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DATE ISSUED: March 15, 2007
The Florida renewable energy production credit is intended to encourage the development and expansion of facilities in Florida that produce electricity from renewable energy. Applications for the initial year's allocations must be received by the Department of Revenue on or before February 1, 2008. An application form with instructions is expected to be available by January 2008.
The new law provides a corporate income tax credit equal to one cent ($0.01) for each additional kilowatt hour of electricity produced from renewable energy sources at a new or expanded Florida facility. Renewable energy is defined as electricity produced from hydrogen, biomass, solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, ocean energy, waste heat, or hydroelectric power.
The renewable energy production credit may be claimed for additional electricity produced and sold between January 1, 2007, and June 30, 2010. Taxpayers are required to first apply to the Department of Revenue for an allocation of the $5 million per year in corporate income tax credits available under this new law. Applications for an allocation of each year's available credit must be filed by the following February 1st. Applications for the initial 2007 year must be filed by February 1, 2008. If the total allocations requested are greater than $5 million, then each eligible applicant will be awarded a pro-rata amount. Unused credits may be carried forward for up to five (5) tax years. The credits may be sold or transferred in units of not less than 25% of the remaining credit.
The Department will adopt rules and forms necessary to administer the renewable energy production tax credit.
This document is intended to alert you to the requirements contained in Florida laws and administrative rules. It does not by its own effect create rights or require compliance.
For forms and other information, visit our website at www.floridarevenue.com or call Taxpayer Services at 800-352-3671, Monday through Friday (excluding holidays).
For a detailed written response to your questions, write the Florida Department of Revenue, Taxpayer Services, MS 3-2000, 5050 West Tennessee Street, Tallahassee, FL 32399-0112. | <urn:uuid:a3599f39-6b44-4695-bb44-bb2e960d40b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://floridarevenue.com/dor/tips/tip07c01-01.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00466-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940056 | 440 | 1.726563 | 2 |
There are no additional online documents for this record.
- Category: A
- Date Added: 04/11/1971
- Local Authority: Dumfries And Galloway
- Planning Authority: Dumfries And Galloway
- Parish: Terregles
National Grid Reference
- NGR: NX 93155 77637
- Coordinates: 293155, 577637
Architect probably Sir Robert Smirke, circa 1831. Stables,
single storey with lofts, built around large quadrangular
courtyard; fine Classical east range, with round-arched
central pend, built of polished red ashlar (remainder
rubble-built). East elevation: 7 bays, articulated by
advanced central and outer bays with paired and clasping
pilasters supporting continuous entablature; barrel-vaulted
pend with pilastered jambs and lion keystone; architraved
12-pane sash windows pedimented or corniced: pedimented
flanks. Other ranges lower, that to north with ridge
ventilator: rear courtyard entrance to west. Segmental-arched
cart openings (some blocked) and square-headed doors and
windows to courtyard. Slate roofs.
Statement of Special Interest
Smirke is known to have done work at Terregles in 1831 (NMRS
index presumably the west porch and rear wing, which were in
a manner similar to this.
Terregles House now demolished.
Listing is the way that a building or structure of special architectural or historic interest is recognised by law through the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997.
We list buildings of special architectural or historic interest using the criteria published in the Historic Environment Scotland Policy Statement.
The statutory listing address is the legal part of the listing. The information in the listed building record gives an indication of the special architectural or historic interest of the listed building(s). It is not a definitive historical account or a complete description of the building(s). The format of the listed building record has changed over time. Earlier records may be brief and some information will not have been recorded.
Listing covers both the exterior and the interior. Listing can cover structures not mentioned which are part of the curtilage of the building, such as boundary walls, gates, gatepiers, ancillary buildings etc. The planning authority is responsible for advising on what is covered by the listing including the curtilage of a listed building. For information about curtilage see www.historicenvironment.scot. Since 1 October 2015 we have been able to exclude items from a listing. If part of a building is not listed, it will say that it is excluded in the statutory address and in the statement of special interest in the listed building record. The statement will use the word 'excluding' and quote the relevant section of the Historic Environment Scotland Act 2014. Some earlier listed building records may use the word 'excluding', but if the Act is not quoted, the record has not been revised to reflect current legislation.
If you want to alter, extend or demolish a listed building you need to contact your planning authority to see if you need listed building consent. The planning authority is the main point of contact for all applications for listed building consent.
Find out more about listing and our other designations at www.historicenvironment.scot. You can contact us on 0131 668 8716 or at email@example.com.
There are no images available for this record. | <urn:uuid:2907088a-4f3f-48c5-a408-e3589b27a2b0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB17208 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00179-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909306 | 744 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Welding is the most important joining process for the permanent connection of two or more workpieces. With the help of warmth and pressure a unsolvable connection between materials emerges. Sometimes with the aid of additives.
Welding fumes are not homogeneous emissions, but a heterogeneous mixture of fumes, dusts, gases and vapours that are generated during welding and emitted into the ambient air.
- Fumes are understood to be a mixture of different fine and solid substances. Fumes are produced by the condensation of inorganic substances from the vapour phase, chemical reactions (e.g. oxidation) and incomplete combustion of organic material due to welding consumables, coatings and impurities. For fine dust to be perceived as fumes, it must be present in larger quantities.
- Gaseous emissions and vapours are produced by the thermal conversion process of fuel gases, air, coating materials and impurities.
- Ozone, for example, is created by the electric arc from the oxygen in the air.
- Carbon monoxide is formed by incomplete combustion of fuel gases with inert gases.
- Nitrogen oxides are formed by thermal processes from the nitrogen and oxygen in the air.
- Phosgene, aldehydes and decomposition products are generated by working with coatings, oils or degreasing agents.
Danger to the workforce –
that's why welding fumes are dangerous
The hazards of welding fumes result on the one hand from the different ingredients of the emission mixture, and on the other hand from the fineness of the emission.
Generally speaking, welding fumes are a hazardous substance.
Therefore, there is a legal obligation to evaluate and take appropriate measures to protect workers from the hazardous substance.
Depending on the welding process, the welding material and the welding consumables, different types of welding fumes are produced. They differ greatly in their characteristics. That is why we categorise welding fumes according to their effect on humans: we distinguish between respiratory, toxic and carcinogenic welding fumes.
- Respiratory and lung-damaging welding fumes
This welding fume is mostly produced during the processing of metallic materials without alloys. For example, when welding iron, steel, magnesium or aluminium. In these processes, the welding fumes released contain metal oxides such as iron oxide or aluminium oxide. The hazard results from the amount of fumes that are released and the size of their fine dust particles. The exposure leads to impairment of the respiratory tract. The consequences are respiratory diseases such as bronchitis, narrowing of the airways, siderosis (iron storage disease) or fibrogenic reactions (connective tissue proliferation).
- Toxic welding fumes
Toxic welding fumes are said to occur when poisoning occurs due to exceeding a certain dose. Gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, but also oxides of copper, lead or zinc are classified as toxic. The toxic effect depends essentially on the concentration - a low concentration can cause mild poisoning or health disorders, a high concentration can be life-threatening.
- Carcinogenic or cancer-causing welding fumes
For carcinogenic and cancerogenic substances, there is no threshold value above which damage occurs. Even small amounts are thought to pose a serious risk. Special regulations therefore apply to welding fumes in this category. Carcinogenic substances include, for example, chromium(VI) compounds, nickel oxides or cobalt oxide. They arise in particular when welding alloyed steels (e.g. steel containing chromium and nickel).
of the welding
The welding process and the materials used, in addition to the additives, have a direct influence on the type of welding fumes that are produced.
The following list provides an overview of the most common welding processes and the associated composition of welding fumes.
Regulations and legal provisions
Over the years, numerous limit values have been imposed for welding. Depending on the country and the type of underlying pollutant, the limit values vary greatly. In particular, the legislator addresses the health risk and differentiates between occupational exposure limits (OEL), technical reference concentrations (TRC) and acceptance or tolerance concentrations.
The following table gives an overview of the most common welding-relevant limit values.
For welding work on metallic materials, the employer is obliged to prepare a risk assessment. It must be carried out before the welding work is started. The results of the analysis must be assessed and documented. This also includes suitable protective measures to avoid or reduce the risk from the welding fumes.
The following order of priority must be used in the assessment:
Substitution is the replacement of the welding process with another, lower-emission process. If it is possible to use different welding processes, the one that releases the least amount of welding fumes should be selected (see table above on welding processes and welding fumes).
- Ventilation protection measures
This includes technical protection measures such as the extraction and filtration of welding fume emissions by means of extraction and filter systems or the provision of ventilation solutions.
- Organisational protective measures
Organisational protective measures include instruction of workers and general occupational health care.
- Individual protective measures
Individual protective measures include, for example, personal protective equipment such as the wearing of respiratory protection or the use of ventilated welding helmets.
With torch extraction or gun extraction, the welding fume emissions are captured and extracted directly at the welding torch. Extraction nozzles are installed on the welding torch for this purpose, to which an extraction hose is connected. It is combined with the hose assembly of the welding machine. Either a filter unit is installed at the end of the extraction hose or the extraction hose leads to a central filter unit via high vacuum piping. Manufacturers of welding torches often offer integrated extraction solutions for their products. Existing units can be retrofitted with collection kits.
With welding shield extraction, the welding fume emissions are collected directly with a shield and extracted. An extraction hose is once again connected to the welding shield. Either a filter unit is installed at the end of the extraction hose or the extraction hose leads to a central filter unit via high vacuum piping. The importance of welding shield extraction has decreased significantly in recent years. This is mainly due to the new types of welding shield, which are no longer hand-held but worn directly on the head and actively adapt to the welding process and the prevailing brightness.
Welding suction arms are still widely used for collection and extraction during welding. The welding fume emissions are collected by positioning a suction arm as close as possible to the emission source. A suction arm normally consists of suction pipes or suction hoses, articulated or swivel joints for correct positioning and a suction funnel. The suction funnel ensures an even distribution of the suction effect and ideally protects against the penetration of foreign bodies. Optional integrated lighting or various switches provide improved comfort.
Typical suction arms cover a working area with a radius of one to four metres. With a corresponding extension, working radii of up to eight metres are possible. The diameter of the suction arms for welding applications is usually 160 millimetres.
on the Kappa suction arms
Welding tables are work tables on which the workpiece is placed and processed. They ensure the collection of the released welding fumes via integrated table suction. They are equipped with a downward suction device (table suction) as standard. Optionally, the welding tables can also be equipped with a rear wall extraction or a side wall extraction. Usually, extraction tables also have a drawer in which coarse particles are collected. Depending on the requirements, a wide variety of options are available, such as support frames made of wood or plastic, height adjustability or lighting.
Typical welding tables cover a working range of one to three metres and have a working depth of around 0.7 metres. Ideally, the working height of the welding tables can be adapted to the requirements.
More information on
Kappa welding tables
Extraction walls ensure that welding fumes are collected across a wide area. The workpiece is placed in front of the extraction wall - usually on a work stand. The rear wall ensures an even extraction effect over the entire wall surface.
Typical extraction walls have a modular design and cover a working range of one to several metres and a height of 0.5 to two metres.
Suction hoods are placed above the welding process. They ensure that the welding fumes and fine dust rising above the welding process are collected and removed due to thermal convection. Typically, welding fume suction hoods are equipped with curtains. They serve to screen the welding process and as an envelope for the welding fumes so that the emissions can rise unhindered and are not deflected by cross currents. The optimum design is an edge trim suction unit. Here, suction openings are placed all around the suction hood. They ensure uniform collection over the entire hood surface and protect the collection of foreign bodies and sparks.
Suction hoods are often used in robot welding. Here, the suction hoods are placed either above the robot or directly on the robot. Even solutions with suction hoods that travel with the robot can be implemented.
Typical suction hoods have a modular design and cover a suction area of one to several square metres.
More information on
Kappa suction hoods
Suction cabs are often used for the removal of welding fumes from production halls. Here, the welding processes are carried out in a separate enclosure. The workpieces are transported manually or by means of lifting equipment to the suction cab where the welding work is carried out. In many cases, other activities such as grinding are also carried out in the suction cab in addition to welding. Suction cabs are suitable for separating individual work processes, such as aluminium welding, normal steel welding or the welding of high-alloy steels.
Within the welding suction cabs, welding fume emissions are usually collected via the aforementioned systems, such as suction arms, welding tables and extraction walls. In addition to welding fume extraction, the cabs usually have their own air supply and extraction.
More information on
Kappa suction cabs
WELDING FUME REDUCTION
WITH VENTILATION TECHNOLOGY
IN-HALL AIR CLEANING SYSTEM
Mohr information to
Kappa A.I.R.TM in-hall air cleaning system
More information on
Kappa Mykron® welding fumes filter
"Thanks to our new in-hall air cleaning system, the air quality in the welding shop is now very good. Despite the low outside temperatures in winter, we hardly had to heat up. Before, we lost the waste heat via the roof, now we can use it."
Johann Struc, head of work organization
"Wasserbauer is a company where the closeness to nature already results from the product. That's why we are happy to integrate another building block into our production with our air concept, which not only counteracts the rising energy prices, but also makes a contribution to the environmental protection."
Franz Wasserbauer, Managing Director
"The air quality in the steel construction is very good. This is also confirmed by our employees. Last winter we hardly had to heat up because we were able to cover our heat requirements from heat recovery."
Thomas Heenen, safety officer
"With the new extension to our production hall, we are already gearing up our company to meet the requirements of the future. Just as we rely on the most advanced technology for our machinery, we also do so consistently for structural measures, such as the air concept. A welding technician told me some days ago during an inspection, that this is the clean and bright working-environment, which makes the difference at welding. In this place he would like to work."
Johann Kasper, Managing Director | <urn:uuid:36f245a3-87f5-493a-b977-36f7966810db> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kappa-fs.com/usecases/welding_fume/index_eng.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.929398 | 2,485 | 3.796875 | 4 |
The malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) is located on the instrument panel. The lamp is labeled -Check Engine- on 1993-97 vehicles, and -Service Engine Soon- on 1998-00 vehicles. The lamp is connected to the PCM, and will alert the driver to certain malfunctions within the electronic engine control system. When the lamp is illuminated, the PCM has detected a fault and stored a DTC in the memory.
The light will stay illuminated as long as the fault is present. Should the fault self-correct, the MIL will extinguish, but the stored code will remain in the memory.
Under normal operating conditions, the MIL should illuminate briefly when the ignition key is turned ON . This is an MIL circuit check to verify that the lamp operates. If the lamp does not light, the bulb and/or circuit should be repaired. As soon as the PCM receives a signal that the engine is cranking, the lamp should extinguish. The lamp should remain extinguished during the normal operating cycle.
The MIL may also be used for retrieving DTCs when the PCM is put in diagnostic mode. When in diagnostic mode, the MIL will emit a series of flashes, indicating which DTCs are stored in the PCM memory. | <urn:uuid:0e06c499-5555-4bd8-aea2-be3c757bc3ea> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.autozone.com/repairguides/Quest-1995-1996/OBD-System-Information/Malfunction-Indicator-Lamp-MIL/_/P-0996b43f81b3d2b0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719041.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00169-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94417 | 256 | 1.984375 | 2 |
The genre Preston has inherited from the fiction writers draws you in by amassing small, even trivial details, and he is a master at this. But in a science thriller about the realities of AIDS and the threat of future epidemics, one might hope to find the insights of science as well as the ingredients of a thriller. Describing a tense moment when three Army officers arrive at a Virginia gas station to wait for a clandestine hand-off of some dead Reston monkeys for analysis, Preston pauses to tell us, "Nancy went into the gas station and bought Diet Cokes for everyone and a pack of cheddar-cheese crackers for herself, and she bought C.J. some peanut butter crackers." This junk-food prose would be fine if Preston gave more attention to the larger questions this story raises.
He reports, for instance, the Army's decision during the crisis to take actions it thought might be illegal. "You never ask a lawyer for permission to do something," the general in charge tells his staff. "We're going to do the needful, and the lawyers are going to tell us why it's legal." He also notes, as the Army prepared to move on the Reston monkey colony, that "half of this biocontainment operation was going to be news containment." Disregarding the law and deceiving the press may have seemed necessary at the time, but these decisions deserve some ex post facto scrutiny and serious contemplation. Here they get no more attention than those officers' snacks.
More important, perhaps, are the questions of science that are never explored. There are clues scattered throughout this story that our relation to viruses is more complex and less understood than our image of them as "individuals," as deadly predators, might suggest. Despite repeated dire predictions throughout these pages of epidemics similar to that in Crichton's classic Andromeda Strain, the early outbreaks in Germany, Sudan and Zaire soon mysteriously abated, leaving both the doctors and the scientists puzzled.
Of Sudan, Preston simply says, "For reasons that are not clear, the outbreak subsided and the virus vanished." And of fears that Ebola Zaire would devastate Kinshasa, "But to the strange and wonderful relief of Zaire and the world, the virus never went on a burn . . . and went back to its hiding place in the forest." And the Reston virus proved infectious but mysteriously innocuous.
Yet these curious facts are left strangely unexamined. It may be as vital to understand why these viruses retreated as to understand why they attacked, but this question isn't asked. "Viruses," Preston writes, "are molecular sharks, a motive without a mind. Compact, hard, logical, totally selfish. . . ." Indulgence in such anthropomorphism and metaphor reinforces a terrifying Darwinian view of "Nature, red in tooth and claw," but it blinds us to new views from molecular biology.
Current research suggests that viruses may be more like wandering messengers than alien predators, their visitations serving to exchange genetic information among individuals and species in an ecology more intricate and a biochemical balance more delicate than we have yet realized. One promising experimental drug for AIDS is based on this idea: it blocks a receptor site for the virus' message instead of working through the immune response.
Preston concludes that "AIDS is the revenge of the rain forest" for human incursions and overpopulation of the Earth. "It is only the first act of revenge," he adds. Marburg and Ebola pose the new threat of a virus "trying, so to speak, to crash into the human species." These images may owe more to the fictions we know than to the truths we have only begun to recognize. Peering into the edges of the rain forest, Preston shows us a landscape of infectious terror, but he misses a path into the frontiers of science.
Paul Trachtman is a freelance writer based in rural New Mexico. | <urn:uuid:f949d117-651f-48d3-82c2-a738ee93420d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/review-of-the-hot-zone-96325494/?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00117-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961693 | 810 | 1.671875 | 2 |
"Soldiers depend on technologies to provide unparalleled precision aboard their combat vehicles, as do workers using sensor platforms or mining equipment," said Milind Ghanekar, senior director OEMs, Defense and Space, Honeywell Aerospace. "Over 15,000 Honeywell TALIN systems are deployed by land, air and sea on more than 60 military and commercial platforms worldwide. The British Army's AJAX program builds on our extensive experience with this highly precise navigation technology."
The United Kingdom awarded General Dynamics Land Systems UK a $5.9 billion contract in September 2014 to deliver 589 AJAX platforms. The contract with the British Army builds on Honeywell's long-term relationship with General Dynamics Land Systems in the United States and is expected to run through 2023.
Honeywell Aerospace products and services are found on virtually every commercial, defense and space aircraft, and its turbochargers are used by nearly every automaker and truck manufacturer around the world. The Aerospace business unit develops innovative solutions for more fuel-efficient automobiles and airplanes, more direct and on-time flights, safer flying and runway traffic, along with aircraft engines, cockpit and cabin electronics, wireless connectivity services, logistics, and more. The business delivers safer, faster, and more efficient and comfortable transportation-related experiences worldwide. For more information, visit www.honeywell.com or follow us at @Honeywell_Aero and @Honeywell_Turbo.
Honeywell (www.honeywell.com) is a Fortune 100 diversified technology and manufacturing leader, serving customers worldwide with aerospace products and services; control technologies for buildings, homes and industry; turbochargers; and performance materials. For more news and information on Honeywell, please visit www.honeywell.com/newsroom.
Honeywell and the Honeywell logo are the exclusive properties of Honeywell, are registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and may be registered or pending registration in other countries. All other Honeywell product names, technology names, trademarks, service marks, and logos may be registered or pending registration in the U.S. or in other countries. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Copyright 2016 Honeywell.
Logo - http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20080425/LAF040LOGO
To view the original version on PR Newswire, visit:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/honeywell-to-provide-advanced-navigation-system-to-new-british-armored-fighting-vehicles-300370422.html | <urn:uuid:816b4a52-bab6-4bc2-991e-1ead22121253> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/honeywell-to-provide-advanced-navigation-system-to-new-british-armored-fighting-vehicles-300370422.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00384-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892168 | 556 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Do you see freckle-like spots and dark marks after spending time in the sun or picking a blemish? This is skin pigmentation.
Whether you’re noticing new spots for the first time or have persistent pigmentation, make the common skin concern the centre of your routine.
Vitamin C serums or exfoliating peels are traditionally thought to be the gold-standard in treating pigmentation at home. But when topical skincare doesn’t rise to the occasion, visible results can be achieved from within. Backed by an understanding of what causes pigmentation, the best treatment for pigmentation addresses signs of pigmentation deeper – from where they begin.
To start treating skin pigmentation, keep reading to discover what is skin pigmentation, what causes dark spots and uneven skin tone, and how to get rid of pigmentation for bright, glowing skin.
What is skin pigmentation?
Skin pigmentation is characterised by melanin imperfections. Melanin is the skin’s natural pigment. When spots of excessive melanin appear in brown spots on the complexion, this is skin pigmentation.
Pigmentation can present on skin in multiple different ways. With the natural ageing process, sun or ‘age’ spots across the forehead, nose and cheeks are common. For those who experience breakouts, similar dark or pink marks can be seen after blemishes. And whether it’s hereditary, or a string of late nights, dark under-eyes can appear. These concerns can all contribute to an uneven skin tone.
Melasma is a particularly challenging skin pigmentation concern. Unlike dark spots and post-blemish marks, melasma is deeper in the dermis and it’s shadowed, mask-like appearance can be temperamental when attempting to treat it topically.
If you’re establishing a routine to treat skin pigmentation, start by identifying your spots and marks – and next, get to know what causes skin pigmentation.
What causes skin pigmentation?
Skin pigmentation is primarily caused by inflammation as a result of environmental stressors.
For sun or ‘age’ marks, skin pigmentation is caused by inflammation from excess UV exposure, while post-breakout spots are the results of the skin’s inflammatory response to breakouts and squeezing or picking at blemishes. To reduce inflammation, our skin cells go into repair mode creating a ‘band-aid’ to protect skin beneath the injury site, triggering excess melanin production. It’s this brown melanin that rises to skin’s surface as pigmentation spots and marks.
Dark under-eyes and dull skin come with busy, modern living – and the less-than-ideal sleep schedule, diet and pollution it brings – leaving skin feeling sallow and lacklustre.
Melasma works a little differently. Melasma can be tied to estrogen changes experienced during pregnancy and with hormonal birth control and some medications. For women who are prone to or experience melasma, it can also be exacerbated by sun exposure and heat.
To address skin pigmentation and uneven skin tone, an effective treatment will work on a cellular level to help prevent the effects of your triggers – and target visible pigmentation.
How to get rid of skin pigmentation
Brightening uneven skin tone and softening signs of skin pigmentation requires trusted skincare actives, and taken deeper for elevated benefits.
Radiance is Vida Glow’s first ingestible for signs of pigmentation. A vegan cellulose capsule, Radiance delivers clinically studied, brightening actives to the epidermis with optimum efficacy.
By addressing melanin imperfections on a cellular level, Radiance’s actives work help soften dark spots and illuminate skin where skin pigmentation begins. An ingestible beauty solution like Radiance goes beyond the superficial layers of skin. It works deeper than the topical limitations of invasive lasers and resurfacing skincare treatments – and without sensitising skin or leaving skin vulnerable to pigmentation’s return.
The formula’s hero active, SkinAx2™, is clinically studied to increase skin luminosity by 26% in 12 weeks. In a clinical trial of Radiance 96% of participants saw an improvement in their pigmentation with consistent supplementation.
Supporting SkinAx2™ in Radiance’s formula is vitamin C, zinc and carotenoids. This gives Radiance its targeted benefits for pigmentation concerns, while the holistic formula to simultaneously enhances skin health and overall luminosity. As vitamin C works to brighten and soften uneven skin tone and zinc repairs skin, carotenoids have a longer-term function. Carotenoids are orange-yellow pigments from plants with antioxidant and photoprotective properties. With consistent supplementation, carotenoids may minimise future pigmentation, helping Radiance maintain healthy, even skin longer-term.
And of course, one of the most effective ways to prevent skin pigmentation is to wear a broad-spectrum SPF daily. Seek shelter and protect your skin from environmental, pigment-triggering stressors to see the best and brightest results from your pigmentation skincare routine.
To treat skin pigmentation, build your skincare routine around your pigmentation concerns – and don’t underestimate the effects of triggers like the sun, pollution and sleep on your skin.
For the active, brightening step in your skincare, adopt a targeted, clinically studied treatment like Radiance. By working below the skin’s surface to soften and illuminate, visibly brighter results are seen and maintained long-term. | <urn:uuid:345bae73-73bb-4872-a48c-801eb045582a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://uk.vidaglow.com/blogs/blog/how-to-treat-skin-pigmentation-for-brighter-skin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.893122 | 1,166 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Ahhh, the spam folder. The most dreaded place in the world for business owners using email to market their products or services. Nobody wants to see their campaigns in the company of all-caps-writing scammers who promise compensation payments in emails riddled with misspellings! So how does one avoid the email graveyard that is the spam folder? Let’s explore!
Bypassing the spam folder means steering clear of the words that will put you there, and unfortunately for biz owners, it has a lot to do with CTAs used in your campaigns, and words that denote you don’t actually have a relationship with the person you’re emailing (i.e. Dear Friend). CTAs or calls-to-action are words used to entice people into taking action. “Shop now” is a CTA example you may have used or at least seen in several email campaigns.
In addition to un-personalized emails and CTAs, certain words and characters used in email subject lines can also trigger spam filters. How will you know? Of course, we’ve got a list! Check out the words to avoid or at least use (really) sparingly:
Instead of using this general greeting, try to personalize your emails using Merge tags. Make sure to include a place for subscribers to include their first name when signing up for your list.
Here’s one of those no-no CTAs. Try to be more specific with your requests. Think: Read more, Learn more, Subscribe, Contact us, Schedule an appointment, etc.
Everyone loves to see the word “free,” right? That’s why scammers love to use it. You can slip it into the body of your email once or twice if you really need to, but try not to overwhelm your audience with too much content promising free things. You’ll end up next to one of those “Dear Sir” emails from the Zenith Bank Benin Republic.
Re: or Fwd:
Scammers use Re: and Fwd: in subject lines because they are used so often in our real email lives. Most people will open an email automatically when they see either of these in the subject line. Avoid using Re: and Fwd: unless you're actually forwarding or replying to an email.
Great offer, Guarantee, and Risk-free
Don’t these words kind of remind you of those corny TV commercials promising DEALS! DEALS! DEALS! on crappy furniture? None of us want our legitimate businesses associated with sleazy “DEALS! DEALS! DEALS!,” but also, since these words are meant to entice, they’re used frequently by internet scammers. Guaranteeing your subscribers a great offer that’s risk-free sounds good in theory, but it will likely land you in their spam folders.
But wait, there’s more! Here are a few more things not to do and words to avoid to make sure your campaigns are sent to their intended place.
Avoid characters in your subject lines: !$#&%
Just say no to ALL CAPS subject lines
Money words that won’t help you make any:
Timeliness words that are a waste of your time:
CTAs to not call to action:
And last but not least, “This is not spam” won’t keep your campaigns out of the spam folder, y’all, it will actually put them there. 🤷♀️
Have you noticed any words/phrases we didn’t mention that have landed your email campaigns in the spam folder before? Comment below and let us know! | <urn:uuid:2038f681-5b99-4593-81c0-3e0ff34cc9da> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nicelybuilt.com/blogs/news/how-to-keep-your-email-campaigns-out-of-the-spam-folder | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.938479 | 789 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Sketch the electric field around the following arrangements of "small" charged objects.
an isolated positive charge
an isolated negative charge
two positive charges of equal magnitude
two negative charges of equal magnitude
an electric dipole (one positive and one negative charge of equal magnitude)
sketch-e.pdf The diagram below shows the location and charge of two identical small spheres. Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field at the five points indicated with open circles. Use these results and symmetry to find the electric field at as many points as possible without additional calculation. Write your results on or near the points. Sketch the approximate magnitude and direction of the field at these points.
A charged object will spark spontaneously when the electric field on its surface exceeds 3 × 106 N/C, the dielectric strength of air. This prevents it from acquiring any more charge. A typical Van de Graaff generator for classroom use is probably 75 cm tall and has a collector dome that is 30 cm in diameter.
What maximum charge can a Van de Graaff generator like the one I just described hold?
How many of these Van de Graaff generators would you need to separate one coulomb of charge?
Write something completely different.
What happens to the strength of the electric field at any location in space if the magnitude of the charge used to test the field is…
Sketch the electric field around the following pairs of point charges. Draw continuous field lines and assume the charges are separated by a few centimeters of empty space.
A +3 μC charge on the left and a +1 μC charge on the right.
A +3 μC charge on the left and a −1 μC charge on the right.
The electric field of the Earth is due to the separation of charges between the surface of the Earth and the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere.
If the direction of the Earth's electric field points down, what is the sign of the charge on the Earth's surface? Explain your answer.
Is the charge on the surface of the Earth due to an excess or a deficit of electrons? Explain your answer.
An estimate of the net charge on the Earth can be made by assuming that all of the charge on the Earth is concentrated at its center. If the electric field on the Earth's surface is 120 N/C, what is the net charge of the Earth?
Calculate the surface area of the Earth.
What is the surface charge density of the Earth in…
coulombs per square meter [C/m2] and
elementary charges per square meter [e/m2].
A charge of −1.0 μC is located on the y-axis 1.0 m from the origin at the coordinates (0,1) while a second charge of +1.0 μC is located on the x-axis 1.0 m from the origin at the coordinates (1,0). Determine the…
…of the electric field at the origin.
The drawing on the right shows two charged objects, one located at the origin indicated by a solid circle and a second located first at point A and then at point B (indicated by open circles). Points on the grid are separated by one meter. Thus point A is 3 m right and 4 m down relative to the origin and point B is 8 m right and 6 m up relative to the origin. The magnitude of the electrostatic force on the second charge is 20 N when it is located at point A. Determine the magnitude of the electrostatic force when the second charge is moved to point B.
An old fashioned television picture tube (also known as a cathode ray tube or CRT) is about a half meter long and has a potential difference of about 10,000 V between the front and the back. Determine the following quantities inside a typical CRT TV.
the electric field strength
the force on an electron
the acceleration of an electron
Determine the following quantities for an electron in a typical CRT when it strikes the phosphor coating on the front of the tube.
its kinetic energy
Electrons with this much energy will produce x-rays when stopped abruptly.
Are the x-rays produced by a CRT television a matter for concern? If yes, why? If not, why not? | <urn:uuid:f6e825fd-3a4b-4667-a98d-5e28f446e2d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://physics.info/electric-field/problems.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.923103 | 920 | 4.125 | 4 |
Slippery elm trees grow in damp forest in areas across the United States and in portions of Canada. For hundreds of years, the bark of this tree has been used for soothing coughs and sore throats and for treating urinary tract infections. Native Americans would also create a balm from the bark and use it to treat open wounds. You must harvest slippery elm bark correctly, or the tree may contract disease. Harvest slippery elm bark before April or after June.
Use a sharp knife to slice away the bark from the main trunk of the tree. Cut deep enough into the tree so that you see the green layer that is somewhat slimy to the touch. Then begin peeling away the bark, down the tree's trunk.
Use scissors to cut up the strips of bark into small, square pieces.
Place the cut pieces of bark onto an old window screen or a piece of wire mesh for approximately two weeks in a cool, dry location. Allow it to dry until it is hard and brittle to the touch.
Place the pieces of dried bark into labeled, airtight storage containers and store in a cool, dark place. | <urn:uuid:349b30c2-3468-416c-87c4-9dc8469d8361> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gardenguides.com/139442-harvest-slippery-elm.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00420-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918768 | 230 | 3.171875 | 3 |
In her installations, sculptures and drawings, the Paris-based artist Tatiana Trouvé tackles the uncertain boundaries of fiction and reality, the mental and the physical, and explores notions of time, space and memory. Her breakthrough work was Bureau d’Activités Implicites (Bureau of Implicit Activities), or B.A.I., an open-ended project begun in 1997 and developed over a decade, and which she now considers dormant. Drawing on the often frustrating experiences of establishing herself as a professional artist, she conceived the large-scale installation as a structure in which she might place her accumulated drawings and projects for works as yet unrealized, as well as give some form of visibility to her search for support as an artist. B.A.I. consists of 13 “modules” of various sizes and forms, shown sometimes as a whole and at other times in smaller clusters. Each is devoted to a different aspect of Trouvé’s life. At the heart of B.A.I. is the Reminiscence Module (1999), a mirrored cylinder whose surface reflects the other modules, among them the Administrative Module (1997-2002), a construction akin to an office cubicle, which contains a perpetually expanding archive of administrative documents (grant applications, résumés, rejection and acceptance letters) and office supplies (staples, rubber bands, stamps). Trouvé’s passports and identity cards are displayed along the module’s exterior.
In 2000 Trouvé undertook a series of miniature installations developed from B.A.I. titled “Polders,” the Dutch term for land reclaimed from water. These consist of familiar and yet somehow cryptic objects—desks and chairs, gym equipment, video surveillance cameras, mirrors, etc., made of metal, Plexiglas, rubber and other materials—realized at half their normal size. In 2007 Trouvé began to make isolated sculptures—generally linear abstractions—and to create enigmatic, carefully lit rooms, often displayed behind glass, again containing familiar-looking items made of various materials. The objects—bed frames and other furnishings, exercise machines, shoes, doors, etc.—have an unsettling psychological effect, and, although they contain no figures, the rooms suggest the potential for a human presence.
Born in 1968 in Cosenza, Italy, to an Italian mother and a French father, Trouvé spent her early childhood in Orco Feglino, Italy, and lived from age eight to 15 in Dakar, Senegal. She graduated from the National School of Fine Art at the Villa Arson, Nice, in 1989, and relocated to the Netherlands in 1990 for a two-year residency at the artist-run Ateliers 63 in Haarlem. She moved back to Italy in 1993 and settled in Paris two years later. In 2003 she showed at CAPC Bordeaux and participated in the Venice Biennale. Trouvé had a solo exhibition in 2007 at the Palais de Tokyo in Paris, and the same year she made a site-specific installation for “Think with the Senses—Feel with the Mind,” organized by Robert Storr at the Venice Biennale. (Trouvé and I worked together there, as I was assisting Storr on the show.) Also in 2007, she received the Marcel Duchamp Prize, which led to her solo show “4 between 2 and 3” (2008) at the Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris.
More recently, Trouvé has been producing a body of work that ties together her interests in sculpture, architecture and drawing. For her recent exhibition at the Migros Museum in Zurich [Nov. 21, 2009-Feb. 21, 2010], she produced site-specific sculptures, installations and her first wall drawings. Prior to that she had been making medium-size works on paper in graphite, often combined with collage, depicting spare modernist interiors. Called “Envelopments,” her large-scale, pencil-and-collage wall drawings blend images of domestic settings with urban or natural landscapes. For the drawings in Zurich, she embedded copper filaments (which she also used in her earlier, smaller drawings) in the wall and extended them to the floor, where she placed large rocks.
I met Trouvé at her Paris studio on Oct. 20, 2009, as she was preparing for two major exhibitions, the one at the Migros Museum and another at Kunsthaus Graz, Austria (which opened Feb. 6). Later this month, she makes her solo New York debut at Gagosian Gallery. We spoke in Italian, which I have translated into English.
Francesca Pietropaolo Perhaps we could start by talking about the Bureau d’Activités Implicites or B.A.I., which was conceived as an open work intended to evolve over time. What is time, for you?
Tatiana Trouvé Time is the theme underlying all my work. It’s hard to know what time is, but I don’t think I would work with it so much otherwise. The only thing we know for sure about time is how to calculate it. I like to think of it as a material, a formless space with which you can play, do different things.
FP B.A.I. captures the time of your life as an artist.Through your accumulation of materials, your creation of an archive, etc., is there an attempt to suggest a time regained? There seem to be multiple layers of time rather than a linear evolution from the past to the present and future.
TT I was interested in working on the recovery of time, and of things that are never really considered constructive, or part of a productive activity. Like when you are waiting for your turn in line, or for a bus, an appointment, a phone call. All this, which is an enormous amount of time in our lives, is regarded as non-time, as something wasted. This isn’t so obvious. I believe these waiting moments are quite productive. In this waiting time there is a construction of the self, of the subject. And I also realized that the unconscious has no time, or an immeasurable time. So in my Bureau I started playing with all these different aspects of time. Back then, I had just arrived in France and I was looking for a job.
FP So you were waiting to find a job, and you turned this waiting time into something creative.
TT Not only was I waiting to find a job, but I lacked the economic means to work as an artist. I did not have enough money to rent a studio. My job search took all my time, and that took time away from my work as an artist. I asked myself if an artist could be an artist when he/she has neither a studio nor works of art. From what moment is an artist an artist? Was the fact that I knew I was an artist enough? And what could I invent in this, a completely invisible space? So I began to play with forms of temporality. I tried to recover moments of my life to make something of them, including the time invested in finding a job and sending out résumés filled with all the things one should have done in a lifetime. I created curricula vitae with everything I could have never done in my life: I was Chinese, I was a black man; I was 15 years old again, or 40, 60; I was a doctor, etc. I invented other jobs, other studies—in short, other identities. I started to have a thousand possible existences. It was really a form of projection into other lives, and into time. But, also, it was a means of taking a journey back through all my readings, all my projects, even all the rejections I had received. All these materials constituted the Bureau d’Activités Implicites, a blend of my artistic projects and the quotidian experiences in my life.
FP You call the structural elements of the Bureau modules. There is a close relationship between sculpture and architecture in your work. Do the modules express a desire to give a structure, in some way, to the disorder, the chaos of life?
TT I, too, asked myself this question. I explained these modules to myself as a kind of architecture of aridity, as if I were trying to create walls to keep the desert from advancing. And I tried to give a form to things that were formless, since my various projects, letters, even the titles of works had never seen the light of day. My modules finally allowed these materials to exist, be presented and stir the viewer’s desire to actually consult them. I built them in order to finally give a space to things that, in our inner selves, can have huge spaces, but have no form outside.
FP You were in art school at the Villa Arson, Nice, and then you continued to study art in the Netherlands. Did you also study architecture?
TT No, I didn’t, but my dad was a professor at the School of Architecture in Dakar, Senegal, where he currently lives. He is what you would call an architect on paper, because he has never built anything in his life! My sister and I grew up in this architectural environment, and then we did some small jobs in the field, to have some pocket change. So the world of architecture—floor plans and the like—is familiar to me.
FP The Bureau contains various kinds of drawings, but they are not visible, as they are hidden inside the modules, in “archives” of various sorts. Some of them inspired your artist’s book Djinns . How would you describe the relationship between your drawings and your sculptural installations? How do your drawings relate to an underlying theme in your work, the tension between visibility and invisibility?
TT This is a key issue for me. There’s a real difference between a project design and a drawing. In B.A.I. my project designs were hidden because they carry a potentiality, something that will happen in the future: hence they are not autonomous. My drawings are in and of themselves—autonomous. Drawing has a life of its own; it doesn’t promise something else. It is not under our eyes to say, “I’m here, but only to make you an image of what will happen.” The designs in B.A.I. existed as something to be potentially consulted; they could not be presented in the same way as my autonomous drawings. Afterwards, it was possible for me to show some of them, and to rework some of them as the artist’s book, which was another space—yet another in-between space.
FP Your work establishes a very interesting relationship with the spectator, an oscillation between attraction and distancing. For instance, the “Polders” keep viewers at bay.
TT You cannot enter the world of the “Polders”; you view it from the outside. Their scale is so much smaller than human scale that you cannot walk in anyway, and you cannot physically manipulate them. The furniture that is so often part of these small environments is recognizable, yet it is made in miniature. Sometimes the objects are placed behind mirrors or Plexiglas. What I wanted was to propose worlds that are above all mental. When there is a line that cannot be crossed physically, the work can continue to be completed. The same is true when we look at a picture, watch a film or read a book.
I take as an example Alighiero Boetti, whose work I first saw when I was a student. He has really influenced me—all of his works, but two in particular. One is Lampada Annuale [Annual Lamp, 1966], which the artist claimed switches on for a few seconds once a year—though you never know when. It consists simply of a vertical box with a glass top. Inside, there is a lamp. What’s interesting is not the fact that this sculpture exists, that it can be seen as it is, but that it can become something, that it makes a promise. There’s this huge distance between all of its possibilities. Maybe the lightbulb switched on five minutes before my arrival, or will do so five minutes after my departure. Maybe it will never turn on, maybe it will turn on in 10 years. What will happen in 10 years, what will it be like then? Why at that very moment? Between the work of art and the spectator is a universe full of possibilities. The other work by Boetti consists of glass propped against a wall.
FP It’s Nothing To See, Nothing To Hide [1969-86], a large sheet of glass gridded with iron.
TT Yes, “nothing to see, nothing to hide”—yet it exists between two worlds, the inside and the outside, and it suggests many other possible dimensions. I like to be able to create dimensions, too, although I render them in a completely different fashion—and perhaps not as radically as Boetti.
FP You once referred to thought as a plastic entity. Can you tell me more about this?
TT Thought is something very malleable to me. Sometimes I have an idea for a work, I start to make it, and an incident occurs, something unexpected. Other times a new reflection or way of seeing things compels me to change the project entirely. This is true of everything: it is the same for the scientist who experiments in the lab, for instance. And I believe that thinking requires a continuous modeling of itself. When you write a text, you reread it and rework it: it is a material that you work with to attract the reader, to take the reader in a certain direction. You enter a field at once plastic and mental. Similarly, making sculpture is not simply a matter of style and syntax, but a practice that attempts to seduce the spectator.
FP You speak about writing. You yourself created a work that consists of a series of titles or brief texts: the title is the work. Who are the writers that interest you the most?
TT Fernando Pessoa is one writer I read a lot, perhaps because he invented so many characters, which allowed him to invent many forms of literature. Then there are Borges and Calvino. But also Dino Buzzati, whose short novella Il grande ritratto [The Great Portrait, 1960] has deeply influenced me. I reread it recently. It’s really a masterpiece. That’s the reason I titled my exhibition in Graz “Il grande ritratto.”
FP So, a tribute to Buzzati.
TT Yes. They wanted to translate the title into English and German, but I found that it was really a pity, because there are titles that cannot be translated. For example, the French publisher’s translation is L’image de Pierre, which evokes something different. Il grande ritratto is more metaphorical. What can the great portrait of a person be? How do you paint a person?
FP It also makes us reflect on the very idea of the masterpiece, the great work of art.
TT Yes, absolutely. Do you know the story?
FP I read it a while back. It is a kind of science fiction.
TT It is the wonderful story of a scientist who tries to re-create his late beloved wife in the form of a great, complex building. In it he somehow re-creates her brain and body, and all the qualities of her temperament, including her bursts of jealousy and rage: a woman brought back to life—regained by the man who loves her—but as something like a lost city. What is beautiful is the secrecy that pervades the story. It takes place in a highly guarded military zone; no one can access it, except for a group of scientists. There is a quote in the book which, to me, is a splendid definition of a work of art and how it can be approached. The soldiers say, “We know absolutely nothing, but of this nothing at least we can speak.” Ideally the spectator of my work is someone who has no information about the work and maybe even no understanding of it, yet perceives that nothing.
FP You have spoken to me about the pleasure of retelling stories as one remembers them, which you say is a way to always add new elements. Does this accent on the transformative power of memory and storytelling spring from your childhood in Senegal, where there is a rich oral tradition?
TT In Africa there is the tradition of the griots, who go from house to house in the village and tell you about where you come from and who you are. In the past they had a crucial role. Today, Dakar, where I grew up, is a metropolis, where people from the rest of Africa and from all over the world live. But the griots continue to offer their knowledge. When I was little, they would stop by our house, and I remember thinking, “It’s incredible. They speak about my ancestors killing lions, and this and that, and I’m white!” So I began to imagine that maybe I was a ghost, another person belonging to a different reality. I invented for myself and my family a whole new dimension: we were invisible, transparent people, as if we were ghosts of some kind, living in another reality. That’s why I titled my book of drawings Djinns. The djinns are ghosts or spirits often living in gardens. They are not physical entities. You cannot see them, but you can sense them.
Also, in Africa there is a unique way to capture time and toy with it. I remember that once my mother invited a family friend to our house for dinner the following day, and two months passed before the person came by, taking my mother by surprise! This left a lasting impression on me. I realized that in Africa there is a different relationship with time, and among people. An invitation like that is a kind of a gift. When you invite someone to your house on a certain date it can also mean a week or months later. And the same with greetings: when two people meet on the street, they greet for maybe half an hour, because they greet the world of a person, the whole family, all your space.
FP Your works conjure an inner space, even if there is always a strong dialogue between inside and outside.
TT There is a really intimate and yet completely open dimension. What I call intimate is for me a mental space. This, for me, is intimacy.
FP The body is also very important to you—even more so when it is kept out.
TT In my view the rational and irrational, the mind and senses, always mingle. What I like is to let them slip one into the other, and be complementary rather than opposite. Just like Boetti, who turned himself into Alighiero e Boetti. It is about being double, about taking one’s double by the hand and doing things together. I am interested in structuring opposites together, to give life to multiple possibilities. I don’t believe in categorical opposites. Rilke gave a beautiful definition for art: of artworks he said, “Seul l’amour peut les saisir,” as it translates in French. There is a completely irrational movement that allows people to attract and be attracted, as in the case of love. Saisi—I really like this word in French, which means that we are caught by something. And in this being “caught,” we are also “catching” something. It is a double movement.
FP You often use mirrors, which conjure the double. The small ones in the “Polder” that I just saw at the Centre Pompidou [in the group exhibition “Les Archipels réinventés”] are like the eye of the work looking from the inside out, from multiple angles.
TT The mirror is a passage to another space. In that particular “Polder” there are also small video monitors, where images flow. In that miniature architecture I tried to show that other spaces exist, and they are concrete. I also tried to point out the dimension of control pervading our daily life: think of security cameras and the like. For example, at the supermarket, the exit, with its magnetic security system, marks a frontier in and out of what is presented as an open, inviting space, yet is actually controlled. In that “Polder” the eyes of the cameras are directed at certain angles to make visible spaces we would not notice otherwise. Same for the little mirrors. In later, larger installations, I have always tried to use the mirror to the same effect: as another space that invites you to go beyond. Just like Jean Cocteau, whose characters go beyond the mirror into another dimension. In mirrors, ghosts and vampires can’t see themselves, my dog does not recognize herself. This interests me and plays into my work: it is not about what the mirror reflects, but about its capacity to create other worlds. I use it to create holes in the architecture, so to speak—to open up other angles. That’s what I tried to do in my installation for the Venice Biennale in 2007.
FP In many of its concerns—gravity, energy, infinity—your work shares a certain consonance with Arte Povera; you spoke about Boetti, and I’m also reminded of Giovanni Anselmo.
TT I was very sensitive to the vocabulary of Arte Povera when I was a student. It was a good answer to Minimalism—I say this even though I like Minimalism very much—in the sense that the Arte Povera artists were saying, “Okay, maybe we can reduce everything to the essentials of form and space, to this purity, but there is another aspect that is mental, maybe even ‘poor,’ in which there is an infinite field of possibilities.” The important contribution of Arte Povera is its ability to draw on the world of the imagination, of fancy—which can never be erased—with a minimum of materials.
FP When you have a show, you usually get to know the venue in person well in advance. What is your working method?
TT I do that for all my exhibitions. I go to see the space, take pictures and re-create it in a model. Then, usually, I do more things than I should! My works are all delivered but I do not end up installing all of them. I don’t work with 3-D simulation, but rather like the old-fashioned architects, with floor plans. It takes a lot of time.
FP So you’re very patient.
TT I’m very patient! My dad teases me because he does everything with the computer, AutoCAD, etc. I seem to waste a lot of time, but I also gain time because I can really concentrate. Sometimes when you work in simulated space you can be seduced very quickly by a solution. You can arrive too easily at the correct scale, giving in to things that just “work” and look effective. But, after working on a model, when you’re in the actual space, you say “Gee, but it’s tiny!” I like this perceptual shift, because then I have to respond to reality again. And I want to keep this kind of freedom. When I get there, that’s when the work is finished, in that moment. This is what the legacy of Duchamp is all about: waiting for the unexpected, to make something with it. And for me this appointment is important! I work in the space late into the night; I like being able to intervene, discover unforeseen things. And then I like the surprise of seeing that things which worked in the model no longer work well, or not at all in the same way.
FP Do you begin from one object that inspires you to compose these carefully orchestrated spaces, or are you already thinking in terms of the ensemble?
TT I begin with certain items that trigger my imagination. Some objects resist a degree of abstraction that sets them free from their narrative—and by abstraction I mean what results from my formal manipulation, which allows me to pull them into a dimension of my own making. But other objects, I find, more easily lose a bit of their content to gain a new one, so that they refer to something else. Take a pair of shoes: if I use leather shoes, they are real shoes and I can’t do much with them. But if I make a mold and cast them in bronze, they become represented. This representation establishes a relationship that I have with the world. Same thing with a mattress: if I place it as is in a room, it evokes sleep, softness, etc., but if I wrap it and then remake it in cement, it becomes sculpture. Now it may call to mind Pompeii, speaking of a fossilized story—a kind of petrified, congealed narrative.
FP Can you say something about the materials you most love to work with?
TT Well, I am unfaithful! I use copper a lot for its conductive properties. In architecture, it is used for electricity, water, gas—and, to me, it also almost suggests a nervous system. I also like to use copper because it is an important component of bronze and is thus associated with one of the oldest sculptural materials. Its vocabulary is much more open than, say, that of plastic, which is linked to a certain time, to a different type of processing. But it really depends on what I’m doing. I use leather, stone, sand, a bit of everything.
FP Am I looking at a model of the Kunsthaus Graz?
TT Yes, not an easy building. All the walls are curved. I have tried to create an installation in such a way that when you enter the museum you also exit it. Perhaps that’s because of the relationship I had with the space: as soon as I walked in, I wanted to get out! There are all these columns, so I decided to toy with them: I made sculptures that run along them, describing linear arabesques. My installations for this show tend to refer to fragments of landscapes, things that are found outside and that are recomposed within this exhibition—elements evoking both nature and the modern world. I use sand, plants, stones, etc., but also oil splattered on the ground to call to mind a car repair shop. Things that drip and slip—even on some of the existing windows—to suggest the traces of a cryptic activity. As I said, I like the idea of putting the viewer both inside and outside.
FP And how about the show at the Migros Museum?
TT Let me show you the Migros model. The show comprises a series of installations and four wall drawings. For example, upon entering, you encounter an installation of 350 pendulums of all different shapes, suspended from the ceiling [350 Points towards Infinity]. They don’t touch the ground, and they slant at different angles, depending on the placement of 350 magnets embedded, for the occasion, in the floor. The installation gives the impression of a huge rainstorm—a rain of pendulums. And it also suggests a crazy magnetic space, with forces pulling in all directions. As you walk around it, you discover that I placed the pendulums so as to create on the floor the visual outline of a slightly irregular sphere, which alludes to infinity.
FP It seems to play with the idea of where we are in the world, suggesting we are always a bit off center.
TT And that every space est gerée par une loi qui l’est propre—is governed by a law of its own. This is evident also in another of the Migros installations, called La promessa della linea [Promise of Line]. It comprises a copper wire embedded in the wall which, after running through another wall element reminiscent of a gas cylinder, is connected to a large geometric Plexiglas sculpture resting on the floor and containing a hydrometer. The installation is about transformation and interconnection—and this copper line is the key to the entire show. It crosses spaces and dimensions, and in so doing it transforms itself. Introduced right at the beginning of the show, the motif of the copper line resurfaces, taking yet another form, at the end of what I like to view as a journey of puzzling discoveries carefully crafted for the public. I devoted the last room to large wall drawings [“Envelopments”] that incorporate copper filaments running out from the wall onto the floor. These wires connect the drawings with each other and with the space they inhabit.
FP In this new body of work the dialogue between the second, third and fourth dimensions is taken a step further.
TT Yes, it’s true. With the wall drawings, the exhibition space—and more generally the actual space we move in and about—becomes the space of the drawing. The viewer enters right into it, becomes one of the elements of the drawing.
FP And as in your earlier and smaller drawings, you here use graphite and collage. How does collage figure in this new context? It seems to further complicate subtle dimensional shifts.
TT Absolutely. Also, I tend to work in drawing by subtracting and adding, like I do with sculpture. Some things in my installations are used almost as I find them, which is a form of collage, after all.
FP Lighting also seems very important in your creation of ambiguous, mysterious atmospheres.
TT Light is an integral part of the work and, to me, speaks of time in particular ways. In half-light, for instance, there is a very strong temporality. In my work, I attempt to evoke a moment that is neither day nor night: entre chien et loup, we say in French, referring to a certain light when things are in the middle—when, symbolically, a dog may become a wolf. Things are just between two worlds that have not yet touched.
FP You make small models in order to explore new forms for your sculptures. Do you draw your forms beforehand, or do you work directly with the model?
TT I start directly with the models and then reproduce them in large format.
FP Here is a small model consisting of a freestanding system of lines within which we see two connected plugs. Such self-feeding motifs, and the use of materials like copper, recur in your work, evoking circuits or continuous life cycles.
TT Yes. And the sculptures remain fixed in a single position, as if in a frozen moment, in a shape determined by the principle of self-generated energy. I like to think of these sculptures as having been shaped by the space that contains them, by the architecture itself—as if their often attenuated forms had been determined by a force of attraction pulling them from the floor toward the ceiling, defying gravity—as if there were magnetic forces at work. It’s a little bit like Giacometti’s sculptures, which look as though they are carved by a corrosive atmosphere, or energy, all around them. I love working with the idea of a form determined by something imperceptible to us.
FP You have explored the double in two related series of drawings, which you called “Intranquility” and “Remanence.” Their dialogue is like that between day and night, right?
TT Exactly. From my drawings in the B.A.I., I got the idea of copying some earlier drawings. Revisiting also means making changes. So I decided to draw black on black, rethinking things that already happened. It’s like when you wake up in the middle of the night in a space that you know, but that you experience in a different way.
FP Imagery from interior design and nature—plants, fragments of landscape—appear often in your drawings. What are your source materials: photographs, magazines?
TT I use everything. I have archives of images catalogued by subject—both found images and photographs I take—but some things I draw directly because they are simple and I don’t find them anywhere else. So there’s a mixture.
FP You often employ fire as an image and as a medium. For instance, you might burn the surface of a drawing. The Plexiglas object here in the studio has traces of some burning, too.
TT I like to allude to something that happened just before we looked—an impact or some kind of activity that has changed the order of things. First I used dripping materials—like oil—and then I started to use fire. A wall drawing I am making for Zurich is of a burning car; in this and other drawings I used fire as a medium to turn some architectural elements drawn with copper into slightly rusty structures.
FP So it’s about the beginning of a transformation.
TT Yes. The trace of an impact with no memory, no history.
FP Circling back to B.A.I., with which we started this conversation: some read in it a critique of the pervasive control of bureaucracy, often associated with French culture. Did you intend this?
TT Yes—the administrative module. That is why I titled it as I did. But for the other modules, that’s not the case. Perhaps many think about the administrative element because the work is called Bureau. Maybe I could have called it “laboratory,” but to me that would have lent the work too experimental a dimension.
FP Too scientific.
TT Yes, and that was not my realm. Today many people think of it as a critique of society, of bureaucracy, but in my mind it was something more open: it evoked both working time and personal time, since bureau in French also means a desk—something you work on at home. “C’est mon bureau” is my study in the sense of my worktable. So this title seemed semantically much more open.
FP What will you show in New York?
TT I would like to show large-format wall drawings enveloping the viewer, along the line of what I will have done in Zurich. I would like to propose that idea through new drawings conceived and made specifically for the gallery. This exhibition will be after the shows in Zurich and Graz, and so I will play somehow with what I did there, to do something specifically for New York. I was happy because the gallery told me that I could do what I wanted.
FP It will be your first show in New York?
TT Yes, so I am quite excited.
“Tatiana Trouvé: Il Grande Ritratto” iscurrently at Kunsthaus Graz [Feb. 2-May 16], and the artist’s solo exhibition at Gagosian Gallery’s Madison Avenue space in New York opens later this month [Mar. 25-June 26]. “Tatiana Trouvé: A Stay Between Enclosure and Space” appeared at the Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst, Zurich [Nov. 21, 2009-Feb. 21, 2010].
Francesca Pietropaolo is a curator and critic based in Venice. | <urn:uuid:ef716307-a628-4c97-b466-09338d1d7746> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/magazine/tatiana-trouv/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00355-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968785 | 7,459 | 1.710938 | 2 |
What schools need to know about homeless students
- Homeless families move frequently. Several school moves can cause students to fall behind.
- Homeless students may feel the need to “cover-up” to avoid embarrassments. Many homeless students act aggressively and are labeled troublemakers.
- Often homeless students can become depressed due to their living conditions. They may withdraw and show a lack of effort.
What is legally required?
The Stewart B. McKinney Act, which was passed by Congress in 1987, sets forth conditions for educating homeless children. Under this Act, schools must:
- Provide every homeless child access to public education.
- Gather data and develop plans for educating homeless children.
- Maintain homeless children in the school they are attending or enroll them in the district where they are residing (whichever is in the best interest of the child) for the entire school year.
- Provide services for homeless students comparable to the services offered to all other students in the school, including transportation.
- Maintain homeless children’s records so they are timely and available.
In addition, 1990 amendments to the bill require schools to:
- Develop policies to remove barriers to enrolling homeless students.
- Put in writing, plans to provide transportation for homeless students.
- Document how they are handling enrollment delays caused by immunization requirements, guardian issues and lack of birth certificates or school records.
- Develop plans for staff training on the educational needs of homeless children and ensure that homeless children are not isolated or stigmatized. | <urn:uuid:a53a32f8-c36e-4d30-8aa1-9963f1df510d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.sccresa.org/resources/homelessstudentassistanceprogram/whatschoolsneedtoknow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720845.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00086-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957431 | 315 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Places to go with your dog
1 On the beach
A day out — or a holiday — at the beach can be fun as well as educational: take toys for your dog to play with, plenty of towels to dry him off if he takes a dip in the sea, and a bowl and supply of fresh water so he doesn’t make himself ill trying to drink the salty stuff when he gets thirsty. Stick to areas where dogs are allowed — sometimes access is only to certain parts of the beach, or isn’t permitted at particular times of the year. Visit www. goodbeachguide.co.uk to find places where your pet will be welcome. Remember that other people are there to enjoy themselves too, and, as well as pedestrians, holidaymakers, and other dogs, you might meet kite fliers, paragliders, sand yachts, off-shore anglers, swimmers, and sometimes even cars. Make sure you keep your dog under control and don’t allow him to interfere with others — apart from spoiling their fun, it could be dangerous for him too.
2 Hit the history trail
You don’t need to be a history buff to enjoy a visit to a historical site, and it can be a great way for your pet to meet lots of new people. Lots of sites are free, and many are open to dogs, although at some you might be asked to keep them on leads — but where this is the case, at least you’ll know that encounters with other dogs will be controlled. There’s a wealth of places to explore all around the country, from standing stones and prehistoric burial sites to hill forts, Roman ruins, medieval castles, and open-air museums featuring rescued and reconstructed buildings. Do a little research before your visit, as knowing a bit about the site can help make it come alive for you and ensures you don’t miss anything. As well as visiting www.english-heritage.org.uk and www.nationaltrust.org.uk to find dog-friendly historical places to visit, pop into your local tourist information office for details of other local attractions which might not be featured on the heritage websites.
3 Take to the water
Enjoy a relaxing break with your dog, as well as giving him a new experience, by taking him on a narrowboat holiday; a quick search on the internet will produce lots of results for dog-friendly companies all around the country that you can choose from. When you get bored watching the world go by, simply hop out on to the canal towpath to stretch your legs and enjoy a different view. Do take a few safety precautions though, especially if your dog’s a water lover: don’t let him swim as the water quality might not be great, and hidden hazards can lurk just beneath the surface.
With sheer sides it will also be hard for him to get out without assistance. Take care when he’s getting on or off the boat to make sure he doesn’t fall in; a lifejacket is a good idea, especially if it has a handle on the back which you can use to help support him at such moments.
If you need a little inspiration, try reading ‘Narrow Dog to Carcassonne’ and ‘Narrow Dog to Indian River’, both by Terry Darlington (Bantam)* to help you get in the mood.
4 Out for a meal
Enjoying a meal you haven’t had to cook yourself can make a nice midday break during a day out, or form the perfect end to one. Although health and safety regulations mean you won’t be able to take your dog into a restaurant, there are plenty of pubs where he’ll be able to accompany you for a meal. It’s likely that you’ll have to sit in the beer garden, but as long as you choose a nice day that won’t be much of a hardship. Depending on your personal tastes and where you go, food can vary from basic pub grub to top-notch cuisine. Visit www.doggiepubs.org.uk for recommendations. Make sure you teach your dog to sit or lie down quietly so you can eat undisturbed, and keep him close by you on a lead. Give him a tasty long-lasting chewy treat to keep him occupied, and a bowl of water.
5 Attend a show
Keep an eye on the local press for details of village fêtes, which can be full of novel sights and sounds, especially if a carnival procession is involved. Lots of fêtes also have companion dog shows as part of the attraction where your pet can strut his stuff, or you might like to go along to a game or country fair where all sorts of have-a-go activities will be on offer.
6 Picnic site
Taking your dog for a picnic can be the perfect outing for dogs of all ages, and especially for elderly dogs who, unable to cope any longer with the more challenging excursions of their youth, find themselves being left behind at home. A short gentle stroll (as you won’t want to lug a picnic hamper too far) to a scenic spot where he can lie down, relax, sniff the air, and enjoy a few special treats is a different matter; while keeping within his physical ability, it will help him feel he’s still a part of things, and the change of environment can also provide some often much-needed stimulation for him.
7 Special events
Re-enactments of different periods of history can be another fun family day out, and one which will help broaden your dog’s experiences. He’ll be able to meet Romans and Saxons, Roundheads and Cavaliers, or soldiers from the two World Wars, all of whom will look a little different from the people he usually meets. Take care at events which involve firing guns or cannons if these are likely to frighten him; they’re usually scheduled to take place at certain times, so you can avoid being nearby if you check the timetable first.
Re-enactments often take place at heritage sites and other historical attractions around the country — check websites and your local tourist office for details.
8 Back to school
Training classes aren’t just for those with puppies or new dogs — they’re for everyone, and lots of clubs cater for all levels. Once you’ve got basic training under your belt, ask if there are other classes you can join so you can add a bit of polish and fi nesse to what you’ve already learned.
If formal obedience isn’t your thing, you can always join a club which specialises in activities such as agility, showing, heelwork to music, trick training, or rally obedience — choose something you both enjoy and it will be easier to stay motivated and not let training lapse. Advice on choosing a trainer plus a list of Association of Pet Dog Trainers’ members can be found at www.apdt.co.uk.
9 Woodland walk
Woodlands have an ever-changing beauty as the seasons pass, and all are different in character, ranging from ancient forests such as Savernake, Wiltshire, and Burnham Beeches,
Buckinghamshire, to more modern plantations of conifers; many wooded areas are also home to sculpture trails with artworks. Woodlands can be hugely exciting places for your dog, who will happily scamper from one place to the next, snuffling through piles of leaves and chasing squirrels.
Woodlands might also be home to deer, badgers, foxes, and other wildlife which your dog might not be familiar with. Take care not to lose sight of him and make sure you have excellent leave and recall commands — keep him on a lead if not. Watch out for other visitors your dog might not be accustomed to meeting, such as horse riders, plus logging activities and treetop adventure courses. Find woodlands at www. woodlandtrust.org.uk and www.forestry.gov.uk.
10 Long distance hike
Set yourselves a challenge by tackling a long-distance walk; if it’s not possible or practical to complete it in one go, there’s no reason why you can’t walk it in shorter sections, covering a little bit at a time. It’s a great way of getting away from your usual haunts and for your dog to encounter a whole host of new sights, sounds, and smells. Details of walks plus plenty of practical advice can be found at www.ramblers.org.uk and www.ldwa.org.uk. | <urn:uuid:98961d80-e9f0-4dd6-a076-1cfbcc5594c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://yourdog.co.uk/Dog-Activities/places-to-go-with-your-dog.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00180-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955136 | 1,810 | 1.78125 | 2 |
1. Focus on Objectives
If you cannot see the gain of something, you may probably surrender to it. After all, why bother, if it is now no longer going to get you anywhere? So, you may want a robust feel of reason about drawing up your getting-to-know objectives.
Start through list the abilities and understanding which you maximum need to learn. Then, explicit those as SMART dreams. When you have finished this, smash them down into lengthy- and quick-time period dreams that you may upload on your everyday To-Do List or Action Program.
Drawing up a clean course of action will assist you to prepare your getting-to-know time greater effectively, give a boost to your self-discipline, and improve your motivation. It may even come up with a manner to degree your progress. And while you do this, you may greater honestly see the price of persevering together along with your expert improvement.
2. Manage Obstacles and Distractions
Next, perceive the barriers that could make it tough so that it will stick with your getting-to-know agenda. Then, undergo every impediment and brainstorm techniques to help you triumph over it.
For example, you may plan to dedicate a while to get to know each at some point in your every day and go back and forth. But you right away get distracted through messages and emails – and, earlier than you recognize it, you have forgotten all approximately getting to know.
So, dedicate yourself to booking your go-back and forth time for getting to know only. And keep away from starting your emails or searching at your everyday To-Do List till you arrive at paintings. You ought to even write down this promise as a "contract" with yourself.
3. Make Learning a Habit
When you`re making getting to know a habit, you may much more likely make a positive, lengthy-lasting change, and gain the dreams which you set for yourself.
Do this by constructing getting to know into your everyday routine. Schedule time – but little – every day for getting to know, and stick with it!
For example, you can begin paintings early Mondays and Wednesdays to exercise a brand new skill, or discover a particular time in your day to study.
Whatever deciding to do, ensure that you do it routinely. Be clear on what you are going to do, wherein you are going to do it, and the way lengthy you are going to dedicate to it.
Receive new professional abilities each week, plus get our modern gives and a loose downloadable Personal Development Plan workbook.
4. Set Boundaries
Often, certainly considered one of the most important distractions for different human beings. You might also additionally have set apart a while to your lunch smash to study up on a brand new enterprise improvement or whole an internet assessment, however, different human beings might not comprehend this, so the paintings requests hold on coming.
It may be difficult to say "no" whilst this happens. But doing so in an assertive manner will assist you to shield your treasured getting-to-know-time. This does not imply you have to be impolite or inflexible. Instead, be pleasant however firm. Explain to your colleague what you are attempting to gain, and ask that they appreciate your "time out."
5. Make Every Minute Count
Many people anticipate that getting to know something new calls for huge chunks of time. But quick blocks may be simply as effective… so long as your attention!
The secret is to maximize the effect of each second that you have available. Start by taking an examinationof your To-Do List. What ought you to realistically gain within the time available?
Even when you have simply 10 minutes to spare, draw close to the opportunity! Use this time to match in a chunk of more getting to know. Make certain that your attention to your strength is effective. For instance, decrease distractions by going someplace quiet, flipping off your phone, and logging off of your messaging apps.
Strategies inclusive of velocity reading, thoughts mapping, and using Bite-Sized Training assets also can assist you to maximize each second if you have confined time available.
6. Learn at Your Best
Many human beings favor paintings on their expert improvement after they have finished the whole thing else. But, but tempting this could be, reflect onconsideration the way you sense while you`ve ticked off the whole thing to your To-Do List – you are commonly exhausted, right?
Instead, try and agenda you`re getting to know for instances of the day whilst your strength ranges are excessive and you are much more likely to be "within the zone ." For example, you can sense a bit sluggish immediately after lunch, however, you are probably humming with strength within the morning.
100% Plagiarism Free & Custom Written,
Tailored to your instructions | <urn:uuid:c58ec9ca-bf08-449f-8e9f-310dbca0623e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://expressassignment.co.uk/demonstrate-an-ability-to-reflect-on-the-relationship-between-principles-and-practice-and-assess-the-implications-and-consequences-of-actions-and-the-underpinning-rationale-for-adult-nursing-practice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.945594 | 1,008 | 1.851563 | 2 |
The Linksys Powerline AV Network Kit contains a single-port Powerline AV Adapter, and a four-port Powerline AV Adapter, which let you easily create a network using the existing electrical outlets in your home. Now you don't have to drill holes in walls and climb through the attic or cellar to install network cables - just use the wires that already run through the building.
With Powerline AV Network Adapters, you can connect computers or any other wired Ethernet device using the HomePlug AV network standard. Adding devices to the network is as simple as plugging a Powerline AV Adapter into an electrical outlet, and connecting your Ethernet-equipped devices to the built-in Ethernet ports. Additional devices can be connected to the same network using additional Powerline AV Adapters plugged into an electrical outlet anywhere in the house.
Once your computers are connected to the network, they can share resources like printers and storage space, and all kinds of files - video, music, digital pictures, and documents. With high data rate, you can play virtually lag-free head-to-head network computer games, and run applications like streaming standard or HD video, and Voice over IP telephony. Plug your Internet connected router into a Powerline AV Adapter and you'll be able to get to the Internet from any Powerline AV attached computer in the house.
The Linksys Powerline AV Network kit gets you started with easy, "no new wires", home or office networking.
Device Type: Bridge + 4-port switch (integrated)UPC:
Form Factor: External
Dimensions (WxDxH): 1.4 in x 4.1 in x 5.8 in
Weight: 6.7 oz
Data Transfer Rate: 200 Mbps
Data Link Protocol: Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, HomePlug AV (HPAV)
Network / Transport Protocol: TCP/IP
Included Accessories: Vertical stand, 200 Mbps Powerline AV network adapter
Features: 128-bit encryption, Quality of Service (QoS)
Compliant Standards: IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.3u, HomePlug AV
Power: AC 120/230 V ( 50/60 Hz ) | <urn:uuid:683052eb-284a-41e8-938d-a54956adc87e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.restockit.com/linksys-powerline-av-ethernet-adapter-kit-plk300-bridge-num-u77551.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00424-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.841688 | 447 | 1.6875 | 2 |
About this book
Shortlisted for a Lambda Literary Award (lesbian fiction)
Ivan E. Coyote is one of Canada's most acclaimed storytellers; their first three collections were insightful, deeply personal stories about gender, identity, and community. Ivan's most recent book, Bow Grip (2006), was their first novel; it won the ReLit Award, was shortlisted for the Ferro-Grumley Fiction Prize in the US, and was named a Stonewall Honor Book by the American Library Association.
With The Slow Fix, Ivan returns to their short story roots in a collection that is disarming, warm, and funny while at the same time subverting our pre-conceived notions of gender roles. In "By Any Other Name," Ivan gets into some serious male bonding with her Uncle Rob; in "The Curse?" a cousin's stepdaughter helps her to overcome their lifelong dread of buying tampons; and in the title story, Ivan does their best to fix what's wrong in the world by telling the homophobe in the barber's seat next to theirs to shut up.
Ivan excels at finding the small yet significant truths in our everyday gestures and interactions. By doing so, Ivan helps us to embrace not what makes us women or men, but human beings.
These stories are elegant and homespun, light and piercing, straightforward with a twist. Ivan Coyote unsettles and reassures with a single, skilled stroke.
Alison Bechdel, author of Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic
Friends, family, and lovers are the lifeblood of Coyote's latest story collection, The Slow Fix. These largely autobiographical pieces are all about connection-or, sometimes, missed connections.... The wonder of Coyote's stories is that even the straightest reader will be touched by their generous heart, and by the seeming immediacy of their kitchen-table clarity.
Storyteller and author Ivan E. Coyote has carved a career out of finding the homespun humour in everyday (and not-so-everyday) events, and translating that wry sensibility to both the page and the stage. In her latest collection of short stories, The Slow Fix, Coyote revisits the destruction by fire of her Eastside home, her subsequent move to the sticks of Squamish, the effects of globalization on her Yukon hometown, and, of course, the perils of gender politics in Canada today.
The West Ender (Vancouver)
Coyote challenges our views about gender, tells us a little bit about what it's like to be a lesbian in a small town, tells us about her childhood, and in general she entertained me to the end. I thoroughly enjoyed reading this book and would recommend it to anyone who enjoys reading literature that challenges the way that you view the world.
The Book Chick blog
A compelling collection of short stories told with the affectionate frankness of a best friend, The Slow Fix is a wry celebration of family, lovers and identity. Ivan E. Coyote takes readers by the arm to share the romance of girls who dig deep freezes, the joys of drip coffee and, importantly, the task of turning gender on its head. Sharp as ice.
Strongly autobiographical in flavor, they celebrate the ties of family, a love for the unspoiled wilderness, and the connections sometimes forged by lonely strangers.
GLBT Roundtable Newsletter (American Library Association)
A masterful and powerful collection of stories that stirs the soul and challenges readers' attitudes and preconceptions. Quite simply, it is a collection of stories that anyone should read regardless of race, age, or gender.... The Slow Fix, through stories that make the reader laugh and cry, is a brilliant addition to the ever-increasing canvas of gay and lesbian literature.
EDGE Publications (Boston, Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, et al)
The Slow Fix is a storyteller's travelogue, an ode to Coyote's Northwestern roots and a guide to navigating public spaces for those who defy the gender expectations of others.
Simultaneously elegant and down-to-earth.
Richard Labonte, Book Marks (syndicated)
Ivan E. Coyote's The Slow Fix tackles issues of gender and identity-formation bravely.... Like a lighthearted, modern-day Dickens, full of vivid details and characters, Coyote shines when she writes about family and childhood.
The Malahat Review
Canadian storyteller Ivan E. Coyote's The Slow Fix provides an insightful look at just how ingrained gender expectations are in our society.... Coyote's writing exhibits an unwavering confidence and self-awareness that is refreshing.
Philadelphia Gay News
As a frequent traveler, often living in remote areas as a writer-in-residence, Coyote applies a cool observer's eye to both new destinations and the challenges related to her masculine appearance and identity.
The latest work from deservedly lauded writer/performer Ivan E. Coyote (Loose End, Bow Grip), one of the country's smartest storytellers, displays her well-known fondness for extended "identity" divagations and delightful discourses upon the ways in which her gender confounds those around her.... If the collection sometimes seems a tad too reportorial, that feature of the telling more than justifies itself by echoing the aims of The Slow Fix's form and content: To subvert gender-role preconceptions, to clear away the sexual and linguistic clutter attaching itself to what 'difference' truly involves, in order to courageously move beyond it, to embrace it with expressiveness and élan.
The Globe and Mail
(5-star review) These stories are lived-in, full of life, and breathe a little deeper each time one is read. The stories range from emotionally intense roller coasters that make you close the book silently and sit for a moment, mesmerized by the strength of Coyote, or the stories that amuse the 5-year-old boy in all of us.... A brilliantly memorable read.
Lambda Rising Bookstore (Washington, DC)
Recognizing the strange in herself and the familiar in complete strangers, Coyote brings humour and honesty to everyday living in a not-so-everyday body. | <urn:uuid:e8405b8c-ae2e-4dd1-8866-89b3a469652e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.arsenalpulp.com/bookinfo.php?index=282 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00326-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925596 | 1,299 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Recording from DV Input
Before DV dubbing
You can connect a DV-equipped camcorder to this recorder using a single DV cable for input and output of audio, video, data and control signals.
This recorder is only compatible with DV-format (DVC-SD, DV25) camcorders. Digital satellite tuners and Digital VHS video recorders are not compatible.
You cannot connect more than one DV camcorder at a time to this recorder.
You cannot control this recorder from external equipment connected via the DV IN jack (including two recorders).
It may not always be possible to control the connected camcorder via the DV IN jack.
Digital camcorders can usually record audio as stereo 16-bit/48kHz, or twin stereo tracks of 12- bit/32kHz. This recorder can only record one stereo audio track. Set [DV Rec Audio] option to [Audio 1] or [Audio 2] as required (see page 23).
Audio input to the DV IN jack should be 32 or 48kHz (not 44.1kHz).
Picture disturbance on the recording may occur if the source component pauses playback or plays an unrecorded section of tape, or if the power fails in the source component, or the DV cable becomes disconnected.
Recording from a Digital Camcorder
You can record from a digital camcorder connected to the DV IN jack on the front panel of this recorder. Using the recorder’s remote, you can control both the camcorder and this recorder. Before recording, make sure that the audio input for the DV IN jack is set up (see page 23).
T i p s : The source signal must be DVC-SD format. Some camcorders cannot be controlled using this recorder’s remote. If you connect a second recorder using a DV cable, you cannot control the second DVD from this one. You cannot control this unit remotely from a component connected to the DV IN jack. You cannot record date and time information from a DV cassette.
Make sure your digital camcorder is connected to the front panel DV IN jack. See page 15.
Select [TV(HDD)] or [TV(DVD] option on the HOME menu then press ENTER. (see page 16).
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Syntenic relationships between cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and melon (C. melo L.) chromosomes as revealed by comparative genetic mapping
© Li et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011
Received: 16 June 2011
Accepted: 5 August 2011
Published: 5 August 2011
Cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. (2n = 2 × = 14) and melon, C. melo L. (2n = 2 × = 24) are two important vegetable species in the genus Cucumis (family Cucurbitaceae). Both species have an Asian origin that diverged approximately nine million years ago. Cucumber is believed to have evolved from melon through chromosome fusion, but the details of this process are largely unknown. In this study, comparative genetic mapping between cucumber and melon was conducted to examine syntenic relationships of their chromosomes.
Using two melon mapping populations, 154 and 127 cucumber SSR markers were added onto previously reported F2- and RIL-based genetic maps, respectively. A consensus melon linkage map was developed through map integration, which contained 401 co-dominant markers in 12 linkage groups including 199 markers derived from the cucumber genome. Syntenic relationships between melon and cucumber chromosomes were inferred based on associations between markers on the consensus melon map and cucumber draft genome scaffolds. It was determined that cucumber Chromosome 7 was syntenic to melon Chromosome I. Cucumber Chromosomes 2 and 6 each contained genomic regions that were syntenic with melon chromosomes III+V+XI and III+VIII+XI, respectively. Likewise, cucumber Chromosomes 1, 3, 4, and 5 each was syntenic with genomic regions of two melon chromosomes previously designated as II+XII, IV+VI, VII+VIII, and IX+X, respectively. However, the marker orders in several syntenic blocks on these consensus linkage maps were not co-linear suggesting that more complicated structural changes beyond simple chromosome fusion events have occurred during the evolution of cucumber.
Comparative mapping conducted herein supported the hypothesis that cucumber chromosomes may be the result of chromosome fusion from a 24-chromosome progenitor species. Except for a possible inversion, cucumber Chromosome 7 has largely remained intact in the past nine million years since its divergence from melon. Meanwhile, many structural changes may have occurred during the evolution of the remaining six cucumber chromosomes. Further characterization of the genomic nature of Cucumis species closely related to cucumber and melon might provide a better understanding of the evolutionary history leading to modern cucumber.
KeywordsCucumber Melon Cucumis Microsatellite Comparative mapping Chromosome evolution
The genus Cucumis (family Cucurbitaceae) includes two economically important vegetable crop species that are cultivated worldwide: cucumber (C. sativus L., 2n = 2 × = 14) and melon (C. melo L., 2n = 2 × = 24). The genetic, phylogenetic, and evolutionary relationships of cucumber and melon have been the subject of much research. The genus Cucumis initially contained 32 species that was divided into two subgenera, Melo and Cucumis. While the subgenus Melo is centered in Africa with 30 species including melon (all of which have 2n = 24 chromosomes), the subgenus Cucumis is of Asian origin and includes the cultivated cucumber C. sativus and its wild relative C. hystrix Char. (2n = 2 × = 24). Although C. melo is considered the most morphologically diverse species in Cucumis[1, 2], two inter-fertile botanical varieties (2n = 2 × = 14), the cultivated C. sativus var. sativus L. and the wild C. sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef., comprise the primary gene pool of cucumber. This gene pool has a rather narrow genetic base as evidenced in various genetic diversity studies [3–6]. No interspecific hybrids between melon and cucumber have been reported due to their sexual incompatibility .
The genus Cucumis has undergone considerable revision in recent years. For instance, molecular phylogenetic studies indicated that the genera such as Cucumella, Mukia, Dicaelospermum, Myrmecosicyos, and Oreosyce possess genetic affinities with Cucumis species resulting in their inclusion in Cucumis in more recent taxonomic treatments [8–10]. The genus Cucumis in the newest treatment contains 52 species, which are grouped into two subgenera: Humifructus (two species, C. humifructus and C. hirsutus) and Cucumis (consisting of the remaining 50 species) [9, 11]. In addition, both melon and cucumber are believed to be of Asian origin, which were derived from a common ancestor approximately nine million years ago .
The genome size of melon (12 chromosome pairs) is estimated to be 454 Mb, and cucumber (7 chromosome pairs) has a genome size of 367 Mbp . The evolutionary relationship between melon and cucumber can be investigated through chromosome analysis. In Kirkbride's taxonomic assessment of Cucumis, subgenus Cucumis is considered primitive and subgenus Melo was hypothesized to have been derived from it through chromosomal fragmentation [14–16]. In contrast, cytological investigations have also suggested that ancestral species of subgenus Melo gave rise to subgenus Cucumis species via chromosome fusion or non-homologous translocation [17, 18]. However, Ramachandran and Seshadri argued that the two subgenera are not closely related given differences in geographical distribution and chromosome number, size, organization, and behavior. More recent molecular-based phylogenetic analyses of Cucumis support the hypothesis that the base chromosome number of x = 7 was achieved by chromosome reduction from x = 12 progenitor species [8, 10, 12].
Despite their distinct phylogenetic relationships [20, 21], the genomes of melon and cucumber seem to be highly conserved. Cross-species similarities based on molecular marker transferability among cucurbit crops are well documented. Neuhausen first reported affinities among cucurbit species by identifying molecular cross-hybridizations (i.e., signals) using RFLP probes. More recently, Katzir et al. and Danin-Poleg et al. defined specific genomic regions using SSR primer products to reveal considerable sequence homologies between cucumber and melon. Danin-Poleg et al. identified nine SSR markers shared between melon and cucumber and proposed that their cucumber Linkage Group B and melon Linkage Groups E and 2 were syntenic. Since 2000, molecular markers (primarily SSRs) developed from melon have been used routinely in cucumber genetic mapping studies or vice versa [24–37]. The high degree of synteny and conservation between the melon and cucumber genomes has also been demonstrated at the DNA sequence level (micro-synteny). Park et al. and Meyer et al. compared genomic DNA flanking the zucchini yellow mosaic virus resistance locus (zym) in melon and cucumber and detected considerable marker colinearity between those species. Alignment of melon BAC-end and BAC clone (6.7 Mbp) sequences of melon against a cucumber draft genome assembly (line Gy 14) revealed 90% homology between the compared sequences [40, 41]. Although transposition activity was found to be low in cucumber, it is comparatively high in melon . Thus, it has been postulated that the genomic size differences between melon and cucumber is due mainly to the expansion of inter-genic regions and proliferation of transposable elements in the melon genome .
Recently, whole genome sequencing in cucumber and the availability of large numbers of molecular markers has made it possible to define more clearly the syntenic relationships between cucumber and melon. By alignment of 348 marker sequences mapped in the melon genome onto the 9930 cucumber draft genome, Huang et al. found that there was no substantial rearrangement between cucumber Chromosome 7 and melon Chromosome I. In addition, the majority of cucumber Chromosome 4 corresponded to melon Chromosome VII, and each of the remaining five cucumber chromosomes was collinear to two melon chromosomes . The correspondance between melon and cucumber chromosomes was also observed in a comparative mapping study by Fukino et al. , who placed 70 cucumber SSR markers on a melon linkage map.
Comparative genetic mapping is useful for revealing syntenic relationships among closely related planted species [45, 46]. An understanding of syntenic relationships among species facilitates the investigation of genome evolution and dynamics [47, 48], and allows for the use of genetic information among related species in gene isolation and molecular tagging experiments [49–51]. Comparative mapping has been used successfully to define syntenic relationships among closely related plant species in the Solanaceae (pepper, tomato, and potato) [52–55], Gramineae grasses [56, 57], Fabaceae legumes [47, 58–62], Brassicaceae , and Rosaceae (Prunun spp) [64, 65].
When compared to other crop species, genetic and genomic resources in cucurbit crops have historically been limited. However, this situation is changing rapidly. For instance, the draft genomes of two cucumber inbred lines (North China fresh market type 9930 and North American pickling type Gy14) have been released [42, 66] (also Weng et al., unpublished data). A high resolution linkage map and several SSR-based genetic maps have been developed for this species [43, 67–69]. In melon, many linkage maps as well as a BAC-based physical map have been constructed [24, 27–29, 33–37]. In addition, comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping in cucumber and melon suggested that centromere repositioning occurred during the evolution of cucumber chromosomes. Several cucumber chromosomes have been anchored using fosmid clones, and karyotypes of cucumber and melon genomes have been developed [71–75].
Previous studies [38–44] have shown that genomic synteny and co-linearity exists between cucumber and melon. This information is, nevertheless, fragmented and incomplete. Thus experiments were designed herein for large-scale comparative genetic mapping of melon and cucumber to identify syntenic blocks using microsatellite markers. To accomplish this objective, two extended linkage maps in melon were constructed using an F2 and a RIL population, which were subsequently merged to form a consensus map. Then the scaffolds of the Gy14 and 9930 cucumber draft genomes were associated to markers on both the melon consensus map and a high-resolution cucumber genetic map to define species chromosomes and allow for the detection of syntenic blocks.
1. Development of an F2-based extended melon linkage map using cucumber SSRs
In total, 2,487 SSR markers were used to screen for polymorphisms between the two parental lines, Q3-2-2 and Top Mark of the F2 mapping population. Of these, 2,442 were genomic SSRs developed from cucumber, 21 from watermelon, 14 from melon [28, 29, 31], and 10 were EST-SSRs from other species . Of the 2,442 cucumber SSRs, 1,123 (45.9%) produced amplicons in melon after PCR, from which 187 (16.7%) were polymorphic between Top Mark and Q3-2-2. The success in marker transferability for all cucumber SSRs tested was 7.7% (187/2,442). Of the 21 watermelon genomic SSRs that produced amplicons in cucumber (data not presented), seven (33.3%) produced amplicons in melon, and two were polymorphic (2/21 = 9.5%). In total, 196 non-melon polymorphic markers were identified (187 from cucumber, 2 from watermelon, and 7 from other species) and 154 of them were finally placed on the F2 genetic map (145 from cucumber, 2 from watermelon and 7 from other species).
Summary of linkage mapping results for melon (Cucumis melo L.) F2 (Top Mark × Q3-2-2) and RIL (Top Mark × WI 846-1) mapping populations and a consensus map from F2 and RIL map merging
# loci mapped
# CS markers
# loci mapped
# CS markers
# loci mapped
# CS markers
2. Development of a RIL-based extended melon linkage map with cucumber SSRs
The molecular markers employed for F2 mapping were also used to identify polymorphisms between Top Mark and WI 846-1 of the RIL population. Of the 2,403 cucumber SSRs tested, 44.9% (1,080) produced amplicons in melon, where 11.1% (120/1080) of the SSRs detected polymorphisms between Top Mark and WI 846-1 (5.9% when all 2,043 cucumber SSRs were considered). Of the 127 polymorphic markers identified herein (i.e., 120 from cucumber, 6 from melon or Arabidopsis, and 1 from watermelon), 89 were placed on the RIL map.
Using the same melon RIL population, Cuevas et al. mapped 256 marker loci (105 SSR, 11 SNP/CAPS, and 140 AFLP or RAPDs). The two sets of marker data were pooled for linkage analysis using 80 RILs. Ten of these markers could not be assigned to any LG. The resulting linkage map possessed 335 marker loci including 203 codominant (SSR, CAPS, and SNP) and 132 dominant markers (103 RAPDs and 29 AFLPs) in 22 LG with cumulative genetic distances of 879.1 cM. The mapping data are presented in Table S2 (Additional File 1) and associated map statistics are shown in Table 1. Based on SSR markers shared in common with previously published melon maps [29, 34, 35, 76], it was possible to relegate the LGs constructed herein to 12 linkage groups (chromosomes).
3. Development of a consensus melon genetic map through map merging
The consensus melon genetic map consisted of 401 co-dominant marker loci positioned in 12 LGs spanning 1,029.0 cM with an average marker interval of 2.6 cM. Among the 12 LGs, LG4 (Chromosome IV) had the longest map length (116.9 cM) followed by LG7 (108.0 cM) and LG1 (107.3 cM). In contrast, the length of LG 10 (Chromosome X) was the shortest (62.5 cM). Predictably LG4 possessed the most loci mapped (56) and LG3 (24) the least markers (Table 1). Since marker order of the F2 map was used as the reference during map merging, all loci on the consensus map were co-linear with those on the F2 map. Moreover, inconsistencies in marker order were rare resulting in substantial colinearity between the RIL map (Table S2) and the consensus map (Table S3, Figure 1).
4. Identification of syntenic blocks between melon and cucumber chromosomes
Among the 401 markers present on the consensus melon map, 199 were SSR or CAPS markers developed from cucumber, one from the watermelon, and the remaining 201 were derived from melon. The cucumber Gy14 and 9930 draft genome scaffold locations of these 401 markers were predicted by in silico PCR or BLAST searches of the cucumber draft genome sequences.
Seventy-four of the 401 markers on the consensus melon map had no in silico PCR products or BLAST hits suggesting that they may be specific to the melon genome. Three markers (CMN53_36, UW084111, and SSR05758) were located in sequences that were annotated as repeated sequences , and, therefore, their cucumber scaffold locations were difficult to determine. The remaining 324 markers could be assigned to the Gy14 and 9930 cucumber scaffolds. The scaffold names and physical positions of these markers are presented in Table S3 (Additional File 1).
Once the association of these markers on the melon consensus map with cucumber scaffolds was established, the locations of these cucumber scaffolds in the seven chromosomes of cucumber were deduced from published cucumber genetic maps [43, 67–69] (provided in Table S4, Additional File 1). Among the 401 markers placed on the melon consensus map, 79 have been mapped in previous cucumber mapping studies [43, 67–69]. Therefore, their locations on cucumber genetic maps could be assigned directly. For markers with associated cucumber scaffold(s), their map locations in the cucumber genome was inferred by other markers derived from the same scaffold, which had been previously placed on cucumber maps (Table S4). However, three markers (UW060336, LycB, and CMCTN7) were located in cucumber scaffolds from which no marker has been mapped. Therefore, their locations in the cucumber genome were unknown.
Summary of syntenic relationships between cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and melon (C. melo L.) chromosomes
Corresponding syntenic blocks of melon chromosomes
Huang et al. 2010
Fukino et al. 2010
III, V, XI
III, VIII, XI
III, VIII, XI
III, VIII, XII
Corresponding syntenic blocks of cucumber chromosomes
The arrangement of melon syntenic blocks across the seven cucumber chromosomes indicates that cucumber chromosome evolution is more complex than simple chromosome fusion (Figure 3). For instance, cucumber Chromosome 7 was homoeologous to melon Chromosome I along its entire length. Cucumber Chromosomes 2 and 6 each contained three syntenic blocks detected in melon Chromosomes V+XI+III, and III+XI+XIII, respectively, and the remaining four cucumber chromosomes (1, 3, 4, and 5) were syntenic with two melon chromosomes but differed in patterns of arrangement of melon syntenic blocks. Cucumber Chromosome 1 was syntenic to melon Chromosome II and XII, whereas cucumber Chromosome 5 was syntenic to melon Chromosome IX and X. In both cases, the syntenic blocks from the two melon chromosomes were arranged alternatively along each cucumber chromosome. In contrast, the syntenic blocks residing in melon Chromosomes VI and IV were in a side-by-side alignment in cucumber Chromosome 3. Lastly, cucumber Chromosome 4 housed syntenic blocks of melon Chromosome VII and VIII, but the syntenic block of melon Chromosome VIII was found to be incorporated into the syntenic block of melon Chromosome VII. Taken collectively, these syntenic patterns were suggestive of a complex history of chromosomal structure changes during cucumber evolution.
5. Verification of melon-cucumber syntenic relationships
In this study, in silico PCR and BLAST sequence alignment proved useful for inferring the cucumber scaffold location of markers on the melon consensus map (Figures 2 and 3). To verify the syntenic relationships between cucumber and melon chromosomes detected from comparative mapping conducted herein, a similar strategy was used with molecular markers from a melon linkage map developed by Deleu et al. . This gene-based melon linkage map consists of 414 marker loci, of which nearly 200 were SNPs developed from melon EST sequences, and all these markers were derived exclusively from the melon genome. The details of this map are shown in Table S5 (Additional File 1). The genomic or EST sequences from which these markers were developed were used in BLAST analysis against the cucumber draft genome assemblies. Of the 414 markers, only 3 (0.7%) did not yield either in silico PCR products or BLAST hits in the cucumber draft genomes examined. This contrasted with markers on the consensus melon map (Table S3), where 81 (20.2%) of 401 (mostly genomic DNA-derived markers) did not produce hits in either Gy14 or 9930 genome assembly. This suggests that the EST sequences examined are highly conserved between these genomes.
The syntenic relationships between melon and cucumber chromosomes inferred from this gene-based melon genetic map are shown in Table S5 (Additional File 1). Although there were no cucumber source markers on this map, melon-cucumber syntenic relationships revealed from the present study (Figures 2 and 3) were confirmed by this independent study .
Cross-species transferability and polymorphisms of cucumber SSRs in the melon genome
Nearly 2,400 randomly sampled cucumber genomic SSRs were tested herein for their ability to detect polymorphisms among three melon parental lines used in map construction. The polymorphism level of cross-species transferable cucumber SSRs was 11.1% between Top Mark and WI 846-1, and 16.9% between Top Mark and line Q3-2-2, which would be reduced to 5.9 and 7.7%, respectively if all cucumber SSRs tested were considered. This level was appreciably lower than that reported in other studies [35, 37] using melon SSRs. For example, of 492 melon SSRs evaluated for map construction by Cuevas et al. , 32% were polymorphic between two melon lines Q3-2-2 and Top Mark. Likewise, the level of polymorphism of melon SSRs between the two melon lines PI 414723 and Dulce used by Harel-Beja et al. was comparatively high (as much as 55%).
Such differences in polymorphism level may be attributable to the sources of markers (melon source versus cucumber source), the melon lines used, or the relative genetic distance among the germplasm being evaluated. Two additional factors may also contribute to the low polymorphism level detected by cucumber SSRs. Firstly, unlike melon, which is considered genetically diverse [2, 3], cucumber has a narrow genetic base [3–6], and the degree of polymorphism at the whole genome level for randomly chosen SSRs between any two cultivated cucumber genotypes is in general less than 20% . In the present study, about 45% of cucumber SSRs examined exhibited cross-species amplification in the melon genome after PCR. This amplification level is similar to that detected by Ritschel et al. who found that ~50% of the melon SSR markers evaluated produced amplicons when cucumber DNAs were used as templates. González et al. found 54% of the melon BAC-end sequences under investigation could be aligned to the cucumber genome. It is likely that the melon genomic regions that were amplified by cucumber SSRs represent conserved portions between the cucumber and melon genomes. The genomes of Gy14 and 9930 cucumber lines have been sequenced using the "next generation" sequencing technologies (Roche 454 and Illumina GAII) [42, 66], and, therefore, most of the assembled genome sequences may originate from the gene-rich low or single copy DNA fraction in the genome, which are more conserved between closely related species such as melon and cucumber than repetitive DNA sequences [40, 41]. Therefore, using SSRs developed from highly conserved gene-rich genomic DNA regions of a genome with limited genetic diversity may be an important contributor to the low polymorphism of cucumber SSRs in the melon genome. The second factor, as discussed in Cavagnaro et al. , is that melon SSRs used in previous mapping studies (e.g., [35, 37]) may over-estimate the polymorphism in the genome due to biases created during SSR selection, because of the reiterative selection for longer repeats during development of microsatellite markers. That is, library screening methods for SSR isolation are designed to yield a higher proportion of long SSRs, which are preferentially used for designing primers, which are then typically pre-screened for their relative polymorphism level in potential parental lines. Thus, the most polymorphic loci are selected for further utilization (because there is a positive relationship between SSR length and polymorphism [66, 77, 78]). In this study, the polymorphism level detected between Q3-2-2 and Top Mark (7.7%) or Top Mark and WI 846-1 (5.9%), although very low, may reflect the true global polymorphism of cucumber SSRs at the whole melon genome level.
The melon consensus linkage map with cucumber SSRs
The consensus map developed herein added a considerable number of SSR markers (~2 times) towards map saturation in melon (1 < cM between markers). We added 154 and 127 new markers to the previously developed melon F2 (from Q-3-2-2 × Top Mark) and RIL (from Top Mark × WI 846-1) maps [34, 35], respectively. Marker order on the new (Table S1) and the historic F2 maps were almost identical. The RIL map was improved over the historic map (i.e., from 28 LG to 22 LGs), but was still relatively fragmented (i.e., small linkage groups), which was likely due to the large number of dominant markers incorporated into the RIL-based map. It is known that dominant markers such as RAPDs or AFLPs tend to be clustered on the linkage maps [37, 67, 79–81], and for this reason, dominant markers were excluded in map merging for development of the consensus map.
Even though more than the predicted numbers of LGs were present on the F2 and RIL maps, the large number of shared marker loci enabled integration of the two maps to produce a consensus melon genetic map with the expected 12 LGs (Table 1, Figure 1). This consensus map contained 401 co-dominant markers including 199 derived from cucumber, and is the first melon map containing such a high number of cucumber-derived markers. The map length of this consensus map was 1,029 cM, which is within the predicted size range of the melon genome (1,000-1,500 cM) . The reliability (quality) of this map can be measured by its colinearity and its relationship with available cucumber scaffolds. Although there were minor discrepancies in marker orders (Tables S1-S3) between markers on the consensus and the RIL-based maps, these maps were largely collinear (Tables S1-S3). The disparities detected between these maps may be, in part, due to varying recombination rates between mapping population (e.g., RIL vs. F2), relatively small mapping populations (i.e., 80 RIL and 91 F2 individuals) used, and/or genome structural variations (deletion, inversion, or translocation) between populations. With few exceptions, closely linked markers on these melon maps were located in the same cucumber draft genome scaffolds (Table S3).
Synteny between melon and cucumber chromosomes
Comparative mapping, in silico PCR, and BLAST sequence alignment allowed a comprehensive assessment of syntenic relationships between the cucumber and melon chromosomes (Figures 2 and 3). Among the 401 markers positioned on the melon consensus map, 81 provided no in silico PCR products or BLAST hits in the cucumber genome sequences examined (Table S3). Most of these 81 markers were derived from melon genomic DNA sequences (Table S3), indicating their uniqueness to the melon genome. The genomic distribution of these "no-hit" markers also appears to be non-random on the melon consensus map, and in many cases (Chromosomes II, V, VI, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII), these markers were located at telomeric ends, implying the possibility of rapid evolutionary divergence (Table S3). Such information may allow design of experiments to investigate the nature of these regions in Cucumis chromosome evolution.
Phylogenetic analyses [8, 10, 12] in Cucumis support an early hypothesis that the base chromosome number x = 7 in cucumber is derived from a progenitor species with x = 12 [17, 18]. Six of the seven cucumber chromosomes may be originated from chromosome fusion of such a progenitor species [42, 44]. We provide herein additional information regarding the syntenic relationships between cucumber and melon chromosomes indicating that the evolutionary dynamics of cucumber evolution is complex (Table 2, Figure 3). Although we confirmed the early finding [42, 44] that cucumber Chromosome 7 was syntenic with melon Chromosome I, we found that the co-linearity of marker loci in the two chromosomes has been broken (Table S3, Additional File 1) suggesting that Chromosome 7 of cultivated cucumber may have undergone certain structural changes since its divergence from an ancestral species (e.g., melon or C. hystrix, see below). The other six chromosomes of cucumber appear to have more complicated evolutionary histories. For instance, both Chromosomes 2 and 6 possess genomic regions that are syntenic to genetic blocks from at least three melon chromosomes (III+V+XI, and III+VIII+XI, respectively; Figure 3), suggesting they are derived from more than simple chromosome fusion. Although Chromosomes 1, 3, 4, and 5 each possessed genomic blocks syntenic with those from two melon chromosomes, the arrangements of these blocks differed among chromosomes (Figure 3). Since cucumber Chromosome 3 (longest of the 7 chromosomes) [70, 72] appears to be comparatively simple in its syntenic block organization, it is tempting to hypothesize that it originated from simple fusion of melon chromosomes IV and VI. However, close inspection of marker order in cucumber Chromosome 3 and melon Chromosomes IV and VI (Table S3) reveals non-colinearity, which suggests that additional structural changes may have occurred after a hypothetical chromosome fusion event.
Data presented herein provides a rather complicated description of Cucumis species chromosome evolution, making a comprehensive statement regarding chromosome evolution in melon and cucumber difficult at this time. It is apparent that additional information is required regarding the genomic nature of melon, and cucumber, as well as potential 'bridge" species [, e.g., C. hystrix) to elucidate more clear evolutionary relationships in this genus. To better understand these relationships a more saturated cucumber genetic map is needed to increase the resolution of cucumber scaffolds for comparative mapping. The cucumber map used herein was developed with 77 RILs from an inter-subspecific cross between cultivated cucumber (C. sativus var. sativus) line Gy14 and the wild C. sativus var. hardwickii line PI 183967 . There were, however, strong recombination suppressions detected during map construction resulting in clustering of molecular markers in several regions of cucumber Chromosomes 4, 5, and 7. Such recombination suppression may, in part, be due to structural differences in chromosomes between cultivated and wild cucumbers (Table S3), which, in turn, may have reduced the power of ordering markers and scaffolds. Meanwhile, the whole genome sequencing of melon is near completion (Garcia-Mas et al., manuscript in preparation). This will provide a powerful tool to understand the synteny between the melon and cucumber chromosomes at DNA sequence level.
A wild relative of cucumber, C. hystrix (2n = 2 × = 24), may play the key role in understanding the process of cucumber chromosome evolution. Extensive phylogenetic analyses in Cucumis have indicated that C. hystrix is so far the closest wild relative of cucumber [8, 10, 12]. The lack of genetic affinity between C. hystrix and C. melo, and African species, lends support to the hypothesis that C. hystrix is a progenitor species of C. sativus, or that they at least share a common ancestral lineage . C. hystrix has the same number of chromosomes as melon, and is sparingly cross-compatible with cucumber, but not melon . A fertile amphidiploid, C. hystivus (2n = 4 × = 38) between cucumber and C. hystrix, as well as alien addition lines have also been successfully created [84, 85]. The seven meiotic chromosomes of C. sativus are larger than the 12 chromosomes of C. hystrix. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of 45S rDNA and CsCent1 repetitve DNA probes to cucumber pachytene chromosomes also suggested that cucumber Chromosomes 1 and 2 may have evolved from fusions of an ancestral karyotype with 2n = 24 . These findings make C. hystrix the primary resource for testing genetic hypotheses for further characterizing the evolution of modern cucumber.
This is the first broad-based comparative analysis of synteny between melon and cucumber. The consensus melon linkage map derived herein from two historic maps possesses the largest number of cross-species cucumber molecular markers currently mapped in the melon genome and provides a greater understanding of genomic relationships between these two important Cucumis species. Data support the hypothesis that cucumber chromosomes originate from fusions of chromosomes of an x = 12 ancestral progenitor. However, many structural changes may have occurred in the evolution of the seven cucumber chromosomes. In depth cytogenetic and molecular investigations of x = 12 Cucumis species (e.g., melon and C. hystrix) will likely provide further evidence of chromosome evolution in cucumber, melon and related taxons.
Two melon populations were employed to conduct linkage mapping experiments using cucumber microsatellite markers. The first experiment used 91 F2 plants derived from a cross between melon inbred lines Top Mark and Q3-2-2. Top Mark is an andromonoecious U.S. Western Shipping market class melon in Group Cantalupensis . The monoecious line Q3-2-2 does not fall into any common market class, but possesses Group Conomon and Momordica melon morphological fruit characteristics . The second experiment used 80 F8 RIL derived from Top Mark × WI 846-1 . The monoecious line WI 846-1 was derived through selfing from a three-way cross between a C. melo ssp. agrestis (Naud.) Pangalo germplasm (Cartago, Costa Rica), an Eastern market type breeding line (USDA, ARS, Clemson SC), and a Galia market type breeding line (ARO, Israel) . Both populations were previously used in the mapping of fruit yield- and quality-related components in melon [34, 35, 89, 90].
Molecular marker analysis
Two sets of SSR markers developed from cucumber whole genome sequences were employed for polymorphism screening and the development of melon linkage maps. The first set included 2,012 SSR markers from the draft genome of cucumber inbred line 9930 and the second set included a collection of 83,689 SSRs developed from the Gy14-derived draft genome . Also employed were 21 watermelon microsatellite markers known to amplify in the cucumber genome (U. Reddy, unpublished data). Information regarding all mapped markers used herein (i.e., primer sequences and their scaffold locations in the Gy14 and 9930 draft genomes) is provided in Table S3 (Additional File 1).
For DNA extraction, unexpanded young leaves from each F2 plant or five plants from each RIL were placed into a 2.0 ml microcentrifuge tube, lyophilized in a freeze dryer, and ground into fine powder in a high-throughput homogenizer (OPS Diagnostics, Lebanon, NJ, USA). Genomic DNA from all samples was extracted using the CTAB method .
Each polymerase chain reaction (PCR) contained 25 ng template DNA, 0.5 μM each of forward and reverse primers, 0.2 mM dNTP mix, 0.5 unit of Taq DNA polymerase and 1× PCR buffer (Fermentas, Glen Burnie, MD, USA) in a total volume of 10.0 μl. A "touch-down" PCR program was employed for all primer sets . The PCR products were size-fractionated in a 9% polyacrylamide gel. After gel electrophoresis, band patterns were visualized with silver staining, and gel images were taken with a digital camera.
Linkage map construction and map integration
Previously, 169 and 256 markers loci were positioned, respectively, on Q3-2-2 × Top Mark F2 and WI 846-1× Top Mark melon RIL linkage maps [34, 35]. Genotypic marker data from previous mapping studies and the present study in each population were combined for linkage analysis. For each marker, Chi-square analysis was performed to test goodness-of-fit to expected 1:2:1 segregation ratio for the F2 population and 1:1 ratio for the RIL population (significance declared at P < 0.01). Linkage analysis was then performed with JoinMap 3.0 with three rounds of mapping to build the map, and LG were established at a LOD threshold of 4.0 with the Kosambi function.
Seventy-nine markers were shared in common between the F2 and the RIL maps. A consensus melon map was developed by merging the two maps according to Cuevas et al. . Common markers having the same recombination fraction (rf) among different populations are required for use as anchor makers during map merging . Therefore, heterogeneity test was conducted for these common markers using JoinMap algorithms to determine recombination fractions in both populations (RIL and F2). Common markers with different recombination fraction (P < 0.05) were excluded from map merging experiments. All AFLP and RAPD markers present on the RIL-based map were also excluded from map integration given their inability to provide appropriate information for assessment of syntenic relationships. Subsequently, these maps (F2 and RIL) were merged using JoinMap 3.0 (LOD = 2.0; rf = 0.35-0.50) by employing the "fixed order" option according to Qi et al. using the marker order present on the F2 map as the reference. This option allowed for the definition of fixed order marker subsets based on marker order in the F2 linkage groups.
The numbering conventions for melon linkage groups and their respective chromosome assignment followed Liu et al. , which is consistent with the nomenclature established by the melon research community (, also see http://www.icugi.org/). To avoid confusion, cucumber chromosomes were named using Arabic numbers (1 through 7), whereas the Roman numerals I to XII were used to indicate melon Chromosomes 1 to 12, respectively.
Inference of syntenic relationships between the melon and cucumber genomes
The melon consensus linkage map (401 marker loci) was used to infer syntenic relationships between melon and cucumber chromosomes. The map/chromosomal locations of these markers in the cucumber genome were inferred from procedures given below.
Initially, four SSR-based cucumber genetic maps [43, 67–69] were used as a primary reference to determine the chromosomal locations of mapped loci including a high-resolution genetic map (with 995 SSR loci) . These maps contained 1,244 unique SSR or SCAR marker loci distributed in seven cucumber chromosomes. The associated scaffold locations of the majority of these markers in the 9930 or Gy14 draft genome were known . The map locations as well as their chromosomal assignment and associated scaffolds in the 9930 and Gy14 draft genomes of the 1,244 mapped loci are summarized in Table S4 (Additional File 1).
Of the 401 markers positioned on the melon consensus map, 199 originated from cucumber, of which 79 were present on different cucumber genetic maps [43, 67–69]. Therefore, the cucumber scaffolds associated with these 79 markers were known. For other markers, an in silico PCR (virtual PCR) strategy was used to deduce their position on the cucumber scaffold of the Gy14 and 9930 draft genome assemblies. For each marker, the output of in silico PCR included the scaffold name, nucleotide positions of left and right primer binding sites, and the sequence and expected size of virtual PCR product. The information was generated and recorded for both 9930 and Gy14 draft genomes and is summarized in Table S3 (melon consensus map) and Table S4 (cucumber linkage maps). In cases where no or multiple in silico PCR products were available, the marker was labeled 'no hit' or 'multi-copy', respectively (Tables S3-S5).
Many markers mapped on the melon consensus map were developed from EST or gene regions (e.g., EST-SSR, or EST-SNP, or genes). In this case, the source DNA sequences were used to perform a BLAST search against the draft genome to find their (marker) scaffold locations. Most of the sequences examined were extracted from the s (http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/), the International Cucurbit Genome Initiative (http://www.icugi.org/), and the MELOGEN (http://www.melogen.upv.es/) databases. Cuevas et al. [34, 35] mapped six melon genes in the carotenoid pathway which included genes for the phytoene synthase (PS), beta-carotene hydroxylase-1 (BOH-1), lycopene cyclase (LycB), zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP), phytoene desaturase (PDS), violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE), and the orange-related gene (Or). These gene sequences were also employed in BLAST search against the cucumber draft genomes to identify the scaffold locations of their homologous sequences.
Once a marker was assigned to the cucumber draft genome scaffold, its map location was inferred in two ways. Firstly, 79 of the 401 markers had already been mapped in cucumber chromosomes, and they could be directly assigned to specific chromosomal location(s) of the cucumber genome. Secondly, if a marker had not been mapped in cucumber but the cucumber scaffold possessed markers that have been mapped in the cucumber genome, then that marker was assigned to the same location as those markers.
Verification of melon-cucumber syntenic relationships
A melon genetic map developed by Deleu et al. was used to verify the syntenic relationships between melon and cucumber chromosomes identified by this study. It was selected because it contained 414 markers in 12 LGs, of which nearly half were gene-based SNPs. All the 414 markers were developed exclusively from the melon genome. Genomic or EST sequences from which these markers were developed were downloaded from databases located at MELOGEN (http://www.melogen.upv.es/), GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/) or at ICUGI (http://www.icugi.org/) websites. The majority of these markers could be mapped onto cucumber scaffolds using both in silico PCR and BLAST sequence alignment. All information for molecular markers on this consensus melon genetic map is provided in Table S5 (Additional File 1).
amplified fragment length polymorphism
basic local alignment search tool
cleavaged amplified polymorphic sequence
expressed sequence tag
fluorescence in situ hybridization
million base pairs
polymerase chain reaction
random amplified polymorphic DNA
quantitative trait loci
recombinant inbred line
sequence characterized amplified region
single nucleotide polymorphism
simple sequence repeats.
The authors thank Linda Crubaugh for technical help. This research was supported by U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service Current Research Information System (CRIS) project no. 3655-21000-037-00D. Feishi Luan's work was partially supported by the '948 Project' of the Agriculture Ministry of China (2010-S22).
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:a39ee5f2-f145-4334-95c7-e736b5e76839> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-12-396 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00347-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.845921 | 16,647 | 2.828125 | 3 |
- Development & Aid
- Economy & Trade
- Human Rights
- Global Governance
- Civil Society
Sunday, August 14, 2022
The writer* is a former United Nations official who served with the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) in key positions in Europe, Africa, and Asia
GENEVA, Mar 15 2021 (IPS) - There is much expectation about US President Joe Biden’s Afghanistan strategy to end the United States’ longest war effectively. So far, he continues to rely on Ambassador Zalmai Khalilzad, the Special Envoy for Afghanistan, appointed by Mr. Trump.
The initial statements issued by the White House, State Department, and Defense Department seemed promising. However, some highlighted that they ignored an essential element: the Afghan people’s wish about their future!
Following the latest visit of Ambassador Khalilzad to the region, various assumptions have emerged. It seems that he still pushes for a transitional government formula with the participation of Afghan chieftains and the Taliban, a new version of an old strategy that never proved efficient!
It may be futile to invoke details of what has transpired or speculate about President Biden’s intention on Afghanistan. However, an overview of the challenges will help define a sound solution, allowing foreign troops to regain their country in the most dignified manner and the Afghan people to dispose of its future.
As of the end of the 18th century, Afghanistan became the battleground for controlling central and south Asia between superpowers. Their “great game” and the ineptness of Afghan rulers who quickly succumbed to the “divide and rule” policy never permitted this country’s population to evolve as a nation.
Therefore, understanding the Afghan puzzle is laborious. So far, those who intervened in this eternally fragmented country, more recently the British Empire and the Soviet Union, never grasped fundamental hindrances. Both lost their glory as a result of their uncalculated decisions. The Biden administration must not rush and consider national challenges, regional impediments, and international hurdles to find a lasting, workable, and sustainable solution.
A significant source of eternal conflicts in Afghanistan is an unequal historical treatment of its diverse populations by their governments. Effective equal rights and opportunities and good-governance constitute the basis of a peaceful future. Some fundamental national challenges are as follows:
2 – Since the takeover of power by Communists in 1978, atrocious crimes against humanity have been committed by various regimes, warlords, Mujahidin chieftains, and more specifically, the Taliban and their Islamic State and Al-Qaeda associates. Without a truth and reconciliation process, it would be difficult for any peace effort to achieve its objectives.
3 – While Afghanistan is a country with defined borders and recognized status in major international and regional arenas, Afghans never constituted a nation. Without acknowledging this fact and undertaking a robust nation-building program, Afghanistan will remain a plaything in the hands of foreign adversaries.
4 – Afghanistan’s post-Taliban constitution was drafted without considering decades of profound political, social, and economic transformations in the country. It did not satisfy the aspirations of the population. A substantive reform of the current constitution can only improve the chances of durable peace in the country.
5 – Despite efforts undertaken by the international community, Afghanistan is affected by rampant corruption. It has gangrened all layers of central and provincial government institutions and even the private sector, hampering efforts to rebuild and reconstruct the country. A comprehensive good-governance and ethics framework, policy, and action plan for public and private sectors must be agreed upon and put in place instantly.
6 – Since Mr. Hamid Karzai was propelled to Afghanistan’s leadership and despite trillions of US dollars granted to various Afghan governments, the expected development path is unsatisfactory. Leaders have not been capable of defining where their country would be in a year, ten years, or thirty years from now. It is extremely urgent that Afghanistan’s leadership clearly describes short-, med-, and long-term political, social, and economic plans for the country and elaborate the appropriate action strategies so that the population comprehends the sacrifices that are still needed to attain peace and prosperity.
7 – For decades under King Zaher Shah, Afghanistan benefited from a recognized neutral status that helped the country position itself as an unbiased element of the “great games”! Subsequently, it received development aid, particularly from the United States, major European countries, the Soviet Union, India, and the People’s Republic of China. The forceful change of regime by Daoud Khan from kingdom to republic with the help of Soviet-trained military officers annihilated Afghanistan’s privileged neutral status. Therefore, it is in the interest of this country to regain its neutrality in the international arena and stay away from the “new great game” battles.
8 – Since 2009, elections have been marred with an unacceptable level of corruption and mismanagement. The population has lost trust in the democratic process and does not believe in the elections’ outcomes. This is a significant handicap for the country’s future political, social, and economic development and peace and serenity prospects. Without a solid and unbiased election law, rules and procedures, and honest people in charge, there will be no future for democracy in Afghanistan.
Afghanistan is situated in a very volatile region of the world. For centuries neighboring powers crashed with each other and caused unforgivable tragedies. Below are some of the significant regional impediments to the Afghan crisis:
b – Exploitation of resources, in particular minerals and water, constitute a major source of discord. Moreover, climate change has affected Afghanistan to the extent of destroying its agriculture. Any effort by Afghanistan to exploit its water faces powerful neighbors’ fury, deteriorating the atmosphere for an amicable understanding and peaceful coexistence. Regional power must recognize Afghanistan’s vulnerability and assist overcome the difficulties through exploitation of their own natural resources.
c – Internal challenges of regional powers, particularly claims of autonomy or independence by the peoples of Baluchistan, Kurdistan, Yemen, and Kashmir, affect Afghanistan. There are reports of Afghans dispatched to fight in Kashmir, Syria, Yemen, and elsewhere. Often ethnic and religious motivations are the driving force for such insanity, resulting in the lack of unity within Afghanistan. Regional powers must restrain from using Afghans as foot soldiers for their interests.
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world has become multipolar. In the absence of sound morality, there is a bitter competition for global political and economic leadership. The four years of the Trump administration unmasked glimpses of some’s ambitions to dethrone the United States from their leading positions.
While Europe is a stand-alone power and the Russian Federation rises from the ashes of the Soviet Union, the People’s Republic of China and India are undeniably the future centers of political and economic gravity.
The Middle East and Central and South Asia are the battlegrounds for a “new great game”. Therefore, the leading international hurdles for Afghanistan are as follows:
(ii) Afghanistan is no more a priority for the international community. Other emergencies such as the Covid-19 pandemic or an eventual conflict between important rivals in the world arena can make it even more irrelevant. It is, therefore, vital for the country to find lasting peace in a reasonably not distant future.
(iii) The horrendous terrorist attacks on the United States in Nairobi, Darussalam, Aden, and, more specifically, New York and Washington were perpetrated by Al Qaeda, whose leadership sought protection with the emerging Taliban movement in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Islam, a religion of peace and mercy, was used as a pretext for their inhuman actions. “Islamic terrorism” inflicts misery on people in Asia, Africa, Europe, and elsewhere. The image of Islam is tarnished durably. Islamic countries and Afghanistan, in particular, must undertake unsurmountable efforts to bridge a sustainable trust among all peoples of faiths.
The way forward
Afghanistan has been “an inspiration” for terrorist organizations for decades. However, it can be a significant source of regional and international stability too. It all depends on how the Biden administration shapes its strategy to bring lasting peace in this country with the firm assertion that they accomplished the objective of defeating terrorism in this country. Therefore, Afghans implore President Biden and his team to consider the following:
B – Since 2002, the Afghan leaders proved inept, corrupt, and lawless. They cannot handle national challenges, regional impediments, and international hurdles surrounding their country. It is time to empower a new generation of young, competent, and incorruptible leaders within the country.
C – The United States and its allies must opt for a transitional government between five to seven years, formed by the new leaders who sound the population and address the national challenges and embark with regional and international powers to agree on a neutral and peaceful future for Afghanistan.
D – Initiate a new inclusive peace process, conducted by the transitional team with the support of regional and international powers, following which an honest and transparent election would be conducted under international monitoring. No transitional government member would be eligible to have substantial public office in the future. They can form an Ethics and Good-governance Council to scrutinize the future governments and private sector actions and take immediate corrective measures in cases of breach of ethics.
Peace in Afghanistan signifies the defeat of terrorism. Bringing terrorists and corrupt leaders to forge a future for this country will signify yet another immense failure.
* Saber Azam is also the author of SORAYA: The Other Princess, a historical fiction that overflies the latest seven decades of Afghan history, and Hell’s Mouth, also a historical fiction that recounts the excellent work of humanitarian and human rights actors in Côte d’Ivoire during the First Liberian Civil War. He also published articles mainly about Afghanistan and the need to reform the United Nations.
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Would you consider a $20.00 contribution today that will help to keep the IPS news wire active? Your contribution will make a huge difference. | <urn:uuid:c0a82c5d-0719-4faa-95b1-ef9a72c90f5e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ipsnews.net/2021/03/achieve-peace-afghanistan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.936464 | 2,196 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Thanks to the record-breaking fundraising efforts during our series of dispersed Walks for Water, work is now advancing well on the ‘hardware’ components at Bwanga.
The dispersed Walks for Water across the UK, mandated by COVID restrictions, raised a fantastic total of £28k for our project at Bwanga Hill. This secondary school and rural community was seriously in need of support, and WATSAN’s dedicated trustees and supporters readily stepped up to help.
In his most recent report from the field, Project Director Eric Baingana has itemised the spending so far on the construction of a rainwater harvesting tank within the secondary school, as well as three tapstands, and two latrine blocks:
He says: “The tank is situated adjacent to the church building and is intended to serve resident staff and boys at Bwanga Secondary School. The purpose for this location is that the church is located uphill above the school staff quarters, which enables water from the tank to move down to the school by gravity, and the church has a massive roof which helps to serve this tank with enough rain water.”
The team is making great progress in spite of the ongoing challenges presented by COVID, which include school closures, curfews and limits on travel. The latter has prevented them from making as many inroads as they would like into the ‘software’ part of the project – engaging the local community in health and hygiene education, building a sense of ownership around their new facilities, and preparing to hand the structures over to them for ongoing maintenance. Restrictions have been easing into November and so we hope that these activities will recommence, so that work on this project can be completed by the end of March 2022.
Thank you so much again to all who raised funds for this project! | <urn:uuid:c9d58c04-d055-46a5-9e35-f5ed2bf51aeb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://watsanuganda.org/2021/11/23/project-work-begins-in-earnest-at-bwanga-hill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.979709 | 376 | 1.546875 | 2 |
In addition to books, clothes and school supplies, Bethesda Memorial Hospital would like parents to add one thing to their lists for the new school year. A child-registration form will give permission for medical treatment if parents cannot be reached following an injury.
``Frequently, kids out skateboarding fall and hurt an arm and their parents are not home from work. Kids are notorious for not knowing where mom works or (their) phone number,`` Jeri Saltalamacchia, nurse manager of the Boynton Beach hospital`s emergency department said.
A child is treated immediately for a life-threatening injury, but treatment for something less serious requires a parent`s approval, Saltalamacchia said. If a broken bone needs a cast or a cut should be stitched up, emergency room staff must contact parents. If they have a consent form, the child can be cared for more quickly.
The registry forms have been used only infrequently. Most often, parents are the ones who bring a child to the hospital, Saltalamacchia said.
Still, she believes in the practice. When her parents watch her children while she is away, Saltalamacchia leaves a notarized note authorizing emergency medical treatment. ``It`s kind of a security blanket that they have,`` she said.
The forms include parents` work telephone numbers and details on a child`s medical history, including allergies and medications. The forms must be notarized, then returned to the hospital. They are kept on file in the emergency department. They should be revised each year so information is current. There`s no charge for the Child Registry program. Forms are available by calling 278-2229 in Delray Beach. | <urn:uuid:6fc097fc-13bd-4802-8e57-8bb16c5d1b13> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1989-08-17/news/8902260256_1_emergency-department-parents-child-registry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00029-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950965 | 354 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Heritage 8/2015:4706, not sold - Heritage 10/2015:3200, $7,637.50
The Proof 1886 Quarter is very similar to the 1884 and 1885 Proof Quarters except there are more Deep Cameo examples known of the 1886. Also, a PCGS PR68DCAM example is known of the 1886, which sets it apart from the earlier dates, where there are none..
PCGS and NGC have certified a large majority of the original mintage of this date. As these numbers approach the mintage figure of 886, the number of new examples that enter the market will drop dramatically and the populations will solidify. This should make the best coins even more valuable because the fear of better coins entering the market will disappear.
In the meantime, collectors should seek to acquire the very best examples they can afford and avoid lower grade, hairlined examples.
© 1999-2017 Collectors Universe NASDAQ: CLCT | <urn:uuid:19605f0c-3821-4995-a382-0b9a11124ba0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pcgscoinfacts.com/Coin/Detail/5587 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00288-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911418 | 200 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Rev DA Macrae was born in Miavaig and lived latterly in Harris. He was interviewed by Maggie Smith in November 2004, and died in July 2005.
Our home Miavaig House was built in 1855 for my grandfather James Macrae, who was the Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages and was also an Inspector of the Poor. He was responsible for the Parish of Uig which in those days reached as far as Carloway. At this time there was great poverty and the Destitution Board sent a boat into Loch Roag to deliver meal for distribution amongst the poor. There had been widespread potato blight and I’ve heard of one of the Destitution roads built at this time, in Geshader in this district. This was known as Rathad a’Bhuntata as those building the road were paid in potatoes.
I remember a jetty in front of Miavaig House; this was used to offload the supplies for the destitution stores. The meal store was part of Miavaig House. As the years passed the house was being flooded by the tide, it was eventually knocked down and today Miavaig House is higher up the shore. At low tide the old jetty, used to unload the stores can still be seen today. But in my young days a relative of ours, Duncan Macrae from Callanish had the first motor boat I ever saw, and he brought stores and people to Miavaig pier about three times a week. In those days the Uig people travelled by sea to Callanish if they were going to Stornoway, or any other part of the island, as it saved the very long walk to Garynahine. | <urn:uuid:65705643-f1df-4efb-82d6-3e7ccf43fc12> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.ceuig.co.uk/tag/miavaig/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.990673 | 351 | 1.671875 | 2 |
When someone does not pay their taxes, regardless of whether the property is in a Short Sale or not, that property falls into a system whereby the property goes up for sale through the county as a TAX SALE. This happens the second Monday in May in Frederick County. The county needs their money whether it's from you or an investor. If an investor pays the taxes, you will have to pay him back plus interest and I think the interest is over 7%.
Information about properties up for TAX SALE will be posted on April 20, 2009. May 11, 2009 is the sale date.
Often times when someone dies and there are no heirs, a property will go into this system and that is how some investors get rich - by buying property at tax sales. The homeowner or their heirs have 6 months to pay back the person who paid the taxes at the TAX SALE plus interest. Once they pay back whoever bought the property in the tax sale, they then redeem the property into their ownership. If a homeowner or their heir or the lien holder does not pay the taxes, the person paying the taxes then files to take ownership of the property.
When a property is in Short Sale, the lien holder will have staff that keeps their eye out for this and will pay the taxes on the owners behalf to keep it out of a TAX SALE. HOWEVER, sometimes the lien holder drops the ball and does not catch this and it falls into the TAX SALE system. As I said, TAX SALES occur in the spring. Below is the link to Frederick County so you can see what happens. As I said, TAX SALES are held the second Monday in May in Frederick County.
Cathy Chapman, Broker
Signature Home Sales, LLC | <urn:uuid:7ed65796-53e9-4b97-96f3-c007e4264e90> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.trulia.com/voices/Foreclosure/what_happens_if_i_did_not_paid_the_property_taxes_-86395 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00154-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950039 | 367 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Recent incidents with Ray Rice, Josh Gordon, and Adrian Peterson remind us that there’s more to an NFL player than freakish athletic ability. These cases represent a disturbing trend in recent seasons in which player character issues overshadow on-field performance. With the NFL draft looming, the recent rash of off-the-field issues is also a sober reminder that teams need better ways of measuring who players really are. With this premise in mind, we searched the psychological literature to find important (and more relevant) tests that the NFL could use to better assess player potential.
1. Grit: Perhaps the quintessential component for any player driven to win a Super Bowl, grit is an individual’s passion to pursue a long term goal. Research has shown that West Point cadets were more likely to graduate the back-breaking, 47-month military training if they maintained a high level of grit4. If NFL teams are looking for future players who will sustain effort over the long term, look no further than grit.
2. Transformational leadership: Transformational leadership (TL) is characterized by four behaviors: acting as an example to teammates, being optimistic and enthusiastic, encouraging creativity and innovation, and respecting teammates’ unique capabilities5. Research has demonstrated that TL is linked to increases in follower well-being, which in turn increases team motivation, health, and commitment. TL also contributes to on- and off-field performance6, meaning that transformational leaders are better at performing football-specific tasks and being good locker-room guys7.
3. Communication style/skill, etc: “Z-right high, toss power trap — New York bozo, on three.” Not always verbal, and not always in the huddle, communication is critical to working successfully in a group. In this context, communication style is the characteristic way people send verbal, paraverbal, and nonverbal signals in social interactions8. Communication skill reveals how a person wants to appear to others, how they tend to relate to others, and how others should interpret their messages. Players high in communication skill can better express themselves without potentially dangerous emotional outbursts and facilitate growth within themselves and their teammates.
4. Self-regulation: Psychologists define self-regulation as the effortful control of external behavior and internal thoughts, emotions, and attention — all in the service of meeting long-term goals9. Increased self-regulation helps align intentions and goals (e.g., I want to eat well and work out everyday this offseason) with actual behavior. In the context of sports, research shows that self-regulation is related to increased performance and investment in the game and practice. NFL players’ ability to objectively assess their strengths and weaknesses, create a plan to improve themselves, and execute is imperative to their long term career success.
5. Passion: Not just the stuff of soap operas, passion is defined as a strong inclination toward an activity that an individual likes, finds important, and invests their time and energy. Players’ passion can be characterized in one of two ways: Harmonious passion (HP) is an innate desire to engage in an enjoyable activity; in other words, HP is the internally driven “for the love of the game”. Obsessive Passion (OP), on the other hand, is externally driven by fear of failure or a desire for acceptance or praise. Determining the type of passion that drives a player could distinguish those who truly love the game from those playing for fame and fortune. Though research has linked both HP and OP to players’ practice behaviors, only HP promotes healthy adaptation, higher levels of subjective well-being, and greater skill mastery. OP predicts undesirable player behaviors including a fear of failure, or playing not to lose, which is related to poor performance10
6. Mental toughness: Mental toughness is the innate or learned ability to maintain and thrive under pressure11. Research shows that being mentally tough enables a person to remain calm in demanding situations, and cope with stress constructively. It allows a person to stay determined, focused, confident, and in control under pressure. Mental toughness could play an especially pronounced role in the success of quarterbacks who lead game-winning drives — like Peyton Manning, who happens to lead the league in this feat (category).
7. Athletic identity: Athletic identity is the degree to which people incorporate their role as athletes into their self-conception12. Recent studies have shown that having a strong athletic identity is related to healthy moral development13, the ability to transition fluidly through career phases14 (e.g., transitioning from college to the NFL), and overall competitiveness15.
8. Growth mindset: Arguably one of the most important aspects of sport is how an individual responds to failure or loss. Having a growth mindset allows a person to positively respond to adversity by doubling down on learning, adaptation, and improvement. As author Carol Dweck says, “[Growth mindset] is character, heart, the mind of a champion. It’s what makes great athletes… [it’s a] focus on self-development, self-motivation, and responsibility (p. 107)16.
9. Conscientiousness: If only the Browns had measured Johnny Manziel’s conscientiousness before they drafted him. Conscientiousness is defined as the propensity to follow socially prescribed norms for impulse control, to be goal directed, to plan, and to be able to delay gratification. Those higher in conscientiousness show healthier behavior17, motivation to learn after performance feedback, and earn higher supervisory ratings18
10. Cohesiveness: Or, team chemistry as some like to call it, is the tendency of a group to stick together in pursuit of a common goal19. Several studies have shown that cohesiveness is positively related to team performance20. Cohesiveness is not a trait; the need to belong is a fundamental human attribute21. In this sense, measuring cohesiveness assesses a players’ likelihood of positively contributing to a cohesive team.
1 Dallas Cowboys were the first to do so in the 1970s.↩
3 Created by Harold Goldstein, professor of psychology at Baruch College and Cyrus Mehri, a Washington lawyer↩
4 Kelly, D.R., Mathews, M.D., & Bartone, P.T. (2014). Grit and hardiness as predictors of performance among West Point cadets. Military Psychology. 26(4), 327-342.↩
5 Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.; Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. (2006). Transformational Leadership (2nd ed.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.↩
6 Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B. J., & Shamir, B. (2002). Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: A field experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 45(4), 735-744.↩
7 Yusof, A. (1998). The relationship between transformational leadership behaviors of athletic directors and coaches’ job satisfaction. Physical Educator, 55, 170-175↩
8 De Vries, R. E., Bakker-Pieper, A., Alting Siberg, R., Van Gameren, K., & Vlug, M. (2009). The content and dimensionality of communication styles. Communication Research, 36, 178-206.↩
9 Wagner, D. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2015). Self-regulation and its failure: The seven deadly threats to self-regulation. In M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, E. Borgida, J. A. Bargh, M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, … J. A. Bargh (Eds.), APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 1: Attitudes and social cognition (pp. 805-842). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. ↩
10 Vallerand, R. J. (2008). On the psychology of passion: In search of what makes people’s lives most worth living. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49, 1-13. ↩
11 Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2015). The concept of mental toughness: Tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness. Journal Of Personality, 83, 26-44. ↩
12 Brewer, B. W., Van Raalte, J. L., & Linder, D. E. (1993). Athletic identity: Hercules’ muscles or Achilles heel? International Journal Of Sport Psychology, 24, 237-254.↩
13 Proios, M. (2013). Athletic identity and social goal orientations as predictors of moral orientation. Ethics & Behavior, 23, 410-424. ↩
15 Tuŝak, M., Faganel, M., & Bednarik, J. (2005). Is athletic identity an important motivator?. International Journal Of Sport Psychology, 36, 39-49.↩
16 Dweck, C.S. (2008). Mindset the new psychology of success. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.↩
17 Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2004). Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: a meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychological bulletin, 130(6), 887.↩
18 Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Strauss, J. P. (1993). Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: Test of the mediating effects of goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(5), 715.↩
19 Carron, A.V., Bray, S.R., & Eys, M.A. (2002). Team Cohesion and Team Success in Sport. Journal of Sports Sciences. 20(2). 119-126. ↩
20 Carron, A. V., Colman, M. M., Wheeler, J., & Stevens, D. (2002). Cohesion and performance in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24, 168 – 188. ; Stevens, D. (2002). Cohesion and Performance in Sport: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24. 168-188.↩
21 Carron, A.V. & Brawley, L.R. (2012). Cohesion: Conceptual and Measurement Issues. Small Group Research. 43(6), 726 – 743. ↩
22 Credit for photos: Leonard Williams (http://grantland.com/the-triangle/a-few-nfl-draft-prospects-to-keep-an-eye-on-this-college-football-season/)↩
23 Credit for photos: Brandon Sherff (http://distinctathlete.com/2014/10/5-nfl-draft-prospects-jets-fans-should-already-be-watching/)↩
24 Credit for photos: Danny Shelton (http://www.footballsfuture.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=17330171)↩
25 Credit for photos: Eric Kendricks (http://ky.sporttu.com/athletes/eric-kendricks-2275651/images)↩
26 Credit for photos: Marcus Mariota (http://www.sikids.com/blogs/2014/08/27/college-football-preview-2014-heisman-contender-marcus-mariota-has-oregon-thinking-)↩ | <urn:uuid:4224e2af-2c5f-49e5-89fc-e6a10554ad2a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://drbenjaminrosenberg.com/the-top-10-characteristics-the-nfl-isnt-measuring-but-should-be/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.875899 | 2,537 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Many of you probably saw the news reports on Friday of a fire here in the southern California desert area that engulfed dozens of cars and burned thousands of acres. It makes for a good one-day story, especially on a slow news Friday.
What many of you may not have heard is that the fire was made significantly worse by a bunch of idiots flying their drones overhead and interfering with water-dropping planes and helicopters. This is not new. It's merely the latest in a string of irresponsible incidents involving drones.
Drones are the latest geeky toy that have rapidly advanced from merely carrying a GoPro camera to now a potential delivery vehicle for Amazon. But like anything else, they can be misused.
In the case of the fire – which took place on Interstate 15, the main highway between southern California and Las Vegas – this was more than misuse. This was reckless disregard. According to a U.S. Forest Service spokesman, all air units had to pull back and dump their loads of water and fire retardant before returning to the San Bernardino airport.
The drones are seen as a hazard to the planes, so the airspace must be closed to fixed-wing aircraft if they are seen in the air. And there were five – yes, five – drones hovering over the fire.
"It can kill our firefighters in the air ... They can strike one of these things and one of our aircraft could go down, killing the firefighters in the air. This is serious to us. It is a serious, not only life threat, not only to our firefighters in the air, but when we look at the vehicles that were overrun by fire, it was definitely a life-safety threat to the motorists on Interstate 15," John Miller of U.S. Forest Service told NBC 4 in Los Angeles.
Of the five drones, three wisely got out of there, but two drones actually gave chase to air units, which delayed the response by about 15 to 20 minutes, according to Battalion Chief Marc Peebles of the San Bernardino County Fire Department. This allowed the fire, which started as a single car fire, to jump the freeway and engulf many cars, including a car carrier that looked to have six vehicles on it.
This is far from the first incident. Three weeks ago, drones delayed the combating of a fire near Big Bear Lake. A DC-10 tanker converted to fight fires had to turn back with 10,800 gallons of fire retardant, which cost the state $10,000.
Late last year, CBS reported that the Federal Aviation Administration gets up to 25 reports a month from pilots of drones flying too close to their planes. Now, a drone vs. a 777 or even a 737 isn't much of a fight, unless the drone gets sucked into an engine. Then the plane is endangered, obviously. Yet in 2014 there were more than 200 incidents.
And in one case, a drone operator lost control and their drone smashed into a triathlete during a competition, sending the athlete to the hospital.
To quote the Internet meme incorrectly attributed to "The Big Lebowski," you drone owners are a special kind of stupid, aren't you?
California legislators are now going after these idiots. One representative has introduced a bill that would make it a criminal offense to interfere with firefighting efforts on federal land. Separately, an assemblyman and a state senator are looking to increase the penalty for interfering with firefighting efforts from a $1,000 fine to a maximum $5,000 fine. Ars Technica spoke to State Senator Ted Gains, who is also looking to add up to six months of jail time if the drone interference is considered intentional and reckless.
For now, the increased penalties are aimed at the stupid user, which I am all for. But that doesn't change the fact that we shouldn't need these laws to begin with if there was even a hint of common sense. | <urn:uuid:3517c920-44e8-4fcb-a1f2-78385fae46b3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.networkworld.com/article/2950544/microsoft-subnet/harsher-punishments-sought-after-drones-interfere-with-firefighters.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00090-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975769 | 795 | 1.867188 | 2 |
In the summer of 2004, an investor named Peter Thiel met a young technology entrepreneur, and decided to invest $500,000 in his new company (valuing the company at just under $5 million). For that investment, he got 10.2% equity in the company. Eight years later, the company went public, offering shares to investors on the New York Stock Exchange. Those stocks sold at such a high price that the entire company was valued at $104 billion, making Thiel’s investment now worth more than $10 billion dollars.
Thiel’s investment may be one of the greatest moves ever made in modern business history. The rapid success of the small company that he first invested in increased that value of his investment by more than 20,000 times. And though you may never have heard of Thiel, you’ve certainly heard of Facebook, the company that made him a billionaire.
In our series on investing, we’ve been talking a lot about public investments. Things like stocks, bonds and mutual funds all deal with investing in companies that are publicly owned (their stocks are available for purchase to anyone who is interested). Most investing done in America is public investing. But at the time that Peter Thiel bought into Facebook, it wasn’t a public company. This was a private investment, and it payed off much better than any public investment ever will. So is private investing a good option for you?
Maybe. Certainly, many people have made lots of money off of private investments. Maybe you have heard the term “venture capitalist,” which refers to people who make a profession out of investing their money in start up companies. Or perhaps you’ve seen the television show “Shark Tank,” where wealthy investors listen to pitches from entrepreneurs with the hopes of finding a good small company to invest in. Both of these are examples of private investment.
Private investment can seem lucrative, and when things go right, it is. But with the potential for great payoff comes the potential for great loss — for every great reward, there is a great risk. This means that private investing is very risky. And that high risk level makes private investing a dangerous game for most small-time investors (folks like you and me).
Here’s what you have to remember about the sharks on TV and high-powered venture capitalists like Peter Thiel: Although they’re making a lot of money off of these private investments, they are already very wealthy people to start with. When Thiel invested half a million dollars in Facebook in 2004, that wasn’t his whole retirement nest egg — it was just a small amount of his net worth that he decided to take a chance with. This holds true with the TV sharks: They are very wealthy people already, and the amount of money that they invest in private companies is a pittance compared to their entire financial portfolio. Even if they lose the entire amount of their investment, it won’t really make a dent in their wealth.
You and I, on the other hand, don’t have the large amounts of capital that these private investors own. That means that we have to be much more careful with the investments that we make. You may find yourself one day with $500,000 worth of retirement investments (in fact, I hope you do). But you should never take out that nest egg and invest it in a technology start-up, hoping that it will become the next Facebook. There’s a tiny chance that the company may succeed; chances are much better, though, that it will fail, and you will lose everything you invested.
Now, this is not to say that you should never make private investments. But if you do find yourself in the position to make a private investment, you need to be very careful to make sure that you’re investing wisely, and only risking a small amount of your wealth.
What would a private investment look like in your life? It would probably come in the form of a friend, family member or other acquaintance asking you to invest some money in their small company. If you have a reputation for handling your money wisely, people may turn to you for start-up capital. So what should you do if that happens?
Be very careful. Just because you have the money to invest doesn’t mean that you should. There are a ton of things to consider when making a private investment. Start first with the person you’re investing in. Do they have a track record of personal success? Are they bright, diligent and willing to work hard over long periods of time? Do they have upstanding personal character? Have they demonstrated wisdom in their own personal finances? If the answer to any of these questions is “no,” this is a business deal that you want to stay away from.
Next, consider their business idea. Does it seem like a viable business to you? Are they selling a product or service that is genuinely helpful to people? If they’ve been in business for a while, are their sales good? Are their business expenses under control? Has the business avoided taking on heavy debt? Do they have a solid plan for how they’re going to grow the business over the next year, five years and ten years? Again, if any of these questions can’t be answered in the affirmative, you want to steer clear.
Finally, you want to think about your role in all of this. If you invest, will you want to have a voice in how the company is run? If the business succeeds, how quickly will you get your money back, and when will you start seeing profits? If the business fails, will the loss of your investment mess up your financial life? And how will this investment affect your relationship with the business owner? If you invest money with a friend or family member, and then they lose the money, that’s going to create some interpersonal strain. Is your relationship strong enough to handle it?
In the end, if everything checks out well, you may find that a private investment is an exciting venture that can be financially and personally rewarding. If you’re confident in the company and its leadership, it’s okay to invest a small amount of your personal money into it. Just make sure that the amount of money that you’re risking isn’t enough to torpedo your own financial future.
After all, for every Facebook, there’s a MySpace. And you don’t want to invest your life savings in that.
Update: Thiel just sold off his Facebook shares today for a cool $400 million. For more info, click here.
Photo by DonkeyHote. Used under Creative Commons License. | <urn:uuid:02d4ddc5-31ed-435c-9d5c-b98a8025f758> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.godmoneyme.com/2012/07/08/investing-101-what-about-private-investing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.968793 | 1,392 | 2.328125 | 2 |
The key advantage of Huntington's famous model is that it describes the world as it is—not as we wish it to be.
By Ayaan Hirsi Ali
August 18, 2010, The wall street journal
What do the controversies around the proposed mosque near Ground Zero, the eviction of American missionaries from Morocco earlier this year, the minaret ban in Switzerland last year, and the recent burka ban in France have in common? All four are framed in the Western media as issues of religious tolerance. But that is not their essence. Fundamentally, they are all symptoms of what the late Harvard political scientist Samuel Huntington called the "Clash of Civilizations," particularly the clash between Islam and the West.
Huntington's argument is worth summarizing briefly for those who now only remember his striking title. The essential building block of the post-Cold War world, he wrote, are seven or eight historical civilizations of which the Western, the Muslim and the Confucian are the most important.
The balance of power among these civilizations, he argued, is shifting. The West is declining in relative power, Islam is exploding demographically, and Asian civilizations—especially China—are economically ascendant. Huntington also said that a civilization-based world order is emerging in which states that share cultural affinities will cooperate with each other and group themselves around the leading states of their civilization.
The West's universalist pretensions are increasingly bringing it into conflict with the other civilizations, most seriously with Islam and China. Thus the survival of the West depends on Americans, Europeans and other Westerners reaffirming their shared civilization as unique—and uniting to defend it against challenges from non-Western civilizations.
Huntington's model, especially after the fall of Communism, was not popular. The fashionable idea was put forward in Francis Fukuyama's 1989 essay "The End of History," in which he wrote that all states would converge on a single institutional standard of liberal capitalist democracy and never go to war with each other. The equivalent neoconservative rosy scenario was a "unipolar" world of unrivalled American hegemony. Either way, we were headed for One World.
President Obama, in his own way, is a One Worlder. In his 2009 Cairo speech, he called for a new era of understanding between America and the Muslim world. It would be a world based on "mutual respect, and . . . upon the truth that America and Islam are not exclusive and need not be in competition. Instead, they overlap, and share common principles."
The president's hope was that moderate Muslims would eagerly accept this invitation to be friends. The extremist minority—nonstate actors like al Qaeda—could then be picked off with drones.
Of course, this hasn't gone according to plan. And a perfect illustration of the futility of this approach, and the superiority of the Huntingtonian model, is the recent behavior of Turkey.
According to the One World view, Turkey is an island of Muslim moderation in a sea of extremism. Successive American presidents have urged the EU to accept Turkey as a member on this assumption. But the illusion of Turkey as the West's moderate friend in the Muslim world has been shattered.
A year ago Turkey's President Recep Erdogan congratulated Iran's Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on his re-election after he blatantly stole the presidency. Then Turkey joined forces with Brazil to try to dilute the American-led effort to tighten U.N. sanctions aimed at stopping Iran's nuclear arms program. Most recently, Turkey sponsored the "aid flotilla" designed to break Israel's blockade of Gaza and to hand Hamas a public relations victory.
True, there remain secularists in Istanbul who revere the legacy of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of the Republic of Turkey. But they have no hold over the key government ministries, and their grip over the army is slipping. Today the talk in Istanbul is quite openly about an "Ottoman alternative," which harks back to the days when the Sultan ruled over an empire that stretched from North Africa to the Caucasus.
If Turkey can no longer be relied on to move towards the West, who in the Muslim world can be? All the Arab countries except Iraq—a precarious democracy created by the United States—are ruled by despots of various stripes. And all the opposition groups that have any meaningful support among the local populations are run by Islamist outfits like the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.
In Indonesia and Malaysia, Islamist movements are demanding the expansion of Shariah law. In Egypt, Hosni Mubarak's time is running out. Should the U.S. support the installation of his son? If so, the rest of the Muslim world will soon be accusing the Obama administration of double standards—if elections for Iraq, why not for Egypt? Analysts have observed that in free and fair elections, a Muslim Brotherhood victory cannot be ruled out.
Algeria? Somalia? Sudan? It is hard to think of a single predominantly Muslim country that is behaving according to the One World script.
The greatest advantage of Huntington's civilizational model of international relations is that it reflects the world as it is—not as we wish it to be. It allows us to distinguish friends from enemies. And it helps us to identify the internal conflicts within civilizations, particularly the historic rivalries between Arabs, Turks and Persians for leadership of the Islamic world.
But divide and rule cannot be our only policy. We need to recognize the extent to which the advance of radical Islam is the result of an active propaganda campaign. According to a CIA report written in 2003, the Saudis invested at least $2 billion a year over a 30-year period to spread their brand of fundamentalist Islam. The Western response in promoting our own civilization was negligible.
Our civilization is not indestructible: It needs to be actively defended. This was perhaps Huntington's most important insight. The first step towards winning this clash of civilizations is to understand how the other side is waging it—and to rid ourselves of the One World illusion.
Ms. Ali, a former member of the Dutch parliament, is the author of "Nomad: From Islam to America—A Personal Journey through the Clash of Civilizations," which has just been published by Free Press. | <urn:uuid:a00d500c-b3de-43ff-9436-ef7e7646bce9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.islamdaily.org/en/islam/8775.how-to-win-the-clash-of-civilizations.htm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00390-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959133 | 1,277 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Height above average terrain
Height above average terrain (HAAT) (or less popularly, EHAAT, Effective Height Above Average Terrain) is a measure of how high an antenna site is above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is more important than effective radiated power (ERP) in determining the range of broadcasts (VHF and UHF in particular, as they are line of sight transmissions). For international coordination, it is officially measured in meters, even by the Federal Communications Commission in the United States, as Canada and Mexico (both of which officially use metric units) have extensive border zones where international stations can be received on either side of the international boundaries. Stations that want to increase above a certain HAAT must reduce their power accordingly, based on the maximum distance their station class is allowed to cover (see List of North American broadcast station classes for more information on this).
Before metrification at the FCC, the procedure to figure HAAT was relatively simple: from the proposed or actual antenna site, either 12 or 16 radials were drawn, and points at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 miles (16 km) radius along each radial were used. The entire radial graph could be rotated to achieve the best effect for the station. The altitude of the antenna site, minus the average altitude of all the specified points, was the HAAT. This can create some unusual cases, particularly in mountainous regions—it is possible to have a negative number for HAAT (the transmitter would not be located underground, but rather in a valley, with hills on both sides taller than the transmitter itself, for example).
The FCC has divided the Contiguous United States into three zones for the determination of spacing between FM and TV stations using the same frequencies. FM and TV stations are assigned maximum ERP and HAAT values, depending on their assigned zones, to prevent co-channel interference.
The FCC regulations for ERP and HAAT are listed under Title 47, Part 73 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
Zones I and I-A
- Maximum HAAT: 150 meters (492 ft)
- Maximum ERP: 50 kW
- Minimum co-channel separation: 241 km (150 mi)
Zones II and III
- Maximum HAAT: 600 meters (1968 ft)
- Maximum ERP: 100 kW
- Minimum co-channel separation: 290 km (180 mi).
In all zones, maximum ERP for analog TV transmitters is as follows:
- VHF 2-6: 100 kW (analog); 45 kW (digital)
- VHF 7-13: 316 kW (analog); 160 kW (digital)
- UHF: 5,000 kW (analog); 1000 kW (digital)
- Zone I: 305 meters (1000 ft)
- Zones II and III: 610 meters (2000 ft)
Minimum co-channel separation
|Band||Zone I||Zone II||Zone III|
Zone I (the most densely populated zone) consists of the entire land masses of the following states: Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and West Virginia; in addition to the northern and eastern portions of Virginia; the areas of Michigan and southeastern Wisconsin south of 43° 30' north latitude; the coastal strip of Maine; the areas of New Hampshire and Vermont south of 45° north latitude; and the areas of western New York south of 43° 30' north latitude and eastern New York south of 45° north latitude. In addition, Zone I-A (FM only) consists of all of California south of 40° north latitude, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (If the dividing line between Zones I and II runs through a city, that city is considered to be in Zone I.).
Zones I and I-A have the most "grandfathered" overpowered stations, which are allowed the same extended coverage areas that they had before the zones were established. One of the most powerful of these stations is WBCT in Grand Rapids, Michigan, which operates at 320,000 watts and 238 meters (781 ft) HAAT.
Zone III (the zone with the flattest terrain) consists of all of Florida and the areas of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas within approximately 241.4 kilometers (150.0 mi) of the Gulf of Mexico.
- Above mean sea level (AMSL)
- Above ground level (AGL)
- Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)
- List of broadcast station classes
- United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) | <urn:uuid:d90a5705-58e9-45b4-b1c6-7929204c701f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_above_average_terrain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00577-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926482 | 972 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Scoring high on the AP Chemistry Exam is very different from earning straight A's in school. We don't try to teach you everything there is to know about chemistry--only the strategies and information you'll need to get your highest score. In "Cracking the AP Chemistry Exam," we'll teach you how to
-Use our preparation strategies and test-taking techniques to raise your score
-Focus on the topics most likely to appear on the test
-Test your knowledge with review questions for each chemistry topic covered
This book includes 2 full-length practice AP Chemistry tests. All of our practice questions are just like those you'll see on the actual exam, and we explain how to answer every question.
"Cracking the AP Chemistry Exam" has been fully updated for the 2008 test. | <urn:uuid:9d9e6339-af0b-42e1-99a0-c9344a035074> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.infibeam.com/Books/info/Paul-Foglino/Cracking-the-AP-Chemistry-Exam/0375766421.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00164-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950321 | 161 | 1.992188 | 2 |
If you saw last week’s post you’ll know that I’m pondering a DVCon proposal. As it stands, my proposal centers around unit testing in hardware development. Trouble is, unit testing on it’s own – nevermind TDD which is where I really want to go – has been a tough sell for hardware developers. Lucky for me, I’ve recently found that if I show off unit testing within a context people actually care about (i.e. UVM), suddenly they take an interest. Odd how that happens :). So that’s where I am, an abstract that describes the value of unit testing as we’ve applied it to UVM. It’s called How UVM-1.1d Makes the Case for Unit Testing. The proposal is not a sure thing yet. If you’re on board with it, you can help make it happen over here.
Assuming people like the abstract, I’m looking for an ice breaker or two that in addition to what we’ve done with UVM help convey the value of unit testing. That’s taken me back again to Mentor’s 2012 Wilson Research Group Functional Verification Study and a twist on the time wasted debugging graphic that I love so much. Here’s a snapshot with the graphic and Harry Foster’s analysis from Mentor’s website. I’ve shown the graphic so many times already. Let’s focus on the analysis this time, shall we?
For such a strong indicator, I think Harry is taking it easy on us; probably doesn’t want to hurt anyone’s feelings! I’m going to offer a translation that’s a little more direct…
Let’s look at the mean time verification engineers spend wasting their time. Unless you’re blind, you’ll see verification engineers burn an incredible amount of time fixing defects that they and their colleagues create through a careless disregard for code quality. Ideally, if we realized that people aren’t perfectly molded futuristic efficiency drones, that they make mistakes and that unit testing code is a great way to catch these mistakes before they become a huge time-suck, we’d be free to find more entertaining ways to spend almost 3 hours/day, like windsurfing or smelling flowers or doing chin-ups. Yet, unfortunately, because we don’t generally unit test our code to eliminate defects in a focused and disciplined way (or even make the effort to keep track of where we inject these defects), the time required to find them can vary significantly from project-to-project – big surprise there – which means project managers, team leaders and executives are often left wondering what the hell could be taking us so long to finish up considering we told them we were done writing the RTL and building our testbench several months ago.
There… the colour and analysis I think that graphic deserves. And depending on the interest I get, a nice opening for a DVCon paper describing the benefits of unit testing in hardware. If it sounds good to you, could go read and vote for the abstract… or you could just vote for it here.
PS: As I’ve said before, reading through Mentor’s 2012 Wilson Research Group Functional Verification Study is time well spent. Lots of important little nuggets in there. This comes from part 6. This morning I see Harry has just posted part 9. | <urn:uuid:f0aab8bc-1dba-44ed-8635-db5eb767b527> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://agilesoc.com/2013/08/12/percentage-of-time-verification-engineers-spend-in-various-tasks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.93497 | 738 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Not on display
- Robert Mapplethorpe 1946–1989
- Photograph, gelatin silver print on paper
- Support: 374 × 375 mm
frame: 743 × 620 × 38 mm
- ARTIST ROOMS Tate and National Galleries of Scotland
- ARTIST ROOMS Acquired jointly with the National Galleries of Scotland through The d'Offay Donation with assistance from the National Heritage Memorial Fund and the Art Fund 2008
The American, Doris Saatchi (née Lockhart), was Charles Saatchi’s first wife. This photograph was taken when the couple had attained almost legendary status as collectors of international contemporary art. The four-volume set of catalogues of their collection, ‘Art of Our Time’, was published in 1984 and showed that they had acquired many works now considered masterpieces. Mapplethorpe has captured her as a disembodied head looking directly into the camera with no hesitation. She has the gaze of someone who knows what she wants and knows how to appraise it. | <urn:uuid:6c683319-d457-4cdc-9363-ddf59d820ecb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/mapplethorpe-doris-saatchi-ar00155 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.962035 | 242 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Kingdom of southwestern Germany. The earliest traces of Jews in this country are found in Bopfingen (1241), Ulm (1243), Esslingen (1253), Oehringen (1253), Calw (1284), and Weil (1289); and their numbers, as well as the places where they lived, may be ascertained by investigating the persecutions to which they were subjected by Rindfleisch and his followers (1298). Albrecht I. of Austria had been chosen King of Germany, and Ulrich I. and Eberhard I. were ruling in Württemberg, when Rindfleisch and his wild hordes attacked the Jews in Creglingen, Ellwangen, Forchtenberg, Gartach, Göglingen, Ingelfingen, Künzelsau, Leonberg, Mockmühl, Mergentheim, Stetten, Sindringen, Sontheim, Waldenburg, Weinsberg, Widdern, and Weikersheim. In the large community of Heilbronn alone there were 200 martyrs, among them Johanan ben Eliakim, the rabbi, and R. Asher, the president of the community. There was at that time a large community also in Ulm, which had its own cemetery,and which enjoyed certain privileges granted it by a municipal law of 1274, this law being in force in Ravensburg also. In the fourteenth century there were Jews also in Baldern, Geislingen, Göppingen, Schwäbisch Hall, Rohrbach, Hohenburg, Horb, Reutlingen, Rottweil, Stuttgart, Sulm, Tübingen, Vaihingen, and Wolfegg. The counts of Württemberg owed money to the Jews of Colmar and Schlettstadt, but Louis IV. canceled their indebtedness (1346), as had also Henry VII. and Louis the Bavarian (1311 and 1316) in the case of the citizens of Esslingen.
During the night of April 19, 1316, the Bavarian party of Ulm succeeded in introducing Bavarian troops into the city, aided, as alleged, by a Jew. In the same night, however, the Austrian party, which was in the majority, appeared and drove out the Bavarians. In commemoration of this event a mass was instituted to recall the treachery of the Jews; but this was abolished in 1322, when the Bavarians gained possession of Ulm. New persecutions soon broke out, however, the Jews being charged with being enemies of the Christians, and with stealing and desecrating the host. The community of Esslingen was almost annihilated in 1334; and two years later the Jews in Hohenburg, Landenbach, Mergentheim, Weikersheim, and Widdern were persecuted. The situation became still worse toward the end of 1348, when the plague and fanaticism combined brought destruction upon the Jewish communities of Baldern, Bopfingen, Ellwangen, Esslingen, Göppingen, Geislingen, Schwäbisch Hall, Heilbronn, Hohebach, Horb, Krailsheim, Mengen, Mergentheim, Nagold, Oehringen, Ravensburg, Reutlingen, Rottweil, Stuttgart, Sulgen, Sulm, Ulm, Vaihingen, Waldenburg, Weilderstadt, and Widdern.Ulm.
For the protection afforded them the Jews of Ulm had to pay large sums to the municipal council, to the citizens, and to the counts of Helfenstein. The plunder taken from the Jews became a bone of contention among the cities, the emperor, and the counts; and their disputes led to renewed despoliations of the Jews. As the latter still found advocates, some counts and rulers united against them; and when the emperor's demand for a share of the plunder was unheeded, he made war against the cities, confiscated their possessions, and compelled them to pay high taxes. The city of Ulm being unable to raise the exorbitant sums demanded, the Jews came forward to aid it in its distress (1374), chief among them being Säcklin, son-in-law of Moses of Ehlingen, who was a citizen of Ulm. In order to exact money from the few wealthy Jews still residing in the city, the emperor declared them to be under the ban, and they had to pay large sums to have the edict revoked. In 1385 the federation of cities declared void all promissory notes held by the Jews within its jurisdiction; and in some cases it released the Christian debtors from paying interest on their loans, while in other cases it annulled part of the debt. Two years later the federation issued a decree that no German or Italian merchant might thenceforth have money transactions with the Jews. Emperor Wenceslaus, following the example of the federation, canceled in 1390 all the debts owing to the Jews, demanding, however, that the debtors pay him. All these measures were explained and justified on the grounds that the Jews were body and soul the property of the emperor, with which he could do as he pleased, and that the usury of the Jews had become intolerable. In spite of this, the counts of Württemberg permitted the Jews to reside in Stuttgart (1434), Kirchheim (1435), Tübingen (1459), Cannstadt, and Göppingen (1462), on definitely stated conditions, and on payment of large taxes for protection. Count Ulrich (1433-80) was commissioned by the emperor to protect the Jews, and at the same time rigorously to suppress their usury; the fines imposed were to be sent to the imperial treasury. Thus money flowed into the coffers of the count and of the emperor.Expulsion, 1498.
Count Eberhard im Bart (1459-96) was a pronounced enemy of the Jews. He removed them from Tübingen in 1477; and in 1495 he decreed that they should be expelled from his dominions. This order was confirmed by decree of June 14, 1498; and the Jews of Ulm, who were wealthy and well educated, had to leave the city on Aug. 6 of that year. The exiles were deprived of their property; and the emperor demanded that the people of Ulm should mention him in their prayers because he had delivered them of the Jews.
The fifteenth century was ominous also for the Jews of Ravensburg. A blood accusation brought against them induced Emperor Sigismund to burn some of the Jews of that city, and to expel others. The Jews were expelled from Esslingen in 1438; but ten years later they were again admitted, only to be expelled a second time in 1490. From Heilbronn, where Jews had settled anew in 1414, a number of them were expelled in 1469; and seven years later the city council insisted on a general expulsion, notwithstanding the imperial order to protect the Jews. The Jews expelled from the cities scattered among the villages; but in many cases they returned to the urban communities. Thus, there were Jews in Gmünd and Reutlingen in 1433; in Brackenheim, 1434; in Nersheim, 1454; in Giengen, 1486; and in Lauterburg, Pflaumloch, and Uzmemmingen, 1491. Between the end of the fifteenth century and 1806 no Jews settled in Ulm; individual Jews were permitted to enter the city only temporarily, and the citizens were warned against having any business transactions with them. When Württemberg became a dukedom, the treatment of the Jews remained on the whole the same; all money transactions with them were forbidden. These ordinances were frequently renewed and enforced; not even Josel of Rosheim, the great advocate of the Jews, was permitted to travel through the country. Strict ordinances were issued regarding the commercial and religious status of the Jews (1536). Jews traveling through the country were subjected to many annoyances, and no attention was paid to the repeated imperial edicts for their protection. Josel of Rosheim had succeeded in regulating by a compact the convoy charges of traveling Jews; but Duke Christoph, from whom he had obtained this agreement, was so inimical to the Jews that in the Reichstag of Augsburg in 1559 he advocated their expulsion from Germany. Frederick I. (1593-1608) tried in the face of the most violent oppositionto establish a Jewish mercantile association under the direction of Maggino Gabrieli and a Jewish magician, Abraham Calorno; the attempt, however, was an absolute failure.Joseph Süss Oppenheimer.
During the reign of Eberhard Ludwig (1677-1733) a favorable change of attitude toward the Jews took place; and they were now permitted to frequent the fairs (1706) and to trade in horses (1707). The Countess of Würben procured the privilege of free trade for the Jews of Freudenthal (1728) and for those of Gochsheim (1729). Under Carl Alexander (1733-37), Joseph Süss Oppenheimer was appointed privy factor, and subsequently financial councilor, to the duke; and through his influence several Jews were permitted to settle at Stuttgart and Ludwigsburg. Oppenheimer's subserviency to the duke brought upon him the enmity of the people, and after his master's death (1737) he fell into disgrace. He was executed in 1738, and in the following year all the Jews were mercilessly expelled. They were soon permitted to return, but they were severely restricted in the exercise of their religion, as well as in their business; and the people were warned against having any dealings with them in monetary affairs. Court factors were treated more leniently, and important government contracts were given to them (1759, 1761, 1764) in spite of the objections of the populace. Karl Eugen, as also his successors, Ludwig (1793-1795) and Friedrich (1795-97), treated the Jews considerately. These rulers were the last of the line of Catholic dukes; and under the succeeding Protestant régime a new era dawned for the Jews of Württemberg.Emancipation.
With the nineteenth century the whole country received an entirely new political constitution. It was not only made a kingdom, but considerable territory was added to it (1806); and its Jewish population increased until in 1828 it numbered 8,918 souls. King Frederick I. (1797-1816) took the first steps toward the emancipation of the Jews. He annulled the body-tax and admitted the Jews into the army (1807); instituted family registers; included the Jews in the general taxation (1808); opened up to them all trades; and regulated the organization and government of their communities. The Jews so treated showed themselves loyal citizens during the Napoleonic wars.
The work of ameliorating the condition of the Jews was continued by William I. (1816-64), and completed under Charles I. in 1869. King William instituted the Israelitische Oberkirchenbehörde; and, by a law enacted in 1828, he regulated the constitution of the Jewish communities, and made it obligatory upon Jewish parents to let their children receive a common-school education as provided by the general school-law of 1825. In the work of purifying the worship from the neglect and irregularities that had crept in, Dr. Maier, as theological member of the Oberkirchenbehörde, was most active. His aim was to eliminate completely all non-German elements, and to approach as closely as possible to the culture of the time, maintaining the idea of Jewish unity and morality, while abandoning the specifically Jewish laws of exclusion. Similar ideas actuated his successor, Church Councilor Dr. von Wassermann (1872-1893). Most of the communities in the northern part of the country clung, however, to the Hebrew language and to the Biblical and Talmudic rules of life; and at present the majority of the Jewish children are instructed in Hebrew, while the form of worship has remained almost unchanged.Present Status.
According to the census of 1900, the Jews in the kingdom of Württemberg numbered 11,916 in a total population of 2,169,480. They thus constitute 0.54 per cent of the population, distributed among the four districts of the country as follows: (1) Neckar, 5,544, or 0.73 per cent; (2) Black Forest, 1,296, or 0.25 per cent; Jagst, 2,990, or 0.74 per cent; and Danube, 2,086, or 0.40 per cent, of the total population. The Neckar district is divided into five rabbinates, the seat of which is in Stuttgart; the Black Forest district constitutes one rabbinate, the seat of which is in Mühringen; the Jagst district embraces the rabbinates of Heilbronn, Oberdorf, Mergentheim, Braunsbach, and Weikersheim; and the Danube district, the rabbinates of Göppingen, Laupheim, Buchau, and Ulm, making a total of fifteen rabbinates for the kingdom. Laws and decrees regulating the communal affairs were issued as follows: April 25, 1828; Oct. 27, 1831; Jan. 31, 1834 (rabbinical examinations); 1838 (rituals); 1841 (duties of rabbis and choir-leaders); March 25, 1851; March 26, 1873; Feb. 22, 1875; and Feb. 18 and April 24, 1876 (taxation); Aug. 5, 1875; and April 23, 1900 (pensioning of rabbis); and July 8, 1878; and March 25,1900 (qualifications of choir-leaders).Statistics.
According to the school statistics of 1900-1, the thirteen rabbinates had under their care 61 school districts, with 1,757 Jewish pupils, of whom 1,523 (736 boys and 787 girls) were under fourteen, and 234 (92 boys and 142 girls) more than fourteen, years of age. They are instructed in part in twenty-seven Jewish parochial schools, receiving their specifically religious instruction in thirty-one religious schools. In some places the religious instruction is given also in evening-schools and Sunday-schools. All but 140 children receive religious instruction. According to the statistics of the penal institutions of the country for 1900-1, fourteen Jews were sentenced in the course of the year, ten of whom were of Württemberg. The criminal status of the entire population of 2,169,480 is 0.089 per cent; that of the Jews, 0.083 per cent.
There are in Württemberg the following Jewish philanthropic institutions: the orphan asylum Wilhelmspflege at Esslingen; the Society for the Relief of Teachers, Widows, and Orphans; and the District Asylum and Relief Society. Since 1896 the rabbis of the country, as well as the Jewish teachers and choir-leaders, have been holding yearly conventions in Stuttgart. Among the most noteworthy synagogues are those at Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Ulm, Buchau, and Unterdeufstetten. There are very old cemeteries at Aufhausen, Oberdorf, Esslingen, Affaltrach, Unterbalbach, Neckarsulm, Wankheim, and Laibach. The Israelitische Oberkirchenbehörde, which is under the immediate supervisionof the ministry for ecclesiastical and educational affairs, regulates the affairs of all the Jewish communities of the country. This body is composed of a Jewish theologian, a Jewish lawyer, and four, Jewish associates, with a Christian ministerial counselor at their head. In all communities there are institutions for the instruction of adults, as well as burial societies, dispensaries, and societies for the relief of the resident and traveling poor. Stuttgart and Hall have societies for the promotion of a knowledge of rabbinical literature. The ancient ritual is observed in most of the communities, though some innovations have been introduced in Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Ulm, and Göppingen. See also Heilbronn; Stuttgart; Ulm. | <urn:uuid:8f8f7312-0578-4d02-889f-7962236b5c48> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15034-wurttemberg | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00508-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967236 | 3,493 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Home | norfolk international airport, Welcome. norfolk international airport is the major airport serving coastal virginia and northeast north carolina. american, delta, southwest and united offer. United states - wikipedia, The united states of america (usa), commonly referred to as the united states (u.s.) or america, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five. Miami international airport :: miami-dade county, Welcome to miami international airport (mia) official website. the airport is operated by the miami-dade aviation department and is the property of miami-dade county.
Airnav: airport information, Up--date airport fuel prices information. communication frequencies, navigation runway details. extensive listing fbo services features, contacts.. http://airnav.com/airports/ Homepage | tampa international airport, Tampa international airport homepage airport guides. browse guides essentials navigating tpa. information :. http://www.tampaairport.com/ Presbyterian church (...), Churchwide home page largest presbyterian denomination united states, pcusa.. http://www.pcusa.org/ | <urn:uuid:39da3fc4-930a-4d54-a53b-3071e702fc55> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://calendariu.com/u/usa-states-airport.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00482-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.846168 | 239 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Kristiansten Fortress (old spelling Christiansten Fortress, Kristiansten Festning in Norwegian) is located on a hill east of Trondheim, Norway to protect the city against attack from the east. It was built after the city fire of Trondheim in 1681. Constructed finished in 1685. It fulfilled its purpose in 1718 when Swedish forces lay siege of Trondheim. The fortress was decommissioned in 1816 by king Charles John.
By mlc1us @ 2007-04-06 11:02:41 | <urn:uuid:d61ab302-ca0a-4977-bad9-17af8e02ee9c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/kristiansten-fortress/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00272-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956199 | 111 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In the past 10 years, a significant number of kea (Nestor notabilis) in the AZA Kea SSP population have shown clinical signs consistent with disease caused by avian bornavirus (ABV). The SSP requested antemortem testing of each bird to determine the prevalence of the virus within the population. Blood samples and common choanal/cloacal swabs were collected from each bird and submitted for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for ABV. Forty-eight birds were tested, which represented 96% of the living population. Thirty of 48 birds tested positive (62.5%) on either blood or choanal/cloacal swab (or both). Six institutions had negative results in all birds, three institutions had positive results in all birds and two institutions had both positive and negative results. Of the 48 birds tested, 13 (27.1%) have since died, and necropsy and histopathology records were reviewed. Eleven of 13 of these birds tested ABV positive prior to death, and 2/13 tested ABV negative prior to death. None of the deceased birds had pathologic lesions considered definitive for ABV. Tissue samples (either frozen, formalin fixed, or paraffin embedded) were submitted from 9 birds for ABV PCR testing. All tissue samples tested were negative for ABV. Based on the data collected to date, there is no definitive evidence to support ABV as a direct cause of morbidity or mortality. However, based on a retrospective records review, which included the individuals in this study as well as those that had died prior, there have been several birds that have shown clinical signs that would be considered consistent with ABV. Further study is warranted to determine if ABV can be linked to morbidity and mortality in the kea SSP population.
The authors would like to thank each and every kea-holding institution for their willingness to participate in this study. | <urn:uuid:6e32f0e3-6e7c-4ee2-a7fb-d3eca54639eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vin.com/AppUtil/Project/DefaultAdv1.aspx?pId=23012&meta=generic&catId=125928&id=8921925&ind=29&objTypeID=17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.970583 | 404 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Thanks again to all of you for taking the time to read and comment on this admittedly very abstract article. Mulling over your comments during the past week, I’ve had a chance to think a bit more about the practical implications of adding a new metaphor to describe what it is that we do when we make websites.
The most basic practical implications of this article, I think, have nothing to do with its content and everything to do with stirring up the kind of conversation we’re seeing here. The occasional questioning of a discipline’s foundational assumptions is necessary for that discipline to grow—from conversation and argument grow new ideas that can push the discipline in new directions. Frankly, I rather wish more folks who commented here disagreed with me. For the sake of the profession, anyway. :-)
In any case, looking back at the article again, I think the practical core of the article is a call for user-centric design. This is certainly not a novel idea, but there can never be enough reminders that we should be building websites for our users, and not for ourselves or our clients.
More specifically, it is a challenge to change the process by which we as web designers determine a site’s structure. I love the idea (raised by a number of commenters) of building a website like paths on a college campus, allowing users to create the map, charting the natural flows of information the way one would chart foot traffic through the quad. At first glance, this ideas sounds a bit absurd when applied to an informational website—how, and why, would you build a site with no structure at all and then expect people to be able to find anything? I think some sort of underlying structure would be nescessary—after all, on the campuses in question, classroom buildings, dorms, and other landmarks are presumably built with some sort of relationship already implied.
The folksonomy approach suggested by some commenters addresses the aim to allow users to determine structure, but I’ll confess that I don’t think I’ve yet seen a truly successful folksonomy-based site (if you know of one, please set me straight). Unfortunately, folksonomies get very unwieldy very quickly (I’m imagining billowing thunderclouds of tags), which can impede their usefulness. So I wonder: are there ways other than tag clouds to implement a folksonomy system? I suppose sites like Digg.com might be considered a folksonomy of sorts, in which users’ voting up or down of content partially determines that content’s relationship to the content around it. Conceivably a system like that might not only help determine which content users found most useful, but also enable them to have a say on how content should fit together on the site.
I guess I’ve started wandering into slightly more theoretical territory once again, but I remain very curious as to what the readers of ALA see as the practical import of all of this theoretical talk, if any, and I throw the question out to you: how might seeing yourself as a cartographer as well as an architect change the way you work? | <urn:uuid:a7395baa-a028-4a5e-9e56-ef97ded51322> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://alistapart.com/comments/mappingmemory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00436-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951111 | 644 | 1.664063 | 2 |
This chapter seeks to show how the development of the spatial structure of the Randstad can be regarded as the outcome of three processes: the dynamics of the landscape; the changing economic and technical conditions; and changing societal conditions. The dynamics of the delta landscape and the specific way that people tried to intervene in this landscape and manipulate it created the conditions for a specific spatial structure. The development of the collection of Dutch cities, known as the Randstad, is linked strongly to the position of the territory in the delta of the two rivers Rhine and Meuse. Until the 1960s national politics put a strong emphasis on national economic independence. Overlooking a 1,000-year history of urbanisation of a delta-area, we can see the influential and decisive role of changes in the nature of rivers and sea, and the importance of the way that mankind has tried to deal with these changes. | <urn:uuid:eb0760a1-0f30-4f49-8fe8-30cad329ba6f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203383346-5/urban-configurations-dynamic-delta-landscape-han-meyer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.923432 | 182 | 3.25 | 3 |
Almost her entire life, Hastings College senior Stephanie Liebsack has known she wants to be a police
officer. “My parents were both police officers,” she said. “Just hearing all the stories over the years, it’s just kind of always been my focus, to be a police officer, and there’s just some kind of excitement that it brings me.” Working her way towards that goal, Liebsack is majoring in sociology with an emphasis in criminal
justice. She is currently looking at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas for graduate school where she can
get her master’s degree in criminal justice.
There, she would be closer to home, which is Corona, California. “Growing up in high school you’re pretty much stuck in your own world, and then coming to college and learning about sociology, you learn that there’s just so much more about life and how people live it,” said Liebsack. “I’ve learned that sociology is actually very important to the criminal justice system and how it works.” After graduate school, she hopes to join a police force like the Los Angeles Police Department. Liebsack doesn’t want to be involved in a small town, she would rather be part of something big.
Learning the ropes
This summer, Liebsack was able to see exactly what it is like to work as a police officer as an intern at the
Corona Police Department, where her parents used to work. While there, she filed papers, entered data
into the computer, observed dispatch and the front desk and got to attend her first ride along in a police
car. She was able to gain some first-hand experience by working at the department, especially during
the ride along.
During this 12 hour shift, Liebsack got to ride in the front of the police cruiser with a suspect on a felony
arrest warrant in the back of the car. At another time during the ride along, they flipped on the lights
and ran through a red light to pull someone over. “It was an adrenaline rush,” Liebsack said. “The police officer I went on the ride along with really taught me some key points about being a police officer and the things you have to look for and be observing while on the job.”
Preparing with education
Not only is she following in the footsteps of her parents with her career, but Hastings College was also a
clear choice for Liebsack because Hastings is where her dad grew up. “We have relatives out here and it was a good opportunity to move out of California and come back here, and the scholarships helped,” she said. “I can’t afford a California school. With scholarships here, I was able to come out and play golf and in California, I wouldn’t have received any scholarships.”
Liebsack feels that since coming to Hastings College, she is more prepared for her future and the path
ahead with graduate school. “Before I came I didn’t really have a good scope on the social issues of the world and being a sociology major d learning from Dr. Logan has really taught me to think deeply about these issues,” she said. | <urn:uuid:5a59169b-c564-4966-b986-1e2bd8a91ce8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hastings.edu/success-stories/serving-justice-runs-in-the-family-for-liebsack/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.983672 | 689 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Viewpoint: Shall we impeach the Fed?
By By Joe Baker, Senior Editor
A week ago, the pundits were telling us with great glee that the stock market was rallying; the recovery was picking up steam. Thursday afternoon the headline on Reuters was: Stocks fizzle after historic rally, bonds up.
Now there are more reports of corporate accounting fraud and more mammoth losses at some of the largest businesses in the country.
What of one of the most corrupt of all the corporations, the Federal Reserve? We hear nothing of it in the national media or hardly anywhere else. But it has existed for a great many years.
Way back in 1933, Congressman Louis McFadden took dead aim at the Fed, the Comptroller of the Currency and the Secretary of the Treasury and asked for articles of impeachment which included such criminal acts as conspiracy, fraud, unlawful conversion and treason.
McFadden was not some loose cannon rattling around the U.S. Congress. He served more than 10 years as chairman of the House Banking and Currency Committee. He was very well informed as to the economic policies and practices of this country and knew very well the dangers presented by the private central bank.
In 1934 he addressed the House of Representatives on these matters. Among other things, he said: … we have in this country one of the most corrupt institutions the world has ever known. I refer to the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Banks. The Fed has cheated the government of these United States and the people of the United States out of enough money to pay the nations debt.
This evil institution has impoverished and ruined the people of these United States, has bankrupted itself, and has practically bankrupted our government. It has done this through the defects of the law under which it operates, through the maladministration of that law by the Fed and through the corrupt practices of the moneyed vultures who control it.
Some people think the Federal Reserve Banks are United States government institutions. They are private monopolies which prey upon the people of these United States for the benefit of themselves and their foreign customers; foreign and domestic speculators and swindlers; and rich and predatory money lenders.
In that dark crew of financial pirates, there are those who would cut a mans throat to get a dollar out of his pocket; there are those who send money into states to buy votes to control our legislatures; there are those who maintain international propaganda for the purpose of deceiving us into granting new concessions which will permit them to cover up their past misdeeds and set again in motion their gigantic train of crime.
McFadden ticked off a long list of things accomplished by the central bankers which benefited them but brought harmful results to the people of this country.
He summed up its effect this way: The Federal Reserve Bank destroyed our old and characteristic way of doing business. It discriminated against our one-name commercial paper, the finest in the world, and it set up the antiquated two-name paper, which is the present curse of the country and which wrecked every country which has ever given it scope. It fastened down upon the country the very tyranny from which the framers of the Constitution sought to save us.
Incidentally, McFaddens petition for articles of impeachment against the Fed languishes to this day in some musty recess of the House, having never seen any action by the elected representatives.
The Federal Reserve remains a private company, with private stockholders. The Fed is not part of the government of the United States; the Fed is a misnomer which misleads people.
Many purport that the Fed was planned and created on J.P Morgans retreat, Jekyll Island, Ga., in 1910. In 1913, the Wilson administration passed it formally through Congress. Since then, the Fed has created fiat money that has no real value and charged exorbitant interest to the U.S. taxpayers, creating our huge national debt.
President Andrew Jackson paid off the national debt and dismantled the central bank of his day. He printed our own U.S. greenbacks, not Federal Reserve Notes. Lincoln and Kennedy wanted to do the same, but we know what happened to them. Clinton paid down the national debt, and now Bush has blown it back up again, using deficit spending to finance his military expansion and his War on Terrorism. All he has really done is further destabilize the market with fear and uncertainty.
So were told the recovery is in progress. Some recovery! No profits, no jobs and no commercial investment.
What kind of investment could we have made with the trillions of dollars paid to the Fed in interest? Think of domestic programs we could have. The War on Poverty might have been won, eliminating the need for a War on Drugs, which is really just a war on minorities and escapists.
Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said the U.S. economy is gaining strength and can overcome a loss of faith in its corporations. Similar comments have been made by President George W. Bush. Whom do you believe?
Bush represents the biggest corporations, and Greenspan represents the biggest banks. | <urn:uuid:6b91153c-de60-472a-bcbe-456e557efada> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://rockrivertimes.com/1993/07/01/viewpoint-shall-we-impeach-the-fed/?administer_redirect_43=https%3A%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fjoyce.love.94801%3Ffref%3Dts%2F | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00153-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972749 | 1,051 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Bipartisan gangsters running America let nothing interfere with their ruthless agenda, waging war on humanity at home and abroad, serving monied interests exclusively.
Trump won’t change longstanding policies if elected president. Yet Republican power brokers and media scoundrels want anyone but him representing the party in November.
Will they choose the nuclear option to prevent it? Will long knives eliminate his candidacy the old-fashioned way?
Facebook outrageously maintains an Assassinate Donald Trump page, ludicrously claiming it doesn’t violate company “community standards” left undefined – perhaps including murder.
In 1968, Bobby Kennedy had a lock on the Democrat party nomination, likely able to defeat Richard Nixon in November.
On June 5, he was fatally shot, Sirhan Sirhan falsely imprisoned for a crime he didn’t commit, set up as a convenient patsy.
Bobby, brother Jack and Martin Luther King were extrajudicially assassinated, victims of state-sponsored terror – Sirhan, Lee Harvey Oswald and James Earl Ray wrongfully blamed.
Are long knives planning Trump’s removal? Is he being set up for elimination? Has a date, location and convenient patsy to be blamed for his demise been chosen?
Maybe an unfortunate plane crash, other fatal accident, or mysterious incurable, fast-acting deadly illness is planned.
Will Trump be gone before Republicans choose their nominee in July, or perhaps before November’s election?
In his earlier article titled JFK and RFK: The Plots that Killed Them, The Patsies that Didn’t,” James Fetzer debunked the official accounts, explaining “staged events that fit into a recurrent pattern in US and world history where innocent individuals (or ‘patsies’) are baited and framed for cover-up purposes,” RFK’s killing “in part intended to prevent a reinvestigation into his brother’s death.”
“The assassinations of RFK and JFK were both conspiracies. Both involved the destruction of evidence. Both involved the fabrication of evidence.”
“Both involved framing their patsies. Both involved complicity by local officials. Both involved planning by the CIA. Both were used to deny the American people (the) right to be governed by leaders of their own choosing.”
Fetzer detailed vital facts about the JFK and RFK assassinations media scoundrels to this day won’t explain – part of the longstanding coverup of what happened.
Oswald and Ray are long gone, Sirhan still alive in prison. In January 2010, academic prison teacher Gerald B. Reynolds spent time with him, getting a firsthand account of things in Sirhan’s own words.
He was 66 years old at the time, 42 spent in prison for a crime he didn’t commit, now nearly half a century.
Reynolds asked him: “Did you do it?” Sirhan responded: “Did I do what?”
Reynolds: “Did you kill Robert F. Kennedy?”
Sirhan: “No, I did NOT kill” him!
Reynolds: “I know you didn’t.”
Sirhan: “How do you know?”
Reynolds studied what happened in detail. RFK was killed at point blank range by a bullet to the back of his head.
“The real assassin appears to (have been) Kennedy’s Ace Security Company bodyguard – Thane Eugene Cesar,” Reynolds explained.
“At least one eyewitness claims to have seen Cesar with a smoking gun in his hand immediately after Kennedy fell to the floor.”
“An audio recording made during the assassination indicates that there were at least 11 shots fired from possibly three different guns.”
“The conclusion is that Kennedy was shot three times from behind with a fourth bullet passing through his suit coat.”
“The fact that you (Sirhan) were standing in front of Kennedy is undisputed, and yet according to the coroner’s report, not one bullet entered Robert F. Kennedy from the front of his body.”
Sirhan responded, saying “(t)hank goodness somebody else knows.”
CIA operatives arranged the assassinations of JFK, RFK and MLK. Patsies wrongfully blamed like Sirhan had nothing to do with committing murder.
“(T)hey stole my life,” Sirhan explained. “I’ve been rotting in this stinking prison for nothing!”
In February, he was denied parole for the 15th time – commissioners outrageously saying he hadn’t shown adequate remorse or understanding of the enormity of the crime.
He’s wrongfully buried alive in prison, justice systematically denied him – along with thousands of others languishing in America’s gulag, the world’s largest, one of its most vicious.
He’ll never see the light of day again outside prison walls. Does a similar fate await an unknown patsy, to be falsely accused of being Trump’s assassin – if plans are to eliminate him the old-fashioned way?
This post first appeared on Stephen Lendman’s blog. | <urn:uuid:1da0a49d-28c1-4c08-b3b0-c3e6ac007177> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.infowars.com/does-a-jfk-moment-await-trump/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00302-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955077 | 1,125 | 1.5625 | 2 |
To the Chief Musician, “on the deer of the dawn.” A Psalm of David.
1. My God, My God, why have You forsaken Me, and why are You so far from helping Me, and from the words of My groaning?
2. O my God, I cry in the daytime, but You do not answer; and in the night season, and am not silent.
3. Yet You are holy, O You enthroned upon the praises of Israel.
4. Our fathers trusted in You; they trusted, and You delivered them.
5. They cried to You and were delivered; they trusted in You and were not ashamed.
6. But I am a worm, and no man; a reproach of men and despised by the people.
7. All who see Me mock Me; they shoot out the lip; they shake the head, saying,
8. “He trusted on the LORD; let Him deliver Him; let Him rescue Him, since He delights in Him!”
9. For You are He who took Me out of the womb, causing Me to trust while on My mother’s breasts.
10. I was cast upon You from birth; You are My God from My mother’s womb.
11. Be not far from Me; for trouble is near, for there is none to help.
12. Many bulls have encircled around Me; strong bulls of Bashan have surrounded Me.
13. They opened wide their mouths at Me, like a ravening and a roaring lion.
14. I am poured out like water, and all My bones are out of joint; My heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst of My bowels.
15. My strength is dried up like a potsherd, and My tongue clings to My jaws;
16. Dogs have surrounded Me; a band of evildoers have encircled Me; they have pierced My hands and My feet; and You have brought Me into the dust of death.
17. I can count all My bones; they look and gloat over Me.
18. They divide My garments among them and cast lots upon My vesture.
19. But You, O LORD, be not far from Me; O My strength, hasten to help Me!
20. Deliver My soul from the sword, My precious life from the power of the dog.
21. Save Me from the lion’s mouth; yea, and from the wild ox’s horns. You have answered Me.
22. I will declare Your name to My brethren; in the midst of the congregation I will praise You.
23. You who fear the LORD, praise Him; all of you, the seed of Jacob, glorify Him; and stand in awe of Him all of you, the seed of Israel,
24. For He has not despised nor abhorred the affliction of the afflicted; and He has not hidden His face from him, but when he cried to Him, He heard.
25. From You comes my praise in the great congregation; I will pay my vows before those who fear Him.
26. The meek shall eat and be satisfied; those who seek the LORD shall praise Him; may your heart live forever.
27. All the ends of the earth shall remember and turn to the LORD; and all the families of the nations shall worship before You,
28. For the kingdom is the LORD’S and He rules over the nations.
29. All the rich of the earth shall eat and worship; all those who go down to the dust shall bow before Him; even he who cannot keep his own soul alive.
30. A seed shall serve Him; it shall be told of the LORD to the coming generation.
31. They shall come and shall declare His righteousness unto a people that shall yet be born, that He has done this.
To the Chief Musician,H5329
HRdHVprmsa"on the deerH365
HRHTihave You forsaken Me,H5800
HVqp2msHSp1csand why are You so farH7350
HAamsafrom helping Me,H3444
HRHNcfscHSp1csand from the wordsH1697
HNcmpcof My groaning?H7581
I am poured outH8210
HNcfpcHSp1csare out of joint;H6504
HRdHNcmsait is meltedH4549
HVNp3msin the midstH8432
HRHNcmscof My bowels.H4578
HNcmscHSp1csis dried upH3001
HVqp3mslike a potsherd,H2789
HRdHNcmsaand My tongueH3956
HVHsmsato My jaws;H4455
HNcmpahave surrounded Me;H5437
HVhrmpahave encircled Me;H5362
HVhp3cpHSp1csthey have piercedH3738
HNcbdcHSp1csand My feet;H7272
HCHNcfdcHSp1csand You have brought Me into the dust of death.
You who fearH3373
HNcmscof you, the seedH2233
HVpv2mpHSp3msand stand in aweH1481
HNcmscof you, the seedH2233
HCHe has notH3808
HNcfscof the afflicted;H6041
HAamsaand He has notH3808
HRHSp3msbut when he criedH7768
HVqi3mpand be satisfied;H7646
HCHVqi3mpthose who seekH1875
HVpi3mpHim; may your heartH3824
HNcmpcof the earthH776
HNcfpcof the nationsH1471
HAampcof the earthH776
HNcmscthose who go downH3381
HVqrmpcto the dustH6083
HRHNcbpcHSp3mseven he who cannotH3808
HTnkeep his own soulH5315
Copyright © 2022 A Faithful Version. All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:9644e722-c287-4323-be15-755eae9f9dab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://afaithfulversion.org/psalms-22/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.816657 | 2,124 | 1.804688 | 2 |
By Charlotte Renström
Another episode in the Brexit soap opera: a new deal negotiated, another one outvoted. Relentlessly repeating itself, the procedure has become awkwardly predictable. The less predictable aspect of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU, however, is the destiny of a border – one which is paradoxically located on the neighbouring island. This border has undoubtedly evolved into the defining issue of Brexit, yet its destiny will carry consequences stretching far beyond Westminster.
Often referred to as an ‘Irish’ border, the ambiguous future of the frontier between the Republic of Ireland and the UK is widely defined – and simplified – as the ‘Irish question’. One of its major challenges lies in the complex task of avoiding a ‘hard border’ in order to ensure the secure flow of goods. Several high-tech solutions have been proposed in an attempt to address the problem, which in turn has sparked a debate accusing the UK and the EU of transforming a political problem into a technical issue. To the Irish, the border is a matter of life and death – not technology.
“It was never an ‘Irish’ border. It’s a sectarian border created by the British, and a product of British colonial rule in Ireland.”
Quoting a Catholic I met – born and raised in the Republic of Ireland – who knows that the problem runs deeper than what the Brexit debate acknowledges. The border issue is rooted in a dark and disturbing past, dictated by centuries of English colonialism.
“The British, or mainstream narrative has sought to diminish the gravity of the issue by referring to it as a conflict between two ‘tribes’, the Irish Catholics and Protestants, driven by hatred. It is not true. We don’t hate each other, but we were given different rights. And in order to understand what is at stake in Brexit, you must understand the history of Ireland.”
The border between the Republic of Ireland and the UK can be traced back to 1921, as an outcome of the UK’s Government of Ireland Act from 1920. However, the history stretches far beyond the creation of the border and is marked by centuries of suffering and discrimination against the Irish, as well as of deadly struggle against British colonial rule in Ireland. The extension of English rule over entire Ireland during the 16th and 17th centuries came with a system of Protestant English rule designed to materially disadvantage the Irish Catholic majority and the Protestant dissenters. It institutionalised the structural economic, political and social discrimination against the Irish by the British.
As the Act of Union was passed by the British parliament in 1801, marking the birth of the United Kingdom, Ireland lost its sovereignty and became directly ruled from Westminster. The 19th century faced the rise of Irish republicanism, which later sparked the Easter Rising in 1916 as well as the Irish War of Independence and ultimately ended with the partition of Ireland and the creation of Northern Ireland in 1921.
“The creation of Northern Ireland was just a way to ensure that Protestants will remain in power, says my Catholic interlocutor.”
Irish Catholics still remained subjects to systematic discrimination, eventually leading up to the long-going war known as the Troubles.
After decades of riots and the death of thousands of people, the troubles ended with the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. The border, which had been ‘invisible’ for 21 years, is once again the source of contestation due to the rise of Brexit. My conversation partner is convinced that the partition that Brexit will cause will lead to escalations of violence in Ireland at some stage in the future.
“There have been demonstrations, riots, bombs, killings and kidnappings since the Good Friday Agreement. There has also been no truth and reconciliation commission set up in Ireland, which would allow the murders of the IRA, UVF, RUC, British Army and the truth behind them to come out and offer closure to the victims’ families.”
He says that many young people are supportive of a united Ireland, and there are active movements for recognition of Irish as an official language in Northern Ireland. To this day, Irish Catholics are still subjected to harassment, and young Catholic men are still today more likely to be strip-searched by police on the streets. Despite this, he does not expect the majority of the people of the North to support a return to war; however, he is aware that it only takes a small number of people to escalate violence and revenge killings for the war to break out again.
“The Northern Irish State spawns from the Anglo-Irish Treaty to the war of independence, while the republic is founded on a civil war, so if you take a long view, the two states on the island are built on the suspension and continuation of war.”
The Irish strive for agency has been going on for centuries in a room whose acoustics have favoured the voices of the great powers, allowing the colonial narrative to steal the stories of millions. The Brexit debate has thus far proven no exemption, but the memories from the dark decades remain fresh in the minds of an entire people. My interviewee believes Brexit to be good for no one, and fears that the latest Brexit deal will make an Irish unity, that many still hope for, more difficult.
“I have friends from different backgrounds, but they still support Ireland and many even an Irish state. We want the North to join us, but they have to decide that themselves, democratically. Unfortunately, I believe Brexit will only make this more complicated.”
Only time will tell what the future of Brexit holds. History does show, however, the remarkable power to strike back: whether through tearing down walls, crossing borders – or simply reclaiming its right to exist and to be heard.
Illustration: Josephine Karlsson
Charlotte Renström is currently studying for a master’s degree in Political Science. She finds European politics incredibly intriguing, but is just as fascinated by the power of language. While trying to figure out the most efficient way to combine the two, you would most likely find her listening to 60’s, 70’s or 80’s music on her way to a theatre somewhere in a European capital. | <urn:uuid:9e8f4f78-cf98-4f01-9238-fe34df6873a5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.uttryckmagazine.com/the-irish-question-or-the-story-of-how-a-colonial-narrative-stole-the-voice-of-a-people/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.965805 | 1,288 | 2.8125 | 3 |
1.1 This specification establishes the requirements for copper-zinc-tin-bismuth alloy rod, bar and wire of alloy UNS Nos. C49255, C49260, C49300, C49340, C49350, and C49360 intended for use in plumbing applications and drinking water systems.
1.2 Typically, rod and bar product made to this specification is furnished as straight lengths. Wire (H04) 0.08-0.3 in. [2-8 mm inclusive] is furnished in coil form, and H50 shapes.
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method(s) described in this specification.
1.4.1 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately)
B249/B249M Specification for General Requirements for Wrought Copper and Copper-Alloy Rod, Bar, Shapes and Forgings
B250/B250M Specification for General Requirements for Wrought Copper Alloy Wire
B846 Terminology for Copper and Copper Alloys
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E54 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Special Brasses and Bronzes
E62 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Copper and Copper Alloys (Photometric Methods)
E92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials
E478 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Copper Alloys
JISH1068:2005 Method for Determination of Bismuth in Copper and Copper Alloys
wrought copper alloys; copper-zinc-tin-bismuth alloy; UNS Alloy Nos. C49255; C49260; C49300; C49340; C49350; C49360; round rod; hexagonal rod; bar; rectangular bar; wire; shapes; drinking water; plumbing: Copper alloy numbering system (UNS); Copper-zinc-tin-bismuth alloy; Drinking water; Plumbing applications; UNS C49255; UNS C49260; UNS C49340; UNS C49350; UNS C49360; UNS C49300;
ICS Number Code 77.150.30 (Copper products)
ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.
ASTM B967 / B967M - 11a standard specification for copper-zinc-tin-bismuth alloy rod, bar and wire | <urn:uuid:81ec0b75-e4d1-45eb-b726-993c6c5fb1cd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.environmental-expert.com/news/astm-b967-b967m-11a-standard-specification-for-copper-zinc-tin-bismuth-alloy-rod-bar-and-wire-267852 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00163-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.804479 | 625 | 2.015625 | 2 |
All the UK nations are assessing the way they handle reviews into child protection cases, with Wales this week unveiling its new approach, writes Molly Garboden
Serious case reviews (SCRs) have been at the centre of debate for some years but Wales has moved the argument forward. This week, it unveiled part of a new approach, which promises to cut costs and help councils implement effective changes quickly.
Perhaps it is no surprise Wales has been the first country to do so. The spate of teen suicides in Bridgend in 2008 alone resulted in five SCRs – at enormous cost to the small safeguarding children board involved and delaying its other duties, such as multi-agency training and guidance.
Wales has no removed the requirement to conduct a SCR in the event of teen suicide, but the main focus of reform has been saving professionals’ time.
“One of the main changes is the decreased timescales,” says Jonathan Corbett, assistant chief inspector for the Care and Social Services Inspectorate Wales.
“We don’t want to cut corners in terms of thoroughness, but we want to make sure this is an active learning process rather than a slow and costly one. At the moment, many SCRs don’t have a result for a year or more, at which point everyone expresses shock and horror, but that far down the line from the case, what’s a council supposed to do?”
Although the basic structure of the new system has been agreed, Corbett says more details need to be finalised before the official launch later this year.
One of these involves the SCR authors. Corbett points out that local safeguarding children boards (LSCBs) have often found it time-consuming and expensive to find SCR authors who are up to the task.
There are additional concerns about inconsistencies in quality and style. Corbett and his team, which has overseen the redesign, have proposed a government-selected pool of experts on which LSCBs can call. These authors would be trained to the same standard in order to reduce inconsistencies and the difficulties in finding someone to write a review. All Welsh child protection cases will be classed according to the following case continuum:
For any case where there is suspected child abuse or neglect, the LSCB will organise a multi-agency event to evaluate the case. The aim of this event is to give practitioners designated time and space to reflect on the next steps to take, what good practice exists and what might be going wrong or could be done better. It will also prevent duplication in the support a family receives from different agencies.
In a case where a child has died or has been seriously harmed because of abuse or neglect, the LSCB will undertake a concise review. These reviews will be completed in a similar way to the SCRs now conducted in England, starting with individual management reviews by the agencies involved. The reviews will be brought together into an overarching review, along with a chronology and action plan. Concise reviews will be completed in three months and cover the 12 months leading up to the serious incident only. All agencies involved with the case will come together under the auspices of the LSCB to review the report findings. This will include an analysis of likely media issues resulting from the case, based on a standardised template provided by the LSCB.
In more complex cases of death or serious harm, the LSCB will undertake a comprehensive review. The process will be the same as that of concise reviews, but agencies and authors will be given six months to complete it. Comprehensive reviews will also cover the 12 months leading up to the serious incident, unless the case is regarded as having exceptional circumstances.
SCRs IN THE REST OF THE UKENGLAND
The criteria for carrying out a serious case review is outlined in Chapter 8 of the government’s Working Together to Safeguard Children guidance.
It states an SCR should always be undertaken when a child dies or is seriously harmed and abuse or neglect is known or suspected to be a factor. In SCRs, the local safeguarding children board brings together individual management reviews produced by all agencies involved. One author, a sector expert, writes the final report. The decision to conduct an SCR must be made within one month of the LSCB chair being made aware of the incident and should be completed within six months, unless an alternative timescale is agreed with the relevant government office.
When an SCR is completed, the LSCB sends the document to Ofsted, which evaluates the report. There is currently a debate about whether this inspectorate role is necessary and is one aspect of the process being considered by Professor Eileen Munro in her review of child protection systems in England. Munro is also considering whether the systems-based model of SCRs proposed by the Social Care Institute for Excellence is better. Her final recommendations are due to be published this spring.
Last year, the government said all SCRs commissioned from June 2010 would be published in full.
An initial case review (ICR) determines whether a significant case review is necessary.
Any agency involved with a case can initiate an ICR and forward it to the local child protection committee. The committee then tells each agency involved in the case to complete its own ICR within 14 working days. The findings are submitted to the committee’s case review group.
If an SCR is not considered necessary, the findings are recorded and some follow-up action may result. If an SCR is needed, each agency must record its involvement and suggest findings and recommendations. The SCR team chair will draft the report, based on these contributions, but the findings and recommendations must be agreed by all members.
The team will decide how the SCR will be distributed case by case, although the Scottish government is considering whether a more standardised approach is needed.
Since the recommendations of an independent working group of multi-agency professionals in 2009, the Scottish government has promised to audit all SCRs, devise a template for full reports and executive summaries and, this spring, will produce an analysis of all past SCRs.
Northern Irish case management reviews (CMRs) are similar to serious case reviews in England in terms of criteria and the way they are carried out.
The system was introduced in Northern Ireland in 2003 and about 30 reviews have been undertaken. Although CMRs are not statutory, this is set to change later this year when the Northern Ireland Assembly passes legislation establishing a regional safeguarding board. The board will replace the Regional Child Protection Committee and will be sited in the Public Health Agency.
Only summaries of CMRs are made public and there are no other plans to change the process.
What do you think? Join the debate on CareSpace
Keep up to date with the latest developments in social care Sign up to our daily and weekly emails | <urn:uuid:af4df37e-b1ce-489f-9520-2742554cf523> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.communitycare.co.uk/2011/01/28/wales-unveils-new-serious-case-review-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00477-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953974 | 1,414 | 1.5 | 2 |
Careers in Languages
Opportunities for people with knowledge of a foreign language are increasing. The advisors and the Placement Office, Robbins Hall, 852-6701, can give you advice. Here are some possibilities:
Diplomat; translator, interpreter (US or UN); court interpreter; CIA; FBI linguist, special agent; Peace Corps; VISTA; Agency for International Development; State Department; Government research specialist; Immigration and Naturalization Service; Bureau of Narcotics; Armed forces; Department of Treasury; Foreign Claims Settlement Commission; Office of Economic Opportunity; agricultural specialist; all levels of government in areas with large immigrant population.
Law enforcement; welfare; health services; income tax consultant; missionary, minister; nursing; medical research writer; vocational counselor; case worker.
Teacher; translator; editor; textbook author.
Librarian in U.S., overseas; translator; classifier of foreign documents.
Technical writer, translator; researcher; technical liaison for U.S. firms abroad; archaeology; museum work; medicine.
Travel and Tourism
Travel agent; tour guide; hotel, restaurant employee; flight attendant; airport personnel.
International law, banking; U.S. representative for foreign company; patent attorney; representative for U.S. firm abroad; foreign branch of U.S. firm; advertising, sales, fashion buyer; marketing; executive or manager; technical expert; personnel manager; Public Relations; secretarial and clerical opportunities; import-export firms; brokerage firms; banks; medical organizations; service, cultural organizations.
Journalism: foreign correspondent, photographer, writer, editor; TV or radio writer, reporter, technician, executive; CNN, network reporter, video crew; Voice of America writer, editor; translator; advertiser for ethnic, foreign markets; film, entertainment; interpreter; international telephone operator. | <urn:uuid:3497ea8f-e6c0-49ed-a1f6-e688ff38aea4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://louisville.edu/modernlanguages/general-information/general-information/careers-in-languages.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00153-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.84384 | 379 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Return to Transcripts main page
Hala Gorani Tonight
U.S. President Biden To Address The Fall Of Afghanistan; Taliban Fighters Invade Lavish Home Of Afghan Warlord; Taliban Tighten Grip On Afghanistan After Fall Of Kabul; U.S. Urges Afghans To Wait For Flights In "Orderly Way"; U.N. Security Council Holds Meeting On Afghanistan; Former U.S. Ambassador: Fall Of Kabul Worse Than Saigon. Aired 2-3p ET
Aired August 16, 2021 - 14:00 ET
THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED.
ANNOUNCER: This is CNN Breaking News.
HALA GORANI, CNN INTERNATIONAL HOST: Hello, and welcome, I'm HALA GORANI TONIGHT. A new era of Taliban rule has begun in Afghanistan after Kabul
fell virtually without a fight in just a single day. The American President Joe Biden is expected to address the stunning collapse of America's longest
war in a speech from the White House next hour. His administration will be forever linked to these scenes of panic and chaos at the Kabul airport.
Desperate Afghans rushed to the tarmac today hoping to be evacuated by the U.S. military, some even clinging to a plane as it taxied on the runway.
The Pentagon says gunmen shot at U.S. forces at the airport in two separate incidents so the soldiers returned fire, killing two men. It says there's
no indication the assailants were Taliban.
These images sum up the failure of the trillion-dollar war to oust the Taliban from power. Militants sitting at the desk of Ashraf Ghani, the
former president who fled the country at the first sign of Kabul's collapse. CNN is on the ground in Kabul witnessing the shock of seeing
Taliban militants in control once again. Our Clarissa Ward ventured on the streets.
CLARISSA WARD, CNN CHIEF INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): As soon as we leave our compound, it's clear who is now in charge. Taliban fighters
have flooded the capital, smiling and victorious, they took the city of 6 million people in a matter of hours, barely firing a shot.
(on camera): This is a sight I honestly thought I would never see, scores of Taliban fighters and just behind us, the U.S. Embassy compound. Some
carrying American weapons, they tell us they are here to maintain law and order. "Everything is under control. Everything will be fine", the
commander says. "Nobody should worry."
What's your message to America right now? "America already spent enough time in Afghanistan. They need to leave", he tells us. "They already lost
lots of lives and lots of money." People come up to them to pose for photographs. And they're just chanting death to America, but they seem
friendly at the same time, it's utterly bizarre.
(voice-over): At the presidential palace, the Taliban are now guarding the gate. They say they are here to fill the vacuum left when the government
fled. But the welcoming spirit only extends so far, and my presence soon creates tension.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: It's because of you --
WARD (on camera): They've just told me to stand to the side because I'm a woman.
(voice-over): Outside, ordinary Afghans clamored to talk to us, struggling to process the dizzying speed of Kabul's fall.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Actually, I feel nothing right now. We want peace. We are tired of this ongoing war.
WARD (on camera): What does the future look like to you now?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: You know, I cannot predict even in seconds right now, and I can't predict even minutes right now. So that's why I don't know what
will happen tomorrow and what will happen after.
GORANI: And that was Clarissa Ward on the streets of Kabul. Well, that gentleman said he doesn't know what's going to happen tomorrow, and that is
a sentiment very much echoed by my next guest. I spoke with Farzana Kochai; a female member of the Afghan parliament. So, you can imagine just how
uncertain the future is for her. I asked her what the last two days have been like.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
FARZANA KOCHAI, AFGHAN PARLIAMENT MEMBER: You know, maybe it's understandable or not in these two days, we just experienced, we had the
feeling that we never had that. We never expected to have that. First of all, seeing Taliban taking over Kabul everywhere, that was an image,
something that we never expected.
The second thing that hurt me too much and so much deeply was the first day that we -- that we -- than we -- I saw that everyone is in crowd in rush
and running like the images, the video you saw in the airport. And it was happening everywhere, not in just the airport, around our houses. So people
were running. It just broke my heart that where are they trying to go?
GORANI: And as a politician, if I can ask you again to look at the situation, what do you make of how the Americans left? Because I presume
you're in Afghan, you, like any other Afghan don't want your country occupied by foreign forces forever.
But did you want --
KOCHAI: Yes --
GORANI: The withdrawal to happen like this, this quickly?
KOCHAI: No, not at all. Not about the being quickly or sooner. The main thing was that they have to leave the country responsibly. But they did
that so irresponsibly. You saw that just today and last day, they were just like chasing the commercial flights, and they were firing.
Some Afghans, we lost their lives today in the gun-fight that they fight already. They're leaving Afghanistan for the western, and especially U.S.
was so irresponsible, and that the -- Afghan people are now just experiencing that is the cause of that. This power transfer could be done
in a much better way.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
GORANI: Farzana Kochai is a member of the Afghan parliament, is there an Afghan parliament? She says her -- she told me earlier, her political
career is what matters to her least in all of this. She just wants to know if she's going to be able to work and exist as a woman in Afghanistan now
that the Taliban have taken over once again.
Now, in the north of the country, the Taliban tightened their grip over the weekend by taking over the key city of Mazar-i-Sharif. You're looking at
video from inside the home of a powerful war lord there, General Rashid Dostum, a key ally of the United States over the past two decades who has
now fled, and whose whereabouts are unknown.
But look at the inside of this house, a lot of gold, a lot of very expensive-looking furniture. Taliban fighters filmed the pictures as they
lounged on the general's gold sofas and went on to inspect objects like his gold tea set. Our international diplomatic editor Nic Robertson joins us
now with more. Now, this video highlights just the dysfunction of the whole system in Afghanistan and the amount of corruption that was such a huge
issue in Afghanistan when these war lords ruled large swaths of the country, Nic.
NIC ROBERTSON, CNN INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMATIC EDITOR: Absolutely, and I think this is one of the reasons, when you talk to Taliban today, and I spoke
with the spokesperson yesterday, and I asked him, you know, why do you think you were able to come to power so quickly? And he said, look, we had
grass roots support.
Afghans, average Afghans recognized that there was corruption in the government, that the electoral process wasn't fair, that there was also
corruption involved there, so that makes the Taliban narrative today and in the lead up to this so much more credible for many Afghans on the streets.
The fears are still there, the trust deficit still exists. I asked this Afghan official, the spokesman about this prospective new government. Is it
going to be an all Taliban government, would it include figures like former President Hamid Karzai, the president before, figures like Dr. Abdullah
Abdullah, very senior political figures? And he wouldn't be drawn on that, but he did say -- he did say very clearly that there would be non-Taliban
members in the government. This is how he laid it out.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
SUHAIL SHAHEEN, SPOKESMAN, TALIBAN: Our priority is maintenance of security and then we would harbor new government, an Afghan inclusive, Islamic
government in the coming days.
ROBERTSON: People who are not members of the Taliban to be part of this new government.
SHAHEEN: Yes, we will, we are intending that because we -- when we are seeing an Afghan-inclusive Islamic government, that means that other
Afghans also have participation in the government, so that, to make it an Afghan-inclusive Islamic government.
ROBERTSON: Will you be calling on the current Afghan army to come and join your forces to provide security in the country?
SHAHEEN: First of all, those handing over their weapons and they are joining our forces. They will be given amnesty, and their lives and
property are secured. Secondly, their names are registered in our register, so they are kind of in a reserve force, and in a proper time, they will be
called as they are needed.
ROBERTSON: People and myself included are asking questions about the education of girls. This was one of the things that the U.S. administration
made an important issue in Afghanistan.
And one of the things they would like to see as a legacy for the country. Where does the Taliban stand on going forward now? You're going to be --
you're going to be running the country. What are you going to do about girls' education? Will they be able to stay in school past 12, up to 18,
will they be able to go to university?
SHAHEEN: Yes, that part about that. Our policy is clear, and the women can continue their education from primary to the higher education.
ROBERTSON: What do you understand as being the reason why your military offensive was so successful, it's caught everyone by surprise. Did it catch
you by surprise how quickly it went, and why do you think it was so successful?
SHAHEEN: Because we have roots among the people. Because it was a popular uprising of the people, and because we knew that.
ROBERTSON: And diplomats and foreign nationals, and journalists in Afghanistan, what is the policy to them?
SHAHEEN: They can continue their work, their embassies should remain functioning. We are committed to provide a secure environment for them, and
also not only for the diplomats and the embassies, but also for international NGOs.
ROBERTSON: Are you having conversations with the Americans about this diplomatic departure at the airport?
SHAHEEN: First of all, we call on Americans, they should not evacuate their embassy because we said we will not target embassies, but rather we will
provide secure environment for their function.
ROBERTSON: So when the American -- when you say to the Americans that they should stay and remain in the embassy, and they're leaving, how do you
interpret that? Do you interpret that as they don't trust you?
SHAHEEN: They should trust us.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
ROBERTSON: And that's the crux of it, of course. The Taliban has a massive trust deficit. What they negotiated with the U.S. to not attack U.S. forces
when they were withdrawing, you know, the spokesman said yesterday, kept good on that. But the issue of them engaging and real talks and not trying
to militarily take over the country, and real talks with the previous Afghan government, none of that, and that was the high expectation that was
placed on the Taliban, none of that came to pass. So, I think, you know, where we are at the moment with the Taliban is a huge trust deficit.
And when they say that girls education can continue -- can continue to higher education, that is really going to have to be tested and judged on
the reality of what happens at this phase, the words of the spokesman seem at best aspirational.
GORANI: All right, thanks very much, Nic Robertson. Our international security editor Nick Paton Walsh is live in Kabul right now. What's the
latest on the situation inside the Afghan capital, Nick?
NICK PATON WALSH, CNN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY EDITOR: Calm from where we are, roughly in the center, and I should say in the direction of the
airport which has been the scene of chaos all day. I have heard pretty much consistently the rattle of machine gun-fire, unclear what that is.
Obviously, they are close it seems according to the latest reporting, there are nearly 3,000 U.S. troops there, and we saw ourselves today, the Taliban
around that particular facility. Often at times, right up at the roundabout, that is essentially the entrance to the airport compound.
I saw the luggage trolleys simply laying out by the roundabout there. But they were doing a job of what you might call a crowd control, pushing the
hundreds of Afghans who were doing everything they could to try and get inside the airport to some degree. I saw people climbing over walls,
rushing gates, startling scenes. Inside the airfield, too, even more troubling as people ran towards U.S. cargo planes, simply to do anything
they could to get out of Afghanistan. The city itself, though, tonight, as it has been during the day, calm as far as we can tell, not being the
rattle of gunfire that we heard intermittently during last night.
We've not seen pockets of resistance pop up like some thought might possibly happen. In fact, all we've seen is Taliban all over the streets,
relatively calm, frankly. I even saw a traffic cop out once a round-about, sort of like daily life lurched back into Kabul quite fast. Hala?
GORANI: And so the days ahead for the city, for the country, uncertain. I spoke to a female member of parliament, unclear even if there will be that
branch of government or a parliament building in the future. Are we getting even the beginning of an outline of a governance plan from this group?
WALSH: We don't essentially have, I think the announcement we're sort of waiting to hear from the Taliban, the declaration of their -- what they
will call the Emirate here, and then who is going to essentially be in charge of that. And that may be something we see at some point in the hours
or days ahead. What we have heard from them is a series of continual messages of foreigners should be relaxed here. Those, anybody frankly, who
used to work for former government should be assured of their safety, you heard that in Nic's interview there as well.
And also, interesting, the two, from two of the key -- you might call them power brokers of the past 10 years, Hamid Karzai, the president before, but
now former president, Ashraf Ghani who disappeared yesterday unannounced, and we don't even know where he is now actually. And also, the man who sort
of shared power with Ashraf Ghani, Abdullah Abdullah, the kind of CEO of the former Afghan government. They've emerged together, giving a message
essentially saying that there's some hope for an inclusive government, that they're having good conversations with the Taliban.
The Taliban have said that they would like kind of more of a broad church here. We'll have to see really what that materializes into. A lot of those
signals, though, might be taking some of the edge off the fear of people inside of Kabul, but there are many of course in this city who feared the
potential for this moment as they've seen the Taliban rapidly advance across the country. Those who used to work for the government and for the
Afghan security forces, some fears here despite Taliban assurances, they should not be. We simply don't know how the months ahead will transpire,
GORANI: Sure, and what is it like working now as a western journalist under Taliban control?
WALSH: They are relatively accommodating. On my trip to the airport, we suffered no impediment at all, and my colleague here, Clarissa Ward has
had, I think it's fair to say, reasonably relaxed experience with Taliban around, and even though, you know, it's clear that we are at times an
American television network, they are for most part welcoming, most part don't impede what people are trying to do, and I think we all hope here
that, that will continue for the days ahead.
GORANI: Nick Paton Walsh, thanks so much. The Pentagon says the U.S. will continue to expand its security presence in Kabul as needed. Some 6,000
American troops are expected to be on the ground in the next few days. Barbara Starr is covering that angle for us and she joins us now live. Now,
what does that mean, as needed? I mean, what are the plans? Because we don't have the 6,000 troops in country yet.
BARBARA STARR, CNN PENTAGON CORRESPONDENT: Well, they are expected as best we can tell, Hala. There's about half, a little bit less than half are
there right now today according to estimates. You know, they need to secure that airfield and keep it secure and keep people from rushing back onto the
airfield. And it is a huge perimeter in Kabul airport. So, they're going to have to -- they're going to need some manpower to do that. That really is
job one, because they need to keep planes coming in, unloading troops for this security mission, put people back on those planes and take them out.
Americans, civilians, diplomats, some people from other countries, and importantly, Afghans who have worked for the Americans who need to get out
along with their families. So they need that capacity. That throughput at the airport, and in order to do that, they need to keep the airport secure.
Fair to say --
GORANI: You want to follow up here?
STARR: That it would evolve was not expected and was incredibly dangerous situation. Hala?
GORANI: All right, Barbara Starr at the Pentagon, thanks so much. Still to come tonight, U.S. allies and adversaries are keeping a close eye on the
Taliban. We're live in the U.K. and Russia for reaction there. Stay with us.
GORANI: Well, the world is watching Afghanistan right now while U.S. allies rush to evacuate their staff. U.S. adversaries are moving in on what they
see as an opportunity. China says it's ready to deepen, quote, "friendly relations with Afghanistan".
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
HUA CHUNYING, FOREIGN MINISTRY SPOKESPERSON, CHINA (through translator): China respects the right of the Afghan people to independently determine
their own destiny and is willing to continue to develop friendly and cooperative neighbor-relations with Afghanistan, and play a constructive
role in the peace and reconstruction of Afghanistan.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
GORANI: Meanwhile, in the U.K., the Prime Minister Boris Johnson is calling on western allies to work together as Afghanistan falls. Downing Street
says he plans to host a virtual G7 meeting soon to discuss the crisis. U.K. troops are in Kabul to aid British nationals who are still in the country.
Johnson says it's crucial that Afghanistan does not slide back into a quote, "breeding ground for terror".
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
BORIS JOHNSON, PRIME MINISTER, UNITED KINGDOM: We don't want anybody bilaterally recognizing the Taliban. We want a united position amongst all
the like-minded as far as we can get one, so that we do whatever we can to prevent Afghanistan lapsing back into being a breeding ground for terror.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
GORANI: And Russia says it's adopting a wait-and-see approach to recognizing the Taliban. A Russian ambassador plans to meet with a Taliban
representative to discuss safeguarding the Russian embassy. President Putin's special envoy to the country slammed the U.S. mission.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
ZAMIR KABULOV, RUSSIAN PRESIDENT'S SPECIAL ENVOY FOR AFGHANISTAN (through translator): We expected that the Afghan military forces prepared by the
Americans and NATO will have to leave sometime, and will control at least part of the country which will allow to hold negotiations on the coalition
transit government. Apparently, we over-estimated the talents of our American colleagues, and this army gave up without a fight.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
GORANI: Well, unsurprisingly, the Russians are criticizing the Americans. No big news there. Sam Kiley is in London, Fred Pleitgen is live in Moscow.
Sam, you had some very high-level officials in the United Kingdom, you know, openly criticizing American's decision to pull as haste -- its troops
as hastily as it did, and they made no secret of the fact that they would have preferred the NATO mission to continue in order to at least contain
the Taliban threat. What is the U.K.'s position going forward now with regards to Afghanistan?
SAM KILEY, CNN SENIOR INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT: Well, the United Kingdom, America's closest ally in this fight, as in so many others, and I
can say, I've been speaking privately with very senior generals who were in command of troops in Afghanistan, very senior intelligence officers who
worked in Kabul and in Kandahar and in Helmand to try to identify that awful term, high value targets for the assassination or arrest of alleged
Taliban members in this what was for many years a very hot war.
They are all utterly dismayed and disappointed by two things. And we've heard this, the first of these things from Ben Wallace; the Secretary of
State for Defense here, telling the media earlier on today that -- how much he regretted the decision of Donald Trump, which he in his argument then
some-what entrapped Joe Biden into a precipitous withdrawal. Really, the strategic error was to tell the Taliban that the United States were going
willy-nilly, which meant that they really had to just do nothing but sit back and wait until they had gone.
But more importantly -- and this is a point being made private by a lot of British officials, they felt that this decision meant that the Afghan
national army felt abandoned particularly in terms of air support, its whole doctrine was based around having American air support effectively,
and once they lost that, they lost their nerve. But that is kind of looking back. You ask me really what is going forward, we've heard from Boris
Johnson, he didn't want to see bilateral recognition of the Taliban, hinting that perhaps China might take an opportunistic line, trying to get
the G7 and others in line.
And I think also we've heard from the Taliban spokesman in interviews with both Nic Robertson and Christiane Amanpour on CNN, that they are keen for
this broad-based government to be accepted, and they are in now a completely different world than they were in 1996 when they first came to
power, and that is that, yes, they have managed to flip over huge elements of the Afghan national army.
They have had significant characters like Ismail Khan in Herat joining or at least not fighting them. He was the governor, famous governor in Herat
who stood against them since 1996, now choosing not to fight them. These are elements that they're going to have to keep on board internally.
One of the real issues is going to be on female education, more broadly on human rights. Now, they have made commitments to respect human rights and
the rights of women to get educated. If they don't do that, this coalition that has allowed them to take power in Kabul is likely to be very fractious
and they know that. Hala.
GORANI: Yes, and Fred, obviously, Russia has a very tragic history when it comes to their involvement in Afghanistan when it was of course the Soviet
Union. But more recently, militarily, Putin's Russia has made a habit of, you know, filling vacuums left by America, specifically in Syria. Will it
be the case this time?
FREDERIK PLEITGEN, CNN SENIOR INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT: Well, certainly, the Russians right now are saying, Hala, they are going to stay in
Afghanistan. They have their embassy obviously there. We heard the envoy for Afghanistan, from the Russians saying that the embassy is going to
remain open, it's going to remain functional, they're already, as you said earlier, they're going to go into talks with the Taliban about security for
So, right now, the Russians are saying -- and this is through their U.N. representative, saying that right now they believe is no time to panic.
They believe that the situation on the ground is stabilizing. And one of the things that we have to keep in mind about the Russians also is that,
obviously, you're absolutely right, they do have quite a tragic history in Afghanistan, but they do also still have a lot of expertise about
Afghanistan of course -- and Afghanistan, of course, to Russia is also fairly close.
So, they say they're in contact with all the factions, with all the political forces, with all the military forces on the ground, and therefore
they're going to assess whether or not the new Taliban government is a -- or the new Taliban government that could or the inclusive government that
could happen is one that they'll be able to work with.
But they certainly are saying at this point right now, this is no time to panic, and they want to remain there on the ground and continue to
function. Now, of course, at the same time as we heard there in that sound bite from that envoy, they are ripping into the United States.
They're obviously saying that when they withdrew, a lot of things were a lot more orderly. In fact, that same envoy said earlier today that he
believed that a lot of the chaos that was going on at the airport there in Kabul happened because the U.S. put in so many forces there. He was saying
that he believed that the situation in Kabul is stabilizing at the moment.
But one of the things that we also have to keep in mind is that of course, this is also a very big security headache for the Russians as well. They
have countries that are allied with Russia down there in that region. We talk about Uzbekistan, talking about Tajikistan as well that already have
taken in a lot of folks from Afghanistan in the past, and now, that seems to be happening once again. There were a lot of government fighters from
Afghanistan crossing the Uzbek border, for instance, and of course, the Russians do fear that, that could lead to destabilization of things in that
part of the world as well.
Those neighboring countries in Afghanistan. One of the things that we've seen over the past couple of weeks, the past couple of months is really the
Russians already preparing for something like this. There have been more drills between for instance the Tajik army and the Russian army. And you
can tell that they really are maybe not trying to fill that void, but certainly, trying to prepare for any eventualities that could happen after
a U.S. withdrawal. Hala?
GORANI: All right, Fred Pleitgen and Sam Kiley, thanks to both of you. A lot more to come as we wait to hear from President Biden about the chaos in
Afghanistan. We'll go to Washington for a live update. Stay with us.
GORANI: U.S. officials are warning the Taliban not to interfere with evacuations at Kabul airport. And they're also advising Afghans to wait "in
an orderly way" for flights. But for people who fear for their very lives under Taliban rule, those words don't hold much weight. Some Afghans are so
desperate to leave that they chased this American military plane today, even clinging to it as it taxied down the runway.
Now, we do want to warn you warn you that we are about to air some disturbing video just in to CNN. It appears to show at least two objects,
possibly people, falling from that military plane that had just taken off. And we are not able to confirm the incident or what the images show. But
there is that possibility that people fell from the plane.
I spoke earlier to Afghan journalist, Bilal Sarwary, who described the fear on the ground but also the very real challenges that the Taliban will face
if they actually plan to govern.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
BILAL SARWARY, AFGHAN JOURNALIST: How the Taliban transition from politics, you know from military into politics, you will have to see. This is a city
that requires running, this is a city where ATM machines have got no cash. This is a city where not all shops are open, ordinary butcher shops,
vegetable shops. And the people in this city are still scared. They still have fears.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
GORANI: Well, the deteriorating situation has prompted the U.N. Security Council to convene an emergency meeting. The Secretary General said this.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
ANTONIO GUTERRES, U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL SECRETARY GENERAL: All of us have seen the images in real time, chaos and rest, uncertainty, and fear. Much
lies in the balance the progress, the hope, the dreams of a generation of young Afghan women and girls, boys and men. It is grave, however, I urge
all parties, especially the Taliban, to exercise utmost restraint to protect lives and to ensure that humanitarian needs can be met.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
GORANI: Antonio Guterres, while many blame the U.S. for pulling out and causing the situation, the U.S. Ambassador called for the Taliban to
respect human rights.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
LINDA THOMAS GREENFIELD, U.S. AMBASSADOR TO THE U.N.: Today, I want to reiterate, reemphasize, and reassert this call. Civilian populations,
including journalists and non-combatants, must be protected. Attacks against civilians or civilian objects must stop. And the human rights and
fundamental freedoms of all Afghan citizens, especially women, girls, and members of minority groups must be respected.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
GORANI: And here's what the Afghan Ambassador had to say.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
GHULAM ISACZAI, AFGHAN AMBASSADOR TO THE U.N.: There is no time for blame game anymore. We have an opportunity to prevent further violence, prevent
Afghanistan descending into a civil war, and becoming a pariah state. Therefore, the Security Council and the U.N. Secretary General should use
every means at its disposal, to call for an immediate succession of violence and respect for human rights and international humanitarian law.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
GORANI: Well, let's go now to Washington and U.S. Security Correspondent, Kylie Atwood. And what are we expecting now and the next few days after
this chaotic pullout of American forces in the evacuation of the embassy in Kabul, as we await also the arrival of about 3,000 U.S. troops?
KYLIE ATWOOD, CNN U.S. SECURITY CORRESPONDENT: Well, first and foremost, the White House, the State Department, the Pentagon are really focused on
some sense of security at the airport in Kabul, because as you said, right now, that is basically a place of pandemonium.
And all of the U.S. flights that were going out of there have been put on pause. There's nothing happening right now. That's because of the number of
Afghans that had flooded the air -- flooded the runway there. You saw how many of them were trying to hold on to the American planes as they took
So the State Department, the Pentagon, really focused on how they can create some sort of stability there so that they can get more flights out
because the Pentagon has said they can get out about 5,000 folks from Afghanistan on a daily basis, but they haven't been able to reach that
capacity, because of all the troubles that they've had on the ground there.
And, of course, because of the fact that this has come together so last minute. More U.S. troops are on their way to try and make sure that this
process of getting U.S. diplomats, U.S. contractors out of the country, as well as those Afghans who worked alongside U.S. diplomats U.S. troops. That
can happen and that can happen as expediently as possible.
But it's not happening quickly right now. I also think it's important to take note of the fact that we heard from the Deputy National Security
Adviser this morning to President Biden, and he said that there would be consequences if there was any interference with the Afghans who are trying
to get to the airport, because one of the major problems right now is not just the pandemonium at the airport, but it's the Afghans who are wanting
to get out of the country who are terrified of what Taliban control means. And they don't think that they can get to the airport safely.
And it's noteworthy that the U.S. is saying that the Taliban will face consequences if they interfere with their routes to get there. Now, of
course, there are, you know, black spots, there are areas that the U.S. doesn't really know what's happening on the ground, because we don't have a
widespread U.S. troop presence anymore. It is a troop presence that is really focused at the airport right now.
So this is clearly, you know, a very dangerous situation potentially. And the U.S. is trying to say everything that they can to prevent any violence
from breaking out to get out these Americans and to get out these Afghans who have helped the United States.
GORANI: Kylie Atwood, thanks very much at the State Department. The U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan opened a clear path for the Taliban to regain
control of the country. Now many Afghans are feeling a deep sense of betrayal by their American allies. My next guest is a U.S. Army veteran who
served in Afghanistan. Kristen Rouse, joins me now from New York.
Talk to us a little bit about what went through your mind over the last few days as you and it seems like the entire world were watching these images
of, you know, helicopters hovering above the U.S. Embassy, desperate Afghans rushing planes on the tarmac of the airport in Kabul, what was
going through your mind?
KRISTEN ROUSE, U.S. ARMY VETERAN, SERVED IN AFGHANISTAN: It has been unbelievably sad and tragic to watch. As I woke up to the Taliban taking
Kabul, I thought of the image of watching the Titanic sink with all of these people.
But the only life rafts are for just a select few people like imagine only the crew could be given a life raft. And what's happening is veterans,
myself, so many other veterans who I've talked to, we're getting calls social media messages, text messages from, from Afghans on the ground who
are trying to get out. Even just a few minutes before, before I joined you, I'm still talking with folks on the ground in Afghanistan, folks with
family on the ground in Afghanistan, begging, is there anything that we can do to get them out?
Aid worker employees, humanitarian work -- like, I'm being contacted by so many people who are trying to get Afghans out. And I'm even being contacted
by folks at the airport, who say if they leave the area of the airport, Taliban has all the checkpoints. They also have biometric equipment to
identify, you know, facial recognition, retinal scans of anyone who has worked for the United States, and they will be identified and potentially
killed and so that is what --
GORANI: So why -- I guess, this is one of the questions I hear most often, and maybe you have at least the outline of an answer, why did the United
States not evacuate these people, give them the paperwork they needed, before pulling out the troops before this deadline, the September deadline?
Because it would be, I mean, extremely easily predictable that if you do this all in a chaotic and, you know, in the way that it was handled that
you would have a backlog of people waiting to be evacuated?
ROUSE: I honestly have no idea what went into his timeline, the decision- making. What I'm focused on is what is happening now and what can be done. We saw -- that C-17 that we saw that the tragically, people were clinging
to, they were clinging for their life to, that was -- and if they did indeed die falling from the sky, it -- as we -- as we're guessing from that
-- those -- that video, they chose to go that way instead of facing the Taliban. Imagine that horrific, horrific choice that they're having to
If we can get 800 people on a C-17, my question is, how many C-17s can we get on the ground? And how fast? And could this be more than 5,000 a day?
There are tens of thousands, tens of thousands of Afghans who are hiding in fear for their life right now.
And also who may not be able to get to the airport without being hunted down by Taliban. So it's -- this is so -- this is such a hard situation
right now. I've -- I, and other veterans who I'm talking to, we are receiving messages that are effectively goodbye messages. Afghans on the
ground think they are going to die and they are saying goodbye.
GORANI: What can be done? I can hear in your voice the sadness, and also the helplessness. What what can be done at this stage?
ROUSE: Yes. I am hoping for a -- for an announcement that military aircraft will come in. I know veterans have been pooling money together to try to
charter flights, commercial flights to pay for them themselves to rescue our allies. We -- the biggest airlift is military cargo planes, C-17, C-5s,
whatever can be landed while the airport is still protected.
How many? What level of airlift? And let's get people out. Let's get people out. People don't have visas, they're not able to get passports, as Bilal
Sarwary mentioned, they can't even get money transferred to them because banks are literally out of money. And so there -- there's no way to help
them except to give them an exit.
GORANI: Are you getting any kind of response from people who have the authority to organize these types of flights?
ROUSE: I am talking with folks who are doing that organizing -- organizations like, you know, No One Left Behind, the Association of
Wartime Allies, there's a number of veterans organizations and just veterans themselves who are who are working on this. And I, you know, I am
sadly, I'm a voice, I'm a contact. But I'm ultimately a soldier in this effort to get people's names, to get their stories out, to talk to you and
to beg anybody who's listening clearly, please, please write, you know -- if you're an American, write your public officials and say we need airlift.
We need to get people out now while they are still alive.
GORANI: Kristen Rouse, thank you so much for joining us, a U.S. Army veteran who served in Afghanistan. They're calling on authorities calling
on the people with a decision-making power to get planes to the people who are in fear for their lives in Afghanistan. Thank you so much. Still ahead.
ROUSE: Thank you.
GORANI: Sickened and saddened, that is how a former U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan feels about the fall of Kabul. What Ryan Crocker says President
Biden should have done differently next.
GORANI: Ryan Crocker is a Former American Ambassador to Afghanistan. I spoke to him earlier and I bet -- began by asking him why the United States
miscalculated the Taliban's ability so badly.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
RYAN CROCKER, FORMER AMERICAN AMBASSADOR TO AFGHANISTAN: That's part of the tragedy. This did not have to happen. When I left Afghanistan as ambassador
in 2012, we had almost a hundred thousand troops on the ground.
We had worked that number down to less than 10,000. And the Afghan government wasn't losing ground. The Taliban occupied no provincial
capital. So we had the capacity, we were demonstrating the capacity to provide crucial support in certain areas to the Afghan forces but at a rock
bottom minimum of cost in blood or treasure.
We could have kept that status quo going, instead the president elected to pause all the way out with consequences we will be paying for for years to
GORANI: What do you think those consequences will be?
CROCKER: They come at several levels. The -- this process that has unfolded gives the Taliban a hugely powerful narrative that the righteous forces of
Islam stood against the infidels and forced them to retreat in defeat. That's going to be pinging around the world for quite some time to come. So
we can expect a lot more of this kind of rumbling around from other militant groups, nore specifically on Afghanistan. We've seen this movie
before. This isn't hypothetical.
The Taliban running Afghanistan, sheltering al-Qaeda, that is what brought us 9/11. Well, now they're all back and for the Taliban, leaner and meaner.
Al-Qaeda has waited with them in the wilderness, they will be back, too. Our own intelligence capacities will be significantly degraded because
we're not underground. Bill Burns, CIA Director, has already spoken to that. So it is the perfect storm.
GORANI: Well, the Taliban spokesperson who speaks perfect English has been giving -- has been doing the rounds, as we say in the business. He's been
giving interviews to Western networks every day, since the Taliban takeover promising, in his good English, that this is the new and improved Taliban,
that women will be able to go to school, they'll be able to work, and that the Taliban will, in fact, even have non-Taliban members of government. Do
you believe them?
CROCKER: Not one word. And they're -- to believe anything they would say, really on any subject whatsoever would be an act of naevite so profound
it's hard to describe. We saw them in the talks with the U.S. Sure, they'd -- they would say anything pretty, as long as it was getting us out the
door, because they knew that once we're gone, we're not coming back.
They -- again, they stayed in exile for two decades, rather than compromise there al-Qaeda allies. So yes, they are the new and improved Taliban, all
right, I accept that, but not in any good way. They will be, if anything, even more ruthless, more barbaric, but also more efficient than the Taliban
GORANI: And they'll have American equipment as well, that they've taken from the Afghan army to use at will. Last one on these images that we've
seen, you know, many people have compared that helicopter hovering above the U.S. Embassy, a building you know so well, to that Saigon moment in the
'70s. Others have said the defining image will be that C-17 with the Afghan civilians clinging to the plane itself as it takes off. Is that a fair
comparison, do you think?
CROCKER: Well, it is going to be a comparison that will be made for years and years to come. And for the administration to say this isn't going to be
Saigon, as we look at those sorts of images, well, maybe they're right, because it's way worse than Saigon. And that image, that's probably not the
last one we're going to see.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
GORANI: Ryan Crocker, the former U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan, speaking to me. We'll be right back.
GORANI: -- of internally displaced people. Arwa Damon is following this from Istanbul. So we haven't seen the waves of refugees yet. But we expect
that these internally displaced will eventually turn into refugees, Arwa.
ARWA DAMON, CNN SENIOR INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT: Quite possibly, Hala, and many of them would probably already be refugees crossing Afghanistan's
borders through any means possible if they actually could. Problem is countries like Pakistan have had a closed border for quite some time now
because of COVID. They've also built a wall, roads to other potential exit points have been blocked off. People are too afraid to try to go through
the Taliban checkpoints.
And then, of course, you have those horrific scenes emerging from Kabul's airport where even if an Afghan citizen, and this would be a fairly rare
occurrence, has a passport and a visa to go somewhere else, they can't because there are no commercial flights and the U.S. military's effectively
taken over the airport, taken over air traffic control, and is focusing on evacuating U.S. citizens.
Now some countries like Pakistan and Turkey have been talking about how to, as they put it, stabilize Afghanistan so that there is no refugee influx.
The German Chancellor Angela Merkel has said that this time around, countries need to focus on adequately financing UNHCR so that when there is
an influx, those refugees can stay in Afghanistan's neighboring countries. The bottom line is, Hala, no one wants to deal with a refugee crisis.
And you have to remember that on the heels of the Syrian refugee crisis, there is a significantly high anti-refugee sentiment in a lot of these
European countries. There is very little tolerance for refugees. And there is tragically very little empathy for those who are trying to flee to save
their own lives. And so while this is not yet a disaster at this stage, aid agencies are warning that among the internally displaced, there are a
number of cities that are in dire need of humanitarian aid.
And this is something that, you know, the world might try to turn its back on. But at this point, given the plethora of ways that Afghanistan has been
abandoned, to abandon those who want to flee the Taliban for their own safety and security to do that, on top of everything else, would just be
another added layer of layers of things that have happened to Afghanistan that are entirely unconscionable.
GORANI: And the border area between Pakistan, the neighbor of Afghanistan and Afghanistan, still very much shut. And Pakistan is not opening its arms
wide for these refugees potentially fleeing the Taliban.
DAMON: No, they're not. And Afghanistan's line is that, you know, they just simply can't handle a refugee influx. Remember, there have been Afghan
refugees living in Pakistan for decades now. Turkey is also making the same argument because there are great concerns that refugees will be coming from
Afghanistan, crossing Iran and into Turkey, which already has more than a hundred thousand Afghan refugees in it.
Turkey's saying, look, we're still trying to deal with the fallout from the Syrian refugee crisis with millions of Syrians in country and growing
tensions between the Syrian population and the Turkish population.
And so, you know, at this stage, it really does feel as if with all of these talks that are happening, whether it's those between Pakistan and
turkey or those that other countries are getting involved in, the core of these conversations is not how do we guarantee safe passage for Afghan
refugees, how do we find a sustainable solution for those who want to flee the country, again, for their own security and safety, but rather the
conversation really seems to be focused on how do we ensure that we keep Afghans trapped inside Afghanistan?
GORANI: All right. Arwa Damon live in Istanbul. Thanks very much. These scenes we're watching unfold in Afghanistan today are being compared to the
fall of Saigon -- | <urn:uuid:2ef8ef54-4117-4f1c-9fd3-7f31f738d82b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/wrn/date/2021-08-16/segment/01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.97207 | 10,756 | 1.601563 | 2 |
In a courtroom, it’s called “opening the door.” It happens when an otherwise irrelevant issue is brought up by one lawyer, who then objects when the other lawyer delves in to the same topic.
The Washington Redskins opened the door earlier this year by pointing to the many high schools that still use the same name for their sports teams. Now, when any high school abandons the name, it’s news.
News arose in Washington state on Monday, when the Port Townsend School Board decided to drop Redskins as the official nickname for Port Townsend High School. The name had been in place since 1926, seven years before the NFL team assumed it.
“No one believes the Redskins name and symbol are intentionally hurtful or disrespectful toward Native Americans,” School Board member Ann Burkhart said, via the Peninsula Daily News. “But I fail to see how a symbol, even a revered symbol, that is generally acknowledged to be divisive can be helpful in preparing students for success in the increasingly connected and collaborative 21st Century.”
It was a controversial decision, obviously. Per the report, 275 people attended the meeting, cheering those who spoke in favor of keeping the name and booing those who argued for change.
The effort began in June 2012, when Port Townsend resident Andrew Sheldon wrote a letter to the School Board explaining that he is “offended, embarrassed and ashamed by our school mascot.”
Opponents of the change included John Stroeder, a graduate who later played for the NBA’s Milwaukee Bucks.
“If you change the name, I’m done here,” Stroeder said. “I will take my jersey out of the [trophy] cabinet. I’m very passionate about this, and I’m not passionate about a lot of things.”
Said Sheldon of Stoeder: “He was a professional athlete and should be setting a better example for the kids. This is all about the kids and their education, which can’t happen while there is a racist symbol representing the team.”
The news comes at a time when a Washington Post poll indicates that eight of 10 Redskins fans in D.C. believe the name should not be changed. That’s not a surprise; for fans of the team, the name has only one meaning, and the connotation is only positive. | <urn:uuid:53f6152d-c5f2-4ad6-9ada-8a13a2cba5e5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/06/25/another-high-school-ditches-the-redskins-name/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00502-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957687 | 499 | 1.65625 | 2 |
SHERMAN, Texas -- A highly invasive species is destroying Texoma lawns. Armyworms cause damage during their larva stage, when they're caterpillars, eating just about any plant in sight. Daniella Rivera reports on how you can keep your lawn safe.
"I looked down and it looked like my ground was literally crawling," said Sherman resident Angie Jones.
Her lawn was crawling with armyworms, a highly invasive species that's now attacking Texoma yards.
"Oh my gosh! What is going on!' That's what I thought! And I thought 'I've never seen anything like this before,'" Jones told News 12.
Experts say the caterpillars will eat almost any plant in sight--something Jones knows all too well, "It's eaten up all my St.Aaugustine, so if you have St.Augustine or if you notice brown spots in your grass, or I noticed I have a lot of birds in the yard..that's a good sign or indication that you have armyworms."
"They've been here all season long, it's just a re-hatch. Basically they lay their eggs and then they re-hatch out of their eggs and what you see of the armyworm is actually their larva," said Bryan Graham at Twin Oaks Nursery in Denison.
He says they're not harmful to humans, and a number of insecticides can help get rid of them, just check the label to make sure the active ingredient fights armyworms.
Graham says eventually the larva will progress through their next two life stages, and the adult moths will then lay eggs. A seemingly never ending cycle that can leave your yard bare.
"It basically looks like it's been burned," said Jones looking at her yard post-armyworm infestation.
We've also heard reports of armyworm infestations in Denison, Tom Bean, Bonham, and in some of our Oklahoma viewing areas.
And one local feed store told us in just one day, they sold out of products to fight the invasive larva. | <urn:uuid:f831ae05-7a02-41cd-a71a-e0dbaeb3ae32> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.kxii.com/home/headlines/Armyworm-infestation-sweeps-across-Texoma-yards-272799051.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00169-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974352 | 432 | 2.171875 | 2 |
The Going to Bed Book Board book
Part of the Boynton S. series
No child likes going to bed and as every parent knows, their little treasures will try and delay it for as long as possible!
Discover all the antics children get up to before going to bed, in this hilarious board book, written and illustrated in Boynton's own unique humourous style.
The perfect way to read kids to sleep!
- Format: Board book
- Pages: 14 pages, Full Colour
- Publisher: Simon & Schuster
- Publication Date: 06/09/2004
- Category: Picture books
- ISBN: 9780689861147 | <urn:uuid:3efd6f60-2e57-4982-b3a3-f64ce518f703> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.hive.co.uk/Product/Sandra-Boynton/The-Going-to-Bed-Book/1709131 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00186-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889653 | 135 | 1.507813 | 2 |
A cartoon boy and girl sitting on a book with a castle in the background to represent imagination and reading (EPS #21305). This royalty-free stock vector clip art image is available for download in a package that includes an EPS vector file and a high-resolution 300-dpi JPEG at 3000x3000 pixels.
|(1) Standard License||$19.99||Add to Cart|
|(2) Extended License||$99.99||Add to Cart|
EPS Vector File
|Title||Cartoon Imagination Kids Reading|
|Artist||Boians Cho Joo Young|
|Description||A cartoon boy and girl sitting on a book with a castle in the background to represent imagination and reading.|
|Categories||Activity, Asian, Body Part, Book, Boy, Brunette, Building, Castle, Caucasian, Child, Communication, EPS, Facial Expression, Female, Girl, Happiness, Illustration, Image, Male, Media, Mouth, Paper, Person, Print Media, Publication, Reading, Royalty-Free, Smiling, Structure, Vector, Young|
The standard royalty-free license covers most scenarios for online and print advertising, decorative, presentational, publishing and promotional use in non-resale works up to 250,000 copies.
The extended royalty-free license grants additional usage rights for larger print runs and for certain resale items. | <urn:uuid:3ae31510-5ad8-4dda-8629-9782ff58ac17> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.toonvectors.com/clip-art/cartoon-imagination-kids-reading/21305 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00249-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.79105 | 289 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Ask Your Health Question and Get an Answer ASAP
Brown semen is frequently from traces of blood which can come from injury, blockage, infection or inflammation anywhere in the reproductive system including the urethra, testicles, epididymis, or prostate. Often inflammation of the seminal vesicles is the problem and it usually clears up without intervention. Sometimes, no reason for the blood is ever found. If you continue to have blood, please see your medical provider doctor for an examination and testing to determine where the blood is coming from. Here is some more information. | <urn:uuid:846beeae-378f-4c13-ba72-7242be26ffe9> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.justanswer.com/health/129yf-does-mean-brown-semen.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00117-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893241 | 115 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Waukesha planetarium hosts viewing party of James Webb telescope's first images
WAUKESHA, Wis. (CBS 58) -- People of all ages got a first look at more of what's out there in space than ever before thanks to the new James-Webb telescope.
Tuesday, July 12, people gathered in Waukesha County at the Horwitz-Deremer planetarium for their open house. The planetarium is part of the Wakesha Public Schools. It was a non-stop day at as people piled in to the planetarium for education programming, and the big reveal of the new James-Webb telescope pictures.
Kelly Suha, an educator at the planetarium, spearheaded organizing the day. She said it was exciting to share seeing these new highly detailed images for the first time with everyone.
"We found out less than a month ago that today was the day so we had nothing on the calendar so that was, why not do it on the day and have it live," said Suha.
Kids like Everly Jones said going into the planetarium was an amazing moment.
"It was like wow I feel I'm in two whole other worlds," said Everly.
Educators there said it was also a very educational experience, something Maddox White said he enjoyed.
"Learning about space has been always one of my favorite things besides watching movies," said White.
Kids took part in free snacks as well as arts and crafts.
"I made this telescope, I got some stickers and some tape," said Noah McAren.
Planetarium Director Lisa Swaney said they hope people keep talking about the shows, both educational and entertaining, that they provide.
"Really our goal is just to try to become more of a community resource and educational center for all," said Swaney.
"You should go and it's fun," said Riley McAren.
If you're interested in seeing a show there during the week, tickets are $4 and $5 on weekends. | <urn:uuid:d4ca59d1-c265-4fdd-920b-4df4b1ac9af4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cbs58.com/news/waukesha-planetarium-to-host-viewing-party-of-james-webb-telescopes-first-images | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.984847 | 417 | 1.851563 | 2 |
On Appeal From the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, D.C. Civil No. 87-1745.
Becker, Hutchinson and Cowen, Circuit Judges.
In 1926, Congress enacted the Railway Labor Act ("RLA"), in order to prevent railroad strikes from crippling interstate commerce. See ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577 (1926), now codified as amended at 45 U.S.C. §§ 151-188 (1982); Detroit & Toledo Shore Line R.R. v. United Transp. Union, 396 U.S. 142, 148, 24 L. Ed. 2d 325, 90 S. Ct. 294 (1969). The RLA prohibits a railroad employer from changing "rates of pay, rules, or working conditions" while a dispute concerning changes in a collective bargaining agreement is being negotiated. 45 U.S.C. § 156 (1982).
In 1887, Congress enacted the Interstate Commerce Act ("ICA"), beginning almost a century of comprehensive regulation of interstate transportation in this country. See ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379 (1887). After successive expansions of the scope of the ICA, see, e.g., Transportation Act of 1920, ch. 91, 41 Stat. 456 (1920); Transportation Act of 1940, ch. 722, 54 Stat. 898 (1940), the trend of increasing regulation was broken in 1976 and again in 1980, when Congress passed the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976, Pub. L. No. 94-210, 90 Stat. 31, and the Staggers Rail Act of 1980, Pub. L. No. 96-448, 94 Stat. 1895. Most pertinent to this case, these Acts drastically reduced the amount of federal involvement in rail mergers and acquisitions, in an effort to implement a congressional policy favoring expedited approvals of sales of railroads, particularly railreads that are in danger of failing. See generally H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 1430, 96th Cong., 2d Sess., reprinted in 1980 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News 4110. Under this legislation, the Interstate Commerce Commission ("ICC" or "Commission") has the express power to impose so-called "labor protective" conditions on a sale. See, e.g., 49 U.S.C. §§ 10901(e), 11347 (1985).
This case presents an important question of first impression at the intersection of these two statutes: whether a railroad has a duty to refrain from completing a sale of its rail assets pending bargaining under the RLA over the effects of that sale on the employees' working conditions, when the ICC has granted expedited approval to the (proposed) sale without imposition of labor protective conditions.
The case arises in the context of an appeal from an order granting summary judgment for the plaintiff, Railway Labor Executives Association ("RLEA" or "the unions"), and granting a permanent injunction against the defendant, Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad ("P & LE" or "the railroad"). Plaintiff RLEA is an unincorporated association of the chief executive officers of nineteen railway labor unions, including all fourteen unions that represent P & LE's employees. The district court, in granting sumary judgment, ordered the railroad to comply with the "major dispute" resolution procedures of the Railway Labor Act. Moreover, in spite of the fact that the ICC had already approved the proposed sale, the court enjoined the railroad from proceeding with its planned sale of its assets until those procedures had been exhausted, unless the sale agreement included provisions guaranteeing that the employees' current working conditions, including rates of pay, be maintained (the "status quo injunction").
We have little difficulty in concluding that the railroad's decision to sell its rail assets and the consequential elimination of a substantial number of rail jobs presents a so-called "major dispute" under the Railway Labor Act and, therefore, that the railroad must bargain over the effects of that decision. Under the RLA, the railroad must maintain the status quo, including the existence of current jobs and rates of pay, while the bargaining process is pending. We have much greater difficulty with the question of the effect of the ICA on this duty, for there is a strong tension between the policies of the two Acts and, unfortunately, Congress has stranded the courts at the crossing. P & LE contends that the policies expressed in the ICA, particularly as applied by the Interstate Commerce Commission in this case, should relieve the railroad of any obligations it has under the RLA. The unions, however, argue that the status quo injunction does not conflict with the Commission's approval and is, in fact, mandated by the RLA.
We confess to finding the solution proposed by each party to be unsatisfactory. Dominating our thinking, however, is a reluctance to impinge on a congressional statutory mandate (the RLA) without a clear congressional authorization (and we find none), or to find an implied repeal of the requirements of the venerable Railway Labor Act without an unavoidable conflict between the mandates of the two statutes (and such a conflict is not ineluctable). See Watt v. Alaska, 451 U.S. 259, 266-67, 68 L. Ed. 2d 80, 101 S. Ct. 1673 (1981). We are particularly reluctant to find such a repeal here, where Congress has so recently addressed itself to deregulating the rail industry, yet has not chosen to relieve management of any of the onerous burdens imposed by the RLA. Moreover, because the Commission's approval of the transaction was merely permissive, we do not view an injunction against the sale as an attack on the ICC's order; and because the approval stemmed from a process in which labor's interests are only one of fifteen factors considered by the Commission, we do not believe that Congress intended that rail labor rely solely on the ICC for protection, to the exclusion of labor's rights under the RLA. For these reasons, we conclude that Congress did not intend the Commission's approval of the transaction without the imposition of substantive labor protective conditions to relieve the railroad of its obligation to comply with the exclusive, congressionally-mandated RLA dispute resolution procedures.
We recognize that, arguably, in our effort to avoid impinging on the RLA, our decision instead has the effect of contravening the mandate of the ICA. We do nut believe that it does but, if we are mistaken, we still believe we have reached the correct result: plainly, if either a grant or a denial of the status quo injunction will conflict with a statutory mandate, we must reconcile the two statutes as much as possible and attempt to reach a result that will produce the minimum possible conflict with congressional intent. As we will demonstrate, any conflict with the ICA produced by the order to maintain the status quo is substantially less than the conflict with the RLA that would result from a denial of the injunction. We therefore choose the path of least destruction, and the one we deem most consistent with Supreme Court precedent. If Congress intended a different result -- and we concede that a different result might well be desirable -- it should have said so. We therefore will affirm the district court's order.
The Railway Labor Act is the product of a joint effort by labor and management representatives to channel labor disputes into construction resolution procedures as a means of avoiding interruptions to c ommerce and preventing strikes. See Detroit & Toledo Shore Line R.R. v. United Transp. Union, 396 U.S. 142, 148-49 & n.13, 24 L. Ed. 2d 325, 90 S. Ct. 294 (1969). There are two types of disputes that can arise under the RLA -- "major" disputes, which involve efforts to form or proposals to change collective bargaining agreement, and "minor" disputes, which require the interpretation or application of a specific provision of a collective bargaining agreements, and "minor" disputes, which require the interpreatation or application of a specific provision of a collective bargaining agreement.*fn1 See Detroit & Toledo Shore Line, 396 U.S. at 148; Elgin, J. & E. Ry. v. Burley, 325 U.S. 711, 722-28, 89 L. Ed. 1886, 65 S. Ct. 1282 (1945); International Ass'n of Machinists v. Northwest Airlines, 673 F.2d 700, 705-06 (3d Cir. 1982).
Major disputes "look to the acquisition of rights for the future, not to assertion of rights claimed to have vested in the past"; in minor disputes, "the claim is to rights accrued, not merely to have new ones created for the future." Elgin, J. & E. Ry., 325 U.S. at 723. Minor disputes are resolved through a formal grievance process that culminates in binding arbitration performed by the National Railroad Adjustment Board. RLA § 3, 45 U.S.C. § 153. Major disputes, on the other hand, are channeled into an exhaustive bargaining process, designed to force the parties into serious negotiation and to encourage compromise. RLA § 6, 45 U.S.C. § 156; see Detroit & Toledo Shore Line, 396 U.S. at 148-50.
When a minor dispute arises, the parties are not precluded from changing the status quo; management is free to implement its interpretation of the agreement, unless and until the interpretation is held invalid by the Adjustment Board. See, e.g., United Transp. Union v. Penn Cent. Transp. Co., 505 F.2d 542, 545 (3d Cir. 1974); Maine Cent. R.R. v. United Transp. Union, 787 F.2d 780, 781 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 1075. Ct. 169 (1986); cf. Local 553, Transp. Workers Union v. Eastern Air Lines, 695 F.2d 668, 675 (2d Cir. 1983) (status quo injunction is available, pending arbitration of a minor dispute, only when necessary to prevent arbitration from becoming meaningless).
Major disputes, however, trigger a status quo obligation. Once a party proposes a change in the collective bargaining agreement, that party is required to serve notice of its intentions (a "section 6 notice"), and both parties must maintain the status quo until the RLA bargaining processes have been exhausted. See Detroit & Toledo Shore Line, 396 U.S. at 150-53; RLA § 6, 45 U.S.C. § 156 ("rates of pay, rules, or working conditions shall not be altered by the carrier until [bargaining and mediation have been exhausted]"); RLA § 2 Seventh, 45 U.S.C. § 156 ("rates of pay, rules, or working conditions shall not be altered by the carrier until [bargaining and mediation have been exhausted]"); RLA § 2 Seventh, 45 U.S.C. § 152. Those processes have been described by the Supreme Court as "almost interminable." 396 U.S. at 149. They operate as follows:
A party desiring to effect a change of rates of pay, rules, or working conditions must give advance written notice. § 6. The parties must confer, § 2 Second, and if conference fails to resolve the dispute, either or both may invoke the services of the National Mediation Board, which may also proffer its services sua sponte if it finds a labor emergency to exist. § 5 First. If mediation fails, the Board must endeavor to induce the parties to submit the controversy to binding arbitration, which can take place, however, only if both consent. §§ 5 First, T. If arbitration is rejected and the dispute threatens "substantially to interrupt interstate commerce to a degree such as to deprive any section of the country of essential transportation service, the Mediation Board shall notify the President," who may create an emergency board to investigate and report on the dispute. § 10. While the dispute is working its way through these stages, neither party may unilaterally alter the status quo. §§ 2 Seventh, 5 First, 6, 10.
Brotherhood of R.R. Trainmen v. Jacksonville Terminal Co., 394 U.S. 369, 378, 22 L. Ed. 2d 344, 89 S. Ct. 1109 (1969).
In the end, however, the process is merely conciliatory. Unlike minor disputes, which parties must submit to binding arbitrator, major disputes, will be resolved, through a series of seemingly endless negotiations, by the parties themselves, or will not be resolved at all; agreements will not be imposed upon the parties. Once the process is finally exhausted and it becomes clear that the parties will not reach agreement, the parties are released from their status quo obligations, and are free to resort to "self-help" -- management to implement its proposed changes, and the workers to strike. Id. at 378-80.
B. The Interstate Commerce Act and the ICC
The Interstate Commerce Act gives the ICC exclusive jurisdiction to approve and to regulate acquisitions of rail lines. See, e.g., 49 U.S.C. §§ 10901(a), l1343(a) (Supp. Ill 1985); Chicago & N.W. Transp. Co. v. Kalo Brick & Tile Co., 450 U.S. 311, 318-20, 67 L. Ed. 2d 258, 101 S. Ct. 1124, (1981). Section 10901 of the Act governs the acquisition of rail lines by non-carriers. Such transactions may proceed only "if the Commission finds that the present or future public convenience and necessity require or permit the [acquisition] and operation of the railroad line." 49 U.S.C. § 10901(a). The ICC has discretion to condition its approval of a § 10901 transaction on the provision of "a fair and equitable arrangement for the protection of the interests of railroad employees who may be affected [by the transaction]." § 10901(e). However, pursuant to § 10505, the Commission will exempt any transaction from regulation under § 10901 when it finds that such regulation "is not necessary to carry out" national rail transportation policy, and is "not needed to protect shippers from the abuse of market power." 49 U.S.C. § 10505(a).
In a 1985 rulemaking proceeding, the Commission decided to exempt from regulation under § 10901 the entire class of transactions involving acquisitions by non-carriers. See Ex Parte 392 (Sub. No. 1), Class Exemption for the Acquisition and Operation of Rail Lines Under 49 U.S.C. 10901, 1 I.C.C.2d 810 (1985) [hereinafter Ex Parte 392 ] , review denied mem. sub nom. Ill. Commerce Comm'n v. ICC, 260 U.S. App. D.C. 38, 817 F.2d 145 (D.C. Cir. 1987). Under Ex Parte 392, an exemption becomes effective and a transaction is deemed approved after seven days following the filing of a notice by the acquiring entity, 49 C.F.R. § 1150.32(b); 1 I.C.C.2d at 820, unless a petition to revoke the exemption has been filed and granted or the transaction is stayed by the Commission. See 49 U.S.C. § 10505(d); 49 C.F.R. § 1150.34; 1 I.C.C. 2d at 815.
II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. The Sale and the Requests to Bargain
P & LE owns and operates a railroad in western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio. The railroad has suffered heavy financial losses over the past four years, and has accumulated a substantial amount of debt.*fn2 Unable to stem its losses and in an effort to avoid a bankruptcy proceeding, P & LE sought a buyer for its entire rail operations. On July 8, 1987 it entered into an agreement to sell all of its assets (except for some minor real estate holdings and 6,000 rail cars) for slightly more than $70 million to P & LE Railco, Inc. ("Railco"), a newly-formed subsidiary of the Chicago West Pullman Corporation created for the purpose of acquiring P & LE 's assets.*fn3 After the sale, Railco plans to operate P & LE 's rail lines, and P & LE expects to cease operation as a rail carrier.
On July 30, 1987 P & LE informed its unions of the planned sale. Although P & LE provided no details, it was apparent that Railco intended to operate with a substantially reduced workforce, and that as many as 500 of P & LE 's 750 rail employees would lose their jobs. Beginning on August 7, P & LE 's various unions requested that the railroad serve formal notices of its intentions on the unions, pursuant to section 6 of the RLA, 45 U.S.C. § 156, and that the railroad commence formal RLA bargaining over the effects of the proposed transaction on the employees. P & LE refused, claiming that RLA bargaining was not required because the transaction would be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the ICC, pursuant to the Interstate Commerce Act.
Given P & LE 's refusal, BEA filed a complaint on August 19, 1987 in the District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, seeking an order requiring the railroad to exhaust RLA bargaining procedures before proceeding with the sale. At about the same time, the unions began to serve section 6 notices, proposing substantial labor protection, including the preservation of all current jobs.
On September 19, 1987, pursuant to 49 C.F.R. §§ 1150.31-34.*fn4 Railco filed a "notice of exemption" with the ICC, seeking exemption from the regulatory requirements of 49 U.S.C. § 10901.*fn5 BEA and other interested parties filed a petition to reject the exemption, and requested a stay of the transaction. The ICC denied the request for a stay on September 25, declaring that the transaction was governed by § 10901 and that RLEA had not shown a sufficient likelihood of prevailing on the merits to justify imposing labor protection prior to consummation of the sale. P & LE Railco, Inc. -- Exemption Acquisition and Operation -- Lines of the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad Co. and the Youngstown and Southern Ry. Co., ICC Finance Docket Nos. 31121, 31122, 31126 (Sept. 25, 1987).*fn6
In denying the request, the Commission explained that a stay would delay the transition between P & LE's and Railco's service, thereby possibly causing substantial harm to the parties, as well as to the shippers, employees and communities on the line. A stay of the transaction, the ICC further found, would force P & LE to suffer continued financial losses, and given those losses, "[i]t is unclear whether or how long it can continue operations." Id. at 4. The Commission, however, did order P & LE to maintain its corporate existence until the Commission completed review of any petitions for revocation. ICC Finance Docket Nos. 31121, 31122 (Oct. 13, 1987) (denial of petition for reconsideration). RLEA filed a petition for revocation on October 2, 1987, which is still pending.
C. The Strike and the Status Quo
On September 15, 1987, prior to Railco's filing of its notice of exemption with the ICC, the unions commenced a strike to force P & LE to comply with its duty to bargain under the RLA. P & LE then filed a counterclaim in the district court, seeking to enjoin the strike. The district court first denied a temporary restraining order, holding itself barred by the anti-injunction strictures of the Norris-LaGuardia Act ("NLGA"), 29 U.S.C. § 108 (1982), but then reversed itself in the wake of the ICC's refusal to stay the transaction. The district court held the strike to be an illegal attempt to force P & LE to provide labor protection in connection with the sale, in contravention of the ICC's approval of the sale without labor protective provisions. Finding that the strike frustrated P & LE 's efforts to complete the sale, the court enjoined the strike, holding that the ICC's exclusive jurisdiction over the transaction displaced the anti-injunction provisions of the NLGA. This court, however, summarily reversed on October 26, holding that "[t]he ICC's authority to consider the incidental effect of the transaction on labor and its discretionary authority to require provisions that protect employees" could not override the "strong national policy embodied in the [NLGA]." RLEA v. P & LE , 831 F.2d 1231, 1236 (3d Cir. 1987).*fn7 We therefore remanded the case for further proceedings. Id. at 1237.
On November 24, following remand, the district court granted summary judgment for RLEA holding that the instant dispute was a "major" dispute under the RLA, and that therefore P & LE must bargain over the effects on the employees of the proposed sale before implementing the transaction. The court rejected P & LE's argument that the ICC's exclusive jurisdiction over rail carrier transactions preempted the railroad's obligations under the RLA. The court held the RLA applicable, and issued a status quo injunction, enjoining the railroad from "altering the rates of pay, rules and working conditions in existence at the time [the unions served their] section 6 notices." J.A. 369. See 45 U.S.C. § 156. The court further made clear that the sale could not be consummated unless provisions were made for the maintenance of the status quo, i.e., maintenance of the employees' current jobs and rates of pay. J.A. 369-70.
P & LE filed an emergency motion with this court, seeking summary reversal of the injunction order. We denied the motion on December 10, 1987, however we expedited the appeal.*fn8
A. Does The Case Involve A Major Dispute?
P & LE argues, albeit weakly, that its dispute with RLEA is not a "major" dispute. See Brief of Appellant at 72; Reply Brief of Appellant at 4-10. Apparently, P & LE is contending that because it always has the "right" to go out of business, and because the sale of the railroad would not violate the collective bargaining agreements, no "change" in the agreement has been proposed and thus no major dispute has arisen. The argument, however, misses the mark.
The dispute in this case is not about the decision to sell the P & LE's rail lines; it is about the effects of that decision on the employees of the railroad.*fn9 P & LE does not deny that the sale, as it is now structured, will lead to a substantial reduction in the workforce on the rail line. This loss of jobs by possibly two-thirds of the employees clearly would require a "change in agreements affecting rates of pay, rules, or working conditions." RLA § 6, 45 U.S.C. § 156. Whenever a party intends to implement such a change, the RLA requires that the party submit to the major dispute resolution process and not alter the status quo. Id.*fn10
In the leading case of Detroit & Toledo Shore Line, the railroad notified its union that it intended to require certain employees to report to work at Trenton, Michigan instead of Toledo, Ohio. An Adjustment Board had already determined that the collective bargaining agreement would not prohibit such "outlying work assignments." 396 U.S. at 145-46. Yet, when the union served a section 6 notice on the employer proposing to amend the agreement to forbid all outlying assignments, the Supreme Court held that a major dispute had arisen and that the railroad was prohibited from implementing the new assignments until after the parties had exhausted the RLA bargaining process, even though implementation of these assignments would not violate the existing agreement. Id. at 148-55.
The Court explained that "the status quo extends to those actual, objective working conditions out of which the dispute arose." Id. at 153. Because the "actual working conditions" at the time the dispute arose did not include outlying assignments, "it was therefore incumbent upon the railroad by virtue of § 6 to refrain from making outlying assignments . . ., regardless of the fact that the railroad was not precluded from making these assignments under the existing agreement." Id. at 154.
P & LE has similarly proposed action which might not violate its agreements, yet it plainly would change the nature of those agreements. Moreover, even if that were not the case, P & LE's unions have proposed substantial changes to the agreements, and therefore P & LE must "preserve and maintain unchanged those actual, objective working conditions and practices, broadly conceived, which were in effect prior to the time the pending dispute arose and which are involved in or related to that dispute. " Id. at 153. Such objective conditions plainly include the very existence of the workers' jobs.
B. The Right to Go Out of Business And The Duty to Bargain Over Effects
P & LE makes a more powerful argument that, no matter how this dispute is categorized, an employer has no duty to bargain over its decision to go out of business, for such a decision is a quintessential management prerogative, hence it cannot be enjoined. The argument rests primarily on the Supreme Court's landmark decision in First ... | <urn:uuid:d4221b30-2c34-4e1d-b4bb-4abc963dd75f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://nj.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19880108_0041363.C03.htm/qx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00222-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938245 | 5,325 | 1.867188 | 2 |
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Frequently Asked Questions about the DOI® System
These "Frequently Asked Questions" about the DOI system and DOI® names are not meant to take the place of the fuller information available in the DOI Handbook; where possible, we provide pointers to the relevant section of the handbook. If you have a question that you think should be added to this list, or is not satisfactorily answered, please feel free to contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org.
1. How do I get a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for my material?
You must use a service offered by a DOI Registration Agency (RA). RAs collect metadata, assign DOI names, and offer other services such as reference linking or metadata lookup. See the list of RAs, and contact the ones whose services best meet your needs. If you do not see an appropriate application listed, consider approaching an existing RA or developing a community to build the service you require (see the DOI Handbook, 8 Registration Agencies, for more information). You do not need to be a member of the International DOI Foundation in order to work with an RA.
2. How much does it cost to get a DOI and use the DOI system?
The cost of registering new DOI names depends on the services you purchase. Contact a DOI Registration Agency to discuss your options. Each RA is different, and each is free to offer its own business model. For an example of the costs of a DOI service for publishers, see the Crossref publisher fees. The IDF does not determine the costs charged to end users. Existing DOI names can be resolved by users free of charge.
3. Where can I look up a DOI? Is there a list?
The DOI system does not provide a central search capability across all DOI names, but most web search engines will show DOI names in the results of a search by title, by name, or by topic or related terms. The reverse will also work; enter a DOI name and the search engine will show you what item that DOI was assigned to. However, this sort of query facility may also be offered by Registration Agencies or other services for DOI names in one defined area, as a value-added feature. These may be a paid for service or free to all users. For an example, see Crossref free DOI lookup.
4. How many DOI names are there, and who uses them?
5. Can the DOI system use, or work with, existing identifier schemes?
Yes. See the DOI Handbook, 2 Numbering, for more information.
6. What can a DOI name be assigned to?
It can be any entity physical, digital or abstract that you wish to identify, primarily for sharing with an interested user community or managing as intellectual property.
7. If I have assigned a DOI name and I make a change to my material, should I assign a new DOI?
The IDF does not have any rules on this. Individual RAs adopt appropriate rules for their community and application. As a general rule, if the change is substantial and/or it is necessary to identify both the original and the changed material, assign a new DOI name.
8. Is the DOI system a standard?
Yes. The DOI system was created by the International DOI Foundation and was adopted as International Standard ISO 26324 in 2012. The IDF is the ISO 26324 Registration Authority. Compliance with the DOI Handbook ensures compliance with the ISO 26324 standard.
9. What is a shortDOI?
A shortDOI® is a shortcut to a DOI name. It provides a function similar to that which URL shortening services do for URLs. shortDOIs are not themselves DOI names.
10. How does the DOI system differ from the Handle System?
The DOI system implements the Handle System and adds to it some other features.
11. DOI & URI: how does the DOI system work with web URI technologies?
DOI names may be expressed as URLs (URIs) through a HTTP proxy server. In addition, DOI is a registered URI within the info-URI namespace (IETF RFC 4452, the "info" URI Scheme for Information Assets with Identifiers in Public Namespaces). See the DOI Handbook, 2 Numbering and 3 Resolution, for more information.
12. The International DOI Foundation is a membership organization. Who are the members?
The activities of the IDF are controlled by its members, operating under a legal Charter and formal By-laws. Membership is open to all organizations with an interest in digital network publishing, content distribution, rights management, and related enabling technologies. A list of current members is available here. See the DOI Handbook, Chapter 7, for information about the IDF and its membership. Send a request to email@example.com for information about joining.
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To provide as good a service as possible, the doi.org resolver uses Cloudflare as a provider of authoritative DNS service and as a Content Distribution Network (CDN). When a user accesses doi.org, the Cloudflare DNS resolver will route the request to a nearby node on Cloudflare's globally distributed network of edge nodes. That Cloudflare edge node will then contact a geographically nearby doi.org backend server. This approach allows us to distribute the doi.org backend servers around the world, with each user in general accessing only those servers which are geographically close to them. The result is considerably improved response times. In addition, the edge nodes will greatly improve any failover situation and redirect queries to other doi.org backend servers if the geographically closest server is unreachable for any reason.
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|®, DOI®, DOI.ORG®, and shortDOI® are trademarks of the International DOI Foundation.| | <urn:uuid:c1c0f90f-2e66-47cb-ae1c-ef84ae73dc33> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.doi.org.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/faq.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.890633 | 1,510 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Given that they are usually at the centre of both the political and business worlds, it is no wonder that investors gravitate towards capital cities. In France, however, the proportion of FDI into the capital, Paris, is particularly high, with more than one-third of all new projects launched in the country between 2008 and 2012 located in the capital, according to greenfield investment monitor fDi Markets.
Such an overriding dominance is not reflective of the opportunities to be found outside of the capital though. Leaders from other French cities, including Toulouse, Nice, Marseille and Lille, are on the investment promotion trail and are working hard to shake the image of their cities as Paris's 'ugly sisters'.
Toulouse takes flight
The south-western city of Toulouse, although six times smaller than Paris, has established itself as the country's leading aerospace hub. Widely considered as the centre of the European aerospace industry, Toulouse is home to aircraft manufacturing behemoth Airbus, as well as aeronautical hub Aerospace Valley, which has more than 120,000 employees and 500 companies.
It also boasts Europe's largest cancer research centre, l'Oncopole de Toulouse, and the European headquarters of US semiconductor chip-maker.
According to fDi Markets, between 2008 and 2012, Toulouse was the second largest French city in terms of FDI-related job creation. Not content with this success, the city's mayor, Pierre Cohen, is eager to encourage yet more investment and help Toulouse establish itself across even more sectors.
“We are the city of knowledge, and that means we look at future opportunities. We see them in e-healthcare clusters, as well as in digital media,” he says. “Now, we are gathering our academic institutions, local economic development agency, chamber of commerce and residents to find ways in which we can deliver excellence, both globally and locally."
Mr Cohen is keen to stress that Toulouse is not all work and academia. France's third largest university city, Toulouse boasts a vibrant nightlife, as well as a growing number of art festivals and fairs. “More than anything we are the city where people are happy to live in,” says Mr Cohen.
Nice's warm welcome
France's fifth largest city, Nice, which is situated in the south of the country on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, also counts quality of life among its main selling points. When asked why investors are attracted to the city, Christian Estrosi, the city's mayor, needs only to point to the beach and tree-lined esplanades. “That is why," he says. "Just look around."
As appealing as the view is, he is also keen to point out that Nice offers more than just sun, sea and sand. “We have superb infrastructure and we are well connected with the world. Our airport is the second busiest in France [after Paris] and directly serves 105 destinations in more than 40 countries,” says Mr Estrosi.
In a bid to combine the city's business aspirations with its natural beauty, the local authorities have recently launched 'Eco Valley', an ambitious project aimed at creating a business district that meets the needs of sustainable development.
“We invite companies from all over the world to come and invest in fields such as renewable energy, hydro electricity, geothermic, solar and sea energy, as well as wood and waste recycling,” says Mr Estrosi. He is planning to travel extensively in 2013, in order to attract investors to Eco Valley.
The making of Marseille
Marseille may share the same coastline as Nice, but in some ways that is where the similarities end. Unlike the picturesque city of Nice, Marseille suffers from image problems. Rising unemployment and crime rates have gained the city the nickname, 'the Detroit of France'.
Jean-Claude Gaudin, the city's mayor, is undeterred, however. He says that Marseille has broad expertise in high-tech sectors such as life sciences and energy, and that it should serve as a magnet for investments. Given that, historically, Marseille's growth has been closely connected with its port, the mayor believes that there is investment potential in redeveloping the port and the surrounding areas.
“There is an important district around the port, and with nearly 4 million cruise passengers [annually], there is a strong growth potential there,” he says.
Redevelopment is already under way in some parts of the city. This year, Marseille was chosen by the EU to be the 2013 European Capital of Culture, which saw it undergo a makeover worth more than $9.3bn involving world-renowned architects such as Zaha Hadid and Norman Foster. Whether this will be enough to create momentum for Marseille's revival remains to be seen.
Little Lille thinks big
Nearly a decade ago, the north-eastern city of Lille was awarded the title of the European Capital of Culture. Now, the city is riding high on a wave of popularity among foreign investors. Despite its relatively small size – its 226,000 residents make it the 10th largest city in France – Lille ranked as the fifth most popular destination in France for FDI between 2009 and 2012.
"In Lille, we went directly from the 19th to the 21st century. We have been able to revitalise the areas where, historically, we have been strong. For example, in the textiles sector we brought unique skills, while at the same time investing in new areas," says Martine Aubry, the city's mayor.
Apart from textiles, Lille has also been pushing to attract blue-chip companies and, according to Ms Aubry, it has had great success in doing so. And, there is even more to come. “Lille is at the heart of the life sciences sector and I strongly believe in the development of the software and IT sector. The city has more than 20,000 employees in more than 2000 technology companies already,” she says. | <urn:uuid:899c5ef5-a7d0-4036-8823-0e90fdb8001b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fdiintelligence.com/content/news/french-cities-prove-that-size-isnt-everything-47745 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.970609 | 1,269 | 1.671875 | 2 |
(CBS NEWS) – People in parts of Virginia, North Carolina and West Virginia may open their widows this summer to hear a strange buzzing sound. It’s the din of millions of cicadas, which will be awakening in the region after spending 17 years underground.
Cicadas emerge in different parts of the country at different times – either annually, or periodically every 13 or 17 years. This particular invasion will be from Brood IX, which has not swarmed the region since 2003-2004, Virginia Tech’s Department of Entomology in the College of Agriculture and Life Science said in a press release.
Some parts of the region experienced the natural phenomenon in 2013 when Brood II emerged. But with as many as 1.5 million cicadas per acre expected to emerge this year, the region will have to get used to the strong buzzing sound.
“Communities and farms with large numbers of cicadas emerging at once may have a substantial noise issue,” said Eric Day, an entomologist in Virginia Tech’s Department of Entomology said. “Hopefully, any annoyance at the disturbance is tempered by just how infrequent — and amazing — this event is.”
The periodical cicadas live in the soil and feed on tree roots, leaving their brown husks behind as they construct mud tubes to crawl out of the soil. Their timing depends on the species, the department said.
The 13- or 17-year timing of this process is “one of the great mysteries of the insect world,” the press release reads. “Research and mathematical modeling suggest that the length of these brood cycles could be attributed to predatory avoidance.”
“When the cicadas emerge, the amount of biomass they provide could serve as a food source for potential predators to take advantage of,” the release continues. “It is theorized that these cicadas have evolved to avoid synching up with predator cycles by having a 13- or 17-year prime number emergence interval.”
The website Cicada Mania tracks which years certain regions of the U.S. will see the return of periodical cicadas. Last year, Brood XIII infiltrated Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Oklahoma, according to the site.
Next year, Brood X is expected to swarm Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia and Washington DC. | <urn:uuid:13bfd0f2-cc1b-4713-82e8-d9665f192952> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wivb.com/news/after-17-years-underground-cicadas-will-return-to-swarm-parts-of-the-u-s-this-year/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.906761 | 522 | 3.25 | 3 |
Asperger's syndrome was once seen as a social death sentence. But today, people with the condition can connect with each other online, which in turn promotes awareness.
"Quiet, unemotional, antisocial."
These are the words that are often used to describe someone with Asperger's syndrome. The disorder belongs to the autism spectrum, a family of conditions, which can severely inhibit a person's mental and social development.
More than often people suffering from Asperger's tend to be victimized by society, according to Dr. Fred Volkmar, Director of the Yale University’s Child Study Center.
The condition is "not all that common," he told DW.
It is hard to say just how many people have Asperger’s – around 250,000 are estimated to have the condition in Germany.
Interests interfere with social functioning
Asperger's syndrome is named after German doctor Hans Asperger, who first described it in 1944.
Young sufferers are sometimes jokingly called "little professors" by family members. They can rattle off facts about their favorite subject with an obsessive fervor.
Volkmer has seen varying interests in his patients from the Titanic, deep fat fryers to refrigerators and tectonic plates. But regardless of their interests, people with Asperger's have difficulty with the things that most of us take for granted.
Their special interests interfere with their ability to learn other things and social functioning, Volkmar said.
Also, the effect of school bullying and the social anxiety caused by the condition leads to difficulty forming relationships, he noted.
"They want friends, they don't want to be socially isolated," explained Volkmar.
On the Wrong Planet
The Internet is helping people with Asperger's overcome social isolation, according to Alexander Plank, the co-founder of non-profit Autism Rights Watch (ARW).
"When I was diagnosed, I literally did not know anyone who had the same diagnosis as me," he said.
Autism mostly affects boys
In 2004, Plank started the online community Wrong Planet to connect to others suffering from autism
In 2010, Plank began an Internet television program called Autism Talks TV - Youtube videos in which he tries to help other autistic people learn social norms and rules.
Today, Wrong Planet has more than 70,000 members – making it the largest online community for people with autism.
But the popularity of Wrong Planet has come with a price. In 2006, he was sued by the families of the victims of a 19-year-old Wrong Planet member named William Freund, who killed two people and then himself in California. Freund had posted cryptic messages on the site, saying he needed a "real life" friend and was contemplating suicide.
Wrong Planet has also come under fire for advocating "autistic pride" – some of its advocates suggest that attempts to "cure" autism would result in the "uniqueness" of the individual being taken away.
The school shooting in Connecticut in December, in which the gunman is reported to have suffered from autism, has once again brought a discussion on autism to the forefront.
But Plank hopes it will bring about greater awareness of autism.
"It is possible that someone could not know what autism is, look it up and then realize they have it and then go online and find support," he said. | <urn:uuid:3c08d6af-f111-450f-be35-8c29619bf609> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.dw.com/en/people-with-autism-connect-on-the-internet/a-16483364 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719547.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00394-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976081 | 703 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Discussion in 'Strategic Forces' started by Triton, Mar 11, 2009.
Indian commando unit to guard Pakistan mission: report
Government sends commando unit to Pakistan
I didn't know that CISF had a "commando unit". Anyways its about time, India stepped up security to protect its missions and diplomats in sensitive regions.
Army commandos take on Taliban in J&K
Army commandos take on Taliban in J&K
New Delhi, April 8, 2009
Infiltrators from Pakistan are making one of the most organised and concerted bids since the Kargil war to cross the LoC and enter Jammu & Kashmir.
The army is locked in encounters with heavily armed infiltrators at eight locations along the LoC. As many as 400 militants are reportedly waiting to cross over from Pakistan and target the Lok Sabha elections.
Intense gunbattles are on in Uri, Baramulla, Kupwara, Lolab, Kangan, Wusan, Hafruda forests and Gurez. Sources said that 20 to 40 militants may have managed to sneak in.
Heavy fighting in Gurez
The army has air dropped para-commandos into the cordoned off forests of Gurez to flush out suspected Taliban militants. A fierce encounter is on.
The army has cordoned off around 60 square kilometres of the Gurez forests adjoining the LoC at Hafruda. The terrorists have probably come in from several pockets in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.
Sources told Headlines Today that radio intercepts between two Lashkar-e-Toiba men talking to a third one led to the suspicion that these militants belong to the Taliban. The militants were helped by the Lashkar and the ISI to cross the LoC.
Taliban or Jaish?
J&K Democratic Liberation Front chairman Hashim Qureshi has claimed that the militants who crossed the LoC are either from the Jaish-e-Mohammad or the Lashkar.
He said the possibility of infiltration by the Taliban, however, couldn't be ruled out in the future.
Infiltration on the rise
The CRPF has figures to show that infiltration from Pakistan has increased in the past two weeks.
Since March 22, at least 22 militants have been gunned down by the army. Ten jawans and two army officers have been killed in the operation. In Kupwara, the army had earlier carried out a six-day offensive in March. According to the army, many of the militants were of Afghan origin.
Infiltration pattern different this year
Infiltration along the LoC always peaks as the summer approaches. But this time, the security forces have been taken aback by the sheer intensity of the bids.
This year, infiltration attempts were made much before the snow in the mountain passes started to melt. Also, simultaneous infiltration bids were made in an attempt to engage the security forces along different fronts.
While infiltration bids were usually made in small batches earlier, the militants are now trying to cross over in larger groups of 20 or 30.
War-like situation in 8 places of J&K
Ashraf Wani/Ashwani Kumar
Srinagar, April 8, 2009
The emerging scenario from Jammu and Kashmir indicates that the encounters in the north are not mere counter-insurgency rather they form part of a larger conventional conflict between India and Pakistan.
Concentrated groups, comprising hundreds of combatants, are reportedly holding ground and battling the Indian Army in eight separate locations in Kashmir Valley. The areas are Uri, Baramula, Kupwara, Lolab, Kangan, Wusan, Hafruda Forest and Gurez sector.
The Army is no longer up against just men whose best weapon is hit and run, because this is no longer just a low-intensity conflict. Rather the army is exchanging fire with a new enemy -- the conventionally trained terrorist.
Built to hold ground and fight back like a soldier, to capture territory and move forward, they're even fighting Indian para commandos and managing to inflict damage.
The militants may not be formally commissioned soldiers of the Pakistan Army, but they're definitely close. The encounters in the Valley are the result of the most organised and concerted intrusions into the state since Kargil. Clearly it indicates that the situation is more like war.
Here is the link to the Video of the news on Headlines Today
This is getting messy day by day our SF is facing lot of casualties as from other side of border they are trying to deflect the yahoos from other parts towards Kashmir. Let's see how the situation evolves
I hope the Amry will hole-up the terrorists and eliminate them.
Our forces are not like other side of border forces which will do a peace deal and all these nonsense people will get there 72 for sure.
These are not Taliban. They are Lashkar but much better trained and equipped, probably by Taliban militants. Also, their ethnicity is becoming more mixed as increasingly Pashtuns are joining in.
Flint sir, LeT and Taliban are not best of friends..
Singh you are generalizing. Firstly Taliban is not a single organization. It has dozens of prominent leaders each of whom have their own agenda and alliances.
Just because the TTP leader threatens the LeT doesn't suddenly make the Taliban and the various Kashmir Jihad groups enemies.
LeT is mostly composed of Punjabi pakistanis while Taliban is mainly composed of Pakthuns.
Yes daredevil thank you for stating the obvious
That statement was to give a perspective as to why they would hate or not like one another. It all boils down to ethnicity and tribal traditions of the Pakhtuns. They would never work with LeT (on Kashmir) except for the cause of establishment of Islamic caliphate.
There is a long history of cooperation between the Taliban and the Kashmir groups.
Flint, the only connecting link between LeT and Taliban is ISI. Their aims and goals are completely different. LeT, when established was solely focussed on liberating Kashmir while Taliban is bent upon establishing Sharia in Afghanistan and Pakistan and finally a Islamic caliphate. There might be some cross-talk or collaboration between the two organizations but might have been at the behest of ISI not independently.
DD think deeply suppose LeT yahoos are able to libertae the Kashmir (which they will not) next day what these guys will do. Similar for the talbunny yahoos.
Both the organizations have same ideology, that is Islamization of other lands, but they have different aims and goals as of now and both are supported/controlled by ISI. In future, I don't know, they might collaborate or merge, who knows.
You have to make a distinction here. What will LeT do, when Taliban enters Lahore or Karachi, will it fight Taliban or co-operate with Taliban?. LeT has never indulged in anti-Pakistani activities while Taliban has gone out of hand and now indulging in anti-Pakistani activities. Only time will tell, if they both are same or different.
Daredevil please read the articles that I posted thoroughly. There are several prominent examples of Direct Cooperation between Kashmiri outfits and Afghanistan based ones.
I'll just copy and paste some stuff there:
India’s National Security Adviser M. K. Narayanan said on August 11, 2006, that the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Toiba is part of the "al Qaeda compact" and is "as big as and omnipotent" as the international terror network.
Most of the JEM’s cadre and material resources have been drawn from the militant groups Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami (HUJI) and the Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM). The JEM had close ties to Afghan Arabs and the Taliban. Usama Bin Ladin is suspected of giving funding to the JEM. The JEM also collects funds through donation requests in magazines and pamphlets. In anticipation of asset seizures by the Pakistani Government, the JEM withdrew funds from bank accounts and invested in legal businesses, such as commodity trading, real estate, and production of consumer goods.
The HuM was originally formed in 1985, to participate in the Jehad against Soviet forces protecting the Communist regime in Afghanistan. It was a formed by a group that walked out of another jehadi group, the Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HuJI). With the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989, the outfit turned its attention to J&K, where terrorist violence had been unleashed by Pakistan supported outfits in 1988.
Separate names with a comma. | <urn:uuid:ecdc752e-0ece-45ec-a0e9-97d18da19650> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://defenceforumindia.com/forum/threads/indian-special-forces.33520/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717963.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00373-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955363 | 1,808 | 1.5 | 2 |
More information about this newspaper title may be available on the source website.
Source: The Portal to Texas History
Country: United States
City: Galveston County - Galveston
Issues of this title available in Elephind: 2
Items (articles and/or pages) from this title available in Elephind: 16
Earliest Date: 17 March 1870
Latest Date: 6 April 1871
Weekly newspaper from Galveston, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising. | <urn:uuid:6053f35d-dceb-4671-8f8e-5951a66af805> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.elephind.com/?a=p&p=publication&puq=TXKMTHWAQC | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00438-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908409 | 108 | 1.585938 | 2 |
A nearly full Rhea shines in the sunlight in this recent Cassini image.
Rhea (949 miles, or 1,527 kilometers across) is Saturn's second largest moon.
Lit terrain seen here is on the Saturn-facing hemisphere of Rhea. North on Rhea is up and rotated 43 degrees to the left. The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on Sept. 10, 2013.
The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 990,000 miles (1.6 million kilometers) from Rhea. Image scale is 6 miles (9 kilometers) per pixel.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo. | <urn:uuid:aa0b6725-d045-4128-bb23-f529b037a2bb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA17155 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00239-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921276 | 226 | 3.171875 | 3 |
A gift card is a prepaid store-value money card issued by the retailer or a bank and can be used instead of cash when purchasing from that particular store. Most gift cards are redeemable only in the specific retailer unless otherwise explicitly stated so. While customers usually buy gift cards for friends and family as a gift, its popularity has surged during the pandemic. The increase in sales of gift cards can be attributed to the fact that they are convenient, easy to buy, and passed on to the recipient.
The rise in the global gift cards market is also influenced by several factors that include the demand for prepaid cards, people preferring advanced payment solutions, increase in the number of smartphone users, its application in diverse stores,
Here are some of the most popular players in the gift card market:
- Google Play
- Best Buy
- JCB Gift Card
Gift cards are an effective way to show to your loved ones that you care about them. Earlier, gift cards used to be popular in North America and Europe. But you will find that it is not the case anymore as consumer behavior has changed drastically in other parts of the world, thanks to disposable income. They are now getting popular in the Asia Pacific and Latin America. Countries like China and India especially have witnessed a boom in the gift card market.
There has been a massive shift from physical gift cards to digital gift vouchers. With more and more customers purchasing online, digital gift vouchers seem like the most viable option. When it is a digital voucher, you can immediately gift them to your loved ones. There is no waiting, just a simple email, and you are done.
The gift card industry is expected to be worth $2.7 trillion by 2027, based on a report titled ‘Gift Card- Global Market Trajectory & Analytics’ by ResearchandMarkets.com. This prediction is despite Covid-19 and its repercussions. This is a telling statement on the kind of impact gift cards have had on consumer behavior.
Here are some interesting statistics from the ReserachandMarkets.com report
- The US gift cards market is currently estimated at $278.8 billion.
- China is forecasted to reach a projected market size of $608.1 billion by 2027
- Germany’s gift card market is expected to grow at approximately 11.4% CAGR.
- The open-loop gift card segment is projected to grow at 15.4% CAGR and reach $747.3 billion by 2027
- The Asia-Pacific market (led by India, Australia, and South Korea) is expected to reach $404.8 billion by 2027
The presence of many online payment options has positively affected the gift card industry since it allows more people to do online shopping. Thanks to a thriving eCommerce industry, the global gift card market will expand rapidly. | <urn:uuid:9cc41c80-809d-48b8-8b47-7d018e9acd4d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.99minds.io/blog/gift-card/gift-card-marketing-trends/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.953927 | 644 | 1.570313 | 2 |
A pyramid stands as a symbol of many benefits, as it promotes harmony in one’s life. Each pyramid that differs in its making of material has different effects on human live which varies from individual to individual.
As we all know a pyramid is a triangle in a three dimensional plane which represents the three pillars of righteous life and that is truth, honesty and principles. The life of a human is governed by all these three pillars and when balance is disturbed of any of these consequences are faced.
Importance of Parad pyramid
As discussed above the effect of pyramid differs with its material now, if we talk about parad pyramid, parad is a very auspicious metal as per the Hindu mythology and rituals, it is considered as the tatva originated from lord shiva himself.
It has many medicinal properties as well, a pyramid made of parad promotes harmony in your life from all directions, and some of the benefits of having parad pyramid along are listed below
Benefits of parad pyramid
We as a service will provide you the best quality of parad pyramid according to your needs and the size you need, all you need to is to leave a query on our website or can also contact us on our helpline. | <urn:uuid:4c10b099-9558-40f4-94ef-ef0fd9b2da72> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://kamiyasindoor.com/parad-pyramid.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00535-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971921 | 246 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Urbanization is a process that drastically alters pre-existing systems and concentrates significant amounts of resources to satisfy the needs of modern life (McDonnell and MacGregor-Fors 2016, Seto and Ramankutty 2016). This generates enormous environmental impacts at various geographic scales, ranging from the local to the global (Seto and Ramankutty 2016). In fact, urbanization is related to a broad range of long-term cascading ecological impacts, especially for native flora and fauna (Czech et al. 2000, Berkowitz et al. 2003, Jetz et al. 2007, Grimm et al. 2008, Pickett et al. 2008, Aronson et al. 2014, Seto and Ramankutty 2016). This can importantly affect the ecology of an entire geographic region, and, as a result, threaten native species (Emlen 1974, Beissinger and Osborne 1982, Czech et al. 2000, Van Rensburg et al. 2009, Maxwell et al. 2016). As urbanization poses novel pressures to biodiversity, some species are able to adapt, and even thrive, within urban centers, while those unable to do so decline in number (Chace and Walsh 2006, Evans et al. 2009, Fischer et al. 2015). In particular, several bird species have been shown to successfully exploit areas of human development, to the degree that they have established populations beyond their native geographic ranges (Blair 1996, Shochat 2004, Kark et al. 2007, Blackburn et al. 2009).
The House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) has been introduced anthropogenically worldwide, making it one of the most prolific and successful introduced bird species in the world (Anderson 2006, Lowther and Cink 2006, Aronson et al. 2014). Native to Eurasia, the House Sparrow has been dominant and successful at exploiting urban areas of North America, often repelling potential competitor avifauna (Gavareski 1976, Gowaty 1984, Clergeau et al. 1998, White et al. 2005, MacGregor-Fors et al. 2010). The success of the House Sparrow as an urban exploiter species in North America has been mainly attributed to four natural history traits: (1) it is a dietary generalist that feeds on grains, insects, fruits, and even human litter (Gavett and Wakeley 1986, Kimball 1997); (2) it has colonial-communal nesting strategies that allow for rapid proliferation upon invading new areas (Kalinoski 1975, McGillivray 1980, Gowaty 1984); (3) it can effectively expand its ranges throughout human-altered landscapes (Kark et al. 2007); and (4) it is a territorial species that actively destroys the nests of other species (McGillivray 1980, Gowaty 1984, Kimball 1997).
Since its introduction in the northeastern United States in the 1800s, the House Sparrow has steadily expanded its range across human-disturbed landscapes, establishing large populations in urban centers (Johnston and Selander 1973, Baughman 2003, Lowther and Cink 2006). Although records of its arrival to Mexico are sparse, it presumably arrived in Mexico City by the 1930s (Wagner 1959). We have no information about its presence in Central America until the 1970s (Davis 1972). Although potential habitat for the species in Mexico only excludes the Southern Baja Peninsula, northwestern Mexico, and Yucatan Peninsula (Navarro and Peterson 2007), its presence is closely associated with that of human development, especially from within the heavily developed urban centers out to isolated farmlands. They are rarely found in undisturbed areas (Summers-Smith et al. 2017). In its native Eurasian range, House Sparrow populations have experienced considerable declines as a result of a suite of complex anthropogenic factors (Robinson et al. 2005, Brichetti et al. 2007, Ferrer et al. 2013, PECBMS 2013, 2016).
Previous studies have investigated House Sparrow success in relation to specific habitat features. Recent studies performed in Mexican cities, i.e., Mexico City, Morelia, that examined the effects of built cover and building height showed that avian communities in areas invaded by the sparrows had lower species richness in comparison to those of noninvaded areas (Ortega-Álvarez and MacGregor-Fors 2009). This indicates that House Sparrow success in invading nonnative areas, mainly through its synergistic interactions with human activity, is closely related to changes in the diversity, composition, and structure of native bird communities (MacGregor-Fors et al. 2010). More generally, another study found that urban residential bird communities can experience lower species richness but greater abundances, with those in commercial areas favoring generalist and urban exploiter species (Ortega-Álvarez and MacGregor-Fors 2009). Yet, the House Sparrow is comparably less abundant in other Mexican cities, e.g., Xalapa (Escobar-Ibáñez and MacGregor-Fors 2016). Also, House Sparrow abundances have been found to vary between the four urban land-uses of Mexico City, with the highest numbers recorded in residential-commercial areas and the lowest in green areas (Ortega-Álvarez and MacGregor-Fors 2011). This study showed that the variables determining House Sparrow numbers vary among urban land-uses, with some variables consistently positively related, e.g., number of passing pedestrians or building height, and others consistently negatively related, e.g., tree density and cover.
Similar patterns of habitat relationships have also been reported in this species’ native European distribution (Mason 2006, Chamberlain et al. 2007, Tratalos et al. 2007, Murgui 2009, Murgui and Macías 2010, García-Rodríguez 2011, Šálek et al. 2015), where variables associated with vegetation, but not specifically with urbanization, have been shown to drive their numbers. The declines of native House Sparrow populations have been recorded in both urban and agricultural areas, although the processes are seemingly different. For instance, its populations have experienced considerable declines since the replacement of horses by cars in the 1920s, followed by nonurban population declines associated with the reduced availability of both grain and invertebrates due to the industrialization of farmland practices, e.g., heavier use of pesticides and herbicides, reduced grain spillage, improved grain storage, from the 1980s onward (Summers-Smith 2003). The renewed decline of its urban populations since the 1990s has been much more complex and highly variable with the reduced number of shrubs and nesting sites, increased pesticides use in greenspaces, and increased concentration of lower socioeconomic status areas all being related to lower sparrow numbers (Summers-Smith 2003, Balmori and Hallberg 2007, Shaw et al. 2008, Murgui and Macías 2010, García-Rodríguez 2011). However, it is unclear which of these reasons are directly causing the decline (De Laet and Summers-Smith 2007).
The success of the House Sparrow in North America has been extensively studied in terms of its multiple introductions and subsequent differentiation among populations (Johnston and Selander 1964, Brown and Wilson 1975, Baughman 2003, Lowther and Cink 2006). Yet, how the numbers of this sparrow might differ along urban-agricultural landscapes where it is native and nonnative is not well understood. By setting up our study in a comparative framework that includes different urban-agricultural land classes, based on land-use, location relative to urban centers, and urbanization intensity, we provide insight to the paradox of the growth and decline of House Sparrows in their nonnative and native ranges, respectively. Moreover, there is an important lack of knowledge regarding the environmental variables related to their numbers along urban-agricultural landscapes. Thus, the aim of our study is to document how the House Sparrow numbers differ in five different land classes, i.e., intra-urban high urbanization, intra-urban low urbanization, peri-urban high urbanization, peri-urban low urbanization, and agricultural, in three cities, one located within its native distribution, Barcelona; two in its North American invasion, Los Angeles, Mexico City. Specifically, we ask the following: (1) how do House Sparrow densities differ between three cities, (2) how do their abundances differ among land classes, defined by geographic location and urbanization intensity, and (3) which variables, e.g., vegetation structure, urban infrastructure, and/or human activity, are related to House Sparrow numbers across the studied urban-agricultural landscapes?
This study was conducted in three urban-agricultural landscapes: Los Angeles (California, United States), Mexico City (Mexico), and Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain; Fig. 1, Table 1). We worked in urban-agricultural landscapes, including urban agglomerations rather than governmentally delimited cities, to assess House Sparrow abundances. Focusing on governmentally delimited urban boundaries did not allow us to consider House Sparrow abundance variations when comparing urban cores and peri-urban areas.
We established our study sites in urban, e.g., residential or commercial, and agricultural land-uses, because the House Sparrow’s native and nonnative distributions are generally limited to these types of areas (Cramp 1998, Anderson 2006, Lowther and Cink 2006, Murgui 2009). Specifically, for each urban area, we assessed House Sparrow numbers between five land classes: (1) intra-urban high urbanization; (2) intra-urban low urbanization; (3) peri-urban high urbanization; (4) peri-urban low urbanization; and (5) agricultural. We categorized these land classes based on three dichotomous environmental conditions that have been shown to drive bird distributions in urban areas: land-use, i.e., urban, agricultural; location relative to urban centers, i.e., intra-urban, peri-urban (López 2010, Puga-Caballero et al. 2014); and urbanization intensity, i.e., low, high urbanization (Chace and Walsh 2006, Evans et al. 2009).
We selected sites within each land class using high quality satellite imagery based on land-use, location relative to urban centers, and urbanization intensity variables. We established a ~50% built cover threshold to differentiate between sites with low and high urbanization, i.e., 0–50% = low urbanization; 51–100% = high urbanization. To distinguish between intra- and peri-urban areas, we used methods to delineate the limit of the peri-urban area of an urban agglomeration (MacGregor-Fors 2010). Briefly, this method calculates the representative area in which the urban core intermingles with adjacent nonurban systems, representing an ecologically meaningful ecotone for birds (Puga-Caballero et al. 2014). Regarding agricultural sites, we selected them in croplands with few built elements (0–30% built cover) along the city outskirts. We verified that our sites matched the correct parameters of the land class by manually quantifying built cover, i.e., all hard and relatively impervious surfaces, including buildings and paved streets, on the satellite imagery.
We surveyed House Sparrows over a two-year period, for the winter seasons (December–January) of 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, and the breeding seasons (May–June) of 2013 and 2014. We used limited radius point-counts, at which we recorded all House Sparrows seen or heard within a 50-m radius in a five-min period (following Ralph et al. 1993), from 07:00 to 11:00. In order to calculate distance-sampling corrected densities, we measured the radial distances from each recorded sparrow to the observer using laser rangefinders (Bushnell Yardage Pro Sport 450, Overland Park, KS). We established our point-count locations at a minimum separation distance of 200 m to avoid issues of pseudoreplication (Ralph et al. 1993, 1995). We performed 10 point-counts within one- or two-morning periods, depending on weather conditions and logistical reasons, for each land class for the three surveyed cities. This resulted in a total of 150 point-counts per survey season in all three cities. Each site was repeated once per season, for a total of 600 point-count repetitions.
In order to assess which environmental variables were related to House Sparrow numbers in the three surveyed cities, we reviewed previous studies relating the presence and abundances of urban-exploiter species to environmental variables (e.g., Kark et al. 2007, Evans et al. 2009, Murgui and Macías 2010, Ortega-Álvarez and MacGregor-Fors 2009, 2011). We identified 12 specific variables that describe vegetation structure, urban infrastructure, and human activity, which we sampled within the 50-m radius area at which we surveyed the sparrows: (1) tree cover, (2) tree abundance, (3) maximum tree diameter at breast height (DBH), (4) maximum tree height, (5) shrub cover, (6) maximum herbaceous plant height, (7) number of lamp poles, (8) number of telephone and electric power poles, (9) number of telephone and electric power cables, (10) maximum building height, (11) number of passing pedestrians in five min, and (12) number of passing cars in five min.
We estimated House Sparrow densities using the distance-sampling corrected procedures in Distance 6.0 (Thomas et al. 2010). This software estimates density by calculating the detection probability of individuals (ind/ha) at increasing distances from the observer, and then by standardizing the detection rates along the concentric surveyed area (Buckland et al. 2001). Although detectability can differ among land classes, our data were not sufficient for performing distance-corrected analyses by “land class” but were sufficient for “city” and “season.” With its capabilities of correcting for detection probability as well as standardizing by the surveyed area, we believe that the use of Distance is crucial for avoiding important biases in our results, assuming pooled “land class” detection probabilities. We used the key function/series expansion combination that best fitted our data for each city/season based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and coefficient of variance. To determine statistical differences between the density estimations between the three cities, we compared their 84% confidence intervals, following MacGregor-Fors and Payton (2013). Given that overlapping 95% confidence intervals fail in detecting statistical differences with an α ≤ 0.05, we used 84% confidence intervals, which have been shown to approximate overlapping confidence intervals with an α ≈ 0.05 for both symmetrical and asymmetrical intervals; for House Sparrow density estimations, confidence intervals are asymmetrical, from normal and log-normal distributions (Payton et al. 2003, MacGregor-Fors and Payton 2013). Hence, when the 84% confidence intervals for the density estimations of two groups did not overlap, we considered them to be statistically different from one another; when their confidence intervals did overlap, we considered them to not be statistically different from one another.
For comparisons between land classes within cities, we were unable to use distance-sampling corrected density estimations because of the low numbers of recorded House Sparrows in some of the land classes; in agricultural areas, sparrows were found in more sparsely distributed and tighter groups. Thus, we used the observed House Sparrows individuals/point-count, rather than density estimations, for making comparisons between land classes within cities. We performed general linearized mixed models (GLMM) of House Sparrow numbers using Poisson family and a log-link function (package lme4; Bates et al. 2016) in R (R Core Team 2017). We used House Sparrow individuals/point-count as the response variable and the land class, season, and year as predictor variables. We selected the most parsimonious model based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC). We considered point-counts as a random variable and used a dummy data variable to control for model overdispersion. We used the best model to perform pairwise Tukey comparisons for establishing statistical differences in the abundance of House Sparrows per point-count between land classes within the urban-agricultural landscapes.
Finally, to assess the relationships between House Sparrow abundances per point-count and environmental variables at each city, we performed two analyses. Given that exploratory analyses allowed us to identify potential nonlinear relationships between our independent variables and House Sparrow numbers in the three studied cities, we first performed a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) considering “city” as a random factor. GAMMs are similar to GLMs in having different error structures and link functions, but the shape of relationships is not specified by explicit functional forms; instead, nonparametric “smoothers” to describe the specified nonlinear relationship, as well as random (nonfixed) factors/effects (Crawley 2013). Based on the set of significantly related variables identified through the GAMM, we performed classification and regression tree (CART) analyses using R (R Core Team 2017) for the three studied cities, considering “city,” “land class,” and “season” as independent variables, besides the other eight independent variables identified by the GAMM. This exploratory general CART showed “land class” to be, hierarchically, the most important variable explaining variance in House Sparrow numbers in the three cities, followed by “city,” passing pedestrians, maximum building height, passing cars, maximum tree height, maximum herbaceous plant height, tree abundance, and poles. Thus, we performed three additional CARTs, one per city, considering the eight independent variables identified by the GAMM, as well as “land class.” We used CARTs because they allow the interpretation of datasets where complex nonlinear relationships occur between the set of response and predictor variables (De'ath and Fabricius 2000). These trees are analogous to multiple regression models, specifically to those using the forward selection of predictor variables (Crawley 2007, 2013). By using binary recursive partitioning to identify the successive critical threshold values for a set of predictor variables, CARTs split the dataset of the response variable in a dichotomous and hierarchical manner; as a result, the rank order of only one numeric predictor variable is identified at each split of the tree, showing not only relationships, but also scenarios under which independent variables can relate differently to the dependent one (Palomino and Carrascal 2007). We used the function “rpart” for R (Therneau et al. 2015, R Core Team 2017) because it carries out analysis of variance with the two-level variables associated with each split, which makes it more suitable for anticipating the results of simplified models compared to functions like “tree” (Crawley 2013). This procedure is well suited for assessing relationships between a dependent variable (in this case, House Sparrow abundance per point-count) and multiple independent variables, which can be a mix of continuous and categorical variables (in this case, the 12 environmental variables sampled within the 50-m radius area of where sparrows were surveyed) even if they are highly correlated (Andersen et al. 2000, Jackson and Bartolome 2002).
After quantifying built cover using the satellite imagery for all survey sites, we confirmed that our defined land classes within the urban-agricultural landscapes are unique, based on land-uses, location relative to urban centers, and urbanization intensity (Table 2). Built cover in the surveyed sites was very low in agricultural fields (average 5.7% ± SE 1.6), with all sites showing values < 30%. For low urbanization sites, average built cover was 13.43% (± SE 2.1); all values, except for one site in Los Angeles, i.e., intra-urban low urbanization, 55.1% built cover, had < 50% built cover. For high urbanization sites, average built cover was 77.3% (± SE 2.1), with only two peri-urban sites having < 50% built cover in Barcelona, i.e., 41.9% and 45.9% built cover.
House Sparrow densities differed significantly between the three surveyed cities (Fig. 2). Within each city, we found no difference between seasons, with the exception of the 2014 breeding season in Mexico City. The number of House Sparrows per hectare in Mexico City (84% CI range for both seasons in both years: 9.5-33.3 sparrows/ha) was significantly higher when compared to the numbers estimated for Los Angeles (84% CI range for both seasons in both years: 0.4-3.1 sparrows/ha) and Barcelona (84% CI range for both seasons in both years: 3.2-7.1 sparrows/ha).
We found differences in House Sparrow abundances per point-count when comparing between land classes within both Los Angeles and Mexico City; however, no differences were found when comparing between land classes within Barcelona (Tables 3 and 4). We recorded the highest House Sparrow abundances in the intra-urban high urbanization land class within both Mexico City and Los Angeles (Fig. 3). In Mexico City, we recorded a high number of House Sparrows in the peri-urban high urbanization land class, with only a few or no individuals in the remaining land classes. Furthermore, in Mexico City we recorded no House Sparrows in agricultural areas.
Results of the GAMM show that 8 out of the 12 assessed variables were significantly related with House Sparrow numbers, showing the importance of both “city” and “land class,” as well as no effect of “season” (Table 5). Results of the CARTs for each city using the eight variables identified by the GAMM as well as “land class” show that the most important variables for explaining sparrow number differences, being the earliest splits in the trees, were maximum tree height in Barcelona, maximum building height in Los Angeles, and “land class” (separating agriculture and low urbanization from high urbanization sites) in Mexico City (Fig. 4). CARTs show that both vegetation and human-related variables explain shifts in House Sparrow numbers in Barcelona, while high urbanization scenarios, as indicated by results of the GLMM (Tables 3 and 4), show a positive relationship with their abundances in Los Angeles and Mexico City. It is noteworthy that maximum building height and high urbanization in urban sites in Los Angeles, and high urbanization and pedestrians in Mexico City all showed positive relationships with House Sparrow abundances. Meanwhile, the only vegetation variable selected by the CARTs for these cities (i.e., tree abundance) was negatively related. In contrast, the CART for Barcelona shows a complex array of positive and negative relations with both vegetation and human-related variables.
Our study, focused on House Sparrow abundances in different land classes along three urban-agricultural landscapes, shows the highest densities in Mexico City and the lowest densities in Los Angeles. Thus, depending on specific habitats and scenarios, House Sparrow numbers can resemble those of both urban exploiters/dwellers (Blair 1996, Fischer et al. 2015) and urban adapters/users (Blair 1996, Fischer et al. 2015), varying between cities located outside of its native range and even between urban-agricultural land classes within those cities. This agrees with a number of other studies that have shown that sparrow numbers can vary in both their native and nonnative distribution despite their reputation for high adaptability (Johnston and Selander 1964, Johnston and Selander 1973, Kendeigh 1976, Martin et al. 2004) and exploitation of urban- and agriculture-related resources (Blair 1996, Herrando et al. 2012, Fischer et al. 2015).
We recorded a high variation in House Sparrow densities in the two cities located outside of the sparrow’s native distribution. Compared to Barcelona, we recorded greater average House Sparrow densities in Mexico City (~4 times more), while we found lower average House Sparrow densities in Los Angeles. Although there is a limited knowledge of House Sparrow density patterns along the Mexican territory, our density results are similar to those from another study conducted in Mexico City (~7 sparrows/point-count; Ortega-Álvarez and MacGregor-Fors 2011). However, other studies have reported different House Sparrow densities in other Mexican urban areas, with higher values in Morelia (~20 sparrows/point-count; MacGregor-Fors et al. 2010) and lower values in Xalapa (~0.5 sparrows/point-count; J. F. Escobar-Ibáñez, personal communication). Given that the negative relationship between House Sparrow numbers and native bird species richness has only been assessed in a city where the sparrow is highly abundant, i.e., Morelia, its potential adverse effects could be density dependent, and this observed pattern may not necessarily hold across its nonnative range, although future work must be done to feasibly demonstrate this.
Regarding House Sparrow numbers in the United States, data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (Sauer et al. 2012) show that House Sparrows in the Los Angeles area are (1) scarce in the northern parts of the urban continuum (~1–3 sparrows/2.5 hr of point-count surveys, at which every bird seen or heard within a 0.25-mi radius in a 3-min period was recorded) and (2) moderately abundant in the southern parts (~10–30 sparrows/2.5 hr). This pattern in sparrow density shows that its numbers and invasive success are not homogeneous throughout urban territories and are not solely due to latitude or productivity but possibly more to specific landscape- and local-scale environmental variables (e.g., Kark et al. 2007). In such a case, this would resemble some of the patterns observed in its native areas (Murgui 2009, Šálek et al 2015).
Regarding the House Sparrow’s native range, our density results for Barcelona are similar to those found by Murgui (2006) in another Spanish city (Valencia), who reported densities of 0.9–8.5 sparrows/ha. Although we did not find differences in sparrow abundance between the studied land classes, other ecological patterns, such as urban metapopulation dynamics, could be driving this result (Chávez-Zichinelli et al. 2010).
When analyzing House Sparrow numbers at a finer scale, within the land classes of each urban-agricultural landscape, the highest abundance values for both Mexico City and Los Angeles were from the high urbanization land classes, for both intra- and peri-urban locations. This result agrees with previous studies suggesting that this sparrow can take advantage of a wide array of resources in areas where other species are not present because of the lack of suitable habitat components and the presence of urban-related hazards (Blair 1996, Kark et al. 2007). Contrasting with our observations in the agricultural sites of Barcelona, we only recorded a few individuals in the agricultural land class for Los Angeles and no individuals in the agricultural land class for Mexico City. The latter agrees with our nonsystematic observations in both areas from over the past four years: that the sparrows are often found in lower densities in these agricultural areas (I. M-F. and J. G-H. L., personal observation).
Given that 8 of the 12 environmental variables we assessed showed significant relationships with House Sparrow numbers, it is clear that vegetation structure, urban infrastructure, and human activity are related to changes in their abundance, consistent with previous studies that have reported some of these variables related with House Sparrow numbers in urban areas (Murgui 2009, MacGregor-Fors et al. 2010). Yet, the types of variables and scenarios related to variations in House Sparrow numbers differed importantly among cities. The most relevant variables in explaining variation in House Sparrow abundances in Los Angeles and Mexico City were those related to urban infrastructure, i.e., maximum building height and high urbanization, and/or human activity, i.e., passing pedestrians, all of them showing a positive relationship with House Sparrow numbers in the two cities. Furthermore, in Mexico City, tree abundance, the only vegetation variable explaining some variance of the recorded House Sparrow abundance, showed a negative relationship. In contrast, our findings for Barcelona show a complex array of scenarios under which “land class” did not play a crucial role, with no urban infrastructure variable showing an important relationship with House Sparrow numbers. Vegetation variables played the most important role, explaining variance in the sparrow’s abundances, both positively and negatively. For instance, the scenario in which we recorded lower average House Sparrow numbers per point-count (0.3) involved > 96, > 7 m trees. On the other end, the scenario in which we recorded highest average House Sparrows per point-count (9.0) has > 56, 8–10 m trees. This further demonstrates the species’ close association with highly developed and human-frequented sites, especially in nonnative areas where such features represent important foraging and nesting resources (Anderson 2006).
Although this study only considers three urban-agricultural landscapes, our results suggest that the densities and abundances of House Sparrows located outside of their native ranges are determined by environmental variables that are unique to different cities and to different land classes, locations relative to urban centers, and urbanization intensities. There are a number of further questions this study raises related to the potential effects of House Sparrow density on the native biota, as well as to its role as a driver of biodiversity in urban-agricultural landscapes. Comparative studies focused on the individual (e.g., body condition, personality), population (e.g., trends in distribution and growth, intra-specific interactions, genetics), and community approaches (e.g., diversity, interspecific interactions) related to the House Sparrow in its native and nonnative areas would provide further insight for the development of population management tools in addressing two growing concerns: (1) their recent declining native populations in Europe (Murgui 2006, De Laet and Summers-Smith 2007) and (2) the problems they pose to the local biodiversity in invaded areas (Grussing 1980).
We thank our field assistants J. Oliver, R. G. de Lucas, and A. Ortega-Segalerva in Barcelona, Deanna M. Chung in Los Angeles, and Nihaib Flores Galicia in Mexico City, as well as Ina Falfán for her support in satellite image processing and analyzing. We are grateful for comments on the manuscript by Prof. D. Chamberlain. Research funds were granted by UC MEXUS-CONACYT to P. J. Y and I. M-F. (CN-13-587), the Natural History Museum of Barcelona to J. Q. (PASSER-CAT-1 project), and the National Geographic Society Committee for Research and Exploration to P. J. Y.
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White, J. G., M. J. Antos, J. A. Fitzsimons, and G. C. Palmer. 2005. Non-uniform bird assemblages in urban environments: the influence of streetscape vegetation. Landscape and Urban Planning 71:123-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.02.006 | <urn:uuid:6e4c5cea-d6df-491f-8d2c-4f2cd51bcd86> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ace-eco.org/vol12/iss2/art11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.830244 | 12,509 | 3.515625 | 4 |
[copyright] The Theosophical Publishing House, 1887; 1967, The Theosophical Publishing House, Adyar, Madras 20, India; Wheaton, Ill., U.S.A. and London, England
The Golden Rules of Buddhism
Compiled by H.S. Olcott
[This online edition has been slightly edited. The notes have been moved so that they come straight after the quote they belong to instead of at the bottom of the page, as there are no pages in HTML-documents. The many details about the publication have been moved to the back, whereas they were listed in the beginning in the original edition. Numbers between brackets signify the page the information directly above was on in the printed edition of 1967. For clarity's sake I've added horizontal lines after each quote and source. - Editor Buddha's World]
THE too prevalent ignorance among even adult
Sinhalese Buddhists of the ethical code of their religion heads me to
little compilation. Similar moral precepts exist by hundreds in
Buddhist Scriptures; where, also, all the present quotations will
be found in the places indicated. They should be committed to
and practised by parents and taught to their children, especially when
the latter are being educated under anti-Buddhistic influences.
Orientalists and other impartial persons admit that no religion in the world contains a more sublime system of moral rules than Buddhism, but if we wish this to become known to Buddhist children, we adult Buddhists must take the task upon ourselves. Many a Buddhist boy has beet "converted " to Christianity, or otherwise brought to despise his ancestral religion, from ignorance of its merits.
- H. S. O.
17th November, 1887
Vinaya Texts..........DAVIDS AND OLDENBERG
Buddhist Literature in China........BEAL
Catena of Buddhist Scriptures.........BEAL
Buddhist Birth Stories.........FAUSBOLL AND DAVIDS
Legend of Gaudama.........BIGANDET
Chinese Buddhism ..........EDKINS
Kalpa Sutra and Nava Tattva.....STEVENSON
Buddha and Early Buddhism.............LILLIE
Sutta Nipata..........SIR COOMARA SWAMY
Romantic History of Buddha.............BEAL
Twelve Japanese Buddhist Sects.........B. NANJIO
My Buddhist Catechism was compiled from the same excellent translations.
The Golden Rules of Buddhism
Merits and Demerits
LET him [the householder] not destroy, or cause to
be destroyed, any life at all, or sanction the acts of those who do
so.* Let him refrain from even hurting any creature,** both those
that are strong, and those that tremble in the world.
(Dhammika Sutta, v. 19)
* One who buys butcher's meat or poultry violates this gatha. For, by paying the butcher for meat he has killed, the buyer shares his sin by "sanctioning" his act.
** An inaccurate expression, adopted from Christian writers. A "creature" is something created (by God), but Buddhists regard all living organisms as evolved by the process of natural law.
then knowing [the law] should refrain
from stealing anything at any place; should not cause another to
anything, should not consent to the acts of those who steal
should avoid every kind of theft.
(Dhammika Sutta, v. 20)
A wise man
should avoid unchastity as if it were a
burning pit of live coals. One who is not able to live in a state
celibacy should not commit adultery.*
(Dhammika Sutta, v. 21)
* The history of all monastic establishments shows that there are persons temperamentally unfit for celibate life, and whose lapses bring great scandal upon their orders. The Sangha has not escaped this misery, offenders having been noted even in our Lord's own time. Yet the general blamelessness of Buddhist monks has been acknowledged even by clerical opponents. A true regard to the honour of the Sangha should prompt senior priests to insist upon the relinquishment of the robe by such as are not sexually self-masterful. "It is better to marry than burn", says St. Paul.
Four things does a reckless man
obtain who covets
his neighbour's wife - a bad reputation; an uncomfortable
bed; thirdly, punishment; lastly, future torment.
(Dhammapada, v. 309)
Of all the lusts and desires, there is none so
powerful as sexual inclination. This is so strong that there is
no other worth speaking of beyond it. . . . Lust and desire, in respect
of a man, are
like a person who takes a lighted torch and runs with it against the
(Sutra of the 42 Sections, Beal's Catena, p. 198)
When one is come to a royal assembly
official inquiry], he should not tell lies to anyone, or cause any to
or consent to the acts of those who tell lies; he should avoid
kind of untruth.
(Dhammika Sutta, v. 22)
The householder who
delights in the Law should not
indulge in intoxicating drinks [or stupefying drugs], should not cause
others to drink, should not sanction the acts of those who drink,*
knowing that it
results in insanity.
(Dhammika Sutta, v. 23)
* Then no Buddhist can without grievous sin
become an arrack renter, or seller, or drinker.
He who destroys
who speaks untruth, who takes in this world what is not given him, who
takes another man's wife, and the man who gives himself up to drinking
intoxicating liquors: he, even in this world, digs up his own
(Dhammapada, vv. 246, 247)
The ignorant commit sins in
drunkenness, and also make others drink. You should avoid
this: it is the cause of demerit, insanity and ignorance - though
it be pleasing to the
(Dhammika Sutta, v. 24)
The fields are damaged by weeds,
passion; therefore a gift bestowed on the passionless brings
(Dhammapada, v. 356)
The virtuous man is happy in this
world, and he is
happy in the next; he is happy in both.
He is happy when he thinks of the good he has done; he is still more happy when going in the good path.
(Dhammapada, v. 18)
What ought to be done is neglected, what ought not
to be done is done; the sins of unruly, thoughtless people are
(Dhammapada, v. 292)
Let each man make
himself as he teaches others to
be; he who is well subdued may subdue [others]; one's own
is difficult to subdue.
(Dhammapada, v. 159)
Whoever, being asked
for what is good, teaches what
is not good, [and] advises [another] concealing something from him,
know him to be a Vasala.*
(Vasala Sutta, v. 11)
* A slave.
Hatred is never
quenched by hatred: hatred
ceases by [showing] love; this is an old rule.
(Dhammapada, v. 5)
Let a man overcome anger by love, evil by good, the
greedy by liberality, the liar by truth.
(Dhammapada, v. 223)
Do not speak harshly to anybody; those who are
spoken to, will answer thee in the same way.
(Dhammapada, v. 133)
Cut down the whole forest of lust, not one
tree. When thou hast cut down every tree and every shrub, then
thou wilt be free.
(Dhammapada, v. 283)
Not nakedness, not
matted hair, not dirt, not
fasting, not lying on the earth, not rubbing with dust, not sitting
can purify a mortal who has not overcome desires.
(Dhammapada, v. 141)
If a man becomes fat and a great eater, if he is
sleepy and rolls himself about, that fool, like a hog fed on slops, is
born again and again.
(Dhammapada, v. 325)
The avaricious go not
to the world of the gods
[devas], for the fool commends not charity.
(Udanavarga, x. v. 2)
He who holds back rising anger like a rolling
chariot, him I call a real driver; other people are but holders
of the reins.
(Dhammapada, v. 222)
A wicked man who reproaches a
virtuous one, is like
one who looks up and spits at the sky; the spittle soils not the
sky, but comes back and defiles his own person. So again, he is
one who flings dirt at another when wind is contrary; the dirt
but return on him who threw it. The virtuous man cannot be hurt,
the misery that the other would inflict comes back on himself.
(Sutra of the 42 Sections, Beal's Catena, p. 193)
The fool who is
angered and who thinks to triumph by using abusive language, is always
vanquished by him whose words are patient.
(Udanavarga, xx, v. 14)
The fault of others
is easily perceived, but that of oneself is difficult to
perceive; the faults of others one lays open as much as possible,
but one's own fault
one hides, as a cheat hides the bad die from the gambler.
If a man looks after the faults of others, and is always inclined to detract, his own weakness will grow.
(Dhammapada, vv. 252, 253)
What is called
or "Tribe", in the world, arises from usage only. It is adopted
and there by common consent. It comes from long and uninterrupted
and from the false belief of the ignorant.
(Vasettha Sutta, vv. 55, 56)
Whatever man is
of his caste, is proud of his wealth, is proud of his family [and]
despises his relations, that [man] is a cause of suffering loss.
(Parabhava Sutta, v. 14)
obstinacy, bigotry, deception, envy, self-praise, disparaging others,
highmindedness [conceit?], evil communications, these constitute
uncleanness; not verily the eating of flesh.
Neither abstinence from fish or flesh, nor going naked, nor the shaving of the head, nor matted hair, nor dirt, etc., etc., etc., will cleanse a man not free from delusions.*
(Amagandha Sutta, vv. 7,11)
* The meaning of the Teacher is here so obvious that I cannot understand how this Sutta could have ever been cited as authority for buying and eating butcher's meat. Nothing herein lessens the force of the positive instruction in the Dhammika Sutta (v. ante) to abstain both from destroying, causing to be destroyed, or sanctioning the acts of those who destroy the life of any being. I know a large and increasing number of Sinhalese indulge in meat-eating, and quiet their consciences by quoting the above gathas; and I have listened with amusement to the sophistical argument that the sin of the killing is with the butcher and not with his sanctioning and abetting customer. Still, I must hold to my opinion until the problematical future time when black shall be proved white.
Associates and Friends
He who walks in the company of fools, suffers a long way; company with fools, as with an enemy, is always painful; company with the wise is pleasure, like meeting with kinsfolk. (Dhammapada, v. 207)
Therefore one ought to follow the
intelligent, the learned, the much-enduring, the dutiful; one
ought to follow
a good and wise man as the moon follows the path of the stars.
(Dhammapada, v. 208) .
Good people shine from afar like the snowy mountains
[the Himalayas]; bad people are not seen, like arrows shot at
(Dhammapada, v. 304)
If a traveler does not meet with one
who is his
better, or equal, let him firmly keep his solitary journey; there
is no companionship with a fool.
(Dhammapada, v. 61)
If any intelligent
person be associated for even one
moment with a wise man, he will soon perceive the fact.
(Dhammapada, v. 65) | <urn:uuid:e1f134d4-8126-4113-b9da-f7feab394f85> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.katinkahesselink.net/tibet/olcott.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00154-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927692 | 2,800 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Biden administration is trying to partially undo one of Israel’s greatest diplomatic achievements of recent decades—the recognition of Israel’s sovereignty over all of Jerusalem by the United States, followed by numerous other countries. The good news is unlike many diplomatic attacks, the Israeli government has the power to stop this one.
The United States is pushing to open up a new diplomatic office in Jerusalem—one that would be directed to the Palestinian Authority. The U.S. Embassy in Jerusalem already provides consular services to the Palestinians. It is unheard of for a country to have an independent consulate in the same city where it already has an embassy. The point of creating a separate consulate is to undermine former U.S. President Donald Trump’s recognition of Jerusalem. But under international law, the United States would need Israel’s permission for this move.
The United States does not want to open a consulate merely to have a place for diplomatic liaisons with the P.A. If that were all they wanted, they could easily accomplish it by opening a mission in Abu Dis or Ramallah—where most other countries conduct their relations with the P.A. Or they could reopen the Palestinian mission in Washington, D.C., which Trump also closed. By instead demanding that Israel accede to a consulate in Jerusalem, the administration is showing that this is not just about having a convenient place for coffee with P.A. leader Mahmoud Abbas.
Indeed, the purpose of opening the consulate is to recognize Palestinian claims to Jerusalem. If the P.A. has no legitimate claim to Jerusalem, there can be no reason to have a consulate there. To be sure, this is why opening the consulate is the main Israel-related policy demand of radically anti-Israel Rep. Ilhan Omar. Point of fact: Former U.S. Ambassador to Israel Daniel Shapiro made it clear prior to the last U.S. election that opening a separate consulate to the Palestinians would signal U.S. support for a Palestinian capital in that city.
It is true that the United States had a consulate in Jerusalem since 1844, which was separate from the embassy. But that is because the United States had not recognized Jerusalem as even being in Israel (and obviously that consulate was established without any relation to the Palestinians). When Trump recognized Jerusalem as the capital and moved the embassy, he had to close the consulate because its separate existence was simply inconsistent with this recognition. Reopening the consulate would thus turn the clock back to before the U.S. recognition of Jerusalem.
The Biden administration knows it does not have domestic support to completely “unrecognize” Jerusalem—so it is catering to far-left demands by undoing the natural consequences of recognition.
This would be a big deal: Since the creation of the state, no Israeli government, of any political inclination, has allowed the opening of a diplomatic mission not to Israel. To do so would be unprecedented. While there are a few European consulates in Jerusalem not accredited to Israel, these predate the creation of the state.
If Israel allows the opening of such a consulate, it is hard to imagine how any country in the future would be diplomatically capable of opening an embassy in Jerusalem without opening a parallel mission to the P.A. This would then cement the notion that “both sides” have legitimate claims to the city.
Fortunately, the current government understands how fundamental an issue this is and has strongly rejected the U.S. proposals. Foreign Minister Yair Lapid has expressed his opposition even more firmly than then-Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu did when the new U.S. administration first raised the issue. Netanyahu never had to withstand the significant ongoing pressure the U.S. State Department continues to exert. Lapid has made it clear that he understands this is not about a diplomatic office; it is about the status of Jerusalem.
But the story is far from over, as the United States has recently doubled down on its insistence. The real test of Israel’s government lies in action—in ensuring that no consulate opens even as Washington turns the diplomatic screws.
The U.S. administration is attempting to intimidate Israel by describing the consulate as a “campaign promise” of Biden’s—though it is hard to find any public statement on the issue by Biden during his election campaign. Israel’s government must make it clear that sole Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is not a “campaign promise”—it is a fundamental, obvious axiom.
The Americans are indicating they may just try to brute-force the issue, declaring that they are opening the consulate and counting on Israel to go along. Israel needs to spell out now that it will not accept a fait accompli. A diplomatic mission needs many things from the host government, from diplomatic visas and license plates to security coordination. If Bennett and Lapid want to deter the United States from attempting hardball tactics, they should declare now that the government will in no way recognize a new diplomatic mission opened without its consent.
Reprinted with author’s permission from Jewish News Syndicate | <urn:uuid:727a12fc-0930-43e1-bd9a-b5d49bc5e136> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.israel365news.com/200165/why-the-us-really-wants-a-palestinian-consulate-in-jerusalem-opinion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.961422 | 1,042 | 1.90625 | 2 |
The Temperate Database is in the process of being updated, with new records being added and old ones being checked and brought up to date where necessary. This record has not yet been checked and updated.
Common Name: Pennywort
Hydrocotyle vulgaris is a perennial plant that can grow up to 0.10 metres tall.
It is harvested from the wild for local use as a food.
Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, Greece and the Caspian Sea.
Bogs, fens and marshes, usually on acid soils[
Requires a permanently moist position in sun or light shade[
Plants can be very invasive, though they are fairly easy to control by pulling out the rooted stems[
Leaves - cooked. A strong carroty taste[
], they cannot be eaten in quantity[
Seed - we have no information on this species but suggest sowing it in early spring in a cold frame. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and plant them out in the summer.
If you have sufficient seed it would probably be worthwhile sowing the seed outdoors in situ in the spring.
Division of rooted runners. Probably best done in spring but can be done at any time in the growing season if the plants are kept moist. | <urn:uuid:e4a7e908-3222-4dfa-8d34-294bc321ea10> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://temperate.theferns.info/plant/Hydrocotyle+vulgaris | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.903375 | 406 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The Central Highlands Rough Guides Snapshot Scotland (includes Loch Lomond, The Cairngorms, the Trossachs, The Malt Whisky Trail and the Speyside Way)
The Rough Guide Snapshot The Central Highlands is the ultimate travel guide to this dramatic part of Scotland. It guides you through the region with reliable information and comprehensive coverage of all the sights and attractions, from Speyside to Royal Deeside and Loch Lomond to the Cairngorms. Detailed maps and up-to-date listings pinpoint the best cafés, restaurants, hotels, shops, pubs and bars, ensuring you have the best trip possible, whether passing through, staying for the weekend or longer. Also included is the Basics section from the Rough Guide to Scottish Highlands and Islands, with all the practical information you need for travelling in and around this beautiful region of Scotland, including transport, food, drink, costs, health, festivals and outdoor activities.
Also published as part of the Rough Guide to Scottish Highlands and Islands.
Full coverage: Loch Lomond, the West Highland Way, the Trossachs, Dunkeld, Aberfeldy, Loch Tay, Pitlochry, Rannoch Moor, the Angus glens, Deeside, Balmoral, Braemar, the Don Valley, Strathspey, Aviemore, the Cairngorms and Speyside.
(Equivalent printed page extent 88 pages).
, or download in
Title: The Central Highlands Rough Guides Snapshot Scotland (includes Loch Lomond, The Cairngorms, the Trossachs, The Malt Whisky Trail and the Speyside Way)
Author: Donald Reid; Rob Humphreys | <urn:uuid:337fcdc5-81e4-409c-bbb7-3e75fbe110c7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ebooks.com/948629/the-central-highlands-rough-guide-snapshot-scotland-includes-loch-lomond-the-cairngorms-the-trossachs-the-malt-whisky-trail-and-the-speyside-way/guides-rough/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00501-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.842604 | 360 | 1.546875 | 2 |
A paper written by Robert E. Hale
"I’m all in favor of keeping dangerous weapons out of the hands of fools. Let’s start with typewriters." (1)
I began on the tenth, and final floor of Emory University’s Woodruff Library. The sun was casting my long shadow behind my red, hooded, sweatshirt, as I slowly shuffled through the material before me. Utterly uninterested, my thoughts strayed elsewhere. After some time, I placed the aged papers down on the wooden table and began to tune into our speaker. At this moment, I heard Naomi, who is head librarian at Emory’s MARBL special collections, say a sentence that was to become the beginning of my long journey. "And this Chinese man we believe fought for the Confederacy in our Civil War." The sentence was simple yes, but a profound in its possibilities.
In the following pages, I have put together a compilation of material I have found on this mystery man. The information came to me in the least likely of places, and was difficult to locate. My search for information took me across all of the Southeastern United States. I struggled to pull all the bits and pieces of information together, finding hints of his presence through an array of different sources. It was as if my character was a faint a blip on the radar of history. It is my hope that what follows will strengthen this man’s presence in history. I will do this by making presumptions about the character that can only make sense, given the time period, and the scenarios that he confronted. The locations of my character are factual; however, the feelings, thoughts, and desires have been deduced.
Standing over the bed, the ten year old would have looked down on his father’s pale face. His father must have been sick for some time, yet the two of them were still alone in the room as his three brothers and one other sister had not yet arrived, and, his mother had died when he was three.(2) One can imagine Dzau Tsz-zeh, with his small hands, holding tightly to his father’s cold index finger. His father, his mother, his schoolings were all slipping away from him. As Tsz-zeh looked into his fathers dark eyes they became motionless. Not even being a teenager, his feelings of despair after experiencing such loss cannot be fathomed. Still alone, as none of his siblings had arrived to their hometown of Kashing, China, Mr. Dzau had succumbed to death.(3)
Since Mr. Dzau was not a highly notable figure, no one would have been present. No nurse or doctor would come rushing in at this moment. It can be Chinese custom to mourn for years, as feelings of family are usually strong within Chinese tradition. Therefore, one could imagine Tse-zeh falling back into a near by seat, staying motionless for some time, until a doctor came in to tell him what he already knew. It was not until the rest of his family congregated that the funeral was set and their father was laid to rest.(4)
The rest of the family, having matters to attend to back at their respective homes, hurriedly divided up the family’s assets and went back to their daily lives.(5) After the mother had died, the family had dispersed, and now none of Tse-zeh’s brothers or sisters would take him in. "Why won’t my blood relatives take him into their homes?" Tse-zeh must have asked himself.
While pondering this question, Tse-zeh’s thoughts may have roamed to his father’s determination over the past years. Precious little time could be spared in Tse-zeh’s youth for anything other than work. Mr. Dzau had even sold Tse-zeh’s fourth older brother at the age four to keep his family together. The family, of now seven, was constantly working to get by.(6) Indeed, with nowhere to turn, a family friend took Tse-zeh in after his father’s death. However, the family was not his. After less than a year Tse-zeh decided to leave Kashing to begin his search for a new life.(7)
After a short period of time, where Tse-zeh roamed the nearby countryside looking for work, he came in contact with his second older brother. His brother said that their fourth older brother (who had, unbeknownst to Tse-zeh been sold by his father) named Joseph was reportedly living in Shanghai, only 60 miles away.(8) Asking if Tse-zeh wanted to search for Joseph, he eagerly nodded his head in approval. Their shadows raced to keep up with them as they headed towards Shanghai. As a loving brother, Tse-zeh’s must have searched hard for the first sight of his brother Joseph. Finally reaching Shanghai, they roamed her dirty streets in his search. Tse-zeh must have darted from sight to sight in the commotion of the city searching for his brother and absorbing this different world.
After weeks of fruitless searching, one must assume Tse-zeh sensed his brother’s impatience growing, as one morning Tse-zeh awoke, stretching his arms wide from his awkward sleep, to find himself alone.(9) His brother had left him. Finding infrequent work, Tse-zeh would have eaten when he could, and slept where he felt at the most at ease.
As Tse-zeh became tired, one day he found himself entering a temple on the edge of town. Upon sitting down on the smooth wood benches, dust pillowed upward, and this scenario would have unfolded as he surveyed his surroundings. A kind faced man would have looked back at the young boy and asked him if he could sit down next to him. Tse-zeh would shrug; the man taking this as a yes, then would have swept his left arm under his robe as to not wrinkle his clothing on the wooden seat. After a moment of silence, the man, as to not be too impolite, would have cast his eyes towards this stranger.
This elders name was Li, and as the two began talking they found out that Li had known Tse-zeh’s father some time ago.(10) After hearing of Tse-zeh’s situation, Li insisted Tse-zeh’s stay in the temple for the night. Tse-zeh acquiesced.(11)
The next morning, Tse-zeh awoke and in all likelihood ate with Li, grabbing at the food impolitely. Li told Tse-zeh of an American Methodist missionary named Rev. Lambuth who was looking for Chinese boys who would like to be educated in Western ways. "Methodism" he would probably have said "can be a most powerful teacher and a place of refuge for the mind." Asking Tse-zeh if he might be interested, Tze-zeh agreed to at least meet the Reverend.(12)
Li scheduled an appointment with Rev. Lambuth and they met a few days later. It was then that Rev. Lambuth took an interest in Tse-zeh. Like any preacher, he wanted the young boy to feel the way he felt about his teachings. One of Rev. Lambuth colleagues would later say of Rev. Lambuth that "like our Saviour [he] strove by every means ‘to seek and to save that which was lost.’"(13) Indeed, Rev. Lambuth’s must have been only too happy to take Tse-zeh in and give him the formal education he lacked. Rev. Lambuth asked Tse-zeh if he would stay with him in his Chapel and learn under his guidance, English, as well as advancing his learning of the Chinese language.(14) Tse-zeh obliged. Over the next year and a half, Tse-zeh’s eyes flipped from page to page of each book put in front of him.(15)
After about a year, Rev. Lambuth began asking friends down at the docks if there was a safe vessel coming to Shanghai. Not much time passed before he was able to secure a passage for the young lad as well as another one of his pupils. Their departure was set for America in early 1859.(16) As his last days in Shanghai came to a close, Tse-zeh must have felt the awkward wrenching of his heart as he was leaving his homeland to go to a strange place halfway around the world.
In all probability, Rev. Lambuth stood at the shore and watched as the ship left the horizon. At the age of thirteen, Tse-zeh left Rev. Lambuth with another Chinese boy who had also been under guidance. The two boys were also were accompanied by his wife Mary Lambuth; now Rev. Lambuth was letting go of more than two pupils.(17) The fact that Mary Lambuth accompanied Tse-zeh must have meant that he and Rev. Lambuth had grown rather close. Even still, one could presume Tse-zeh did not look back as the wind carried him towards the horizon; he only stared into the point where the blue sky and water melted together off in the distance pondering his destination.
We do not know the exact route the three unlikely travelers made; however, they must have been an odd trio. The styles of the time would have presented one with a picture like this: a prestigious women bonnet and all, without her husband on the high seas. Then below the pink patterns which outlined her soft shoulders there would be two Chinese boys dressed in grey robes that were fraying at their feet. In all this must have caused suspicion aboard this ship, as the stereotype of women aboard vessels was still seen by some as a sign of danger, especially if she was alone. However, as Rev. Lambuth was one of the head Missionaries for the China Mission, along with Young John Allen, he should have been able to afford to pay the passage for adequate accommodations on the ship. Their journey would have had many of the pleasantries that anyone of notable background in the 19th century would be accustomed to in making the passage around the Horn.
What would have first caught Tse-zeh’s eyes would have been the white caps of the water sweeping past the side of the hull. The Mississippi was much more torrential than the quiet rivers he had seen in Shanghai. It was cold when the three of them arrived and indeed the frost must have lain shimmering on top of the grass in the distance. As they crept closer to the shoreline of Mary Lambuths’ the native state in late 1859 to early 1860, their ship would have tacked back and forth between the other boats and shoals surrounding the harbor.(18) Then, as the voices of the coastwise grew louder Tse-zeh would have felt the vessel come to a stop with a soft thud against the dock. Once down the gangplank, people would have stared as Tse-zeh’s made his way down the creaking dock, his clothes were so different as well as the squint of his eyes, and the smooth pressed shape of his dark hair. It is likely that Mary Lambuth would be one of the only people Tse-zeh would converse with, as his English was not perfect, and since people saw him as different; he wouldn’t have been invited to play with other boys. He had come to America to become civilized and learn. Gathering their belongings, the three of them made way for Vicksburg, Mississippi.(19)
After coming to the Lambuth family house, Tse-zeh soon took the next step in his Methodist teachings. Tse-zeh was finally baptized by a Bishop O.F. Andrew and, from then on, his schooling was centered on the Church’s teachings.(20) It was then that the Bishop bestowed Tse-zeh with his new Methodist name. "C.K. Marshall." The Bishop would have said, "go and do well with the teachings you have, and will learn in your life. Uphold the name of Methodism wherever you go." Tse-zeh’s’ new name held significant meaning as he was named after the well known, and very prominent, Rev. Charles K. Marshall of Vicksburg Mississippi.(21)
After settling into his new home, C.K. soon found employment. Independent by nature C.K. began working for both a local candy and tea store.(22) Still only thirteen the sweets of the candy store must have been a great delight, he was not accustomed to these luxuries. One can imagine how his hand shook with excitement as he bought a few pieces of peach flavored taffy with his extra money.
It was in Vicksburg that C.K. would have enjoyed his first few months in America. As the muddy paths of spring turned into the dusty roads of the summer, C.K. would learn not only about Methodism, but also about how to conduct himself in an American city. As the summer progressed C.K. had one obligation to Rev. Lambuth which was to attend the local Methodist Conference. Sometime in the summer of 1860, the two Chinese boys were brought to the 1860 Methodist Episcopal Church Mississippi Conference.(23) They were living testaments to Rev. Lambuth’s hard work and dedication during his years in China. Their excitement and determination must have resonated throughout the chamber as they glanced around. C.K. must have been amazed by the size of the culture that he had just entered. Methodism was not a small group of men working together in a Chapel in Shanghai, as he had observed with Rev. Lambuth, but it was a vast culture that existed throughout America.
As the summer rolled on fireworks would have crashed over their roof on the Fourth of July, and the fairs in August must have left C.K. watching with wide eyes. This place was so new, so different, with the women strolling down the streets, and the stagecoaches rambling down the cobblestone roads.
Yet, when the summer came to a close, for whatever reason, Mary Lambuth thought C.K. needed a new home to continue his teachings. It would be tricky to find C.K. a teacher who could relate to his Chinese culture. However, she sent a letter to a friend who lived in Lebanon, Tennessee.(24) This friends name was David Campbell Kelley who agreed to take C.K. under his wing. C.K. arrived on his doorstep in October.
Traveling towards the Appalachia Mountains by stagecoach, C.K. would have seen the land rise in front of him, and the trees, the endless trees roll past. The trip would most likely have only taken a few days (the distance between the two cities is approximately 500 miles. Estimating a speed of 15 miles per hour, and the average traveling time being 8 to 10 hours a day this would take 3.7 days), but the trip gave C.K. an idea of the expanse of this young country. The trio arrived there by mid-October.
The people of Lebanon, witnessing the arrival of this group, must have whispered to each other, "What are the Chinese really like?" Some had heard remarks of the Chinese as being a "pagan and otherwise incongruous race," while other newspapers were publishing a range of editorial comments such as "can you imagine anything good coming from such a place," to "‘the Chinese may be welcomed as assistants in colonization; they need not be feared as the dominant race of the future.’"(27) It is obvious that people had not yet made up their mind on exactly what to think of these foreigners; especially since most of the Chinese population resided in the west. Indeed the Immigration Commission, issued in 1911, stated that a mere 42 Chinese came to America in 1853 most of which were going to the west coast.(28) The arrival of C.K. and his Chinese counterpart would create much interest and the two young boys would feel it as their stagecoach bounced along the streets of Lebanon.
A few days later on Oct. 18th, 1860 in a letter to her daughter, Kathryn Campbell to her daughter Kathryn mentions the welcoming of these new visitors:
Tell your David that I am truly glad to hear from him, he has taken the yoke up in this youth. To be firm and fear no danger. They have had a received at your Uncle Kelley’s the two China boys and Mary [Lambuth] no illes have professed religion, it appears like the young are prepping in more rapid than the old. While their hearts are tender their impression is easier made, may God pressure them and keep them from all temptation is my earnest prayer.(29)
This officially signifies the arrival of C.K. into the home of D.C. Kelley. But why did Mary bring these two Chinese boys to D.C. Kelley?
David Campbell Kelley’s background answers most of this question. D.C., as he was called, was born in Tennessee on Christmas day in 1833. As if his date of birth was to foreshadow his future, D.C. Kelley was to have an intensely religious life. In 1839, at the age of six, he joined the Methodist Church. After working hard for them for thirteen years, he was admitted to the Tennessee Conference in 1852 and was promptly sent to China as a missionary.(30) Once there, he immersed himself in Chinese life. In a letter written by D.C. while in he was in China to a Dr. McFerrin in 1854 states, "we are now on the field, and at the only work of which we are capable – the study of language."(31) He obviously had a strong passion the Chinese culture.
Adding to this D.C. Kelley "did not wet a finger and hold it up to see how the wind was blowing before he spoke. His rugged, independent, fearless nature made him both lasting friends and enemies."(32) One of the most surprising examples of the truth of this quote this can be seen in his stance on the issue of slavery. Going completely against the ideals of his fellow southern compatriots, D.C. was an Abolitionist and a Unionist.(33) With this background, he was the perfect Southerner to teach C.K. of the more tolerant ways of Methodism. Versed in Chinese, and of intellectually independent mind, D.C. Kelley was the kind of man the Rev. Lambuth could trust to help mold this young man into a model Methodist Episcopalian.
Although D.C. Kelley was a Unionist of mind, he was still a Southerner in body. Many sources have reported C.K. as a Confederate Civil War veteran and since he was living with D.C. at this time it makes sense that C.K. joined the Confederate Army with D.C. (For more confirmation please see my previous paper on topic).(34) By July of 1861, D.C. Kelley and C.K. found themselves on-top of horses, riding the plains and mountains of the frontier of the Civil War; they were now in the Tennessee Cavalry.(35) It would be likely that C.K. knew little of the true ambitions of many Confederates, as most of his only meaningful encounters with Southerners would in all probability have only been through two very open minded people, Mary Lambuth and D.C. Kelley
It was through D.C. Kelley that C.K. would soon witness, and most likely on some level participate in, a remarkable time in American history. To illustrate this, we will follow their travels and encounters of D.C. Kelley. While in the Tennessee Calvary, D.C. Kelley met and worked closely with one of the most notable Southern figures, both in and out of the Civil War, Nathan Bedford Forrest.(36) Nathan Bedford Forrest was one of the greatest military strategists of the Civil War, only losing one battle, which was one of the last before the Confederacy surrendered in the spring of 1865.(37) In addition to his military record, Nathan Bedford Forrest was in later years a founder of the KKK, as well as an advocate for the use of Chinese sharecroppers.(38) It must have been uncomfortable for C.K. to travel across a foreign country on horseback, learning about Methodism, and in close quarters with one of the most famous white supremacists. Indeed, this scenario would have taken place from 1861 until July of the following year when the three went their separate ways.(39)
It is obvious that D.C. Kelley did not always agree with the Confederacy, yet for some time he stayed with his feet strapped into his stirrups and his back arched looking over his men that dotted the patterned fields and forests that were before him. Up and down, a thud and then a moment of silence, his soul was torn and eventually felt the need to leave this war, but despite his feelings his horse took him onward. As the war progressed, C.K.’s understanding of freedom and the issues that Americans faced would have become clearer. He would have heard repeatedly the words, freedom, country and home. Each time said with quickened whispers; as if the wind could blow away their very being if spoken too loudly.
Despite their ideological differences, D.C. Kelley and Forrest had many encounters with each other. In addition both being high ranking officers, strong willed, and vigilant it would not be a stretch of the imagination to say they were friends. Their military minds would be put to test as C.K. and D.C. Kelley found themselves in their first real battle. On the morning of 11th of November 1861 as the sky began to brighten, C.K’s breathe would have gone into the air with short and heavy motions. It did not take long for the fighting to ensue. The Tennessee Cavalry unit encountered Union forces by the shores of the Cumberland River. D.C. Kelley, with his commanding voice, urged his men to stay fast as many were weary of their first military encounter. Firing on the Union gunboat Conestoga they drove the Union forces backwards.(40) To be sure, C.K. Marshall must have been scared and amazed by this battle; watching men riding on horseback and firing at a ship with guns, all must have seemed rather foreign to him.
No sooner were the Union forces pushed back than D.C. Kelley was informed that he would have to press forward. More Union forces were spotted in nearby Sacramento, Kentucky.(41) He pressed onward and after a brilliant and dashing affair, they were able to force the Union into retreat.(42) During the fighting, D.C. Kelley and Forrest acted with authority and strength that must have been an incredible to witness.
In the vigilant and wary advance, the skillful disposition of the slender forces to the best advantage, the timing of simulated retreat in the front and surprise attack upon the flanks, and at the last, the thunderbolt charge with everything hurled into a never-let-up, never-slow-down, driving fight, Forrest’s men saw him demonstrate and instinctive mastery of military principles.(43)
As the long day in Sacramento ended, C.K., like many soldiers feel after reflecting on their first real military encounter, must have felt that he changed. He had not only encountered his first, but his second battle in rapid succession. Nothing he could have learned would have prepared him for this.
As 1862 progressed, D.C. Kelley and C.K. fought alongside each other in many battles.(44) However, in February they encountered something unlike their previous battles. It was then that they reached wooden walls of Fort Henry. In this battle, D.C. Kelley’s men were told to support Forrest’s Cavalry unit by scouting the fort ahead. The fort had recently been captured by the soon to be Unionist hero, and man who would later become President of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant.(45) In D.C. Kelley’s scouting of the roads leading from Fort Henry to Fort Donelson, a bitter fight ensued; Forrest shouted excitedly to D.C. Kelley "Parson! For God’s sake, pray; nothing but God Almighty can save that fort!"(46) Time and time again D.C. Kelley preformed brilliantly and returned to C.K. to tell him about his experiences.
After this engagement, D.C. Kelley rode back to camp and he and Forrest met with some of the other commanders of the area. It was in this exchange that Forrest was informed that some of his superiors were considering surrendering this area. Their superior officers did not believe they had enough of an upper hand to win this battle, seeing that there were more battles to be fought elsewhere. Enraged, Forrests’ voice must have boomed through the camp. This was a different, more frightening sound than the guns that C.K. had been hearing for almost a year. Forrest took action. Taking whoever would go with him to fight he left for Fort Donelson. D.C. Kelley and C.K. did not accompany Forrest, as Forrest had put D.C. Kelley in charge of the retreat of the rest of the men.(47)
Forrest and D.C. Kelley were to reunite later that year and continue to fight alongside each other in many bloody battles, both with new promotions on their chest; however, C.K. would not be present.(48)
By mid 1862, D.C. Kelley could no longer focus on his men. He must have felt a tug away from the war, a constant nag that his horse had lead him astray. Most likely his opinions of Southern attitudes, as he was an Abolitionist and Unionist at heart, had overcome his loyalty to the South. Sometime on August 18th, 1862 D.C. began to scrawl on a piece of paper laid out before him. It was on this day that he sent in his resignation from the Confederate Army.(49) Most likely, D.C. Kelley would have confided in C.K. some of his rational for this choice, and tried to teach C.K. a lesson of when it is acceptable to give up on a cause.(50) While there is no record that his resignation was accepted, he must have been granted a leave of absence, as there is no reference to him for many months in any military records.(51)
D.C. Kelley and C.K. Marshall must have made their way through the dandelion filled fields to Lebanon, where they could evade the horrors of war. Here C.K. would be able to focus more on his Methodist teaching. As they made their way home with their guns dragging behind they would have made soft impressions in the grass behind them. On September 25th, 1862, D.C. Kelley’s mother noted in her diary "with gratitude we record the coming of our own loved David this afternoon. God has brought him back in safety."(52) However, even here C.K. could not escape from the war torn country. On November 5th, Mrs. Kelley wrote in her diary "the roar of cannon from the direction of Nashville is heard – how dreadful is the sound that is for the destruction of the lives of our countrymen."(53) D.C. Kelley knew he would be returning to war soon, and did not wish to put C.K. back into a battle in which he no longer believed.
Therefore, later that year, when D.C. Kelley was called back to join the Confederate army, he made arrangements with Mary Lambuth to take C.K. with her when she traveled to New York City to visit her family.(54) New York City had a vibrant Chinese culture at this time, and C.K. soon found work in hotels and tea shops to earn his living.(55)
C.K. spent approximately six years in New York City, where he presumably spent time getting a higher education and learning more about Methodism. After ten years, of his twenty-two years on this earth, C.K. realized he wanted to head home. In the warming months of May, 1869, C.K. began search for a ship that would set sail for Shanghai. Finally, he walked up the gangplank and left America on June 19th, 1869.(56)
After his long voyage, C.K. would most likely have found himself alone again in Shanghai, having left no friends behind, and having lost ties with his family since they had left him after his father’s death. However, C.K. would begin preaching and working for the Methodist Mission in China. The Methodist ministers of the area were so impressed by C.K.’s work that he was ordained on December 22nd, 1876, becoming the first native Chinese born minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church.(57) After this, C.K. began to specialize in Medicine and eventually became the superintendent of the Soochow Hospital at the Methodist Episcopal Mission, in Soochow, China.(58) Surely D.C. Kelley, once hearing all of this news, must have been as proud as any father.
When C.K. worked on his patients, in an oddly unfamiliar China, they would most likely only be able stare into his pitch black eyes and wonder what they had seen, the stories of a foreign land, and the courage it took to grow up in such a different place. After all his hard work C.K. became known as the "Educator, Doctor, and Preacher;"(59) he is the much-loved Dzau Tse-zeh, the man of my imagination.
It was on a cold Massachusetts night in March that I bounded into the house of a great friend and advisor in my life, Mr. Matthew Stackpole. He is the current head of the Martha’s Vineyard Historical Society, and a man rich in character. I sat down in one of the reading chairs next to Matthew and I eagerly began to tell him about C.K.’s courage. We laughed about the trouble this paper was giving me and how I could approach the life of C.K. Marshall. It was in this long conversation, which ranged from talk of the battle of Trafalgar to University of Connecticut basketball, one of his most beloved intrigues, that he said something that struck me and made me understand the life of C.K. I realized how C.K. had not been afforded the time to grow up. He was thrust into a turbulent world, time and time again. He was not granted a childhood, at every turn he would associate with his elders, living through them, and with them. How different his childhood was from mine. Yet, C.K. never gave up on himself, he found a religion that gave him purpose and he thrived in the world in which he was given. C.K. Marshall embodies what we have to learn from history. He is a gives us a bold figure that aspires to continue and press on.
As I sat in this felt embroidered chair and reflected on my conversation with Matthew, I realized what must have occurred in 1902. Here, C.K.’s eldest son must have stood by with the rest of his family watching as even more family and friends waited outside.(60) This man of greatness was nearing his end. C.K.’s son must have held his father’s cold index finger and he too now watched his father’s eyes become motionless. Yet here, back in China, where in his youth he had felt the loneliest he had ever felt in his life, he finally found a purpose, and passion. He had found the family which had evaded him in his childhood.(61)
I would like to make a final note and acknowledge the support and help of two historians who I came in contact with throughout my research, Mr. Oey and Mr. Gordon Kwok. Both of these men gave me information that is used throughout this paper, most importantly of D.C. Kelley’s war year experiences. Without their aid and support I would not have been able to finish my paper, or come to the conclusions I have presented in the previous pages. My heartfelt gratitude goes out to them both for all the research and help they gave me.
1) Cohen, Lucy M.; Chinese in the Post- Civil War South. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge and London; 1984.
Written by Robert E. Hale
The author, Robert Hale gave permission to the webmaster to post his paper in the Internet.
Copyright 2007 Robert Hale
Webmaster's note 1: The essay is based on Historical Research and Historical fact. When writing the narrative, the author used some poetic license to make the paper more lively and interesting. For example: on stagecoach. Marshall could ride a horse, or horse-and-carriage, or a stagecoach. The author picked stagecoach. Second example, before the Civil War, Kelley and Marshall might or might not be riding horses together in the plains and mountains of the frontier in Tennessee. It is the author's logical deduction. All these little creative writing would not alter or affect the basic Historical facts.
Webmaster's note 2: After Robert Hale's essay was published, a friend of Margarita Park Sherertz Messersmith, the great grand daughter of Rev. and Mrs. James William Lambuth, read this essay and informed Ms. Messersmith about this essay, mentioning her great grand parents. Ms. Messersmith read the essay, and then contacted the webmaster. The webmaster introduced Robert Hale to her, and we all exchanged emails. After several discussions, Ms. Messersmith sent us the unpublished writing of her great grand father, Rev. James William Lambuth, called "Kate in a Heathen Land"
The document indicated Charles K. Marshall (Dsau Sier Whoa) accompanied the Lambuth from Mississippi to Tennessee, in the Spring of 1864. Sier Whoa decided to stay in Tennessee to continue his education, and worked part time to support himself, while the Lambuth continued their journey to Cambridge, New York, visiting Mrs. Lambuth's father and family, and continued to New York City to board a ship for China. We got this document after the essay was written.
Note 2 was written on May 2, 2008 by the webmaster.
Webmaster : Gordon Kwok
July 19, 2007
Revised and uploaded on January 30, 2009 | <urn:uuid:57e57bda-023a-43f7-ae1e-8893b8debc15> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://sites.google.com/site/accsacw/Home/charles-k--marshall2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00203-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989056 | 7,306 | 1.96875 | 2 |
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Fwd: Adventures in CyberSound
Gary Handman (email@example.com)
Tue, 7 Jul 1998 08:40:26 -0700
Videolibers interested in the development of movie, TV, and video
technology may be interested in checking out the following v. cool sites:
>Although the research site is itself somewhat multi-dimensional, I am
>quite proud of the following pages...
>(1) Magic Machines <<
>which I believe begins to comprehensively document the development of
>the motion picture camera from antiquity to 1900.
>Information is drawn from the web, books, journals etc. including a
>number of late 19th century sources such as the archives of Royal
>Photographic Society. I have even had direct input from living
>relatives of such pioneers as the british photographer and
>cinematographer Birt Acres.
>(2) My biographies collection <<
>http://www.cinemedia.net/RMIT/rnaughton/phd8100.html >> carrying
>information on some 180+ radio, television and cinema pioneers not
>normally mentioned in the same breath as Edison etc.
>(3) My essays collection <<
>http://www.cinemedia.net/RMIT/rnaughton/phd8400.html >> which
>carries some 270+ works including many on radio, television and cinema.
>The research site is served from the 'stable', state government run
>'Cinemedia' ( formerly the State Film Centre of Victoria ) and so is a
>reliable site to point students to. It also has a site specific search
>Trusting you might take the time to have a look at my work especially in
>its now quite developed stage ( I am due for examination in a few months
>and am currently finalising my thesis ) and more importantly, find
>material that might be of more long term interest to you and the
>students at UCB.
>On Line Services Coordinator
>by night and every other spare moment for the past four years to the
>annoyance of my family...
>Centre of Animation and Interactive Media
>Department of Visual Communication
>Faculty of Art
Media Resources Center
UC Berkeley, CA 94720-6000
"You are looking into the mind of home video. It is innocent, it is aimless,
it is determined, it is real" --Don DeLillo, Underworld | <urn:uuid:b96b0726-9b8c-4502-9165-1e3c58e79bce> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/VideoLib/archive/9807/0040.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00407-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.87707 | 536 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Ignoring an unstable global economic system
, October 9, 2013
By Daniel Alpert
Today, the International Monetary Fund announced yet another reduction in its global growth projections for 2014, with its estimate of US growth also reduced (citing reduced government spending, but not the present US government shutdown - or the heretofore unthinkable notion of the US government defaulting on its obligations).
Despite the seeming urgency of global economic slowdown, when world leaders attended their annual fall confabulation at the United Nations in New York last month, they focused on the diplomacy of physical security (Syria, Iran, etc.). Thus another year has passed in which global economic security issues were on no one's reported agenda.
Policy makers continue to fail to appreciate that the most formidable economic challenge today lies in the area outside the borders of any one nation or region - and that multilateral action to address this challenge is arguably more important than efforts at increasingly less-effective internal stimulus.
Present-day economic imbalances - particularly those stemming from the rapid emergence of the post-socialist nations over the past 15 years, with their associated supply of excess labour, productive capacity and global capital, relative to demand - have hamstrung the economies of the advanced nations.
Such economic dislocation can no longer be resolved by any one power, or even by two or three. Indeed, there is enormous risk today of unilateral or bilateral actions being viewed by players left out of such actions as economically threatening or even hostile, leading to economic countermeasures.
The issue is compounded by the complexity of the relationships among and between developed nations on the one hand and emerging ones on the other. It is hard to imagine moving beyond a global economy that is just getting by, and therefore at material risk of new and deeper crisis, without a more open dialogue among the Group of 20 (G20) nations and proactive steps toward mutual accommodation.
Yet, since the central banks of the developed world have managed to more-or-less stabilise their economies - however tenuously - discussion of a global grand bargain focused on rebalancing international trade and finance has been all but absent. This is unfortunate, as it makes it unlikely that the advanced nations will be able to return to their potential growth trajectories for some time to come.
There is, nevertheless, enormous common interest if nations can find the right way to open a dialogue with one another. Both surplus and debtor nations have so far understood that it is to no one's benefit to attempt to aggressively advance their singular interests at the expense of their trading partners.
We're all in this together, our interests are intertwined in a flat world, and we're dealing with more economic interdependence than ever before. And thus far, at least, we have mostly avoided the "beggar thy neighbor" strategies that went awry in previous slumps, either out of wisdom or good fortune of their ineffectiveness. That said, we are a long way from a harmonious, cooperative global trading environment.
Three key multilateral issues need to be dealt with in order to achieve global economic stability:
The situation in the euro zone will continue to plague the global economy until it either self-stabilises or a solution is found. I do not believe that it will self-stabilise (despite recent quiescence), so several proactive alternatives should be considered. A multilateral effort is going to require give-and-take across the board, and the European situation is at a stalemate.
Other regions, I believe, would be willing to aid a European solution if it were part and parcel of moving the entire global economy forward. But no outside power is currently interested in assisting because the remedies that have been attempted to date have done little more than kick the can down the road.
On a similar note, regionally, China is at a crossroads in terms of its internal rebalancing from an oversaving and overinvesting nation (with a national savings rate - not to be confused with the personal savings rate - in 2011 equal to a whopping 51 per cent of GDP) to one in which consumption plays a greater role. The same is true, to a lesser extent, of other developing nations.
Finally, part of any G20 grand bargain needs to include banking reform. At the beginning of the financial crisis, in 2007, Warren Buffett was widely quoted as observing, "It's only when the tide goes out that you learn who's been swimming naked." As it turned out, the parade of nude bathers was quite long and included banks, investment banks, insurance companies, government-sponsored enterprises, and, in the case of the European periphery, entire countries.
Some were swept out to sea with the tide, but a sizable number have since obtained swimwear and are walking the boardwalk as though nothing ever happened. The fact is that many financial institutions today look pretty dismal under their cover-ups. Moreover, there is a substantial difference among regions of the developed world in terms of what constitutes a strong financial institution.
Given the enormous interdependence of global financial institutions, having multiple standards means that the entire international financial system is as vulnerable as the weakest of those standards - which in the case of euro zone banks is very weak indeed.
The evidence of the global economy's growth-stunting tendencies is abundant. For example, in my recent book The Age of Oversupply: Overcoming the Greatest Challenge to the Global Economy I refer to the "triple hoarding" of US dollars in
(i) the over $3.5 trillion held in foreign currency reserves;
(ii) the nearly $2 trillion in excess domestic liquid assets held by nonfinancial US corporations (together with perhaps another $3 trillion held in liquid form by US business interests outside of the United States) and
(iii) the trillions of dollars of uninvested household wealth, 75 per cent of which is held by the top 10 per cent of households.
And I don't blame any of the foregoing holders for not investing their money in new capacity (factories, equipment, offices, etc.) on a scale large enough to move the global needle. There is, after all, nothing very sensible for them to invest in, given the existing oversupply. Similar points can be raised with respect to the world's secondary reserve currencies, the euro and the yen, but the numbers are of course far smaller.
This leaves the developed world with a dilemma. Either allow the pricing mechanism to clear the market of excess (which would mean wage, price, and asset deflation in the developed world, instead of the mere disinflation we have become familiar with) or find some other way of getting excess capital invested into their real economies to return to production potential.
Repairing all of the problems addressed here comprise an ambitious agenda, to say the least. It will require an overhaul of the global economic and financial system of no lesser scope than that of the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement, which established a new such order for the post-World War Two era, or the de facto Bretton Woods II understanding that has prevailed since the United States terminated the dollar's gold convertibility in 1971 and most major world currencies became free-floating.
Some may argue that the problems are too complex to be resolved and the best we can do is to wait them out. If we were able to do that, policy makers would be saved from having to make some very tough decisions. But economic, political, and social pressures arising during this age of oversupply are not likely to grant us that luxury. It is long past time to sit down and lay out a new economic playing field that is conducive to more evenly shared growth. - Reuters | <urn:uuid:36fac9d2-5242-46d5-a244-e8f309737cad> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.tradearabia.com/news/REAL_244278.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00023-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955482 | 1,572 | 1.625 | 2 |
Perhaps one of the most hard and tricky problems that women deal with odor and vaginal discomfort is. Many things, of menstruation, hygiene, lifestyle, stress, exercise, and hormones, diet and harsh cleaning products, can disturb the delicate female system and cause embarrassing odor. Vaginal odor, regardless of cause, creates problems that go beyond the physical aspects of the problem.
Vaginal discharge is a secretion from the vagina. It caused due to stress, illness and hormonal changes and caused by the bacteria's, yeast, hormonal changes and it also sexually transmitted diseases. It tends to foul smelling, itching, burning and irritation, which is associated with an imbalance in the types of bacteria that found in a woman's vagina. Under normal conditions different types of bacteria present in a woman's vagina.
Women who are subject to embarrassing vaginal odor understandably find themselves worrying and concerning the social and psychological aspects of the problem. It's hard to feel confident person during social interactions or in intimate situations unpleasant odors when entering the path. Even if these odors are not noticeable to others, their mere presence is enough to destroy a woman's self-image. Not exactly the topic of casual conversation, many women are unsure of what to do to solve the problem and what products are not only effective but safe.
There are many products on the market designed specifically to stop vaginal odor, but these products to inform women as likely to use can make the problem worse or create an entirely new problem. The artificial ingredients contained in most of these products can upset the balance that the body maintains a woman and may actually promote more discomfort, making what is obviously an unpleasant situation even worse.
Most vaginal products like wipes, creams, and douches, are issued only to deal with the problem at hand - the immediate odor. Keep in mind, most commercial products are designed to mask odor, not eliminate it. But worse, the ingredients in the products may actually make the situation worse, forcing women to switch to other brands and products in order to find one that works. Although it is always a relief to get relief ... ... well, the additional problems created by products that contain artificial fragrances, deodorants, detergents, chemicals and other ingredients are not worth the price of the product.
Femi Forte is a new and unique product that provides more than temporary relief, an innovation in vaginal hygiene application. This product offers what no other product currently on the market can match, a solution to the problem of vaginal odor formula with a natural and healthy. It helps to cure problems like vaginal irritation, Leucorrhea, Vaginal discharge, White discharge, Urinary tract infection, Yellow discharge. These were created by a gynecologist after extensive research and are designed to alleviate the immediate problem without creating other problems. All natural ingredients in Femi Forte have been carefully selected to work with the delicate balance between the bodies of a woman.
Instead of temporarily masking vaginal odor and discomfort, Femi Forte gently eliminate all problems at the same time promoting women's health. Imagine regaining personal confidence and promote a positive body image with a product. These conveniently packaged and discrete eliminate odor safely and effectively providing lasting freshness and confidence anytime, anywhere.
By adrianna smith
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Herr Professor | World Magazine
World Magazine: Meanwhile, outside groups advocating for religious freedom are scant too, especially compared to other interest groups at the UN like the gay-rights lobby. Open Doors USA recently shut down its advocacy operation at the UN in New York, though it still has staff in Europe. The Jubilee Campaign, the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, Christian Solidarity Worldwide, the Alliance Defending Freedom, the American Center for Law and Justice, the World Evangelical Alliance, the Humanist and Ethical Union, and the Bahais have staff tasked to lobby the UN on the issue. That amounts to about a dozen people doing full-time advocacy on an issue that affects billions of people around the world. | <urn:uuid:7ecda87a-da13-4b25-a8b8-595839714d20> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.alliancealert.org/2013/01/25/herr-professor-world-magazine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00569-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935519 | 148 | 1.976563 | 2 |
The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has announced the launch of its Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, aimed at enhancing opportunities for collaboration among medical and computer scientists.
Billed as the foremost department of its kind within a medical school, the department will train the next generation of healthcare scientists and work toward a goal of establishing an AI framework throughout the health system’s hospitals and ambulatory clinics.
“While we must continue to vigorously oppose dystopian misuse of artificial intelligence for surveillance and propaganda, it is clear that within the healthcare arena, patients are dying not because of AI but because we are not using it,” said Thomas J. Fuchs, the school’s dean for artificial intelligence and human health, in a statement.
WHY IT MATTERS
The goals of the new department are twofold, according to Mount Sinai officials.
Firstly, it will aim to teach state-of-the-art technologies in AI health, large-scale machine learning, and digital health that relies on medical devices, robotic machines and sensors.
Among other courses and seminars, this will include AI fellowships allowing medical students protected time to work on AI projects for an entire academic year.
Secondly, its architects envision an AI-driven “intelligent fabric” woven throughout all healthcare and biomedicine at Mount Sinai.
The framework will enable productivity and decision support at the local level, strategic decision making at the hospital level, and personalized services at the patient level.
The strategy also includes investments in building a comprehensive infrastructure aimed at accelerating data-fueled biomedical research.
“Looking at the larger picture, we believe that within the national and international competition of health care providers, the health system that is infused with artificial intelligence and capable of realizing the gains of AI by itself will carry the day,” said Fuchs.
THE LARGER TREND
The launch of the department echoes Mount Sinai’s new Institute for Digital Health in 2019.
At the time, officials hoped the endeavor would “usher in a new era of digital health at Mount Sinai that advances the field of precision medicine.”
But even as AI has made highly publicized leaps and bounds in the healthcare setting in the past few years – particularly in the context of COVID-19 – experts have emphasized the importance of avoiding what they call an “AI winter.”
“We now are at risk of another AI winter in healthcare due to several AI solutions falling short of their initial hype, including natural language processing, deep learning and machine learning, which is decreasing trust in AI by users,” Booz Allen Hamilton Chief Medical Officer Dr. Kevin Vigilante told Healthcare IT News this past month.
Healthcare organizations should mitigate AI’s momentum risks, advised Vigilante, by implementing self-governance practices and proactively shaping the technology’s future.
ON THE RECORD
“The overarching goal of the Department for AI and Human Health is to impact patients’ health with AI. We will accomplish this by building AI systems at scale from data representing Mount Sinai’s diverse patient population. These systems will work seamlessly across all hospitals and care units to support physicians, foster research, and most importantly help patients’ care and well-being,” said Fuchs. | <urn:uuid:8b189277-4fc5-414c-80f0-4cea6b33f8f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.toshidental.com/mount-sinai-launches-new-department-of-ai-and-human-health.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.948093 | 715 | 2.703125 | 3 |
“By working in collaboration with regulatory agencies, we look to improve testing protocols and advance aerospace material technologies,” said Art Mallett, Jr., Director, Global Aerospace.
Bristol, PA (PRWEB) March 16, 2016
DUNMORE Aerospace, an industry leader in aerospace material development, today announced their test results are to be included in findings presented by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). DUNMORE Aerospace (http://www.dunmore.com/industries/aerospace.html), along with aircraft OEM testing labs and other materials manufacturers, submitted test results to the Federal Aviation Administration as part of a joint effort to evaluate the flammability performance of various aircraft interior materials. The FAA presents their report today at the International Aircraft Materials Fire Test Working Group meeting being held in Bordeaux, France.
The Materials Fire Test Working Group is part of the FAA’s long-range research initiative to develop fire-safe materials for use on future commercial aircraft. DUNMORE Aerospace’s role in the group is to test standard materials alongside other group members within the construct of a round robin test methodology. The FAA compiles the independent test results and presents the findings during meetings conducted throughout each year.
The FAA presentation will highlight key findings of interest to the aerospace industry and beyond, as the results will be used to achieve the goal of minimizing the role of burning cabin materials as a cause of death in future aircraft accidents. Three major technical objectives were used during this long-range research effort. Aircraft materials targeted for upgraded fire resistance include thermoset resins, thermoplastics, textile fibers and elastomers. Fire Resistant Aircraft Materials Program Milestones will be touched upon to illustrate the changes.
“By working in collaboration with regulatory agencies, we look to improve testing protocols and advance aerospace material technologies,” said Art Mallett, Jr., Director, Global Aerospace. “Future products will be responsively created to address concerns brought up by better testing. Commercial flights will continue to be made safer than ever before with the advancement of engineered aircraft materials.”
DUNMORE Corporation is a global supplier of engineered coated and laminated films and foils. DUNMORE offers film conversion services such as coating, metalizing and laminating along with contract film manufacturing. The DUNMORE Aerospace business unit (http://www.dunmore.com/industries/aerospace.html) produces coated film, metallized film and laminating film substrates for the aircraft and spacecraft industries. DUNMORE also serves the photovoltaic, graphic arts, packaging, insulation, medical, electronics, automotive, surfacing and fashion industries. DUNMORE is privately held, ISO 9001:2008 and OSHA VPP Star certified. For complete information on DUNMORE’s products, services and industries served, please visit DUNMORE’s website http://www.dunmore.com. | <urn:uuid:e31ca056-1867-4cd0-9c5e-2c9a548a6122> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.prweb.com/releases/dunmore-aerospace/supports-faa/prweb13269571.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00155-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917747 | 610 | 1.742188 | 2 |
The number of data breach notifications in New Zealand more than doubled in the year ended 30 June 2013 to 107, with three quarters of the breaches notified coming from the public sector.
23 out of the 107 breaches reported were from the private sector, but even that was nearly double the 12 breaches reported in 2012, according to the Privacy Commissioner's annual report (PDF).
While the most common type of breach remains the sending of physical information to the wrong person, with 23 breaches notified, electronic data breaches of various kinds are now much more common overall than physical breaches.
Sending electronic information to the wrong person was the second highest breach category (17 notifications) followed by website problems (12 notifications). Four instances of hacking were also notified.
The Privacy Commissioner has been tracking notifications since 2007 but is now formalising its breach tracking programme as “a matter of external interest and importance”.
“We are still developing our reporting system, including considering the most accurate and useful way of reporting types of breaches and outcomes,” the Commissioner’s annual report says.
“Data breaches are being reported to us more frequently, and we have noticed a growing responsiveness by business and government to the reputational benefits of notifying clients when things go wrong.”
A number of high profile public sector data breaches occurred during the year revealing weaknesses within many agency systems and processes, Privacy Commissioner Marie Shroff said.
These included the exposure of security vulnerabilities in Ministry of Social Development self-service kiosks and the inadvertent release of a document containing information about many tens of thousands of Christchurch earthquake damage claimants by EQC.
“We are receiving notifications from a greater variety of sectors, indicating that awareness of breach notification best practice is becoming more widespread,” Shroff said.
Data breach notification is voluntary in New Zealand, so the number of breaches is probably much higher. The Law Commission has recommended (PDF) breach notification become compulsory "in a clearly defined set of situations".
The Privacy Commissioner also submitted of the Government’s Bill to reform the Government Communications and Security Bureau (GCSB) during the year.
“Our submission on the Bill said that because of the complex and dynamic environment, we believe surveillance, and in particular oversight of that activity, needed to be considered further,” Shroff said.
The Privacy Commissioner also participated in the Global Privacy Enforcement Network (GPEN) Internet Sweep, an internationally coordinated effort to scan websites to assess the adequacy of their privacy notices and policies.
The office also received long awaited notification from the European Commission that New Zealand law was considered adequate for the purpose of European Union law.
Coming into effect in April 2013, this decision provides New Zealand businesses with a “comparative advantage” in cross-border data processing, the report says. | <urn:uuid:d6f2d408-ca41-4b89-9277-224eab5c004a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.zdnet.com/article/reported-data-breaches-double-in-new-zealand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00028-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960675 | 581 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Can I look up my card number online?
You might be able to find the number in an online statement when you go into your online account. It’s very unlikely they will also put your card’s 3-digit security code, since that’s only put on the back of your card (it’s used to verify that your card is in your possession).
How do I find my 16 digit debit card number?
Your debit card number is normally 16–digits long. This is the number embossed on the front of your debit card.
Can I use a credit card before it arrives?
Normally, you can‘t use a credit card without restriction before it arrives, because you can‘t see the full credit card number, expiration date and CVV until you have the card in hand. If you need to start using a credit card today, you’ll likely want to consider applying for an American Express credit card.
How can I find an old credit card number?
if you have signed up for credit card account services online like online bill pay then go to account statements and download a previous one. On the bottom of the statement it will show a long string of numbers like 50 numbers, included in that string of numbers will be your card number.
How can I get my debit card number if I lost it?
If ATM card is lost and you wanna know the card number, you need to visit the branch,,or you can make a request by saying your account no to bank official. They (bank official) can enquire by putting the account no in the system to know the card no…
How can I get my Chase card number before it arrives?
Here’s the steps:
- Log in and find the Secure Message option in your Chase account.
- Send a secure message using the Card that you need the number for (select it from the list showing last 4)
- Enter a message and send (I selected other, and asked if they know when my card will arrive)
What is my card number?
A credit card number is the long set of digits displayed across the front or back of your plastic credit card. It is typically 16 digits in length, often appearing in sets of four. Sometimes it can be as long as 19 digits, and it is used to identify both the credit card issuer and the account holder.
How do I get my credit card number without my card?
If you do not have access to your credit card and you can’t find your account number on your statement or online, call your credit card company to get your account number. The number for your credit card company should be located on your bill, or you can look online to find it.
Can I get a credit card the same day I apply?
While it’s pretty common to get approved for a credit card the same day if you apply online, you’ll still usually have to wait another 7-10 business days before your card comes to use it.
Can I use my Chase card before it arrives?
Chase is one of the issuers that do not give you the credit card number as soon as you are approved. That’s frustrating when you have big spending coming up, but you don’t have the card yet to make the purchase. You can see the card in your Chase account, but there’s no way to use it!
Can I see my full credit card number on Amazon?
Log in to your Amazon Payments account and click Edit My Account Settings. Click Add, edit, or delete my credit cards to view your current credit card information.
Does Amazon give my credit card information to sellers?
Emphatic no. Amazon doesn’t share payment information with Sellers, other than whether or not a payment was approved or refunded. Sharing sensitive data like this would violate PCI compliance, and Amazon wouldn’t be able to take payments after the network shut off their merchant account. | <urn:uuid:2838432b-0bee-426a-a448-f638f32bfa5d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://whatarethekargrandes.com/comics-characters/readers-ask-how-can-i-get-my-credit-card-number-online.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.941208 | 832 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Perioperative Care in Cardiac Anesthesia and Surgery. 2006, Cheng
Автор: David L. Reich Название: Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography, ISBN: 1455707619 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781455707614 Издательство: Elsevier Science Рейтинг: Цена: 13582 р. 16977.00-20% Наличие на складе: Есть (2 шт.) Описание: Suitable for anesthesiologists, surgeons, and nurse anesthetists who need to be proficient in anesthesia care, this title helps you master everything you need to know to effectively diagnose and monitor your cardiothoracic surgery patients.
Автор: Savage, Robert M. Savage, Robert M. Название: Basic Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography ISBN: 1451190468 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781451190465 Издательство: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Рейтинг: Цена: 11770 р. 14713.00-20% Наличие на складе: Есть (2 шт.) Описание: The editors of the Comprehensive Textbook of Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography have created a new product entitled Basic Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography: A Multimedia Review. Consisting of a short, full-color paperback book with a bound-in DVD, this product was developed with the recent endorsement of the ASA of an extensive educational program to train its members as well as creating a certification process with the NBE for its members in basic echocardiography. The book covers the basics—how to set up the machine, how to acquire the different views, relevant cardiac anatomy and pathophysiology, normal and abnormal values, how to perform the TEE exam, as well as basic assessment and interpretation skills. Each chapter ends with questions and answers. The DVD consists of 3D animations of the probe scanning the heart correlated to TEE video output, as well as rotating 3D animations of cardiac anatomy, enabling the user to see what is being scanned (anatomy), the position of the scanner, and the appearance of anatomy and pathophysiology via the TEE video output at once. Basic Perioperative Echocardiography and Review is suited for anyone interested in basic TEE skills: anesthesiologists, cardiologists, and critical care practitioners.
Описание: The fully updated third edition of this popular handbook provides a concise summary of perioperative management of high-risk surgical patients. Written by an international group of senior clinicians, chapters retain the practical nature of previous editions, with concise text in a bulleted format offering rapid access to key facts and advice. Several new chapters cover topics including: anesthetic mortality; cardiopulmonary exercise testing; perioperative optimization; obstructive sleep apnea and obesity hypoventilation syndrome; smoking, alcohol and recreational drug abuse; intraoperative ventilatory management; the role of simulation in managing the high-risk patient; anesthesia, surgery and palliative care; anesthesia and cancer surgery; neurotrauma and other high-risk neuro cases; anesthesia for end-stage renal and liver disease; and transplant patients. Essential reading for trainee anesthesiologists managing seriously ill patients during surgery or studying for postgraduate examinations, this is also a valuable refresher for anesthesiologists and intensivists looking for an update on the latest evidence-based care.
Описание: This comprehensive textbook, covering all aspects of the perioperative management of patients undergoing organ transplantation, serves as the standard reference for clinicians who care for transplant patients on a day-to-day basis as well as those who encounter organ transplantation only occasionally in their clinical practice. Anesthesia and Perioperative Care for Organ Transplantation covers transplantation of the heart, lung, liver, pancreas, and kidney, as well as multivisceral and composite tissue graft transplantations. For each kind of transplantation, the full spectrum of perioperative considerations is addressed: preoperative preparation, intraoperative anesthesia management, surgical techniques, and postoperative care. Each chapter contains evidence-based recommendations, relevant society guidelines, management algorithms, and institutional protocols as tables, flow diagrams, and figures. Photographs demonstrating surgical techniques, anesthesia procedures, and perfusion management are included. Anesthesia and Perioperative Care for Organ Transplantation is for anesthesiologists and critical care physicians; transplantation surgeons; nurse anesthetists; ICU nurses; and trainees.??
Описание: This comprehensive guide, from one of the country's top training centers, offers expert guidance on clinical procedures in anaesthesia. Perfect as a training manual, clinical reference, and management guide for ambulatory clinics, this text features coverage of the essential topics of office and patient management, vital to success in ambulatory surgeries.
Описание: Continuing medical education and specialty training procedures represent highly dynamical processes, with a continuously evolving content. The specific teaching methods available (micro-teaching, team teaching, mastery learning, simulation, and e-learning) are essential elements of this process to promote professional updating and teaching at the bedside, aimed at providing an excellent clinical practice. The didactic laboratory is the core of this process: teachers, students and the School must be able to integrate in order to encourage this trend, and following this trend, the Trieste School of Medicine has long recognised the importance of supporting educational aspects and teaching programmes that promote our discipline.This volume is the result of the co-operation of the Trieste School of Medicine with experts at a national and international level who, in 2005, took part in seminars or micro-teaching sessions held at the Cattinara University Hospital.
Описание: The mission of health operators and hospitals is nowadays patient satisfaction, which is to be achieved through the provision of high-quality medical care and the training of graduates and postgraduates with the highest level of proficiency, integrity and skill. This book offers a broad panorama of recent progress in the fields of perioperative medicine, critical care and end-of-life care, thus contributing to achieving these aims in the fields of anesthesia and critical care.
Описание: The editors of the Comprehensive Textbook of Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography have created a new product entitled Basic Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography: A Multimedia Review. Consisting of a short, full-color paperback book with a bound-in DVD, this product was developed with the recent endorsement of the ASA of an extensive educational program to train its members as well as creating a certification process with the NBE for its members in basic echocardiography.The book covers the basics—how to set up the machine, how to acquire the different views, relevant cardiac anatomy and pathophysiology, normal and abnormal values, how to perform the TEE exam, as well as basic assessment and interpretation skills. Each chapter ends with questions and answers.The DVD consists of 3D animations of the probe scanning the heart correlated to TEE video output, as well as rotating 3D animations of cardiac anatomy, enabling the user to see what is being scanned (anatomy), the position of the scanner, and the appearance of anatomy and pathophysiology via the TEE video output at once.Basic Perioperative Echocardiography and Review is suited for anyone interested in basic TEE skills: anesthesiologists, cardiologists, and critical care practitioners.
Описание: Anaesthetic and Perioperative Complications dissects the nature of complications and helps anaesthetists and anaesthetic practitioners understand, avoid and manage them efficiently. Leading experts combine the detailed clinical management of common and important anaesthetic and perioperative complications with discussion of the key philosophical, ethical and medico-legal issues that arise with assessing a medical complication. Initial chapters discuss how and why complications occur, the prevention of complications and risk management. The main body of the text reviews the clinical management of airway, respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, psychological, endocrine, hepatic, renal and transfusion-related complications, as well as injury during anaesthesia, complications related to regional and obstetric anaesthesia, drug reactions, equipment malfunction and post-operative management of complications. Each chapter contains sample cases of complications and medical errors, giving clinical scenario, outcomes and recommendations for improved management. This is an important practical and clinical text for all anaesthetists and anaesthetic practitioners, both trained and trainees.
Автор: Farag Название: Perioperative Fluid Management ISBN: 3319391399 ISBN-13(EAN): 9783319391397 Издательство: Springer Рейтинг: Цена: 19634 р. Наличие на складе: Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This book presents the most recent evidence-based facts on perioperative fluid management and discusses fluid management from basic sciences to clinical applications and the patients’ outcomes. Recent advances in understanding the Revised Starling principle with new concepts in tissue perfusion and the most recent techniques of perioperative goal directed fluid management are described. The endothelial glycocalyx functions and the influence of fluid management on its integrity are covered in detail; moreover, the techniques for its protection are also discussed. The dilemma of perioperative use of hydroxyethyl starch solutions and the resurgence of interest in using human albumin as an alternative colloid is explored. The problems of using unbuffered solutions during the perioperative period and comparison between restrictive versus liberal fluid management are discussed in full. Perioperative Fluid Management will be of interest to anesthesiologists and also intensivists.
Автор: Dinardo Название: Anesthesia for cardiac surgery ISBN: 0838502539 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780838502532 Издательство: McGraw-Hill Рейтинг: Цена: 10311 р. Наличие на складе: Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This text provides recent advancements for anesthetic evaluation and management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
Автор: Atlee Название: Perioperative Critical Care Cardiology ISBN: 8847005574 ISBN-13(EAN): 9788847005570 Издательство: Springer Рейтинг: Цена: 16169 р. Наличие на складе: Поставка под заказ.
Описание: In this book are discussed topics of particular importance to critical care cardiovascular diagnosis and management in the perioperative period. Chapter topics are the causes for heart failure; the pathophysiology of heart failure; coronary heart disease and ischemic preconditioning; hypertensive urgencies and emergencies; diagnosis of heart failure; preoperative cardiac risk assessment; hemodynamic monitoring in patients with heart failure; electrocardiography of heart failure - features and arrhythmias; pharmacologic management for patients with heart failure; devices for management of heart failure; pacemaker and internal cardioverter-defibrillator therapies; management of cardiopulmonary arrest; circulatory shock - anaphylactic, cardiogenic, haemorrhagic, septic; prevention and management of cardiac dysfunction during and after cardiac surgery; vasodilator therapy - systemic and pulmonary; and, thromboembolism and anticoagulation. This work represents an important update for anaesthesiologists, cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, emergency care physicians and intensivists caring for patients with acute, life-threatening cardiovascular afflictions.
ООО "Логосфера " Тел:+7(495) 980-12-10 www.logobook.ru | <urn:uuid:ba1917ff-5943-4491-99d2-c4058ffe58a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.logobook.ru/prod_show.php?object_uid=11070631 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.857416 | 2,839 | 1.75 | 2 |
When Eden Comes to Titan
|Donald Brownlee, co-author of "Rare Earth," "The Life and Death of Planet Earth", and Professor of Astronomy of the University of Washington in Seattle.
|Peter Ward, co-author of "Rare Earth," "The Life and Death of Planet Earth", and Professor of Geological Sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle|
Paleontologist Peter D. Ward and astronomer Donald Brownlee of the University of Washington, recently published their insights into the future of the planet. The excerpted sections from their new book "The Life and Death of Planet Earth", poetically portrays a very fragile future – one profoundly grounded by what we now know so far about the distant past.
The predictable rhythm of this terrestrial lifecycle comes in stages: glaciers, supercontinents, loss of plants, then animals, and boiling oceans towards what might look like present day Venus. The final stage of life on Earth features the last gasp of a Sun fusing its very heavy elements and forming a much expanded Red Giant star.
Excerpted from The Life and Death of Planet Earth: How the New Science of Astrobiology Charts the Ultimate Fate of Our World
For millenia travelers have left graffiti to note their passage. Lewis and Clark and Daniel Boone carved their names on trees. The pharaohs left the Pyramids. Paleolithic man left magnificent charcoal drawings in Pyrenees caves. Mountaineers leave notes at the top of the peaks they conquer. World War II GI’s left "Kilroy was here" scrawls, and the Apollo astronauts left plaques and flags on the Moon. What can we leave behind on an Earth that is going to be vaporized, its atoms hurled into space? …When the Lunar Prospector mission crash-landed on the Moon in 1999, it carried with it the ashes of planetary scientist Gene Shoemaker. He became the first-known organism to have permanently escaped the surly bonds of Earth. He is quite literally the man on the Moon.
Each of us humans is one of some 6 billion humans currently alive, one of the numerous humans that have existed on Earth since the formation of our species during the Pleistocene epoch. In an analogous fashion, our planet Earth is one of an even greater population, one planet among the billions in the galaxy and untold billions and billions in the Universe….
Many astrobiologists have concluded that the formation of microbial life on a planet within a habitable zone might be releatively easy–that, given the conditions of a liquid water-covered surface, many or most planets might yield life of some sort. If so, then millions of to hundreds of millions of planets in the galaxy have potential for advanced life. However, getting from microbial life to advanced life requires time and a stability of conditions. Only under such circumstances of long-term planetary stability where large-scale temperature fluctuations do not take place can the jump to the more fragile forms of complex life take place…
Perhaps complex life can occur on any planet where life evolves (or upon which it arrives) that also bears freestanding liquid water or some equivalent solvent.
One of the Earth’s most basic life-supporting attributes is its location, its seemingly ideal distance from the Sun. In any planetary system, there are regions–distances from the central star–where the Earth could survive with a surface environment similar to its present state. That is the habitable zone, the region in a planetary system where habitable Earth clones might exist…Our closest neighbors in space provide sobering examples of what happens to planets inside of, or outside of, the habitable zone. Interior to the habitable zone, a planet gets too hot. Venus is an example where this has happened. The surface of Venus is nearly hot enough to glow. If it ever had an ocean, it has evaporated and been totally lost to space.
Outside of the habitable zone, temperatures are too low. Mars is outside the habitable zone, and is frozen to depths of many kilometers below its surface.
Life is a very complex and delicate chemical balancing act, easily destroyed by too much heat or cold–and too many gamma rays, X rays, and other types of ionizing radiation….
Important attributes of our planet are its size, its radioactive heat, and the presence of a large metal core. All appear necessary to produce animal life: the metal core produces a magnetic field that protects the surface of the planet from radiation from space, while the radioactive material maintains the engine of plate tectonics, also, in our view, necessary for maintaining animal life on the planet.
|The gas giants in our solar system. From left: Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter.
[Consider: ] It is the year 7 billion A.D. the Sun has gone into its red giant phase. The Earth has been consumed by the outer envelope of the 100-million-mile diameter sun. Mars is a dried and lifeless body with a surface temperature sufficient to melt its crustal rocks. Jupiter is a roiling heated mass rapidly losing gas and material to space. The ice cover of Jupiter’s moon Europa has long since melted away, followed by the disappearance of its oceans to space. Farther away, Saturn has lost its icy rings. But one world of this vast solar system has benefited from the gigantic red orb that is the Sun. It is Saturn’s largest moon, aptly named Titan.
Long before, in the time of humanity, a science fiction named Arthur C. Clarke penned a series of tales about the moon of Jupiter named Europa. In these stories, alien beings somehow truned Jupiter into a small but blazing star, and in doing so warmed Europa–and brought about the creation of life. A wonderful, though physically impossible, fable. Now in these late days of the solar system, the huge red Sun was doing the same to Titan, changing it from frozen to thawed, and in doing so liberating the stuff of life. But Titan was always a very different world than Europa. Like Europa, Titan always had oceans, frozen, to be sure, but oceans nevertheless. But where Europan oceans were water, those of Titan were of a vastly different substance–ethane. Titan had always been covered with a rich but cold stew of organic materials And with the coming of heat, for the first time Eden came to Titan. Like a baby born to an impossibly old woman, life came to this far outpost, the last life ever to be evolved in the solar system.
The red giant phase was short-lived–only several hundred million years, in fact. But it was enough. For a short time, for the last time, life blossomed in the solar system. After death, once more came the resurrection of life in masses of tiny bacteria like bodies on a moon once far from a habitable planet called Earth, a place that, in its late age, evolved a species with enough intelligence to predict the future, and be able to prophesize how the world would end….
Reprinted with permission. Copyright Peter D. Ward and Donald Brownlee. The coauthors also published the acclaimed and bestselling Rare Earth. Don Brownlee is a professor of astronomy at the University of Washington and has been involved in many space experiments; currently he is leading NASA’s Stardust mission to collect samples of a comet and return them to Earth. Peter Ward is a professor of geological science and zoology at the University of Washington and the author of nine other books, including Future Evolution, In Search of Nautilus, The Call of Distant Mammoths, and The End of Evolution, which was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. | <urn:uuid:8ae81f67-edad-4af6-a4b6-fb1ec79786d0> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.astrobio.net/topic/solar-system/saturn/titan/when-eden-comes-to-titan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00468-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938066 | 1,574 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The deadly legacy of unexploded ordnance in Lao PDRListen /
Survivors of cluster bomb explosions in Laos will visit 11 cities in the United States in a campaign called 'Voices from Laos: Clearing Bombs, Protecting Lives.' The country's ambassador to the United Nations, Saleumxay Kommasith, says 30 years after the end of the Viet Nam War, which also affected Laos, unexploded ordnance (UXOs) kill and injure more than 100 people every day. Ambassador Kommasith talks to UN Radio's Beng Poblete-Enriquez about this deadly legacy and the campaign launched at the UN on 4 April, the International Day for Mine Awareness.
World Autism Awareness Day, 2nd April
International attention to autism is essential, says UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in a message marking World Autism Awareness Day, observed annually on 2nd April. He says it important to address stigma, lack of awareness and inadequate support structures surrounding a disorder that the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates affects approximately one per cent of the global population. Beng Poblete-Enriquez reports.
Tan Dun designated UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador
Chinese composer and conductor Tan Dun was recently appointed the latest Goodwill Ambassador with the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). He is UNESCO's first Goodwill Ambassador from China. UNESCO says Tan Dun's appointment recognizes his efforts to promote intercultural dialogue through music, consciousness of the scarcity of natural resources such as water, and the diversity of languages, as well as for his dedication to the ideals and aims of the Organization. Tan Dun talks about his passion for water in this piece prepared by Carole Darmouni's UNESCO team.
Presenter: Beng Poblete-Enriquez | <urn:uuid:6bc072e0-417e-43a1-ba53-bd7cf017abb9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2013/04/the-deadly-legacy-of-unexploded-ordnance-in-lao-pdr-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00456-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926164 | 364 | 2.296875 | 2 |
There was once a little animal,
No bigger than a fox,
And on five toes he scampered
Over Tertiary rocks.
They called him Eohippus,
And they called him very small,
And they thought him of no value -
When they thought of him at all;
For the lumpish old Dinoceras
And Coryphodon so slow
Were the heavy aristocracy
In days of long ago.
Said the little Eohippus,
"I am going to be a horse!
And on my middle finger-nails
To run my earthly course!
I'm going to have a flowing tail!
I'm going to have a mane!
I'm going to stand fourteen hands high
On the psychozoic plain!"
The Coryphodon was horrified,
The Dinoceras was shocked;
And they chased young Eohippus,
But he skipped away and mocked.
And they laughed enormous laughter,
And they groaned enormous groans,
And they bade young Eohippus
Go view his father's bones.
Said they, "You always were as small
And mean as now we see,
And that's conclusive evidence
That you're always going to be.
What! Be a great, tall, handsome beast,
With hoofs to gallop on?
Why! You'd have to change your nature!"
Said the Loxolophodon.
They considered him disposed of,
And retired with gait serene;
That was the way they argued
In "the early Eocene."
There was once an Anthropoidal Ape,
Far smarter than the rest,
And everything that they could do
He always did the best;
So they naturally disliked him,
And they gave him shoulders cool,
And when they had to mention him
They said he was a fool.
Cried this pretentious Ape one day,
"I'm going to be a Man!
And stand upright, and hunt, and fight,
And conquer all I can!
I'm going to cut down forest trees,
To make my houses higher!
I'm going to kill the Mastodon!
I'm going to make a fire!"
Loud screamed the Anthropoidal Apes
With laughter wild and gay;
They tried to catch that boastful one,
But he always got away.
So they yelled at him in chorus,
Which he minded not a whit;
And they pelted him with cocoanuts,
Which didn't seem to hit.
And then they gave him reasons
Which they thought of much avail,
To prove how his preposterous
Attempt was sure to fail.
Said the sages, "In the first place,
The thing cannot be done!
And, second, if it could be,
It would not be any fun!
And, third, and most conclusive,
And admitting no reply,
You would have to change your nature!
We should like to see you try!"
They chuckled then triumphantly,
These lean and hairy shapes,
For these things passed as arguments
With the Anthropoidal Apes.
There was once a Neolithic Man,
An enterprising wight,
Who made his chopping implements
Unusually clever he,
And he drew delightful Mammoths
On the borders of his cave.
To his Neolithic neighbors,
Who were startled and surprised,
Said he, "My friends, in course of time,
We shall be civilized!
We are going to live in cities!
We are going to fight in wars!
We are going to eat three times a day
Without the natural cause!
We are going to turn life upside down
About a thing called gold!
We are going to want the earth, and take
As much as we can hold!
We are going to wear great piles of stuff
Outside our proper skins!
We are going to have diseases!
And Accomplishments!! And Sins!!!"
Then they all rose up in fury
Against their boastful friend,
For prehistoric patience
Cometh quickly to an end.
Said one, "This is chimerical!
Said another, "What a stupid life!
Too dull, upon my word!"
Cried all, "Before such things can come,
You idiotic child,
You must alter Human Nature!"
And they all sat back and smiled.
Thought they, "An answer to that last
It will be hard to find!"
It was a clinching argument
To the Neolithic Mind!
Originally published: In This Our World, Boston: Small, Maynard & Company Publishing, 1893. 95-100. | <urn:uuid:86a7c010-b2c9-4bef-acb9-277edea7407a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.charlotteperkinsgilman.com/2008/05/poem-similar-cases-charlotte-perkins.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.955896 | 1,026 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Reproductive ecology of the mourning dove: large-scale patterns in recruitment, breeding endocrinology, and developmental plasticity
This dissertation examines multiple aspects of the reproductive ecology of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura). The work builds on a long tradition of research on their reproductive ecology (McClure 1943, Hanson and Kossack 1963), techniques for large-scale monitoring of reproduction (Ruos and Tomlinson 1967), and endocrinology of Columbids (Riddle 1933). I have expanded this body of knowledge in a way that hopefully will make worthwhile contributions to knowledge of 1) techniques for monitoring reproduction, 2) geographic and weather related variation in annual recruitment, 3) endocrinology during breeding, and 4) the role of developmental plasticity in response to stress early in life.
The mourning dove is an important migratory game bird in the United States where more than 20 million birds are harvested annually. Its importance as a game species has been the impetus for a coordinated effort by state and federal agencies to improve harvest management for the species. A national strategic harvest management plan has been developed that emphasizes the use of population models to develop an informed long-term strategy for harvest (Anonymous 2004). Establishing monitoring programs for population vital rates is a critical component of the plan and priorities include instituting a large-scale operational program for monitoring reproductive rates. Large-scale studies for mourning doves between the 1950's and 1980's determined migration patterns (Kiel 1959), survival and harvest rates (Hayne 1975, Dunks et al. 1982, Tomlinson et al. 1988), and recruitment rates (Ruos and Tomlinson 1967, Geissler et al 1987). However, more recent monitoring of mourning dove populations has been based solely on the Call Count Survey, an annual roadside index to dove abundance (Anonymous 2004), until a large-scale banding effort was resumed in 2003 (Otis et al. 2008). A program to monitor recruitment rate will be an important complement to banding to generate estimates of population vital rates.
In 2005, with the cooperation of 22 state agencies and US Fish and Wildlife Service personnel and funding from the Webless Migratory Gamebird Research Grant program, I organized a pilot harvest parts collection program aimed at developing a national program for monitoring dove recruitment rates. I used wings collected from this program during 2005-2008, in addition to wings collected in parallel as part of a national mail survey by the US Fish and Wildlife Service in 2007 and 2008, in analyses in Chapter 2 and 3, which make up the first section of my dissertation. I developed statistical techniques to calibrate age ratios from collected wings and to estimate population age ratios (Chapter 2 - Calibrating recruitment estimates for mourning doves from harvest age ratios). I also use these data to determine how reproduction varies geographically and how annual variation correlates with variation in weather (Chapter 3 - Range-wide estimates of mourning dove recruitment and their relationship to annual weather variation). These chapters serve as a basis for the development of a long-term operational program for monitoring mourning dove recruitment.
In addition to work on large-scale monitoring of recruitment, during the summers of 2005-2007, I initiated work with local breeding doves in central Iowa. Mourning doves offer an ideal model to examine hypotheses about parental effects and developmental plasticity as they relate to the growth and development of young. Mourning doves have an extended range both in geographical extent and across a range of habitats (McClure 1943, Hanson and Kossack 1963, Otis et al. 2008). They have a determinant clutch size of 2 eggs and one of the most protracted nesting seasons among North American birds, during which multiple nesting attempts occur. In my study areas in central Iowa during 2005-2007, nest initiations range from Mar 20 to Sept 15. Plasticity in parental effects and in growth and development of young are likely to be important for successfully breeding across the wide gradient of environmental conditions within their breeding range to which they are exposed. The work on breeding ecology presented in my dissertation is focused on two areas. First, I examined the relationship of prolactin and corticosterone levels, two important hormones affecting behavior during reproduction, to parental effort during the nestling period (Chapter 4 - Individual variation in baseline and stress-induced corticosterone and prolactin levels predicts parental effort by nesting mourning doves). Second, I examined patterns in growth and development as they related to developmental stress with a particular emphasis on the role of plasticity in affecting flight ability of juvenile doves. I focused on fledging ability, which initiates an important life history transition from nestling to fledgling stages for doves (Chapter 5 - Morphological plasticity reduces the effect of poor developmental conditions on fledging age in mourning doves) and on take-off speed as well as growth in weight and size during the post-fledging period up to 90 d of age (Chapter 6 - Immediate versus delayed effects of early nutritional stress on growth and flight ability of juvenile mourning doves).
Anonymous. 2004. Mourning dove national strategic harvest management plan. National Mourning Dove Planning Committee. 12pp.
Dunks, J.H., R.E. Tomlinson, H.M. Reeves, D.D. Dolton, C.E. Braun, and T.P. Zapatka. 1982. Migration, harvest, and population dynamics of mourning doves banded in the central management unit, 1967-1977. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special - Scientific Report - Wildlife 249.
Geissler, P.H., D.D. Dolton, R. Field, R.A. Coon, H.F. Percival, D.W. Hayne, L.D. Soileau, R.R. George, J.H. Dunks and S.D. Bunnell. 1987. Mourning dove nesting: seasonal patterns and effects of September hunting. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Resource Publication 168.
Hanson, H.C. and C.W. Kossack. 1963. The mourning dove in Illinois. Technical Bulletin 2. Illinois Department of Conservation, Illinois.
Hayne, D.W. 1975. Experimental increase of mourning dove bag limit in eastern management unit. Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners Technical Bulletin 2.
Kiel, W.H. 1959. Mourning dove management units - a progress report. Special Scientific Reports - Wildlife No. 42. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
McClure, H.E. 1943. Ecology and management of the mourning dove, Zenaida macroura (Linn.), in Cass County, IA. Iowa Experimental Station Research Bulletin 310:355-415.
Otis, D.L., J.H. Schulz, D.A. Miller, R.E. Mirarchi, and T. S. Baskett. 2008. Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
Otis, D.L., J.H. Schulz, and D.P. Scott. 2008. Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) harvest and population parameters derived from a national banding study. U.S. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Technical Publication FWS/BTP‐R3010‐2008, Washington D.C.
Riddle, O., R.W. Bates and S.W. Dykshorn. 1933. The preparation, identification and assay of prolactin - a hormone of the anterior pituitary. American Journal of Physiology 105:191:215.
Ruos, J.L. and R.E. Tomlinson. 1967. Results of mourning dove wing collection in the eastern management unit, 1966-67. U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Administration Report.
Tomlinson, R.E., D.D. Dolton, H.M. Reeves, J.D. Nichols, and L.A. McKibben. 1988. Migration, harvest, and population characteristics of mourning doves banded in the western management unit, 1964-1977. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Fish and Wildlife Technical Report 13. | <urn:uuid:345b1f36-6ec1-431d-9d0e-bb0013e49775> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/entities/publication/a4dc560f-ae5f-4717-8c23-01f1858c748a | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.882364 | 1,778 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The first two weeks of boot camp were spent learning to march more or less at the same time, salute properly, recognize Navy rank insignia, and things like that. There's a lot of classroom work, throughout.
What, you ask, is to "salute properly"? I'm glad you asked.
A proper salute should have the arm straight out from the shoulder, elbow bent at a
Some of the salutes offered by newer recruits were comical in the extreme. We saw thumbs up, down, under, folded, bent, stuck straight out, or ... well, some made you want to say, "I don't care what you think of the company commander, stop using your thumb when you salute!"
Strangely enough to the uninitiated, much time is spent learning to fold your clothes. You see, there's an old admiral in a corner of the Pentagon who invents fiendish ways to fold skivvies. He (she?) probably hasn't seen the light of day for decades. Okay, okay ... I kid.
On Navy ships, each person has a small locker. Officers have a little more space, but their quarters aren't as crowded. In the WWII era, that locker was about two feet square, and one foot deep. (My destroyer was launched in 1945, so I know this from experience.) Newer ships have actual beds, rather than canvas slings like we did, so the enlisted lockers are the size of a single mattress, and eight inches deep. Modern sailors should be glad they have no idea what the tiny lockers were like.
But uniform items must be folded just so, in order to fit in the space available. In fact, that space on older ships was engineered to fit uniforms which are properly folded, and not an inch more. Fitting in civvies along with my uniforms was tricky, so eventually I gave up and folded all my clothes like uniforms, which made things easier. But I digress.
In boot camp, we had to hem our own pants, which made me bless my mother - she wouldn't let me leave home until I learned to thread a needle, sew a hem, and sew on a button.
Thanks, Mom. :)
The third week of boot camp was called "service week". Recruits in their third week are referred to as "service weeks", and that's when they clean, mop, and staff the chow lines at the mess hall. They bus tables, wash dishes, and take out the trash.
But some of us didn't have to do that. Some of us, being of a musical bent, had other duties.
Those who could sing were encouraged to join the Navy Chorus, to perform the Bluejacket's Hymn at graduation.
Those who could play brass instruments were encouraged to join the
But most of our days were spent in a classroom setting, learning all sorts of things. Electrical safety, Naval history, how to follow sequential orders ("obey the last order first"), and shipboard safety in general. We were tested to see who could swim**, and how to stay afloat by using our dungarees as a flotation device.
We spent two days learning to put out shipboard fires. This is a biggie. Imagine you're on a ship in the middle of the ocean, and a fire breaks out.
Who ya gonna call?
Neither the Ghostbusters nor a fire department are available, so you have to take care of it. We donned appropriate gear, learned to connect fire hoses, different types of nozzles, foam applications for flammable liquids, and put out fires. We learned that crews on ships have a set terminology for fires, so that commands in those adrenaline-pumping situations are understood clearly.
And think about this: it's important to learn how to extinguish a fire quickly, without flooding the ship. Generally speaking, introducing sea water inside the ship is a BAD thing. So you learned how to operate portable pumps, to get the water back out before the ship sinks.
See? I told you it's a bad thing. :)
We marched and marched and marched, practiced the 96-count manual of arms ... what? You don't know what that is? You've seen drill teams slapping rifles to either shoulder & going through elaborate exercises in unison. Like that, without the twirling or tossing rifles back and forth.
96 consecutive moves, in unison, performed by all 80 men. We practiced until it was in unison ... and heaven help you if you dropped your "piece" (1903 Springfield battle rifles with the firing pins removed).
The final week of boot camp ... when the company no longer swayed in preparation for the first step ... when everyone started on the same foot, classes were finished, shoes were polished, creases were sharp enough to shave with, salutes were crisp ... all of which meant that we could properly follow orders ...
All this meant was we were qualified to join the fleet, and start learning what the Navy is really like. That's when our education began in earnest.
Some went to ships, but most went on to training school to learn the basics of their chosen field. But we were sailors, and life would never be same again.
* My 40-year-old memories of the situation were just corrected by PioneerPreppy in comments, below. Thanks, my friend.
** Contrary to what one might think, non-swimmers were not exempt from shipboard duty. Sailors go on ships, after all. But their service records were stamped in big black letters: NON-SWIMMER. I'm sure this made a difference to them if their ship was sinking. | <urn:uuid:4961b0a0-8180-4380-a08a-840df7eda4a6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mooseintheyard.com/2013/08/boot-camp-memories-part-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00493-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981557 | 1,176 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Getting rid of lice is a difficult problem. The products sold in stores have become less effective because lice have built up resistance to the chemicals (and who wants pesticides or neurotoxins, which kill lice by attacking their central nervous system, on your loved one’s skin?). It’s also very difficult to find all the eggs so even if just a few are missed, the cycle starts all over again.
A few years ago one of my kids had lice that we couldn’t rid of. I tried every brand of lice treatment, and went through her hair with a magnifying glass (literally), yet the lice kept coming back. Finally, out of desperation, I decided to try my own at-home treatment, and was greatly relieved when it worked the first time! And so was my daughter who hated sitting with chemicals on her head and having lice eggs pulled out. It didn’t matter how gentle I was, after hours of pulling, it became an ordeal.
Here’s how I got rid of my daughter’s lice the first time without having to comb for lice eggs:
- Buy a small bottle of Australian Tea Tree oil (make sure it contains Melaleuca). You can easily buy this online and at some drug stores and Walmart.
- Combine the Australian Tea Tree oil with hair conditioner. I used a ratio of 2 parts conditioner with 1 part oil. I was mixing small batches in my hands so that’s a rough estimate.
- Slather a thick coat of the mixture onto the hair of the infected person. Gently rub it around (not too much or you’ll irritate the scalp). Make sure there are no air bubbles or gaps for the lice to hide in. Go past the edge of the hairline. **Be careful NOT to get it in their eyes, eyelashes or eyebrows.**
- If you have a shower cap, put it over their head. Drape a towel around their shoulders to catch drips and wait 30 minutes. If the oil begins to burn the scalp, rinse immediately. **When using on small children, do NOT leave them unattended to ensure they do not touch their hair or the drips, and then accidently rub the Australian Tea Tree oil into their eyes or put in their mouths.**
- To double check if enough time has passed for the treatment to work, search for an egg. When you find one, try to remove it. If it dissolves between your fingers, it’s time to rinse the hair.
- After rinsing, shampoo as you normally would, then rinse again.
That’s it! The lice will be dead and the eggs dissolved so there will be no need to spend hours pulling them out. I hope it works as well for you as it did for my family. | <urn:uuid:80e7100b-2f32-4fcd-b5d5-f861c8ece6c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.shamanelizabeth.com/2017/03/29/get-rid-of-lice-the-first-time-diy-treatment/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.97362 | 595 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Stepper motor control using microcontroller AT89C51
Various techniques can be used to control the speed of an AC or DC motor, such as using the phase-locked-loop principles, digital inputs, or analog inputs. As we have already published the project "Digital DC motor Speed controller” controls the speed of motor by using of digital input, and "electronics motor control" used to control AC motor. Now, its time to build stepper motor control system. The project stepper motor control illustrates the use of microcontroller and switching circuit to control the speed of stepper motor. This project control the axial rotation in XY plane and to control the rotation of the motor in either XZ or YZ plane similar circuit can be added. The block diagram of stepper motor control using microcontroller AT89C51 is shown in figure 1.
The circuit of stepper motor control system is designed using microcontroller and switching circuit. The power supply is given by pressing switch SW1 which further step down by step down transformer to 7.5V and rectified by bridge rectifier made from diode D1 through D4. The rectified output is further filtered by capacitor C1 and given to pin 1 (input) pin of voltage regulator IC (IC1). The regulated output of 5V is obtained at its output pin 3. Power on-reset is provided by capacitor C3 to the microcontroller connected to pin 9 and across switch SW2.
As we know the stepper motor has four different coils so four motor driver circuits is needed. Each motor driver circuit is build from two NPN transistors (i.e. BC548 and SL100) and configured as darlington pair. The four darlington pair is connected to pin 28 through 25 (i.e. P2.4 through P2.7) as shown in circuit diagram figure 2.
A magnetic field is created around coil when transistors start conduction and as a result motor start to rotate. But when transistor stop conduction a reverse voltage (more than 100V) is produced because of magnetic field energy stored in coil is collapsed which is absorbed by diode connected across the coil.
A crystal of 11.019 MHz is connected to pin 18 and 19 with capacitors C4 and C5 as shown in circuit diagram, which is response for the clock frequency of microcontroller. The speed of stepper motor is directly proportional to frequency of the input pulses.
Formula for calculation time taken by any instruction to get executed is
Time = (C*12)/f
Where C = number of cycle
And f = crystal frequency
Program:- The source code of “Stepper Motor Control Using Microcontroller AT89C51” is written in assembly language.
Resistors (all ¼-watt, ± 5% Carbon)
R1 = 100 Ω
R2 = 100 KΩ
R3, R5, R7, R9 = 1 KΩ
R4, R6, R8, R10, R11 = 470 Ω
C1 = 220 µF/25V
C2 = 100 µF/16V
C3 = 10 µF/16V
C4, C5 = 33 pF
C6 = 100 µF/16V
IC1 = 7805 (5V regulator)
IC2 = AT89C51 (Microcontroller)
T1, T3, T5, T7 = BC548 (NPN transistor)
T2, T4, T6, T8 = SL100 (NPN transistor)
D1 – D8 = 1N4001 (rectifier diode)
LED1 = RED LED (5mm dia.)
X1 = 230V/50Hz or 100V/60Hz primary to 0-7.5V, 1A sec. step down transformer
SW1, SW3 = on/off switch
Sw2 = push to on switch
= 5V DC stepper motor | <urn:uuid:219de847-d518-472d-a0ae-9344ee94fa79> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://electronicsproject.org/stepper-motor-control-using-microcontroller-at89c51/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00007-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873618 | 833 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The Definitive EMS Airway Course• Learn the full range of airway management techniques — including use of video laryngoscopes & other advanced imaging devices, extraglottic devices, drug-assisted intubation and cricothyrotomy.• Work with an expert faculty who knows the unique challenges facing EMS providers.• Use all of the airway devices in small group sessions.• Practice decision-making and airway techniques in Code AirwayTM stations.• Face the most challenging patient scenarios in a no-risk environment. These include: elevated ICP, pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock, status asthmaticus foreign body in the airway, direct airway trauma, multiple trauma with shock, and many more.Didactic and Hands-on Training• Prediction of the Difficult Airway• Video Laryngoscopy and other advanced imaging devices• Medication-assisted Intubation (including RSI and RSA)• Pediatric intubation• Endotracheal tube introducers (bougie)• Cricothyrotomy• Extraglottic devicesCE CreditsThis continuing education activity is approved by the CECBEMS.This continuing education is approved by First Airway, LLC, an organization accredited by the Continuing Education Coordinating Board for Emergency Medical Services (CECBEMS). CECBEMS Activity #14-FirstAir-F2-0001. CEH Number and Type: 16.0 Advanced.16.0 Contact Hours have been provided by the Air & Surface Transport Nurses Association (Certificate #2015-23). ASTNA is an approved provider for the California Board of Registered Nursing CEP 13575.
Group DiscountsIf your department is registering 5 or more individuals, please contact Kevin High, course director, for the group discount code. Please do this before you begin registration.
Thursday, October 27, 2016 - Friday, October 28, 2016 8:00 AM - 5:00 PMCentral Time
Sumner County EMS255 Airport RDGallatin, Tennessee 37066USA(615) 451-0429
Vanderbilt LifeFlightHome PageVanderbilt LifeFlight
Cvent Online Event Registration Software | Copyright © 2000-2017 Cvent, Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:914f15a9-cf24-4344-9e8d-63587fc4e43a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cvent.com/events/the-difficult-airway-course-ems-/event-summary-8be363127911462e83800b97ba0cd3f2.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00039-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.821467 | 462 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Quinoa -- pronounced keen-wah -- is a tiny, round, nutritious grain. The flavor of quinoa is a cross between brown rice and couscous, with a texture that's a combination of crunchy, creamy and fluffy, according to Food.com. Quinoa cooks quickly, in 15 minutes, and a cup of dry yields 3 cups cooked. Prior to cooking, rinse quinoa several times to rid the grain of bitter-tasting saponins, natural substances that cling to the grain's hull.
Quinoa is high in protein, and a good source of fiber, iron, magnesium and potassium. One cup of cooked quinoa contains 222 calories, 8 g of protein, 39 g of carbohydrates -- of which only 3 g are sugar -- 5 g of fiber, 3 mg of iron, 118 mg of magnesium, 318 mg of potassium, 78 mcg of folate, 3.5 g of fat and zero cholesterol.
High-Quality, Complete Protein
Quinoa contains complete, high-quality protein that includes all nine essential amino acids. It is especially rich in lysine, which is important for tissue growth and repair. With 8 g of protein per cup, quinoa surpasses rice, which has 5 g per cup and barley with 3.5 g.
Whole Grain Goodness
Quinoa and other whole grains are rich in vitamins, minerals and fiber, unlike refined grains -- such as white rice and white flour -- which are stripped of their germ and bran. Whole grains are absorbed slowly during digestion, providing a sustained source of energy. Quinoa has 5.2 g of fiber per cup, or about 20 percent of the recommended daily amount. Fiber helps lower harmful LDL cholesterol, controls blood sugar and insulin response and keeps the bowels healthy by preventing constipation and diverticular disease.
Quinoa is low in gluten, so it's a suitable grain for those with celiac disease who can't tolerate wheat, barley, rye and many other grains.
Incorporating into Diet
Use quinoa as you would rice, couscous or pasta. Add dried fruits and nuts and enjoy it as a breakfast cereal. You can add it to vegetable soups, or use it as a substitute for bulgur in tabbouleh salad. Quinoa flour can boost the protein content in cookie and muffin recipes.
- Quinoa image by bbroianigo from Fotolia.com
This article reflects the views of the writer and does not necessarily reflect the views of Jillian Michaels or JillianMichaels.com. | <urn:uuid:6fc2119e-d52a-46a1-8c8d-f029b353c7c3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://livewell.jillianmichaels.com/quinoa-nutrition-5550.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00065-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917148 | 527 | 2.671875 | 3 |
|Heaton, Michael - Mike|
|Chitko mckown, Carol|
Submitted to: Animal Genetics International Conference Proceedings
Publication Type: Abstract only
Publication Acceptance Date: 3/14/2000
Publication Date: N/A
Citation: Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Interleukin (IL)-8 encodes a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity by attracting and activating neutrophils in the early stages of host defense against bacterial invasion. This report estimates the genetic structure of commercial cattle populations for the IL8 locus, a requisite for studies designed to test whether IL8 alleles are ecorrelated with infection phenotypes. Five previously unknown single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) markers were identified by electrophoretic DNA sequencing of two IL8 introns that were amplified from a novel collection of 96 individuals representing 17 popular cattle breeds. Assays for automated genotype scoring by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) were developed and used to independently verify the five new SNP alleles and two previously known SNPs. These MALDI-TOF MS assays were used to determine the allele and genotype frequencies of breed groups in the SNP discovery panel. Three haplotypes for the set of seven SNPs were assigned and confirmed by analyzing segregation in 313 individuals from MARC reference population. Two additional haplotypes were unambiguously deduced from a homozygous sire and an allele cloned from a heterozygous sire, respectively. A sixth haplotype was identified in a related species, American bison, but was not present in the group of cattle analyzed. The identification of IL8 haplotype structures from commercial populations and the development of robust automated genotype assays provides a means for efficiently using IL8 markers in a variety of genetic studies in production environments. | <urn:uuid:ba51f684-7ec9-423a-a26a-1995fb05f5ec> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=113208 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00200-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932367 | 402 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Youngsters who do not get enough sleep on a regular basis are more likely to be 1 overweight, a recent study has found Conversely, children got more shut-eye, they had a lower body mass index (BMI) and a significant drop in their risk of being overweight, the researchers found. BMI is a measure of body fat based on weight and height. The investigators also found lower BMIs resulted from decreases in fat, indicating that poor sleep has negative effects on body composition.
In conducting the study, Rachael Taylor, PhD, a research associate professor in the department of human nutrition at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand, and colleagues followed 244 children from the age of three years to seven years.
Every six months the children's weight, height, BMI and body composition were measured, and their sleep and dietary habits were recorded. The children also wore accelerometers (devices that monitor body movement) to assess their level of physical activity. Additional factors known to be associated with BMI in kids were also taken into account, such as the children's birth weight and their mother's level of education and income.
The study, published in BM), revealed that the children got an average 11 hours of sleep per day. Those who consistently slept less, however, had an increased risk of having a higher BMI by the time they turned seven years old. On the other hand, among three-to five-year olds, each extra hour of sleep per night was linked to a reduction in BMI of 0.49 and a 61% drop in the risk of being overweight or obese by the age of seven.
Dr. Taylor and colleagues concluded that sleep plays a critical role in children's body composition. Prolonged lack of sleep, they found, may cause children to eat more and exercise less. Based on these findings, the study's authors suggested that good sleep habits should be encouraged in children as a matter of public health.
The researchers noted that more research is needed to determine whether more sleep or better sleeping patterns contribute to healthier children.
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Already have an account? Sign in | <urn:uuid:c3b7d37d-5d8a-4bca-8d7b-0381cd0d71d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.healthconfidential.com/kids-who-sleep-more-weigh-less/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.974699 | 449 | 3.703125 | 4 |
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Full Tilt Prezi- 2013
Transcript of Full Tilt Prezi- 2013
By: Neal Shusterman
Prezi By: Shalin Berman
The story Full Tilt occurs in a
phantom theme park at around
2:30 in the morning. Full Tilt takes
place in the present time.
These details made me feel anxious and intrigued about what will happen next in the story.
The main characters in Full Tilt are Blake, Quinn, and Cassandra.
Blake's conflict is to survive seven deadly rides by dawn, each representing a personal fear; also while trying to save his brother.
Quinn's conflict is to escape the mirage carnival, while trying to find a place where he fits in.
Cassandra's conflict is to stop Blake from completing all seven rides before dawn.
Quinn fell into a coma
Moments after Quinn got into a heated argument with Blake, Quinn fell into a coma and was transported to the hospital.
While Quinn was in the coma, Blake saw in his eyes, that his presence was at the amusement park.
Plot Overview Continued
Complete Seven Rides
Shortly after Blake, Maggie, and Russ arrived at the theme park, they were informed that they had to finish seven rides before dawn.
Plot Overview Continued
Cassandra gave Blake a concluding ride to surpass, which if completed, would allow Blake's friends, and brother to be released.
Man v. Self
Blake struggled to recollect a bus accident that occurred in his past and was fighting with himself to remember.
Man v. Man (Woman)
Cassandra gave Blake many hardships to prevent him from completing the seven rides before dawn.
Blake was able to avoid being absorbed into the amusement park. He would often recenter his focus on the task of defeating the ride.
Blake would use memories as a weapon to outsmart Cassandra and any other obstacles that were put in his way.
"The sun rises and we close our gates," Cassandra said.
"If you're not out of the park by dawn, then you stay."
"I finally got the picture. Die on the ride and you're part of the scenery. Get caught alive, and you're a slave of the park."
Tone Quote Description
This quote demonstrates the seriousness of the tone. It is a necessity to finish seven rides before morning, or else you are a permanent guest.
"Now I'm standing at the back of the bus. The world seems to stop, poised on the moment the way the bus is perfectly.............."
".......balanced on the edge of the cliff. Balanced. I am the balance."
This quote describes Blake's character. In every situation he is put into, he is the balance.
"Face your fears and don’t let them stand in your way." In Full Tilt, Blake's memory of the teetering bus reintroduces itself multiple times........
.......until he is finally forced to confront it, and after he did, Blake and his friends were released from the dreadful theme park.
Full Tilt made me feel as if I were on the rides, following Blake on his adventure. I have ridden on some of............
........the rides Blake had to surpass, but definitely not as vigorous. I feel that fear is baggage, and if you keep reminding yourself about it, you will be weighed down.
Personal Response Continued
The pictures of the characters are my interpretation of what I think they looked like. Also there is no italicize on Prezi, so I put my theme in quotation marks. Thanks for watching. | <urn:uuid:d4b474f2-40ba-4ac6-87fe-3a5a53a4b3ce> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://prezi.com/c7iw6cw_xndw/full-tilt-prezi-2013/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00467-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95379 | 877 | 1.625 | 2 |
Electrical troubleshooting can be a very complicated and deep subject. Thankfully, the general steps can be simplified.
The first step is to determine what’s the problem. This usually means understanding how the system works so you can identify which part is not working as intended.
The next major step is to form a hypothesis on how to fix the problem. Then, the next step is to implement the hypothesized repair solution.
After you have done the repair, you will have to verify if the problem is corrected. If your repair is successful, then you can move to the next step. If not, then you will have to formulate another repair plan based on the new information you have acquired. And, try again until successful.
The last step is to determine the root cause of the problem. By doing so, you can place measures so the problem won’t arise again or at least significantly minimize its occurrence.
As you can see, electrical troubleshooting is very reliant on the knowledge of the subject. In fact, if you don’t understand electrical components and engineering, you won’t know which part is broken. If you don’t know which part is broken, then you can forget about fixing it. Thankfully, A & B Electric, LLC, is here to help you with any of your electrical troubleshooting needs.
A & B Electric, LLC, has been serving Denver, CO and surrounding areas, for more than 20 years. Our company has extensive experience in implementing safe and effective electrical troubleshooting techniques, methods, and strategies. Most importantly, A & B Electric, LLC offers fair and affordable rates. If you are currently in need of help with any electrical-related problems such as power and lighting, electrical inspection, new electrical construction and remodeling, and electrical service panel upgrade and replacement, contact A & B Electric, LLC, right now, and ask us how we can help you. | <urn:uuid:53fe74b8-ebe7-421a-bb7b-6e3361aff325> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://abelectricpro.com/electrical-troubleshooting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.943579 | 398 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Yoga Burn Before And After Pictures
With fitness being such a warm subject in today’s world, it’s not surprising that that several people spend a substantial quantity of their time searching for the best exercise regimen and also set of exercises to obtain themselves in shape.
Yoga has actually generally been one of the world’s most popular fitness methods, as well as while that appeal stays to today, many people pass over Yoga when they are trying to reduce weight or tone up their muscular tissues. Yoga Burn Before And After Pictures This is due to the fact that Yoga is typically taken a relaxing physical fitness technique and something to boost versatility, not Burn calories.
These thoughts concerning Yoga may cling some extent, yet it truly depends upon the sort of Yoga that you are engaging in. This is where the Yoga Burn system can be found in. The Yoga Burn routine is thoroughly developed with vibrant sequencing Yoga (much more on this later) by specialist Yoga trainer Zoe Bray-Cotton.
With the help of the Yoga Burn system, several individuals have actually discovered just how to lose weight, improve their versatility, and raise muscular tissue tone, all from the benefit of their residence. This testimonial will review the distinct advantages of the Yoga Burn routine and provide you a failure of the pros and cons of the system so you can determine whether the Yoga Burn system is the right selection for you.
What Is Yoga Burn?
Yoga Burn is an one-of-a-kind house exercise training course that is created to assist women lose weight, tone their muscle mass, and enhance their versatility. Specifically made to be modern and also enable people to accumulate their strength and also comfort with each position normally, Yoga Burn gives a 12-week system for women to comply with. By the end of the program, the majority of people discover that they have slimmed down, appear much more toned, and have better stamina than when they began the program Yoga Burn Before And After Pictures.
Yoga Burn utilizes dynamic sequencing Yoga as well as repeating of classes to aid you accumulate your toughness and also gradually guide you with each phase of the program. Prior to you recognize it, you will have the ability to perform more intermediate Yoga actions as well as will certainly be making use of your new, toned appearance.
That Is Zoe Bray-Cotton?
Zoe Bray-Cotton is an expert Yoga instructor with over 10 years of experience crafting unique Yoga programs for females that intend to slim down, tone their muscular tissues, as well as improve adaptability. Bray-Cotton has assisted to promote dynamic sequencing Yoga, the particular sort of Yoga made use of in her Yoga Burn system, in order to aid ladies be challenged as they relocate via the lessons and Burn calories without any unique health club devices or weightlifting required.
Bray-Cotton strives to make her fitness workouts accessible to women all over by providing her courses in a home exercise version. She is also responsible for developing the Yoga Burn Instagram community where females can discover physical fitness pointers and assistance during their health and fitness journeys with the Yoga Burn system.
The Yoga Burn System
The Yoga Burn system offers three various phases for you to advance via, a crucial element of dynamic sequencing Yoga. Every one has a various emphasis and improves the stage prior to it to fully accumulate your toughness, maintain melting calories, as well as urge competency of the training course product. You can advance from one phase to the next as soon as you really feel comfy and also positive with your current phase’s program product.
The first phase of the program, ‘Foundational Flow,’ focuses on developing strong Yoga foundations. Yoga Burn Before And After Pictures this stage will certainly assist you discover just how to raise your flexibility and also will certainly work to increase your metabolic rate at a slow-moving price that is excellent for newbies. It supplies an easy means for those without any experience in Yoga to end up being familiar with the presents used in the Yoga Burn program while minimizing the general chance of injury.
The center stage of the Yoga Burn system, ‘Transitional Circulation,’ improves the Yoga essentials that you found out during the structure phase. This helps you develop your stamina and also versatility along with increasing the calories that you Burn during each workout. The transitional circulation stage also introduces new poses as well as allows you to see adjustments in your muscular tissue tone by the end of the stage.
The last phase of this program, ‘Proficiency Circulation,’ relies upon the stamina, adaptability, and boosted Yoga Burn Before And After Pictures metabolism from the previous Yoga Burn stages to increase the exercise. In the mastery flow stage, you will Burn more calories, learn more intermediate and sophisticated Yoga series, and also begin to see genuine adjustments in your body by the end of the stage.
The Advantages and disadvantages of the Yoga Burn System
Just like all fitness programs, the Yoga Burn system has its own set of advantages and disadvantages that you should understand. Thoroughly review both of these elements, as this will certainly aid you make the most enlightened choice feasible about this product.
The following listing of pros considers every one of the advantages that you may have the ability to potentially experience when spending your money and time into the Yoga Burn system.
- The Yoga Burn system starts slow-moving and is planned for newbies. In between the position tutorials and the unique phasing of the program, you will learn exactly how to regulate as well as enhance your core.
- The Yoga Burn system does not require any previous technique or experience with Yoga, as well as it is a wonderful option for any person who wishes to lose weight, tone muscular tissues, as well as rise adaptability.
- With the Yoga Burn system, you won’t need to stress over mosting likely to a health club, paying health club subscription costs, or finding out how to make use of unique tools. The entire practice happens on a yoga floor covering, and since it is created for a home workout, you can obtain fit in any kind of setting that you pick.
- When contrasted to a health club membership, the Yoga Burn system is fairly cost-friendly, and also lots of individuals in your family can easily take part in it.
- You can conveniently tailor the Yoga Burn program. You can enhance or decrease the period of the program along with the size of each individual lesson. You can advance with the stages gradually or swiftly relying on your needs, lifestyle, and also body condition.
- Yoga Burn is easy on the joints and also is designed to considerably boost your body’s strength, all the while melting calories. This makes it a safe house exercise and decreases the general risk of physical fitness injury.
- Digital duplicates enable the program to be played anywhere around your home, permitting you to work out in a completely personal area or move your Yoga technique right into a living room so every person can Yoga Burn Before And After Pictures have a try at the one-of-a-kind Yoga Burn system.
- Yoga Burn is a physical fitness system only and doesn’t dictate what you need to be eating. You can customize your meal strategy to help supplement the weight-loss motivated by the program as well as can comply with a diet plan that functions completely for your way of living and also requirements. This allows the results of the program to be a lot more vibrant.
- Zoe Bray-Cotton is a specialist Yoga instructor with more than ten years of experience. Her course is specifically designed to be modern and also simple to follow, as well as you will be able to take advantage of clear, useful explanations of each position.
Make sure to assess the following checklist of cons very carefully in order to understand any kind of drawbacks or negatives about the Yoga Burn system that may be dealbreakers for you or your way of living.
- The Yoga Burn system is not developed to be an automated weight loss system or something that you can only place half an initiative right into. It is a progressive workout program that ought to be complied with for at least the entire twelve weeks if you intend to see the very best results. That being said, you may see outcomes faster than twelve weeks or a little bit behind twelve weeks, but regardless, you will need to be able to make use of the system consistently.
- Each 45-minute course is not an one-of-a-kind collection of poses for the entire time. Rather, each video will certainly be a fifteen-minute course that you repeat three times. Rep is an essential part of the program and also enables you to progress, yet some people may prefer to have a completely Yoga Burn Before And After Pictures special 45-minute period rather than the three fifteen-minute chunks.
- The Yoga Burn system is made for beginners and also those who have had no Yoga experience in the past. If you are a sophisticated Yoga pupil or you have a strong history of health and fitness, this program might not be the very best choice for you as well as likely will not be testing enough to see significant enhancements in your physical fitness degrees or Yoga technique.
Yoga Burn Frequently Asked Questions
These frequently asked questions can sum up important facts about the Yoga Burn system and also put to rest any remaining worries that you might have concerning buying the Yoga Burn routine.
Just How Does Yoga Burn Job?
As stated above, the Yoga Burn system uses a special design of vibrant sequencing Yoga to educate your body. Each move improves previous ones so you can proceed from beginner-oriented movements to more advanced Yoga postures effortlessly while toning your muscle mass and also burning calories. The program has three phases that all job to maintain your mind involved as well as your body adjusting and changing to reduce weight and also help tone your body.
Who Is Yoga Burn Intended For?
The Yoga Burn system is planned for any person that intends to drop weight, tone muscle, and also build up their versatility without investing lengthy hrs in the fitness center and needing to utilize workout tools or weights. Yoga Burn is planned to revitalize your house exercises and also can conveniently fit into your daily routine, so you do not require to stick to any kind of stringent routine and attempt to function mosting likely to a gym into your day. Instead, determine when you want to adhere to along with the video clips and get to function whenever you are ready.
Can You Do Yoga Burn While Pregnant?
Yes, it is possible for you to adhere to the Yoga Burn system while expectant. Each video clip in all of the stages of the program comes with a listing of modifications, so you can quickly carry out the workouts throughout all phases of pregnancy. Furthermore, Yoga Burn may aid you come back into form and also start reclaiming your adaptability after having your child, as all of the exercises can be done at your pace from the convenience of your house.
When Can I See Results From Yoga Burn?
Like with practically every other health and fitness program, the outcomes you get will vary based on the private as well as other elements, such as diet regimen, genetics, as well as any other exercises you may be doing while participating in the Yoga Burn program. The Yoga Burn system is created to provide you results in the fastest amount of time, and several individuals do start to see outcomes within a month or 2. You might also see increased flexibility, even more muscle mass tone, as well as boosted strength within this very same timeline Yoga Burn Before And After Pictures.
Suppose Yoga Burn Doesn’t Function?
Sometimes, even the best exercise programs just do not suit your way of life as well as can’t help you reach your physical fitness objectives. If that holds true with Yoga Burn, you can conveniently access a reimbursement for your purchase if you speak to the client service line with email or by calling their toll-free number within sixty days after your acquisition. A reimbursement will certainly be provided to you within forty-eight hrs, as well as you can continue on your look for the best health and fitness program without shedding any of the cash you spent into this program.
Our Last Thoughts on Yoga Burn
The Yoga Burn system is a distinct means to lose weight, condition your muscular tissue, and improve your adaptability. The program is designed especially for ladies to help them Burn calories as well as attain their wanted fitness goals all from the comfort of their homes. Although like lots of workout programs, results are diverse and depend upon a variety of variables independent of the program, we offer the Yoga Burn system a favorable review.
This program is simply the best level for beginners and aids you to develop your toughness and also versatility slowly, all while losing weight. This program is unbelievably valuable for individuals who don’t have accessibility to a gym or don’t wish to invest in pricey tools.
If you select to integrate this program with a details diet that fits your way of living as well as follow closely to the program (including rest days as well as working out on the days where you aren’t adhering to the Yoga Burn courses), you will likely be able to attain terrific results by the end of the twelve-week program for a much cheaper expense than joining a health club or attending an in-person Yoga training course. | <urn:uuid:23056cd5-31af-4794-8df4-7d34d512641b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://garrisonbrewery.com/yoga-burn-before-and-after-pictures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.958931 | 2,724 | 1.5 | 2 |
Are there mosquitoes in Italy? Yes. And when they are around they are the bane of my life. After more than a decade and a half of dealing with them in Tuscany, this is my advice on how to avoid them ruining your holiday.
Do you get mosquitoes in Italy?
Where Do You Find Mosquitoes in Italy? Unfortunately, they are found in most parts of Italy at certain times of the year. One of the many reasons I love living in Courmayeur in the Italian Alps is that they are rare at altitude. Above 2000 meters they are pretty much unheard of.
Why are mosquitoes so bad in Italy?
But the downfall of keeping your windows open are mosquitoes. And depending on where you are in Italy, summers can be hot and muggy which are perfect breeding grounds for mosquitoes in Italy especially in the lowlands of the Veneto and Tuscany and on the islands and coastal towns.
Does Venice Italy have a lot of mosquitoes?
Venice’s lagoon is infamous for its dreaded mosquitoes, zanzare. If you’re prone to bites and visiting in summer take some insect repellent or a repelling device with you, or buy them in a local supermarket.
Do you get mosquitoes in Rome?
In my experience, yes. Mosquitoes eat me alive and everywhere in Italy is a problem for me, including Rome. Everyone is different, some people aren’t bothered by them, but if mosquitoes are attracted to you here, they will be there too.
What month is the best to visit Italy?
The best time to visit Italy is during spring (March-May) and autumn (September-November), when the temperatures are comfortable and there are fewer crowds. Wildflowers in early April and rising temperatures through to the end of June are a real draw.
What should I wear in Italy?
Skirts, capris, or (dressy) shorts are essential; a nice top or a dressy blouse and a hat will complete the look. Choose light colored clothing to avoid scorching in the blaring heat. Cotton, linen, and rayon fabrics are best. If you go to the seaside, pack a colorful bikini.
Are Tiger mosquito bites worse?
The bites of the tiger and bush mosquito are not more painful or worse than those given by the native mosquitoes. At the site of the bite, there is some reddening and swelling, and the skin itches.
Is malaria in Italy?
Italy was declared free of malaria by the World Health Organization in 1970. However, the mosquitoes that transmit malaria, specifically Anopheles labrachiae, An.
Which mosquito repellent works best?
Quick Answer: Best Mosquito Repellents
- Best Overall: Sawyer Premium Insect Repellent.
- Best DEET: OFF! …
- Best Natural: Repel Plant-Based Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent.
- Best Wipes: Cutter Family Mosquito Wipes.
- Best Ultrasonic: Neatmaster Ultrasonic Pest Repeller.
- Best Candle: Repel Insect Repellent Citronella Candle.
Does Venice smell?
Venice is well known for its smell. Its stinking canals in summer can be almost as overwhelming as its beauty – and both are man-made.
Where does the poop in Venice go?
Most of Venice’s sewage goes directly into the city’s canals. Flush a toilet, and someone crossing a bridge or cruising up a side canal by gondola may notice a small swoosh of water emerging from an opening in a brick wall.
How is sewage handled in Venice Italy?
Nowadays, over 7,000 septic tanks collect the city’s sewage. Septic tanks allow for sewage treatment so that liquid waste will not pollute the water when reaching a canal. There are also special boats designed to empty septic tanks of solid and fat sediments.
Are mosquito bites in Venice dangerous?
In the Venetian lagoon, the season of mosquitoes is quite long. … Be aware, they are small and vicious and if you do not pay attention and you do not use a repellent, you may end up with both legs covered in mosquito bites in just a few seconds.
How do you stop tigers from biting mosquitoes?
The most effective way to prevent contact with Asian tiger mosquitoes is to eliminate areas of standing water around the home, such as baby pools, flowerpots and birdbaths. Homeowners should also screen all windows and doors and keep gutters free flowing.
How do you beat mosquitoes?
Effective ways to kill mosquitoes include removing breeding grounds, encouraging predators, applying an agent containing BTI or IGR, and using traps. Insect repellents and bug zappers don’t kill mosquitoes. | <urn:uuid:1b4069ac-a57a-4536-a2c9-0cac67f05ade> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dreamingsophiabook.com/travelers/are-mosquitoes-bad-in-italy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.931516 | 1,007 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Safety Stations Eye Wash Station
1 Safety Stations
2 Eye Wash Station If you get something from the lab in your eye— Run some water through the eyewash fountain before you use it. Retract your eyelid (hold it open); Don’t squint your eyes this restricts water access. Run fresh water over your eye for several minutes. Go to the school nurse immediately afterward.
3 Fire Blanket – Take the blanket out of the wall holder. – Wrap it around the victim to smother the fire.
4 Fire Extinguisher USAGE: – Then pull “KEY” out – Raise the nozzle in order to direct the stream of carbon dioxide The CO 2 will cool the fire, and restrict oxygen The fire, lacking oxygen, should go out. – Squeeze the handle to begin operation.
5 Running water | <urn:uuid:ebc6a66d-a2bf-46f1-8c54-f623fac5caa6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.runwangda.net/if-you-get-something-from-the-lab-in-your-eye-run-some-water-through-the-eyewash-fountain-before-you-use-it-retract/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.866587 | 183 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Marine reserves are oceanic areas which are cordoned off to all human activities which involve commercialization of the oceanic resources. Marine reserves are areas which seek to protect the oceanic ecosystem and life-forms because of the excessive commercialization of marine resources that has been happening in these past few years.
Concept of Marine Reserves
The concept of marine reserves is a fairly new one, gaining popularity and widespread awareness in the past two-three decades. As the contemporary world seeks to find, explore and subsequently exploit the rich and abundant marine resources, the marine life-forms, flora and fauna have been the ones bearing the brunt of the fast moving pace of development of human civilisation. Therefore, in order to protect and advance the existence and survival of the natural beings of the oceans and seas, marine reserves have been started and keeping in mind the core objective of their creation, marine reserves are indeed providing their optimum to safeguard the interests of the marine life-forms.
Location of Marine Reserves
There are a wide number of marine reserves scattered across the world in the areas around United States, near Africa, in the Great Barrier Reef and even a few in South America and Japan. The presence of such a large number of marine reserves is quite encouraging because the success of these marine reserves will inspire other nations to follow suit and set up their own marine reserves to protect the interests of the marine eco-system.
Benefits of Marine Reserves
When it comes to evaluating and measuring the importance and benefits offered by marine reserves, it has to be noted that the importance and benefits that are offered by marine reserves are, more often than not, inter-related and overlapping. By providing a safeguard to quite a few threatened life-forms in the oceanic areas, marine reserves offer the benefit of supporting the existence of such threatened creatures for a really long and extended period.
Additionally, by observing the migratory statistics of certain fishes and creatures, it becomes easy for the researchers and marine reserve experts to study and garner more knowledge not only about a particular species of creature or flora and fauna but also about the efficiency of a marine reserve. The efficiency aspect is very important when it comes to a marine reserve because, if a marine reserve is located in an area where predators are bound be in large numbers, it is quite possible that the life of the creatures who reside in the reserve will be threatened by the predators thus invalidating the very reason for the set-up of the marine reserve in that oceanic area. And since, the very objective of a marine reserve is to preserve and allow the marine life-forms to thrive, it would be very wrong if these issues are not monitored carefully by the experts and scientists.
Another benefit offered by marine reserves is that plants and creatures in a marine reserve zone would end up being an ocean biome with a difference. At no point of time, will the ecosystem in such a biome be affected because of human activities, thus allowing the plants and animals in the reserve to proliferate without anybody else interfering or disturbing them.
Every creature in this world has a right to live. Man, through his actions, either advertently or inadvertently has been responsible for causing undue harm to the marine ecosystem and environment. By creating a specific place for the creatures and plants to live and survive interruptedly in their natural habitat, it is only fitting that we give them back what we have taken from them, without any second thoughts about their wellness and survival. | <urn:uuid:24d5c010-50e6-44a7-b504-9dd4c7e06f04> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://crewtraffic.com/posts/16048-what-are-marine-reserves.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.964197 | 702 | 3.328125 | 3 |
PITTSBURGH - The Allegheny County Health Department is investigating a second presumed diagnosis of measles in Allegheny County.
On Saturday, the Health Department said that it is not known if the latest case is related to one reported earlier in May.
Individuals who may have been exposed to the case are being urged to report illness characterized by fever and rash.
Contacts in the person’s workplace and health care settings are being notified and efforts are underway to find others. Additional exposures to the case may have occurred at the following places and times:
- Office Building (including health care providers), 2790 Mosside Blvd. in Monroeville, main lobby or elevator, May 16, 11:30 a.m. to 2 p.m.
- Berry Quool (yogurt store) Allegheny River Blvd in Oakmont, May 17, 5 to 7:30 p.m.
- Citizen's Bank Building, 525 William Penn Place, downtown Pittsburgh, main lobby and elevator, May 19, 9 to 11 a.m. or 7:30 to 9:30 p.m., or May 20, 9 to 11 a.m. or 6 to 8 p.m.
While most people are not at risk because they have been immunized or have had measles, the following groups of individuals are susceptible to becoming infected with measles:
- Anyone born since 1957 who has not received two doses of effective measles vaccine known as MMR, which includes infants too young to have been immunized; persons who were vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine (used from 1963 through 1967) and have not been re-vaccinated; and those who refused vaccination.
- Persons whose immune systems are compromised due to disease or medication.
The Health Department is recommending the following advice to anyone who visited the above locations at the indicated times:
- If you are susceptible to measles and become ill with symptoms of measles between now and June 10, contact your primary care provider immediately and tell him or her that you may have been exposed to measles. Do not go directly to the office, urgent care center or emergency room, as this may expose other persons. Pregnant women should contact their doctor about their immune status.
Health care providers who suspect measles should call the Health Department at 412-687-ACHD (2243) for consultation and to arrange testing.
Measles is caused by a highly contagious virus. Symptoms begin seven to 21 days after exposure and include a runny nose, red and watery eyes, cough and a high fever. After four days, a raised, red rash begins on the face and spreads downward to neck, trunk and extremities. The rash usually lasts four to seven days.
An individual with measles can spread the virus to others for four days before and four days after the rash begins. It is spread by infected droplets during sneezing or coughing, touching contaminated objects, and direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions. Infected droplets and secretions can remain in the air and on surfaces for up to two hours.
Complications from measles can include ear infection, diarrhea and pneumonia, encephalitis (an inflammation of the brain), and even death. Measles can also cause miscarriages or premature delivery in pregnant women.
The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is given to toddlers when they are 12 to 15 months of age, and a second MMR vaccine is required for all Pennsylvania school children. However, individuals who have received only one dose of the vaccine, instead of the recommended two doses, may still be susceptible to the virus. Adults born during or after 1957 who have not had two doses of vaccine or documented disease should be vaccinated with one dose of MMR vaccine. The MMR vaccine also can help prevent infection if it is given within three days of exposure.
The Health Department recommends that any person who is due for measles vaccination make arrangements to receive it from their medical provider. Persons without health insurance may receive the vaccine at the Health Department's immunization clinic at 3441 Forbes Ave. in Oakland. There is no risk in getting an additional dose of the MMR vaccine for individuals who may have already received it.
Allegheny Co. Health Dept. investigating 2nd case of measles
Child killed, another injured in pit bull attack
Ho, ho, ho: Santa makes virtual stop at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh
Amazon.com scam hits shoppers before holidays
Woman caught on camera stealing Salvation Army kettle at Waycross Walmart | <urn:uuid:d96070f7-e6ea-4e63-9fdf-efdea5004baf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wpxi.com/news/local/allegheny-co-health-dept-investigating-2nd-case-me/140248756 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00391-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96705 | 921 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Businessweek had an interesting article on how to deliver a presentation like Steve Jobs. Here is a summary of the ten ideas that can help improve any presentation:
Set the theme: once you identify your theme, make sure you deliver it several times throughout your presentation.
Demonstrate enthusiasm: next time you’re crafting or delivering a presentation, think about injecting your own personality into it. If you think a particular feature of your product is “awesome,” say it.
Provide an outline: make a list of your key points and provide your audience with guideposts along the way. For example, say “There are four things that I want to talk about today.”
Make numbers meaningful: numbers don’t mean much unless they are placed in context. Connect the dots for your listeners.
Try for an unforgettable moment: what is the one memorable moment of your presentation? Identify it ahead of time and build up to it.
Create visual slides: inspiring presenters are short on bullet points and big on graphics.
Give ’em a show: enhance your presentations by incorporating multimedia, product demonstrations, or giving others the chance to say a few words.
Don’t sweat the small stuff: despite your best preparation, something might go wrong. Have fun. Few will remember a glitch unless you call attention to it.
Sell the benefit: your listeners are always asking themselves, “What’s in it for me?” Answer the question. Don’t make them guess. Clearly state the benefit of every service, feature, or product.
Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse: a Steve Jobs presentation looks effortless because it is well-rehearsed. | <urn:uuid:b52013c0-708e-412f-a820-ee6037eeec2b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.richardcleaver.com/2008/01/29/be-like-steve/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.920606 | 359 | 1.78125 | 2 |
As if being in space wasn't hard enough on an astronaut's body, they're forced to drink coffee in a ghastly manner.
By making balls and then sucking on them.
In a video NASA shared on Twitter, astronaut Jack Fischer said he loves coffee on Earth, calling it "pretty much my favorite thing." But due to the lack of gravity, drinking coffee in space isn't the same as making a pot of your favorite joe and drinking it in a cup.
Ergo, that's why Fischer sucks the balls. "But in space, I get to make balls out of it -- so check this out and then suck the balls," Fischer said on the video.
The entire video can be watched here:
The video was first spotted by technology website Gizmodo.
Earlier this week, NASA announced a new team of astronauts ready to go into deep space and on missions around the Earth's orbit.
The group of 12 astronauts, comprised of six military officers, three scientists, two medical doctors, a SpaceX engineer and a NASA research pilot, are NASA's largest class in nearly two decades. | <urn:uuid:4fe50d48-5e40-4412-b85b-c8eea39ee3b6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.foxnews.com/tech/to-drink-coffee-in-space-nasa-astronauts-have-to-suck-the-balls | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.958642 | 229 | 2.34375 | 2 |
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