament shall have been given the British State will succeed to all Ismail Pasha's immense interest in the enter-prize and become the chief proprietor, with an influence predominating over every other."
["Hear, hear!" from the Treasury Benches] Hon. Gentlemen opposite thought this did not mean that we had got a large power of voting, but that the other proprietors would look to us merely for the management of property. Well, how could we manage the property if we had no votes? And now there came what he really thought was conclusive on the subject—he meant the letter of the Marquess d'Harcourt describing an interview between himself and the Earl of Derby, who at this time was minimizing and making as little of the matter as he could. On that occasion the Earl of Derby said—"We have purchased nearly half the shares in the Suez Canal. We are the largest proprietors, and it need not be said that the others will look to us for the management of the property, the protection of the common interest, and the maintenance of satisfactory relations with her local government and the other powers of the world."
["Hear, hear!"from the Treasury Benches.] Hon. Gentlemen opposite did not seem to see the force of it. If Lord Derby had known how matters really stood he might have said—" Predominating influence! Why, we can do nothing whatever, because the legal opinion is that we have no votes; therefore, what nonsense it is for you to talk to me about predominating influence! "How could the Government possibly abuse their recent acquisition to force the decisions of the Company, unless they had some power in the deliberations of the Company, and could exercise a paramount voting power to force on the Company that which might be distasteful to them? He was not the least desirous to put any strained construction on these passages, and if they could be interpreted in any other sense no one would be more pleased than himself to accept such interpretation. Then there was another matter which was not conclusive, but which was important in itself. He had already alluded to Mr. Cave's Mission. Well, Colonel Stokes was appointed on the staff, and on the 6th December, these remarkable words were written to him by the Earl of Derby—"I deny on behalf of my Colleagues and myself any intention of predominating in the deliberations of the Company or of abusing our recent acquisition to force its decisions."
This was written three days after the announcement in The Times that the shares only gave 10 votes. This accounts for the remarkable change of tone between the 27th of November and the 6th of December. If Government knew the position which they would occupy, what was the use of sending Colonel Stokes to inquire into it? He had given his reasons for believing that probably no votes at all were attached to the shares, and certainly no more than 10. These were his charges against the Government, and if they could be answered nobody would be better pleased than he would be. They would get their Vote to-night, the thing was done, and he would be very glad if the exceptions which he had taken could be removed. He could assure the right hon. Gentleman that nothing would give him greater pleasure than to find that he had been mistaken. Still he said that unless they could explain these passages the Government must be considered to have aided in the purchase, under the delusion that, in purchasing these shares they were purchasing votes, and that they ought to have come candidly forward and admitted the oversight which they had made. The Government had a great many motives, they had been told, for buying these shares. One was, that they might keep the canal open and prevent a monopoly—a most excellent reason. But how would the buying of shares without votes assist them in preventing the canal from becoming a monopoly? They could not, by buying these shares, do anything towards the management of the canal. These shares for 19 years were a mere deadweight. They might pay the £4,000,000, but during that period it was as if these shares did not exist. Even supposing that they gave 10 votes, what advantage would they give? They would confer no influence on the Company, which seldom met, and whose main business consisted in the appointment of the directors. Lord Derby said the other day that, if anybody doubted that the possession of two-fifths of the shares in this canal gave no influence to the holders, it was as difficult to argue with such a man as it would be to argue with a man who said that two and two did not make four. Now the ordinary meaning of shares was that they carried with them the right to dividends and votes. Lord Derby's illustration assumed that the possessor of the shares here had exactly what he had not. It should read—"If anybody doubts that the possessor of two-fifths of these shares, minus dividends and votes, obtains no influence from those shares, it is as difficult to argue with him," and so on. But then, it was said, the power of making faggot votes was a formidable weapon in our hands. Now, in the first place, he was not at all sure that we should be able to make faggot votes, because he rather believed that these shares gave no votes, faggot or otherwise. But suppose such votes could be made, what would be the result? What we should do would be to array the majority against us and prevent them from giving us three directors at the Board, as they were now disposed to do. M. de Lesseps was now well disposed towards us. It was his wish to give us three directors, if he were not irritated; but it must be remembered that these questions would be tried before a French Court, and an attempt to swamp French shareholders by English faggot votes would not meet with a very favourable reception. But the Papers would show how little these votes were worth to secure us the benefits of a representation in the directorate. At page 142 there was a letter from Sir Daniel Lange to Lord Granville, dated April 19, 1871, in which he said he had mentioned to M. de Lesseps the alternative of no dividend for the shareholders or British assistance and entire management, M. de Lesseps retaining his position as President, but without the periodical anxiety he was now under as to finance. But, said Sir Daniel Lange, M. de Lesseps "recoiled with aversion" from this proposal, and declared that he would never be a party to the transfer of the management from French to English hands, trusting rather to the introduction of a few English directors upon the French Board, so as to share the responsibility. Thus M. de Lesseps had long been anxious to give seats to English directors upon the Board, not, however, with a view to give power to England, but to keep the power. Yet what he had been willing to do for five years was put forward as one of the principal triumphs of the Government in the purchase of these shares. Thanking the House for the attention with which it had listened to him, he hoped that somebody would be able to explain away what appeared to be the fact—that the absence of votes was unknown to the Government when the shares were bought. If such an explanation were given he should be glad to withdraw the charges he had made."Her Majesty's Government also desire that you should confer with Her Majesty's Agent and Consul General in Egypt on the subject of the recent purchase, on behalf of Great Britain, of the shares in the Suez Canal heretofore held by His Highness the Khedive, and furnish a Report on the position which Her Majesty's Government will occupy as possessors of those shares, and on any measures which it may be desirable to take to secure the full benefit of the purchase."
said, the case of the right hon. Gentleman was so weak, that no one on the Ministerial side of the House would anticipate much danger from his attack, or regret that it was made. He accused the First Lord of inaccuracy in saying that the advance made by Messrs. Rothschild was not a loan, but merely an advance. The Treasury Minute, however, showed that the money had been advanced on the pledge of Her Majesty's Government that they would submit the engagement to the sanction of Parliament and endeavour to obtain the necessary powers to repay the advance and the commission as soon as might be practicable after the meeting of Parliament. This was in no sense a loan; it was merely a purchase by Messrs. Rothschild of the Khedive's shares, which they undertook to sell again to the Government when they obtained powers from Parliament for that purpose. The right hon. Gentleman also said that there was a sum of £37,000 not accounted for in the Estimate. But it was accounted for in the Treasury Minute, which showed that Messrs. Rothschild were to receive 2½per cent upon the £4,000,000, and not 5 per cent interest, but the 5 per cent interest which the Khedive undertook to pay upon the amount advanced until the date of repayment. Then the right hon. Gentleman claimed credit for having saved £5,000 out of the sum so humiliatingly expended in satisfying the Alabama Claims. But the right hon. Gentleman did not answer the complaint that the interval which elapsed between the time of the Alabama Award and the calling together of Parliament and submitting the necessary Vote was far greater than the interval which had elapsed here. Government had been asked why Parliament was not summoned at the time when the purchase was first contemplated, but in answer to that he would ask what position the noble Marquess opposite would have been in at that time, in view of the fact that he was not ready to discuss the question when it was brought forward on Monday last? The right hen. Gentleman who had just spoken asked why the house of Rothschild was to receive a commission of 2½ per cent upon the transaction—a question which he should not attempt to answer, as he did not profess to understand that branch of the subject. He could, however, answer another remark of the right hon. Gentleman, who said that Messrs. Rothschild incurred no risk in the matter. Many things might have happened which would have created a great amount of risk. He remembered that a Government equally powerful with the present had dissolved Parliameut in a less time than had elapsed, and that if that contingency had arisen on the present occasion a Government might—he did not say that it would—have acceded to pewer which would have repudiated the provisional arrangement come to with Messrs. Rothschild. He therefore thought it clear that the banking firm incurred a risk for which, as commercial men, they were fully entitled to be compensated. The right hon. Gentleman had thrown some sort of doubt upon the veracity of the Government with reference to their knowledge, when the purchase was first contemplated, of the fact that the possession of the shares would or would not carry voting power. In support of his view on this point the right hon. Gentleman relied upon the despatch of Lord Derby to Lord Lyons—a despatch in which the Marquess d'Harcourt reported to his Government the conversation he had, on the same day, had with Lord Derby as to the purchase, and certain articles published in The Times. He admitted that in his despatch to Lord Lyons, Lord Derby did not allude to the voting power, but the Marquess d'Harcourt put it in his despatch that Lord Derby had denied any intention on the part of the Government to dominate over the deliberations of the Company. With reference to the articles in The Times, the right hon. Gentleman spoke as if he believed them to be verbally inspired, but he must surely know that newspaper articles were only partially inspired. He supposed that the Editor of The Times received information to the effect that the purchase was in contemplation, and that when completed the Government would obtain certain powers; but it did not therefore follow that the whole of the details contained in The Times leaders were furnished by Her Majesty's Government. As a matter of fact, the Government would obtain certain influence by the purchase of the shares, an influence not solely depending upon the actual shares, but also upon the fact that the Khedive, from whom they were purchased, was represented in the Company by a controller, and would back up, where necessary, the Power which had purchased his property at a time when the amount of the purchase-money was essential to him. The appointment of Mr. Cave had nothing to do with the purchase of the shares, and therefore it was not neces- sary to follow the right hon. Gentleman in what he had said upon that point. He might say, however, that such an appointment was not without precedent. Some years ago the Government of Lord Palmerston sent out two "young men "—to quote the phrase of the right hon. Gentleman—in the person of the then Assistant Paymaster General and Lord Hobart, one of the principal clerks in the Board of Trade, to investigate and report upon the finances of Turkey. These Gentlemen reported in a sort of perfunctory way, and their Report was laid on the Table of the House; and, in his belief, the decadence of Turkish finance dated from that time. He did not think it necessary to say anything in reference to any desire that might exist to establish a Protectorate or to obtain any exclusive influence in Egypt. The views of England in reference to Egypt were well-expressed in 1853 by Sir Hamilton Seymour when Egypt was offered to him, as representing Her Majesty, by the Emperor Nicholas of Russia. He said—
He declined to consider the question as one of investment, and would only remark that while it was perfectly equitable for a State to sink money in large sums with no immediate return and for indirect political objects, it was clear to his mind that, whereas the £4,000,000 invested in these shares would obtain something for the country, the other £3,000,000 to which reference had been made were gone to that bourn whence no traveller returned. Neither this country nor her Allies had looked on this transaction from a money point of view, but had simply regarded it as a renewal of the energy, vigour, and "go" which had so long been dormant in our foreign policy, but which he could not doubt was essential to their prosperity. It was proper for England to take the lead in a movement which was to throw open the trade in this canal. She had taken the initiative in Free Trade and in free navigation, and it was right that she should take the initiative in making this canal more serviceable for the world. In 1858 the hon. and learned Member for Sheffield (Mr. Roebuck), speaking with political foresight, said that the interest of England in the Canal scheme was identical with the interest of mankind, and the right hon. Gentleman the present Member for Greenwich supported this view. The policy of England in reference to the matter was clear from the first. In 1871 it was recommended by a high official in the Board of Trade that the Canal should be placed in the care of some sort of International Commission, instancing the Danubian Commission for the purpose, and in 1874 Lord Derby made it clear that his views were in consonance with the principle involved in the purchase, which Parliament was now asked to approve. Having this object in view the Government availed themselves of an opportunity which would give them a commanding position in carrying out any policy of the kind. It was certainly best for the interest of everybody concerned that the shares should neither be concentrated in the hands of a French Company, nor distributed among a vast number of small proprietors, who, if redemption were sought, would raise their price in an exorbitant manner. He believed the House, in acting in this manner, would have to refer to redemptions in other periods of history, because there had been many cases of redemption from which they might take a good lesson. The whole history of the Post Office was a history of redemption, because the Government bought up the coaches and recently bought up the telegraphs; and something might be found in the history of the transfer of the East India Company; while with regard to foreign questions there were the Scheldt and the Sound dues. He therefore looked upon our position as shareholders as merely transitory and temporary, and one which was intended to pave the way to a larger and more extended policy. This necessity for redemption might arise out of the fact of the municipal and international rights appertaining to the Company being found to conflict. Now, on the subject of the traffic, if they looked at that of last year they would find that every ship that passed through the Canal cost £800 in toll—a very large sum, which in time commerce would no doubt resist. He did not wish to enter into any question of International Law but he would ask attention to a statement made by M. de Lesseps in 1856, in a book he wrote on the subject of the Canal, and in which he said—"As I did not wish that the Emperor should imagine that an English public servant was caught by this sort of overture, I simply answered that I had always understood that the English views upon Egypt did not go beyond the point of securing a safe and steady communication between British India and the mother country."
In a Report attached to the same, the question was put—"In the Memorial which I presented to His Highness the Viceroy on the 15th of November, 1854, and which was the starting-point of the enterprize, the following passage is found:—' Why have the Governments and the nations of the West united to maintain the Grand Signer in possession of Constantinople, and why has the man who wished to threaten that position met the armed opposition of Europe? Because the passage of the Mediterranean to the Black Sea is of such importance that a great European Power who became mistress of it would dominate over all the others, and would upset an equilibrium which all the world is interested in preserving. Let there he established on another point of the Ottoman Empire a similar and still more important position. Let Egypt be made the passage for the commerce of the world by the cutting of the Isthmus of Suez, and there will be created in the East a double position beyond attack.'"
Now, if the Khedive of Egypt and M. de Lesseps wanted to establish another Bosphorus with a view to obtain similar political advantages to those enjoyed by the possessors of the Bosphorus, they would surely put themselves under the same political obligations, and those obligations were set forth in the Treaty of Adrianople of 1829, by which the Bosphorus was to be opened to the ships of all nations. If that were so, the reasoning had still greater force when applied to the Suez Canal, because the Bosphorus only led to the possessions of two countries and the Black Sea, whereas the Suez Canal united two seas and was available for the navigation of the world. He could only regret that the opposition which was encountered by the promoters of the Canal in this country at the outset prevented any common understanding being arrived at similar to that which was contained in the celebrated Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. That Treaty laid down that the Canal which was to be established between the Atlantic and the Pacific should be guaranteed as to its integrity by Great Britain and the United States—that, if war occurred be tween those Powers, the ships of each should be exempt from blockade or capture; and the contracting parties engaged to invite the States with which they were on terms of friendly inter-course to enter into like stipulations. He hoped and believed that the act of the Government in purchasing those shares was merely the first step towards the carrying out of some general understanding between the nations of the world. In conclusion, he would ask leave to read a few apposite words pronounced in an eloquent speech by the late Prime Minister, when he advocated the annexation of the Ionian Islands to Greece, and those words might be pleaded by right hon. Gentlemen below him to right hon. Gentlemen opposite."Was it possible to make an artificial Bosphorus between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, and to re-establish by the hand of man the communication which Nature had formerly made between the two seas now separated? "
He asked the right hon. Gentleman, with all the deference that was due to him, whether the act of Her Majesty's Government was not the continuance and the completion of the policy in the inauguration of which he himself took so prominent and so generous a part. He had the honour of being employed with the right hon. Gentleman in a humble capacity in his mission to the Ionian Islands, and he regarded the spirit which governed the proposals he then made to Lord Derby as the spirit of justice and benevolence. The right hon. Gentleman held then that we had no interest in the Mediterranean except interests, so to say, outside the Mediterranean, and that we merely wished to establish among the nations of that sea a character for justice and upright dealing. Later on, when the right hon. Gentleman joined Lord Palmerston's Government, he still upheld the same policy. That policy Her Majesty's Government had completed by an act, legal in itself, which showed that we had no design of aggrandizement, aggression, or dominion in the Mediterranean, but rather that the country which had first thrown open its trade to the world desired to secure for the commerce and navigation of the world the freedom of a great international thoroughfare; that we had no selfish motive, no motive other than that with which our Allies could sympathize—namely, the gathering together and concentration of the interests of this stately Empire. He therefore asked the right hon. Gentleman to support Her Majesty's Government in upholding that act."I think," he said, "I may fairly appeal to the right hon. Gentleman whether, with the complexity of affairs and the diversity of personal interests we had to deal with, he could have pointed out any order of proceedings more reasonable in itself, more conformable to public law, or more likely to attain the object in view than that actually which we followed."—[3 Hansard, clxxiv. 382.]
I rise. Sir, in answer to the appeal of the hon. Member, although I am afraid I cannot do it by uttering sentiments altogether such as he would wish, or in any degree concur in his views. I agree, as the House must, I think, generally agree with my right hon. Friend, at least, in that portion of his speech in which he pointed out the disadvantages in which we stand as a deliberative Assembly. My right hon. Friend contended that this was virtually a completed transaction—that we had made a contract with the Khedive, and that the question remaining was, whether we should authorize Her Majesty's Government to reimburse a private firm which had for the time found the money. I believe the statement of my right hon. Friend to be a correct statement. If it can be shown that we have a larger liberty accorded to us than the very stinted opportunity of which he spoke, I shall be glad to hear proof of such a proposition; but for the present I believe that the feeling of the House is one of doubt whether it is worth while to enter into the elaborate and complicated details of a question with regard to which there virtually remains to us no choice. We are, I believe, with regard to our general credit, committed as a body in the face of Europe to this transaction, in which Europe takes a deep interest; and even on other grounds it would be difficult to retract. I believe we are further and more definitely committed by the fact, assumed and asserted by my right hon. Friend, that it is we, and not the firm of Roths-childs, that have made the purchase; that it is with us, and not with the Rothschilds, the Khedive has contracted; and the seven zinc boxes which contain those valuable shares have, I believe, been handed over to our custody, or to the custody of the Queen's officers, and not to Messrs. Rothschild. [An hon. MEMBER: No.] Well, that is the impression under which I speak. If it can be shown that Her Majesty's Government have entered into no contract, then they will have to produce Papers which shall substantially contradict the whole of the Papers that have been laid upon the Table. But, Sir, however that may be, I hope the House and the Government will not grudge the time which is necessary for the investigation of this subject. The proposition of Her Majesty's Government, upon the ground I have stated, I believe to be safe from anything like party, political, or Parliamentary opposition; and if the Government desire to stand well with the country with respect to this great and important proposal, they will act wisely, I think, in abstaining from all appearance of a desire to hurry this question through the House. It is not a question that can possibly lead to very intricate proceedings upon its details. The proposals are simple enough, although the grounds and reasons are complicated; and it is desirable that a much more full investigation should be made in the matter—at least, that it should be brought more fully home to the minds of the people of this country than it has been or could be until the question came under discussion in this House. Now, Sir, I should like to begin by doing an act of justice to two persons. It is not a pleasant duty to detain the House with a statement of misgivings, difficulties, and objections, and I will gladly begin by discharging a pleasanter part of my duty. The name of the right hon. Gentleman the Chancellor of the Exchequer has recurred, and must often recur, in the course of this discussion. I wish frankly to state that I do not regard the Chancellor of the Exchequer as loaded with any special responsibility in the matter. He is reponsible as a Cabinet Minister, and very great is the responsibility which" Her Majesty's Government have taken upon themselves. They have deviated widely from the usual paths of the Constitution, and nothing but the strongest and most evident public interest can justify them in the step which they have taken. But I well know what is the position of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, when a measure is brought forward by the Government with respect to which he and the whole world must feel that, although its finance is important, yet the financial aspect is secondary in comparison with other interests involved. He cannot possibly claim that financial considerations shall rule, yet, when the measure is adopted, and when the matter is managed in the face of the House of Commons, it is upon him that the principal responsibility devolves; and for these reasons I wish it to be clearly understood, though I must refer to him repeatedly as the organ and spokesman of the Government, yet I do "not forget that he did not get any special credit for the sagacity, promptitude, courage, and I know not what, which descended in showers of gold upon the Government for some days after the announcement of what had been done. He is to be regarded as merely performing an official duty in the share he has taken in introducing the subject to the House. I wish also to do justice to some other gentlemen whose names may be mentioned frequently in the course of this debate—I mean the Messrs. Rothschild. It appears to me that, whatever may have been the course of proceeding adopted by Her Majesty's Government—however provident or improvident their arrangements may have been—no blame whatever, great or small, direct or indirect, can attach to those gentlemen. They are a private firm, engaged in business on a gigantic scale, it is true, but guided by the same methods which must govern the pursuits of commerce in general. The Messrs. Rothschild were not the guardians of the Constitution. It was not their business to stand sentry upon the principles and rules necessary for the conduct of finance, and, whatever questions I may raise as to that portion of the proceedings of the Government which affected them, it was not the intention of my right hon. Friend near me, nor is it my desire, to reflect in any particular, or in the slightest degree, upon the conduct of the Messrs. Rothschild. I must own that a considerable change has taken place in the public view on this question since the intentions and plans of the Government were first announced. The general belief at that time, promoted by nearly the whole of the metropolitan Press—I think by the whole of the metropolitan daily Press—was that a great blow had been struck for the assertion of British power; that, in the critical circumstances of the Turkish Empire, notice had been given to the world that, so far as Egypt was concerned, we intended to have the first and largest share in determining what should be its destiny. With respect to the sufficiency of the measure, when the publie were informed that out of 400,000 shares we had acquired 176,000, I do not doubt—and I believe no man doubts—that the universal assumption of the world, and of the London newspapers, who at that moment led the world, was that those 176,000 shares carried with them a proportionate share of voting power in the Company. And then they very naturally argued that, as in the case of the London and North-Western Company, or any other joint-stock establishment, the directors who had secured themselves by that proportion of the votes were safe against the world, although they might not have an absolute majority, and that, having obtained seven-sixteenths of the whole property of the Company, we were in a position to exercise a corresponding influence and consequently might bid defiance to all comers. We are, however, still in the dark as to what was the degree of information on which the Government acted in this matter. My right hon. Friend has, I think, shown provisionally—and very strong evidence must be given to show the contrary—that the Government were not aware of the limited extent of voting power attached to those shares, and it will be for the Government to explain whether that is so or not. If they were not aware of it, I must own I think they have added greatly to their responsibility in having taken a step so important, and so little within the lines of the Constitution, without being in possession of the most elementary information on the subject. These were the grounds on which the public and the Press approved the purchase, and the whole of Lord Derby's reasoning in his despatches, and his attempts to allay fear and apprehension abroad by the assurance that we had no thought of exercising a paramount influence—an exclusive influence—over the affairs of the Company would have been the merest nonsense if he had not been cognizant of the fact that there was no option given us to exercise either a paramount or a sensible influence, inasmuch as the 10 votes were votes which if we exercised them at all, we should have to exercise in the face of votes amounting to many thousands. We are indebted, I believe, in the first instance, to the French Government for having dispelled some of the illusions by which this question was surrounded. A very fair issue was raised—the issue, indeed, I think we ought to try—when Lord Derby acquainted the world that the object of Her Majesty's Government in these proceedings was to acquire an increased security for our communications with India, because he knew very well, and we all knew, that that was an object to which we attach capital and Imperial importance. I now come to what I may term the unpleasant part of this question—namely, the mode of operation which has been adopted by the Government. So far as I know, it was not only without precedent, but it was contrary to our financial principles. There is not in the country a man of purer hands and purer honour than my right hon. Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer. If, however, he set the very worst precedent that could be imagined, under which men very different from himself might hereafter injure the country and their characters, it would not raise the slightest presumption against himself. The First Lord of the Treasury must be regarded as equally responsible with the Chancellor of the Exchequer for the financial part of the matter, and I wish to know whether there is any precedent during the 60 years which have elapsed since the Peace of 1815, or any instance in which the Government have made a financial arrangement of a character corresponding to this, or for an amount either equal to this, or for any considerable magnitude at all, privately and with a private firm? That is a matter of the greatest consequence. The rule of our finance is that the greatest and most jealous provision is taken against malversation of every kind. If my right hon. Friend the Member for the University of London, instead of being pure and upright—if myself had been disposed to lay hands upon any of that public money of which so much passed through our hands, it would have been—I believe with the single exception of that very limited branch of the public expenditure known as "Conscience Money"—entirely beyond our power to do so. It is the wisdom of this country to surround the Finance Minister with rules that make his position perfectly safe in dealing with sums so immense, and some of the rules have reference to the mode in which he conducts those great finan- cial operations with persons in the City. I may be wrong, but if there are any precedents I should be glad if they can be produced, because it is not to the credit of the Government of this country to deviate from established rules by a transaction of this kind. I know of no such precedents. The case which in magnitude most resembles the present one—the Arbitration Award—has no relation whatever to the matter we are now dealing with. So far as I am acquainted with the rules applicable to this subject, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, if he is in want of money, has this option before him—he may go to the Bank of England or to the public; but I have never heard that the Chancellor of the Exchequer was at liberty to send for any private firm, however eminent and responsible, and to contract with them for a great financial operation, involving the Treasury of this country to the extent of several millions. When the Chancellor of the Exchequer deals with the Bank of England, that is not the usual mode of conducting such operations; but I can conceive that when Parliament may not be sitting, he might be under the necessity of doing what he would not otherwise do. When he deals with the Bank of England he deals with a body which, although independent, is under the most solemn official obligations. In old times the Bank of England was not only the servant, but the trustee of the Government. It is still its trusted agent. It has enormous transactions and most lucrative engagements with the Government. It manages our issues and receives our deposits, and conducts all the transactions connected with the National Debt. It is under the deepest responsibility to Parliament and the country; and not only the heads of the Bank, but every officer of the Bank who would be taken into their confidence has the same feelings as a public servant would have in regard to transactions of this kind, and would feel the same sacred obligations of secrecy with respect to whatever might be communicated or come within Ms knowledge in such a matter. There are many reasons, upon which I need not dwell, which distinguish between the Bank of England and a private establishment in this matter, and I wait to be contradicted before receding from my proposition that, accord- ing to all I know, all I believe, and all I have heard, it was either the business of the Government to appeal to the public and to transact the business of the State under the most favourable terms with the public, or else to go to the confidential agents of the State—namely the Bank of England—and ascertain, before going elsewhere, whether through them the business could be satisfactorily managed. I think it was part of the absolute duty of the Government to explain to the House why this course was not pursued. I blamed the right hon. Gentleman the other night for his conciseness. I noticed several omissions in his speech, and the number on reflection has greatly multiplied. One was, the omission to explain the very peculiar method which the Government thought proper to adopt. Now, Sir, this matter is rather a serious one. When the Government deal with the Bank of England in a question of this kind, they are perfectly certain that their confidence will be kept as much as if they were within the limits of their own office. I have not a doubt that when they dealt with Messrs. Rothschild the Government dealt with those who were personally as certain to keep their confidence as even the Governor and deputy Governor of the Bank of England, but I cannot have the same assurance with regard to the members of Messrs. Rothschild's establishment. I cannot have any assurance that there was not given an opportunity in the days between the completion of the transaction and the communication of the intelligence which enabled multitudes of persons to go into the market and there operate to the extent of many millions upon the strength of that which they knew the Government to intend and which the world did not yet know. I have already put a question as to a precedent for the manner of the proceeding with a private firm, and I will ask the Government to tell us whether they are in a condition to say, that there did not take place very large speculations in Egyptian Stocks before their plan was made public, and founded upon the knowledge that the plan had been adopted and was about to be announced. As to the amount of this commission, it may appear to be very shabby to complain of the payment of £100,000—or £130,000, as it would be more truly described—: to Messrs. Rothschild on account of this transaction; still, with my right hon. Friend, I am of opinion, not only have we a right, but we are under an absolute obligation, to do the business of the public upon the most reasonable terms; but I cannot help thinking that the credit of this country is placed in a most unenviable position before the world in relation to this transaction. We are told that Messrs. Rothschild were compensated for their trouble and their risk. I want to know what was their risk. I want to know whether their risk was not a risk any rational man would have taken at the cost of one brass farthing. If ever we happened to be in a condition—which we are not—to arrest the measure of the Government, and to say it shall not go forward and we will not become proprietors in the Suez Canal—even if we were in that condition, is there a man in this House who does not know it is our absolute duty in honour and honesty to take care that Messrs. Rothschild, who are liable to no blame, either of rashness or otherwise, should not lose one iota by the transaction they carried on? Therefore, the risk is none; the payment is a payment for the use of money; and the money was £4,000,000. I cannot give, nor could my right hon. Friend give, dates minutely, because we do not know the precise dates when the sums were paid and repaid; but if I say that three months was the time during which Messrs. Rothschild were out of £4,000,000, I believe this is a liberal statement as to time. What they receive is first of all 5 per cent, which the Khedive stipulates to pay us; and, secondly 2½ per cent on the capital, which for three months is 10 per cent per annum for the use of it; and that added to the 5 per cent makes 15 per cent per annum as the price at which, in the year 1875, British credit is to be appreciated in the British market. I will not stop to inquire into that now; but undoubtedly it has been said of late in several senses, including that of self-glorification, that the British Sovereign is a great Oriental Potentate. I must say if we pay 15 per cent for our money in the British market for the purpose of accommodation, it seems to prove that we are an Oriental Potentate indeed. Let me pass from the form to look at the substance of this question. I make several admissions freely to my right hon. Friend. He says, as I think truly, that the public were carried away with an absolute show of approval; it amounted almost to unanimity; there never was a more complete conquest made by any Government. The individual with whom we are all acquainted, and who is well known as "the man in the street "—and almost all persons of all characters and descriptions gave their approval at the moment to the measure. The Papers produced by the Government show a considerable amount of foreign approval, and I think what we read upon the whole shows a small amount of foreign jealousy. There cannot be a doubt, as my right hon. Friend says—he seemed to contest his point, but I would re-assure him as far as I know—that we have conferred a benefit upon the Khedive; certainly we have conferred a benefit upon the Khedive, and such a benefit, I should think, never was conferred upon an Egyptian Ruler since the days when Egypt was the greatest Empire in the world, 3,000 or 4,000 years ago. You have also conferred an enormous benefit on the Suez Canal Company, and that is not the worst part of the transaction, because the Company has deserved well of the world, and I must say has received ill of us. If the cost of the Canal has been enormous, so as to be to the Company a misfortune, it was seriously aggravated by our opposition; and I am so far glad of that portion of the proceedings of Her Majesty's Government, that as I feel, in some sense, we owe the Company a debt, if the result of the proceedings of Her Majesty's Government is to satisfy that claim, I shall be the last man to grudge the benefit to the Company. But there was more than this. I think, upon a careful perusal of the Papers, I must admit that evidently the conduct of transactions with the Canal Company, the little tracasseries of complaint that arose upon the detention of ships, the demands for the repayment of money, the complications that arose from the ill-defined relations between the Company and the Government, the Egyptian Courts and the French, the Khedive and the Porte, did impose upon the Foreign Office very irksome and disagreeable duties, which the Government thought would justify resort to a measure of this kind. I frankly own they had much annoyance to encounter; but I do not think that any such justification can be pleaded for the present measure. But let us look at the proposal itself with regard to those justifications which have been pleaded. The former state of things may have been alarming to anyone at the Foreign Office engaged in the management of these private and personal complaints, and I daresay an Under Secretary, feeling much upon the subject, would say it was a bad state of things. It was a very complicated position of affairs; probably no joint-stock enterprize ever stood in relations so complex as the Suez Canal Company. It had its hold upon France; it had its legal domicile in France; a quasi French character attached to it; a very large preponderance of French shareholders; it was absolutely subject to both Egyptian and Turkish law; and I need not say that the lines of division between Egyptian and Turkish authority are ill-defined. It was therefore a most complicated position in which this Company stood; it was not very agreeable or satisfactory to them; but I do not see that it was a matter of capital concern to the world. It was for us a perfectly practicable and workable position—the Company was a great power, and the resisting power lay in all the Maritime Powers of Europe having one thought, one purpose, one interest in reference to the Canal, and all of them working together. The matter had come to issue. The Company had attempted to exercise its powers and impose charges which the Maritime States thought unreasonable. As the right hon. Gentleman said, M. de Lesseps, who has shown great gallantry with all the other great qualities which adorn human nature, in the wonderful struggle he has conducted to a successful issue, tried what he could do to intimidate these Powers by the threat of closing the Canal. He was beaten, he gave way, he could not help giving way, he was reduced to a system of verbal protests, and in verbal protests alone he could find comfort and consolation, while the sifting, examining, and deciding upon the demands made upon the Maritime Powers took effect in the actual government of the Canal. What was our position in the matter? Were we great sufferers? On the contrary, we had the largest interest in the use of the Canal. We were, therefore, the natural leaders of the Maritime Powers; we urged what we thought just, and we obtained what we urged; and with the immense advantage of urging as the organ of the united interest of Europe, and not as the mouthpiece of an interest merely selfish. There was no risk of our being divided from the others, and as long as the Powers of Europe were united with us in our views as to the just management of the Canal we were certain to prevail. That is, I believe, a true statement of the condition of affairs as it was up to the month of November last. What then happened? The Khedive was under the necessity, not of selling his shares—the Khedive never proposed to sell his shares, it was not his doing—that is our plan, not his—the plan of the Government; some say it is the plan of Mr. Somebody, supported by Mr. Somebody else, and hence it came to be adopted; but of that I know nothing. AH that I know is that it is the plan of Her Majesty's Government, and the House should recollect that the sale of the shares was not the plan of the Khedive. My right hon. Friend says we have to consider what political inconvenience would have resulted if we had allowed affairs to drift. I want to know from the Government whether they propose to show us the positive reasons which induced them to act in this manner. They have proceeded on the assumption that these reasons existed; they have set up the French shareholders and the French Company as a bugbear to frighten us out of our wits, and give us to understand that horrible consequences, which can be appreciated but hardly stated, would have followed if a Company having its locus in France had become the possessors of the shares of the Khedive. I want to know what were those great evils which could have accrued. If it had been a divided Company before, with two interests in it, and one had been French and the other anti-French, and the question had been about the withdrawal of one of the two, I could understand that there might have been a derangement of the equilibrium of the Company, and that some strong measure was necessary to prevent it. There was nothing of the kind, There was no interest in the Company adverse to the French interest. The Khedive had a great power over the Company, but not in his capacity of shareholder. The Khedive had assured the Porte over and over again, that so far as regarded influence over the Company, those shares would have absolutely none whatever. Was the Company, then, a divided body? It was drilled under M. de Lesseps as an army under its commanding officer—they moved forward, halted, or receded, just as he chose to give the word of command. I mention this not to their disparagement, but simply as a matter of fact. Let me say one word for the French in this matter. We have been a little hard upon them. We did everything to prevent them from initiating this great enterprize for the benefit of mankind. They did initiate it for the benefit of mankind, and most of all for our benefit. The conduct of the French Government in this matter has never been to blame. They have regarded it as an enterprize as one of world-wide interest; they have not sought narrowly to promote their selfish interests through the medium of the position they had acquired; and it would be hard indeed to charge on them any intention which we have not the smallest right to impute to them of self-interest. I wish to know what were the new evils of a practical character which Her Majesty's Ministers apprehended would flow from the acquisition of these shares by others or by the French Government? That has never been stated, and ought to be pointed out. What we know is, the Company were perfectly united before, and any influence of the Khedive did not depend on his possession of these shares, but on his position as Governor of Egypt. But if the Government were to move at all, the natural and obvious course to take was to move on the lines the Khedive himself had laid down. Those lines were an advance of money on the security of the shares. If you were to move at all why not endeavour to construct a plan on that basis? A temporary advance of money on the security of the shares would have enabled you to look at the value of the shares, and if as a matter of business you did not think the security sufficient you might have called on the Khedive to throw in other equivalents to bring them up to the mark. You might have discussed the amount you had to advance. The country was entirely deluded when it was told by the Press that £4,000,000 was wanted immediately. No, the contract was that only £ 1,000,000 should be paid at once, and the remainder in two or three months, as a matter of arrangement between Messrs. Rothschild and the Khedive. Why was not that plan adopted? You are bound to show strong reasons against it. It is quite clear that under that plan some advantages would have been gained. First, you would not have made this signal invasion of the privileges of Parliament in disposing virtually of £4,000,000 without the sanction of the House of Commons. In the next place, you might have given us free judgments instead of a judgment which is not free; because you might have placed the matter before us in the interval whilst a temporary advance existed, and, as I have said, you might have secured yourselves by an examination of the securities, so as to be well assured of their condition and value. There would have been another advantage. You have said, and Lord Derby has said particularly, that what he desired was to bring the other Powers of Europe into partnership with the Government in the acquisition of the Canal. I wish to make a moment's reserve in speaking of international syndics and international arrangements. I wish to reserve my judgment in regard to them. Serious difficulty may sometimes arise in connection with them. In time of war I should like to know whether any international syndic or arrangement would be advantageous to this country. It appears to me that not only has nothing been gained by this arrangement in regard to the contingency of war, as to which Lord Derby is ominously silent, but much has been lost. That, however, is a matter on which I do not know that it is desirable or politic now to enter. I assume it was desirable—I assume it was creditable to our character that instead of entering into this transaction on our own footing and separating ourselves from the Powers of Europe, we should endeavour to make them art and part in the transaction. Had you taken the plan of the Khedive you could have done all that, and at the same time respected the privileges of Parliament. But you rejected his plan and you took your own. That entirely prevented you from taking Europe with you, and made it necessary to take into your own hands the functions of Parliament and setting precedent in that respect, which I am by no means sure we shall not have to take some specific step or measure to guard against its repetition. I hope the Government will give us some clear proof of the measure of what they thought fit to accomplish. Theirs is a position of great difficulty when they are asked this question—if you went so far, why did you not go further? The hon. Gentleman who has just sat down, the Member for Christchurch (Sir H. Drummond wolff), has defended the proceeding of the Government. Upon what ground has he defended it? On the ground that it is a first step—that it must be followed by other steps—that the only good and sufficient ground would be the acquisition of the entire Canal, and that the Government must move forward in that direction. Now I think we are entitled to ask the Government whether they can assure us that there is no risk or likelihood of their having to enter into other transactions and fresh outlays in consequence of this transaction. Upon this subject they have not favoured us with one word of explanation. But one thing they have done—although they have given us no explanation why they did so—they refused the offer which the Khedive made to them. The Khedive had offered them the opportunity of purchasing what are sometimes called "the founder's shares "—I do not know that the expression is a very accurate one, for the Khedive was not the founder of the Canal—I would rather call them the 15 per cent shares; but the Government having received the proposal to purchase these 15 per cent shares appeared to have been fastidious, and suddenly became shocked with the idea of entering into so speculative a transaction. They said they did not feel disposed to enter into a speculative purchase of that kind. I assume that the Khedive was to be believed in the representations he made. If we do not believe what he said there are some important consequences that will follow. The Khedive had never pretended that what we bought would give us influence on the Company. The Government set up that doctrine, not the Khedive; but he said—If you purchase the founder's shares they will give you control over the Company; they will carry with them greater power of control over the Company than the possession of the shares would give. I want to know what is the difference between a speculative and a non-speculative purchase. We have purchased shares which carry no dividend at all for 19 years, and for dividends on which we are then dependent on the simple promise of the Khedive. The Khedive offers shares of which it does not seem too much to hope that in four or five years they may begin to bear some dividend, and before 10 years will bear a large dividend. We accepted the first of these as a safe and complete transaction, and the second was rejected as a speculative purchase. I want to know on what grounds the Government considered themselves entitled to buy shares that carry dividend only after 19 years, and at the same time declined to purchase other shares that bear 5 per cent and in a few years would bear 10 per cent, although these were recommended to them as carrying direct influence over this Company which they were so anxious to control? I own I cannot see on what ground it is if you have gone so far why you can refuse to go further. That is a portion of the case which the Government have not yet attempted to explain. The grand object of this great operation—for such it is—was to obtain additional security for free transit to the East. A distinguished Gentleman who lately solicited the suffrages of the electors of Manchester intimated to the constituency of that great City—if he is correctly reported—that nothing could be more monstrous than to raise a doubt of the wisdom of this transaction—for, he said, Is not the Prince of Wales in India, and is not the Princess of Wales in England, and are we going to put the Prince to the hazard of not coming home by the nearest route? That may have been one of the main objects which the right hon. Gentleman had in view; and if so, I want to know in what definite and specific manner we have obtained additional securities for the free transit of the Canal to India. I confine myself in the main to putting questions, and I am afraid that I have put a great many and have a great many still to put; because I contend that we are by no means informed as to all the bearings of this transaction, and that there is a moiety of it with respect to which the Government have never given an explanation, but, on the contrary, have been remarkably, I will not say ominously, silent. I apprehend that additional security for free passage to India is but one meaning of what may be understood by additional control over the proceedings of the Company. I want to know in what way you obtain control over the proceedings of the Company within the precincts of the Company itself. I have shown already that we have had a most powerful, effective, and, I think, sufficient control over the proceedings of the Company from without. But in what way are we to have it from within? In only one of two ways can the ingenuity of man show it to be possible. One way is by obtaining a majority of votes; the other is by showing an identity of interests. Have you obtained a majority of votes? Ten votes are what you either knew, or did not know that you were to obtain, and even those 10 votes are subject to criticism. They have never been admitted as of right. M. de Lesseps seems to have admitted them for a practical reason—there was a great difficulty in making a quorum at his meetings, and these 10 votes afforded him useful assistance. But at any time when it suits intrigue or policy the claim to vote which the possession of these shares gives may be questioned. And where, if questioned, will it be decided? It will be decided in a Court of Trance, in which Her Majesty will have to appear as plaintiff, with the Suez Canal Company as defendants; or, if not in a Court of France, in a Court of Egypt, but certainly not in a Court of England. I cannot think that Her Majesty's Government gave sufficient consideration to what is due to the dignity of the Crown when they not only accepted thankfully but sought eagerly the peculiar position in which they have placed the Crown for the establishment of its rights as a shareholder in the Suez Canal Company. But it is admitted that you have not got the votes, and it is said you are going to send three directors to a Council consisting, I believe, of 22. [The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER: Reduced to 21.] Well, that is an inducement, but I am afraid not an effective one; and I want to know what will be the position of those three Gentlemen who, possessing the confidence of Her Majesty's Government, are to endeavour to exercise that control over the proceedings of the Suez Canal Company which the British public, in the tempest of its approval two or three months ago, considered and were told by the metropolitan Press they were to acquire. They cannot do it by votes. Can they do it by showing identity of interests? Now, I ask you, as men of business, whether there is an identity of interests in a joint-stock company between shareholders who have a dividend for 19 years, and shareholders who have no concern with that dividend, but derive their interest from other sources, and with respect to whom it makes no difference whether the returns are small or large. Of course, questions will arise between the two classes of shareholders about dividends or repairs, liberal or stinted administration, and extension or otherwise. The one will argue for repairs, for liberal administration, for great extension; they will point to the future, and draw glowing pictures of what the property will become if a liberal policy is pursued. But the answer will be—" That is all very fine; but we have wives and children to look to, and we want our dividends for the next 19 years. You must go back to London and tell your Government, your metropolitan Press, and your Parliament, if you want these improvements you must pay for them; you must come down liberally out of the resources drawn from the vast wealth of the country you represent. If you bear a large share in the work of improvement, then we shall listen to you, but not unless you consent to accept those fair and equal conditions." I again want to know whether I am not correct in saying these questions deserve an answer:—First of all, whether, if you are to control the proceedings of the Company, your control must not be dependent upon an available majority of votes, or else upon an identity of interests with the other shareholders; and also whether it is not true that, as far as regards in round numbers a period of 20 years, the interests of the British Government as shareholders are not identical with, but are in positive opposition to, the interests of the other shareholders, inasmuch as the wants of shareholders of the Canal and the wants of the mercantile community are not the same? What one party will want, will be the improvement of the Canal; what the other, will be the maximum of dividend. I am afraid that is the answer we shall get when we are preaching the sound doctrines that we shall preach to our brother shareholders. There is no doubt that, in regard to the ultimate interests of the enterprize, the shareholders and the customers of the Canal are in the same position. That is what called "the long run. "But" the long run "does not and never can govern, except to a limited extent, the conduct of such a Company, let it be ever so enterprising. The shareholders of this Company, whom we did our best to keep out of their dividends for a length of time, will naturally think we have no further claims upon them. On the other hand, I am inclined to think that they will make claims which will induce Her Majesty's Government to run the very unpleasant risk of drawing upon the Exchequer—a thing of which Her Majesty's Government did not dream, and of which most certainly they did not give us any intimation whatever. And if we are to do so, let us consider what it will come to to. I am very confident what it will come to. I saw it in the newspapers to-day—I do not know whether it is true, but we are told—that Mr. Cave and M. de Lesseps have arrived at an arrangement for increasing the burden on the trade which passes through the Canal. I cannot believe that such an arrangement is possible, because down to this date we have been contending that we have acted only in the common interest of the Maritime Powers; and, further, it does not belong to anybody except the Porte and those very Maritime Powers to determine whether the charge shall be reduced or increased. But I am not now arguing for an increased burden on vessels using the Canal. I am contending that if the Chancellor of the Exchequer is at a future date to come down and say how vast the importance of this Canal will be to us, and as we cannot induce our brother shareholders to benefit us out of their own pockets he has to ask Parliament to make a large advance for the improvement of the Canal, then comes in another view—that the general taxpayers of the country may be called upon to subsidize one particular branch of our trade, the Indian trade, which makes such large use of the Canal. I must own that I am not without considerable fears and misgivings in regard to the ultimate operation of this precedent. I hold it to be of the greatest importance that we had formerly a complete identity of interest with other States in the Canal; our ground was sound and immovable, and might have remained so as long as you made your demands as the champions of the general interests of Europe. I am sorry I am not now looking at an isolated scheme, in which capacity alone it is presented to us; but that we are now to have a separate, and what will be called a selfish, interest of our own. It seems to me that we run a very great risk in abandoning that community and identity of position with the other Powers which we have hitherto enjoyed. Nor do I believe that you can at all be certain that you will be free from invidious—unmerited, no doubt—but invidious and inconvenient reproaches and suspicions. I am not by any means sure that you will not give a handle to any Government with which you may happen to be at variance to use against you, as a means of intrigue and opposition, this position which you have, I am afraid, unwisely chosen to adopt. Then that complexity of relations between the Company and the Powers may occasion possibly very serious embarrassments. Some Powers may go to Egypt and set up an influence against us; others may go to the Porte and do the same. Every sort of claim may be made against us; and there is no certain tribunal of public law to which you can bring these claims, and no clear and positive rule by which to dispose of them. It was easy to dispose of them, however, so long as we had Europe on our side. It will be very dificult to dispose of them when it is only our own interest that we have to protect. Now, before I conclude, I must look for a moment at the finance of my right hon. Friend, and here I must say, that of the useful art of building there is one branch in which my right hon. Friend promises to become a great expert; and that is the art of what is called "castle-building." My right hon. Friend coolly handles this 5 per cent which the Khedive promises, analyzes it, considers it under the head of capital, and tells us how many years you will have your interest, and then get your shares for nothing. How is all this achieved? Without the slightest difficulty. The transaction is not to be lost in the general accounts of the expenditure and income of the country. That would obscure the glory which he hopes the Govern- ment in this matter will obtain. And all that he takes on trust, and entirely irrespective of the question whether we are ever to get the money or not. Are we, however, to get it; and, if so, what assurance have we that we shall get it? I want to know, in the first place, whether this is a prior or a preferential charge upon the revenues of Egypt. If I read the letter of Lord Derby to General Stanton, I find that the latter is to impress upon the Government of Egypt that this is to be a primary charge; but in the agreement that is signed by General Stanton on behalf of the British Government there is nothing about this being a primary or a preferential charge, but merely that it is to be a charge upon the revenues of Egypt. But, even assuming that it is to be a primary or a preferential charge, I am far from thinking that even in that case we should be altogether out of the wood. Taking into consideration the critical position of Egypt with reference to its finances, and the abuses which the right hon. Gentleman describes as prevailing in its administration, it would, I think, scarcely be consistent with the honour and dignity of the British Crown to avail itself of its political influence for the purpose of enforcing this prior charge against the other creditors of that country, entitled under prior engagements. In that, as I gather, my right hon. Friend agrees with me. I think, however, on a careful perusal of both the documents to which I have referred, that Lord Derby is mistaken, and that we are to have no prior charge on the Egyptian revenues. And if that be so, what is the security we are to have for the payment of this money? Is it to be the same security as the other creditors of Egypt have? I ask, therefore—and upon this point I think we must press for a reply—have the Government or have they not a reasonable conviction that for the next 20 years, at any rate, the Egyptian Government will be in a condition and will be willing to meet its engagements? The right hon. Gentleman is asking us to vote money upon the faith of the promise of the Khedive, and what are the inducements he holds out to us to vote that money? He tells us he has sent out a Commission of Inquiry to Egypt, and that the result of the Inquiry instituted by that Commission has convinced him of three things—I care little for those three things, because the right hon. Gentleman might have been easily satisfied with regard to them without going to the trouble of sending out a Commission of Inquiry. I care for a fourth, about which his Commission tells us nothing. The three things of which the right hon. Gentleman tells us he is convinced are—first, that the resources of Egypt are great; secondly, that the sins and offences of its financial administration are great also; and, thirdly, that if a thorough repentance take possession of the offenders and that everything now wrong be set right, that if in this Mahomedan country, in this little organized country, and in this absolute country, good sound normal systems of finance be forthwith introduced and steadily maintained, then very likely its finances will be placed on a sound basis. I feel very much disposed to agree in all three of these propositions. But, at the same time, I know that when deep and inveterate disease has taken possession of the finances of a country, it is not in a day, nor a year, nor in 10 years, that it can be eradicated, and the financial system restored to a healthy condition. There is not a country on earth that has so little excuse as Egypt for having its finances in disorder. It was the country where the Sovereign was richest, where the soil was richest; it was the country where the rule was most absolute; it was the country where the subject was the most obedient; it was the country which had no European responsibilities to discharge. The Turks may have had their difficulties, and their ideas of maintaining a great army or a great navy; but the Emperor of Russia was not going to attack Egypt. Egypt, therefore, had no occasion and no excuse for any portion of that profligate expenditure which has brought her to the position in which she now is. How, therefore, am I to expect that such a moral miracle can be effected as that Egypt will reform her financial administration, and that the stroke of the right hon. Gentleman in furtherance of his Oriental policy will conduce to a complete revolution in the finances of the country, will drag them from the depths to which they have sunk, and will bring them into a condition of comparative purity, soundness, health, and vigour, which even in this country has been the slow' attainment of long labours and of many generations? Is it not surprising that my right hon. Friend, who is so circumspect that he will not give us anything but "if" on which to feed our hopes, yet coolly opens the money-box, reckons the interest, and says—" In a few years it will all be right if this, that, or the other is done, and that we shall get our shares an the Suez Canal for nothing?" I wish to know from the Government—and I must press them for a reply—whether we are to have the same security for the payment of this 5 per cent as the general creditor of Egypt has for the payment of his interest. At one time it occurred to me that so great were the embarrassments and apprehensions connected, not with the present future, for we must look beyond that, but with the possible evolutions of this magnificent policy, that really it was a consideration whether it would not be well to take all these shares and divide them amongst the Members of the Cabinet, asking them to accept them as a small acknowledgment of their services in this transaction from a grateful country. I am by no means certain even now that that would be a bad bargain. I have great apprehensions, as I have said, about the receipt of this 5 per cent; but I have much greater apprehensions as to the position into which the necessity of calling them up may draw us. That is a question of the most serious character. I will suppose a case. We have no doubt that for a year, or perhaps a little more, everything will be made smooth, easy, and admirably punctual, and the right hon. Gentleman may sleep calmly on his pillow, so far as the Egyptian payment is concerned, for the coming financial year. But I go beyond the year, and I will assume that the moral miracle anticipated by the Treasury Bench does not take place, and that these financial embarrassments occur. Then the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the day, hearing that the money is not likely to be forthcoming—and such things do happen in Eastern countries—desires General Stanton to go to the Khedive of Egypt and say to him—"You will be required, you know, to pay that £100,000 punctually on the 1st of June next." The Khedive will say to him—" I can pay. I do not deny that I can pay. I will show you the money, and you shall see everything—what, are the expenses of government, and what funds are available. I can pay it; but if I do I cannot pay the dividend of a prior creditor, which will become payable on the 1st of July." That is a position in which I do not wish to see the Chancellor of the Exchequer of this country, competing with other creditors of the Khedive of Egypt for payment of this money, when it will be obtained only by taking the money out of the pockets of those who made their contract with the Khedive before you made yours. Nor am I sure that this is the last or the worst difficulty; because I think it is perfectly possible that if the pressure upon this or some other Khedive becomes very inconvenient, there may be other Powers who, feeling a resentment at the severe pressure put by a great Power like England upon a small Power like Egypt, will speak honeyed words in the ear of the Khedive, and propose arrangements of mutual accommodation to bring about relations upsetting all ours, with the possibility of very inconvenient and mischievous results. These are the political apprehensions that occur to me, and indeed wherever I move on this subject the ground seems mined under my feet. I have asked Her Majesty's Government a number of questions upon this subject, and I most sincerely hope that they will be able to give replies that will satisfy me, and, what is of far greater importance, will satisfy this House and the country. I do not speak of this as a matter on which I desire to dogmatize. I say that this question is full of difficulties, and that they have not been solved—that it is full of knots, and that they have not been untied. It may be that it was necessary to move in this matter; it may be that this was the right way to move; it may be that your financial arrangements are consistent with precedent, with constitutional rule, and with prudence; it may be that you will show a justification for your remarkable invasion of the privileges of the House of Commons in virtually disposing of this money without its consent; it may be that political embarrassments are not likely to follow, as I fear they may, the step you have taken; it may be that our influence over the Canal Company will be augmented, and that in that sense our security for free passage to India improved—all these things may be capable of truth, but I strongly assert that of not one of them down to the present hour has proof been given.
Sir, it is impossible to follow a speech like that to which we have just listened without admitting the very great force and the very great ingenuity of many of the arguments of my right hon. Friend. Our position, respective or irrespective of the step we have taken in the purchase of these particular shares, is one which is certainly open to complications, and undoubtedly—whatever may be the position which we shall hold with respect to the possession of shares in the Suez Canal—many of these inconveniences which the fertile imagination of my right hon. Friend has placed in so powerful a light before the House are inconveniences which it is quite possible may occur, and which we must prepare, if they do occur, to meet as they arise. It is impossible to deny that complications may arise with foreign countries, or with Egypt, or with the different interests concerned in the maintenance and navigation of the Suez Canal in consequence of our purchase of these shares, and that we may require efforts of statesmanship, prudence, and courage to deal with them. But the question we have to determine is, whether the difficulties which my right hon. Friend tells us are inevitable would not have been quite as formidable, or even more formidable, had we not purchased these shares; and whether had we held aloof in the matter the dangers foreshadowed by him might not have been precipitated; and whether, by the step which we have taken, we have not put ourselves in a position of greater advantage to meet them, if they should arise, or, which I rather anticipate, to prevent them from arising? I greatly regret that in the statement I made the other day I was considered to have been too concise in my exposition of the views of the Government with respect to the purchase of these shares; but the real truth was, I thought that it was a matter which I had better simply bring before the Committee, by way of opening the case, and I was rather disposed to wait for questions that might be raised by the Committee than to excuse, and thereby accuse, our proceedings on points on which they might never be challenged, or to enter on a discussion of questions on which I should think there was no difference of opinion. But after the speeches of the two right hen. Gentlemen, I feel that further explanations are called for; and I therefore wish, in the first place, to clear my statement of one difficulty which I think was imported into it by the line which my right hen. Friend who has just sat down has taken, not only on this, but on a former occasion. I wish to clear my position of any connection with language that may have been held by the Metropolitan Press. It is enough for us to have to explain and defend our own policy; and we are not to be held liable for the language used by the Press with which we have no connection. Although we were told that certain articles were inspired, and were evidently the language of Her Majesty's Government, my Colleagues and myself say there is no foundation at all for any such statement. When the matter was finally settled we undoubtedly, as we were bound, communicated the fact of the purchase of the shares to persons who communicated it to the organs of public information, and that, I believe, is the whole extent of our connection with the matter. For any inferences that were drawn from it the Press are entirely responsible. Well, setting that aside, I turn to a question on which a good deal of stress has been laid. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for the University of London began, I think, by asking us what was the real question which the House had to decide, and my right hon. Friend put a somewhat similar question. They asked—" What are the relations of the Government with Messrs. Rothschild?" They also asked—" What is this Vote which you are asking for? Is it one which lies within the power of Parliament to decide and vote upon freely or not?"—and coupled with that question were important questions which my right hon. Friend raised with the usual force of his language as to our Constitutional position and the propriety of the conduct which we had pursued, and which he very seriously and gravely impugned. Well, I think that to a certain extent the second of those questions very much answers the first. We are told by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the University of London that, after all, the vote which we are asking the House of Commons to give upon this occasion is a mere form, because it is absolutely necessary that Parliament should confirm the action taken by Her Majesty's Government; and that there can be no question whatever as to the decision of the House. But almost in the same breath my right hon. Friend challenges us to show that our proceedings have not been of a most unconstitutional and objectionable character. Why, I must say that it seems to me something like an affront to the House of Commons to suppose that the House, as a matter of course, should confirm proceedings which may be of a most unconstitutional and objectionable character. If our proceedings had been admitted to be perfectly regular in all respects, if the only question was whether our policy was an advantageous or a disadvantageous policy upon some question as to whether we ought to have given so much for the shares, a little more or a little less, then I admit that it might have been said—" This is a foregone conclusion." But when my right hon. Friend turns round upon us and says—" You have done the most unprecedented thing that ever was done in the present century, and you are now asking the House of Commons to confirm what may be a most mischievous transaction," it is inconsistent to say—"After all, it is a matter of course that Parliament should approve it." It was a transaction in which we felt, and those with whom we were connected in this matter must also have felt, that it was a case which required full and careful consideration, and in which we should come before Parliament to ask for its free and unbiased judgment. Now, that is important, because the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the University of London almost admitted in so many words that the reason he impressed upon us the obligation which he said lay upon Parliament in this matter was, that he wished to make it the foundation of his argument that Messrs. Rothschild in undertaking this bargain ran no risk, and that we had consequently made an improvident bargain. I say, on the contrary, the challenge thrown out by my right hon. Friend to show that this unprecedented action is not one that deserves censure and repudiation by the House of Commons proves that the view of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the University of London is not a just view of the matter. Well, I think the transaction was unprecedented. The whole policy and connection of the British Government with an undertaking of this character are unprecedented, just as the Suez Canal itself is unprecedented. And undoubtedly the conduct of the Government could not be precisely in accordance with any precedent in a matter in which precedents did not exist. Well, now, what was our policy? We have given a history of this transaction more than once to Parliament, but I must revert to it. My right hon. Friend said just now the question of a purchase of shares was not one initiated by the Khedive; it was initiated by the British Government. Now, I will ask the House to notice what the precise steps were. We had it brought before us that the Khedive was thinking of raising money upon his shares. The probable terms were stated, and we at once perceived that the money would be advanced at an exorbitant rate of interest for a short period upon the security of these shares, and that when that short period expired he would be unable to discharge it. The obligations of the loan might be renewed, until at length the Khedive would be driven to part with his shares under circumstances of embarrassment. We saw that there was danger of his falling into what would be a very disadvantageous arrangement, and we used our friendly influence with the Khedive to induce him not to mortgage his valuable property. Now, we perfectly knew what the general circumstances in Egypt were. We knew quite well that one of the errors of the Viceroy of Egypt had been his parting from time to time with property valuable in itself and promising to be more valuable in the future, at ridiculously low prices, and we saw that if he were to go on in that way, it must be bad for the condition of that country, in which we took, and justly took, an interest. Well, we advised him not to obtain a loan upon his shares, and we made him an offer—that if we were able to assist him by purchasing the shares, and if fair terms could be arranged, we were ready to consider the matter. The proceedings went on. The Khedive still from time to time was making further arrangements until the last point arrived, at which he told us he was now prepared to sell his shares, that he had had an offer of £4,000,000 for the purchase of these shares, but that he gave us the first refusal of becoming the pur- chasers. We saw that it was then time to act at once, and that the only course which was open to us was to make a purchase. My right hon. Friend says—" You might have made an advance, that would have been all right; but to purchase them was unconstitutional." Really I am unable to perceive the distinction between the constitutional character of the one or the other proceeding. My right hon. Friend also says—"You ought to have gone to the Bank of England." Well, I admit that, as a general rule, if this had been a question in which we were proceeding upon some regular authority from Parliament as in any ordinary transaction, we ought to have applied to the Bank of England to undertake the operation for us. But that was not the position of the case. We knew that we were taking a step outside of strict law, and we had to consider whether we should be in the right in asking a public body like the Bank of England, with a public obligation, to concur in that breach, which would have involved a breach of the law on their part also. We had also to consider whether, if we addressed ourselves to the Bank of England, there would be time to conclude the bargain. We knew that if we addressed ourselves to the Bank of England the Directors would have to meet and consider the proposal, and decide whether or not they could entertain it. If they could not have entertained it, where should we have been? It was a question whether the Bank would have taken the responsibility of conducting this unprecented transaction in a manner equally unprecedented, and in the manner most suitable for the attainment of the object. The question, therefore, is whether, by giving such an invitation to the Bank of England, we should not have run the risk of losing the object we desired. This is a matter on which I can only say that we acted with the best motives and the best intentions; and if we were wrong we must submit to any rebuke which Parliament may bestow upon us. We, however, believe that Parliament will approve and support what we have done. But this I will say—that our action was taken simply and solely because we believed it to be the only way in which, under the circumstances of the moment, we could secure the object at which we were aiming. Now, we are asked by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the University of London whether, when we took this step, we really knew what we were about. Well, I hope we did. The right hon. Gentleman challenges me for not having been thoroughly honest in saying at the time we made the purchase, that we were pretty well acquainted with the circumstances as to the votes. He especially asks us—" Did you or did you not know that you would only have 10 votes by this purchase?" And he says—" You could not have known it, because the metropolitan Press the next day did not know it." But, Sir, there are cases in which the Government may know more even than the Press, and I can assure the Committee that I personally was perfectly well aware of the fact, and, not only so, but that I represented it to my Colleagues, and they were perfectly aware of it also. We had at that time in this country, as has been mentioned before, a gentleman who was thoroughly conversant with the condition and with all the circumstances of the Company. I refer to Colonel Stokes, with whom Lord Derby and I myself were in repeated communication during the week these negotiations were on foot, and of course it was our duty to make ourselves acquainted with all that Colonel Stokes could tell us on the subject. Now, this particular question—" Would the shares carry a proportionate number of votes?" was one of the questions that were put. Most distinctly we had before us the statutes of the Company, which showed that no shareholder could have more than 10 votes, and although, of course, there might be the possibility of breaking up our interest into a large number of faggot votes, yet we felt that we must look upon it as a purchase which would entitle us only to 10 votes. We were further informed as to the question that was raised whether the shares had any votes at all. But we were also advised that the better opinion was that the shares, though detached from the coupons, would carry such votes as properly belonged to them, and that was a very important consideration to us. The Committee will see the reason of that. It is said that it would be unreasonable that persons holding shares which were not receiving dividend should have a vote on the same footing as persons holding shares which were receiving dividend. On the other hand, it would be unreasonable to say that 176,000 shares should not be represented at all; and if they were not represented by people who held the shares without the coupons, by whom were they represented? Not by the people who had the coupons without the shares; for that had already been tried and decided; and it was perfectly clear, according to the decision of a French Court, that the holders of the délégations had not the votes. The Company have raised a question whether anybody has the votes; and that remains still to be tried. But I may observe, in passing, that in the communications which we have recently had with M. de Lesseps he has expressed his readiness to admit the right of these shares to have the votes. [An hon. MEMBER: The 10?] No; but that these shares should carry votes, notwithstanding the coupons being cut off. And what I wish the right hon. Gentleman to remember is that there are always two sides to this question. It was not only what we gained, but what we prevented. If we only gained 10 votes, we at all events prevented the creation of 700 or more by other people. It is all very well for the right hon. Gentleman to say that there would be no great harm in a certain additional number of other persons coming in; but I think a great change in the constitution of the Company, such as might have been expected by the sale of these shares, carrying 700 votes, to persons who might have got hold of them was not altogether a matter of indifference to us. My right hon. Friend the Member for Greenwich says—"You were very well as you were before. I do not say you were quite in a comfortable position, because the Foreign Office was worried; but, setting aside the misfortunes of the poor Foreign Office clerks, or even, occasionally, of the Foreign Secretary, you were on a footing that was fairly satisfactory. You had your fights, indeed, with the Company, but you had the Porte and the Khedive with you, and though M. de Lesseps might threaten as he pleased, you carried your points against him. Why, then, could you not let the matter alone?" Our answer, Sir, is that the matter would not let itself alone. The situation was changing, and changing not by our wish. Our wish was that the Khedive should retain his shares, and that things should go on as before; that the conclusions of the Conference at Constantinople should be carried into effect, and that matters should be satisfactorily carried on upon the old footing. But we found that that would no longer be the case. The right hon. Gentleman says—"How were you affected by the Khedive selling his shares? The Khedive told the Porte that it was not these shares which gave him his influence over the Canal. Why did you not buy 'the founder's shares' at 15 per cent, which the Khedive himself says would have given you a greater control than the others?" But what does he mean by saying that the control would have been "greater?" Greater than what? If it would have been greater, that very supposition implies that you must gain some control through acquiring the shares that you have obtained. The thing is palpable to everybody. The influence attaching to this transaction is not to be measured merely by the number of votes at command. Really it is not worth while, even out of respect to my right hon. Friend opposite, to argue so plain a proposition as that in possessing something like two-fifths of the shares you have more influence, and must have more influence, in the affairs of the Company than you had before. Why, look at what has occurred within even the very short time that has elapsed since this purchase. We have practically arranged for the admission of a certain number of our nominees into the administration of the Company. Why did we get that? How does it happen that M. de Lesseps is willing to give us that, unless it is that he finds that our new step has given us more influence than we had before? I do not like to put what may be thought invidious cases; I do not like to say what you might do; nor is it prudent or desirable that you should; but if my right hon. Friend would only consider how, if he were trying how he could exercise his influence, were he unscrupulous in the use of these shares, he would see very well how he could exercise an influence which the rest of the shareholders could not neglect. Is it not an advantage to the Canal Company that two-fifths of its shares should he solidly held by the British Government? And would it be no disadvantage to the Company if the British Government were to part with its shares and throw them on the mar- ket? In a ease of this sort it may be said that shares weigh rather than count, and consequently there are many ways in which the influence we have and must have by the acquisition of the shares will tell. But what I look upon as much more important is, that we are put in a better position from a moral point of view in the arguments we may hold on this matter. Does my right hon. Friend not remember—for he appears to be very familiar with the correspondence—how, in the course of those controversies which preceded the Conference of Constantinople, the French Government put forward this view? They said—" We are bound to support the French shareholders, who made this Canal, against the English shipowners who use it." And though that argument was overruled for the time, is it quite certain that it would always be overruled? Is it not better that we should be able to say that we are not only customers and shipowners, but we hold a double position, having likewise a large property as shareholders in the Canal; and when we ask you to consider the interest of those who use the Canal, we are not speaking selfishly only, for we know that if sacrifices have to be made we can and must bear our fair share of them? It is said that there may be very heavy works to be constructed in connection with the Canal, and that claims will be made upon us on account of them. I do not know how that may be, but I do not believe it. I stated the other day, according to our best information, that it is not so probable as it seemed to be a short time ago that very heavy works will be necessary for the Canal. As it develops, I do not say that money may not be laid out to make it more available and more useful for shipping and for commerce. That may have to be considered and arranged hereafter. But I want to point out that this is not a matter that arises from your being the possessors of a certain number of shares. If works have to be carried out of an extensive character, as some imagine will be the case, although I do not, the Company may have to ask those who are interested in the Canal to assist, and then we shall be called upon. Therefore, we do not take upon ourselves any new responsibility; but if any further expenditure should really have to be incurred by the Company, we may have to bear our proportion of it. There now remains the mission of Mr. Cave, and what I have forborne to dwell upon, the part Messrs. Rothschild have taken in the transaction, for I do not know strictly what it has to do with the question. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for the University of London said that we ought to have added £37,000 for the interest which we have to pay to the Messrs. Rothschild. I confess I do not understand how that item could be included in the Vote, nor what we have, strictly speaking, to do with it. The arrangement with the Khedive was that from the moment that the purchase was effected, or that advances began to be made to him, he should begin to pay interest on the advances at the rate of 5 per cent; and the agreement with Messrs. Rothschild was that they should charge a commission of 2½ per cent upon the £4,000,000, and that they should receive the 5 per cent interest which the Khedive undertook to pay upon the amounts advanced from the date of the advance until the date of repayment by the British Government. Consequently, when we take the advances on ourselves—when we borrow or in any other way raise money for the purpose of recouping the Messrs. Rothschild, we step into their position. From that moment we become entitled to the 5 per cent the Khedive has promised. This is a very simple matter, and as far as I can see it is one which could not possibly have come under this Vote. The money will be paid by the Khedive, and it matters little whether it is to one person or to another.
Messrs. Rothschild's bargain is that we should pay it, and it is their bargain rather than what is in the Treasury Minute that we should look to.
At all events, if we have to provide anything in the way of interest for Messrs. Rothschild, it will only be the same amount as we shall receive on the other hand from the Khedive; and I do not see that this Vote has anything to do with the arrangement. When we come to the final arrangement for raising the money and paying it, that will be a better time to discuss it than now. As to the other matter I referred to, the right hon. Gentleman was very merry over the proceedings in connection with the mission of my right hon. Friend Mr. Cave. He said that, according to the request made to us by the Khedive, all we need have done was to have sent out two young men, one from the Treasury and the other from the Inland Revenue Office; that we should have let them go out, and then—God bless them! Well, as I explained the other day, although that might seem a very simple step to take, yet it would have been giving a certain amount of British patronage to the financial administration of the Khedive. We could not but feel that any step of that sort—I mean sending out two clerks to assist the Khedive, not at his Board of Trade or in his Post Office, but in his finances—would be open to a construction which it was desirable to avoid, unless we knew what we were about. We felt, therefore, that we ought to do either more or less than he asked us—either to send nobody at all, which would have been somewhat unfriendly, or to inform ourselves fully as to the position of affairs, in order that we might send some one capable of doing what was needed. Accordingly, we sent out Mr. Cave, and I do not deny that in sending him out one of our objects was to learn for ourselves the position and true prospects of the finances of Egypt. We told the Khedive so, and he received Mr. Cave fully in that spirit, and with great friendliness and frankness. I do not want to enter into the subject of Mr. Cave's mission—that will be better discussed at another time. I merely wish to deny that we entered into the matter with the intention of surrounding our policy in Egypt with a great halo of glory. Our object, I repeat, was simply to see clearly what we were about, and to give what assistance we could to our friend the Khedive. For, after all, where is the limit to be drawn of the assistance that one nation may give in this way to another? If you advised a nation with regard to its policy—if you stepped forward and said, for instance—"You are entering upon an unwise or impolitic war," all the world would say you were taking a friendly step, and one that became a wise and friendly Power in regard to a less wise neighbour. Well, when you see a friendly country squandering its resources, when you see it engaged in financial courses which you know to be bad and which must lead to embarrassment; when you see that this embarrassment may, and probably will, affect not only that country, but European Powers—and I would here remind the House that Egypt lies on the highway of Europe to the East—when you recollect what advantage might be taken of the embarrassment of that country by some European Power, and how the peace of Europe might thereby be jeopardized, it is surely good policy to come forward and prevent that country from getting into difficulties. Therefore I say, even if there were more objections to be made to the details of this transaction, there are high political considerations to be kept in view which ought to carry it over any merely commercial criticisms. I do not look upon it as a business transaction; as a purely business transaction it is not justifiable. It would not have been becoming on our part to have speculated in shares, and that was one of the main reasons why we objected to purchase the 15 per cent of the Khedive. It was not necessary for our purpose to do so; we had already obtained our voice in the Canal, and to have purchased that 15 per cent—although, as my right hon. Friend says, they might have paid—did not appear to us to be a transaction worthy of this great country, or of the policy which we have been pursuing. That reminds me of another point which requires notice. I was asked—" Is your £200,000 to be treated as a primary charge on the revenues of Egypt? "My right hon. Friend who put the question gave an answer to it himself, with which I intimated my concurrence. It is not a primary charge. The reason why these words "primary charge" come in is this—The Khedive had sold his shares to us, and had charged the Revenue of Egypt with the payment to us of a certain annuity in respect of them. After that came proposals for parting with other property, and it was offered to us, for we were asked to purchase the 15 per cent which he is entitled to receive of the net profits of the Canal; and at the same time there were rumours—I am not sure they were not on the high authority of the metropolitan Press itself—to the effect that the Khedive was still further entertaining proposals of parting with other property; and what we wished to impress on him was—Do not part with the property, because, remember, we have a charge upon it; we have not, strictly-speaking, a primary charge, but we have a prior charge upon the revenues of Egypt in respect of that £200,000. We cautioned him, in fact, against parting with property which was mortgaged to us, and that is the explanation of the words in question. I am sorry that I am unable to go more fully into the matter; but if there is any question which any hon. Gentleman may desire to put, the Government will be most happy to afford any information which they can. But I do hope that there is no doubt of what the general views of the Committee will be. They will look upon the matter as one which they have a perfect right to criticize; and if they should think that it is one in connection with which there are any particulars as to which the Government may be worthy of blame, let them not be restrained from attributing it; but I say that the course which we have pursued embodies a national policy, and I believe that it will be supported by this Committee.
said, he desired to express his sense of the purchase by Her Majesty's Government of the Khedive's shares in the Suez Canal, and he hoped that many hon. Members unfettered by official responsibility in the past or the present would do so likewise. To his mind it was ignoring the real question and the true position of this case to discuss it as if it were analogous to the investment, speculative or otherwise, of a private person. He did not regard it, nor did he believe the public would regard it, in that light. They would regard it as an important act of State policy, one which the Government had undertaken for high political considerations. The subject was one which ought to be clearly discussed apart from ordinary Party considerations. It was an Imperial question, and one that bore upon the commercial interests of this country in the very highest degree. After all that had been said with respect to the case of this Canal, it was not his intention to recapitulate the circumstances connected with its construction. He must, however, again remind the Committee of the conduct of Her Majesty's Government in the days of Lord Palmerston, when the project of the Suez Canal was first mooted. At the time M. de Lesseps brought it under the notice of the English Govern- ment, his advances were repelled with coldness. He was not now about to cast censure, or even to make censorious reflections, upon the Government of Lord Palmerston. The right hon. Gentlemen and noble Lords who formed Her Majesty's Government at that time acted, he had no doubt, according to their lights, or perhaps he should rather refer their conduct to the obscurity in which the future lay veiled; but in these later days, with the experience that they had had, with the light of the blazing sun of Egypt glancing its evidence of the victory of M. de Lesseps all along the line from Port Said to Suez, should not their conduct be far different from what it was then? He asked what it was that they had to censure the Government for? The position of the Sovereign of England on this last occasion somewhat resembled that of the Roman Monarch who, having refused to pay a certain price for nine volumes, and then for six, finally paid the same price for three. Were they now to censure Her Majesty's Government because they had closed with this last offer, rather than allow the Sibyl to depart once more to destroy the volumes which remained? He would, however, deal with the subject apart from metaphor. It was asked by right hon. Gentlemen what security had they that the promissory notes for £200,000 a-year would be paid? He answered, not much greater security for the 19 years than the Khedive had given in regard to the fulfilment of his other engagements. But assuming he did not pay the £200,000 a-year, was it right that they should discuss at the present time what should be the measure to be adopted on such a contingency? Hon. Members should bear in mind that the Khedive of Egypt, as the Egyptian Government, was entitled to the reversion, after 93 years, of the Canal, and was not that a security to this country? For these reasons he believed that Her Majesty's Government were perfectly right in entering into the bargain, and he heartily supported the Vote.
said, he entirely concurred with the hon. Gentleman who had just sat down that the course pursued by Her Majesty's Government in the matter was a perfectly wise and proper one. It was a matter of some surprise to him that neither in the public Press nor in that House had there been any reference to the paramount importance of the Suez Canal to our Australian Colonies. The whole teneur of the debate was, that the Canal was the key to India; but no reference had been made to the vast interest the question had with regard to Australasia, the population of which might already be counted by millions, and which in 40 years would have a population equal to that of England. He hoped the Vote would be granted without a division-first because the country had shown its approval of the purchase; and secondly, because it was to be deprecated that foreign countries should think there was a division of opinion in Parliament as to the policy which had dictated the purchase of the shares.
said, the point of the debate which interested the commercial community of which he was the Representative, had reference to the influence which the Government might or might not acquire in the protection of British interests by the purchase of the Canal shares, and with regard to it he had not heard any sufficient answer or explanation. It was true that the Prime Minister, on the first night of the Session, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer more recently still, had instanced the importance of the purchase in that sense, when speaking of the action which the English Government was called upon to take with regard to the Canal in 1872. Now he, acting on the part of his constituency, as one of those who were on that occasion engaged in laying the views of the shipowners before the Foreign Office, had a perfect recollection of what then occurred, and he might be allowed to observe that when M. de Lesseps at the time challenged the tonnage on which the dues had been previously paid, and maintained the right of the Company to make changes materially affecting British shipping, the Foreign Office, urged by the shipowners, applied not to the Khedive, but directly to Constantinople, and called upon the Porte to give an authoritative explanation as to the meaning of the concession which had been given. The result of that application was that an international Conference was held at Constantinople, at which the proposals of M. de Lesseps were discussed, and the decision was in favour of the Maritime Powers, among whom we took the lead, as against M. de Lesseps on the part of the Company. The Khedive, he might add, marched a considerable force of men to carry into effect the decision then arrived at; nor was it of his own motion, but in consequence of direct orders from Constantinople that he took that step. Well, that being so, what was our position now that those Canal shares had been purchased by the Government? Had we greater power than before to interfere on behalf of British mercantile interests as regarded concessions with regard to rates? For his own part he was rather disposed to think that the reverse would be the case. Hitherto when any complication or difficulty arose, our Government having no personal interest in the Canal were able to interfere on international grounds with effect, and to carry their point. But now we should be placed in a position of having a pecuniary interest in the Canal, although that interest was not immediate, for 19 years must elapse before we came into full possession of the shares which had been purchased. That being so, any attempt which we might make to improve the Canal, or to reduce the dues, would be met with the unanswerable argument that it was all very well for us to urge on expenditure which might benefit us 19 years hence, leaving the present shareholders to bear all the loss in the meantime. He must, therefore, maintain that the Government would be now less eager than ever to take up the cudgels on behalf of the mercantile interests. There were two important points, it appeared to him, upon which great doubt rested—the first was the rights to which we should be entitled by the purchase of these shares; the second was to what extent we should be called upon to contribute to future expenditure for the improvement of the Canal. On both points the partnership interest appeared to him to be very unsatisfactory, and he must remark that the maritime and mercantile community had not called upon the Government to interfere. There must be a large outlay to improve the Canal, and upon works requisite to its efficiency. The right hon. Gentleman the Chancellor of the Exchequer, indeed, appeared to be confident that no large outlay would be required in connection with the Canal, but there were, he (Mr. Norwood) believed, great engineering difficulties anticipated with respect to the Port Said mouth, which had been described as a harbour against nature. The entrance to that harbour had a decided tendency to silt up, and it would require the outlay of a large sum to keep it open. Then we ought to divest our minds of the idea that the outlay would be confined to the £4,000,000 we were now about to pay. His belief was that, before very long, we should be called upon to contribute a considerable sum of money out of the British Exchequer to keep the Canal in order. If a large vessel were sunk, either maliciously or accidentally, in the Canal, it might close the traffic for many weeks. The Sovereign Powers in regard to the Canal would, under any circumstances, be the Khedive and the Sultan, and those persons who talked about the purchase of the shares insuring the passage to our Indian possessions ought to bear in mind that without the consent of those Sovereigns, we could never convey armed ships or troops through the Canal, not even, if he were correctly informed, in time of peace. The concessions hitherto made by both applied only to merchant ships in time of peace. There was no right to demand a passage for a man-of-war, and this would certainly be a danger in time of war. If there happened to be a European war, Englishmen would never send their ships and their produce through the Canal; for to enable the Government to protect them it would be necessary that they should have perfect command of the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and of the Canal. In speaking of the importance of the Canal, hon. Members had left out of sight the fact that the overland traffic for passengers by rail from Alexandria to Suez existed, and that the route to India by way of the Cape was always open to us. To assert, therefore, that we were really dependent on the Suez Canal for our communication with India was a very considerable exaggeration. The distance to Calcutta was only 3,500 miles further round the Cape than it was through the Canal, and the difference of time in conveying troops to India by full-powered steamers would only be 14 or 15 days. As to the alleged importance of the Canal with reference to our Australian Colonies, he need only remark that no steamers went through the Canal to Australia, while sailing vessels, he believed, never used the Canal at all. In his judgment the importance of the purchase had been very much overrated. Reference had been made to the policy of Lord Palmerston in opposing the Canal, but, although that statesman was undoubtedly wrong in professing that the Canal could not be made, yet he was right in his estimate that it would be injurious to English commerce, or rather that it would be of considerably greater advantage to foreign than to British commerce. Formerly, the commerce of India and China came to this country, which supplied other nations but that state of things was altered now. The route by the Canal had thrown open speedy communication with the great Mediterranean ports, and the result was that a vast amount of produce which was formerly brought in British bottoms to our ports, and was then re-shipped to Continental markets, was now carried direct to Odessa, Trieste, Genoa, and Marseilles, to the detriment of the shipping and mercantile interests of this country. The purchase of the shares would, he feared, involve us in many complications; it would lead to great international questions being raised, and it would fail to advance one iota the commercial interests of this country.
said, he wished to direct a few remarks to the position of the Government and the country as holders of shares in a foreign company. The subject was a dry one, no doubt, but it was certainly one of importance in the consideration of the case. On the one hand there was an Egyptian Company as appeared by the terms of the Concession and the Statutes, and accordingly it was governed by the laws and usages of Egypt. In this Egyptian Company the British Government had certificates of a large number of shares, and the question was as to the rights we were entitled to as holders of those shares. It was true we had no right, as we had no desire, to interfere in the affairs of Egypt; but there could be no doubt that the possession of the shares gave us a right to advise the Khedive on all matters affecting directly the interests of the Canal, and likewise on questions which might arise between Egypt and foreign Governments in reference to the Canal. One point on which we might advantageously advise the Khedive would be as to the appointment of a new Director of the Canal when M. de Lesseps' term of office expired. It was clear that the rights of the British Government were not confined to the receipt of dividends, and he might here point out that Article 20 of the Statutes had hardly been referred to sufficiently for the purpose of showing what were our rights and obligations. Among the rights was clearly the right to vote. He did not know whether the counsel for the Company adhered strongly to their opinion, but when they were informed of the contrary opinion given by the counsel for the Khedive, they agreed to the compromise that the Khedive should temporarily have a right to vote. This fact appeared at Page 43 of the Papers presented to the House, and therefore the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the University of London must have been perfectly well aware of it. There could be no doubt that the British Government had only a right to 10 votes, but he could see nothing in the Statutes and Concessions which would prevent the Government in a great crisis from distributing these shares, and thus securing, he would not say an overwhelming, but a certain large proportion of votes. He did not, however, wish to press this course, which, politically, would be a wrong course to take. He should prefer to see two or three persons of known ability and judgment, like Colonel Stokes, qualified by the possession of shares, to represent the British Government at the general meetings or upon the Council. He should also prefer that they should not vote, but that it should be understood that their opinions and advice were sanctioned and supported by the British Government. In this way we should gain more direct and legitimate influence than by the creation of new votes. In another way we could exercise considerable influence. In the event of new Statutes being made, the assent of the Khedive had to be obtained before they could be carried into execution. Now, the British Government might fail in the attempt to get their views adopted at the general meetings, but it would be a legitimate exercise of our influence to press our views upon the Khedive in the case he had supposed. As to the liability upon the shares, it was limited by the amount of share capital, and all the shares were fully paid up. He saw no objection to the arbitration provided under the Concession and the Statutes, with an appeal to the Superior Court of Paris, or that it was a tribunal with which this country could find fault. It appeared to him that this transaction left our relations with foreign States unaltered. In the event of any change in the tonnage dues injurious to the interests of any foreign State, its remedy would be against the Company; and if remonstrances were made to the Khedive or the Porte, the political situation, as far as our Representatives were concerned, would be precisely the same as now. He confessed, however, he should be glad to see that, in accordance with the views of the Board of Trade in the case of the Mouths of the Danube, which were placed under an International Commission—the influence gained by this country might be exerted to bring about a similar state of things with regard to the Suez Canal, and he hailed the step taken by the Government as a step towards that end. No doubt the step was a novel one, and might give rise to some difficulties and complications; but he rejoiced that the Government were not deterred either by the novelty of the position or by the fear of complications from taking a course which had not been suggested by a selfish desire to promote the interests or the commerce of this country, but with the view to keep open the great line of communication between England, India, and the Australian Colonies, and in the interests of the world at large—a course which, he believed, the country had distinctly affirmed, and which he trusted the House would sanction.
said, that in 1858 he asked the House to deprecate any influence being used on the part of England which would put any stop to the formation of the Suez Canal. M. de Lesseps, with great courage and daring, and with great genius, brought forward a scheme to carry a canal through the Isthmus, thereby rendering mankind better able to communicate between one part of the globe and the other. At that time Lord Palmerston had great power; and, unhappily for England, that noble Lord had two remarkable crazes. If you mentioned the name of the Empire of Brazil before him, it was like putting a red rag before a mad bull. He got up in a moment, and fiercely attacked the Member who ventured to mention the subject in favourable terms, and did all he could to disparage the subject. So with the Suez Canal. He possessed himself with the delusion—for he had many of the prejudices and narrow-mindedness of Englishmen—that the Suez Canal would—God knew why—damage the commerce and interests of England. The House of Commons at that time coincided with Lord Palmerston. Among the small minority who voted with him (Mr. Roebuck) on the occasion to which he had just alluded was the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Greenwich, and among those who formed the great majority that voted against him was the present Prime Minister. But such, however, was the whirligig of time that now he found himself supporting the conduct of the Prime Minister with respect to the Suez Canal, and opposed to all the argumentation—such as it was—of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Greenwich. It appeared to him at the time of which he was speaking, and he thought experience had proved him to have been correct, that English commerce would, of all the commerce in the world, be most benefited by the construction of the Canal. As a matter of fact, he believed that of the vessels that passed through the Canal 75 per cent were English. They were told that other nations took advantage of the Canal to convey the products of various parts of the world to their own countries, and that thus the commercial interests of England were injured. This, it appeared to him, was to take a very narrow view of the commerce of the world and of the question in what consisted the advantages of commerce. Could it do any harm to England if Italy spent a portion of her capital in buying the produce of our Indian Empire or of China, and then took it home to Italy by way of the Suez Canal? It might be said that the goods might have been bought with English capital, but it was a fact that English capital was at present fully employed, and he could see nothing in the argument to which he had alluded to show any reason why Italian capital should not also be employed in the same line of business. He had been astonished, and more than astonished on that occasion by the class and manner of the argumentation which had been used in the speeches delivered on the question from the front Opposition bench. He thought he was coming down to hear great statesmen talk upon a great question of statesmanship, and that he was about to hear men of great knowledge, experience, and power point out how this purchase was likely to prove of great advantage or injury to England; but when he listened to the speech of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the University of London, he thought that he was listening to the speech of an Old Bailey lawyer, raising on a great question of finance small points as to interest and capital. Further, when the great interests of England were concerned, he was told that upon this question of £4,000,000 the Canal might have been bought for less. This was the manner in which a great question was handled. Suppose England had paid rather more, perhaps, than any other purchaser would have paid; and supposing that for the next 19 years they had no interest in the Canal, he would ask what were 19 years in the history of a people? They had bought something which would last for 99 or 100 years, and though 19 of those years might not be so advantageous as the other part of the 100, it appeared to him that they had still bought a most important property, and it was not consistent either with dignity or the interest of England to haggle about the price that had been paid for it. It must be remembered that this was a remarkable incident. Parliament was not on the present occasion dealing with an ordinary case. The question on the part of the Khedive was—"Will you buy? I cannot give you time; I want the money and I want it at once." The Government were told they ought not to have entered upon the transaction without the sanction of Parliament; but he, on the other hand, gave very great praise to the Government, for they, having confidence in Parliament, had the sagacity to discover the real interest of England and the courage to act up to it. They took advantage of the occasion, and did not take advantage of the necessities of the Khedive to drive a hard bargain with him. They acted as the great Representatives of a great people in giving the Khedive a fair price for his property—a price that had been offered before—and then adopting the most advantageous means of obtaining the money. He was told that this was unconstitutional. Perhaps it might—though the word conveyed very little meaning to him—be unconstitutional for the Prime Minister of England, having confidence in his cause, believing that the House of Commons would agree with him, and finding a sagacious merchant in the City of London believing in him, and ready to employ four millions of money in the purchase, to have gone on with the transaction; but to his mind the Prime Minister who would have taken any other course would have been a coward and unfit for the position which he held. He therefore wished to look for a moment at what had been done, why it was done, and to ask what would have been the result if it had not been done? What was done was, that the Khedive having wisely or unwisely brought himself into financial difficulty wanted money at once. He had in his hands a great security which it was for the advantage of the world that it should continue as it was. He brought this security upon the market, and the question was, whether the English Government should take advantage of the opportunity afforded to them, and by buying the property establish themselves as partners in a great concern, or whether they should leave it alone. The Government decided the question in the affirmative, but Parliament had been told that they gained no interest by so doing. He could not believe that the man who used that argument believed it. What had happened even that day? Could it be contended that the interest and power of England in Egypt had not already been increased by the bargain which had been made? Let them, however, go one step further and ask what great complications were now darkening the political horizon of the world. Did anybody believe that Turkey or Egypt would remain what they were? Would it not have been matter of great lamentation for England to find that Turkey had broken down; that Egypt had lost a great portion of her power, and that there existed a cabal sufficiently strong to close the Canal against the passage of English ships. Therefore he said that the Government took advantage of a great opportunity. When he was told that only 13 or 14 days were saved in a voyage to India by means of the Canal, he could only suppose that a man making such a statement possessed very little commercial knowledge. Thirteen or fourteen days involved a turn in the market, and this in its turn meant a great deal to commercial men. They knew that attempts had been made to run clippers to Australia and America, and that danger to life and property had been incurred in the endeavour to shorten the journey to America by a single day. Was he to be told then that English merchants were wrong in endeavouring to save a single day between this country and America, and that a difference of a fortnight, more or less, in a journey from this country to India was a matter of no importance? If Her Majesty's Government had not taken advantage of the opportunity afforded to them, the Khedive would have sold his shares not to one person or Government, but to many thousands of purchasers, and the difficulty with which England would have had to contend would have increased a hundred-fold. They would not have been able to trust for a month or six weeks upon what might happen, and British commerce would have been hindered, frittered away, and hampered by such a state of things. English commerce would have been driven again to take the old course round the Cape of Good Hope, instead of the new one, which had rendered so much more easy and certain the conveyance of British commerce to India. Looking at the question in a broad light, and speaking of it in these few words, he held himself justified in saying—for he was of no party, and never had been—that in his belief, and in the belief of the country, Her Majesty's Government, dealing with the question as Englishmen and Ministers ought to have done, had taken a step which, whatever their future course might be, and for however long or short a period their tenure of office might continue, would always cause the world to recollect the name of him who was at the head of the Government when this purchase was initiated and carried through Parliament.
said, the hon. and learned Gentleman who had just spoken (Mr. Roebuck) assumed that in consequence of the step which the Government had taken, England had virtually got possession of the Canal—a statement which he (Mr. Leveson-Gower) completely denied. As a matter of fact, England had no rights of property in the Canal. All she had bought was a right to share in the earnings of the Canal 19 years hence, without any share at all in the control of the undertaking. This was all, with regard to which the hon. and learned Gentleman said it was a miserable proceeding to object to the price which had to be paid. For himself, he could only say that if the purchase were attended with all the advantages claimed for it, he for one would not haggle about price, nor would he even blame the Government if they gave for the shares even more than they were worth. But in his opinion, when a large sum of money like this was spent it was the duty of the House of Commons to inquire a little into what that expenditure had been. This was not merely a question of pounds, shillings, and pence; there was a principle lying above it. The Government, as had been well said, had engaged in two transaction. The right hon. Gentleman the Chancellor of the Exchequer sought to show that the two transactions were really one, when he said that when a boy bought a knife he bought the blade and the handle, and that the two formed the knife. That was true, but the two transactions in which the Government had engaged were perfectly distinct. They had bought shares and they had bought an annuity from the Khedive, and they might have done either without doing the other. Again, the right hon. Gentleman had said, that the property was purchased below its value. Was that so? It was stated that the French Company had offered the Khedive close on £4,000,000 for the shares, but he had seem it declared in a Trench journal that the sum was £3,500,000. But the value of the shares which were upon the open market was easily ascertainable. At the price of the day when they were Purchased, £28 a-share, was £4,928,000; but from that sum must be deducted the value of the coupons (£2,880,000), which would leave the shares to be worth a little over £2,000,000. It came then to this, that we had made a loan to Egypt at about 7 per cent. No doubt the Khedive deserved well at the hands of England. He had given largely, not perhaps wisely, but certainly generously, towards the formation of a Canal from which England derived great benefit. It was very desirable that good relations should contine to exist between this country and Egypt; but he feared the relationship of debtor and creditor was not calculated to maintain a good and friendly feeling. Then on the subject of the control we obtained by the purchase, he could only say that he did not think it was at all desirable that the Government of England should become a member of a company of private individuals, or become liable to be summoned before a tribunal of law at the instance of foreigners. But as to control, we had none—for 10 votes were no more valuable than no vote at all would be. Control was the only excuse that could be offered for the step taken by the Government, and that excuse failed the Government; for as they had stated that evening, they were aware of the fact when they concluded the transaction. He did not regard the question in a Party spirit, and should rejoice if the course adopted by Her Majesty's Government should tend to the advantage of the country.
said, he desired to say a few words on this subject, as it was one in which the administrative and commercial interests of India were deeply concerned. He regretted to hear the speech which had been delivered by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for the University of London (Mr. Lowe). It was a speech of a peculiar character, and reminded him of the financial policy of the right hon. Gentleman, which was penny wise and pound foolish. The right hon. Gentleman enlarged upon the cost of every penny to be expended, but deliberately ignored every pound that was to be gained. He had, however, no fault to find with the concluding sentences of the right hon. Gentleman. He made grave charges against Her Majesty's Government. They were incredibly ignorant—they were unaccountably careless. The right hon. Gentleman, however, did not adduce any evidence in support of those charges, and candidly stated that if he had not substantiated the charges he made—which he had not—then he withdrew them. But the right hon. Gentleman who followed him made a speech of a very different character, but there seemed to him to be this fallacy underlying the whole of his speech—he argued it as an abstract question. Now, the question before the House was not an abstract question. It was this—were the Government justified in buying the Khedive's shares, when, if they did not do so, a French Company would? The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Greenwich, in moving the Adjournment on a former night, had given as a reason that he was anxious to read the Papers carefully. He had, however—of course, unintentionally—based his argument tonight on a misstatement which the Papers conclusively disproved. Those Papers showed that the most serious complications had arisen between those who owned and those who used the Canal, and they set forth the origin of those complications and pointed to the remedies. The right hon. Gentleman asserted that the condition of affairs previous to the purchase was not a bad state of affairs. The Board of Trade, however, pointed out that the complications and differences would be endless as long as the Canal remained in the hands of a private company, and that the remedy was to impart a national character to the undertaking. The Duke of Argyll had also remarked upon the fact that it would be an advantage to British interests to have the Suez Canal in the hands of England rather than of France. Had not something of a national character been imparted to the Canal by the purchase by the British Government of an interest which would otherwise have fallen into the hands of French bankers and merchants? The hon. Member who had just spoken (Mr. Leveson-Gower) had ignored two or three considerations. When the purchase was proposed, the first question that arose was what advantage we should derive from the purchase, and, if we had to borrow money, at what rate we should borrow it? The answer to these questions showed that the Canal was more valuable to us than to anyone else, and that we could borrow money cheaper than anyone else. If the French Company could have borrowed an unlimited sum at 4 per cent the House might be very confident that the Government would not have got these shares. Would anyone tell him what the value of our coupons would be 19 years hence? They were £20 shares, and they now stood at a premium of £8. What made them now worth £28? Because they were entitled to a dividend they never had earned before. Mr. Reilly had stated in the Papers the primary charges on the revenues of the Canal, which were the interest on the sinking fund and the loans, and then 5 per cent upon the capital. After that the whole of the proceeds were to be divided as follows:—The Khedive was to be entitled to 15 per cent; and the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Greenwich was very anxious to know why the Government did not buy those shares. The promoters were entitled to 10 per cent; then came 2 per cent for administration, and there remained for the shareholders 71 per cent. The Government held 44 per cent of the total shares in the Company, and our proportion of the dividend would, therefore, be upwards of 31 per cent 19 years hence. And yet the right hon. Gentleman asked why the Government had not taken shares which were only entitled to 15 per cent, and which would be of no value until 10 years hence? Now, what was the price of these shares at 10 per cent? The promoters' shares were 1,000 in number, and each of them stood at present at the price of £567. Therefore, the promoters' shares in the aggregate were worth £567,000, while the value of our dividend as it stood was £1,700,000. Although he would not indulge in the spirit of prophecy, yet if the earth retained its present shape, and if the Suez Canal continued to be the means of communication between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, the value of our dividend alone, apart from the interest upon our shares, would be worth more, 19 years hence, than the £4,000,000 we had given for it. If the revenue only increased 2½ per cent, that would be the result; and the Government had not, therefore, in his opinion, made a bad bargain. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Greenwich apprehended that Egypt would not pay the 5 per cent. Assuming, for the sake of argument, that the Khedive was unable to pay, and if a French Company had bought the Canal it was clear that he would not be able to pay the 10 per cent, what would our position then be? The whole of the shares would be in the hands of France, and complications between those who used and those who controlled the Canal would again ensue. Those differences would have to be settled by the intervention of the Khedive or the Sultan. The Sultan might have other business on hand, and the Khedive would be in the hands of his French creditors, and to whom should we then look? The Government had been asked whether this purchase had anything to do with the Eastern Question. It seemed to him that it had satisfactorily settled what might be a very serious Western question. The relations between England and France had never been more amicable than at the present moment; but if the whole of the shares of the Canal had been in the hands of the French, while the persons who used the Canal were mainly English, what would have been the result? It had been stated in the Papers laid upon the Table that the British Government would take its stand on the interests of its navigation, which contributed the great proportion of the shipping, while the French Government, on the other hand, could not be indifferent to the interests of the French shareholders. Any such complications which would probably have arisen had been averted by the action of Her Majesty's Government. When the Members of the present Government were in Opposition, they were frequently told that they ought to be guided by public opinion. Now, if ever there was a question on which public opinion was unanimous, it was the present. The people of these Islands were practically unanimous. Foreign nations did not object; and the people of India, so far as he knew, were equally in favour of the purchase. M. de Lesseps was also favourable to it, and no one opposed it except certain right hon. Gentlemen on the front Opposition bench. Although some of their criticisms were fair, yet there was a latent hostility underlying those criticisms which would very soon develop into open attack if these right hon. Gentlemen could get any support from the hon. Members behind them. He felt bound to say that the Liberal Party had evidently come to a conclusion on this matter in accordance with what the right hon. Gentleman described as "the inflammatory approval of the metropolitan Press." With regard to the advantages of the Suez Canal to our trade with India, he had been surprised to hear the hon. Member for Hull (Mr. Norwood) assert that the time gained was only 14 or 15 days. [Mr. NORWOOD: I spoke of a steamer.] He (Lord George Hamilton) was under the impression that the difference was between four and ten weeks; and that was, he believed, the opinion of the great majority of persons. [Mr. NORWOOD: The distance is 3,500 miles.] He could not better illustrate the importance of the Suez Canal to India than by stating that a Bombay merchant recently sent home a large quantity of raw cotton through the Canal. This cotton was manufactured into cloth and returned 70 days after it had left Bombay. If the Suez Canal were closed it would cause a strain on our Indian finances which it would be very difficult to meet. One point had not been noticed, and it was that at least this transaction did not furnish another illustration of the alleged tendency on the part of the English Government to relieve the English Estimates at the expense of the Indian Revenue. If there was a charge to which the Indian Revenue might have been called upon to contribute, it was the purchase of these shares; and if any such request had been made, it would have been cheerfully acquiesced in; but the Government acted in a wiser spirit, and proposed to place no portion of this charge upon the Revenue of India. The purchase told the world that if in the past we had ignored the advantages of the Canal, we had amply condoned for our error, and by this judicious investment in an enterprize which French skill and energy alone had made successful, we had formed a happy combination which would do much towards securing a free and uninterrupted water way between this country and India.
said, he would say very little as regarded the Canal shares pure and simple. A great deal might be said for and against the purchase; but the thing had been done, the nation had accepted it, and they could not go back. In fact, he for one should be sorry to put any difficulty in the way. But there was another view which had not been touched upon. He observed that when the right hon. Gentleman the Chancellor of the Exchequer spoke to-night he touched with extreme reserve upon the question as to how they were to get the £200,000. On a former occasion he said he was coming to that subject, but he never did so, and that evening he had only touched very lightly upon it. Even should it be a loss to us, he (Sir George Campbell) should not con- sider it a fatal argument against the bargain. If the Government had told them the money was paid, and they might or might not get the £200,000, he should not now put in his word. But the point to which he wished to draw attention was this—that that was the course which the Government had not chosen to take. They had preferred to ostentatiously make this matter a separate account, and they made their credit dependent upon the realization of the money from the Khedive, so that they had identified themselves with the credit of the Khedive, and if that failed they would be discredited. Allusion had been made to the Report of Mr. Cave, who had emitted certain platitudes, but they afforded no solution as to where we were to get the £200,000 from. If the Khedive reformed his financial administration, then it was believed he might meet all his engagements; but he (Sir George Campbell) confessed that this was a subject with regard to which he had the greatest doubt. He not only doubted that it was possible for an extreme financial reform like this to be achieved at once, but he doubted whether the matter had not gone so far already that the credit of the Khedive could not be saved by any reform at all. Let them look at the matter as one of account. Mr. Cave was no doubt a very able and respectable Gentleman, but he had no special knowledge of Oriental finance which would enable him to tell them with confidence that the Khedive was in a position to set his finances right. Now, according to an authoritative statement which had been put forth and never contradicted, the revenue account of the Khedive amounted to £10,542,000, of which £6,300,000 was set apart for the interest of the Debt, and £688,000 for the tribute to the Sultan. These sums, amountingto£7,032,000, left £3,510,000. But of this £3,510,000, two-thirds was not revenue, but land revenue which had been capitalized, and in respect of which the payments would cease in six years from their commencement. This deduction left but £1,149,000, which could not be sufficient for the ordinary administration of the country. As to the sinking fund which had been talked of, it was notorious that the Debt was increased faster than it was reduced. Now, if India was to do a thing of that kind, they would not say she was in a very solvent condition; in fact, they would say that she was verging on bankruptcy. He knew something of Oriental finance, and he must say he totally disbelieved in a very rapid increase in the revenues of Egypt. On the contrary, he thought those revenues had been stretched to the utmost, and they were enormous for such a country. No doubt very great works had been carried out principally in Said Pacha's time before these debts were incurred, and Egypt had largely benefited by the cotton famine, the same as India did; but these resources had been made the most of, and he did not believe that they could be carried further. Some taxes were now being kept up in Egypt which had long since been abandoned in India. The serious view of this matter was that the Government having identified themselves with the credit of the Khedive, he would be bound to raise the revenue to meet his engagements, and the result of that would be that a terribly-increased pressure would be brought to bear against the already unhappy ryots of Egypt. It was already stated that the Khedive had devised a new tax—the poll tax. If that was true, he could only look upon it as the beginning of the end, for in the East a poll tax had never been added to a land tax, and he did not think both could be raised in Egypt. Let us take our chance, but not allow ourselves to become a cause of oppression, and a source of stock jobbing and intrigue. He had rejoiced to hear the First Lord of the Treasury declare that the purchase was not with a view to war, but some hints seemed to point to the possibility of war. The right hon. Gentleman said we were a great Mediterranean Power, and a great Asiatic Power, maintaining a chain of fortresses from England to India. The distance between the two countries was upwards of 6,000 miles, and as the fortresses were only three—Gibraltar, Malta, and Aden—the average distance between them was 2,000 miles. That was rather a loose kind of chain. The right hon. Gentleman seemed to hint that the Canal might become another link; but it was very doubtful whether in case of war we could carry on our commerce by the aid of such a chain of fortresses through the Mediterranean.
said, that at the beginning of last Session he ventured to state his apprehension that foreign affairs were depicted in Her Majesty's gracious Speech with a somewhat too rose-coloured a pencil—that though the different Governments might, and with truth, express their good feeling towards us, still, that among themselves, the relations of the Continental Powers were by no means of so assuring and placid a character. When he thus gave expression to his misgivings, he little thought that so short a time would so amply confirm them. Scarce a twelvemonth had passed away, and how did Europe stand now? Why, upon the magazine of a charged mine, which might be fired at any moment by the passion or caprice of one or two tribes of semi-barbarous mountaineers; and they might be assured that, when this mine did explode, it would topple over one, if not two, of the most extensive Empires in the commonwealth of nations. It was in view of such a catastrophe that he hailed with joy the bold and sagacious action taken by Her Majesty's Ministers in the matter of the Suez Canal. He hailed this action of the Government not so much on account of any commercial advantages—though they were beyond price—but because it announced to the world that we would not allow the affairs of the East to be arranged to our detriment—that we would not suffer the portals of Asia to be closed against us, and last, but greatest, that no European military Power should post itself between us and the mighty dominions, both foreign and English, which we held in India and Australasia. He felt confident that Englishmen of all classes would rejoice that the Conservative Government, which two years ago was returned by acclamation to supersede a Cabinet as timorous in its foreign policy as it was aggressive and dangerous amongst ourselves and our valued institutions, was taking an attitude in foreign affairs which would make the honour and influence of England felt throughout the civilized world. It was for these reasons that the people of England received the intelligence of what had been done with unanimous approval—the hon. Gentlemen the Members for Hackney excepted—and the manner of effecting it had been worthy of the measure itself. We had given no just cause of offence to anyone. We had no sinister motives. Our possessions were abundant, and we coveted no man's gold, silver, or lands; and with our goodwill there should be no war. Nevertheless, the times looked ominous, and an anecdote occurred to him regarding this very land of Egypt, which might not be without its significance. At Ashraf, Kait Bey, the famous Circassian Sultan of the Mamelukes, when told that Tamerlane—who had just overthrown the Ottoman Turks and taken the Sultan Bazezid prisoner, intended to invade Egypt, said—" I don't care two aspers for the Kipchach cripple; let him come and entangle his hordes amongst the branches and canal of the Nile, and I and my Mamelukes will soon give a good account of them. I don't fear him, but I will tell you whom I do fear. It is those who will come by sea, and bring a heavy artillery with them." This hint might not be without its use in the proximate future of that country.
said, he held that the policy of purchasing these shares was one question, and the way in which the money was obtained for that purchase was another. He did not think the attention of the Committee had been sufficiently directed to the latter point, and on that he wished to say a few words. With reference to the purchase of the shares it was impossible to get up any real debate. The country itself had never debated the question—it was a matter of feeling, not of judgment. He did not suppose that many of the newspapers had ever considered into what complications we might eventually be thrown in consequence of this purchase. Even the warning voice of the late Prime Minister had failed to produce its usual effect in warning the House. The mode in which the money had been provided for meeting this purchase was, he thought, discreditable to the country. If the Government required to raise £1,000,000—and that was all that was required in the first instance—they ought to have taken the Governor, Deputy Governor, and Directors of the Bank of England into council, and, instead of paying 2½ per cent commission, there would have been no difficulty in obtaining the sum from the Bank of England and the other banks of London, without any commission whatever. At that very time money was lent to the Bank of England by Joint Stock Banks for 1¼ per cent, and that the word commission should be mentioned at all in these days in connection with the financial transactions of the nation was in the highest degree distasteful and humiliating. There would have been ample time between the payment of £1,000,000 and the necessity for providing the remainder of the money to call Parliament together; and if Parliament had ratified the bargain, the other part of the money would have been granted in the regular Constitutional way. It would not redound to the reputation of England, when this question of the purchase of the Khedive's shares had lost some of the false glare which at present surrounded and obscured it, to find, as all would then admitted, that no necessity whatever existed for England having to raise money at the same rate as Egypt herself was compelled to pay for loans.
said, he did not approve the commission, not because of its amount, but because it was paid by the wrong party—the British Government, instead of the Khedive. Of course, the Government could have gone to the Bank of England and borrowed the money at 4 per cent, or thereabouts, without any commission; but the essence of this transaction was that there was a certain element of risk in it; the Government were not in a position to do it directly, and they probably ascertained that the Bank was not in a condition to advance the money. But his chief reason for rising now was that he was one of those who many years ago supported the hon. and learned Member for Sheffield (Mr. Roebuck) when he endeavoured to show that the influence of England ought not to be exerted against the Suez Canal. He felt strongly now, as then, that the English Government never made a greater mistake than in opposing that great international improvement, in which, if completed, she was sure to have the largest share. He therefore heartily approved the action of the Government in purchasing those shares. He was anxious it should be felt that, notwithstanding some microscopic criticism, the country at large, and the Liberal Party in general, had not in the slightest degree altered the opinion at first entertained on the question, but deliberately approved of the measure. It was impossible to look at this as merely a little Vestry question—a question of purchasing the tolls over a bridge or at a toll-bar. It was impossible, also, to take an isolated view of the matter. When Her Majesty's Government joined in recommending Count Andrassy's Note to the Porte, that was a policy entirely different from the policy acted upon in former years. The financial difficulties of Turkey led to the financial crisis of Egypt, and that obliged the Khedive to hawk about his shares. A French Company was on the point of purchasing them, and Her Majesty's Government had to decide promptly on the line of policy it would adopt. The main reason why the people of this country hailed with such unanimous approval the first announcement of the purchase of the shares was because they saw in it a pledge that we had broken finally with our old policy on the Eastern Question, and that we recognized the fact that, in preserving our communication with India, our great and paramount interest lay in Egypt rather than in Turkey. It was breaking with that old and detestable policy which consisted in bolstering up that barbarous Power, Turkey, whether right or wrong, whether against foreign aggression or legitimate internal discontent. It was our old policy to secure a way across the Isthmus by influencing Turkey rather than Egypt. The country would hear with delight that we were no longer going to act upon the principle of supporting Turkey at all hazards, and that we had transferred the centre of gravity of our political action in the East from Constantinople to Cairo. The country had approved of the purchase, and was glad to find that under the present Government England was prepared to take her stand firmly and to rely upon herself in Eastern matters. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for Greenwich had sneered at the action of the Government as being a spirited policy that always met with the approbation of the Press which delighted in complications. [Mr. GLADSTONE dissented.] "Well, if the right hon. Gentleman had not said so, somebody else had. He entirely approved the principle of non-intervention if it meant that England should not mix herself up in every petty diplomatic squabble that occurred on the Continent, and that she should not assert that she was in the right when she knew that she was in the wrong, and that she should not humiliate herself by inter- fering and preaching to foreign nations when she was not prepared to back her opinion by arms, as she had done in the cases of Poland and Denmark. The policy of non-intervention had been pushed to an extreme by those who had either an abhorrence of war or were in favour of a rigid economy in the finances, and had led foreign nations to believe that we intended to withdraw altogether from taking part in Continental affairs, because we were separated from the Continent by "the little silver streak." Such a view was contrary to the feeling of the nation, which was willing to back its real interests by arms and by treasure. The step, therefore, taken by the Government had been a timely one, inasmuch as it removed any such impression. At the same time, we had no selfish motive, but wished to make the Canal an international affair, open to all the world. All the criticism that had been exercised had failed to get rid of the great fact that by the possession of these shares the influence of England in regard to any complications that might arise on Eastern Questions would be very greatly strengthened. As to the power of voting, he agreed with what had been said, that in these matters shares were weighed, not counted. He had had a great deal of experience himself as a director of public companies, and he must say that the knowledge that such a large interest as nearly one-half of the whole shares was held by one party, would weigh, and ought to weigh, very materially in any decision the Board of Directors might come to on points of policy. It seemed to him that in any conference regarding the direction of the Canal, England would stand in a much better position than if other nations could say—"You opposed it as long as you could, and you have never moved a finger to help it." In an extreme case we might even split up the shares in order to get a larger voting power. He trusted some arrangement would be made for buying up the interests of the other shareholders at an equitable price, and making it an international concern. If the British Government had not taken the shares the French Company would have made an arrangement to distribute them in the French market, and if the shares had got into French hands the opportunity would have been lost, and in case of future complications the French Government would have had pressure put upon it to take up a position antagonistic to the English Government, which might have led to serious quarrels. He gave his warm and entire approval to the purchase of the shares; but there were some questions incidental to it which he could not so entirely approve. The purchase of the shares involved England in no responsibility beyond the risk of losing a few thousands a-year; but in regard to Mr. Cave's mission and the appointment of Mr. Rivers Wilson, it was very different. They were gentlemen of such eminence that it was difficult to avoid the conclusion that by sending them out to Egypt we were incurring a certain amount of moral responsibility in regard to Egyptian finance. If an adverse report was made, or if Mr. Rivers Wilson should not stay, the consequence must be most prejudicial to the credit of our ally. If, on the other hand, the reports were favourable, and Mr. Wilson stayed, could we avoid incurring a certain amount of responsibility towards parties who, on the strength of those circumstances, advanced money? That, however, was a matter which might be discussed hereafter. In regard to the purchase of the shares, he had no hesitation or misgiving, and for the step they had taken he tendered his cordial thanks to the Government.
Sir, it is evident from the tenour of the speeches which have been delivered on this side as well as on the other side that the Vote will be agreed to, and I see it is the wish of the Committee that the debate should terminate this evening. I am glad to believe there will be other opportunities upon which the question can be discussed, and I think that to-morrow, when the discussion of this evening is considered by hon. Members of the House, and is read throughout the country, there will be a very general feeling of satisfaction, that for the first time this act of the Government has been thoroughly discussed in all its bearings, and that the other side, as well as the side favourable to the action of the Government, has at last been placed before the country. It was probably hardly to be expected that the right hon. Gentleman the Chancellor of the Exchequer, following immediately such a speech as was delivered by my right hon. Friend the Member for Greenwich, could give that speech a complete answer; but I think that the House and the country will feel that my right hon. Friend has asked many questions which as yet have received no answer whatever, and which ought, before this question is finally disposed of, to receive full and categorical replies, and, if possible, answers. The right hon. Gentleman gave no answer to the questions which my right hon. Friend put to him upon such subjects as these—he gave him no answer as to the existence of any precedent for the employment of a private firm in such a transaction as this. He gave him no answer as to the amount of speculation which it was alleged had occurred in the Canal and in Egyptian stock before the public announcement of the transaction. He gave him no answer to the question which he raised as to the unnecessary and unreasonable amount, as he represented, of the commission to be paid to Messrs. Rothschild on this transaction. He gave him no answer with reference to the reason which induced the Government having eagerly bought these shares, without being entitled to dividends or to vote—he gave him no answer to the question as to the reason why the same Government positively, and at a moment's notice, refused the offer of the Khedive's 15 per cent shares. He gave him no answer to the question what were the probabilities and the grounds of expectation that they would receive 5 per cent guarantee from the Khedive. He gave no answer to the question why, for 19 years, there should be such a difference between the position of the Government and that of the other ordinary shareholders of the Canal. Finally, and most important of all, he gave no answer to the argument of my right hon. Friend, which was that we had exchanged a well-defined position—a position in which we stood at an advantage, and which had been proved to be a strong one—and had substituted for it a precarious position which could scarcely by any means be a stronger one than that which we had abandoned, and would, in all probability, prove to be a much weaker one. I have said that the vote we are about to come to will probably be a unanimous one. I am not going to enter into the discussion whether technically it is competent for us to repudiate the transaction of the Government or not. That is an interesting subject of discussion; but I conceive that were the objections to this measure ten times stronger than represented by hon. Gentlemen who have spoken on this side of the House, and were the advantages to be derived from it ten times more doubtful than they would seem to be, the House would not repudiate such a transaction as this, deliberately entered into by the Executive Government of the country, empowered as it is to pledge the credit of the country, and which has acted upon its responsibility. But I am quite willing to go further. I will admit mit that if the House were free—technically it is free, but practically it is not free at this moment—it would probably ratify, if not unanimously, at all events by a very large majority, the action of the Government. I am not able, perhaps, to appreciate so fully as hon. Gentlemen opposite the reasons which would induce the House to take that course; but I have always thought—and upon the first opportunity which I had of expressing my opinion on the subject in public said—that, looking at the matter from a political point of view, there was a great deal to be said in favour of the course which the Government had taken. The right hon. Gentleman the First Lord of the Treasury, in reply to me the other night, said he did not know that the Eastern Question had any connection with the subject, and he declined to reply to the question I put, whether the transaction had anything to do with it or not? But it seemed to me then, and seems to me still, that, looking at the state of things in Turkey at the time when the Government made that public declaration, it was an unmistakable declaration, stronger than could be made in any despatch, that, whatever might be decided by the Great Powers of Europe as to the future destiny of the Turkish dominions, Her Majesty's Government were aware of the great interest this country has in Egypt and in the security of our communications with our Indian possessions, and that they were not disposed to abandon those interests, but rather disposed to strengthen and consolidate them. I thought then, and still think, that a declaration such as that, made in deed and not in word, was not inopportune; and if the subsequent conduct of the Government had corresponded with their action, then a great deal might have been said in its favour. But the Government have since then done everything they could to weaken the effect of that action. The speeches and despatches of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, as well as the speeches of the Chancellor of the Exchequer in this House, have, every one of them, entirely ignored what may be called the political side of this question, and dwelt almost entirely on the supposed advantages which are to be acquired in the management of the Canal itself, and the disadvantages which it is supposed we are avoiding by the step that has been taken. I do not think it is now open to the Government to say, as was said the other day, that Lord Derby, when speaking at Edinburgh, gave only some of the reasons which have induced the Government to enter into this transaction, because we have on this point the authority of Lord Derby, as to what was meant, not only in his speech at Edinburgh, but in his despatch to Lord Lyons. Lord Lyons was therein instructed to acquaint the French Government that the desire of Her Majesty's Government was that the Khedive should keep his shares. That view has been repeated since, and, if so, it could not have been the desire of the Government to buy the shares; and, therefore, they still represent the proceeding as one that was forced upon them by necessity, and not one that they adopted from any deliberate conviction of its political expediency. Every declaration of that kind, in my opinion, weakens the political significance of the transaction—the aspect of it to which, as I have said, the greatest importance ought to be attached. The right hon. Gentleman declined the other night to discuss what would be the position of the Suez Canal in time of war—that is to say, he declined to take Parliament into his confidence on the subject. Yet I cannot but conceive that the right hon. Gentleman and his Colleagues have formed their opinion of what would happen in the eventuality which I have indicated. This is one of those questions which, sooner or later, must be discussed. If the right hon. Gentleman thinks there are any English interests that would suffer from its premature discussion at this moment, I certainly would not seek to induce the Government to discuss it prematurely; but I cannot imagine that every Government and every statesman in Europe has not fully considered what position this Canal would occupy in time of war, and what would be the duty of the Sultan and the Khedive in regard to its neutrality. I cannot think, therefore, that a full and frank exposition to the House of the views of the Government on this subject could possibly give any impression to any foreign Government which would be prejudicial to the interests of this country. Although the right hon. Gentleman refused to discuss what would be done in time of war, he did not disdain to hint, as has already been referred to by the hon. Baronet the Member for Kirkcaldy (Sir George Campbell) that we were in possession of a chain of fortresses between England and Bombay; and he led it to be supposed that by the acquisition of the Suez Canal he would in some way add another link to that chain. But I do not think it can be too soon or too clearly understood by the country that the possession of these shares, as far as explained by the Government, and as far as it is possible at present to see, gives us no advantage whatever in time of war; and, whatever may be the use made of the Canal, or whatever its position in time of peace, in time of war the Company will have nothing whatever to say to that use or to that position, which is a question to be entirely decided either by the relative strength of the belligerents, or by the action of the Sultan or of the Sovereign of Egypt. We are in possession now, I presume, at least of the views of the Government as to the advantages of the purchase in time of peace. We have been told much of the difficulties which have arisen between ourselves and the Company, and which have only been overcome by the interposition of the Khedive, and we have been led to believe that that interposition of the Khedive was prompted by his position as a shareholder. Now, I cannot find in these Papers any warrant or authority whatever for the statement. The Khedive, if he was interested as a shareholder, was interested in the same way and on the same side as M. de Lesseps and the other shareholders. He did not interfere as a shareholder, he interfered at the direction of the Sultan, at the instigation of other Powers, as Sovereign; and his position as Sovereign is—as Lord Derby has pointed out—not in the slightest degree affected by the sale of his shares. In his despatch to Major General Stanton, dated December 6, 1875, Lord Derby wrote thus—
Therefore, on the 6th of December the view of the Government was that the territorial sovereignty over the Canal remained in the hands of the Khedive exactly in the same manner and degree as when he was a shareholder. The Government have failed, as I humbly think, to show that by the purchase of these shares they have added in any way whatever to the security which we possessed before in the possible intervention of the Sultan and the Khedive. It is perfectly clear that the position we occupy now is, in fact, rather weaker than it was before. As the greatest commercial State making use of the Canal, we had before a right to appeal to the Sultan and the Khedive for the strict enforcement of the engagements of the Company. But now, by entering as shareholders into the Company we have taken up a different position. We have accepted, as we are told, a representation of three members on the Governing Body of the Canal. Therefore, we are going to attempt in some way or other to influence the decisions of the Company from the inside, instead of the outside, as hitherto. Supposing our attempt be unsuccessful, as it may and probably will be, I ask the House whether we shall be in a stronger position to appeal to the Khedive or the Sultan to require the Company to fulfil its obligations? An analogous case is familiar to hon. Members. A Committee of this House discussing a Private Bill pays every attention to the representatives of private parties whose interests may be concerned; but I believe no account is ever taken by Committees of the representatives of a minority of shareholders who complain of the decision of the majority. The Government have, to a certain extent, placed us in the position of a minority of shareholders, whose views will be overruled by the Governing Body of the Company, and we have so far weakened our position as independent parties appealing for the due observance of the Company's engagements. The right hon. Gentleman the Chancellor of the Exchequer has laid great stress on the dangers which we have avoided by preventing these shares from falling into the hands of others. Other hon. Gentlemen on the same side of the House have also taken up the same view; but I do not see that we have run any such great risk as appears to weigh on the mind of the right hon. Gentleman. Had the shares fallen into the hands of some body or some individuals independent of French influence—that is to say, the influence of M. de Lesseps—that certainly would not have been prejudicial to our interests. The very worst case that could have occurred was that the shares should have fallen into the hands of French proprietors, who would have thrown in their influence with M. de Lesseps. But even that does not appear to me to be so alarming a contingency as it does to Her Majesty's Government. M. de Lesseps is at this moment predominant in the management of the Canal, and so long as he holds the influence he at present wields, and possesses the confidence of the shareholders, a few votes less or more for M. de Lesseps under these circumstances appears to me a matter of very little consequence. Let us consider now for a moment the dictum that as the holders of two-fifths of the shares of the Company, we must necessarily have a corresponding influence in its management. I admit that in ordinary enterprizes a shareholder with only the same vote as other shareholders may, nevertheless, have a greater moral and indirect influence than they when he has large interests which agree with theirs. But I can easily conceive a case in which a large capitalist who has numerous other undertakings of far greater importance to him than his shares in a certain commercial enterprize may be a large shareholder and yet exert no more influence than attaches to the bare number of his shares, simply because the other shareholders are aware that his interest is not the same as their own. That appears to me to be our case in the present instance, for it must be evident to all the other shareholders of the Canal that our chief interest is not, like theirs, to make the concern a profitable one. Our position with regard to the Canal is very different from theirs. We are looking upon it in a very different light from that in which it is regarded by the other shareholders, and so long as we cannot overbear them with our votes I do not see how we shall gain any influence by the large number of shares we have purchased. I think, therefore, we have a right to demand a more satisfactory answer from the Government as to the advantages to be gained by the purchase of these shares. Besides, with regard to the mission of Mr. Cave, the Government have not given the House all the information which would have been desirable, or given any answer to the objections raised against the mission itself. It is true we are not directly called upon to express an opinion on that subject to-night, but to my mind it is impossible to dissociate the two events. Both in Papers which have been published and in speeches which have been delivered, an attempt has been made to prove that the purchase of shares in the Suez Canal and Mr. Cave's mission to Egypt are not in the least connected with each other. But when the Government on one day, or on two successive days, comes to two important decisions affecting the same country, it is at least difficult to believe that there is no connection between them. How does the matter stand? It appears to me to stand in this way. In the payment of the £4,000,000 I maintain we have entered on a double transaction; we have purchased the reversion of certain shares, and we have lent a certain sum to the Khedive. I do not find fault with the transaction. It is perfectly legitimate. At the same time we sent out a special mission to inquire into the affairs of the Khedive, which we know have been for some time in an embarrassed condition. Well, what is the obvious inference to be derived from this? That a financial intervention of some kind or another in the affairs of the Khedive is, or was, contemplated by the Government. Such an action had very properly been characterized as mischievous and absurd. The result has been what was expected. Mr. Cave has gone out; he has been at work; he has examined into the financial condition of the Khedive. With what result? Has he been able to inform the Government of the kind of assistance wanted by the Khedive, or the nature of the appointment that would be offered to the gentleman that would be sent out? No; but Mr. Rivers Wilson has gone out with undefined powers and position, constituting himself a second mission, to inquire into the nature of the appointment and to exercise his own judgment. In fact, Mr. Rivers Wilson proposes to himself exactly those points which Mr. Cave was to find out for the Government. I cannot help thinking that, under the circumstances, the full history of Mr. Cave's mission has not been laid before us, and that financial intervention may still be contemplated in regard to the affairs of the Khedive. It may be asked, what harm is there in that intervention? There is this harm. Either the Government has seriously intended to involve this country in vast liabilities which it is not disposed to undertake, or else it has placed the country in a position which redounds neither to its credit nor reputation. We all know what the person who unnecessarily interferes in the business of other people meets with; but what is to be said of a person who thus interferes who is possessed of vast resources, and who, after he has interfered and raised high expectations, steadily refuses to move one of his fingers to help those with whom he has meddled? This is not the position in which the Government ought to be placed, and the Government either has involved us in great liabilities, or it has placed us in a false., and humiliating position."You will, moreover, explain that Her Majesty's Government would regard as a violation of the Firman of the Porte, and as 'inconsistent with the integrity of the Ottoman Empire, any act of the Khedive dispossessing himself in any manner of the control over the Suez Canal which has been secured to his Highness by the Company's concessions and statutes, and which has been confirmed by the Porte."
Sir, although, according to the noble Lord, we are going to give a unanimous vote, it cannot be denied that the discussion of this evening at least has proved one result. It has shown, in a manner about which neither the House of Commons nor the country can make any mistake, that had the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Greenwich been the Prime Minister of this country, the shares in the Suez Canal would not have been purchased. The right hon. Gentleman, in his numerous observations upon the Vote before the House, has divided them under two heads—what he calls the operation and the policy. The right hon. Gentleman found great fault with the conduct of the operation; and though that is not the more important portion of the business, and though it is one which I could have wished to refrain from touching, from the personal details that must be involved necessarily in such a discussion, still as the question has been not only noticed by the two right hon. critics of the evening, but by some who followed them, I have no wish to avoid it, and I certainly shall encounter that question. The right hon. Gentleman defies me to produce an instance of a Ministry negotiating with a private firm. Well, I think the right hon. Gentleman must be in error. [Mr. GLADSTONE: Those were not at all my words.] Unfortunately, we are all on this side under the impression that those were the words. I listened attentively to the right hon. Gentlemen, but it is unnecessary to dwell upon the topic. I was only going to say that I doubted the accuracy of the statement; but I conceive it has nothing to do with the matter before us, which is of an unprecedented character, as I was going to show. The right hen. Gentleman found great fault with the amount of the commission which has been charged by the Messrs. Rothschild and admitted by the Government; and, indeed, both the right hon. Gentlemen opposite took the pains to calculate what was the amount of interest which it was proposed the Messrs. Rothschild should receive on account of their advance. It is, according to both right hon. Gentlemen, 15 per cent; but I must express my surprise that two right hon. Gentlemen, both of whom have filled the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer, and one of whom has been at the head of the Treasury, should have shown by their observations such a lamentable want of acquaintance with the manner in which large amounts of capital are commanded when the Government of a country may desire to possess them under the circumstances under which we appealed to the House in question. I deny altogether that the commission charged by the Messrs. Rothschild has anything to do with the interest on the advance; nor can I suppose that two right hon. Gentlemen so well acquainted with finance as the Member for Greenwich and the Member for the University of London can really believe that there is in this country anyone who has £4,000,000 lying idle at his bankers. Yet one would suppose, from the argument of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Greenwich, that such is the assumption on which he has formed his opinion in this matter. In the present instance, I may observe, not only the possibility, but the probability, of our having immediately to advance the whole £4,000,000 was anticipated. And how was this £4,000,000 to be obtained? Only by the rapid conversion of securities to the same amount. Well, I need not tell anyone who is at all acquainted with such affairs that the rapid conversion of securities to the amount of £4,000,000 can never be effected without loss, and sometimes considerable loss; and it is to guard against risk of that kind that a commission is asked for before advances are made to a Government. In this case, too, it was more than probable that, after paying the first £1,000,000, following the signature of the contract, £2,000,000 further might be demanded in gold the next day. Fortunately for the Messrs. Rothschild they were not; but, if they had, there would in all likelihood have been a great disturbance in the Money Market, which must have occasioned a great sacrifice, perhaps the whole of the commission. The Committee, therefore, must not be led away by the observations of the two right hon. Gentlemen, who, of all men in the House, ought to be the last to make them. But the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Greenwich says we ought to have gone to our constitutional financiers and advisers, the Governor and Deputy Governor of the Bank of England, and, of course, the hon. Member for Galway (Mr. Mitchell Henry), who rose much later in the debate, and who spoke evidently under the influence of strong feeling, also says that we ought to have asked the Governor of the Bank of England to advance the £4,000,000. But they forget that it is against the law of this country for the Bank to advance a sum of money to the Ministry. But then it may be said—"Though the Bank could not have advanced the £4,000,000, you might have asked them to purchase the shares." But how could they have purchased the shares? They must have first consulted their legal adviser, who probably would have told them that they had not power to do it; but, even if that doubtful question had been decided in the affirmative, they must have then called a public Court in order to see whether they could be authorized to purchase those shares to assist the Government. Now, I ask the Committee to consider for a moment what chance would we have had of effecting the purchase which we made under the circumstances, and with the competitors we had to encounter, and the objects we had to attain, if we had pursued the course which the right hon. Gentleman opposite has suggested? "But," says the Member for the University of London—and this also has been echoed by his late right hon. Colleague—" you would have avoided all this, if you adopted the course which we indicate, and which I have just reminded the Committee is illegal, if you had only taken the illegal course we recommend, you would have got rid of this discreditable gambling, because although the Messrs. Rothschild, some of whom have been Members of this House, are men of honour, yet they have a great number of clerks who were all gambling on the Stock Exchange." Now, my belief is that the Messrs. Rothschild kept the secret as well as Her Majesty's Government, for I do not think a single human being connected with them knew anything about it. And, indeed, it was quite unnecessary for the Messrs. Rothschild to have violated the confidence which we reposed in them, and quite unnecessary even for the Members of Her Majesty's Government to hold their tongues, for no sooner was the proposal accepted than a telegram from Grand Cairo transmitted the news to the Stock Exchange, and it was that telegram which was the cause of all the speculation and gambling to which the right hon. Gentleman has referred. It is a fact that while the matter was a dead secret in England, the news was transmitted from Cairo. That was the intelligence on which the operations occurred. But I wish to say one word respecting the moral observations which have been made. As to gambling on the Stock Exchange, are we really to refrain from doing that which we think is proper and advantageous to the country because it may lead to speculation? "Why, not a remark was made by the noble Lord, who has just addressed the House, the other night, or by me in reply, that would not affect the funds. On the one side people would say—"The Government are in, great difficulty, and probably a Vote of Censure will arise out of this Suez Canal speculation," while other persons would observe—" There is evidently something coming about Egypt, and he is not going to let it all out." Ought we to refrain from doing what is necessary for the public welfare because it leads to stock-jobbing? Why, there is not an incident in the history of the world that led to so much stock-jobbing as the battle of Waterloo, and are we to regret that that glorious battle was fought and won because it led to stock-jobbing? So much for the operations on the Stock Exchange. I think we have been listening all night to remarks on this transaction that have very little foundation. We have been admonished for conduct which has led to stock-jobbing and we have been admonished because we applied to a private firm when, from the state of the law, I have shown that it was absolutely necessary from the character of the circumstances we had to deal with that a private firm should be appealed to. And now I come to the policy of the two right hon. Gentlemen, for on that portion of the subject they appear to agree very much. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for the University of London says—" You have your shares, but you have no dividends." And the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Greenwich says—"You have your shares, but you have no votes." That is the great lamentation of the two right hon. Gentlemen. Shrieking and screaming out—"You have no votes and no dividends, though you have the shares," they account for conduct on the part of the Government so totally devoid of sense and calculation as that the Government should become encumbered with all these shares, and yet possess neither the advantage of dividends nor of voting power. They say this is due to the simple circumstance that we acted in total ignorance, that we were innocent—nay, more than innocent—and that the most becoming thing for us to do would be to acknowledge and, at the same time, to regret our fault. Instead of that, they say we triumph in our ignorance, and they absolutely pretend that we were aware of the immense blunder we have committed. It is very remarkable that the two right hon. Gentlemen should have ventured to take up such a position in this case. What is this question of the Suez Canal? Prom the numerous Papers which have been placed before the House, the House must be tolerably aware that during the whole period of the existence of the present Parliament the question of the Suez Canal has more or less been before us. I am not sure that in the first Cabinet Council we held some decision was not come to on the subject. Then the International Commission at Constantinople had either just terminated, or was involving the Government in a painful and difficult Correspondence. We were represented at the International Commission by Colonel Stokes, who is completely master of the subject, an invaluable public servant, and a man of great intelligence, and who had completely mastered all the details of what was then a very complicated question. From that time until we made the purchase in October last Colonel Stokes has been in almost constant attendance at the Foreign Office. The question of the Suez Canal was constantly before us, and therefore I need not go further to show to the Committee that, although it happened to be a subject upon which we were called in the present instance to decide hastily, we had the advantage of much previous knowledge. Why, my right hon. Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer was intimately acquainted with the subject, and was himself present at the opening of the Suez Canal. Nothing, in short, can be more unfounded than the assumption of the two right hon. Gentlemen, who wished to convey to the House that Her Majesty's Government had entered into their agreement in perfect ignorance of all the circumstances of the case. This, in fact, was the style of the whole speech of the right hon. Gentleman (Mr. Lowe). Take this away; convince the right hon. Gentleman—or convince, what is easier and more satisfactory, the Committee—that we were aware of these circumstances, and the right hon. Gentleman himself confesses that he might as well have made no speech at all. Then the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Greenwich (Mr. Gladstone) proceeds in his attack in his own way, and makes a great many objections, but takes up two great positions as grounds of condemnation. "First of all," he says, "I object to this purchase, because it will give you no influence." That is the assertion of the right hon. Gentleman. I might meet it with a counter assertion. I might offer many arguments to show that it will give us a great deal of influence. I might refer to that which has already occurred, and which, though not in its results very considerable, shows some advantage from what has been done, while before a year has elapsed it will possibly show much more. I might refer to the general conviction and the common sense of society that such an investment cannot be treated as absolutely idle and nugatory, as the right hon. Gentleman wishes to treat it. The right hon. Gentleman takes a position from which it is certainly difficult to dislodge him, because it is perfectly arbitrary. He says—"You have no votes." He views the question abstractedly. He says—"Here is a company, and you have a great many shares in it, but you are not allowed to vote, and therefore it follows you can have no influence." But everybody knows that in the world things are not managed in that way, and that if you have a large amount of capital in any concern, whatever may be the restrictions under which it is invested, the capitalist does exercise influence. Then the right hon. Gentleman says—" You have no real control over the purchase you have made; and yet that purchase will lead to great complications." Sir, I have no doubt that complications will occur. They always have occurred, and I should like to know the state of affairs and of society in which complications do not and will not occur. We are here to guard the country against complications, and to guide it in the event of complications; and the argument that we are to do nothing—never dare to move, never try to increase our strength and improve our position, because we are afraid of complications is certainly a new view of English policy, and one which I believe the House of Commons will never sanction. I think under these two heads all the criticisms of the right hon. Gentleman are contained. But the noble Lord who has just addressed us says many points were made by the right hon. Gentleman which the Chancellor of the Exchequer did not answer. There is no precedent of a British Ministry treating with a private firm; my right hon. Friend did not answer that. [Mr. GLADSTONE: I did not say so.] The right hon. Gentleman, however, says he made no observation of the kind. Then the noble Lord says my right hon. Friend never answered the charge about speculations in Egyptian Stock. Well, I have answered that charge. The noble Lord says my right hon. Friend never touched upon the amount of the commission. I have touched upon it. He says that we never thoroughly cleared ourselves from the charge of not buying the 15 per cent shares. I am here to vindicate our conduct on that point. In purchasing the shares we did, we purchased what we wanted, we gained the end we wished, and why we should involve the country in another purchase, when we should thereby only have repeated the result we had already achieved I cannot understand. The noble Lord says my right hon. Friend never expressed what expectations we had of receiving the £200,000 a-year from the Khedive. We certainly do expect to receive the £200,000 a-year from the Khedive, but we do not suppose that interest which is at the rate of 5 per cent is quite as secure as it would be if it were at the rate of 3¼ per cent. Then the noble Lord says that my right hon. Friend never met the charge of the right hon. Gentleman that our policy would lead to complications with other nations. We believe, on the contrary, that, instead of leading to complications with other nations, the step which we have taken is one which will avert complications. These are matters which to a great degree must be matters of opinion; but the most remarkable feature of the long harangue of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for Greenwich is that it was in a great degree a series of assumptions, abstract reasonings, and arbitrary conclusions, after which he sat down quite surprised that the Vote should be passed unanimously, and requesting his allies to attack us for not answering that which we have felt not to be substantial, but to consist of assumptions which we believe experience will prove to be entirely false. The right hon. Gentleman charged us, lastly, with not having answered a charge of having abandoned a strong position. The right hon. Gentleman pictured us as having been in a good position before this—a position which he charged us with having abandoned for one of a more doubtful character. Here again, what proof docs he bring of the charge he makes? We found ourselves in a position which has been called a strong position, but we could not for a moment think that our position with regard to the Canal was satisfactory. The International Commission sat, as hon. Members know, before the Conservatives acceded to power, and the work it did was greatly assisted by our Predecessors, and by a number of other able and eminent men; but, as I have said, no one who remembers all the circumstances of the case and what has occurred since, can for a moment pretend that our position with regard to the Canal was then satisfactory. At that moment Turkey was in a very different position from that which she occupies at present, as far as authority is concerned. The Khedive himself was in a very good position; and yet those who are familiar with what occurred at that time know the great difficulties which the Government experienced, and the very doubtful manner in which, for a considerable time, affairs looked with regard to the whole business. Therefore I do not agree with the right hon. Gentleman. I feel that at this moment our position is much stronger, and for the reason that we are possessors of a great portion of the capital invested in the Canal. The noble Lord himself has expressed great dissatisfaction, because I have not told him what the conduct of the Government would be with regard to the Canal in a time of war. I must say that on this subject I wish to retain my reserve. I cannot conceive anything more imprudent than a discussion in this House at the present time as to the conduct of England with regard to the Suez Canal in time of war, and I shall therefore decline to enter upon any discussion on the subject. Then the noble Lord passed to the mission of Mr. Cave, and says we have no good account to give of it. It is impossible to give a good account of a mission which is not yet finished. I believe the mission of Mr. Cave to be a wise and a beneficial one, and I look with confidence to satisfactory results flowing from it; but really that mission has nothing to do with the Vote of the evening, and it will be much better to defer any discussion concerning it until we have fuller information before us, and when the Envoy is himself—as I hope he soon will be—in his place in Parliament. What we have to do to-night is to agree to the Vote for the purchase of these shares. I have never recommended, and I do not now recommend this purchase as a financial investment. If it gave us 10 per cent of interest and a security as good as the Consols, I do not think an English Minister would be justfied in making such an investment; still less if he is obliged to borrow the money for the occasion. I do not recommend it either as a commercial speculation, although I believe that many of those who have looked upon it with little favour will probably be surprised with the pecuniary results of the purchase. I have always, and do now recommend it to the country as a political transaction, and one which I believe is calculated to strengthen the Empire. That is the spirit in which it has been accepted by the country, which understands it though the two right hon. critics may not. They are really seasick of the "Silver Streak." They want the Empire to be maintained, to be strengthened; they will not be alarmed even it be increased. Because they think we are obtaining a great hold and interest in this important portion of Africa—because they believe that it secures to us a highway to our Indian Empire and our other dependencies, the people of England have from the first recognized the propriety and the wisdom of the step which we shall sanction tonight.
Question put, and agreed to.
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Co-operation between Rome, Persia and China to keep the Silk Road open has far-reaching implications, first for the central Asian steppe and later due to intensified contacts between Europe and China.
Economy & Technology
- Newspapers develop in earnest. They are used in the ideological battles of the Roman and Celtic Republics.
- Exchange through the Silk route brings advanced glass products for distillation, optical devices, alcohol, new ailments and fertilisers to China - and advanced steel products and gunpowder to Europe.
- In this century, several technological innovations are not yet exchanged (Chinese furnaces, Roman mills, scientific theories), only their products.
- Fertilisers and the green revolution following them are able to increase agricultural output throughout Europe, North-East Africa, Persia and China.
- Many more substances can be generated and transmuted in chemical laboratories. Tests for several metals are developed and widely used.
- In Asia Minor, batteries are used for electroplating for the first time.
- In Aksum, high arched architecture for buildings develops and is used for the construction of churches.
- In China, the nautical compass is invented.
- In the Roman Empire and in India, optical lenses are improved to a great extent. Telescopes facilitate sea navigation and are used by Indians first, then copied by Ostrogoths and others.
- With exact weighing methods and chemical methods for testing metals, the solid Celtic Denarius, protected by the Callatian provisions of the constitution against devaluation, replaces the Roman Denarius as the leading currency in the Mediterranean and among the Ostrogoths.
- At the University of Samarkand, the potentials of gunpowder that Sui China had not thought of are theorised. Roman Academiae Collegiarum Militum quickly develop devices which can use this power. First primitive firearms are used towards the end of the century by the convoys protecting Euro-Chinese trade through Turkic, Sogdian, Shaihr Jaari and Xiyu territories.
- Sheba`s fleet and ground troops undertake dozens of punitive campaigns against pirates in the Persian Gulf and along the Somali coast.
- Since Sui China does not invade and occupy deserts or dry steppes, there is no requirement for professionalised frontier troops. The continuous enforcement of the Jun-tian (equal field system) is the foundation of a continuously successful Fubing military system, which, in contrast to OTL, is not replaced with a professional army based on long-term serving Jian´er soldiers). Without large, professional frontier troops, the power of regional military governors (jiedushi) never grows out of proportion. This complex chain or network of alterations had the following major implications for Sui China (in contrast to OTL Tang China) and its neighbours in the 8th century:
- The An Lushan rebellion never occurs. Sui`s economic, political and military ascendancy is not stopped in the middle of the 8th century.
- Sui China`s expansion proceeds as far and as fast as its settlement campaigns and infrastructural projects allow. The expansion is slower and focused on the Taipyingyang (OTL Pacific) coast, but much more stable, and brings deep-reaching Sinicisation of new provinces like the former lands of the Mohe.
Philosophy / science
- In the natural sciences, several conflicting theories are developed concerning the fixed or changeable properties of substances and their internal structure, as well as concerning mass and weight.
- Sogdian scholars translate, systematise and develop Chinese economic theories. The great public interest in understanding the different paths social, political, cultural and economic developments have taken in China and in Europe favours both the spread of economic theory to the West and of geography as a science everywhere, as well as racist theories and explanations.
- Li Qichao, a major Sui scholar-magistrate, formulates a political philosophy which quickly overshadows Confucianism and reduces the (still numerous) Confucianists to the role of a politically marginalised, but socially still important conservative-libertarian opposition. Li Qichao`s theory is mainly a theory of the state - and a theory of balance through power, instead of a balance of power. Its main emphasis is that, to survive and ensure the well-being of all of its citizens, the state must prevent some individuals from becoming too powerful. To do this, the (idealised - but in practice, it was always the emperor) centre of the state must be so powerful as to keep everyone else from gaining too much power. Practically, Li Qichao provided the ideological foundation for absolutist monarchy. Often combined with older reformist economic ideas, it also legitimised state interventions into the market, the expropriation of large enterprises and their transformation into state monopolies, and of course existing policies like Fubing and Jun-tian. Some say it also provided a fertile ground for the institutionalisation of the secret police, which would become the Sui empire`s main weapon in future foreign policy, creating inner tensions and dissense among peripheral rivals like the Tibetans, the people of the South and the Indianised kingdoms of the South East Asian archipelago, the international alliance along the Silk Road, the Turkic and Mongolian societies to its North and Korea and Nihon to the East.
- Celtic scientists develop the alcohol thermometer.
- Among the Turks living along and North of the Silk Road, a syncretism between Mazdakism and Tengrism develops. Religious texts of this new cult are written in the Orkhon script.
- In Tibet, a syncretic Bön-Buddhist religion develops and becomes culturally dominant.
- Since Hinduism has not found many followers in Tamilakam, there will be no person named Adi Shankara, and nobody to exert the powerful philosophical unifying and strengthening force on Hinduism in the form of Advaita Vedanta. Instead, Buddhism remains powerful in Northern India, while Jainists and Hinduists also persist. Within Hinduism, the Mimamsa and the Samkhiya schools remain equally powerful among educated elites, while popular Saivist and Vaishnavist cult lacks a coherent philosophy or theology and is often syncretised with Buddhist traditions.
- The extremely wealthy Sogdian city states, especially Samarkand, become the most varied "salad bowl" of religions; from here, old and new religions are spread into all directions. In these cities, atheism blossoms for the first time as a mass phenomenon, too.
- After the first Celtic monks founded one of the most popular monasteries at the invitation of the city of Sørstad in the 7th century, Norway becomes all the rage with theologically interested Celts and new monasteries are built all across the spectacular West coast, but also near the growing port town of Oslo in the Kingdom of Viken.
- At the Council of Beihan, the Sabaean Church harmonises the doctrine valid on the entire Arabian Peninsula. It rejects radical Paulicianism, but includes some of its criticism of iconodulity; it perpetuates miaphysitism by declaring trinitarian and arianist creeds heretic, and it decrees a common calendar for Christmas, Easter, Pentecost and other important celebrations.
Nations of Europe
- Roman Empire: Population growth has led to the development of large shanty towns. While citizens in the "pomeria" and farmers in the societates liberorum enjoy the abundance of cheap and good textiles, an ever-increasing variety of new types of food, newspapers brigning information from around the world, political participation in the comitia and socio-economic self-determination in the collegia and societates, as well as general education for the children, the new urban underclass depends on free grain and lives without access to aquaeducts and sewers. Epidemics abound, and some civitates forbid such settlements, demolishing or burning down illegal settlements. In other civitates, the marginalised proletariat has mobilised majorities in the comitia and pressed for a massive extension of the urban infrastructure. Although the socio-economic conflicts are often channeled, and they seldom spiral out of control, the self-concept of the Second Roman Republic as an egalitarian polity begins to crack.
- Celtic colonisers and research expeditions discover and map Polaris (OTL Greenland), where they do not encounter any indigenous population yet.
- Great Perm: Bjarmians, now taken over by Southern Komi and Merya, take control of their trade with the Celts directly, cutting out the Norse middlemen. Armed conflicts ensue.
- Glacianian fishermen hunt whales and extract whale oil, an important resource for the Celtic Empire, which has not yet found any significant amounts of oil on its territories.
- Denmark: The Kings of Gudme provide protection for Saxon and Obodritic towns on the Southern coast of the Baltic Sea (Traveborg, Reric, Wollin etc.)
- Venedia: With capital from Vineta, windmills and manufactures are built across Rania and Veletia. Trade expands both within the federation along the Odra and other Baltic Sea tributaries and with foreign traders through the Hansa and the Gutar.
- The oarsmen on the numerous ships on the Borysthenes, which are the economic arteries of the confederacy, form the first trade union and go on a strike, protesting their bad payment and treatment and general marginalisation both in the Slavic and Ostrogothic towns and in the confederate polity. In violent conflicts, many oarsmen and some of their political leaders are killed, but the protests continue, and town guards as well as paramilitary groups hired by the trading syndicates suffer deathly losses, too. The oarsmen finally obtain contracts guaranteeing good payment, and their own representative in the Confederate Council.
- In these times of quick social change and conflict, the knyases (petty kings) of the towns which form the Potamian Koina of the Borysthenes and the Tanais begin to erect marvellous temples for the Slavic deities and to endow temple academies for the training of priests and the education of the new urban elites in philosophy, medicine, architecture, engineering etc. under the supervision of the theological elite. These temples - the most impressive among them found in Chortitia, Voronezh and Severopolis - imitate the latest Roman architectural designs, e.g. round domes erected over square foundations, which in the Roman Republic are used for assembly halls, academies and temples of various cults, or pointed arch windows.
- Chasaria stabilises itself as a Gregorian Christian khaganate. The role of the khagans diminishes vis-a-vis the bishops and a council of representatives of newly forming guilds. Like the Nǔshībì a century earlier, the Chasars have settled down, but in contrast to the former, they have retained their political independence. Their strong ties with the Caucasian kingdoms remain, but peace treaties are also concluded with Rome and Eran. The Chasars adopt the Gregorian alphabet.
- Several Celtic exploring missions fail in their quest for an Ultima Thule, many of them do not return from the Arctic Seas. Some report about uninhabitable islands (perhaps OTL Spitzbergen and Jan Mayen) far in the North, where many whales and seals are found, which motivates yet more exploring missions.
- Ostrogothic sea merchants explore ever new parts of the world. They return to the Azores and later to Europe from a journey far West into the Atlantic Ocean with terrifying tales about islands haunted by spirits and ghosts (OTL Bermuda Islands). European fear and curiosity are sparked.
Nations of Africa
- In Agisymba, Gao, Djenné and Takrur as well as among the Asante, religious and political models of the Imaziyen are copied (from the Tifinagh script over legislative-religious assemblies, parts of the "Christian law", efficient administration and projects of public infrastructure), but also adapted to local circumstances. None of these polities joins either of the Imaziyen Ljama`as, though, perhaps due to linguistic differences.
- Among the Hausa and Banza, Agonistic Christianity and the new trends from the North stirr unrest and cause prolonged wars with changing alliances in the 7th and 8th centuries.
- Djolof thrives through its trade with Ostrogoths, Romans and Celts. It expands Southwards along the coast up to Romarong at the mouth of the Bankasoka river, subduing sparse indigenous populations and employing them as serfs who work on their Kola nut plantations, as elephant hunters or lumberjacks.
- Aksum`s growing population and economic development induce the East African War caused by Aksum`s Southward territorial expansion. Sheba enters the conflicts and defends the Kikuyu Mombasa Kingdom. As its result, Aksum acquires land formerly held by the Kamba, Okiek and Nandi tribes, who are pushed towards the coast, where they form the Kirinyaga Alliance, together with the Kikuyu. On the other hand, Aksum must grant Kismayu independence and introduce parliamentary democratic elements in its Empire.
- In the aftermath of the First East African War, the multi-tribal Kirinyaga Alliance becomes black East Africa`s first independent democracy.
- In the Gulf of Guinea, Yoruba emerges victorious from among a dozen nascent and warring kingdoms and controls the entire Guinean Golf Coast and large swaths of its hinterland.
Nations of Asia
- Sui China: Instead of the catastrophe of the An Lushan rebellion, China experiences unprecedented growth and cultural development. All major cultures, religions and philosophies of the world are learned and often find their Chinese varieties, here.
- Sui China expands far into the lands of the Mohe and into the Taipyingyan, occupying Taiwan and the OTL Northern Philippines. Han peasants are settled in Taiwan.
- In Sui China, six years of education in schools supervised by the imperial academies become compulsory for children of all four occupation categories.
- Tibet: After conflicts between dynasties and clans and between Buddhists and Bön-followers (often inspired by Sui machinations), the Tuyuhun end up controlling Zhangzhung, while Yarlung remains isolated.
- Imported fertilisers are used to increase agricultural output in the artificially irrigated, arid lands of central and Southern India.
- Uyghurs and Six Oghuz, who are frequenty employed for the international Silk Road convoys, begin to amass wealth. The Six Oghuz settle down in their already established state. Uyghur clans subdue the Karluks, Basmils and Türgesh, who are robbing the caravans and also competing against the Uyghurs in protecting them, throughout the 750s and 760s. An Uyghur state is established which safeguards the Dsungarian branch of the Silk Road and later joins the Silk Road Treaty. Its capital is named Bügü in Uyghur (Urabo in Sogdian and Pahlavi, and Luntai in Chinese). Under Emtysh Bilge-Kül, Uyghur control expands across all of Western Mongolia, before Emtysh converts to Mazdakism and abandons all conquests.
- Along the Oxus and in Bactria, the former Nǔshībì tribes have completely blended in, their aristocracy forming a part of urban elites, while common warriors have found employment in the protection of Sabaean, Iranian, Indian Silk Road convoys, and blacksmiths etc. have found good employment, too. These common Nǔshībì Turkic civilians are increasingly called "Turani" by their Iranian neighbours - the name which still sticks to this ethnic group until today.
- The Kangly/Kangar Confederacy gains in strength, as the Silk Road Protocol renders those Turkic warriors who have not found employment as convoy soldiers or elsewhere without suitable options. Its attempts to establish control over Merw, Bukhara and other Silk Road towns encounter organised international resistance and disrupt trade. The Silk Road Protocol powers invade and defeat them, destroying their capital of Kangu Tarban in the process. Escpaed Turks flee - some to the Ulutau mountains, another part flees to the Kimek, while a third rides to the West until they reach the Kama River. The latter become known as the Pechenegs. They subdue the Mari, who live in the region, establish control over their towns, and defeat a Permian army which sought to defend Mari El. After their victory, the Pechenegs also extend their empire over the Magyars.
- Great Perm: Some Magyars and Mari flee from the advent of the Pechenegs and cause a Westward migration within Great Perm. In thsi context, Merya and Komi expand North-Westwards and take over Zyrian port towns in the Far North (Bjarmaland). More towns are established along the Dwina and its tributaries. Great Perm thus expands North-Westwards.
- Between 730 and 760, Funan and Da Mengguo conduct three wars against each other. Both powers try to establish control over the müangs of the Tai, Shan, Hmong etc. at the Southern rim of Sui. Finally, Meng Geluofeng decides to ignore the arrogant treatment his kingdom is subjected to by the Sui overlords, and offers his daughter as a concubine to Emperor Jiang of Sui, submitting very overtly and thus ensuring Sui´s military engagement in the protection of his realm. Thus, instead of losing great numbers of soldiers in a war against a nascent Nanzhao, as in OTL, Sui gives up its support for Funan and sends in troops from Lâm Ấp and Vạn Xuân, while a Bai confederacy under the leadership of Sui`s vassal king Meng Geluofeng attacks the weakened Funanese positions from the North.
- As a result, Sui establishes a string of weak, dependent Müangs like pearls all along its Southern border, from Dali to Oc Eo. They are neither a threat to Sui, nor to the Indianised polities to their West. All of them begin to adopt Theravada Buddhism.
- Nihon: At the end of the 8th century, under Sui influence, the equal field policy and general conscription are not given up. Instead, they are enforced, imperial examinations are begun, Buddhist monasteries are expropriated, the members of rebelling clans are assassinated, and several additional islands are added to the Kingdom, which moves its capital from Nara to the city later known as Kyoto.
- India: Chemists from Mathura manage to reproduce fertilisers and no longer depend on Roman imports.
- Roman and Bharikuchan textile industry have swamped the Indian market and rendered tens of thousands unemployed. Economic restructurings threaten and undermine the jati system. Deccan kingdoms react with protectionist isolation, while the Shaihr Jaari, the Kannauj Alliance and Dantapura experience inner reform of social norms for occupation.
- Pyu and Dvaravati craftsmen manage to produce leadlights, too.
- Cheran architects manage to copy Aksumite arched buildings.
- Eran and Sheba agree on a joint control of the Strait of Hormuz and sharing customs revenues equally.
- As Eran assumes greater responsibilities in the Caucasus and in Transoxania, a modus vivendi for non-Mazdakist communities is found, which incorporate themselves to enjoy self-government and participation under Iranian laws. Mazdakism maintains its hegemony through great public works projects, which are undertaken in a mixture of "voluntary common work" and paid civil service, providing both integration, employment and career opportunities for devout followers. The Mazdakist public works projects renew roads, aquaeducts, sewer systems, urban street cleaning water systems, lighthouses, canals, and even undertake reforestation projects in order to substitute at least some of the wood imports.
- In a Great Council, Arabia is finally formally united under the King of Sheba. The Kingdom of Sheba gives itself a newly structured War Council, in which the roles and privileges of the king, the Southern noble dynasties, other clans, and the towns outside of the Arabian Peninsula (mostly on Africa`s East Coast, but later also in India and on islands in the Indian Ocean) are defined. Regional laws which do not violate the church`s doctrine, the principles of the Hilf al-Fudul pact or the royal prerogatives retain their validity. | <urn:uuid:dc291e9d-0ef5-4ce1-8d13-f49602224738> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/700-799_(Abrittus) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00563-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932133 | 4,434 | 3.046875 | 3 |
passion with rule-HUMAN
NATURE WILL TRIUMPH
1. Humans are power
hungry, war is
2. The prevailing norms
of the Peloponnesian
3. Power, hierarchical
conquering is a means
1. Education and marriage
a. Woman wants to go to college, lover is asking what it will do? How it will help?
b. THEY KISSED!
2. Political tensions-1947-Indian and Pakistan, many people were killed in the name of
Kant Political Writings1. Universal social contract as a criterion of political judgement
2. Thus republican government-inevitable respect for law.
a. A sovereign should promote a spirit of liberty
3. Once the principles of right are established, war must | <urn:uuid:598bdefc-988e-4d33-8b7a-577012660193> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.coursehero.com/sitemap/schools/2460-UVA/courses/1510901-PLIR3810/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00151-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848324 | 167 | 2.46875 | 2 |
let x be the side of the equilateral triangle
let y be the perimeter of the circle.
Then you got:
The perimeter of the circle is:
Therefore the area of the circle is:
The area of an equilateral triangle with side x is:
Therefore the total area becomes:
(b) Considering the values for x you can see that | <urn:uuid:daaf23b5-f771-440a-aede-4998b755b0e5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://mathhelpforum.com/pre-calculus/15933-pieces-wire.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718296.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00538-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.777076 | 75 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Let me begin by noting that I am not really what I consider a “mind map” person. In my years in school and as an educator, I felt more like I had been subjected to them rather than viewing them as a useful learning tool in my arsenal. Teaching high school, I always provided them as an option for my students, but I still viewed their fans with suspicion. All of this changed a few weeks ago when I found myself struggling to conceptualize multiple theories of motivation that we were considering in one of my courses. I was having trouble understanding the ways in which the theories built on or refuted one another, and I wanted to be able to clearly see any similarities among them. Finally, I wanted to be able to clearly identify the contributors to the field and the studies that were attached to them. I found an underutilized wall of white boards and set myself to constructing, to my surprise, a gigantic mind-map. The problem was that my creation, while useful, was now trapped on the wall. Taking pictures of it didn’t help since I knew I would be adding to it as the semester progressed. I had tried making it on various software an found them lacking. Thus, I turned to the Twitterverse to solve my dilemma. One tweet about what I needed resulted in a day of suggestions, each of which I tried. Here are the results of my adventures in mind-mapping:
What we mean we say best: The best suggestion came from Roy Grubb (@roygrubb) who linked me to a wiki that discussed “Best Mindmapping Software.” What was great about this site was that it broke down different software by the concept that no one software can possibly meet the needs of all users. My purposes for my course this semester are very specific: lots of complex theories and studies, the need to make connections and contrasts, it needed to change over time, and it needed to be shared with an audience (my classmates turned out to be really interested in what I had done and wanted a copy). While I didn’t end up using the software listed on the wiki for this project, the idea that choosing a software should include rhetorical considerations (purpose, audience) was a big eureka moment for me. It also made me recognize even more so that I needed to consider my own personal learning curve (and budget) in making my decision.
Online, collaborative, and sometimes costly: So, a number of the suggestions followed the freemium model. They all largely had similar functionality, offering a variety of templates, different user interfaces that had their own learning curves, and had some type of limited free version with optional upgrades. I can’t say that I understand each of them intimately enough to recommend one of another, so I’ll just list them here and let you decide for yourselves:
- Mindmeister: Mindmeister features real-time collaboration and mobile integration with iPad, iPhone, and Android apps. Following the freemium model, my favorite feature of Mindmeister was an Etherpad-like playback feature that allows for understanding how the concept map was constructed, not just the final product.
- Gliffy: Another browser based diagram maker, features drag & drop functionality for constructing the maps. Also following the freemium model, Gliffy proclaims on its website that it is openly competing with Visio.
- Visio: Visio is a PC-based Microsoft office that integrates with SharePoint. I gather this means that it can be shared online, but doesn’t have the collaborative capabilities that browser-based software would have? Someone correct me if I’m wrong on that. I so rarely work on PCs (or on anything that’s not browser-based, frankly) that I am pretty ignorant of the ins and outs of this one.
- Creately: Creately has an online and desktop version that is also available via the Google apps store. There is a free version that allows only for public maps with no collaboration.
- Bubbl.us: Bubbl.us has an interesting multiple page feature that works in a tabbed viewer. It also features auto-saving, collaboration, and is embeddable. Bubbl.us also appears to be entirely free.
- LucidChart.com: features real-time collaboration and free Professional accounts for education accounts. Check out the student request page: they set me up with a free pro account within minutes (h/t Dave Grow aka @dmgrow).
Re-purposing Presentation software: A number of people suggested creating mindmaps in traditional presentation software. The example above is from Prezi, which I decided to use since I knew it probably the best out of all the suggestions. It allows for online collaboration through Prezi Meeting and I can download it to the iPad. Educational accounts get a lot more functionality than on the public freemium levels do, so be sure to sign up with your .edu email. The big drawbacks for the iPad app is that it doesn’t feature editing nor does it have VGA compatibility. If Prezi has too many bells and whistles for you, Adrienne Michetti (@amichetti) swears by Apple’s Keynote (Mac only) for mindmapping goodness.
Interesting, but I didn’t try it: I have MindNode Lite, which is a Mac mindmapping application free from the App store. @MathewUSF swears by MindNode Pro ($20) or TreeOutliner (also Mac-only, $24.99 in the App store) and notes that both will export to Scrivener, a feature that makes my heart wish I had the pennies saved to be able to download these and try it. Alas, my paltry grad student salary doesn’t allow for it at this time, but someday….
Which reminds me: check what your University provides. Here at Michigan State, we have access to CMaps, which is an interesting application that works locally on one’s computer but also features real-time collaboration. Last, but certainly not least, also be sure to check out VUE (Visual Understanding Environment) which is free from Tufts and is an absolutely great program for concept mapping.
What’s your favorite method and/or software for mindmapping? Let us know in the comments!
Tagsalt-ac anxiety Campus Resources classroom dynamic conferences depression disability dissertation evernote family food fun Google+ grading Health inspiration interdisciplinary job market job search meditation mental health motivation networking Organization parenting personal productivity professional professionalism professionalization research semester break Social Networking software stress students syllabus teaching technology tools Twitter wellness workflow work flow writing | <urn:uuid:765e602a-673e-4c84-8c4c-ead298c0bfa3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gradhacker.org/2011/11/07/tool-roundup-mind-mapping-software/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00322-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957592 | 1,385 | 2.140625 | 2 |
The Government of Israel and the OECD co-organised an international conference on "Joining Forces to Develop Smart, Cost-Effective Urban Water Utilities: Policy, Economics, Environment, Regulation and Technologies" on 23 October 2013, in Tel Aviv.
An optional tour was organised on 24 October to visit water sites, including plants of Mekorot - The National Water Company.
Anthony Cox, OECD Environment Directorate, made a keynote presentation on the Urban Water Challenges: Present and Future – The role of government in the development of smart and successful urban water solutions and participated in a panel on the Future of Urban Water Facilities – the link between technology and policy.
The conference took place in the context of Water Technology and Environment Control Exhibition & Conference (WATEC Israel 2013), which began on 22 October. The previous WATEC Exhibition attracted 27,000 visitors from 104 countries, including 40 ministers of water and 150 official delegations. 1,300 delegates participated in the Conference.
The conference was a unique opportunity to understand the policies that have supported the development of a dynamic water industry in Israel, hear about the lessons for water policies in other countries, and to get exposed to state of the art in water-related technologies. Amongst other things, the discussions will feed into the OECD project on “Water policies for future cities”. | <urn:uuid:623126a0-dc22-45f2-82c5-056f4f790da9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.oecd.org/fr/env/ressources/2013-international-water-conference-telaviv.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00055-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929365 | 270 | 1.789063 | 2 |
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