Split (1)

train · 1.8M rows

text stringlengths 115 558k
Brand turnaround and rejuvenation Because brands are assets, companies try to make them produce earnings as long as possible. They do not believe in the brand life cycle. This is why even though their sales may have come to a minimum, or even after a number of years of inactivity, it is frequent to witness efforts to relaunch this activity. Investment funds and business angels are fond of sleeping beauties, brands whose name still evokes resonance in our memory. There are good reasons for that. As assets, these brands are still endowed with brand awareness, attributes, beliefs: it is less costly to start from these premises than to restart from scratch. This is why, for instance, in 2003 Unilever relaunched Sunsilk shampoo for the third time in Europe. Second, as old brands they capture a value enhancing emotion, nostalgia. Part of the past of many consumers in our ageing societies, they evoke the ebb of life and good times past. Some of these consumers may want to recapture these emotions, as a symbolic way to stop the passage of time (Brown et al, 2003). It is necessary to differentiate clearly between a number of close and related concepts: an old product relaunch, a reinvention, an old product facelift and a brand revitalisation: - An old product relaunch consists in taking a product from the past and selling it as it was. In 2001, Wal-Mart listed a new and unknown brand, Lorina. This brand comes from a small company selling lemonade. For all distributors, lemonade is a commodity: the cheapest is the better. One litre of standard lemonade is sold at around a quarter-euro. Lorina sells it for s4. It has recreated the exact lemonade people used to drink in the 1950s, with a typical glass bottle, a very specific cap and a recipe from that time. Who are the buyers? People of 50 and older. - An old product reinvention is the new VW Beetle. No one, except collectors, would be prepared now to drive an old Beetle: it is too insecure and uncomfortable by modern standards. This is why Volkswagen decided to reskin it a little while keeping its unique design, and to completely revise all its functionalities to match a modern consumer’s bottom-line expectations. Whoare the buyers? Old consumers and those younger people who are willing to adhere to the brand community. - Brand revitalisation in the narrow sense consists of recreating a consistent flow of sales, putting the brand back to life, on a growth slope again. When the brand is made up of many products, we shall see that this typically entails two actions in parallel: keeping the old typical product globally as it is (to keep its franchise) and reinventing it for new and younger consumers (that is to say asking the question, what would this product be today, if we had to invent it from scratch for the needs of modern consumers?). - Brand facelifts (Lehu, 2006) are part of the revitalisation process. They refer to an upgrading of the performance and/or design of the brand to keep up with the competition. A lot of people are interested in brand revitalisation: The decay of brand equity - Young investors or venture capitalists who buy an ailing brand at low price, often an old brand, with the objective of reselling it in a few years at a profit, after revitalising it. - Small businesses that will never have enough money to create their own brand, but are willing to buy the name of a formerly active brand for a reasonable price. For instance, 10 years after having stopped selling the European yogurt brand Chambourcy, Nestlé thought it could sell it. A small company bought it, but the fact that the name was still known did not guarantee the success of the revitalisation, and it soon went out of business. A brand alone without a viable economic equation is of no use. (Nestlé had, of course, put a number of restrictions on the use of the brand, since it did not want to find it competing against itself). In addition, the sales of a brand are the result not only of the attractiveness of that brand to consumers, but also of the muscles of the corporation operating it. Modern mass retailers also tend to value much more the capacity of a company to sustain competition, and to deliver products efficiently to their storage facilities, than its possession of a known but old brand. - Large companies are also interested in revitalizing old brands, but only if these brands are not perceived as old, that is to say as brands with no relevance for today, associated exclusively with older consumers. This is how Ford bought Jaguar and had to invest as much again into putting it back to use as a marque for quality cars. - Global companies might buy a leading local brand in order to ease and finance the local development of their international stars. The local brand is a door opener with local distribution. However, it is often found that these so-called local leaders present the clear symptoms of ageing (no innovation, too few younger clients, little challenge of the past practices, no systematic upgrading of packages, designs and communication). Although they may have ceased their commercial activity, brands do not immediately lose their assets. Learnt through time, their brand image is not erased from consumer’s long-term memories. Indeed, after many years a brand can still evoke a number of positive or negative associations. What is lost however is the key brand asset: brand salience, the capacity of the brand to be evoked spontaneously in consumer’s minds as soon as the need to buy the product type appears. This is why belonging to the consumer ‘evoked set’ (or consideration set) is a key measure of brand equity, signifying both brand presence and its perceived unique relevance for that need. Table below illustrates how brand equity decays over time. Brand X is a FMCG food brand in a very popular category (with almost 100 per cent penetration). Until recently, this brand was the number two in its market. Then it was bought by market number three, which immediately sold all Brand X’s factories so that the acquisition of the brand paid off immediately. Most important, it discontinued its activity and as a result became the market number two in volume and number one in value. Eight years after the end of any kind of commercial activity, the brand equity had not disappeared. Top-of-mind awareness had dropped from 13 per cent to 5 per cent and aided awareness from 86 per cent to 55 per cent. Interestingly, there are still 13 per cent of consumers who declare that they have bought it at least once over the preceding 12 months. This latter figure casts doubts on the validity of such indicators of brand equity in this FMCG category: it seems to be a mere reflection of spontaneous awareness. How brand equity decays over time How much would this brand be worth if its owner decided to sell it? Not far from zero. The owner would never take the risk of selling it so that it could be revived in its own market. Out of this market, it is just a name with faded remote credentials: there will be no buyer. Could the owner itself revitalise that brand? Probably in specific segments or niches. As far as the mainstream market is concerned, a return to the shelves would be impossible. They are now overcrowded, first by private labels, and second by the few remaining producer’s brands, which have become megabrands. Typically, a shift of channel would be possible. For instance, a drink brand might be sold via on-premise distribution (for consumption in canteens and business restaurants), if this were a channel where it could add value without meeting fierce competition. Channel and use changes are a classic form of revitalisation for this very reason. This example illustrates a fact too often overlooked: the value of a brand does not lie in its assets, but in the ability of a company to make a profitable business with these assets. After eight years of inactivity the whole commercial environment will have changed. Nature abhors a vacuum, and business does too. As soon as the brand disappears from the stores, the shelves are filled with other products from other brands, including the distributor’s own brand. In order to sell the original again, they would need to be displaced. It costs a lot to induce the modern distribution to reallocate space for a comeback, with very little guarantee of success. A brand is not enough to stage a comeback, one needs an innovation. It is clear why it is essential to prevent decline, and how a brand loses value after a period of inactivity. But what are the factors of decline?
The installation of an AC drive with an advanced software tool has dramatically cut call-outs for blockages at an Irish County Council pumping station. Control Techniques’ IPC Lite software has been fitted to a replacement Commander SK AC drive at a pumping station at Kelly’s Bay, Skerries in North County Dublin, and has cut callouts from ‘ragging’, the fouling of the pump’s impeller, from a weekly occurrence to just once since it was installed six months ago. Ragging is a long-standing nuisance that eats up thousands of hours of maintenance time in sewage pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants worldwide. At the Kelly’s Bay pumping station, two variable speed drives control main and standby pumps. “The pumping station would run for a couple of weeks and then we’d get three or four call-outs in a week,” explains Fingal County Council’s mechanical supervisor Jim McGuiness. He continues: “So, when it was time to replace one of the existing 15kW AC drives, Control Techniques’ Drive Centre in Newbridge suggested that we had IPC Lite software loaded. It has worked extremely well, before the software we switched between the two pumps weekly to spread the load from a maintenance point of view. However since August we have just run the one pump with the IPC Lite software and monitored its performance by telemetry, maintenance costs have dramatically reduced.” Call-outs for blockages to Kelly’s Bay, a distance of some 11 miles, took a team of two an average of two hours each time, a significant maintenance burden and one that has now been virtually removed. The pump now runs around the clock, with flow rates varying between 20 and 70 cu.m/hr with IPC Lite providing early warnings of ragging and initiating cleaning routines when required. IPC Lite is an in-drive solution to ragging that provides very early ‘predictive’ detection of a problem as well as initiating a client-defined cleansing cycle. It measures on-board active current unlike other systems that measure the motor’s nominal current – a measurement that can give an error of 30-40% on the real torque figure. Control Techniques’ system measures real torque every millisecond. As soon as IPC Lite sees a change in the active current profile, remedial action is taken to remove the potential blockage. In the event of a blockage, the cleaning routine is initiated. The cleaning routine is user configurable via parameters and, in addition, a manual cleanse can be triggered by staff if required. The IPC programming can be tailored to suit individual pumping stations in this case a level sensor has been added to system to trigger the pump into high speed in times of flooding.
John, Bishop of Nikiu: Chronicle. London (1916). English Translation (Pp. 1-14 CONTENTS OF THE CXXII CHAPTERS) IN the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, one God. An introduction to this Chronicle with an enumeration of its one hundred and twenty-two chapters. These accounts of the primitive events which are past and gone (the author) has put together from the chronicles of primitive generations: i.e. (the events) from Adam to Tīw (=Dido) who reigned over the Greeks and over Africa, and from the time of Rōmānōs (? = Remus) and Romulus, who reigned over Rome, of happy memory, to the end of the reign of the holy Constantine, first Christian emperor of Rome; from the accession of the sons of the great Christian emperor, the Godfearing Constantine, to the end of the Godloving emperor Jovian; and from the accession of Andejās (? Valentinian) to the end of Theodosius, the great and blessed emperor; and from the time of Arcadius and Honorius, the sons of the Godloving emperor Theodosius, to the end of the blessed emperor Anastasius; and from the days of the emperor Justin to the days of the reign of Heraclius (even) to its end; and from the time of Theodore, chief prefect of the province of Egypt, to John, monk of the convent of Sinai, who believed in the faith of the Chalcedonians. And furthermore these accounts were put together in (their) completeness by John the ascetic and Maddabbar,1 which is by interpretation, administrator, who was bishop of the town of Nakijus in Egypt, which is called Absai, And these he has put together from more extended histories, and these are (in) \|2 chapters to the number of one hundred and twenty-two, which is (thus) a chronography beginning with the generation of primitive men. CHAPTER I. Concerning the names of Adam and Eve and their children and all creatures. CHAPTER II. Concerning the names of the stars and of the sun and of the moon and the things that are found in the books of the Hebrews. CHAPTER III. Concerning those who first began to make ships2 and went upon the sea. CHAPTER IV. Concerning those who engraved astrolabes from first to last. CHAPTER V. Concerning the beginning of the building of Babylon, and those who worship the image of the horse as a god, and the beginning of the chase and the eating of animal food. CHAPTER VI. Concerning those who first eat human flesh, and him who first slew his sons, and likewise him who slew his father. CHAPTER VII. Concerning him who first took his sister and made her (his) wife. CHAPTER VIII. Concerning him who founded the city of Nineveh and who first took his mother and made her (his) wife. CHAPTER IX. Concerning him who first wrought gold and brought (it) from mines. CHAPTER X. Concerning him who first made weapons of war. CHAPTER XI. Concerning him who first made a furnace and who married two women. CHAPTER XII. Concerning him who built a city named the City of the Sun. CHAPTER XIII. Concerning him who built two cities, Abusir, the one in upper Egypt, the other in northern Egypt. CHAPTER XIV. Concerning him who built the city of Samnūd and Elbarābī, which is the house of idols. CHAPTER XV. Concerning the Greeks, who were the first to proclaim the glory of the coequal Trinity. CHAPTER XVI. Concerning those who first made a plough in the provinces of Egypt, and in what condition Egypt was at the first. CHAPTER XVII. Concerning him who first levied taxes on the country of Egypt and measured the land with a reed and made \|3 the inhabitants give (a return) to the king. And who it was that dug channels in the land for the water to flow in and the canal named Dīk. CHAPTER XVIII. Concerning him who made the waters to disappear and drained the marshes of Egypt, so that they could build cities and villages thereon and plant plantations. CHAPTER XIX. Concerning those who built three temples (? pyramids) in the city of Memphis. CHAPTER. XX. Concerning him who first made dyes for garments. CHAPTER XXI. Concerning him who made beautiful statues and worshipped them. And concerning him who founded the cities of Iconium and Tarsus. And who named Assyria Persia, and who planted trees in Egypt, and who was the first to worship the sun and the moon and fire and water. CHAPTER XXII. Concerning him who worshipped the moon only and built an altar to her as a goddess. CHAPTER XXIII. Concerning him who named Libya. And who built Tyre and who named Canaan, and Syria and Cilicia. CHAPTER XXIV. Concerning him who named the cities of Europe and built the city of Gortyna. CHAPTER XXV. Concerning him who first put beams of wood to the feet of men. CHAPTER XXVI. Concerning him who first built an altar to idols and worshipped them. CHAPTER XXVII. Concerning Melchizedek the priest, the nature of his descent : and concerning those who built Sidon and Sion, which is called Salem ; and the naming of the Jews, that is, the Hebrews. CHAPTER XXVIII. Concerning those who first invented the letters of the Greeks and the teaching of the writing of letters. CHAPTER XXIX. Concerning the deluge in Attica, and the cause of the long continuance (of the waters) upon it and of its becoming a desert. CHAPTER XXX. Concerning the condition (?) of Pharaoh before Moses and his destruction with his own in the depths of the Red Sea. . CHAPTER XXXI. Concerning him who changed the name of the \|4 town of Absāi and named it Nakijus, and the cause owing to which the river changed its course from the east and came to be on the west of the city according to the commandment of God. CHAPTER XXXII. Concerning the building of Jerusalem, and the alteration of its name into Nablos, and concerning the house of God which was built in it. CHAPTER XXXIII. He who first pursued a handicraft among the ancients. CHAPTER XXXIV. Concerning him who was the first to find an inscription and communicate it to men : and concerning him who found the teaching and who interpreted the verses which were written on the table of stone. CHAPTER XXXV. Concerning him who established the law of marriage, that men should take to wife young virgins and call them spouses: and concerning him who was the first to institute the (common) meal. CHAPTER XXXVI. Concerning him who first among the Greeks believed in the Holy Trinity as coequal in one Godhead. CHAPTER, XXXVII. Concerning those who first practised medicine in the world. CHAPTER XXXVIII. Concerning him who first built a bath in the world. CHAPTER XXXIX. Concerning him who first played on the flute and like instruments such as the horn and the trumpet. CHAPTER XL. Concerning the building of Cyzicum and the cause which led the spirits to confess the unity of the Holy Trinity and announce to all men that God should be born of a virgin. CHAPTER XLI. Concerning him who established the sanctuary of Sosthenium and the building of a church by the command of the Godloving emperor Constantine. CHAPTER XLII. Concerning the nails (of the cross) of our Lord Jesus Christ and the victory which the kings won by their means. CHAPTER XLIII. Concerning him who gave their names to the two provinces Achaia and Laconia. CHAPTER XLIV. Concerning him who named the Peloponnesus3 and built in it a city called Peloponnesus.4 CHAPTER XLV. Concerning him who built Farma and Bulkinun. \|5 CHAPTER XLVI. Concerning him who first taught playing on instruments of music. CHAPTER XLVII. Concerning him who named the island of Ephesus which is in Asia ; formerly it was named Saqālbah, but they changed its name and called it Iconia (sic). CHAPTER XLVIII. Concerning him who built the city which is named Būlmīz (= Palmyra), for5 in its neighbourhood David conquered the Philistine. CHAPTER XLIX. Concerning the cause of Nebuchadnezzar's conquest of the city of Tyre, which is an island. CHAPTER L. Concerning the Ark of God and the tables and Aaron's rod which budded and the measure of manna and the fragment of hard rocks, and concerning him who hid them from men. CHAPTER LI. Concerning the kingdom of King Cyrus and his sending back the captive children of Israel; and how Cambyses forbade them to build the temple and Yasid the Commander of the Egyptian forces provoked Cambyses and Cambyses6 slew the Egyptian officers and took away captives, which he had taken from Egypt, to his own country, and (how) the Egyptians returned a second time to their own land, and (how) after forty and one years Alexander of Macedon, called the conqueror of the world, became king. CHAPTER LII. Concerning the building of the city named Lavinia.7 CHAPTER LIII. Concerning him who was the first to build a house and call it a palace. CHAPTER LIV. Concerning him who built the city named Alba.8 CHAPTER LV. Concerning him who built Carthage. CHAPTER LVL Concerning him who built Rome and the reason they were named Romans: and concerning the origin of the formulas in demanding and decreeing, and the circuit of the courts,9 and how the army went to battle on horseback : and concerning the establishment of a place of combat for women, and the administrative decrees for the army and concerning those who are sent and those \|6 who minister to them ; and the reason on account of which our Fathers the monks of Egypt celebrated the Eucharist on the first day of every month. CHAPTER LVII. Concerning him who invented, as it appears, stamped money, which gave rise to selling and buying. And concerning the institution of prefects, magistrates, and judges. CHAPTER LVIII. Concerning him who built the city of Thessalonica. CHAPTER LIX. Concerning him who built the cities of Alexandria and Chrysopolis of Byzantium, i.e. Alexander. How he conquered Darius and took his daughter captive : and how queen Candace took Alexander prisoner when he came to her with spies (even) the messengers whom he had sent to her : and how he made her his wife. CHAPTER LX. Concerning the epoch when the Scriptures inspired by God were translated, and how many translations there were. CHAPTER LXI. Concerning him who built Antigonia, and Antioch, and Laodicea and Apamea, cities of renown. CHAPTER LXII. Concerning him who first wrote chronicles and named them. CHAPTER LXIII. Concerning him who persecuted the Maccabean saints. CHAPTER LXIV. Concerning the birth of Julius Caesar, King of Rome : and the reign of Cleopatra, and the building of a great Church named Caesarion in the city of Alexandria. CHAPTER LXV (LXVI). Concerning him who built Caesarea in Palestine. CHAPTER LXVI (LXVII). Concerning him who built the Pharos of Alexandria and made a channel through the land in order to conduct the canal of Kariūn, which is by interpretation 'ditch', so that the water came from the great river Gihon to the great city Alexandria. And concerning the passage of the water to the skilfully constructed and deep reservoir. And at what time our Lord Jesus Christ was born in the flesh. And why the Romans made their months to begin with the sixth month of the year. CHAPTER LXVII (LXVIII). Concerning him who fixed one of the 'changes' on the sixth day of the month Ter. And how Ezra, the holy man, was unjustly rejected. \|7 CHAPTER LXVIII (LXIX). Concerning the reign of the Emperor in which our Lord Jesus Christ was crucified: and concerning him who built the city Tiberias. CHAPTER LXIX (LXX). Concerning that which befell the Emperor Nero and his bitter death. CHAPTER LXX (LXXI). Concerning the Emperor Domitian and how he sent St. John the Evangelist twice into exile, and concerning his (St. John's) death : and how he built Domitianopolis, and concerning the grievous death of Domitian, and the abolition of (gladiatorial) combats and the smiting of men. CHAPTER LXXI (LXXII). Concerning the death of Ignatius, clothed (?) with God and the women who became martyrs with him : and the building of a fortress in the Egyptian Babylon. And concerning him who named it Babylon and him who made the channel for the canal called by the name of Trajan which terminates in the Red Sea, and concerning (him who built) the fortress in Manūf. CHAPTER LXXII (LXXIII). Concerning him who built Antinoź in the province of Rīf. CHAPTER LXXIII (LXXIV). Concerning him who established the decree as to fathers that they should make wills in favour of their children: and the construction of two gates in the city of Alexandria in its east and west. CHAPTER LXXIV (LXXV). Concerning him who introduced lions into Egypt and Palestine. CHAPTER LXXV (LXXVI). Concerning him who founded the usage of writing accounts and pledges that a man might be made secure. CHAPTER LXXVI (LXXVII). Concerning the reign of Diocletian the Egyptian and how he lost his reason and was exiled : and which of his sons wrought the evil. And concerning the pestilence which God brought on the idolaters till there were none to bury them. And concerning the reign of the Godloving Constantine and the achievement of the works which he wrought and the magnificence of the churches 10 in his days. And concerning him who was the first to make a qanātra11, i. e. a bridge. And concerning the finding of \|8 the cross. And concerning the building of Constantinople and its designation by this name, being called aforetime Byzantium. And concerning the faith of Gelasinus (which was produced) by a wonder which he saw, i.e. the holy baptism, and his marvellous death : and in what way the Indians came to know our Lord Jesus Christ, one God. For the holy Athanasius, the apostolic, was the first to ordain for them a bishop of India and of Yemen. And (how) there had been visible to Constantine all the days of his life an angel of God who awaked him for prayer. CHAPTER LXXVII (LXXVIII). Concerning the building of a qantarāh (sic), i.e. a bridge on the river named Pyramus: and the disaster at Nicaea, and the appearance of the holy cross at midday on Golgotha in the place where our Lord was crucified. And the tribulations which the holy Athanasius, the apostolic, had to endure at the hands of the Arians. And the exile of Liberius and the holy bishops who were with him through the evil devices of the Arians. And moreover concerning the emperor Julian, the apostate: and how he forsook the orders of the Church and became the general of the army until he acceded to the throne in the place of Gallus his brother: and how he persecuted the holy Athanasius, in order to slay him at the instigation of the heathen. And how Alexandria was deemed worthy to receive the body of St. John the Baptist, that it might dwell there and a magnificent building might be. constructed for it by the command of the patriarch Theophilus. CHAPTER LXXVIII (LXXIX). Through whom it is we know the city and family12 of Theophilus, the patriarch of Alexandria and the place of the birth of Cyril, his sister's son. CHAPTER LXXIX (LXXX). Concerning the consummation of the death of the holy martyr Domecius: and the vengeance which God brought upon Julian, the apostate, and how God punished him by the hand of the holy martyr Mercurius and how he died by an evil death. CHAPTER LXXX (LXXXI). Concerning the reign of Jovian and how the Church became glorious : and how the holy Athanasius returned to his throne with great honour: and the Church everywhere was conspicuously in the orthodox faith. CHAPTER LXXXI (LXXXII). Concerning the reign of Sallustius (? Valentinian) and his hatred of iniquity and his just and equitable \|9 judgement : and his construction of stone gates, i.e. the Heracleotis, the gates of the great river of Egypt which he had caused to be made with excessive labour. And how the ocean tide rose to Alexandria to such a height that it would have submerged the city had not the holy Athanasius the patriarch checked it by his prayers. CHAPTER LXXXII (LXXXIII). Concerning the reign of the Godloving Theodosius the elder : and the address which he pronounced before Amphilochius bishop of Iconium on the unity of the Holy Trinity. And concerning the Council which the emperor convoked in Constantinople : concerning the strengthening of the Churches. And concerning Timothy, patriarch of Alexandria, who admonished Gregory bishop of Nazianzum 13 to leave the city of the emperor Constantine and go to his own city and nominated a man named Maximus patriarch of Constantinople. And further concerning the building of the church of Theodosius at Alexandria and the church of the holy martyrs Cosmas and Damian and the martyrs their brethren. And concerning the burning by fire of the city of Antioch by the command of the emperor : and the reproof which was sent to him by the holy monk of the desert of Asqźto on this matter and the grief of the emperor regarding it. And further concerning the wine-merchants and the brothels which were suppressed in his days: and the splendour of his reign in all places, CHAPTER LXXXIII (LXXXIV). Concerning the accession of the emperors Arcadius and Honorius : and Arcadius was over Constantinople and Honorius over Home. And concerning Arcadius' love of God and the devotion of Honorius. And concerning the revolt which Alaric raised in the city of Rome. And how the sister of the emperor Honorius was taken prisoner by him. And the plundering of all the treasures of the palace. And further how Honorius quitted Rome and went to Constantinople and became the colleague of the emperor Theodosius the younger, the son of his brother Arcadius, till the day of his death. And further concerning the empress Eudocia, the consort of the emperor Theodosius the younger her family, and how the emperor made an alliance \|10 with her and took her to wife. And at what time they inscribed the name of St. John Chrysostom in the diptychs, after he had gone to our Lord. And concerning the anathema of Nestorius and the victory of Cyril. And further concerning a heathen woman of Alexandria and the tumults which she caused between the Jews and Christians in Alexandria. And how the holy Cyril took the Synagogue of the Jews and made it a church in consequence of his controversy with the Jews. And how they dragged the heathen woman through the streets till she died. And how they burned her body with fire by the command of the patriarch, Abba Cyril. CHAPTER LXXXIV (LXXXV). Concerning the massacre made by the Jews in Qīmītrā : concerning the mockery they practised against the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, when in mockery they crucified a young infant and put it to death. CHAPTER LXXXV (LXXXVI). Concerning Fīnkeser the Jew who presented himself to the Jews saying, I am Moses the chief of the prophets. CHAPTER LXXXVI (LXXXVII). Concerning the apple which they brought as a present to the emperor Theodosius and the appointment of his sister Pulcheria: and the darkness which prevailed over all the earth from morning to evening on the day that Marcian the schismatic became emperor. CHAPTER LXXXVII (LXXXVIII). Concerning the occasion when the heaven rained diran, i.e. the lightnings on Constantinople, and the fire flamed from sea to sea: and the conversion of the heathen philosopher Isocasius to the orthodox faith. And from what place came the patriarch Timotheus. And concerning the terrible pestilence which prevailed in Constantinople: and the fall of the mountain in Syria and the apostasy of Basiliscus after the manner of the Chalcedonians for corruptible goods. And concerning the reign of the emperor Zenon over the imperial city of Constantinople, and the banishment of Basiliscus for life, and the death which was inflicted on the judges because of their negligence in the administration of justice. And concerning the reign of Zenon and his command that the letter should be read in every place. And concerning Verina his mother-in-law and her warring against him till death overtook her and her adherents. CHAPTER LXXXVIII (LXXXIX). Concerning the reign of Godloving Anastasius in consequence of the prophecy of Abbā \|11 Jeremiah, an anchorite of the convent of Manūf : and the building of the stone gates of Elmūwrad and a trench in order to make a great bridge which should start from Babylon and terminate with the river. And concerning the naming of Philaletes, and the victory of the great patriarch Severus, and the banishment of Macedonius and the abrogation of the Chalcedonian Council. CHAPTER LXXXIX (XC). Concerning the banishment of the holy Severus from his throne in Antioch through the instrumentality of heretics, and the prayer which he made to God on behalf of the inhabitants of Constantinople regarding the evil that the emperor Justin had wrought, and the admonition which he heard from God. And concerning the fire which raged in Antioch and in the cities of the East: and the destruction of many oratories of the Martyrs, and all kinds of marvels which befell. And concerning the baptism of the people of the Arians (?), and the kings of India and the Elmarīts, that is, the Nubians. And of what religion they had been formerly. And concerning the earthquake in Egypt: and the Huns14 (?) without the city. And the Indians, that is the Elmākūrīds, were formerly Jews. CHAPTER XC (XCI). Concerning the manifestation of the towel and mandīl of our Lord Jesus Christ: they were found in the house of a Jew who lived in Alexandria. CHAPTER XCI (XCII). Concerning the reason of us Christians being named after the name of Theodosius, and the appearance of the Athenāwjān and their doctrine. And concerning that which the chief officials published in the market-places that there should be a memorial with them till all who wished might take. CHAPTER XCII (XCIII). Concerning the primitive building of the city of Rome. CHAPTER XCIII (XCIV). The tumults which took place in the city of Constantinople concerning the holy body of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. CHAPTER XCIV (XCV). Regarding Aristomachus the son of Theodosius of the city of Absāi and the accusation which they brought against him <before> the emperor, so that he was put in bonds. And how Chosroes the King of the Persians believed and became a Christian. CHAPTER XCV (XCVI). Concerning Galandūh, a woman of \|12 patrician rankthe name of a dignityand the vision which she clearly saw in prison daring her exile. CHAPTER XCVI (XCVII). Concerning those who were in a corner of a dwelling in the city of Mausal: and concerning the animal which appeared in the likeness of a woman in the river of Egypt. CHAPTER XCVII (XCVIII). Concerning Paulinus the magician who sacrificed to demons in a silver bowl. CHAPTER XCVIII (XCIX). Concerning him who first wrote 'In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ'. CHAPTER XCIX (C). Concerning the flood that covered the city of Antinous and of Tarsus, the capital of Cilicia, in the same night. CHAPTER C (CI). Concerning the setting of the sun at midday, and the appearance of stars and a great earthquake. CHAPTER CI (CII). Concerning Sūrīkūs the prefect who practised piety and the death which overtook him, and how the inhabitants of Constantinople chased the emperor Maurice. CHAPTER CII (CIII). How the captains of vessels were discharged of responsibility when their cargo was lost at sea. And concerning the reign of Phocas and his murders, CHAPTER CIII (CIV). How it was forbidden to appoint a Patriarch or any other Church dignitary without the consent of Phocas : and concerning the action of the people of the East and of Palestine in this matter so that the tombs (?)15 of the churches were filled with blood when the people took refuge in the baptisteries. CHAPTER CIV (CV). Concerning Theophilus of the city of Maurad: and the massacre which Phocas carried out because of his death in Antioch and Palestine. CHAPTER CV (CVI). Concerning the wife of Heraclius the elder and the wife of Heraclius the younger and Fabia16 her daughter, a virgin: and how Crispus the magistrate saved them from the impure attempts of Phocas. CHAPTER CVI (CVII). Concerning the tumults which were raised against Phocas in Egypt, in Mareotis and the city of Alexandria, and the great massacres which were made in connexion with this matter. And how they cast his statue to the ground. \|13 CHAPTER CVII (CVIII). Concerning Theophilus the Stylite and his prophecy to Nicetas17: 'Thou wilt conquer him and the kingdom of Phocas will speedily be destroyed and then Heraclius will reign.' CHAPTER CVIII (CIX). Concerning the bridge which was in the city of Dafāsher near the church of St. Mīnās. CHAPTER CIX (CX). Concerning the death of Phocas and the dispersion of the treasures of the palace: and the chastisement which Heraclius inflicted on Phocas because of the outrage he had done to his wife and daughter. CHAPTER CX (CXI). Concerning the appearance of the Moslem on the confines of Fījūm and the defeat of the Romans who dwelt there. CHAPTER CXI (CXII). Concerning the first encounter of 'Amar with the Romans at the city of 'Awn (i. e. Heliopolis). CHAPTER CXII (CXIII). How all the Jews assembled in the city of Manūf owing to their fear of the Moslem, the cruelties of 'Amar and the seizure of their possessions till (at last) they left the gates of Misr open and fled to Alexandria. And how wicked men multiplied in the beginning of wickedness and began to help ('Amar) to destroy the people of Egypt. CHAPTER CXIII (CXIV). How the people of Samnūd so flouted 'Amar as to refuse to receive him : and concerning the return of Kalādī to the Romans: and how they seized his mother and his wifenow he had hidden them in Alexandriabecause he had joined and helped the Moslem. CHAPTER CXIV (CXV). How the Moslem took Misr in the fourteenth year of the cycle and made the fortress of Babylon open its gates in the fifteenth year. CHAPTER CXV (CXVI). Concerning the death of the emperor Heraclius and the return of Cyrus the Patriarch from exile and his departure for Mesr to pay tribute to the Moslem. CHAPTER CXVI (CXVII). How God gave the Romans into the hands of the Moslem and rejected them because of their incredulity and their divisions and the persecution which they had brought on the Christians of Egypt. CHAPTER CXVII (CXVIII). How 'Amar got possession of \|14 Absādī, that is, Niqījūs: and (concerning) the flight of the general Domitian and the destruction of his army in the river, and the great massacre which took place in the city of Absādī, and in all the remaining citiestill 'Amar came to the island of Sawnā which were under the sway of Absāi and its island on the eighteenth day of the month Genbōt, in the fifteenth year of the cycle. CHAPTER CXVIII. How the Moslem got possession of Caesarea in Palestine and the trials that overtook it. CHAPTER CXIX. Concerning the great earthquake and the loss of life in Crete both in their island and in all their cities round about. CHAPTER CXX. Concerning Cyrus the Patriarch of the Chalcedoniansthe same who went to Babylon and to 'Amar the chief of the Moslem and took the tribute in a vessel and paid it into his hands. And further how 'Amar increased the taxes of the Egyptians: and concerning the death of Cyrus the Chalcedonian after he had repented of having delivered the city of Alexandria into the hands of the Moslem. CHAPTER CXXI. Concerning the return of Abba Benjamin the patriarch of Egypt from his exile in the city of Rīf (where he had been) fourteen years, and of these (he had been there) ten years because the Roman emperors had exiled him, and four under the dominion of the Moslem. And concerning the remaining history with the conclusion of the work. CHAPTER CXXII. A second epilogue concluding this history. \|15 THE holy father,18 John bishop of Nikiu,19 who put this work together, said: 'O thou that hast loved toil till thou hast acquired the love of goodness, till the love of toil, which is pain, giveth increase to all the good qualities which every zealous man covets, and for the sake of all the good qualities which constitute the eternal wisdom belonging to the Omnipotent and Lord of all; for He hath reserved it for those who come after them, that they may accomplish what they have chosen.' For this task, moreover, I am wanting in eloquence beyond all authors and feeble in discourse, though with many a testing I have tested the chosen portions. We will begin to compose this work from many ancient books, which deal with the (various) periods and the historical events, which we have witnessed also in the times to which we have come. And I have been honest (in this work) in order to recount and leave a noble memorial to the lovers of virtue in this present life. And we have left this narrative which is written in good order and in an exalted translation. Yea it is exalted beyond everything that has been by the interpretation of the translator, so that those who find it may not be without past and present gain, without portion or inheritance. CHAPTER I. We will begin with the first beings that were created; for it is written concerning Adam and Eve, that it was God who named them, but as for his children and all created things it was Adam that named them all. \|16 CHAPTER II. 1. And Seth, the son of Adam, who received wisdom from God, named five planets20: the first Cronus; the second Zeus ; the third Ares; the fourth Aphrodite; the fifth Hermes. 2. And on a different ground he named the sun and the moon. And the number of the planets was seven. 3. And, moreover, he was the first to write letters in the language of the Hebrews; for he had received wisdom from God: and he composed history in it in the times of the giants. And, moreover, he said that Ovid a wise man of the heathen and Plutarch wrote about them after the deluge.21 CHAPTER III. The sons of Noah were great and strong, (and) they began to build ships 22 and to go upon the sea. CHAPTER IV. 1. It is told regarding Cainan,23 the son of Arphaxad, who was sprung from Shem, the son of Noah, that he was a wise man and a shepherd. 2. He was the first to compose + astrolabes + (read 'astronomy') after the deluge. CHAPTER V. 1. And after him the Indians composed (it),24 and there was a man from India, named Qantūrjūs,25 an Ethiopian of the \|17 race of Ham, who was named Cush, 2. He begat Afrūd, i. e. Nimrod, the giant. He it was that built the city of Babylon. 3. And the Persians served him and worshipped him as a god, and named him after the name of the stars of heaven and called him Orion,26 that is, Dabarah. 4. And he was the first to hunt27 and eat the flesh of animals. CHAPTER VI. 1. Cronus, moreover, was a giant of the race of Shem,28 the firstborn of Noah, who was thus named after the name of the first planet, which is Cronus. 2. + And his son, named Domjos,+ 29 was a warrior, a redoubtable man and a slayer (of men). 3. He was the first to rule over Persia and Assyria: and he married an Assyrian woman, named Rhea, and she bare him two sons, Picus whom they named Zeus,30 and Ninus, who built a royal city in. Assyria, i. e. Nineveh. 4. And Cronus left his son in his kingdom and went to the west and ruled over the people (there) as they had no king. 5. And Picus his son, who was named Zeus, rebelled against Cronus his father and slew him, because he had devoured his children. CHAPTER VII. 1. And he made pregnant the daughter of + Niks+ his mother, who was named Rhea. And Picus, moreover, that is, \|18 Zeus, was the first to take his sister to wife. 2. And he begat by her a son named Belus, who resembled his grandfather Cronus. 3. And this Belus ruled in Assyria after the disappearance of his father and his grandfather Cronus. 4. And him also after his death the Persians worshipped with the gods. CHAPTER VIII. 1. And after the death of Belus, Ninus his father's brother reigned over Assyria. 2. He married Semiramis his mother and made her his wife, and established this impure custom and transmitted it to his successors : and they are + designated by this evil name + till the present day. 3. This conduct does not create a scandal amongst the Persians; for they take to wife their mothers and sisters and daughters. CHAPTER. IX. 1. After the death of Picus, Faunus, called Hermes, ruled in the west for thirty-five years. 2. And he became a silversmith. He was the first to begin to work in gold in the west, and to smelt it. 3. And when he learnt that his brothers were envious of him and wished to slay him, he became afraid and fled to Egypt, taking with him a great quantity of gold. 4. And he dwelt in Egypt and clothed himself in a beautiful robe of gold. 5. And furthermore he became a diviner, for he declared everything before it came to pass, and he gave to people money in abundance and he gave gifts in abundance to the people of Egypt. 6. And for this reason they received him with honour and called him 'the Lord of gold'. And he was honoured by them as a god. And the poor worshipped him. CHAPTER. X. 1. And there was a man named Hephaestus. He ruled over Egypt: and they made him a god. And he was warlike and full of fury. 2. And men believed that he investigated hidden things and received weapons of war from the non-existent; \|19 for he was an ironsmith and was the first to make weapons of war to fight with in time of war and stones wherewith men contended. 3. Now he was lame; (for) when going to war he fell from (his) horse and was injured and was lame all his days. CHAPTER XI. 1. And Methuselah begat Lamech, and Lamech married two wives. The name of the one was Ada and the name of the other was Zillah. 2. And Ada bare Qabel and after some time she bare Tobel who wielded the hammer in working brass and iron. 3. And Tobel the son of Lamech was a brass and iron smith before the deluge; for he had received wisdom from GodPraise be to Him. CHAPTER XII. 1. And after Hephaestus, who was named the Sun, there reigned in Egypt his son who was named the Sun after his father's name. 2. It was he who built the city of the Sun after his own name, and in it there were temples of. the supreme gods and likewise the bodies of kings. CHAPTER XIII. 1. And there was a man named Matunavis who succeeded Aiqasbera which name is by interpretation Dionysus.31 2. He built a city in upper Egypt, named Busir, and another Busir in the north of Egypt. CHAPTER XIV. Osiris, which is by interpretation Apollo, being so named by the Greeks, built the city of Samnud and (in it) a temple of the supreme gods. And this is the city which is called Bab'el Fegor. CHAPTER XV. 1. In the writings of the Egyptian sages 'Abratus32 is mentioned ... at that time, (i. e.) he who was Hermes, a man of extraordinary judgement, through whom they declared among the \|20 heathen saying : c There are three supreme powers that have created all things, (but only) one divinity.' 2. And this same Hermes, who was a great sage among the heathen, declared, saying: 'The Majesty of the holy coequal Trinity is the Giver of life and King over all things.' CHAPTER XVI. 1. And there was a certain city that was the first to learn the use of the plough (and) the sowing of seeds and all kinds of grain. 2. It was the most elevated city in Egypt; for the land of Egypt is full of waters and lakes owing to the abundance of water in the river Gihon. CHAPTER XVII. 1. And Sesostris, who ruled over all the land of Egypt and the adjoining countries, was the first to levy taxes and to measure the land. 2, And when he had gathered together much booty and many captives from all countries, thereupon [gathering them together] he brought them to the land of Egypt: and all the souls over whom authority was given to levy taxes he made to dig channels in the land and to fill up all the waters of Egypt with earth. 3. And owing to this measure the Egyptians were enabled to plant plantations and plough arable lands like those of Said, which was the first province to learn the art of ploughing. 4. And besides he commanded (the people) to pay taxes and a proportionate return of the products of the earth to the king. 5. And he dug the canal which is called Dik unto this day.33 CHAPTER XVIII. 1. And after him Sabacon, king of India, reigned over the country of Egypt fifty years. 2. And he was a lover of his kind and was averse to shedding blood unjustly. And he established a law in Egypt to this effect, that no criminal should be put to death or torture; but should be permitted to live: and every criminal according to his crime he ordered to purify the earth and to collect soil together and cast it upon the morasses (lit. river or sea). 3. And when they had been long engaged in these forced labours, the waters of the river retired from the land, and (the inhabitants) made their towns higher through fear of being inundated by the waters. 4. And previously indeed in the days of Sesostris there had been inundations before that they had dug channels in the land for the river. And yet, notwithstanding all they did in casting earth into the marshes, they failed to realize their purpose because of the great quantity of water brought down \|21 by the river. 5. And Sabacon, king of India, in the vigilance of his affection had dwellings made for the people on the heights.34 CHAPTER XIX. 1. And there was a man named Rampsinitus,35 the Pharaoh who reigned over Egypt. 2. He (i. e. Cheops) closed the temples of the gods and the other idols which the Egyptians worshipped : and they sacrificed to demons. And he built three temples (i. e. pyramids) in the city of Memphis and made the Egyptians worship the Sun. 3. And he paid the builders 16,000 talents of silver besides leeks and vegetables; for so it was found written in the inscriptions in the Egyptian language, which were engraved on a stone wall and made known these facts to such as read (them). 4. And he paid away all the taxes and exhausted the royal treasuries owing to the multitude of buildersand yet to no good purpose. 5. For when he fell into great poverty and want he was sore troubled: he had a daughter of beautiful form (who) was stirred up by the practices and foul seductions of Satan, and he placed her in the quarter of the debauchees : and she dwelt there in obscurity and sorrow and became a prostitute. 6. And such as wished to lie with her had to carry one of the great stones and add it to the structure. 7. And the stone so carried measured, it is said, not less than thirty feet, i. e. twenty cubits. (So they did) until they had built one of the three pyramids by means of the shameful lust of this wretched girl. CHAPTER XX. 1. Heracles, a philosopher of the city of Tyre, discovered the art of making silk36 and clothed himself (with it), 2. And Phoenix, king of Tyre, the Canaanite, and all the kings of all countries, as well as his successors, did likewise and so became conspicuously distinguished from the multitude. 3. Now the clothing of the ancients was of wool, but the kings and chief rulers abandoned such clothing and clad themselves in silk. CHAPTER XXI. 1. And there was a man named Perseus.37 He aspired to the throne of Assyria; but the sons of Ninus, the brother. \|22 of his father Zeus,1 were his rivals. 2. And when he came to Qorontos, there met him a young38 girl, walking alone. 3. And he seized her by her hair and cut off her head with (his) sword, and placed it on the shield which he had according to the magic which his father Zeus had taught him. 4. And he carried it with him in all his warlike expeditions. 5. And after he had journeyed and gone down into 'Elbawna, he turned towards Assyria. And when the Lycaonians made war upon him; he took the head of the Gorgon the virgin magician and by displaying it before them vanquished them. 6. And he built the town of Iconium, which had previously been a small town named Amandra; <and he called it Iconium> because he had set up formerly his statue (ei0kw&n) near it together with the detestable Gorgon. 7. And when he came to Isauria, a city of Cilicia, and its people, moreover, warred against him, he vanquished them by the magical power residing in the head of the Gorgon. 8. And the village of Cilicia, named Andrasus, he made into a city and named it Tarsus. 9. And from Cilicia he went to the land of Assyria, and there moreover he slew Sardanapalusnow this is the name of a dignity. 10. And he disowned his claims of consanguinity and took possession of his kingdom as a spoil, and changed the name of the country, that is, Assyria, and named it Persia 39 after his own name and their kingdom by the second name. 11. And when he had taken away this name he planted trees there, called Persea, that is plums.40 12. These trees, moreover, are planted to the present day in memory of his name. And the Persians were Assyrians at that time, and he reigned over them all during fifty and three years. 13. And there was a great commotion and a hissing and much rain, and the river in Syria, named Orontes, was quickly filled. 14. (And) he urged the Ionians41 to make prayers, and when they had \|23 offered supplications there fell from heaven a globe of fire in the likeness of lightning. 15. And the people became still and ceased to be indignant, and the flowings of the river were stayed. 16. And as Perseus was surprised at what had befallen, forthwith from that lire he kindled a fire and preserved it. 17. And this fire he took and brought to Persia on his return and placed it in the kingdom of Assyria. 18. And the Persians made it a god and honoured it and built it a temple and named it 'The immortal fire'. 19. And they say that fire is a son of the Sun enveloped in crystal, and the form of the crystal resembles the cotton tree (?), the colour of which is like water; for it is born from water and its interior resembles water. CHAPTER XXII. 1. Inachus of the race of Japhet, the son of Noah, who ruled in the west over the country of the Argives, was the first to rule over that country. 2. He paid honour to the Moon and made her a goddess. 3. And he built in the country of the Argives a city named Iopolis after the name of the Moon ; for the Argives in their secret mysteries name the moon Io unto this day. 4. And he built a temple, and set up an altar in it, and he \|24 represented the Moon by a brazen image, whereon he inscribed 0I0w_ ma&kaira, which is by interpretation, 'full of light '.42 CHAPTER XXIII. 1. And Libya, who was the daughter of Picus by her mother Qalfmja, became the wife of Poseidon, who ruled in the south. 2. And he named the country over which he ruled after the name of his wife Libya. And he begat by her Poseidon and Belus and Agenor. 3. And this (last), having gone to Canaan, took him a wife named Diro, and also built a city and named it Dairus, that is Tyre, after the name of his wife. 4. And during his reign there he begat by her three sons, men of renown and founders, i. e. Syrus and Cilix and Phoenix who was the first to wear silk. 5. And when about to die he divided (his empire) among his three sons and made the land subject to them. 6. And Phoenix took Canaan and all the adjoining country and named it Phoenicia after his own name. 7. And the second took Syria and gave it his name, 8. And Cilix the third took his territory and named.it Cilicia after his own name. CHAPTER XXIV. 1. And there was a man named Taurus, king' of Crete, and he made an expedition against Tyre about the hour of sunset, and attacked it, and made himself master of it, and took its riches and + led away captive many cities +. 2. And in that way he took Europa and made her his wife. For Taurus having made a night expedition by sea returned to his own country, Crete, and having taken Europa to be his wife, he named that country after the name of; his wife. 3. And he built a city there and \|25 named it Gortyna after the name of his mother. Now she was of the race of Picus, i.e. Zeus. CHAPTER XXV. And there was a certain man named Laius. + His father was Waika,+ who, seeing that his son would have commerce with his mother, commanded his soldiers to suspend him on a tree of which they had cloven the branches in order that the feet of him that was suspended might be made fast in it. CHAPTER XXVI. 1. And there was a man named Seruch of the race of Japhet, the son of Noah. 2. He appears to have been the first of those who worshipped idols through the influence of Satan. And he set up altars to the idols and served them. CHAPTER XXVII. 1. And Melchizedek was found to be holy though of Gentile origin, and he served God and was chaste (and) without sin. 2. And Holy Scripture declares him to be without father and mother because he was not of the family of Abraham. 3. And he hated his father's gods and made himself a priest of the living God. 4. He was descended from the race of Sidus, son of (Egyptus) the king of Egypt and Nubia, on whose account the Egyptians are (so) called. 5. Now Melchizedek signifies king of righteousness. 6. Now King Sidus, though a priest, ruled over Canaan, being sprung of a powerful race, and the Egyptians so named him because of (the land of) the Canaanites, which is the land of Palestine until this day. 7. And when he warred with them, they submitted themselves to him, and as they were pleasing unto him, he dwelt in their country, and built a city and called it Sidon after his own name, which till the present day has been reckoned in \|26 Canaan. 8. Now as touching the father of Melchizedek who went forth from Sidon, we have learnt that such was his origin. But his father was an idolater and his mother likewise. And this holy man used to reprove his father and his mother for their idolatry. 9. And afterwards he fled away and became priest of the living God as has been recounted. And he ruled over the Canaanites and built on Golgotha a city named Zion, i.e. Salem, a name which being interpreted means in the language of the Hebrews 'the city of peace'. 10. And he ruled over it one hundred and thirteen years and died, having preserved his chastity and righteousness as the wise Josephus,43 the historian, has written in the beginning of his work on the history of the Jews. 11. For he was the first (to offer) sacrifices to the God of heaven and bloodless oblations of bread and wine in the likeness of the holy mysteries of our Lord Jesus Christ ; as David has sung, saying : 'Thou art His priest for ever after the order of Melchizedek.'44 12. And again he said: 'God manifested Himself in Zion 45 and His name is great in Israel, and His place abideth in peace 46 and His dwelling is in Zion.' For the Jews learnt from Abraham the knowledge of God. 13. And Salem also, that is, Jerusalem, is named [Jerusalem] 47 because peace abideth in Zion, that is, Melchizedek. 14. And the Jews were called 48 Hebrews from Heber, from whom Abraham, the chosen vessel, was descended. 15. And when the rebels against God built the tower and laboured in vain in their impious designs, Heber indeed refused to join with them : he alone preserved without wavering his loyalty to God. 16. And when the confusion of tongues took place, Heber alone was not deprived of his speech 49 \|27 in its integrity and perfectness. 17. And his successors guarded the language of angels which Adam spoke. And for this reason they are called Hebrews and their language Hebrew. CHAPTER XXVIII. 1. There was a man named Hesiod of the race of Japhet, the son of Noah. 2. He invented Greek letters and was the first to teach them. 3. It is told that there was in the times of the kings of the country + in Lydia + a certain philosopher descended from the children of the giants who were of the race of Japhet, named Endymion. 4. He, it is told, prayed in secret to the Moon, and they say that he learnt from the Moon in a vision the name of God. 5. And when he +went one day+, he heard the sacred name and thereupon he gave up the ghost and died and rose not again. 6. And his body is preserved unto this day in the city of + Lydia +, and any one can see it once a year when they open the coffin in which it is. CHAPTER XXIX. 1. It is told that in the time of Joshua the son of Nun, a king named Ogyges ruled over Attica, and that there was a great deluge in that country only. And the king himself perished and the inhabitants of that country. 2. And it became a desert and no man dwelt therein for two hundred and six years,50 as Africanus has recorded in his chronicle. CHAPTER XXX. 1. And in the days of Moses the lawgiver, the servant of God who led the exodus of the children of Israel out of \|28 Egypt, + in the days of Petissonius, that is, Pharaoh Amosius, king of Egypt, who ruled by the help of the book of the magicians Jannes and Jambres, who wrought shameful things before the mighty Moses, who talked with Godfor this reason, they say, they were not willing to let the children of Israel go after the signs and the wonders which were wrought by his staff, + 51 2. Now (Petissonius) went to the diviners who were in Memphis and to the celebrated oracle and offered sacrifice. 3. And when one of the Hebrews asked the diviner Taninus <Who is first among you ? he answered :>52 'He who is in heaven, the Immortal, the First: before whom the heavens quake and likewise the earth and all the seas fear, and the Satans are affrighted and but a few angels stand; for He is the creator of powers and measures.' 4. And Petissonius inscribed this oracle on a tablet and placed it in the temple of the gods near the water-measure whereby they learn the volume of the Nile. 5. We should recount that, when the temple was already destroyed: this tablet was the only one in Egypt that was still unbroken till the foundations of the idol temples were overthrown, and it was no longer possible for any one to maintain the temple of Memphis. 6. It was only through the power of our Lord Jesus Christ that all the temples were destroyed. 7. Now this mad Petissonius, that is, the Pharaoh Amosius, was overwhelmed in the Red Sea together with his horses and horsemen. 8. And when, after the children of Israel had gone forth from Egypt, he learnt that they had taken (with them) the riches of the Egyptians a thing they had done with the approval of God and in accordance with His law; for the children of Israel had taken the riches of the Egyptians in compensation for the heavy labours which had been imposed upon them without intermissionPharaoh was filled with indignation. 9. Thereupon he went forth in pursuit of them with his army. And he was overwhelmed in the sea with his followers and there was not one left. 10. And the children of Israel marched in the sea as on dry land, and they came to the place where God willed : for. He is the conqueror of all the elements of creation.Glory be to Him. 11. And, after the Egyptians had been destroyed, those who remained worshipped demons and forsook God, Those unhappy ones destroyed themselves and became like \|29 unto the angels who rebelled against God, and they worshipped the work of their own hands. 12. Some worshipped the cow, and some the ox, and some the dog and also the mule: and some the ass, and some the lion : and some fish, and some the crocodile : and some the leek and many other like things. 13. And they named their cities of Egypt after the name of their god. And they worshipped the + buildings+ of Busir and Manuf and Samnud and Sahraisht and Esna and of the Tree and of the Crocodile. And they gave divine honours to + the building of many cities + 53 and likewise to the storm. CHAPTER XXXI. 1. And during the time of him who first reigned over the Egyptians, when they served idols and such creatures as have already been mentioned and as regards the celebrated city Absāi, that is, Nakius, and its king was named Prosopis, a name which being interpreted means 'Lover of the deities with three faces'now he lived on the west bank of the river and he was continually at war with the barbarians who were named Mauritanians who came from the five countries.54 2. And when these came in wrath, the inhabitants warred vigorously against them and slew many of them. 3. And in consequence of this happy victory, (the barbarians) did not for a long period come again against the city) through the mercy of God who by the mighty power of his Godhead hath made all things to come into being out of nothingness. 4. And the great river of Egypt was named Chrysorroas by the Greeks but it is named Gihon in the book that is inspired by God. 5. Now this river flowed (anciently) to the east of the city, but it changed its course from the east to the west of the city, and the city became like an island in the midst of the river like a plantation of trees named Akrejas, that is, the myrtle. CHAPTER XXXII. 1. And as for Jerusalem which had been built by Melchizedek its king under the sway of the Canaanites, that is, the Philistines, Joshua the son of Nun subdued it and called it Jebus. 2. And he dwelt in Shechem; for he had subdued all the adjoining country. And this (city) is named Nablus unto this day. 3. And in the days of the wise kings David and Solomon, David prepared all the building materials for the building of the holy temple of God, and Solomon built it in Jerusalem. 4. And he \|30 called it the city of the sanctuary on account of the consecration and the sacrifices according to the law and the abundance of righteousness and because our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ praise be unto Himunderwent the passion there. CHAPTER XXXIII. And in the days of the Judges, there was a judge of the Greeks named Pano&pthj, who was so named in regard to the hundred piercing eyes with which he beheld afar and saw better than all men. He was the first to devise in a city of the west all manner of handicrafts. CHAPTER XXXIV. 1. Prometheus and Epimetheus discovered a stone tablet with an inscription which had been written and engraved in the days of the ancients. 2. And Elijah the prophet interpreted the verses. So the Greeks (have recounted) this saying that on account of this he ascended to heaven and that what had been in heaven was in his heart. 3. And Deucalion, moreover, wrote a detailed history55 of what had happened in the days of the deluge and the strange events (of that time). CHAPTER XXXV. 1. And after the deluge in Attica, the sovereignty passed into the hands of the Athenians. 2. And there ruled there a man named Elwates56 and he established the (common) meal as a legal institution. 3. And he was also the first to ordain that all men should take as their wives young virgins and name them spouses: and that they should dig a fountain in a hidden place in order to cause milk to spring (from the earth) in abundance as a visible stream. 4. Now before his reign the women of Attica and the Athenians lived in unclean intercourse and male was joined to male. And they were like beasts : each lusted (after the other) and none had a woman to himself; but they ravished with wicked violence as we have already recounted. 5. And they knew not their own offspring, either their male or female. And who could have known, seeing that none of them had fathers and all whom they bare57 were begotten by all. Owing to their promiscuous intercourse they could not know whether they had male or female offspring. And they were all pleased with this unclean mode of living. 6. As Cecrops the author of the prescript in his law has said : 'This country of Attica will be destroyed bv a deluge from God.' 7. And after this time they became wise and \|31 conformed to the law of marriage, the men and the women. 8. And Cecrops was highly honoured and esteemed all his days, and he brought it about that the children knew their fathers, as was befitting. CHAPTER XXXVI. 1. And in these days lived Orpheus of Thrace, the lyric poet of the Odrysae, called the great sage among the Greeks. 2. He expounded to them that which is called the Theogony, which being interpreted in their language means 'The combatant of God', which things are recounted by the chronicler Timothy. 3. He said : 'Before all time was the holy Trinity coequal in one Godhead, Creator of all things.' CHAPTER XXXVII. 1. It is said that certain savants of the Athenians were the first to practise the art of medicine. 2. Indeed the philosophers were the first who made known the noble art of using medicines which agreed with the stomach. 3. And many people go to Athens for the sake of this art also, for it flourishes there until this day. CHAPTER XXXVIII. 1. King Solomon the son of David was the first to build baths and places for reading and instruction in every place under his dominion; for he had the demons subject to him. 2. Now he enjoyed this privilege before he provoked God the Lord of all through the strange women who lived with him. These polluted Jerusalem with their gods. CHAPTER XXXIX. 1. In the days of the Judges also there arose in Phrygia a philosopher named Marsyas. 2. He was the first to play upon the flute and the horn and the drum (?). And he deafened the ears of men and made himself out to be a god, saying : 'I have found food for man by means of a small member.' 3. And God was wroth with him and punished him and he became insane and cast himself into the river and perished. CHAPTER XL. 1. And in those days also lived the hero Heracles and the Argonauts, the people that were with Jason. And they \|32 went to the Hellespont. 2. And the people (of the Hellespont) had a king named Cyzicus. And they attacked and slew the king Cyzicus without knowing it. 3. And when they learned (this), they were grieved; for they were all his kinsmen (and he was sprung) from their country. 4. And after they had attacked Cyzicus, who was called the lord of the seven images, and won the victory <they built a temple in Cyzicum, and> named its name Rhea, which is by interpretation, mother of the gods. 5. It is told (further) that they went to the place of those who announced (oracles) and to the seat of the elders and asked one of them, saying: 'Prophesy to us, O prophet, servant of Apollo, of what nature this building will be and to whom shall it belong.' 6. And they presented gifts to him who spake to them and he said unto them : 'There are three (Persons) but one God only. And behold a virgin will conceive His word, and this house will be His and His name shall belong to thousands.' 7. And the idolaters wrote down this prophecy on a fragment of marble with a brazen pen, and they placed it in one of the temples. 8. After these times in the days of the Godloving emperor Zeno, this temple was converted into a church, dedicated to the holy Virgin Mary, the Mother of God. 9. This the emperor Zeno did at his own costs. And thus was accomplished the prophecy of the demons who proclaimed the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. CHAPTER XLI. 1. The Argonauts sailed to the Hellespont to an island named Principus. 2. Thence they went to Chalcedon and sought to pass into the sea of Pontus. 3. But the inhabitants brought with them a man of valour and fought with them. (And) he gained the mastery and overcame them. 4. And fearing the wrath of this man, they fled to a very desolate extremity of the coast. 5. And they saw a mighty portent from heaven which resembled a man with great wings on his shoulders after the likeness of a very terrible eagle. 6. And it said unto them: 'When ye fight with Amyous ye will overcome.' And when they heard these words from the apparition which they saw, they \|33 took courage and fought and overcame him and slew him. 7. And they honoured that place where they had seen the mighty figure, and they built there a temple and they placed in it a statue resembling the apparition they had seen. 8. And they named this temple Sosthenium because they had sought refuge there and were saved. And so they name it unto this day. 9. And in the days of Constantine, the greatest and most illustrious of Christian emperors, the servant of Jesus Christ, when he first established the seat of empire in Byzantium, that is in Rome, he came to the Sosthenium to close the temple of the idols to be found there. 10. And when he saw the statue which was in it, he at once recognized that it was the statue of an angel. And as his thoughts were troubled with doubts he prayed and besought our Lord Jesus Christ in whom he trusted, saying: 'Make me to know, O Lord, whose image this is.' 11. And thereupon he fell asleep and heard in a vision that the image was the image of S. Michael the archangel. 12. Having learnt that it was he who had sent people to fight Amycus the emperor caused this temple to be adorned and commanded them to turn it to the east and [commanded them] to consecrate it in the name of the archangel Michael. 13. And numerous miracles were wrought in this (temple) through healings of the sick. And after that Christians began to build churches in the name of S. Michael the chief of the angels. And they offered in them holy offerings unto God. CHAPTER XLII. 1, It is said touching the holy nails which were found in the cross of our Saviour Jesus Christ and with which his holy body was nailed, that the holy, Godloving Constantine took one of them and fixed it in the saddle of his horse; and the second he made into a bit for his horse; and the third he cast into the pass of Chalcedon. 2. For they were in grievous danger till by means of this holy nail the waves of the sea, yea all the waves of the ocean, were quieted. 3. And the empire made itself strong in the city of Constantine. Now in the days of Zeno the empire had had its seat in Rome. Afterwards the (two) empires were united in one by a decree of the Senate. \|34 4. For one (of these) had been established on account of the continual outbreaks of the barbarians, and the other in accordance with the counsel of the prefects in order that they might have another authority in Asia. CHAPTER XLIII. 1. And in the days of Samson the last of the Judges, Lapathus ruled in the land58 of Aegistheus.59 And he had two sons, whose names were Achaius and Lacon.60 2. And he divided the provinces of his kingdom into two parts, one half for himself and the other half for his sons. 3. And when he died, one province was named Achaia after the name of his eldest son, and the other was named Laconia after the name of the younger son (and such are their names) unto this day. CHAPTER XLIV. 1. And at that epoch there reigned in Hellas a king whose name was Pelops. 2. After this man the Hellenes called the kingdom Peloponnesian by his name unto this day. 3. And he built a city and they named it Peloponnesus after his name. And the name of his kingdom is Hellas unto this day. CHAPTER XLV. 1. And there was a man named Bilawon. He built the city Farma after his own name. 2. And Priam built the city of Malkibinun ( = Ilium?), in Phrygia ... in the city of Sparta in the country of Hellas, when he came there. CHAPTER XLVI. And there was a wise and sagacious man named Palamedes. He was the first to teach the arts of playing on the harp and lyre 61 and the flute and all manner of musical instruments. CHAPTER XLVII. 1. And Tros, also, who ruled over the country of Phrygia 62 . . . before that he had slain Priam and Hecuba, and he slew their young men and plundered their royal palaces that it might be a memorial unto him, and this city came under his power, and he named it Enderjan. 2. And Setabarja of Panton he named Asia of the Ephesians.63 It was named . . . which is now Saqilja \|35 (= Sicily ?), and it became a great island and its earlier name was Qubaba. CHAPTER XL VIII. 1. And Solomon the son of David, king of Israel, built a great structure in + Bilimiktun+ in the midst of the city to be a memorial unto him in order that his name and the name of his father should not be forgotten. 2. And he gave it to a man named Aiwani, which is by interpretation in the language of Canaan 'light', but he named the structure Palmyra. 3. Indeed it was in that place that David his father, the strong and mighty one, was victorious when he slew and was victorious over Goliath the Philistine. 4. It is for this reason that he appointed its name to be Mezad in order that strange peoples (azmad) might dwell therein. And a great number of Jewish soldiers dwelt there. 5. And Nebuchadnezzar king of Persia took this city, having to expend much toil and severe effort before he could take it and burn it with fire. And he caused the memorial of it to disappear till this day. CHAPTER XLIX. 1. And (he took) the city Tyre also, which is an island surrounded by water. And he put forth many a mighty effort to take it. 2. And he commanded his soldiers, the cavalry and foot-soldiers, and all the Persians to cast earth into the arm of the sea which surrounded it. 3. And they filled it with earth till the water of the sea dried up and (the strait) became as land. And by these means Nebuchadnezzar the king of the Persians was able to take this city. CHAPTER L. 1. And at the time of the Captivity which took place through Nebuchadnezzar he was commanded to do so by God and a force of angels was given to him before Nebuchadnezzar had come and burnt the sanctuary of God with fire, Jeremiah, a prophet great among the prophets and a lover of that which is good, went into the second chamber which is called the Holy of Holies, and took the ark of God which was covered with gold, without and within, \|36 and the glorious objects which were in it,64 i. e. the tables of the law, and the golden box of manna, and Aaron's rod which bore almonds, and the stone from the hard rock, from which Moses had given the people to drink when they thirsted. 2. And, moreover, Moses the prophet carried this stone as he went before the people in their journey through the wilderness, according to the commandment of God. 3. And as often as the people thirsted, he cast it upon the earth and smote it with the rod, and water came forth and the people were satisfied and all the cattle. 4. And Jeremiah took those objects and the stone, and went hastily to the rock and hid them there until this day. 5. And on the second coming of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, who will be preceded by the sign of the cross, this ark borne by angels will appear, and Moses also who made it will come and Jeremiah who hid it in the rock. 6. When the dead shall rise, the sign of the cross will appear and after it our Lord Jesus Christ who was crucifiedglory be unto Him. 7. And these words are to be found in the teaching of S. Epiphanius, our light-giving father, bishop of Cyprus, who has written in his book a complete history of the prophets after the overthrow of Jerusalem and the disappearance of the kingdom of Judah. CHAPTER LI. 1. Cyrus the Persian overcame Astyages and Cyrus became king 65 . . . that is, Cambyses. 2. And Croesus was stiffnecked and overweening. And all the kingdoms afar off and close at hand had submitted to him. 3. And the peoples that were subject to him paid him tribute and dwelt in peace. But those which resisted him, he led away captive, and spoiled their possessions and made himself master of their territories. For he was very great and formidable and victorious. 4. And Cyrus was disquieted in heart; for he had a wife named Bardane, who had previously been the wife of Darius the successor of Belshazzar. 5. She spake, saying: 'We have amongst us a prophet of the Hebrews named Daniel, in whom is the wisdom of God. He belongs to the captivity of the children of Israel. 6. Now Darius used to do nothing without his counsel, and every thing that he declared to him (beforehand) was accomplished.' 7. And when Cyrus heard these words he sent to Daniel the prophet and had \|37 him brought with honour, and he asked him and said unto him : 'Shall I conquer Croesus or not?' 8. But he was silent and did not speak for the space of an hour. And thereupon he spake, saying : 'Who can know the wisdom of God ?' And then Daniel the prophet prayed and besought the Lord his God to reveal unto him whether he (Cyrus) could resist this rapacious (and) overweening Croesus. 9. And God said unto him : 'If he sends back the captivity of the children of Israel, he shall surely conquer and take to himself the power of Croesus.' 10. And when he heard these words from God, he told Cyrus that he should conquer Croesus if he sent back the children of Israel. 11. And when Cyrus heard these words he cast himself at Daniel's feet and sware, saying : ' As the Lord thy God liveth, I will send Israel back to their city Jerusalem, and they shall serve the Lord their God.' 12. And Cyrus, in accordance with his duty to God, heaped benefits upon Israel and sent them back (to their own country). 13. Now Croesus went out with a great army to war against the provinces of Cyrus. And having crossed the river of Cappadocia in order to slay Cyrus, Cyrus put him to shame and he was not able to escape secretly because of the river confronting him. 14. Indeed when Croesus came to this river, a large multitude of his soldiers were speedily overwhelmed (in it); but he himself was not able to cross; for God had delivered him into Cyrus's hands by this means. 15. And Cyrus's soldiers pursued him and took him alive and seized him and put him in chains, and slew of his army 40,000 men. And Cyrus had his adversary Croesus suspended on a tree, and the rest of his army he humiliated and shamed. 16. As for the Jews and their king he sent them off that they might return to their own country as he had promised to Daniel the prophet. 17. And when Cyrus returned into Persia, he settled all the affairs of his government and appointed his son Cambyses to be king over Persia and Babylon. And he was a bad man, and he rejected the wisdom of his father and the worship of the Lord God. 18. And Apries moreover was king of Egypt and dwelt in the city of Thebes and in Memphis and in two (other) cities, Muhil and \|38 Sufiru. 19. And in those days, in consequence of the intrigues of the neighbouring peoples Cambyses sent to Jerusalem and gave orders (to his officers) to restrain them (the Jews) from rebuilding the sanctuary of God. 20. And afterwards he made an expedition to Egypt with a great (and) innumerable army of horse and foot from Media. 21. And the inhabitants of Syria and Palestine got ready to oppose him (but in vain), and he destroyed not a few but many cities of the Jews, for he was supreme over all the world. 22. And in the pride of (his) heart he changed his name and named himself Nebuchadnezzar. And his disposition resembled that of a barbarian, and in the evil counsel of his desire he hated mankind. 23. And his father Cyrus had been great and honoured before the living God, and had commanded that they should build the temple of God in Jerusalem with (all) vigilance and zeal, what time he had sent Joshua the high priest, the son of Jozadak and Zerubbabel, that is Ezra, and all the captivity of Judah that they might return to the land of the Hebrews and Palestine. 24. But Cambyses, that is, Nebuchadnezzar the second, and Belshazzar burnt the holy city Jerusalem and the sanctuary according to the prophecies of the holy prophets Jeremiah and Daniel. 25. And after they had burnt the city Cambyses came to Gaza and got together troops and all the materials of war, and he went down into Egypt to war against it. And in the war he gained the victory and he captured the Egyptian cities Parma and Sanhur and San and Basta. And he captured Apries, the Pharaoh, alive in the city of Thebes and he slew him with his own hand. 26. Now there was in Egypt a warrior named Fusid who practised righteousness and hated iniquity. When there was war between the Persians and Egyptians, he had gone and fought in Syria and Assyria and he had taken four sons of Cambyses prisoner as well as his wivesin all forty souls. 27. And he bound them and burnt their houses and took all that they had captive and brought them to the city of Memphis and he imprisoned them in the palace of the king. 28. And when a second war arose between the Assyrians and Egyptians, the Assyrians proved the stronger and gained the mastery over the Egyptians and took the palace which is in the city of Thebes. 29. And the Assyrian soldiers shot arrows, and, as they shot, an arrow smote the warrior Fusid on the right side. But the Egyptian soldiers carried off the \|39 warrior Fusid from the Assyrians, before he died. And he lived but an hour more and after this died and left a memory to those that came after. 30. But the Egyptians were moved with fear because they had lost such a warrior as Fusid. And for this reason they fled for refuge into the city Sais, because it was a strong city and its fortifications stronger than those of the others. 31. And Cambyses attacked this city a second time and carried 66 it by storm and destroyed 66 it. And he captured all the other cities of lower Egypt towards the north to the sea coast and plundered them of all their possessions and destroyed their cities and neighbourhoods and burnt their houses with fire and left neither man nor beast living. 32. And he cut down their trees and destroyed their plantations and made the land of Egypt a desert. And returning in the direction of Rif he warred against the city of Memphis, and he conquered the king who was in it. 33. And the city of Busir also, which lies below Memphis, he destroyed and annihilated and took its possessions as a booty, and burnt it with fire and made it a desert. 34. And the sons of the kings which survived fled for refuge to another city, the nearest at hand, (even) into its citadel and closed the gates of the fortress. 35. And the Assyrians besieged this citadel and carried it by storm by night and destroyed the city of Memphis the great. 36. And one of the kings of Egypt, named Muzab, had sent in secret to his son, named Elkad, bidding him to bring all his wealth and that of all his officers and of the forty wives of Cambyses, that is, Nebuchadnezzar, even those which had been brought by Fusid the captain. 37. And they opened the gates of the fortress by night, and they took and led them forth into the desert by another way which the people knew not. And the four sons of Cambyses the inhabitants of the city of Memphis led back, and they made them ascend to the summit of the fortress and cut them in pieces and cast them to the base of the fortress where Cambyses was. 38. And when the soldiers of Cambyses saw this evil thing which the inhabitants of the city of Memphis had done, they were filled with wrath and warred against the city without mercy. 39. And they set up engines against it and destroyed the palaces of the kings, and they slew without mercy the children of the kings Muzab and Sufir and all the chiefs of the army which were found in the city. \|40 40. And when (Elkad) was informed of the death of his father, he fled into Nubia. And Cambyses also destroyed the city of On and upper Egypt as far as the city Eshmun. And the inhabitants of this city on learning (of his approach) were seized with fear and fled into the city of Eshmunin. 41. And they sent to Nubia to Elkad the son of Miizab, asking him to come unto them that they might make him king in the room of his father. For he had formerly made war against the cities of Assyria. 42. And thereupon Elkad gathered a large army of Ethiopians and Nubians and warred against the army of Cambyses on the eastern bank of the river Gihon. But the Ethiopians were not able to make the passage of the river. 43. And the Persians, full of stratagems, wheeled about as though intending to flee. Then in the early part of the night they crossed the river with vigilance and took possession of the city and destroyed it before the army of Elkad were aware. 44. And when they had completed the destruction of the city Eshmunin they march into upper Egypt, and laid waste the city of Assuan. And they crossed to the opposite bank belonging to the city Ahif, and they destroyed Phile as they had done the other cities. 45. And they turned back to the cities and provinces which still remained, and they ravaged them and burned them with fire till all the land of Egypt became a desert and there was no longer found in it a moving creature, neither a man nor even a bird of the air. 46. Then Elkad king of Egypt devised another plan, he and all that had not been annihilated by the Persians. And they proceeded and came upon Cambyses at some distance off, and they took with them gifts and harps and drums and timbrels 67 and prostrated themselves before him and besought him that they might receive from him mercy and friendship. 47. And Cambyses showed mercy to the Egyptians that survived who had come to offer their submission, and he had compassion on them and led them away to Media and Babylon. And he appointed as their ruler one of their own number. 48. And as for Elkad he did not take from him his royal crown but established him on the royal throne and did not lead him away with him. 49. And the number of the Egyptians whom Cambyses led away with him were 50,000, besides women and children. And they lived in captivity in Persia forty years, and Egypt became a desert. 50. And after devastating Egypt, Cambyses died in the city of Damascus. \|41 And the wise (and) great Artaxerxes reigned eight years, and he was not wanting in love either to God or man. 51. And he commanded Nehemiah the cupbearer to build the walls of Jerusalem, and he dealt kindly with the Jews, because Cyrus and Darius had honoured the God of heaven, and served Him. And for this reason he supported all the enterprises of the Jews. 52. And as for the Egyptians he dealt kindly and well with them and made them officers in order to take counsel with his prefects. And later he sent back the Egyptians, to their own country in the one and fortieth year of their captivity and the devastation of their country. 53. And when they returned they began to build houses in their several cities : they did not construct great houses as formerly but small houses wherein to dwell. And they planted trees and vines in abundance. 54. And they set over themselves a king named Fiwaturos in compliance with the command of Artaxerxes the humane. 55, And there was an Egyptian who comforted (his people), a man of indefatigable energy, wise and virtuous, named Shenufi, which is by interpretation 'good news'. 56. And this man was very vigilant in rebuilding the cities and villages and restoring the tillage of the land so that in a short time he rebuilt all the villages of Egypt. And he restored Egypt and made it as it had been before. And there was great prosperity in his "days, and the Egyptians increased very much, and their cattle increased also. 57. And he reigned over them forty and eight years in happiness and peace because of the return of the Egyptians from captivity. And he went to rest full of honour. But before he died he numbered the Egyptians, and their number was 500,000 men. 58. And after the death of Shenufi the Egyptians remained for a long time without a king, but they paid taxes to the Persians and Assyrians at the same time. And they remained at peace till they appointed a second Pharaoh as king and paid the taxes to him. 59. Now the Persians did not approve that the Egyptians should pay the taxes to their own king. But the Persians also were without a king after the death of the great Artaxerxes who had had compassion on the Egyptians. 60. And he who reigned after Artaxerxes at first made war against the Jews and the Jews \|42 submitted to him. And next he made war on the Egyptians and overcame them and took their possessions as a spoil; for the land of Egypt is through the help of God a very goodly (land). 61. Now when Nectanabus, the last of the Pharaohs, was informed by the chief divinersfor he was himself also a magician and asked the impure demons whether he was to rule over the Egyptians or not when (I repeat) he was surely informed by the demons that he should not rule over the Egyptians, he shore his head and changed his outward figure, and fled, and went to the city of Farma, and furthermore went to Macedonia and dwelt there. 62. And the Egyptians remained in subjection to Juljanos till the time of Alexander o9 pa&ntarxoj 68, which is by interpretation 'the ruler of the world '. And he slew the last king of the Persians. 63. And after some time Ochus reigned for twelve years over the Persians. And after him Artaxerxes reigned twenty-three years. And after him Darius, surnamed Akrejus, reigned for six years. And then Alexander rose up against him and slew him and took his kingdom of Babylon from him ; for Alexander the son of Philip of Macedon was ruler of the world. CHAPTER LII. And there was a man named Aeneas, who espoused the daughter of Latinus, named Lavinia. And he built a great city and named it after the name of Lavinia and established his kingdom in it. CHAPTER LIII. 1. And there was in Italy a man named Pallas and he had a son. And he became a good and warlike man. And he stormed many cities belonging to Aeneas. 2. And when he warred against + Justen +, he took his city and built therein a great house, and he adorned it and there was no such house in any city. 3. And he built a palace also and named it Pallantium, which is by interpretation 'stronghold', after his name Pallas. \|43 CHAPTER, LIV. And when + Creusa became king, he built a city named Alba. Then leaving Elbanja he came to Elwanja +,69 that is, Alba, which by interpretation means 'light'. CHAPTER LV. 1. And there was a Canaanitish woman named Dido, the wife of a man named Sichaeus. 2. And she came originally from a small city Kardimas,70 situated on the sea-coast between Tyre and Sidon. 3. And she was very rich. And she had a brother named Pygmalion, who rose against her husband and slew him from the covetous desire to get hold of her wealth and treasures. 4. Then this woman arose in haste and collected together all the wealth and treasures in her house, and embarked on a ship and fled and went from Canaan to the country of Libya71 in Africa, and built a great city in that province, which she named Carthage, but in the language of the Barbarians it is called 'New city'. And she reigned there wisely until her death. CHAPTER, LVI. 1. And in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah there were two brothers whose names were Romulus and Remus.72 2. And these built a great city near a small city Valentia in Italy, a city of Latinus where previously there had been a royal palace named Pallantium. And this they rebuilt. 3. Moreover they built a temple for their God named Zeus, and they named it in their own language the Capitol.73 And the appearance of one of the buildings, the royal palace, was very wonderful. And in the Latin language they named the Capitol 'Head of the city'. 4. And in those days they called themselves 'Romans' and the name of their city 'Rome'. And the two brothers ruled together in it. But afterwards a cause of enmity intervened, and Romulus slew Remus his brother and reserved the throne for himself alone. \|44 5. And thereupon the city was shaken with earthquake and all the people were panic-stricken together because of the great quakings in their midst. And Romulus also was terrified and became heavy of heart by means of his great terror, and he learnt from the diviners and the unclean spirits that his throne should not be established in Rome without his brother Remus. 6. Then he had recourse to many a device in order to raise his brother and he was not able. But a great quaking ensued and in the midst of that quaking he saw an image of his brother, a perfect likeness from his head to his breast. 7. And he made an image of his brother in the likeness of the apparition which he had before seen, a golden statue representing his brother from the head to the breast, and he placed it on his throne and he adorned it with all manner of ornaments. 8. And in his prescripts he wrote after this manner, saying : '(In) the prescripts emanating from me and my brother so we declare, and so we command, so we execute', and so on. 9. And this custom derived from the Romans has prevailed to the present. Their kings and their magistrates have preserved this formula in the courts which are called 'praetorian', that is, in their places of justice. 10. And Romulus also was the first to ride on horseback in Rome and to rush to the encounter at full speed and to be ardent to be victorious. And he devised these diabolical practices and source of evils and vices, in order that his horse soldiers should be the strongest in the world. 11. And he appointed also a place of conflict for women called Elmantatum that the soldiers might resort (thither) in order to be with them (the women). For previously they had violated all the women, whether married, virgin, or widowed. 12. And by reason of his fear and discouragement Romulus instituted this order of female cavalry and made them alone without the men into one force. 13. And he divided them moreover into two parts, the virgins on one side and the married women on the other. And he assembled from all the cities far and near a great assemblage of women cavalry without number. 14. And \|45 they kept watch over the foreign women in their midst who did not belong to Rome, in order to accomplish (their) desire. And (Romulus ordered them) to lay hands on all they found. 15. Now the young girls of the city of the Sabines which is near to Rome were beautiful women. And he summoned and assembled them (masc.) to him. And when Romulus had ended assembling the women, he gave them to the soldiers who had no wives. And he named those soldiers stratiw&taj, that is, warriors. 16. And the rest he ordered to carry them (the women) off as best they could. And subsequently to this ordinance they chose their wives according to their individual tastes without violence. 17. And moreover he instituted priests of the idols and named them priests of Apollo. 18. And next Romulus commanded his most illustrious officers and soldiers to entertain74 in the winter season. And he invited (in order) from alpha to omega the most illustrious of his officers, each in turn, and the commanders and magistrates of the people and all the soldiers whom he wished. And this ordinance existed in Rome. 19. And next he established a custom in Rome, called Abrastus . . . 75 this is the place, to wit, of the officers in which they keep guard of the citadel at all times. 20. And next he built the walls of the city of Rome and completed them. 21. And next he built a temple in the city of Ares, in the month \|46 of March, that is Magabit. Now March is the beginning of months. 22. And in the beginning of the month they celebrate a feast, and they named that feast 'Primus'. And after this feast he commanded the soldiers to fight. 23. And they named this month March76 because of the custom of the heathen who are demon-worshippers according as the ancients had prescribed in their foolish ignorance. And the Romans have preserved this custom. 24. It is for this reason that the holy fathers, the Egyptian monks, who were clothed with God, offer at the beginning of every month an unbloody sacrifice to the holy consubstantial Trinity and receive the holy life-giving mysteries, while they chant the words of the 80th Psalm: 'Blow up the trumpet in the day of the new moon, on the notable day of our festival.' 77 CHAPTER LVII. 1. And after Romulus Numa became king. He was a wise and very prudent man. 2. And he caused the government of the city of Rome to go along a good path by means of an excellent discipline. 3. And this illustrious man was the first to make money for selling and buying and for the exchange of silver. It is for this reason that stamped copper money is named felus unto this day.78 4. And next he appointed two places: one for the officers and one for the judges that they might give orders to the officers and all the army. 5. And furthermore he established (them) outside that they might judge the peoples who were under their authority ; and not only those who judged but those with functions which are subordinate according to rank, and (others) which resemble this.79 6. And this law is ordained and established amongst the Romans unto this day. CHAPTER LVIII. 1. And in the days of the high priest of Jerusalem who was named Judas, Philip was king of Macedonia. And when he became king he warred against Thessaly and came \|47 off victorious over it. 2. And when he had won the victory, he built a city (in Macedonia) and named it Thessalonica. CHAPTER LIX. 1. And when Alexander the son of Philip of Macedon became king he built in Egypt the great city Alexandria, and named it Alexandria after his own name. 2. Now its name formerly in the Egyptian language was Rakoustis.80 And after this he warred against Persia. (And he came) to the confines of Europe, and he built there a place where his army and all his troops assembled. And he gave there gold in abundance to his chief generals and to all his officers and his numerous forces. And he named that place Chrysopolis.81 And so it is named by the inhabitants of Byzantium. 3. And in his war against Persia Alexander slew many of Darius's troops, (nor did he stop) till he had annihilated them. And he seized all the kingdom of Darius and made himself master of it. 4. And moreover he took captive his daughter, who was named Roxana. And she was a virgin and he made her his wife. And he did her no injury. 5. Nor yet did he offer any outrage to Candace the queen of Ethiopia, because of her great intelligence ; for she had heard tidings of the great deeds of Alexander and how it was his custom when he wished to war against the kings of the earth to join with spies (and so to visit their territories). 6. And queen Candace, being apprised of his arrival with the spies, had him arrested and said unto him : 'Thou art the king Alexander who hast seized upon all the world, and yet thou art to-day seized by a woman.' 7. And he said unto her: 'It is by means of thy knowledge and the subtility of thy intelligence and thy wisdom that thou hast seized me. Henceforth I will preserve thee unharmed, (even) thee and thy children, and I will make thee my wife.' 8. And when she heard these words she cast herself at his feet and made an alliance with him, and he made her his wife. And thereupon the Ethiopians submitted to him. 9. And when Alexander was dying he divided his kingdom among his four companions who had helped him in his campaigns. 10. And Philip, his elder brother, took Macedonia and reigned over \|48 it and all Europe. Furthermore he made Ptolemy, surnamed Lagus, king of Egypt. CHAPTER LX. And in the days of Ptolemy Philadelphus, son of Lagus, whose name by interpretation means 'lover of the brethren', a man of large thought and wisdom, the holy books of God were translated from the Hebrew into the Greek langua,ge by old men in the space of seventy-two days, for there were seventy-two translators, but two died before they had completed the translation.82 CHAPTER LXI. 1. And Antigonus reigned over Asia and Cilicia and the river which is named Draco in the province of Orontes, 2. And over Syria, Babylon and Palestine there reigned a king named Seleucus Nicanor. 3. And this (king) warred against Antigonus king of Asia and slew him, because he had built a city on the borders of the river Draco and had named it Antigonia. 4. And he seized all the property in the region of Iopolis and of the fortress which faces mount Silpion. . . . Now this city was formerly named Bottia.83 5. And he built there the great city of Antioch, and named it after the name of his son Antiochus. 6. And again he built another city [in the name of his daughter], and he named it Laodicea, for his daughter's name was Laodicea. Now this city had formerly been named Mazabdan. 7. And again he built a city and named it Apamea, which formerly had been named Pharnace.84 CHAPTER LXII. Seleucus, that is, Pausanias,85 was the first to write Chronicles and annals and to name them. CHAPTER LXIII. And Antiochus surnamed Epiphanes visited with punishment the Maccabees. CHAPTER LXIV. 1. History of the Consuls of the early Romans. Julius Caesar the dictator seized the power and administration among the Romans before the incarnation of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. 2. The birth of Julius was not like the birth of (ordinary) men whom women give birth to in the ninth month. For his mother died during her pregnancy, and after she died the babe stirred in her womb. And the wise men seeing that the babe stirred, cut open the womb of the mother and brought forth the \|49 (babe) living and nursed it and called its name Caesar. Now Caesar means 'drawn forth', 'cut out', 'separated'. 3. And when he grew up they named him also Triumvir, and in accordance with a decree of the Senate of Rome he was appointed and became king. 4. And when his empire was consolidated, the Persians and barbarians were seized with fear. And this same Caesar made the month in which he became king the first month of the year. 5. And he issued prescripts for his commanders and prefects according to their various offices in every province of his empire. 6. And next he left the east and came to Alexandria the chief city of Egypt. And he met queen Cleopatra, the daughter of Ptolemy, surnamed Dionysus, king of Egypt. 7. And she was a very beautiful young girl. Caesar fell in love with her and married her and begat a son by her. And he gave her the kingdom of Egypt. And he named that son Julius Caesar. He was also named Caesarion. 8. He built a beautiful palace and also a beautiful and magnificent and comely house, and he named it after his own name and that of his son. 9. And when the great Constantine, the emperor of the Christians, took possession of the Roman empire he changed this (building) into a church and named it after the name of S. Michael. 10. And to this day it is named the church of Caesarion because it was built by Julius Caesar the younger and Caesar the elder. CHAPTER LXV. 1. It is told regarding Archelaus the chief governor of Cappadocia and regarding Herod, who was full of wickedness (and) the murderer of his father, who was the first to eat raw meat with the blood, and not of the number of the faithful: now Herod was king of Judea : (it is told that) they submitted to Caesar the elder86 and made him sovereign over their territories during all their life. 2. And Archelaus built in Cappadocia a city and named it Caesarea in Cappadocia to be a memorial of him (Caesar). And formerly it was named Mazaca. CHAPTER LXVI. 1. And Herod also built a city in Palestine and named it Caesarea in honour of the emperor. And this is very beautiful and its name was formerly Straton's Tower (Stra&twnoj pu&rgoj). 2. And he constructed a way also which led into the city of Antioch, and he made the city more spacious and he covered the way with slabs of white stone at his own expense, and though \|50 previously impassable he made it a way fit for kings. 3. And he sent also a Jewish army into Egypt and he made all the cities submit to the emperor. And in like manner he caused the orientals to pay tribute to Caesar. CHAPTER LXVII. 1. And queen Cleopatra went down from Palestine into Egypt in order to make her royal residence there. And when she came to the city Farma she gave battle to the Egyptians and overcame them. 2. And next she came to Alexandria, and reigned there. And she was great in herself and in her achievements (in) courage and strength. There was none of the kings who preceded her who wrought such achievements as she. 3. And she built in the confines of Alexandria a great (and) magnificent palace., and all that saw it admired it; for there was not the like in all the world. 4. And she built it on an island in the quarter of the north to the west of the city of Alexandria, outside the city and at a distance of four stadia. 5. And she raised a dike against the waters of the sea with stones and earth; and made the place of the waters over which they voyaged formerly in ships into dry land, and she made it passable on foot.87 6. And this stupendous and difficult achievement she wrought through the advice of a wise man named Dexiphanes, who made the sea into dry land that there might be a means of passage on foot. 7. And next she constructed a canal to the sea, and she brought water from the river Gihon and conducted it into the city. And by this means she brought it about that ships could approach and enter the city and by this means there was great abundance. 8. Now the city was formerly without access to water, but she brought all the water it required (lit. made it full of water) so that ships could sail thereon, and by this means fish became abundant in the city. 9. And she executed all these works in vigilant care for the well-being of the city. And before she died she executed many noble works and (created) important institutions. And this woman, the most illustrious and wise amongst women, died in the fourteenth year of the reign of Caesar Augustus. 10. Thereupon the inhabitants of Alexandria and of (lower) and upper Egypt submitted to the emperors of Rome, who set over them prefects and generals. 11. And Augustus reigned fifty-six years and six months. And in the forty-second year of his reign our Lord and Saviour Jesus \|51 Christ was born in the flesh in Bethlehem Judah, very God alike in heaven and earthto Him be praise. 12. (He was born) in the days when a decree went forth that all the world should be registered and every person numbered with a view to levying of taxes. And this measure was carried out through the advice of Eumenes and Attalus, illustrious and great men of Rome. 13. And Augustus moreover found the name of the month February inscribed in the middle of the year. Now if we start from the first, that is March, the earliest of the months of the Roman year, this month of February was the sixth in order of the Roman months. 14. Now Augustus decreed88 that they should make this month the last of the months of the year ; for Augustus blamed the chief of the army in those days, who was named Manlius of Cappadocia, possessing as he had power and authority over them; for it was he who arranged the order of the months, and he was influential and powerful amongst the Romans. 15. And instead of this month of February which he had made the last month, because it was the shortest of all the months, they introduced in its stead the full month named August after his name; and it was the sixth month. 16. The month which preceded the sixth month, i. e. the fifth, he named Julius after the name of the emperor, the paternal uncle of Augustus. 17. And the Romans adopted and confirmed this regulation (and have observed it) till the present day. The sixth and fifth months are preceded by March. CHAPTER LXVIII. 1. Now Christians complete in faith do not receive any other rule than that ordained for them in accordance with the statement of Ezra the prophet,89 the illuminator of \|52 understanding + when the months come how on the sixth of Tuba, i.e. Ter, which is the first month amongst the Franks: 2. When the beginning of the month coincides with the first or second or third unto the end of the seven days.+ 3. And they observe moreover the commencement of their months in seeking to know whether it will he lucky or unlucky. 4. And Socrates the sage and philosopher (and) astronomer established this custom in Rome. 5. And Socrates the ordainer and establisher of the practice had altered among the pagans the writings of Ezra the prophet and saint. He was deceived and he deceived those who read his book by his evil device. CHAPTER LXIX. 1. And after the death of the emperor Augustus, his son Tiberius became emperor, who had brought Cappadocia into siibjection to Rome after the death of Archelaus the governor of Cappadocia. 2. And he built also a city in the province of Thrace and named it Tiberia.90 And in the days of Tiberius Caesar our Lord Jesus Christ was crucified in Jerusalem. CHAPTER LXX. 1. And, after the death of Claudius, the abominable Nero became emperor in Rome. Now he was a pagan and an idolater. 2. And to his other vices he added the vice of sodomy, and he married as though he were a woman. And when the Romans heard of this detestable deed, they could no longer endure him. 3. And the idolatrous priests particularly inveighed against him, and the senators elders of the people) deposed him from the throne 91 and took counsel in common to put him to death. And when this impure wretch was informed of the purpose of the senators, he quitted his residence and hid himself. But he was not able to escape the mighty and powerful hand of God. 4. For when he fell into this disquietude of heart, owing to the debauchery which he had practised as a woman, owing to this cause (I repeat) his belly grew distended and became like that of a pregnant woman. 5. And he was greatly afflicted by the multitude of his loathsome pains. And therefore he ordered the wise men to visit him in the place where he was (hidden), and to administer remedies. 6. And \|53 when the wise men came to him thinking that he was with child they opened his belly in order to deliver it. And he died by this evil death. CHAPTER LXXI. 1. And after the death of Titus Domitian his brother became emperor in his stead. And he was a great philosopher among the heathen. 2. And he stirred up a persecution against the Christians and he brought many torments upon them by the hand of Decius and through the machinations of his officers. 3. And he had John the beloved evangelist brought to Rome, and he persecuted him and all the believers in God for their true and right faith. 4. And afterwards being struck with admiration at the greatness of his wisdom be set him free in secret and without the knowledge of his officers and the idolatrous priests he had him conducted to his residence. 5. But again Domitian, yielding to the persuasions of the wicked ministers of the demons, sent John the theologian into exile to the island called + Sun.92 6. And next Domitian built a city in the province of Isauria and he named it Domitianus after his own name. 7. And when the consummation of his sin was at hand, he had driven into exile the holy martyrs and he went to the temple of Titus and sought to offer a sacrifice to the demons; for he called a thing which could not speak a saviour. 8. Then his officers took counsel to put him to death; for he had always humiliated them through his stiffneckedness and pride of heart, and, philosopher though he was, he had wholly failed to do justice. And they rose against him and put him to death secretly. 9. But the people were not aware that they had put him to death. And they took his silk garments and suspended them on the chains of the temple lamps, in order to deceive all the people by a lying statement, saying: '(The emperor) had been carried up from earth into the air by the priests of the gods, because he was a philosopher.'93 10. Thus they misled the people for some time; but afterwards they were apprised of the death of this wicked man, and there arose a tumult because they had put him to death in the \|54 temple and by their mad act had profaned it, though they said: 'We are guiltless and our temple is not profaned.' 11. And after this [there arose a tumult and] they agreed upon Nerva and made him emperor. Now he was the commander-in-chief of the army, an old man, very excellent, humane, and wise. 12. And forthwith he sent to the sweet-tongued S. John and had him brought back from his place of exile to the city of Ephesus, where he died in goodly peace. And where his holy body is buried is not known save to our Lord Jesus Christunto whom be praise. 13. Now this emperor was a good man and he established good laws, and moreover he put an end among men to the custom which prevailed of buffet for buffet and blow for blow. And whilst he was engaged in this legislation the emperor died aged + forty-four +94 years after a reign of one. CHAPTER LXXII. 1. And after the good emperor Nerva died, Trajan became emperor, who was much addicted to the worship of idols. 2. He was the third of those who persecuted the Christians. And there were many martyrs in every place who were put to severe tortures. 3. And furthermore the saint of God, Ignatius the patriarch of Antioch, who was appointed after Peter, the chief of the apostles, was brought by his orders in chains to Rome and delivered to a lion. 4. And next he seized <five Christian women of Antioch> 95 and interrogated them and said unto them: 'Whom do ye worship, and in whom do ye trust that ye run with such haste to death?' 5. They answered and said, 'We shall die for the sake of Christ, who will give us eternal life and deliver us from this body of corruption.' 6. And he was filled with wrath; for he was a heathen and was averse to the revelation of the doctrine of the resurrection. And he commanded the bodies of the holy women to be cast into the fire. 7. And he ordered the earth on which the bodies of the holy women had fallen to be gathered and + added to the brass which heated the public bath + 96 which he had built in his own name. 8. And it came to pass afterwards that when any one went to wash in that bath that a vapour arose, and \|55 when he smelt that vapour he was overpowered by it and had to be borne out. And all who saw it marvelled thereat. Therefore the Christians mocked the heathen and gloried in Christ and praised Him together with his Saints. 9. And when Trajan was apprised of this phenomenon, he + changed those who heated the bath + 1 and removed the vessels of brass with which were mingled the ashes of the holy women, and he placed their ashes in five brazen pillars and set them up in that bath. 10. But he was on the watch to pour contempt on the martyrs, saying : + 'They belonged neither to me nor to their god, but they have died foolishly.' +97 11. And at that time his daughter Drusis and Junia the daughter of the patrician Filasanrun underwent martyrdom. And many other virgins likewise underwent martyrdom by fire through this unbeliever. 12. And during Trajan's stay in Antioch, the earth was troubled and quaked in the night owing to the wrath of God, for it had been polluted three times. 13. And not only (in) Antioch, but also on the island of Rhodes was there a similar earthquake after cockcrow. 14. And the Jews who were in the city of Alexandria and in the province of Cyrene assembled and chose a leader named Lucuas98 to be their king. 15. And when Trajan was informed and apprised of this movement, he sent against them an officer named Marcus Turbo98 with a numerous force, even a numerous army of horse and foot and also many troops in ships. 16. And Trajan came to Egypt and built a fortress with a strong impregnable tower, and he brought water into it in abundance and he named it Babylon in Egypt. 17. Nebuchadnezzar the king of the Magi and Persians was the first to build its foundations and to name it the fortress of Babylon. This was the epoch when he became its king by the ordinance of God, when he drove the Jews into exile after the destruction of Jerusalem, and also when they stoned to death a prophet of God at Thebes in Egypt, and added sin to sin. 18. And Nebuchadnezzar came to Egypt with a numerous army and made a conquest of Egypt, because the Jews had revolted against him, and he named <the fortress> Babylon after the name of his own city. 19. And Trajan moreover added some buildings to the fortress and other parts in it. And he dug also a small canalsufficiently large to convey water from the Gihon to the city \|56 Clysma. And he put this water into connexion with the Red Sea, and he named this canal Trajan after his own name. 20. And he built also a citadel in Manuf. And after all these achievements he fell ill and died in the twentieth year of his reign. CHAPTER, LXXIII. 1. And after Trajan [the first] Hadrian99 his cousin became emperor in Rome. 2. He built in upper Egypt a beautiful city and its appearance was very pleasing, and he named it Antinoe, that is, Ensina. 3. And afterwards misguided men made him a god, for he was very rich. And he died by a distressing death. CHAPTER LXXIV. 1. And after him Aelius Antoninus Pius became emperor. He was kind, courteous, and virtuous. And the Romans named him at first 'the servant of God'. He was a just man throughout his reign. 2. The chroniclers report concerning him that he was the first to do justice and to put an end to the unjust practices which had prevailed among the Romans before his time. 3. Previously they used to commit the injustice of confiscating for the benefit of the crown a moiety of the possessions of the rich on their death on the ground of the covenant which the fathers had made with their children.100 And his predecessors were not able to abolish this regulation. 4. But he issued a prescript and put art end to it in order that every man should have control over his own property and should give it to whom he pleased. And he established also many other equitable measures and laws in conformity with justice. 5. And next he went down into Egypt even to Alexandria, and he punished those who had wrought evil, and was gracious to those who had wrought good; for tenderness and graciousness and forbearance were implanted in him. 6. And he built two gates in Alexandria on the west and on the east (of the city), and he named the eastern gate 9Hliakh&, and the western Selhniakh&.101 7. And he built a place of pleasure with blocks of white stone in the city of Antioch and named it Amulum.102 And he transported the stone from upper Egypt. 8. And in all his cities he \|57 built baths and academies. 9. And after this he returned with a numerous army to Rome and remained there for some time and died, aged seventy-seven years, in the twenty-third year of his reign. 10. And he left his possessions to his son Marcus. And Marcus his son resembled his father in graciousness and virtues. And he did all that was lawful and just, and he died in the religion of his father. CHAPTER LXXV. 1. And after him the impious Decius, the enemy of God, became emperor, 2. And he raised painful punishments against the Christians and established the law of the polluted heathen that search should be made for the Christians. And accordingly he shed the blood of many saints in every quarter, even of those who worshipped the true God. 3. And this abominable Decius had many male and female lions brought from Africa, and also from the desert had many serpents and venomous beasts male and female and placed them + to the east of the city of Filmunti, of Arabia and Palestine + to the fortress of Circesium in order to form a source of strength against the barbarians and rebels. CHAPTER LXXVI. 1. And after him a man named Aurelian became emperor. And immediately on his accession to the throne he rebuilt the walls of Rome, which had fallen into ruins, and finished them in a short time. 2. And he made all the inhabitants of Rome to work in order to accomplish the building, while he diligently overlooked it himself without pride. 3. And at that time he ordained a law that all the workmen should be registered and * that they should be named chief citizens103 of the empire in honour of the emperor. 4. And all this was done in consequence \|58 of the labour he underwent in the building of the walls of the city. And this custom prevailed so among the Romans that it led to the registration of the peasants and artisans and sailors who sailed upon the sea. 5. And all the workmen Aurelian named 'Aurelians' after the emperor's name, and he had them registered in the register of diwan, that is, dabdabe. And this institution has prevailed to the present. CHAPTER LXXVII. 1. And when Diocletian the Egyptian became emperor, the army turned to give its help to this impious man and persecutor of the faithful and the most wicked of all men. 2. But the city of Alexandria and Egypt declared against him and refused to submit to him. And he made himself strong to war against them with a numerous force and army and with his three colleagues in the empire, Maximian of a wicked stock, Constantius, and Maximian104 (Galerius). 3. And he went down into Egypt and made it subject to him, and as for the city of Alexandria he destroyed it. 4. Now he built a fort on the east of the city and lay encamped there for a long time; for he was not able by these means to capture the city and bring it into his power. 5. And after a long time some people of the city came to him and showed him a means of ingress whereby he could enter. And so with much toil and trouble he stormed the city and he had with him an innumerable army. 6. And in the city also many thousand troops were assembled by reason of the war that was waged amongst them. And Diocletian set fire to the city and burnt it completely, and he established his authority over it. 7. And he was an idolater and offered sacrifices to impure demons and persecuted the Christians. He was indeed like a brute beast. 8. And he hated all good men and he resisted God; for all the power of Rome was in his hand. 9. And he put to death all the pastors, priests and monks, men, women and little children, and by the hands of his flesh-devouring agents whom he had appointed in every place, he shed without mercy or compassion the blood of innumerable saints. 10. And he destroyed churches and burnt with fire the Scriptures inspired by God. It was a persecution of all the Christians extending over nineteen years, beginning with the time of his accession to power and his conquest of the land of Egypt. 11. And at this time he sent men of \|59 Alexandria to cut off the head of the holy father Patriarch Peter, the last of the martyrs. 12. And he put to death all the bishops of Egypt whom he found attached to the orthodox faith and a pure course of life, till (at last) every one believed him to be the Antichrist, who had come to destroy all the world; for he was the home of evil and the lurking-place of wrong. 13. And his colleagues were like him in action and character, and these were Maximian, who had perpetrated many crimes, for his sovereignty was derived from him (i. e. Diocletian), and Maximian the second, whose empire was in the east. He resembled a treacherous beast, and was an enemy of God and the perpetrator of abominable crimes. 14. But Constantius, who was associated with him in the empire in Asia, had not committed any crimes, but he loved men and treated them kindly. 15. And he made also a proclamation by the voice of a herald to the Christians in all places under his sway that they should do the commands of the Lord, the one true God. 16. And furthermore he commanded that neither should violence be done to them nor persecution be stirred up against them, nor their property be plundered nor any evil inflicted upon them. 17. And he commanded likewise that no hindrance should be put to their worship in their holy churches in order that they might pray on behalf of him and his empire. 18. And in the third year after the close of the persecution which he had instituted against the Christians, the impious Diocletian in the midst of such enterprises fell sick of a grievous bodily disease and lost his mind and reason. 19. And in consequence thereof he was deposed and in accordance with a decree of the Roman senate sent in exile to the island named Waros, in which there were great forests, and it lay in the west. And he remained there alone. 20. And in that island there were some believers who had survived; these supplied him with daily food sufficient to sustain his body. And whilst he pursued this course of life in solitude, his reason returned to him, and he became ambitious (again) of empire, and besought the army and the Senate to come and take him from the fortress (where he was) and make him emperor as before. 21. But the officers, the army and senate refused, saying: 'This man, who has lost his reason and mind, whom also we have deposed, we will not receive back again. 22. And in consequence of this refusal this enemy of God and of the holy saints was deeply grieved and was not \|60 able to accomplish his desire. He wept and his eyes shed tears in abundance now that misfortune surrounded him on every side. And he lost his reason to a very great degree and became blind and his vigour departed and he died. 23. And Maximian, persistent in evil deeds, wrought many enchantments on Diocletian, and he was addicted to abominable practices and to the invocations of demons; and he cut open the wombs of pregnant women and sacrificed men and women to impure demons. 24. And in the midst of such actions he was strangled and died in the second year after his father's death,, and his end came about not by the hands of others but by his own. 25. And the impious Maximian (Galerius) also ceased not to perpetrate the same crimes as Diocletian : yea he perpetrated (them) in the east, in Africa, and in the great city of Alexandria and in Egypt and in Pentapolis. 26. And he put to death without mercy the holy martyrs : some he cast into the sea, others he gave to wild beasts, others to the edge of the sword, and others to be burnt in the fire. And he destroyed churches, and burnt with fire the holy Scriptures and restored the temples of the gods which were in ruins. 27. And he had no compassion on the women with child, but ripped open their wombs and drew forth the babes and sacrificed them to impure demons. And he compelled many to worship idols. 28. And no more did he escape the wrath of God; for by the command of God a severe cough settled in his chest, he began to fail in health, his intestines became ulcerated, deadly worms were generated and the odour that emanated from him became fetid, so that one could not come near him. 29. And when he fell into this severe affliction and great tribulation, he despaired of life and found no solace in his grievous disease. And after-wards he recognized and learnt that his malady had befallen him through Christ the true God because he had afflicted the Christians. 30. And when he had wisely collected his inner thoughts together, he commanded his appointed officials to put an end to the persecution of the Christians. And when he had done this act of humanity, the malady which God had inflicted on him departed from him, and he was restored to health. 31. And he continued (to enjoy health) for six months after his repentance for his sin, but again he took thought to organize a persecution of the Christians, and he forgat Him who had healed him of his grievous disease, (even) \|61 Jesus Christ our Lord and Saviour. 32. And again he began to slay the Christians, and he set up new gods in the great city of Antioch, and he gave himself to dealings with demons and the enchantments which he used to practise. 33. But forthwith war stirred up against him in Armenia and there arose likewise a severe famine in every province of his empire. And the fields yielded no produce and nothing was to be found in the granaries, and the people fell down and died through want of food. 34. And the rich became poor; for the people of + Abrakis + had quickly plundered them. And all men wept and lamented bitterly, and they died and found none to bury them. 35. And the idolaters who lived in the west were full of lamentation and grief because of their loss of Diocletian and his son Maximian. 36. And (Maximian) sent to them his son Maxentius, who established a high reputation for himself in that place. For this son of the impious (Maximian) was on the watch to ruin them, but, being treacherous, to begin with he sought to please all the inhabitants of Rome.105 37. And he honoured our Faith, and he gave orders (to his subjects) to cease from persecuting the Christians, and he fashioned himself after the likeness of the worshippers of Christ. And he began to exhibit a greater love for mankind than any of his predecessors that were like him. 38. But after a short time his treachery discovered itself, and so, just as his fathers, he became like a wolf in his lair. And he wrought in its fullness the treachery of his fathers and disclosed his secret vices, and committed every abomination and impurity. And he became fierce and left no form of impurity and licentiousness unaccomplished: and he perpetrated every kind of debauchery and abused every man, and even legally married women who had husbands he lay with [in public], not in secret but openly, and thereupon sent them back to their husbands. 39. And further he was not willing to let them rest from the oppression which they exercised upon them by his command. And he also seized under many pretexts the property of the rich and from such as had nothing to give he took whatever he found in their possession, and he put many thousands to death for the sake of \|62 their property. 40. But one cannot give a complete account of the deeds perpetrated by this impious man. But the people of the city of Rome were helpless in what they did; for he treated them, contrary to the customs of their city. 41. But Constantius was a servant of God, of good report, who accomplished his course in wisdom and prudence, being beloved and virtuous. All manner of men made prayers and supplications on his behalf, the nobles and people and army. 42. It was he that built the city of Byzantium and he pursued the good path in uprightness. Then he fell asleep and went to God, leaving his illustrious son, Constantine, the beloved of God, glorious and resplendent in righteousness, whom he appointed empe'ror to bear rule in his stead. 43. And this glorious (and) blessed worshipper of the Trinity wrought the will of God always. And he loved all the subjects of his empire and he did good unto all, and he accomplished all the days of his sovereignty in modesty and firmness and integrity, and he became great before God who liveth for ever. 44. And the army and all the people blessed him, for he was zealous with a goodly zeal for God. And there were revealed in his days light and Christian wisdom, powerful and true, and charity and tolerance. 45. And he rejected absolutely every charge of the informer,106 and yet he made, without exerting any violence, all who were subject to his sway, servants of God. Moreover he could not endure to leave (as they were) the churches which had been cast down, and so he rebuilt them. Nor did he permit any obstacle to withstand the holy Christian worship of God whereby he had been consecrated to be emperor (endowed) with goodness and modesty. 46. And he took Licinius his sister Constantia's husband to be his colleague in the government of Rome, who was wanting in none of the virtues of Constantine the upright emperor; for he had made him swear a great and terrible oath that he would do justice and transgress in no respect against our Lord Jesus Christ or against His servants. 47. And at that time there came from the east the impious Maximin, the adversary of God and slave of Satan. For he had usurped the empire of the east as its sole ruler, and he plotted to put to death the \|63 upright emperor Constantine and refused to execute the sealed rescript from Constantine. 48. For he levied war on all the cities and provinces under the sway (of Licinius as far as) the city of Constantinople, but he was not able to make himself master of them. And both the godly Constantine and Licinius his sister's husband made preparations to war against these rebels. Constantine went to war against Maxentius who was in Rome, and Licinius went to war against the impious Maximin in the east. 49. And when Maxentius heard of the approach of Constantine the servant of God, he proceeded by ship and entered the river of Italy which flows by the city of Rome and built a bridge on a secure structure for the passage of the combatants, and of his followers, and of the augurs who announced to him the oracles of Satan. 50. He knew not indeed that the godly Constantine had the help of Christ. And when the impious Maxentius and all his people had crossed the river of Italy, the cavalry that were posted on the bridge came to meet him before the arrival of the Godloving Constantine. 51. And when Constantine arrived, he took his position at a distance and did not enter the battle but waited to see the manifestation of the help of God. And the enemy indeed grew strong and powerful. 52. And while Constantine was so engaged, he lay down and fell asleep, grieved and sad at heart. And he saw a vision in the form of the holy cross in the heaven and there was written thereon this inscription: 'By this sign of the cross thou shalt conquer.' 53. And thereupon he arose hastily and began the battle and fought and won the victory over his adversaries; and not one of them remained, and he exterminated them all. 54. And those who were with Maxentius the commander-in-chief wished to escape and reach the city of Rome. But by the command of God the bridge was broken and they were all drowned in the depths. And there was joy in Rome that the impious were drowned. 55. And the senate of Maxentius, and his nobles and his army and all the people and the peasants together with their babes took waxen torches and clad themselves in clean and white garments and went with musicians to meet the servant of God the emperor Constantine. 56. And not only did the city of Rome rejoice but also all the cities and provinces and the city of Constantinople with them. 57. And Constantine was not uplifted in his heart \|64 nor did he boast of his glory and his triumph as other kings had done. He was, on the contrary, modest and humble of heart and gave the praise to God and extolled his Lord, the Lord of all, Jesus Christ; King of Kings, and Lord of Lords. 58. And thereupon he entered the city of Rome in triumph, and all the Romans prostrated themselves before him, and as many as had survived the battle submitted themselves to his commands. And Constantine thereupon entered the palace, crowned with the diadem of victory. 59. And he made known to all men the miracle with which he had been favoured and the victory which he had won through the vision which he had seen in the heaven in the form of the holy cross. And when they heard this recital all men exclaimed : 'Great is the God of the Christians who has delivered us and our city from the hands of the impious.' 60. And Constantine thereupon ordered the temples to be closed and the doors of the churches to be opened, not only in Rome but in every city. And S. Sylvester the patriarch of Rome gave him many excellent admonitions and instructed him in the pure faith. 61. And afterwards he went to war against the cities of Persia and he conquered them. And when he had conquered them, he + established them in peace and confirmed to them presents together with a horn + [which they used to blow for the king].107 62. And he received with kindness all the Christians who were there. And he removed the city magistrates and all the officials and replaced them with Christians. And he built beautiful churches in all the cities and villages. 63. Furthermore he sent his mother the God-loving empress Helena to search in the holy Jerusalem for the wood of the glorious cross on which was crucified our Lord and Saviour Jesus ChristPraise be unto Him. 64. It was in the days of the blessed father + Ailimun +, bishop of Jerusalem. 65. And he built also the holy edifice of the Resurrection in glorious fashion and restored the buildings of Jerusalem so that they were finer than \|65 they had been at first, and so it has continued to the present. 66. And the emperor Constantine also built a church of great magnificence and beauty in Byzantium. And its proportions were not small but very lofty. 67. And when he had completed the building of the city, he named it Constantinople after his own name; for previously it had been named Byzantium. 68. And he liked to reside therein, and he made it a habitation of Christ. 69. And he gathered also the sacred Scriptures and placed them in the churches. 70. And next he assembled three hundred and eighteen saints in the city of Nicaea and established the orthodox faith. It is impossible to enumerate the good actions he accomplished. 71. Amongst the most notable officials (of the empire) there was one named Ablawijus, a Christian (who) laboured zealously to discover the glorious cross on which our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ was crucifiedPraise be to Him. 72. And the three hundred and eighteen whom he assembled at Nicaea honoured the emperor Constantine, the servant of God, and his mother the Godloving empress Helena, and raised to them a worthy memorial and recounted their glory from beginning to end. 73. And Licinius who took over the empire of the east set out to war against the impious Maximin. And this perverse wicked (man) learnt that he was marching to war against him and (was apprised of) the overthrow of Maxentius and his defeat by the godly emperor Constantine, and he sought for peace from Licinius. 74. And Licinius sent to Constantine saying : 'Maximin seeks for peace and offers to accept the glorious and pure Christian faith and forsakes his errors and concludes a treaty with me.' And Constantine sent the reply that they should accept his proposals. 75. Then Maximin, concealing in his heart his evil treachery, sent rescripts to all the officials under his sway, forbidding them to disquiet the Christian. 76. And when the rescripts reached the officials they knew that this policy was not in conformity with his wishes but only with the faith of his superiors. And for this reason none accorded to him honour, anywhere, because of the evil he had previously done to the saints. 77. Now the emperor Constantine never prevented the chief Christians from holding synods or building churches, but he \|66 observed carefully the Christian faith and shunned the worship of idols. And thus he commanded and gave instruction to all that the churches should be left in peace, and he battled on behalf of the orthodox faith. 78. There was a man named Gelasinus of the village of Mariamme, which is near to Damascus, about one mile distant. And he lived in the midst of a large population who were devoted to the worship of idols and dwelt in the city of Heliopolis in Lebanon. 79. And at that time they were assembled in a theatre, and they had brought actors with them. They put cold water into a large brazen vessel and thus began to mock all who came to the holy baptism of the Christians. 80. And one of these actors went down into the water and was baptized, and when he came out of the water they clothed him in a white garment; for till this incident he had been an actor, but after he came forth from the water he refused to pursue the avocations of an actor or to play the mimic again, and said : 'I wish to die in the Christian religion on behalf of Christ'; and added : 'I saw a great miracle while I made a mock of holy baptism'. 81. And when he had gone but a little way from the place of that water, all who were there were filled with wrath and indignation; for they were worshippers of idols. 82. And they went down from the theatre and seized that holy man and stoned him. And he received the crown of martyrdom which fadeth not away, and he was enrolled with the holy martyrs. And his relatives came with many Christians and took his body and buried it in the village and built a church over the place where his body was buried. Now the man's name was Gelasinus.108 May God have mercy on us through his intercessions. 83. Now the impure Maximin did not forsake his wicked errors and he was not possessed by the power of righteousness which had been acquired from God by the Godloving emperors, who pursued a good course through life in knowledge and in understanding. 84. But this perverse man resolved to make war on the Christ-loving emperors; for he was possessed by a demon that infuriated him. And as he had lost his former unlimited authority, he could no longer choose for himself those most agreeable or suitable to him. 85. And in his pride and stiffneckedness he began to violate the treaty he had made with Licinius. + And he exerted himself \|67 to execute deeds which should issue in his destruction through fear +, and he changed his mind and stirred up all men and threw all the cities into confusion and the officials under his sway. 86. And he mustered many thousands to war against the God-loving emperors and he trusted in the demons from whom he received instruction. 87. But from the moment he began to war the help of God was withdrawn from him, and Licinius conquered him and slew all the soldiers in whom he trusted and the officers. And all the remaining troops betook themselves to Licinius and cast themselves at his feet. 88. And when Maximin saw this he fled in fear; for he was dispirited, and he quitted shamefully the field of battle and came to his own province. And he was full of wrath and indignation against the idolatrous priests and lying prophets, and augurs, for they had persuaded him through favourable counsels. 89. And for this reason he slew them in whom he had (formerly) boasted himself, and whom he had made gods. Then it was that he learnt for himself that they were impostors and powerless to give aid in war. And he renounced the demons who had instructed him with counsel, and he slew the magicians who wrought evil. But he had no zeal for the salvation of his soul: he was feeble, and praised not the God of the Christians, and he refused wholly to accept the law and its blessings. 90. And Licinius gave orders to carry on the war against those who remained in the tenth year after the persecution of the Christians, wherein Diocletian, the father (of Maximin), the adversary of God, had persecuted them. During all this length of days (Maximin) had not repented with a genuine repentance nor truly hoped for salvation. 91. And after his flight from the field of battle, he suffered from disease of the heart, and grew weak from a grievous disease which came upon him from God. And his flesh was devoured through the fire of the disease, and this fire burned in his belly, and his appearance was altered and his limbs wasted away, and his intestines were consumed, and his bones became prominent and finally his eyes fell out. And in the midst of all this affliction, his soul left his body. 92. It is thus the three adversaries of God, Diocletian and his two sons, perished. But before he died the impious Maximin recognized that all this had befallen him because of his rebellion against Christ and the evils which he had inflicted on the Christian saints. 93. And in those days Licinius took possession of the east and \|68 exercised authority over it and the adjoining provinces. And the church dwelt in tranquillity and peace, and he restored again its edifices and the church was lighted with the light of Christ. 94. But again thereafter Satan, the evil-doer, who is ever seeking to seduce all the faithful as a devouring lion, which is treacherous and cunning, seduced Licinius also and made him forget his honourable deeds of aforetime, and he inclined towards doing the actions of those whose eyes have been blinded, and he was zealous to follow their evil way, and his heart was not glad as before. 95. Formerly he had not been estranged from the emperor Con-stantine, but afterwards he forgot the covenant and the oath which had been made between them, and he took evil counsel against the great emperor Constantine to slay him. But Christ, the true God, foiled the plots of Licinius. 96. Formerly, indeed, he had honoured and praised Jesus Christ; but when he denied Him He delivered him over to a cruel death, refusing him forgiveness because of the shameful deeds that he had done. 97. And Licinius began to persecute the Christians and to levy war upon the God-loving Constantine as his impious predecessors had done, whose memorial bad been blotted out by the Lord. 98. And he began also to demolish and close the churches and to put to death the holy believers. And as for the soldiers who were strong in the Christian faith, he degraded them, and subjected the rich to tortures.109 99. And he appointed agents in every city and village to put a stop to the holy, that is, the Christian worship of God, lest prayers should be offered up for the faithful emperor Constantine. And he turned them from the worship of God to that of demons. And he wrought very many evil acts. 100. But Constantine did not cease to praise and worship the one true Lord God. And together with Crispus, whom he had appointed Caesar, a strong man, kindly disposed to men and faithful to God, he assembled a strong army, and they went forth to war against the adversaries of God, under the guidance of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, with invincible powers. 101. And though Licinius was his brother-in-law, Constantine had no mercy upon him, but he was firm on behalf of the holy faith which that rebel had forsaken, turning to demons. And for this reason he went against him \|69 speedily armed with punishment, and he laid low him and all his army and exterminated them with a terrible and bitter death. 102. And all these happenings had come upon Licinius because he had denied Christ and had violated the oath and the covenant which he had made with Constantine. 103. And thereupon he took possession of the empire of Licinius and made it one with his own: yea, he took possession of the empires of the east and of the west and of the south and of the north. And they all came under his authority, and he established universal peace and was at one with all men and blessed by all men, and he duly made strong-all the frontiers of the empire till his adversaries submitted to his authority through the might of our Lord Jesus Christ the son of the true Lord God. 104. And he made his two sons emperors, Constantius and Constans, with honour and majesty. Then he fell asleep without regret or trouble; for our Lord Jesus Christ, the true God, protected his empire to the third generation. 105. And the blessed Constans resembled his father, and he walked in the right way and accomplished all his days virtuously. 106. And after his death the people of Yemen received the knowledge of God, and were illuminated with the light of the praise of our Lord Jesus Christpraise be unto Himby means of a holy woman named Theognosta. 107. Now she was a Christian virgin who had been carried off captive from a convent on the borders of the Roman empire and had been conducted to the king of Yemen and presented to him as a gift. 108. And this Christian woman became very rich through the grace of God and wrought many healings. And she brought over the king of India to the faith, and he became a Christian through her agency as well as all the people of India. 109. Then the king of India and his subjects requested the Godloving emperor Honorius to appoint them a bishop. 110.. And he rejoiced with great joy because they had embraced the faith and turned to God, and he appointed them a holy bishop, named Theonius, who admonished them and instructed them and strengthened them in the faith of Christ our God till they were worthy to receive baptism which is the second birth through the prayers of the holy virgin Theognosta. 111. Glory be unto our Lord Jesus Christ who alone worketh marvels and bestoweth goodly gifts on those who trust in Him. And so it was also in India, that is, the great India. For the men of that country \|70 had formerly received a man named Afrudit (i.e. Frumentius).110 He was of noble birth of the country of India and they had made him their bishop, having been instituted and ordained by Athanasius the apostolic, the patriarch of Alexandria. 112. Now (Afrudit) had told him concerning the grace which they had received through the Holy Spirit and the manner in which they had found the salvation of their souls through the grace of holy baptism and were made worthy of this gift. 113. As for the Christ-loving emperor Constantine, there was with him always a bright angel of God which at all times directed and instructed him in the will of God until the memorable day of his death. And he waked him also from his bed for prayer every day. And he was visible to him alone of the emperors. 114. And as he beheld visions in the heaven he fell asleep after a pure life: he was an oblation to God, and he went to his rest in heaven. CHAPTER LXXVIII. 1. And these are the names of the sons of the great emperor Constantine, Constantius, Constans, and Constantine. And they divided the empire of their father into three parts which they assigned by lot. 2. And to Constantius there fell by lot the province of Asia and he became emperor over it. And to Constantine (there fell) Constantinople, and he seated himself on the throne of his father. And Constans became emperor over Rome, the great city of Rome. 3. But feuds arose between Constans and Constantine in regard to the empire and their subjects, and they warred against each other, and Constantine died in battle. 4. And thereafter Constans, the younger of the two, resided in Rome only, but Constantius reigned in Byzantium, that is, Constantinople. 5. And Arius appeared in his days and he attached himself to his doctrine and became an Arian. And in consequence of this (heresy) Sapor-Arsekius,111 king of Persia, attacked the Roman empire, and there was much bloodshed between them. 6. And afterwards they were reconciled and there was peace and tranquillity and love between Rome and Persia. 7. And on his way back to Byzantium Constantius built a bridge strongly constructed over the river named Pyramus in Cilicia. 8. And in his days, moreover, the city of Nicaea, the chief of cities of our three hundred and eighteen Fathers, was overthrown by a great earthquake. And this fell out \|71 through the will of God in order that the Arians should not assemble therein to corrupt the holy orthodox faith established by our holy Fathers, the three hundred and eighteen bishops, who assembled formerly in the days of Constantinea festival of happy memory. And it was for this reason that the wrath of God prevented them. 9. And afterwards there appeared in heaven a sign, that is, the holy cross standing at midday over the holy place where our Saviour Jesus Christ was crucified, before the arrival of Cyril, patriarch of Jerusalem, and other bishops who were with him. 10. And Cyril thereupon and the bishops who were with him wrote a letter and sent it to the emperor Constans regarding the great marvel and the great sign which had appeared. 11. Now the emperor Constans was zealous for the faith of his father, and he was earnestly devoted to the religion of God. And he resembled his brother who died in battle (and) admired him, but he hated his brother who ruled in Asia because he had not kept the faith of the Godloving Constantine, and promulgated many decrees against the apostolic Athanasius, the patriarch of Alexandria, and chased him from his bishopric in order to please the heretics, i, e. the Arians. 12. The hatreds and differences that divided the two imperial brothers, Constantius and Constans, were very violent. And this hatred had arisen not only on account of the death of their brother, but also because of Athanasius the patriarch of Constantinople, and of Constantius's declension from the faith of his father and his unacceptableness to our Lord Jesus Christ. 13. And on these grounds he strengthened (his) hatred against his brother. And whilst so engaged Constans died, having pleased God and cursed Constantius his brother because of his evil deeds. 14. And after the death of Constans, the emperor Constantius sent an officer to slay Athanasius, the glorious Father, the head of the church. 15. Heretofore Constans had protected him from the evil designs of his brother, and Constantius feared his brother and concealed his evil designs in his heart. 16. But after the death of his brother Constans, he disclosed all that was in his heart and sought to slay him. But the right hand of the Most High God protected him, and he took to flight and concealed himself and was saved from, his hands. 17. And the officer who was sent to the apostolic Athanasius raised a tumult against the Christians; for he belonged to the sect of Manes. And in those days it was \|72 not only the Arians who disquieted the church : the Manichaeans also were roused on a different principle, and stirred up a persecution of the Christians, and there was much disquiet and shedding of blood. 18. And afterwards there arose against the city of Rome a powerful leader named Magnentius, and he usurped the imperial power + at the hour of sunset +112 without the permission of Constantius. And he marched into Europe and gave battle to Constantius, and many were slain on both sides, and finally the mighty Magnentius was slain also. And Constantius won the day and made himself master of all the possessions of Magnentius. 19. And after Constantius won the victory he did not praise God as had the Christian emperors who preceded him. In all his actions, on the contrary, he followed the guidance of the Arians. 20. And later he assembled a council of heretical bishops in Milan, that is in Italy, at the instigation of these heretics who had rejected the orthodox faith and denied the worship of the Holy Trinity. 21. And he made them write a sentence of excommunication against the apostolic Athanasius, the patriarch of Alexandria, and the bishops who followed him. 22. And these are the names of those who were exiled with the apostolic Athanasius: Liberius, patriarch of Rome, who was appointed after Julius; Paulinus,113 metropolitan of Gaul; Dionysius, metropolitan of Italy ; and Lucifer,2 metropolitan of the island of Sardinia. And they made Auxentius the Arian bishop of the province of Italy. 23. And (he sent into exile also) the aged and illustrious confessor Hosius,114 bishop of the west. 24. And he made also the holy (Fathers) who had assembled in Nicaea to go forth, and exiled them from their bishoprics. And later, when the emperor Constantius was in Rome, illustrious women came in a body to him and besought him to recall Liberius the patriarch from exile. And the emperor brought him back to Rome. 25. Now Felix was the minister of Liberius the patriarch who had come to terms with the Arians, and they made him patriarch after the expulsion \|73 of his master. But on the return of his master Liberius from exile, he (Felix) treated him with hauteur and dislike on account of his restoration. Then he, too, was exiled from Rome to a city of the west and obliged to reside there. 26. And in those days Constantius sent Gallus, his + sister's + son, to the east by night. This (Gallus) had formerly fought against Magnentius and slain him, and was a Christian in all his ways. 27. And after he had slain this powerful (rebel), he returned to Constantinople. Then Constantius appointed him emperor of Rome and sent him to reside there. 28. And after Gallus arrived in Rome, his brother Julian of evil name returned to Constantinople from the province of Bithynia to the emperor Constantius; for he had put to death many of his relations and feared lest they should calumniate him to the emperor. 29. Now this Julian was a strong and powerful man. Formerly he had resided as reader in the church of Nicomedia, but he had been troubled with doubts regarding the Christian faith. 30. And Gallus, who was emperor of Rome by the will of the emperor Constantius because he was his + son-in-law + and because he was attached to him, lived but a few days longer and then died. 31. Thereupon Julian gave up reading the holy Scriptures, and betook himself to the protection of the troops and officers of Rome, and let the hair of his head grow long and became a great captain. 32. And subsequently he was appointed emperor in Europe, according to the Christian custom, by the permission of the emperor Constantius. But he did not wait till they had placed on his head the imperial crown according to custom ; but walked according to the misguidance of augurs and the directions of magicians and became a servant of demons, and aspired to the proud position (of sole emperor) and began to make war on the emperor Constantius. 33. And when Constantius became aware of this movement he mustered a numerous army from the provinces of Syria, and he came into Cilicia in order to do battle with Julian; for he thought he should slay him. 34. But when Constantius was so purposing he fell ill and died, and so was unable to carry out his purpose; for God had brought evils upon him that he might return to the earth from which he came. 35. And when Julian was informed of the death of Constantius he took possession of the empire. He was strong and powerful exceedingly, \|74 and he restored the exiled bishops to their thrones. And he brought the apostolic Athanasius from exile and sent him back to Alexandria : Meletius to Antioch : Cyril, the author of the homilies, to Jerusalem : Eusebius, Lucifer, and Hilary to the west: and others who were in like plight to their several churches. 36. But after a short time he discovered his unbelief and apostasy owing to the philosophers, of whom one was named Libanius, of the city of Antioch, and the other Maximus one o£ the augurs. 37. Supported and strengthened by these, Julian closed the churches and opened the temples, and plundered the precious vessels of the house of God and gave them openly to impostors. 38. Next he attacked the worshippers of Jesus Christ and proclaimed himself the restorer of temples, and offered abominable sacrifices to idols and kindled fire before the altars of demons, and polluted the earth with the blood of impure sacrifices, and polluted the air with the smoke of fat. 39. And at the instigation of the heathen he sent (agents) to slay the great (and) apostolic Athanasius. But he quitted his bishopric and fled and hid himself from him. 40. And this apostate emperor, like his father Satan, destroyed the holy edifices that had been built by the Godloving emperor Constantine, and made all these holy places into dwellings of demons and temples of idols. 41. And they lorded it over the inoffensive Christians and they began to mock them and destroy them and slay them and evilly entreat them, not only for a short time but for a lengthened period. And they bellowed like ferocious beasts against them and terrified them. 42. It was at this period that evil and idolatrous men kindled a fire in order to burn the body of S. John the Baptist. But the power of our Lord Jesus Christ foiled their design, and all these apostates seeing a terrible apparition took to flight. 43. And there were there certain inhabitants of Alexandria who took the body of S. John and conveyed it to Alexandria and gave it secretly to the holy Athanasius the patriarch before his flight. 44. And he conveyed it and placed it secretly in the house of a magistrate, one of the great people of the city. And this secret was known only to a few priests and to Theophilus the third patriarch (after Athanasius). 45. Now the latter was reader and singer when they brought the body of S. John. And after Athanasius Peter became patriarch, and after Peter, his brother Timothy Aktemon, whose name is by. interpretation 'without possessions'; and after Timothy, Theophilus \|75 who destroyed the temple named Serapis (?) and converted it into a church. 46. Now (this church) was massive and its dimensions lofty and it was very much decorated. And he made it with pomp the abiding-place of the body of S. John the Baptist. And it is also said that after many days Theophilus took the body of S. John and his head and placed them in the tomb which had been constructed in the midst of the church. 47. And he made great rejoicings and a glorious feast. And the inhabitants of the city were uplifted because of him and made him notable with praise. CHAPTER, LXXIX. 1. And it is said in regard to the holy Theophilus, the patriarch of Alexandria, that he was a citizen of Memphis, the city of Pharaoh, formerly called Arcadia. And he was of Christian origin. 2. And he had a little sister and an Ethiopian slave who had belonged to his parents. Now they were orphans and he was but a child in years and stature. 3. And one night about the time of dawn this slave took the children by the hand and brought them to a temple of abominable gods, namely of Artemis and Apollo, in order to pray there according to the errors of their worship. 4. And when the children entered, the gods fell to the earth and were broken. And the slave was frightened thereby and she took the children and went in flight to the city of Nikius; for she feared the priests of the abominable idols. 5. And she feared also lest the people of Nikius should deliver her up to the priests of the idols, and so she carried off the children with her and came to Alexandria. 6. And, as the divine inspiration moved her, and the grace of God rested upon her, she took the children and brought them to the church in order to be rightly acquainted with the practice of the Christian mysteries. 7. And at that time God revealed to the Father Athanasius, the patriarch of Alexandria, the circumstances of the children when they entered the church and their position near the place of exhortation (i.e. pulpit). And he gave orders that the three should be guarded till the celebration was over. 8. And thereafter they brought the children and the slave to the holy Athanasius, and he interrogated the slave and said unto her: 'What hast thou done and why did not the gods who are without understanding assist thee ? Why rather, when they saw the children of the Church, did they fall to the earth and were broken ? Henceforth these children will belong to me'. 9. And when the slave heard these things, she was astonished at the words of the saint \|76 in that he knew the secret things that had befallen in the temple. Then she could not deny all that she had done : nay more, she cast herself at his feet and begged to be baptized into the Holy Christian faith. 10. And he baptized them and made them Christians and they received the light of grace and were (born) anew. 11. And <he sent> the little girl to a convent of virgins to remain there till the time of her marriage. Then she was given in marriage to a man of Mahalle, in the north of Egypt, which was formerly called Didusja. 12. It was there the holy Cyril was born, the great star which lighted up all places by his doctrine, being clothed with the Holy Spirit. It was he who became patriarch after Theophilus, his mother's brother. 13. And after the child, the holy Theophilus, was baptized, they shaved his head and numbered him amongst the readers and appointed him to be an anagnostes. 14. And he was reared with care in the manner that befitteth saints, and he grew up and became a youth well pleasing to God, and he learnt all the God-inspired Scriptures of the Church and observed their laws. 15. And next they ordained him deacon and he became very zealous for the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, in purity and holiness. 16. And later he was clothed with the garments of the priesthood and he became the chief and sat on the throne of Mark the Evangelist in the city of Alexandria. 17. And when he became patriarch, he illuminated every city with the light of his holy faith, and delivered all the cities of Egypt from the worship of idols and he destroyed all the makers of images, even as the holy apostolic Athanasius had prophesied regarding him. CHAPTER LXXX. 1. And the wretched Julian began to build the sanctuary of the Jews in Jerusalem which the Romans had destroyed, and he offered sacrifices there, for he was devoted to the shedding of blood. 2. But our Lord Jesus Christpraise be unto Himbrought to nought his works and ordinances. 3. And Sapor Arsaces, king of Persia, who was of a pacific disposition and had paid tribute to the Godloving emperor Constantine, went forth to war with the Romans. 4. It was at that time that the holy martyr Domitius finished his course.115 For the emperor Julian, the enemy of God, after having offered sacrifice to demons in the city named Casius,116 in the neighbourhood of Antioch, about six miles distant, \|77 where there was the idol Apollo, arose and went forth to war with the Persians, he and the forces of Rome. 5. And he was accompanied by all the demon-possessed and deceitful augurs. And as he marched he came to a grassy spot, and he saw there many men, women, and children. 6. And many of the sick were healed through the prayer of the holy Domitius, the servant of God. 7. And he questioned (them) saying : 'What is this assemblage which I see?' And they replied : 'A monk is working miracles and healing the sick : and this assemblage which thou seest is composed of Christians ; they receive a blessing from him and are healed by him'. 8. And Julian was wroth and sent to him a soldier treacherously in a menacing tone and said : 'If thou dwellest in this cave in order to please God, why dost thou desire to please men, and why hast thou not hidden thyself?' 9. And the holy Domitius answered and said : 'I have committed wholly my soul and my body into the hands of the God of heaven, the true God, Jesus Christ. And behold it is now many years since I have closed this cave upon myself. And as for the assemblage which have come to me in faith, I cannot drive them away'. 10. And when the emperor heard these words he commanded the soldiers to close the mouth of the cave on the righteous old man till he died. 11. And thus he accomplished his course in the twenty-third day of the month Hamle, and received the martyr's crown which fadeth not away. 12. But the punishment of God was not slow in overtaking Julian the Apostate. 13. Now he marched against the Persians who were idolaters like himself, and he marched with haste and never again saw Rome. 14. But he did not accomplish what the deceivers had promised to him saying: 'We the gods will unite to give thee aid the moment thou dost enter the river'. 15. And this unfortunate man was deceived by their words and was not able to open his mouth by reason of their flow of speech. 16. And they named that river the river of fire because there were wild beasts in it.117 And for this reason it is named by this name. \|78 17. And Julian was obstinately attached to error and called himself 'the despiser of the word of God'. For he trusted in idols and consulted demons who were not able to save him, but misled him with vain performances; for they destroyed his understanding and he became an adversary of God, the glorious Creator and our Saviour Jesus Christ, who shed His blood on behalf of many and became the true foundation for believers, who avenged His Christian servants. 18. Now Julian shed the blood of many Christians, and in his days many believers were put to death, and he visited with severe persecution those who called upon the name of Christ. 19. Now, while this apostate was proposing to war against the Persians, vengeance came upon him from our Lord Jesus Christ, and he was slain by the hand of His servant Mercury, the martyr. 20. And on the night on which this abominable transgressor was slain, the holy Basil, who was clothed with God, bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, saw a vision. 21. And he saw the heavens opened and our Lord Jesus Christ sitting on the throne of His glory (and) saying with a loud voice : 'Mercury, go and slay Julian the adversary of My anointed ones'. And the holy Mercury was standing before him clothed with a flashing corslet of steel. 22. And on hearing the command of our Lord Jesus Christ he departed, disappearing for a short space, and after a short space he reappeared and cried with a loud voice: 'I have slain the emperor Julian in accordance with Thy command, and he is dead, O Lord'. 23. The bishop awoke astonied and terrified. Now Julian used to honour the holy Basil greatly because they had been bound by tics of friendship from their youth. For they were versed in letters and Basil also had written frequently to him in order to \|79 prevail on him to forsake his errors, but he had refused. 24. And when the bishop Basil awaked from sleep, he called the venerable priests and the faithful to early morning prayers in the church. 25. And after the completion of the prayers, he recounted to them this vision which he had seen, saying: 'Can Julian really be dead?' And when they heard these words, the priests and the people feared and thereupon asked him to be silent till the matter was fully ascertained. But the man of God was not willing to be silent, but spake out and feared not; for he trusted in God and in our Lord Jesus Christ. 26. And soon it fell out according to the vision of S. Basil, and the death of Julian the apostate was heard of throughout all the provinces, even his destruction which God had accomplished by the hand of his martyr S. Mercurius. 27. Now this apostate had brought destruction and disasters on the army. He had the noses of two Persians cut off who, as guides, had conducted the army into a mountainous and waterless desert whence there was no means of issue, when he wished to attack the Persians. 28. And the Roman soldiers perished in that region of hunger and thirst and many hardships; for these Persians had dealt subtly with the Romans and had destroyed them. But this apostate Julian did not recognize (this) indubitable judgement of God. 29. And his crimes had continued all the days of his life, even forty and four years.118 30. After the death of Julian the Roman troops assembled in order to appoint an emperor, and through the help of God being all of one mind whilst they were in Persia, they chose Jovian to be their emperor. 31. Now he was an orthodox Christian (and) a faithful servant of God. He, however, was unwilling to be emperor, but he was made emperor by force. 32. Previously indeed he had been commander-in-chief, and for this reason he received the imperial crown. And after they had made him emperor, he ascended an eminence and addressed in a loud voice all the people and the troops as follows : 'If ye wish me to become your emperor, become Christians like me, and believe in Christ, and become the foes of idols'. 33. Thereupon all the people and the troops cried out with one voice, saying: 'We are Christians: Henceforth Christ is our emperor and His glorious Cross'. And for \|80 this reason they honoured the emperor and praised him with great praise. 34. And when the Persians had been apprised of the death of Julian they sent ambassadors to Jovian the Godloving emperor to negotiate terms of peace and friendship. And the emperor Jovian received them gladly, and peace and friendship were made between Rome and Persia. 35. And the Persians agreed to pay tribute, and he (Jovian) remitted the tribute of one year, because Julian the apostate had previously destroyed and made a wilderness of the city of Anderwan. 36. Nevertheless he commanded them to build outside the imperial frontiers a city for themselves, and he named this city Amides.119 And he strengthened it with walls and fortifications, and filled it with a numerous population, and he made it like the first city which Julian the apostate had destroyed. And he that was set over this city besought greatly the emperor Jovian to name it after the name of Rome. But he refused on account of the peace and friendship subsisting between Rome and Persia.120 CHAPTER LXXXI. 1. And after the conclusion of the war the Christian emperor Jovian evacuated Persia and brought back safely all the remaining troops. 2. But such as he found holding the evil sentiments of Julian the apostate he destroyed and exterminated. 3. And forthwith he opened the churches of Constantinople and closed the temples. And he restored to the Christians the Christian cities which Julian the apostate had taken from them, and he appointed Christian (governors) in all the cities, and he destroyed all the temples to their foundations, and the worshippers of idols became few. 4. And he interdicted also the religion of the Arians who are adversaries of Christ; for he was an unwavering orthodox believer and a true worshipper of the Holy Trinity who give life to all. 5. And he became glorious as the light of the sun through all his actions and his true and upright faith. And he was full of virtues and did good unto all men of his time. 6. And he addressed also a decree to all the Roman provinces to this effect: 'I, the Godloving Jovian, commander-in-chief, true emperor (and) master \|81 of the world, hereby write to all the Christians under my sway. 7. I am solicitous over you in the Lord and I rejoice with you in regard to the holy church which is in the midst of the city, as the navel in the midst of the belly. For it has triumphed greatly over all who opposed it. 8. Now the anger of the emperor Julian arose against it and he closed it; but I give orders to have it reopened and restored to a condition of repose in order that there may be given to it a pure and holy priesthood who may therein offer prayers to heavenwhich may God in His mercy vouchsafe to receive. 9. And now let us exert ourselves to reopen the church and let us perform its offices, and honour its ministers, in order that all the people and army of Rome may assemble within it. For it was given to them by God, merciful and gracious, in order that prayer and supplications might always be offered therein with befitting earnestness.' 10. And Jovian addressed a letter to this effect also to the apostolic S. Athanasius, the patriarch of Alexandria, in order to restore him to his city in great honour. 11. 'From the emperor Jovian to the Godloving S. Athanasius. We admire thee and thy wise manner of life and + thy near approaches to the kings + and thy faithful virtues and thy noble earnestness to fulfil the work of our Lord Jesus Christpraise be unto Him. 12. We request thee, honoured bishop; for thou hast undergone every labour and hast not feared those who persecuted thee nor the tribulations that have overtaken thee, but hast accounted wrath and indignation as a thing of nought and reckoned them as no better than a worthless straw. 13. And thou hast gone in the footsteps of the orthodox faith and hast proceeded unto the end, and hast left (the example) of thy life to those that come after thee and hast bound them with perfect faith and virtuous deeds.+121 14. Return now to our imperial domain and resume thy teaching which is full of salvation. And preserve the churches and feed the people of Christ and zealously address thy prayers to God on our behalf and on behalf of our empire that we may be saved through thy prayers. 15. For we think that we shall gain the help of the Most High God through the supplications of thy pure and holy tongue; for it is inspired by \|82 the Holy Spirit. 16. And we have written this letter to thee that thou mayst enlighten the people with the light of Christ and mayst put an end to idols, the adversaries of God, and likewise to the heresy of the Arians who persecuted them [that we may be saved by thy prayers]. 17. And when the apostolic S. Athanasius, the light of the world, had read this letter, he convoked all the holy bishops and the honoured doctors and wrote two treatises : the first on the Word of God, who is one of the Holy Trinity, and the second on the precepts of Christ. 18. And he addressed a letter also to S. Basil, who constantly thought upon and studied the works of God, and said : 'The Godloving emperor Jovian accepts absolutely and with joy the orthodox faith of the Council of Nicaea : rejoice thou therefore; for he is orthodox and has established the pure faith of the Holy Trinity.' 19. And the emperor Jovian finished his course in peace and integrity, doing that which was well pleasing to God. 20. And whilst he was so engaged he set out to go to the city of Byzantium, and though attacked by an illness he passed through Cilicia and Galatia and came to the city named Didastana,122 and he went to his rest there. 20. For the world was not worthy to receive such an emperor, as he was good and pious and merciful and humble, Christian and orthodox. CHAPTER LXXXII. 1. And after the death of the Godloving Jovian, Valentinian, being the foremost amongst the officers, came to mourn with them over the death of the emperor Jovian. 2. And whilst they were so mourning and were anxiously deliberating on the appointment of their emperor, then Sallust the prefect of the praetorians came (forward) and enjoying a very illustrious position amongst the officers advised them and said : 'It is most suitable for us that Valentinian should be made emperor. At an earlier date he was a general and was persecuted by Julian the apostate on account of his orthodox faith.' 3. And when the officers and the troops had heard the advice of Sallust they appointed him emperor and had him proclaimed as follows by the voice of heralds in all the \|83 provinces : 'Valentinian, a just man (and) a Christian, whose words are just and whose utterance is true, has become emperor.' 4. And when he became emperor, he appointed Sallust vizier (sic) over all his officers ; for he was no respecter of persons. And when Sallust became vizier and was empowered with authority, he strengthened the cause of justice and right in all the provinces, and was full of discernment and refused bribes and did not give his confidence rashly. And the emperor was pleased with him because he was a doer of the right. 5. And next Valentinian made Valens his brother emperor in Constantinople, but he went himself to Home and established his authority over all the empire of the west. 6. And he condemned many magistrates who were guilty of injustice and took bribes. 7. And there was an officer of the palace named Rhodanus who had committed an act of injustice on a widow and had taken possession of her property. 8. And she went and told the emperor, and the emperor commanded (him) to restore all her property.123 And from that day he was honoured by the army and the senate, and by all peoples, 9, For this just and equitable emperor hated oppression and judged with the voice of justice and practised equity. 10. This great emperor did not spare (even) his wife, the empress Marina. Now she had bought a garden from a nursery woman (lit. a female planter of plants) and had not paid her the price which it was equitably worth, because the valuers had valued (it) out of regard to the empress and so had inclined to do her a favour. 11. And when the pious Valentinian was apprised of what his wife had done, he sent Godfearing men to value that garden and he bound them by a solemn oath to value it justly and equitably. 12. And when the valuers came to that garden, they found that she had been guilty of a grave injustice and had given the woman but a small portion of the price. 13. And when the emperor heard, he was wroth with the empress (and) removed her from his presence and drove her from the palace and took to wife a woman named Justina, with whom he lived all the rest of his \|84 days. 14. As for his first wife, he drove and exiled her from the city, and gave back the garden to the woman who had sold it. 15. And the emperor Valentinian raised to the imperial throne his son Gratian, who was born to him by the wife he had driven into exile. 16. And after the emperor Valentinian had accomplished many noble deeds, he fell ill and died loyal to the faith of the Holy Trinity, in the castle named Watan.124 17. And after his death came his brother Valens, who had formerly been a Christian but afterwards had walked in the way of the Arians and had attached himself strongly to their abominable faith. 18. And he persecuted the orthodox, and their churches were openly given to the impious heretics. And he confiscated wrongfully the property of all the inhabitants of Byzantium and other cities. 19. And in the days of this abominable (prince) there was an earthquake in the city of Nicaea where the holy council had been held. For the sea rose against it and overwhelmed it. 20. And in those days also a man named Tatian was appointed prefect of Alexandria, which is the chief city of Egypt. And he built, in the place called Abrakjun, the two stone gates with enormous labour and he made these gates for the passage of the great river, and he fortified the country of Egypt. 21. And in those days there appeared a miracle through the intervention of the apostolic S. Athanasius, the father of the faith, patriarch of Alexandria. 22, When the sea rose against the city of Alexandria and, threatening an inundation, had already advanced to a place called Heptastadion, the venerable father accompanied by all the priests went forth to the borders of the sea, and holding in his hand the book of the holy Law he raised his hand to heaven and said : 'O Lord, Thou God who liest not, it is Thou that didst promise to Noah after the flood and say : "I will not again bring a flood of waters upon the earth".' 23. And after these words of the saint the sea returned to its place and the wrath of God was appeased. Thus the city was saved through the intercession of the apostolic S. Athanasius, the great star. CHAPTER LXXXIII. 1. Now these are the illustrious emperors, the servants of God, who were zealous workers of goodGratian and Theodosius. 2. The one set free the holy believers from bonds \|85 wherewith they had been bound by the emperor Valens, and put an end to the banishment of Christians. 3. As for the other he loved God ardently and restored to the faithful their churches, and destroyed idolatry. 4. And he prohibited also the teaching of the wicked Arians and established the pure and spotless faith. 5. And Gregory, the Theologian, appeared in the city of Constantinople and strengthened the churches. Previously indeed he had been obliged to find concealment in flight from house to house and from place to place. 6. And (Theodosius) built also a holy church as a noble memorial. And he drove from the city Eudoxius, the heretic, the blasphemer of the Holy Spirit. And after he had driven this miscreant from the city, he sent to Basil, bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, to Gregory of Nyssa, and to Amphilochius of Iconium, wise and godly divines, and he commanded them to construct a church in the truth and in the Holy Spirit. 7. And they disputed with the heretics and got the better of them and put them to shame, and they proclaimed the true orthodox faith in every place. 8. And again as regards the history of the Godloving emperor Theodosius, while he was on his way to Byzantium to meet the blessed emperor Gratian, he saw a vision in his sleep, in which Meletius the patriarch of Antioch placed the imperial crown on his head by the advice of the leaders. 9. And there was an Arian living outside the city.125 And when Amphilochius came to the imperial court, he found seated on their thrones the emperor Theodosius and his two sons Arcadius and Honorius. For he had raised them to the imperial throne in his lifetime. 10. And when the bishop came before Theodosius and his sons, he saluted Theodosius but not his sons. 11. And Theodosius was wroth because he had not saluted his sons. And when the bishop saw that the emperor was wroth with him, he said unto him: 'Reflect, O king, that in like manner there are those who do not salute the Son and the Holy Spirit who are consubstantial with the Father, namely the blaspheming heretics, (And yet) thou hast not driven these from thy empire.' 12. And when the emperor heard these words of the bishop, the emperor perceived that the bishop was one of the highest types of the faithful, and thereupon \|86 he held his peace. 13. And forthwith he became zealous for the orthodox faith, and he ordained a law in his days that no heretic should be permitted to live in any of the Roman cities, nor in the cultivated enclosures nor in the fields nor in the villages. 14. And during the stay of the emperor Theodosius in Asia there arose a usurper, named Maximus, of British descent, who slew the blessed emperor Gratian through treachery and seized his empire by force and made his residence in Rome. 15. And Valentinian, the younger brother of Gratian, fled to Thessalonica. And as for Maximus the heretic, he despised God; for he was an Arian. 16. And next there arose a man named Eugenius, who had previously been a teacher of the heathen and had persecuted the worshippers of Christ and loved to practise magic and made (sic). And by the advice of the officers who agreed with him, he seized the empire of Valentinian and slew him by treachery. 17. And when Theodosius the emperor heard of these events, he arose and mustered a numerous army and marched against them, and put to death both Maximus and Eugenius through the might of our Lord Jesus Christ whom he served. 18. And he avenged the two emperors Gratian and Valentinian and brought back under his own hand the entire empire of Rome and established his authority over it. 19. And he gave to the orthodox believers all the churches under his dominion, and he banished the blaspheming Arians. 20. And he assembled also in Constantinople a council of bishops, to the number of one hundred and fifty holy fathers. 21. And he drove out infidelity and heresy from all the provinces of his empire and he introduced the worship of the one God in three Persons, and he strengthened the orthodox faith. 22. And the Holy Spirit was (shed) abundantly upon the priests, and their hands and their tongues and all their thoughts were pure. And peace prevailed in the churches, because the bishops had assembled in peace and unity. 23. But afterwards when Satan saw (the prosperity of the church), he was jealous and began to divide and sunder the limbs of the one complete body, that is, the holy Church. 24. For Gregory, the Theologian, having come to the council of the chief clergy of the Church, comforted and adorned the city of Constantinople by his teaching, 25. And Timothy, patriarch of Alexandria, addressed Gregory like an angel and admonished him to leave the imperial city of Constantinople and return to the city of his bishopric and its ancient church, namely \|87 Nazianzum (?), 126 in order to shepherd and protect it. 26. It was unseemly for him to forsake a poor church and occupy a rich one; for this was an act of 127 ... fornication and contrary to the canons of the Fathers. 27. But when the bishops of the east and the other bishops present heard this address, they differed from him in this matter. 28. A tumult, moreover, arose amongst them on this question. For the patriarch Timothy took upon himself to nominate Maximus to the patriarchate of Constantinople; for he was an eminent man and had suffered many hardships from the Arians. 29. Now there was a feud between the Orientals and the Egyptians. And S. Gregory mediated and made peace between them. And Maximus who had been nominated to Constantinople without the consent of the bishops remained there, but Gregory they banished from the imperial city on the advice of all the bishops, and he returned to his first church. 30. But the heart of Gregory was firm as a stone and was not troubled by the troubles of this world. And all the people were grieved on his behalf; for he had saved the imperial city of Constantinople from the (spiritual) adulteries of the Arians. 31. And they banished Maximus also from Constantinople to the convent to which he had formerly been appointed, and all the bishops which had been ordained by his hands. 32. Next they appointed a man named Nectarius 128 by the advice of the one hundred and fifty bishops. Now he was a man of good birth, of the city of Constantinople. He was also wise and prudent I and he led such a good and pure life that all the world admired him for his conduct. And they forcibly appointed him to the patriarchate. 33. And he kept up a continuous warfare against the faith of the Arians, and he was zealous for the orthodox faith. And peace was established in the council and all (the bishops) later departed in joy to their cities. 34. But Satan the adversary of our race did not suffer Nectarius the patriarch to remain untroubled. For when the Godloving emperor Theodosius had set out with a numerous army to war against Maximus, the Arian usurper, and had reached a place named Milan, within which lay the Arian usurper, and had thus come face to face with him but as yet no engagement had ensued between them, certain Arians went and announced through all the city of Byzantium a lying report to \|88 this effect: 'The emperor Theodosius has been defeated in battle and all his army destroyed.' 35. And by reason of this rumour fear and terror fell on all the Christians, and the orthodox out of fear inclined to the Arians. And the Arians arose in wrath and burnt the mansion of the patriarch Nectarius. 36. And after they had wrought these evil deeds, an account thereof was reported to the Godloving emperor Theodosius. And forthwith he arose and gave battle to Maximus the usurper and slew him. 37. And in those days the holy patriarch Timothy built a church of marvellous workmanship in the city of Alexandria and named it after the name of the emperor Theodosius. And he built also a second church and named it Arcadia after his son. 38. And there was a temple of Serapis in the city, and he converted it into a church and named it after the name of his (Theodosius's) younger son Honoring. But this church was also named after the names of the martyrs Cosmas and Damian. It faced the church of S. Peter the patriarch and last of the martyrs. 39. Throughout the days of the emperor Theodosius the Christians enjoyed tranquillity and peace. 40. And Theodosius constructed also many buildings in the outskirts of the city of Antioch. And he built a new wall from the mountain to the old (lit. 'first') tower129 constructed by the emperor Tiberius. And he built walls also round the neighbouring lands and enclosures which had been without a wall. 41. After this there arose many heresies and divisions in the city of Thessalonica owing to the Arians. And a disturbance took place between the inhabitants and the officers and the Arians began to stone the officers, insulting thereby the emperor. When the emperor was informed of what the Arians had done, pretending that he was on his way to Rome he marched into Thessalonica with all his officers and soldiers. 42. And using a ruse he sent armed men among the population of the city and destroyed the Arians. And the number of those that were put to the sword was 15,000.130 43. And the emperor being reprimanded by the patriarch Miletius 131 for his great slaughter of the Ariansfor he \|89 had been troubled on behalf of the Christianswas full of wrath and indignation: but (afterwards) the emperor repented of his wrath against the patriarch, and repented and fasted and gave alms and shed many tears, praying for mercy and forgiveness of the transgression. 44. And in those days there were animosities and great trouble and destruction in the city of Antioch. 45. And the emperor indeed was sore pressed by the war that had been waged in (that) province and in every other quarter, and when this pressure upon him became severe, he commanded an extraordinary tax to be levied in all the provinces of his empire. 46. And they seized and illtreated the people. And when the crowds and multitudes that were in the city saw their brethren being hanged without mercy or pity, the men of the city cast down from the top of the palace the bronze + coffin + 132 which contained the body of the blessed Flacilla, the wife of the emperor Theodosius, and they dragged it through the streets of the city. 47. And when the emperor heard of this outrage, he was wroth exceedingly and removed the officers of the city and banished them to Laodicea. 48. And as regards the officials of Antioch who had perpetrated this great offence against the emperor, he gave orders, in order to punish them, that the city of Antioch should be burnt together with everything that was in it. 49. And those, who were commanded to burn the city, were Caesar an officer and Ellebichus a general. 50. And subsequently there came from the desert a monk, a saint of God, to the officers who were commanded to burn the city, and addressed them as follows: 51. 'Write to the emperor Theodosius and say to him on my part as follows: "Thou art not only an emperor but thou art also a man like us, though thou art the chief. And thou art subject to the same afflictions as every creature which bears the likeness of God. When thou condemnest the likeness of God, thou dost provoke to anger the God who created man in His likeness. For thou art angry because of a dumb statue of brass: how much more therefore will God be angry with thee and thy empire when His image endowed with utterance and a soul is in question. 52. For it is He and He alone who is Lord and King over all that has \|90 given thee power. And as for thy wrath because a + coffin + 133 of bronze has been destroyed, we can make one like unto it, but thou canst not make a single hair of the head of a single person whom thou dost wish to put to death."' 53. And in those days there was a priest named John and surnamed Chrysostom 134 who taught in righteousness before he was chosen patriarch. And at that time he taught and admonished in every city. And fearing death at the hands of the Arians he had fled and left the city deprived of his lifegiving doctrine. 54. And when the emperor Theodosius heard these words he repented and calmed his anger. And the magistrates of the city, whom he had previously banished, he restored to their functions in Antioch, and those who were in prison he set free. 55. And the emperor wrote a letter in reply and sent (it) to his officers to the following effect: 'I have been angry on account of my late Godloving wife Flacilla, who has most undeservedly suffered outrage at their hands. 56. And I have been desirous to punish them. But for the sake of God and His love for mankind, (and) that He may accept me and aid me and give me victory over the heretics and barbarians and all those who rise up a.gainst me, I now accord pardon to them. Let there be peace upon the city of Antioch and let them dwell in undisturbed tranquillity.' 57. And after the emperor Theodosius had conquered the usurpers he resided in the city of Rome, and he put to death many heretics. 58. And in those days the bakers made underground cellars135 and secret resorts in the earth, and built likewise structures in which they prepared dough : and they perpetrated in them many abominable deeds on people (generally) but specially on strangers and foreigners and on many who came to them to get food and drink and on others with lustful purposes. 59. And the wine sellers sent on secretly those who came to them to the bakers who \|91 seized them by force. And these (captives) could not escape, and though they cried out, there was none to hear them. 60. Some of these were made to turn a mill all their days : others were placed in a brothel till they were old and even then not permitted to depart. 61. Now there was a soldier of the emperor whom they introduced to the mill-house by a stratagem, and tortured there for a long time. And when he was very weary (of it) he made a vigorous effort (and) drawing his sword slew many that sought to prevent his egress; those that remained were terrified and let him escape, and so he went and told the emperor. 62. And the emperor commanded the bakers to be brought and punished them severely and destroyed their secret buildings. 63. And he compelled the female prostitutes to walk publicly through Rome to the sound of a bell that their crimes might be made known to all, and the bakers also to be publicly exposed.136 64. Thus (Theodosius) exterminated utterly all this evil. 65. And (Theodosius) ended his life virtuously and left an illustrious memory to his successors and went to his rest in peace. He ended his earthly life pure and blameless, and he passed from this transitory world to the life eternal. CHAPTER LXXXIV. 1. After the death of the Godloving emperor Theodosius, his empire passed into the hands of his two sons Arcadius and Honorius who were borne to him by his wife the blessed Flacilla. 2. They had been created emperors during his (Theodosius's) lifetime: Arcadius he had appointed emperor in Constantinople and Honorius emperor in Rome. And they placed the body of the emperor Theodosius in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. 3. Arcadius and Honorius were very devoted to the Christian religion. And the Godloving emperor Honorius fell ill, and when his brother Arcadius was apprised (of this) he set out for Rome to visit him. 4. Now Honorius was in purity and chastity an ascetic, and though living in the imperial palace, he observed the mode of life of a hermit. 5. And he pursued a virtuous course marked with severe discipline and many a hardship. And he wore a hair garment under silk clothing which forms the imperial dress, and he made his bed upon the ground, and fasted every day, and prayed, \|92 and sang psalms, and to his religious exercises added always virtuous deeds, and despising exceedingly the earthly kingdom, he set his hopes on the kingdom of heaven, and he was prompt to do that which is pleasing to God. 6. And he completed all the good measures which had not been carried into effect by his father, and he put an end to all the evil practices which were displeasing to God. 7. Now it was the custom amongst his contemporaries that two men should fight in the arena, and that the victor should slay the other, without incurring bloodguiltiness. 8. And in those days there came to Rome a monk from the east named Telemachus, whose life had been like that of the angels of heaven. 9. And the monk finding them practise such abominable and bloody deeds, adjured them and solemnly bade them in the name of Jesus Christ to make peace and to abandon this satanical act of slaying a brother. And when they heard these words, they laid aside their weapons and stoned him with stones and shed the blood of the man of God, the devoted monk, Telemachus. 10. And when the holy emperor Honorius was apprised of this event, he put a stop to this custom in the city of Rome and abolished it. And the peace of the glorious and Most High God prevailed in the city. 11. And he destroyed also the unclean temples and made them edifices consecrated to the holy martyrs. During the sojourn of the emperor Arcadius in Rome, an officer 137 of the army, named Gainas, of barbaric descent, revolted, and gathered forces and made war on the emperor. And he mustered a large host of barbarians and he caused great disquiet. 12. But the emperor Arcadius went forth hastily from Rome (and) arrived at Byzantium, full of zeal for the orthodox faith of his father, and he slew this usurper Gainas the apostate, who was of the abominable sect of the Arians. And he abode (thenceforth) in peace. 13. And afterwards the God loving emperor Arcadius fell ill and died in the days of the partriarchate of S. John Chrysostom. 14. Now his son Theodosius the younger had been proclaimed emperor before the death of his father. 15. And when Theodosius the younger became emperor a serious sedition took place in the city of Rome. For the emperor Honorius \|93 had abandoned (the seat of) his empire and withdrawn in indignation to the city of Ravenna; for many of the senators hated the emperor Honorius the saint of God because of his good life; for he feared God and fulfilled all His commandments.138 16. And just then a chief of the province of Gaul, named Alaric, set out with a numerous force to seize the city of Rome. 17. And when he arrived he came to terms with the enemies of the emperor and they offered him tribute from the city; but he refused to receive it and marched to the palace and seized all the imperial possessions. 18. And he carried off the sister of the emperor Honorius, named Placidia, who was a virgin. Then this conqueror returned into Gaul. 19. And he had a certain official with him, named Constantius, and he carried off the young girl to her brother the emperor Honorius without the knowledge of the conqueror. And the emperor honoured him and made him a vizier, and later raised him to the imperial throne, and gave him his virgin sister in marriage. 20. And subsequently they two, the emperor Honorius and Constantius, set out from the city of Ravenna and made themselves masters of Rome, and put to death the men who had originated the sedition against their lord, the emperor Honorius, and these were four in number. And he confiscated their possessions and broke the power of that rebel. 21. And he gave his (Roman) empire to his sister's husband Constantius, and the God-loving emperor Honorius went to Constantinople, where he made the younger Theodosius, his nephew, his colleague in the empire. 22. But after a short time he returned to the city of Rome, for he had fallen grievously ill owing to his excessive devotion to the religious and ascetic life with fasting and prayer. And his limbs swelled and he died, and he departed from this perishable world in his virginity and without a son. 23. Now Constantius the emperor of Rome had by Placidia, the sister of the emperor Honorius, a son whom he named Valentinian. 24. But there arose a usurper named John who made himself master of his empire by force.139 25. And after the .death of Honorius his uncle, Theodosius the younger reigned alone in Constantinople. And when he grew up to manhood, as he was still unmarried, he was urgently pressed by his sisters, Arcadia, Marina, and Pulcheria, to marry and have children. 26. But he replied to them : 'I will only marry a girl \|94 who is a virgin, comely, beautiful, Godloving, and wise.' 27. And after this reply they sought for him in every city of the empire, but there was none such among the imperial princesses nor among families of noble descent. And they traversed every region (in their search). (At last) they found a woman who had come to Constantinople, who was very beautiful and surpassed all the women of the time. 28. She was at variance with her brothers on the question of her father's property, and she had come to complain to the emperor of the injustice she had undergone. And the girl's name was Athenais + that is, by interpretation +,140 Eudocia. 29. Now her father, whose name was Heraclitus,141 had two sons, of whom one was named Valerian and the other Genesius, and this daughter whom we have mentioned. 30. And their father on dying commanded them to give his daughter one hundred mithqals of gold as her portion. But she refused (to accept them), for she was displeased, and said : 'Do I not deserve to have an equal portion of the inheritance with my brothers?' But they refused, and drove her forth from her father's house. 31. Then her mother's sister received her and escorted her from the province of Hellas and brought her to the city of Awtamon and placed her with her father's brother. 32. Now there was there a sister of a man named Heraclitus a philosopher, who resided in the city of Byzantium. And she resorted to an artifice by means of which he conducted the girl into the presence of the emperor's sisters. 33. On learning that the girl was a virgin, they had her brought to them in the palace and informed the emperor regarding her. And he approached her and looked upon her + openly + and she pleased him. And he had her converted to Christianity and she was named Eudocia; for previously she had been a pagan of the sect of \|95 the philosophers. 34. (And) he married her according to the law of the Christians and celebrated a nuptial feast in her honour and also made her empress. And when her brothers heard regarding her that she had become the wife of the emperor Theodosius and had been proclaimed empress, they were terrified and fled into the province of Hellas. 35. She sent a letter to them and had them brought from Athens to Constantinople, and she promoted them to high positions near the emperor and set Genesius over the province of Illyria, and Valerian she set over the army. 36. And later she said unto them: 'If you had not done me wrong I should not have come to the imperial city and become empress, but by the will of God I have come hither. I will not do unto you as you have done to me.' 37. Thereupon they bowed to the earth and did her homage. And subsequently she bare a daughter and named her Eudoxia after the name of the mother of Theodosius. 38. And in the days of this emperor Theodosius dissensions arose in the church at Constantinople because of the banishment of the blessed patriarch John Chrysostom, who had been banished in the days of Arcadius the father of Theodosius because of the empress Eudoxia's anger in regard to the vineyard of the widow. 39. There was likewise a great earthquake in the imperial city. And the emperor was profoundly grievedhe and all the senators and priests and people together, and for many days they walked with bare feet. 40. And the Isaurians seized the city of Seleucia in Syria in a marauding expedition unexpectedly, * and likewise the city of Tiberias.142 And they pillaged all its possessions and they marched by the mountain named Amanus and returned to their country Isauria. 41. And all the people were ignorant as to the reason for which S. John Chrysostom was banished for so long a period till the death of the empress Eudoxia. 42. Now at this period there was a patriarch in the city of Constantinople, named Atticus, who had lived so wisely and after good counsels that he prevailed on the emperor Theodosius to write to the holy and wise Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, who had been appointed after Timothy, that the name of the holy John Chrysostom should be enrolled in the diptychs of the church together with all the patriarchs who had died before. 43. The holy Cyril accepted this proposal with great joy; for he \|96 loved the Godloving, holy, orthodox John Chrysostom, and honoured him as a great teacher. 44. And owing to this circumstance there was great joy in the churches. And the emperor Theodosius gave large sums to the churches and rebuilt in a befitting manner those which had been destroyed. 45. And in those days the orthodox inhabitants of Alexandria were filled with zeal and they collected a large quantity of wood and burned the place of the heathen philosophers.143 46. But the emperor Theodosius did not forget nor forsake the city of Rome, but he sent to it an officer named Aspar, with a numerous army in order to war against John the usurper. And he warred against John the rebel and overcame him, and saved Valentinian, the son of his aunt Placidia, whom she bare to Constantius. 47. And he placed him near his person, and married him to his daughter whom the empress Eudocia bare him. And (Valentinian) begat two daughters by her, and named the one Eudoxia and the other Placidia. 48. And (Theodosius) chose a man from among the philosophers, named Cyrus, and appointed him prefect. And he was a wise man and of severe integrity; and he was incorruptible and walked in integrity and uprightness. 49. Moreover he loved to restore the buildings (of the city). The towers 144 which had long been in a ruinous condition he rebuilt in a short time, and he was without pride and was greatly loved by all the inhabitants of Constantinople. 50. And on the occasion of a famine,145 the emperor Theodosius saw all the people acclaiming and honouring Cyrus the prefect. (And certain people) were jealous of him and accused him to the emperor Theodosius, saying : 'It is his intention to rebel and usurp thy power.' 51. And the emperor listened to their calumnies and had the man arrested, subjected to many punishments, and deprived of all his possessions [and had him conducted into the palace].146 It was not on the ground of these calumnies only that he did so, but because of the acclamations of the people : 'He is a second \|97 emperor like the great Constantine.' 52. And for this reason the emperor was wroth against him (and) desired to put him to death. 53. And when he heard of this purpose (of the emperor) he fled into a church, and was there appointed metropolitan of the city of Smyrna in the province of Asia, for (there) the people had previously put their bishop to death. 54. And when he was ordained metropolitan of the city of Smyrna, he made a great and long prayer to the God of heaven because He had saved him from the death threatened by calumny. 55. And whilst he was so engaged, the festival of the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ arrived. The people and the priests placed him on the throne as was customary for the bishops, and requested him as follows: 'Speak to us regarding the greatness and the glory and the praise of the Omnipotent and regarding His holy Nativity.' 56. And he spoke first to them regarding his deliverance from death, and next he addressed them as follows: 'Know ye, my brethren, that this day is the day of the Nativity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. 57. Let us honour him as is befitting, for it was of his own will alone that He was conceived in the womb of the holy Virgin Mary; for He is the primaeval Word the Creatorpraise be unto Himtogether with His Father (supremely) good and the Holy Lifegiving Spirit, Consubstantial Trinity for evermore.' 58. And all the inhabitants of the city honoured him and he continued discharging the ministry and the sacred services without intermission. He fulfilled his sacerdotal duty till he died in (all) honour. 59. And likewise in the days of the emperor Theodosius there died Atticus and Sisinnius, patriarchs of Constantinople. And after their death they brought from Antioch to Constantinople Nestorius, in order to teach there because he represented himself to be like the ascetics and those learned in the Scriptures: and they ordained him patriarch there, and he became the scourge of the Christians in every country. 60. For at once he set himself to teach and blaspheme God : and he refused to believe that the holy Virgin Mary was the mother of God, but called her the mother of Christ, saying that Christ had two natures; and so there arose many dissensions and great tumults in the city of Constantinople on this subject. 61. They obliged the emperor Theodosius to summon a council of bishops in Ephesus from all the world. And those who assembled, being in number two hundred, excommunicated and \|98 deposed Nestorius and his followers. Now these subsequently returned to the holy faith together with John, patriarch of Antioch. 62. They agreed with the two hundred bishops and with our holy Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, and they confirmed this faith and rejected Nestorius because he taught the same false doctrine as Apollinaris. 63. And there remained but a few of those who had created the tumult and followed Nestorius, whereas the orthodox believers grew strong and multiplied exceedingly during the days of the emperor Theodosius, till Archelaus, who was set over the east, joined them and became one with us in the right faith. 64. And there remained but a few who persisted in the error of Nestorius. And so the churches enjoyed tranquillity and peace all the days of the Godloving emperor Theodosius. 65. These are the patriarchs who lived in Constantinople in the days of Theodosius, i. e. the wise patriarchs Maximian and Proclus. 66. The wise Proclus had studied diligently as a child, and when he grew up, he was fitted to remain in the city in the devout service of God, And he attended continually on the patriarch Atticus and wrote down and learnt all the teachings of God. 67. And subsequently they ordained him deacon, and when he was older they made him a priest. And Sisinnius, who was appointed patriarch after Atticus, consecrated him bishop of Cyzicum and gave it this great gift; but the inhabitants of this town refused it; for they were not worthy to receive this chosen vessel of God. 68. And so (Proclus) remained in solitude in Byzantium, while Nestorius as patriarch was disturbing the churches, by creating hatred against our Lady the holy Virgin Mary, the mother of God. 69. Now the holy Proclus composed a treatise on our Lady, the holy Virgin Mary, the mother of God, and read it in the church of Constantinople before the people assembled there, and he strongly reproved Nestorius in his treatise because his heart was set on destruction. 70. And in the beginning of his treatise it was written as follows: 'Let us celebrate the festival of the Virgin and proclaim with our tongue these words: To-day let us praise Mary the mother of God.'147 And when all the people heard these words, they glorified our Lady and gave thanks to her, and admired exceedingly. 71. And Proclus \|99 having thus touched the heart of the emperor Theodosius and of all the people, they were eager to raise him to the throne (of the patriarchate) in Constantinople after the exile and deposition of Nestorius. But certain of the chief people of the city arose and said out of envy : 'This man has been bishop of a small city: how can he be the shepherd of this great city?' 72. And for this reason they appointed Maximian148 to the patriarchate of Constantinople. Now he was a Godfearing priest, but he was not equal to Proclus in wisdom and learning. And he occupied the throne of the patriarchate for two years and six months, leading a solitary life of devotion, and he died in peace. 73. Then the emperor Theodosius made Proclus come forward before the interment of Maximian, and commanded that he should be raised to the (patriarchal) throne of Constantinople. And accordingly Celestine, patriarch of Rome, wrote to the patriarch of Alexandria and to other bishops regarding Proclus. 74. And they sent him an answer as follows: 'The canon law of the church does not debar Proclus from occupying the patriarchal throne of Alexandria; for it is by the command of God.' 75. And so Proclus occupied (the patriarchal throne) with honour and distinction, and guided wisely the interests of his flock in the imperial city and strove against those who followed the errors of Nestorius. 76. And he wrote a letter and sent it to the illustrious + Armenius +149 in which he combated Theodore of Mopsuestia and the heretic Nestorius and anathematized and excommunicated them in his letter. And already in the days of the blessed Maximian who went to his rest, the east had been cleansed from the pollutions of the heretic Nestorius and peace had been established in the Church. 77. And Proclus also brought back the body of the holy John Chrysostom to Constantinople. Five and forty years had passed since his banishment to the island named Thrace in the days of the Christ-loving emperor Theodosius the elder. 78. And he placed the body in the church of the holy Apostles where repose (also) the bodies of the holy Fathers the patriarchs who had fulfilled their course virtuously and in the orthodox faith in Constantinople. \|100 79. And as for the other bishops who had been wrongfully banished with him (S. Chrysostom), whom he150 could not bring back in the days of the blessed Atticus, the severed members were united together, and he made them one,151 and thus discord disappeared from the churches.152 80. And he composed a treatise worthy of the holy John Chrysostom in which he besought God to pardon the sins of the parents of the emperor Theodosius the youngerthe sin they had committed against the holy John Chrysostom. 81. In the days of this emperor also the barbarians who had survived the defeat of John the usurper reunited and proceeded to invade the Roman territories. 82. And when the Godloving emperor was informed of this event, he meditated, as was his wont, and turned his thoughts to our Lord and God and Saviour Jesus Christpraise be unto Himand he fasted and prayed. 83. And he was merciful to the poor and compassionate to the destitute and he devoted himself to the works which are pleasing to God with integrity and that which is beyond (all) these works. 84. He commanded Proclus and all the priests and monks to pray to God on his behalf that victory should be given to him over his adversaries and that his efforts should not be exerted in vain. 85. And God heard his prayer and the barbaric chief named Roilas died. Indeed God struck him with a thunderbolt (and) he was speedily destroyed, and many of them died by this death which was sent from God. And fire likewise came down from heaven and destroyed those that remained. 86. And all the peoples of the earth recognized by this event that the God of the Christians is great, and the righteousness and faith of the Godloving emperor Theodosius were made known. 87. And in those days there appeared in Alexandria a female philosopher, a pagan named Hypatia, and she was devoted at all times to magic, astrolabes and instruments of music, and she beguiled many people through (her) Satanic wiles. 88. And the governor of the city honoured her exceedingly; for she had beguiled him through her magic. And he ceased attending church as had been his custom. + But he went once under circumstances \|101 of danger.+ And he not only did this, but he drew many believers to her, and he himself received the unbelievers at his house. 89. And on a certain day when they were making merry over a theatrical exhibition connected with dancers,153 the governor of the city154 published (an edict) regarding155 the public exhibitions in the city of Alexandria:156 and all the inhabitants of the city had assembled there (in the theatre). 90. Now Cyril, who had been appointed patriarch after Theophilus, was eager to gain exact intelligence regarding this edict. 91. And there was a man named Hierax,157 a Christian possessing understanding and intelligence, who used to mock the pagans but was a devoted adherent of the illustrious Father the patriarch and was obedient to his monitions. He was also well versed in the Christian faith. 92. (Now this man attended the theatre to learn the nature of this edict.) But when the Jews saw him in the theatre they cried out and said : 'This man has not come with any good purpose, but only to provoke an uproar.' 93. And Orestes the prefect was displeased with the children of the holy church, and had Hierax seized and subjected to punishment publicly in the theatre, although he was wholly guiltless. 94. And Cyril was wroth with the governor of the city for so doing, and likewise for his putting to death an illustrious monk of the convent of Pernōdj158 named Ammonius, and other monks (also). And when the chief magistrate159 of the city heard this, he sent word to the Jews as follows: 'Cease your hostilities against the Christians.' 95. But they refused to hearken to what they heard; for they gloried in the support of the prefect who was with them, and so they added outrage to outrage and plotted a massacre through a treacherous device. 96. And they posted beside them at night in all the streets of the city certain men, while others cried out and said: 'The church of the apostolic \|102 Athanasius is on fire: come to its succour, all ye Christians.' 97. And the Christians on hearing their cry came forth quite ignorant of the treachery of the Jews. And when the Christians came forth, the Jews arose and wickedly massacred the Christians and shed the blood of many, guiltless though they were. 98. And in the morning, when the surviving Christians heard of the wicked deed which the Jews had wrought, they betook themselves to the patriarch. And the Christians mustered all together and went and marched in wrath to the synagogues of the Jews and took possession of them, and purified them and converted them into churches. And one of them they named after the name of S. George. 99. And as for the Jewish assassins they expelled them from the city, and pillaged all their possessions and drove them forth wholly despoiled, and Orestes the prefect was unable to render them any help. 100. And thereafter a multitude of believers in God arose under the guidance of Peter the magistratenow this Peter was a perfect believer in all respects in Jesus Christand they proceeded to seek for the pagan woman who had beguiled the people of the city and the prefect through her enchantments. 101. And when they learnt the place where she was, they proceeded to her and found her seated on a (lofty) chair; and having made her descend they dragged her along till they brought her to the great church, named Caesarion. Now this was in the days of the fast. 102. And they tare off her clothing and dragged her [till they brought her] through the streets of the city till she died. And they carried her to a place named Cinaron, and they burned her body with fire. 103. And all the people surrounded the patriarch Cyril and named him 'the new Theophilus'; for he had destroyed the last remains of idolatry in the city. CHAPTER LXXXV. 1. And some time after this event the Jews in a place named Kemterja160 between Chalcedon and Antioch in Syria were amusing themselves after their customary manner in drinking and debauchery. 2. And they performed a play in which they brought forward one amongst them and named him Christ and bowed down to him in mockery. And they blasphemed the cross and those who trusted in the Crucified. 3. And when they had insolently perpetrated this sacrilege, they took a child and bound \|103 him on the cross and mocked him, and as their feelings grew more vehement they put the child to death. And the child died courageously. 4. And when the Christians heard of the atrocities committed by the Jews, they were exceedingly wroth because of the evil deeds and came and attacked them, and many of them died. 5. And when the emperor Theodosius was told of the atrocities committed by the Jews, he commanded the magistrates of the province to punish the criminals. 6. And they punished the Jews that were in the east and took vengeance on all the mockers who had mocked Christ and His faithful ones. 7. And in those days many of the Jews in Crete believed and became Christians in consequence of the greatness of the persecution that befell them. CHAPTER LXXXVI. 1. And there was a Jew named Fiskis who in his own person played the role of impostor, saying: 'I am Moses the chief of the prophets; for I have been sent from heaven by God. 2. I have come to conduct the Jews who dwell in this island through the sea, and I will establish you in the land of promise.' 3. And by these means he led them astray, saying unto them : 'I am he that delivered your fathers out of the hand of Pharaoh when they were in bondage to the Egyptians.' 4. And he spent an entire year in traversing Crete and proclaiming this event and leading them astray in all the cities and villages. 5. And he prevailed on them to abandon their industries and to despise their goods and possessions. And so they dissipated all that they had. 6. And when the day which he had fixed for leading them out drew near, he commanded them to come with their wives and children and follow him to the sea-shore, and cast themselves into the sea. And many perished, some through the fall and others from being engulfed in the depths of the sea. 7. But God who loves mankind had compassion on His creatures and saved them lest they should all perish by this hard fate. 8. And many Christians who were present on the spot at the time in order to see (what would happen) saved a large number from being drowned in the sea. The rest who had not cast themselves into the sea were saved by this means. 9. And when they saw that the false prophet had perished,161 engulfed in the sea, they recognized thereupon that he \|104 was an impostor, and forthwith abandoned their erroneous belief. 10. Through the se means many Jews turned to our Lord Jesus Christ and received the light of holy life-giving baptism and believed in our Lord Jesus Christ. 11. (This event took place) in the days of the Godloving emperor Theodosius the younger and in those of Atticus, patriarch of the great city of Constantinople. CHAPTER LXXXVII. 1. And during the childhood of the emperor Theodosius, when he was learning the holy Scriptures inspired by God, he had with him a child named Paulinus, the son of a vizier who learnt with him, and they grew up together. 2. And the emperor Theodosius loved him and appointed him an emperor in the third degree, a dignity that is called Master (of the imperial household). 3. And he reclined frequently at table with the emperor and empress ; for a strong friendship existed between them. 4. And after some time Paulinus fell ill, and when he was ill a certain officer highly honoured by the emperor brought him an apple that was wholly out of season, and the emperor and all his court who saw it admired the appearance of the apple. 5. The emperor gave one hundred gold dinars to the man who had brought the apple. (And) he sent that apple to his wife. And she indeed sent it to Paulinus because of his illness and her affection for him. 6. Now Paulinus was not aware that the emperor had given it to the empress, and so as the emperor came just at that moment to pay Paulinus a visit, he saw that apple in his possession and forthwith proceeded to the palace and called for the empress, and said unto her : 'Where is the apple which I gave thee?' 7. And she fearing lest the emperor should be offended with her, was not willing to avow the truth, and said : 'I have eaten it as I was not aware that you would question me regarding it.' And the emperor further said unto her : 'Hast thou not sent it to some one?' And she denied again. 8. Then the emperor ordered the apple to be brought, and the empress Eudocia was greatly put to shame. And a sense of pain and offence existed between them for a long time. 9. And subsequently the empress told the emperor all that had happened, and confirmed her statement by a terrible oath, \|105 and she persuaded the emperor that she had feared aforetime and had not told the truth because of the offence (she was likely to give) and the fear wherewith she feared him. 10. Now Paulinas feared greatly and said within himself : 'It is better for the ailing man to remain in his ailment; for when he recovers from his ailment he conceives evil designs in his heart. For he ill-treated Mar Basilius who belonged to the solitaries of the desert, who had been rejected by the heretics.' 11. Some days later it was told the emperor that Paulinus was forming rebellious designs and was revolting against the emperor and preparing a revolt. And accordingly he had him executed, as (Paulinus) had wished to deal similarly with the Godloving emperor. 12. And the empress Eudocia and the emperor Theodosius loved him greatly and honoured him exceedingly. 13. But lying historians who are heretics and abide not by the truth have recounted and said that Paulinus was put to death because of the empress Eudocia. But the empress Eudocia was wise and chaste, spotless and perfect in all her conduct. 14. And the emperor Theodosius sent a letter to the desert of Scete in Egypt in order to consult the saints because he had no male offspring to succeed him on the throne. 15. And the saints wrote as follows : 'When thou quittest this world, the faith of thy fathers will be changed; for God out of love to thee has not given thee a male offspring lest it should become wicked.' 16. And the emperor Theodosius and his wife were alike pained by this communication, and they abandoned all conjugal intercourse and lived, by mutual consent, in befitting chastity. 17. And after they had married their illustrious daughter Eudoxia to Valentinian the emperor of the west, as we have already recounted, and they had consummated the nuptials in Constantinople, the bridegroom and his consort set out for Rome. 18. Thereupon the empress Eudocia requested the Godloving emperor Theodosius to permit her to visit the holy places in Jerusalem and to worship there in righteousness. For she had vowed a vow as follows: 'When I have accomplished the nuptials of my daughter I will visit the holy places, and I will pay my vow to the Lord in the courts of the house of the Lord before all the people in the midst of Jerusalem.162 And I will pray to God to \|106 preserve thy empire for a long period in peace.' 19. The emperor having agreed to this request wrote to the governors of every province to make preparations for a fitting reception of the empress. 20. And he arranged that Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, should accompany her to Jerusalem, and bless her and instruct her in the doing of good works. 21. Thus all her prayers to God were accomplished for her : and she arrived in Jerusalem, and she restored the churches and the courts of the convent of the religious virgins and the hospice for pilgrims, and she gave them great endowments. 22. And she rebuilt likewise the walls of Jerusalem which had been in ruins from an early period.163 And she accomplished with vigour all her undertakings. Then the empress withdrew from the world and lived in solitude. 23. And the emperor also gave himself to fasting and prayer and to the singing of psalms and hymns, and he pursued a virtuous course. And his virgin sisters, who were older than he, the blessed Arcadia and Marina, had died before the empress quitted the palace, and gone to Christ whom they loved. 24. And during the sojourn of the empress in Jerusalem, the holy Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, and John, patriarch of Antioch, died. 25. Then the Nestorian heretics reappeared, the twelve bishops of the east, who had concealed themselves from the holy patriarch Cyril, who denied the Holy Trinity and divided Christ into two natures. 26. And also the heretical bishops of Constantinople and of the other provinces met together apart by themselves without the knowledge of any one, and said : 'The separation of the emperor and the empress has not been due to a desire to serve God, but they have separated through mutual hatred because of Paulinas.' 27. It was for this reason that the emperor was indignant with the patriarch Flavian and his associates, and said unto them: 'The fire (which had been lighted) by the Nestorians, and was extinguished, ye have kindled anew.' For they had caused many troubles in the churches. 28. But Pulcheria, the emperor Theodosius's sister, protected the patriarch Flavian, but she was not able to protect him openly because she feared the strength of the empire of the emperor Theodosius; for he was \|107 wroth with those who said, There were two natures in Christ after there had been one. But those who devised this evil conception laboured in vain. 29. Now the emperor's sister, Pulcheria, pursuing an evil course, besought him to give her a garden. And the emperor accomplished the object of her desire. And she wrote a fraudulent document to this effect: 'The entire palace, courts, and gardens of the empress have been given to me by the emperor,' and she gave it to the emperor to sign in his own hand. 30. And when the document was read before the entire senate, Pulcheria arose, and taking her stand in the midst of the men without shame reproved the emperor in insolent terms and said unto him: 'Thou hast done with negligence the duties of imperial government.' 31. And when he took the document and wished to read it and sign it, he saw written therein the following words: 'The empress Eudocia has become my slave.' 32. And when the emperor saw this he was exceedingly wroth both because of Pulcheria's insolence and her lack of shame. 33. And he had her seized and transported to a certain place, and he commanded the patriarch to lay his hands upon her and ordain her a deaconess. And for this reason there was great enmity and hatred between the empress Eudocia and Pulcheria. And so the emperor was parted from his sister Pulcheria. 34. And subsequently the emperor ordered a second council to be convoked in Ephesus, and he likewise ordered Dioscorus, the patriarch of Alexandria, who was appointed after Cyril, to be present. 35. And Flavian, patriarch of Constantinople, and Eusebius, bishop of Dorylaeum, and Domnus, patriarch of Antioch, and Ibas and John and Theodoret, and + Madjus +, bishops of the east, were deposed.164 And after this event the excellent emperor Theodosius fell ill and departed from this life and went to God. 36. And while the empress Eudocia was living in solitude in the holy places of Jerusalem, Pulcheria audaciously promulgated an imperial decree without taking the advice of Valentinian the emperor of Rome or that of the chief officers and senate, and married Marcian, the commander-in-chief of the army, and placed the imperial crown on his head and made him emperor. And she became his wife and sacrificed her virginity. 37. During his \|108 lifetime the emperor had guarded her, without any desire on her part, lest any stranger should come into her and then proceed to seize his imperial throne. 38. And on the day of Marcian's accession there was darkness over all the earth from the first hour of the day till the evening. And that darkness was like that which had been in the land of Egypt in the days of Moses the chief of the prophets. 39. And there was great fear and alarm among all the inhabitants of Constantinople. They wept and lamented and raised dirges and cried aloud exceedingly, and imagined that the end of the world was at hand. 40. And the senate, the officers, and the soldiers, (even) all the army, small and great, that was in the city was filled with agitation and cried aloud, saying: 'We have never heard nor seen in all the previous reigns of the Roman empire such an event as this.' 41. And they murmured very much, but they did not express themselves openly. And on the following day the Divine love had compassion on mankind, and the sun rose and the light of clay reappeared. 42. And the emperor Marcian convoked a council of bishops in Chalcedon composed of six hundred and + forty-five + bishops. 43. And they deposed Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria, and ordained that Flavian, who had been deposed on a former occasion, should be mentioned in the diptychs after his death; for he had already died in exile in the days of the blessed emperor Theodosius. And so they enrolled his name in the diptychs of the church as an orthodox patriarch. 44. And when disturbances arose in Constantinople and amongst all peoples Marcian fell grievously ill, and his illness lasted five months, and his feet mortified and he died. And the length of his reign was six years. And Pulcheria also had died before Marcian. 45. And in those days the empress Eudocia went to her rest in the holy Jerusalem, full of good works and a pure faith. And she refused to communicate with Juvenal, bishop of Jerusalem, and the men who had assembled in Chalcedon ; for she knew that they had changed the true faith of our holy Fathers and of the orthodox emperors; but she was blessed by priests (and) monks through her friendship and communion with Theodosius,165 patriarch of \|109 Alexandria. 46. And when she had thus accomplished these things, she went to her rest, and they placed her body in a tomb which she had built in her lifetime, with honour and panegyrics. And she went to God the Glorious and Most High. CHAPTER LXXXVIII. 1. And after the death of Marcian, Leo the elder became emperor. And in the days of his rule the city of Antioch was + polluted + owing to the earthquake that befell it. 2. And + lightning +166 rained from heaven on Constantinople instead of rain. And it rose high, upon the roofs. And all the people were terrified and offered up prayers and supplications to God; for that lightning had been burning fire; but God out of His love for man had extinguished the fire and made it + lightning +.166 3. And again after this + lightning +166 fire fell a second time from heaven on the city of Constantinople, such as had never fallen before. And it extended from sea to sea. 4. And the emperor left the palace, fearing lest he should be burned in the conflagration, and took up his abode in the church of S. Mamas for six months, offering prayers and supplications as had been done in the days of Marcian. 5. And the emperor Leo put a stop to all theatrical exhibitions, alike of those that played on the flute and on the lyre,167 on the holy first day of the week in honour of the sabbath. 6. And he likewise banished the Arians from every province in his empire, and he gave orders to all his subjects not to admit them to the churches. 7. And also in the days of this emperor an accusation was brought against a philosopher named Isocasius, an exquaestor.168 He was a ma,n of great prudence and a just judge. He was a pagan, and helped the people of Cilicia when he was + interpreter + in Antioch. \|110 And the emperor delivered him into the hands of Pusaeus, the prefect, the chief officer, to send him into exile. 8. But he was torn from the hands of the prefect and carried naked and with his hands bound behind him to the gate named Zeuxippus, where a crowd of people was assembled. 9. And the prefect standing on the tribunal addressed him thus: 'Canst thou see in what a guise thou art in the midst of this assembly ? 'He answered and said unto him : 'I see, and I am not surprised; for being a man I have fallen into troubles incident to the body. As I have judged other men, so I now judge myself.; 10. And when the people that stood by heard this stern reply, they tore him away from the prefect and bore him to the church, and, without the exercise of any constraint on their part, he expressed his belief in Christ, and said: 'My fathers were idolaters but I have now become a Christian.' 11. And they instructed him in the Christian faith, and baptized him, and he became a Christian. Then he was set free and restored to his functions, and he returned to his province beloved by the emperor. 12. When the emperor Leo heard of the disturbances which had taken place in Alexandria formerly in the days of Marcian, and of the massacre that had been occasioned by the council of Chalcedon, and of the restoration of the true faith in the one nature of Christ, and of the slaughter of Proterius, bishop of the Chalcedonians, because of it13. For this bishop, who had formerly been the ecclesiastical procurator in Alexandria, was consecrated bishop by the Chalcedonians, when he signed the imperial rescript, but the orthodox population rose against him and slew him, and burned his body 169 14. (Now having heard of all these circumstances) the emperor Leo appointed (to be patriarch) unto them Timothy, who had been assistant to the patriarch Dioscorus. Formerly he had been a strict monk belonging to the convent of Qalmon, and he was a priest. 15. And his appointment was made after the death of Dioscorus, who had wrongfully been deposed by the emperor Marcian and his Council. 16. But Timothy refused to abide by the Council of the Chalcedonians; for this Council had disturbed the entire world. 17. And the emperor Leo likewise wrote to all the bishops, adjuring them to declare accurately in what way matters had taken place in the Council of Chalcedon.170 18. But as they feared the emperor, they concealed (these things) from him, and told him \|111 nothing of what had been done in the Council. 19. But there were two bishops who did tell him: one of them named Eustathius of Berytus, a man wise and prudent and well versed in the holy Scriptures. And he told the emperor that through fear of Marcian they had altered the faith so that all the world was troubled (thereby), as well as all the churches. 20. And the second bishop was named Amphilochius, of the city of Maflejus.171 21. But the other bishops who were his subjects had not declared openly to the emperor regarding the oppression of the emperor Marcian: all that had been done at Chalcedon they had done out of fear of the imperial authority and power. 22. And in those days Eutyches [the Nestorian] 172 made himself known, who was eager for destruction. He was ignorant of the holy Scriptures, as he had not been eager to study them. 23. And Timothy the patriarch on his arrival in Alexandria was seized and conducted to a place called Gangra, and made to reside there.173 24. And there were alarms and fightings in Alexandria. And the governor of the city, who used violence to the holy patriarch Timothy, was eaten of worms and died. 25. And the inhabitants of the city said to one another: 'All this evil that has overtaken him is due to the judgement of the Glorious and Most High God because of what has been done to the patriarch Timothy, the servant of God, in order that all men might learn that God dwells amongst His chosen and renders justice to the oppressed. 26. And after the emperor Leo and the other emperors who succeeded him, Basiliscus ascended the imperial throne. And he raised his son Marcus to the imperial throne, and appointed him as his colleague for a short time. 27. And as his sister Verina was on friendly terms with him, she asked + Augustus for the master of the offices, and she received the dignity, which was named Patricius +.174 \|112 28. And the emperor sent and had fetched from his place of exile whither the elder Leo had driven him the holy patriarch Timothy. And when he was brought to the city of Constantinople with the honour and dignity due to the priesthood, he was welcomed by all the court and people. 29. And a letter was dispatched to all the provinces and to all the bishops with orders to expel all who confessed the faith of the Chalcedonians, (and likewise) to excommunicate and reject them. 30. The holy Timothy and his companions made the following prophecy in regard to the emperor Basiliscus: 'From the day thou deniest the faith set forth in this writing, thy empire will cease to exist and thy days will rapidly draw to a close.' 31. And he replied : 'I will never deny this profession of faith : on the contrary, I will assemble a Council in Jerusalem in order that the orthodox faith may be established and abide.' 32. And when the holy patriarch Timothy heard these words he went to the city of Alexandria, taking with him the profession of faith written out in the court of the emperor, and he seated himself on its (patriarchal) throne. 33. But the emperor Basiliscus took bribes and broke his word, and cast down that which he had previously built up, and did not assemble a Council in Jerusalem as he had promised the patriarch Timothy. 34. On the contrary, he wrote a second letter to this effect: 'Suffer the Chalcedonians to abide in their faith, and show them due regard.' And so the prophecy of the illustrious father Timothy and of his companions was accomplished. 35. And a terrible unlooked-for pestilence visited the city of Constantinople, and the bodies of the dead putrified, and there were not people enough to bury them. And the city of Gabala in Syria likewise was destroyed by an earthquake. 36. Then Zeno, the emperor of Rome, set out and stirred up the province of Isauria, and collected a numerous army and marched to Constantinople. And on arriving in the city of Antioch, he had the patriarch Peter seized in order that the latter might disclose to him all the designs which the emperor Basiliscus had designed against him. 37. And when Basiliscus heard of the march of Zeno, he sent the generals Armalis and Serbatos to war against Zeno, with a numerous army which he had had with him in the palace at Byzantium. 38. And when these officers came to him, he adjured them by holy baptism not to betray him or injure him. 39. But these officers abstained \|113 from fighting with the emperor Zeno, and they sent a secret message to him to the following effect: 'We will withdraw to a certain locality, and do you make yourself master of the entire country.' And these officers moreover treacherously tendered the following advice to Basiliscus: 'Go by a different route and give battle to Zeno at the gates of Constantinople.' 40. But the moment Zeno drew nigh to the walls all the senators met him, and he was greatly pleased by their reception of him. And Zeno's mother-in-law, who was named Verina, had her brother Basiliscus +seized and thrown into a pit+. 41. And as Basiliscus was sore pressed, he and his wife Zenodia175 and his children fled to the baptistery of a church. And all the senators honoured the emperor Zeno and proclaimed him their emperor. And he sent to the church and took from him all the insignia of empire, and induced him to come out by a treacherous promise, even him and his children.176 42. Thereupon he drove the unfortunate wretches from the palace and sent them in exile into the province of Cappadocia, to a fortress named Lemnas. And when they were brought to the governor of the province, he put them in a tower and barred them in, according to the orders of the emperor, and mercilessly left them without food and drink till they died, and buried them in the same place. 43. And as for the patriarch Peter, he was brought in chains and transported to the town of Euchaites in Pontus177; for he had enjoyed the friendship of the emperor Basiliscus, and had helped him, and placed the imperial crown upon his head. It was on these grounds that (Basiliscus) had appointed him patriarch. 44. Now this (Peter) had persecuted the Nestorians. (And next Stephen was appointed patriarch of Antioch, and he belonged to the Nestorians),178 and for this reason \|114 all the inhabitants of the city hated him, and the people of Antioch and all the priests put him to a violent death in a place called Barlaams 179 on the day of the commemoration of the holy 'Forty Martyrs'. And after slaying him they cast his body into the river named the Orontes. And the emperor Zeno appointed in his stead another patriarch named Calandio, and paid him special honour. 45. And when the emperor returned to his city he distributed abundant alms amongst the poor, and he appointed + Armatus in his stead in that place commander, him and his father +180 commander of the guard and his son to be Caesar as he had promised. But when this Armatus became master of the power of the empire he became very strong and powerful, and none could withstand him, and he formed evil designs in his heart. 46. And when the emperor was informed of his evil purposes, he sent and had him put to death in a gallery of the palace. And when the emperor wished to invade Persia, seeing that Basiliscus, the son of Armatus, the Caesar, was but a youth, he took from him the crown of investiture and gave orders for him to be consecrated metropolitan of Cyzicum, and dispersed his property amongst all the people. 47. And seeing these things, Theodoric, one of the consuls who was commander of the guard, began to fear lest he should suffer at the hands of the emperor Zeno as had Armatus his friend,181 and so he led off the soldiers under his command, who were Goths from the province of Moesia. 48. Now Theodoric had been reared in the capital, and he was acquainted with profane wisdom. And he marched against the city of Selymbria and made its inhabitants subject to him, and he made himself master of the entire province of Thrace. 49. And next he went with a formidable force from the city of Sycene, and he lay there a long time, but was not able to inflict any injury on Byzantium, or on the emperor Zeno. \|115 50. Then he marched on Rome, and had the chief of the barbarians, named Odoacer, who bore the title of rex, brought before him through the treason of the senators, and he reduced the city of Rome and made himself master of it, and put all the barbarians to the sword, and resided there forty-seven years as its emperor. 51. And he refused to appoint a colleague, and made the emperor Zeno a friend,182 and did everything in accordance with the advice of the emperor. And he possessed the respect of the magistrates and senate. 52. And there came to Theodoric the wife . . .,183 and she was of patrician rank in Rome, named Juvenalia, and spake unto him and said : 'Behold it is now three years since I have suffered wrong. My suit is with the patrician Firmus, and justice has not been done to me.' 53. And he called the judges and said unto them : 'Behold I give commandment and say unto you that unless in two days you bring to a conclusion the suit of this woman with her adversaries and render justice to the two parties equitably according to law, I will have your heads cut off with the sword.' 54. And thereupon they departed, and spent two days in bringing the suit of this woman to a conclusion equitably. And the woman lighted a waxen taper and went in to him (i.e. the king) to thank him, and she said unto him: 'My suit which lingered so long a time has now, thanks to thy orders, been brought to a conclusion.' 55. Thereupon he had the judges summoned before him, and said unto them; 'Ye wicked men, ye have brought to a conclusion in two days a suit which ye were not able to conclude in three years.' And thereupon he gave orders to have their heads cut off with the sword. And great fear fell upon the city, and an end was put to all oppression on the part of the Roman officials. 56. And in those days after the death of Theodoric, Athalaric 184 came (to the throne), and he was an Arian. 57. And subsequently the emperor Zeno sent an officer named \|116 Quaestor185 to Alexandria to bring back to him the patriarch Timothy, the man of God. And when the quaestor came to the patriarch Timothy, he said unto him : 'The emperor summons thee.' And the patriarch answered and said unto him : 'The emperor will not see my face.' And thereupon he fell ill and died, even as he had said. 58. And the orthodox arose and appointed Peter, the archdeacon, surnamed Mongus, to be patriarch. And the magistrates of the city sought to arrest him, but he escaped out of the hands of the soldiers, and made his escape to the house of (one of) the faithful, and there were alarms in the city. 59. And the partisans of Proterius the Chalcedonian on their part elected a patriarch, named Ajes,186 but he died shortly after. 60. And the faithful . . . <Then the Chalcedonians elected a patriarch> named John Tabennesiotes. And he likewise got possession of the. (patriarchal) throne of Ajes by bribing the magistrates. And he said : 'I have sworn a solemn oath to the emperor Zeno that I shall take no measures regarding the ecclesiastical see (of Alexandria).' 61. And when the emperor Zeno heard of this event he was very wroth, and he gave orders for his expulsion. And when John heard that the emperor had given orders for his expulsion, he took to flight and went to Rome. 62. And at that time Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople, was on friendly terms with the emperor Zeno. And so he prevailed on the emperor that they should subscribe the Henoticon, that is to say, the confession of the faith of the three Councils Nicaea, Constantinople, and Ephesus, and should reject the other Councils. 63. And for this reason (he had brought back) Peter the patriarch,187 who had previously fled, to Antioch from the city of Dinarurja. And Calandio the patriarch of Antioch fled through fear of being put to death, as he was a Chalcedonian. For (its inhabitants) had previously put to death the patriarch Stephen, his \|117 predecessor. And all the priests and people prayed to the emperor on behalf of him (i. e. Peter). And the patriarch Peter accepted the Henoticon of the emperor. 64. And in his days there were tumults in the city because of the confession of the faith written by the emperorfor we anathematize the council of the bishops at Chalcedon and their impure creed which states that there are two natures in Christ, whereas the letter of Zeno says that there is (only) one nature in the Word of God which was made flesh, and that the bishops who had been expelled should be remembered (in the diptychs). 65. And the emperor Zeno made a compact with Illus and came to terms with him about the same time that he had received Armatus, the father of Caesar, into favour. But subsequently the army of Illus waged war on the emperor Zeno. For Illus, seeing that Armatus, though a friend of the emperor Zeno, had been executed, fled in fear (of a similar fate) to Isauria.188 66. Now Illus sent the empress Verina, the mother-in-law of the emperor, a message to this effect: 'Prevail on the emperor in his behalf.' But she could not prevail on the emperor. Now the emperor Zeno concealed his evil designs from his brother Longinus lest there should be a scandal and grounds for disturbances in Byzantium; for she had formerly been an empress. 67. And in this treacherous plot the emperor Zeno had arranged with Illus to banish her, and transport her to the province of Isauria and to keep her guarded there. And when she arrived there, Illus came forth and shut her up in a fortress, and he appointed a large force to guard her. And he took with him Longinus the emperor's brother. 68. But when she (Verina) came to know these facts, she sent a message to her daughter (Ariadne) the emperor's wife. And her daughter requested the emperor to release her from the fortress where they had imprisoned her.189 \|118 And the emperor said unto her: 'I cannot incur the anger of Illus the patrician; but do thou ask him, and if he approves, I will set her free.' 69. And the empress sent to him and besought him with tears to set free her mother and to pardon her wrong-doing. 70. But he refused to have compassion on her and said unto her: 'Do you wish me to set up another emperor against thine own husband?' And she was very wroth with him, and she went to the emperor and said unto him: 'Am I and likewise Illus to live (at the same time) in the palace?' And the emperor said unto her : 'Do what you wish; for I love you more than Illus and many men.' 71. And when the empress heard these words of the emperor, her heart was strengthened, and she commanded + Adrian + to put him to death. And + Adrian + 190 who was chief of the eunuchs sent a man, named Scholarius, who being a captain of the guard could enter when he wished the palace of the emperor with his men. 72. And he went in and drew his sword in order to smite him (Illus) and cleave his head in a gallery of the palace. And one of the officers, seeing this, ran hastily and wrested his sword from him after he had cut off the right ear of Illus instead of his head. 73. And Scholarius 191 the eunuch was put to death, who had smitten Illus with the sword. And the followers of Illus transported him to his house. 74. And when the emperor Zeno heard of this event, he took an oath, saying: 'I know nothing of this outrage that the eunuch did to Illus.' And when Illus had recovered from his wound, he asked permission from the emperor Zeno to go to the east for change of air in order to avoid a return of his malady. 75. And he asked humbly that he would let him go, dissembling his treacherous designs. And, unaware of his treachery, (the emperor) let him go. And he appointed + in his stead another man named Julalja + with full powers.192 And Illus wished to take Leontius and Pamprepius with him, apparently on the pretext that they would negotiate peace between Verina the emperor's mother and the emperor Zeno, and that (thus) she might return honourably to him. \|119 76. And the emperor was pleased with this plan, and he sent these three persons and likewise (two) illustrious (senators) named Marsos and Valjanos, magistrates of Isauria, and many officials and troops. 77. And when they came to Antioch the Great, Illus stayed a year (there), and the inhabitants of that city paid him very high honours. 78. Then he marched into Isauria and brought Verina down from the fort, and they bound themselves by mutual oaths. And in agreement with Pamprepius, who was given to magic and the seductions of demons, he prevailed on the officers to create Leontius emperor. So they created him emperor in the oratory of S. Peter, outside the walls of Tarsus the capital of Cilicia. 79. And she (Verina) wrote and dispatched letters to all the cities and officials and troops of the east, and to the cities of Egypt, to gain their recognition of the imperial authority of Leontius without opposition. 80. And the empress Verina, Augusta, wrote likewise as follows: 'I make known unto you touching our imperial authority, that after the death of the emperor Leo, of happy memory, we appointed Trascalissaeus, that is Zeno, emperor, that he might be solicitous as regards our commands and duly govern the army. 81. But now we have seen that he has abandoned integrity, while he is likewise devoid of understanding. Accordingly we have accounted him as a rebel, a perverse man and a usurper. Behold, now, we have appointed another emperor, a Christian Godloving man, distinguished for righteousness and uprightness, that he may save the country by his virtuous conduct and put an end to the war: and may preserve his subjects according to law and order. 82. And we have crowned Leontius with the imperial crown that he may be emperor over the Roman empire, who will be solicitous after every good work,' 83. And when the letter was read in the city of Antioch, all the population cried aloud saying: 'Do unto us the good things, O Lord, which will be good for us.' And a letter also was sent to Alexandria. 84, Then Leontius came to Antioch and took up his residence in the palace, and he \|120 appointed Lilianus193 prefect and judge. 85. And after fifteen days he marched to Chalcis, a city of Isauria, in order to attack the inhabitants of that city, because they refused to submit to him and called him a rebel against the emperor. 86. And for one and a half months he waged war on the inhabitants of that city but was not able to take it. And when the emperor Zeno heard of what had befallen, he sent a Scythian officer named John, a valiant man and a warrior, in command of a numerous army to wage war on the conspirators. 87. And when Illus who was in Cilicia discovered that he was not able to make head against the general John, he marched and joined Leontius and Verina, and they arranged to flee together and to take refuge in a castle in Isauria, named Papyris. 88. And Leontius went in precipitate flight from the province of the East, and these three personages, Leontius, Illus, and Pamprepius accompanied by Verina, withdrew into a castle. And when the troops of the emperor Zeno arrived they besieged that castle in which they were. And Verina died in the castle. 89. And the garrison of the castle, learning that Pamprepius was seeking to join the enemy against them, put him to death and cast his body from the top of the battlements. 90. And after many toilsome efforts, (the besiegers) captured the castle and brought forth the rebels, that is, Leontius who wrought his own destruction and Illus who was the cause of all the evil. 91. And they placed them on a tribunal in the midst of the assemblage and passed upon them the sentence of death, and they cut off their heads with the sword and carried them to the emperor Zeno in Constantinople. 92. And it is told also regarding the emperor Zeno that he was with Maurianus the astrologer: now the latter used to announce to him (beforehand) all that happened; for they were friends. 93. And (the emperor) asked him saying: 'Who will succeed to the empire after me ?' And he said unto him : 'A Silentiarius will take thine empire and likewise thy wife.' And owing to this (prediction) he thought (the person meant) was an illustrious man named Pelagius, who had become a patrician. 94. Now they deposed him unjustly; indeed the emperor committed Silentiarius to the charge of six trusty men and commanded them to strangle him in the night, though he was guiltless. After they had strangled him, they cast his body into the sea. 95. And when this wicked murder came to \|121 be known, people could not keep silence on the matterand particularly Arcadius, an illustrious officer and a thorough observer of justice. And he was one that judged uprightly and hated oppression. And he blamed the emperor for the crime that in the hardness of his heart he had committed in putting Silentiarius the patrician to death. 96. And when Zeno the emperor heard (this) he was wroth with Arcadius, and gave orders for him to be put to death as he entered the palace. And (the guards) did as the emperor commanded, but Arcadius escaped out of their hands, by entering a church in order (as he pretended) to make prayer and supplication to God.194 97. And the emperor fell sick of a dysentery and died. CHAPTER LXXXIX. 1. And after the death of the Godloving emperor Zeno, the Christian and Godfearing emperor Anastasius came to the throne. He was one of the emperor's chamberlains, and became emperor through the grace of God and. the prayers of our Egyptian Fathers. 2. Now the emperor Zeno had banished him to the island of S. Irai, situated in the river of Memphis. Now the inhabitants of Manuf had treated him with kindly affection. 3. And Ammonius, who belonged to the city of Hezena in the province of Alexandria, and <the inhabitants of that city> became his friends, and honoured him and showed him much affection. 4. And one day the inhabitants of Manuf and of Hezena agreed together respecting Anastasius, who was in disgrace with the emperor Zeno, to ascend the mountain to the convent of the God-clothed S, Abba Jeremiah of Alexandria. 5. And there lived on their route a man who was endowed with the knowledge of all the works of God. And they conversed regarding the holy life of the man of God, and desired his blessing. And he prayed for them to Christ whom he served. 6. And they proceeded and entered into the dwelling of the man of God, the Abba Jeremiah. And he blessed them all, but spake no word at all to Anastasius. 7. And when they came forth Anastasius was very deeply pained, and he wept much, saying in his heart: 'It is by reason of the multitude of my sins that the man of God did not bless me when he blessed all the rest.' 8, And the inhabitants of Manuf and \|122 Ammonius of the city of Hezena went to the holy man of God and told him of the grievous pain with which Anastasius was afflicted. 9. And he indeed called him apart, and likewise his trusty friends and Ammonius, and said unto him : 'Grieve not so as to think and say, "It is by reason of my sins that the old man blessed me not" : the matter is not so; on the contrary, as I have seen the hand of God upon thee, I have on this ground refrained from blessing thee. 10. How should I who have been guilty of so many sins be worthy to bless him whom God hath blessed and honoured. And he hath chosen thee from amongst many thousands to be His anointed ; for it is written: "The hand of the Lord God is on the head of kings." 11. And He hath set His trust in thee that thou mayest become His representative on earth and strengthen His people. Only when thou dost recall my words and hast accomplished the prophecy, observe this command which I give thee this day, so that God may save thee from thine adversaries : "Do no sin of any kind and transgress not against the Christian faith of Christ, and reject the Chalcedonian faith which hath provoked God to anger."' 12. And as for these commands which the Abba Jeremiah gave to Anastasius, he indeed received them, (engraving them) on the tables of his heart, even as Moses the prophet received the tables of the Covenant from God whereon were engraved the commandments of the law. 13. And shortly after Anastasius was recalled from the banishment into which the emperor of (this) world had driven him by virtue of his power. And subsequently Anastasius was appointed emperor. 14. And thereupon he sent to the disciples of the holy Abba Jeremiah <and had them fetched>. And the Abba Warjanos, who was a relative of Abba Jeremiah, accompanied them. Now the emperor indeed besought them with many prayers to accept money for their food on the way and for the convent; but <they refused> because their father the holy Jeremiah had instructed them not to accept anything save incense for the celebration of the eucharist or for offering the sacrifice, and a few sacred utensils. 15. And he sent also to the island where he had formerly been in banishment, and he had a great and massive church built (and) named S. Irai. Formerly it was but a little church. 16. And he sent to it many gold and silver vessels and beautiful vestments. And he sent also much gold and silver to his friends in the city of Manuf and Hezena. And he conferred magistracies upon \|123 them, and some of them he had ordained to the priesthood. 17. And this Godloving Anastasius sent to the city of Antioch and to all the cities, and put a stop to the civil war which the people waged on each other, and he made them submit to authority as became Christians. And he wrote to all the magistrates that were subject to him (bidding them) to execute this decree, and they submitted to authority as became Christians. 18. And subsequently there arose disturbances in (the capital of) his dominion through the enmity of Satan. For the people demanded tumultuously that certain disorderly and factious persons should not be cast into prison; for the prefect had delivered over several of them to be stoned. But the emperor refused to let them off, and he was wroth, and gave orders for them to be attacked by the cavalry.195 19. And when these went down to make the attack a slave audaciously rose up and approached the emperor's seat, and hurled a stone with the intention of killing the emperor. Now he stood up in his place, saying in his heart, 'No one will recognize me'. 20. But the help of God shielded the emperor, and the stone fell inside the enclosure that is within the imperial seat and brake, it. And when (the guards) saw that slave who cast a stone at the emperor they marked him closely, and ran and seized him, and dismembered him limb from limb. 21. And the tumult waxed more serious, and they burnt the brazen circuit where stood the seats of the soldiers and the cavalry and all the \|124 people all the way to the emperor's seat, and the portico of Hexahippium which adjoins the seat196 constructed by the holy Constantine. 22. And after many great efforts they forcibly re-established the (imperial) authority over the seditious, and punished many of them till peace and tranquillity were restored throughout all the city. 23. And the inhabitants of Antioch also acted after the same manner as those of Constantinople. They set fire to the synagogue of the Jews, which is in Daphne, and set up within it the glorious cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, and they transformed it (the synagogue) into a church, dedicated to S. Leontius, and they put many of them (the Jews) to death. 24. And when the emperor was informed of these events he sent Procopius, count of the east, in order to subdue the seditious factions. 25. And when he and Menas of Byzantium arrived in Antioch the leaders of the factions fled from the city and withdrew into the sacred dwelling of S. John. 26. And Menas the prefect at the head of a numerous force went thither by night. And a great tumult arose, and he slew amongst them a man named Eleutherius, whose head was carried to the governor Procopius. 27. But the (Green) faction gained the day, and burned the place of their assemblage 197 with fire, (and likewise) the praetorium. Thereupon there was a terrible strife, and Menas the prefect was slain and his body burned with fire.198 28. And Procopius immediately took to flight and went to the confines of Constantinople.199 And when (the emperor) was apprised of the flight of the governor Procopius he appointed in his stead a man named Irenaeus, and ordered him to proceed to Antioch. 29. And when he arrived there he punished many of them, and inspired such great fear and terror that all the factions abandoned their civil strife, and so he re-established peace among the inhabitants of Antioch. 30. And the emperor rebuilt the edifices which had been burnt, and he constructed many beautiful streets; for in his mercy and compassion he loved to build edifices. 31. He built many \|125 edifices in Egypt, and likewise a fortress on the borders of the Red Sea. And he applied himself to completing all manner of beautiful works, that he might remain in tranquillity and peace. 32. And for the inhabitants of Doras 200 he had a wall built, and openings made in the walls like bridges to prevent the water of the river from spreading upon the fields. 33. And in the reign also of this Godloving emperor impious barbarians, who eat human flesh and drank blood, arose in the quarter of Arabia, and approaching the borders of the Red Sea they seized the monks of Araite,201 and they put them to the sword or led them away captive and plundered their possessions; for they hated the saints, and were themselves like in their devices to the idolaters and pagans. And after they had taken a large booty they returned to their own country. 34. And when the emperor was informed of this event he had strong forts constructed as a defence to the dwellings of the monks, and he rendered many good services to them and all the monks of the Roman world. 35. And certain people in the city of Alexandria rose up and created a shameful disturbance, and slew the prefect of the city, who was named Theodosius, who had been brought up in the house of the patriarch of Antioch. And when the emperor was informed of this event he was wroth, and punished many of the inhabitants of that city. 36. And the good deeds alone of the emperor are beyond numbering; for he was an orthodox believer and trusted in our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, and prohibited the faith of the Chalcedonians because the holy Jeremiah, the servant of God, had (so) bidden him. 37. Now the people of Elwarikon202 had refused to accept the letter of Leo which he dispatched to them from Rome. But when the oppression of Marcian and his magistrates became severe they began to fear lest they should experience the violence which befell Dioscorus the patriarch of Alexandria. 38. And the emperor Anastasius, the servant of God, agreed with the terms of the letter of the emperor Zeno. And subsequently he gave orders that the faith professed by the three Councils, Nicaea, Constantinople, and \|126 the first at Ephesus, should be established. 39. But Euphemius, the patriarch of Constantinople at that period, was a Chalcedonian, who divided the one nature of Christ into two distinct natures in its manifestations, saying that it was the Word of God that had wrought the miracles, but the weak human nature that had submitted to the passion. 40. And he changed likewise the trisagion which we recite thus: 'Holy God, holy Strong One, holy Immortal One, who hast been crucified for us, have mercy upon us.' But he did not recite it as we, but in the following terms: 'Holy God, holy Strong One, holy Immortal One, have mercy upon us.' 41. Indeed he declared, 'I do not recite it as ye do, to prevent the application of this formula to the Holy Trinity in three persons. Him who was crucified we adore together with the Father and the Holy Spirit. Now it was not the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit who suffered. He that became incarnate without separating Himself (from the Trinity) and suffered is consubstantial with the Father and the Holy Spirit, but He did not suffer in His divinity. And there is none other than HeGod forbid ! 42. Now whilst one of the Holy Trinity, He is capable of suffering in the body which is united with Him and the reasonable soul which are combined in (one) person, but He is not capable of suffering in His divinity which is consubstantial with the Father and the Holy Spirit, as our holy Fathers have taught us.' 43. The wise Proclus joined the Nestorians in saying: 'If Christ was in every respect incapable of suffering after His incarnation, He could no more suffer in body than could the divinity of the Son.' But in so saying he speaks falsely, for the Son of God could not then have suffered in reality. 44. These are the pestilent words of those who say there are four persons instead of three. 45. Of a similar character are the declarations of those impostors who say regarding the Son that it was another who was crucified ; for this wicked opinion was propounded by heretics. 46. And the emperor Anastasius deprived Euphemius of his dignities and banished him from Constantinople to Euchaites in Pontus. And he appointed Macedonius in his stead, who accepted from his hand the edict of the emperor Zeno, and refused to accept the Council of Chalcedon. 47. And he charmed the heart of the emperor Anastasius, though concealing the while treacherous devices in his thoughts regarding the faith. And (the emperor) obliged him to recite the \|127 trisagion in these terms : 'Mayst Thou who wast crucified for us have mercy upon us.' And thus he ordained this rule. 48. Now the orthodox monks of Palestine had abandoned the study of the Scriptures, and a schism had arisen amongst them ; for they declared that they were unwilling to accept the edict of the emperor. And they brought thereby persecution upon themselves at the instigation of a monk named Nephalius, a promoter of dissension. 49. The monks of the desert sent certain aged anchorites to Constantinople, accompanied by Severus the chief of the Fathersa wise man well versed in the Scriptures, and a perfect priestto request the emperor Anastasius to issue orders to the monks to live peaceably in their dwellings and cloisters, and to pray on his behalf. 50. And when they came to speak to the emperor they were recognized by the officers and conducted to the patriarch Macedonius, and they conversed with him on the subject of the faith. 51. And thereupon he confessed openly what was hidden in his heart regarding the perverted faith which he followed; for he could not always conceal his views and prevent their coming to be known by some one. 52. Now there was an Alexandrian, named Doritheus, who possessed S. Cyril's treatise on the faith. And he had conversed with Severus and had found him imbued with the doctrine of S. Cyril. 53. These two admonished Macedonius and the Chalcedonians, who + remembered + two natures to Jesus Christ the Son of God, who is one. And it was marvellous in their eyes, and they named this book Philalelhes, 54. But Macedonius and his adherents, as well as the partisans of the Nestorians, were wroth, and said that after the manner of their (tris)agion the angels recite the trisagion. But Severus answered: 'The angels recite as follows : "Holy God, holy Mighty One, holy Immortal One, have mercy upon us." Indeed the angels have no necessity to say : "Who was crucified for us"; for the crucifixion of our God was not on behalf of angels, but on behalf of us men was our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ crucified. 55. And it was for our salvation that He came down from heaven and was incarnate and became man, and was crucified for us in the days of Pontius Pilate, and rose from the dead on the third day, as it is written in the holy Scriptures which were set in due order by our \|128 holy Fathers of Nicaea and Constantinople and Ephesus, who also established a fitting definition of His divinity. 56. It is for this reason that we Christians say of necessity : "O Thou who hast been crucified for us, have mercy upon us." We believe also that the holy, mighty and immortal God was crucified for us. In like manner also we truly believe that the holy Virgin Mary brought forth very God : and that they were not two different persons, but one and the same whom the Virgin bare and the Jews crucified one and the same alike in birth, crucifixion, and resurrection.' 57. And many similar arguments were addressed to the emperor and the magistrates, whereby the opinions of the heretical Nestorians were overthrown from their foundation. 58. And when they had by their orthodox arguments reduced Macedonius to silence, and his opinions had vanished because of the words of truth, he thought out an evil device, and spake to the emperor and the magistrates to this effect : 'I too believe the same facts as the orientals, and I say in the church : "O Thou that wast crucified203 for us, have mercy upon us."' 59. But in secret he stirred up the heretics against the emperor, saying unto them : 'They have introduced novelties into the faith of our Christian Fathers.' Then the heretics assembled and proceeded to the court of the emperor in order to stir up a tumult with a view to the banishment of Plato, who administered all the affairs of his empire : he was very highly and universally honoured. 60. And yielding to fear, he took to flight and hid himself. And these heretics and the soldiers who were with them cried aloud and proclaimed the name of another emperor of the Romans. 61. And they proceeded with haste to the house of Marinus the Syrian, an illustrious man.204 And they burnt his house and possessions. And they sought to slay him, but they could not find him ; for he had fled, and was saved through the strong aid of our Lord Jesus Christ. 62. Now the lying patriarch Macedonius had calumniated this Godloving man to the people, and had said unto them : 'It is Marinus who turns the heart of the emperor from the faith.' 63. And moved with evil zeal they sought for him with a view to slaying him, though he was unaware of it. And when they had plundered the house of this illustrious man and carried out the silver vessels he possessed, they divided \|129 them amongst themselves. 64. But indeed the moment the crowds entered the house of the magistrate they found (in it) a monk of the east, (and) they led him forth and put him to death, believing him to be the Godloving Severus. And they took his head and carried it about throughout all the city crying aloud these words: 'This is the enemy of the Holy Trinity.' 65. And they went also to the house of Juliana, who belonged to the family of the emperor Leo <and proclaimed her husband>, who was named Ariobindus, <emperor>. But when he was apprised of their coming he took to flight. 66. But the people kept shamelessly perpetrating these excesses. Then the Godloving emperor Anastasius, being guided by the true faith of Christ, arose and accompanied by all the senators ascended the imperial throne, clothed in the imperial robes. And when all the people saw him, they were pained and grieved and became repentant, and fearing the emperor they besought him to pardon their transgression, confessing their offences. 67. And the emperor said to them in a loud voice: 'Be not afraid: lo ! I have pardoned you.' 205 And thereupon all the people dispersed to their several dwellings, and tranquillity was restored. But after a few days, the same people stirred up fresh disturbances, and so the emperor Anastasius mustered a numerous force of soldiers and gave orders to them to seize the rioters, and when they were seized and brought to the emperor, some had their limbs broken, others were executed, and others sent into banishment. 68. And by these measures tranquillity was restored, and the fear of the emperor was inspired in the hearts of the citizens. It was then also that Macedonius was banished, who had brought about the destruction of many. He was stripped of his episcopal dignities and reckoned as a murderer, and expelled from the congregation (of the faithful). 69. And the bishops of the east arrived in Byzantium and made the following accusations to the emperor Anastasius against Flavian, patriarch of Antioch: that he was a Nestorian, though he had accepted the Henoticon of the emperor Zeno; that he had again joined the Chalcedonians, and accepted the abominable letter of Leo, in which were mentioned the two natures and twofold operations of Him who is one only and indivisible, Jesus Christ, very God. 70. And the Godloving emperor Anastasius, moreover, \|130 banished him to Petra in Palestine ; for he had cursed the orthodox and had embraced the faith of the wicked heretics. 71. And Vitalian, moreover, who was commander of the troops in the province of Thrace, being a man of perverse heart, hated Severus the saint of God. Now the emperor Anastasius had appointed Severus patriarch of Antioch in the room of the heretic Flavian, whom he had banished, when the orthodox bishops of the east testified in the favour of the former. 72. And Vitalian, whom we have just mentioned, raised a revolt against the emperor Anastasius, and seized Thrace and Scythia 206 and Mysia, and mustered a numerous army. 73. And the emperor sent against him a general named Hypatius. And when they fought together, he was vanquished by Vitalian and taken prisoner. And on the payment of a large ransom he was set free. 74. But immediately on his return to the emperor, the latter removed him from his command, and appointed in his room another general, named Cyril, of the province of Illyria. 75. And he also gave battle to Vitalian, and there was great slaughter on both sides. Cyril the general retired into the city named Odyssus, and stayed there while Vitalian withdrew into the province of Bulgaria. 76. And he gave large sums of money to the guards who kept the gates of Odyssus, and then, marching by night, he put Cyril the general to death and captured the city. 77. And he attacked also the province of Thrace, and plundered all its wealth, and likewise the cities of Europe, and Sycae, and the region over against Constantinople and Sosthenium, and he established himself in the church of the holy Archangel Michael, devising by what means he could make himself master of the empire of Byzantium. 78. And the emperor Anastasius sent to the philosopher Proclus in order that he might render help to Marinus. 79. And the emperor informed him regarding the rebel Vitalian and the audacity he had shown. But Marinus encouraged the emperor, saying: 'I will overcome this rebel by the might of God ; only give orders that I may be accompanied by soldiers and the philosopher Proclus. Procure for me also unpurged sulphur resembling powdered antimony.' 80. And the emperor gave him the sulphur. And Marinus \|131 ground it into a + hard powder +,207 and said publicly : 'If you cast (this) on a house or on a ship, it will take fire when the sun rises and melt it like wax.' 81. And Marinus took with him many ships, and he mustered all the soldiers he could find in Constantinople, and he proceeded to wage war against Vitalian as the emperor had commanded. 82. And when the rebel saw Marinus he took all the ships he could find and manned them with a large force of Scythian and Gothic archers, and sailed in the direction of Byzantium, believing that he should get the better of his opponents. 83. But Marinus and his companions, through the mighty help of God, got the better of this enemy, and the design of this shameless rebel failed of accomplishment, and thereupon Vitalian, the cause of civil strife, took to flight. 84. And Marinus gave the unpurged sulphur to the sailors, and commanded them to cast it on the ships of the rebel foe in order that they might be burnt. And when the fleets of Marinus and of this rebel encountered each other, they (the sailors) cast the sulphur into the ships of Vitalian about the third hour of the day, and immediately the ships burst into flames and sank in the depths. 85. And when Vitalian saw this he was stupefied, and his remaining forces turned back and fled. And the general Marinus put all the rebels he could find to the sword, and pursued them till they came to the church of S. Mamas. And as night was approaching Marinus encamped there and guarded the route. 86. But Vitalian after his defeat marched throughout the night and fled with his followers in fear and terror to a place named Anchialus. And he traversed that night a space of sixty miles, as he feared lest Marinus should pursue him and make him a prisoner. On the morrow every one forsook him and left him alone. 87. And the emperor Anastasius distributed many alms amongst the poor and destitute in the district of Sosthenium. And he set out from the imperial city and stayed in the church of S. Michael, praying and giving thanks to God for all the benefits He had bestowed upon him and for the victory which He had given him over his adversaries, and displaying an irreproachable (and) orthodox faith. 88. Next the emperor Anastasius ordered that a large sum of gold should be given to the philosopher Proclus. But he refused \|132 to take the money and, saluting the emperor, he requested him (to let him go back to Athens), saying: + Whoever loves money is not worthy to be a philosopher, and the contempt of money likewise in those that cultivate philosophy is honourable.' And the emperor let him go, and held him in high honour. 89. And all the orthodox believers who had accepted the Henoticon of the righteous emperor Zeno were highly esteemed by the emperor. And at that time appeared from the city of Nikius208 John priest and monk; for the patriarch had refused to accept him. 90. Now the priest John209 was wise and Godloving and well versed in the Scriptures, and he lived in the convent of Par. 91. And the inhabitants of the city of Sa and those of the city of Akela came to be at variance with each other. Thereupon the bishops of the two cities arose and went to the emperor Anastasius, and besought him to ordain for them suitable canons, to hold a Council, and expel the Chalcedonians and blot out their remembrance from the church and that of all bishops who agreed with the abominable Leo who proclaimed the two natures, 92. But the emperor in his goodness did not force them contrary to their inclinations, but (suffered) each (to) act according to his own inclination. And the emperor Anastasius paid great honour to those who agreed with him in the orthodox faith and distributed numerous alms and virtuously completed his work. 93. And subsequently the emperor fell ill. Now he was an old man, and at the age of ninety years he went to his rest in great honour, as saith the Scriptures: 'All the glory of man is but as grass: as soon as the sun ariseth, the grass withereth, the flower thereof fadeth, the beauty of the appearance thereof perisheth, but the word of the Lord abideth for ever.' 210 CHAPTER XC. 1. And after the blessed Godloving orthodox emperor Anastasius went to his rest, Justin the terrible, the consort of the empress Euphemia, ascended the throne, and was crowned with the imperial crown in pursuance of the decision of the trusty councillors of the emperor. 2. Some say regarding him that he was + chief over the seventh assemblage in Byzantium +.211 But all the officers \|133 did not approve of him ; for he was unlettered, but he was a soldier and a valiant man. 3. Now there was a man named Amantius whom the officers wished to make emperor over them after the emperor Anastasius, and the councillors had given large sums of money to Justin to distribute among the civilians and the soldiers, in order that they might proclaim his name and spread abroad the rumour that God had named him emperor. But these refused to do so. And so the councillors were thereupon obliged to make Justin emperor.212 4. And when Justin became emperor he put to death all the eunuchs, however guiltless they were, because they had not approved of his elevation to the throne; for he thought they would plot evil against him. 5. And in the beginning of the reign of Justin there rose in the east a fearful and terrible comet. And for this reason the emperor Justin sent and recalled Vitalian who had been the enemy of the emperor Anastasius, and appointed him a master of the forces.213 6. And he changed the orthodox faith of the emperor Anastasius, and the Henoticon of the emperor Zeno was rejected: communion with the Chalcedonians was restored, and the letter of Leo was accepted and enrolled amongst the writings of the Eastern Church. 7. In the first year of his reign the great Severus, the patriarch of the great city of Antioch, + appeared +. When he heard of the change of faith and the return of Vitalian and his reception at the court of the emperor Justin, he became afraid and fled into Egypt and abandoned his (patriarchal) throne. 8. Now Vitalian hated him and wished to cut out his tongue because he had written (and delivered) in the church long and short homilies, full of knowledge and invective directed against the + emperor +214 Leo because of his corrupt faith. 9. And Paul was appointed patriarch of Antioch in the room of Severus, and this Paul was in communion with the Chalcedonians. And a schism then arose and none associated with him save the magistrates of the emperor only. 10. The people turned away from him because of his being a \|134 Nestorian and refused the sacerdotal benediction and baptism save at the hands of the priests ordained in secret by the great Severus. 11. Now he who wished to cut out the tongue of the great Severus soon died of a violent death. Now Vitalian's death was brought about by his plotting, after his appointment by the emperor Justin, to raise a revolt (against him) as he had done against the emperor before him. 12. And thereupon (Justin) gave orders for his execution. For God punished him speedily, even as Severus had prophesied regarding him that he should die a violent death. 13. And the patriarch Severus (composed) a treatise full of wisdom and the fear of God, and sent it to the patrician Godloving Caesaria; for she was a chosen vessel, of the imperial family of Rome, and she was strong in the orthodox faith in which she had been instructed by the holy patriarch Severus. And this teaching prevails to the present day among the Egyptian monks. 14. And subsequently Paul the Chalcedonian, of Antioch, died, who had been appointed after Severus, and another was appointed in his room, named Euphrasius, of Jerusalem. This man hated the Christians attached to the teaching of Severus. And many of the orthodox were put to death on account of the faith which he taught. 15. And he stirred up civil war throughout all the Roman empire, and there was much shedding of blood. And in the city of Antioch there were great tumults during five years. And no one could speak owing to fear of the emperor. 16. And there arose many men belonging to the people who in Constantinople *and the cities of Hellas215 loudly accused the patrician Justinian his brother's son. Now Justinian helped the Blue Faction to commit murder and pillage among the various nations. 17. And (the emperor) appointed a prefect named Theodotus, (formerly count) of the east to punish all who had been guilty of crime, and he made him swear that he would show no partiality. 18. And beginning with Constantinople he punished many guilty persons, and subsequently had Theodosius arrested and put to death. And he was very rich. And next he had Justinian the patrician arrested, and wished to put him to death. But when he fell ill, he let him go. 19. And the emperor on hearing these things was wroth with the prefect and stripped him of his dignities and sent him in exile from Constantinople into the east. And fearing lest he should be \|135 put to death there, he went to the holy places of Jerusalem and lived there in seclusion. 20. And subsequently all the soldiers and people assembled together in Byzantium and disowned their allegiance to the emperor. And they besought God saying: 'Give us a good emperor like Anastasius or else remove the emperor Justin whom Thou hast given us.' 21. And there arose a man amongst them named Qamos, who said unto them: 'Thus saith the Lord: see, I love you: wherefore do ye supplicate Me. Behold him whom I have given unto youI will give you no other;for if he did according to that which is written, supplications would arise amongst the adversaries of the emperor. For it is owing to the sins of this city that I have appointed this emperor who is a hater of the virtuous.' Thus saith the Lord : 'I will give you rulers according to your own hearts.' 22. And the emperor was grieved when he heard these words. However, he sought to gain the affection of the people, as he feared lest the wise should admonish him according to the laws of this world. 23. And so on his own initiative he chose and appointed in the room of Theodotus and Theodore prefects of the imperial city : and the names of those who were appointed were Theodore and Ephraim of Amida. These, indeed, by great efforts and severity, put an end to civil war amongst the citizens, made feuds to cease, and established peace. 24. But these means were not yet sufficient to turn away the wrath of God from the earth owing to the declension of the emperor. For there came an earthquake from God and fire fell from heaven on the city of Antioch, extending from the church of S. Stephen to the house of the chief of the army, in breadth and length, and as far as the bath called Tainadonhus and the bath of the Syrian nation. 25. And about the same time also fires burst out in the countries of the east and along all the routes for six months, and no one could pass in this direction or that. And there were conflagrations in the city and many souls perished in the flames, and the fire descended from above the houses and they were destroyed to their foundations. 26. And likewise in the days of that emperor, the great city of Antioch in Syria was sorely afflicted and was devastated six times. The people who remained wasted away in their houses and became as soulless bodies. 27. Burning coals of fire like thunderbolts fell from the air and set fire to everything \|136 they touched, and the city was overthrown to its foundations. 28. And the fire pursued those who wished to flee, whilst those who remained in the houses were consumed by the fire. And the beauty of the city of Antioch was destroyed, and none could escape the fire. No more did the houses on the heights216 escape this visitation. And many edifice sacred to the martyrs were devastated, and some of them were cloven in twain from the top to the bottom, and the great church which had been built in the days of the emperor Constantine was destroyed. 29. And weeping and lamentation were multiplied throughout the city, and the number of men, women, young people and babes that died was 250,000 souls. 30. And when the festival of the Ascension of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ arrived, many people assembled in the church called Karadaum, in order to make intercession because of this terrible event. 31. And many who had survived the visitation went out to bury their dead, and others drew forth (from the debris) certain women with their babes which had escaped. 32. Moreover, the unfortunate Euphrasius, who had been unfitted for the patriarchate, perished in the fire. And they appointed by lot as his successor a man named <Ephraim>, of Amida in Mesopotamia, And he also was a Chalcedonian, and persecuted the orthodox as his predecessors had done. 33. And the cities of Seleucia and Daphne and all the towns within a radius of twenty miles <were destroyed>. And all who saw (these things) said: 'All these calamities have taken place because the orthodox faith has been forsaken, and also because of the unjust expulsion of the patriarch Severus, and the evil deeds perpetrated by the emperor Justin and his abandonment of the faith of the Godloving emperors that preceded him. These are the causes alike of this affliction and this tribulation.' 34. And when the emperor Justin heard these things, <he put off> his imperial crown and garments and wept and lamented, and ceased to visit the theatre. And under the pressure of strong necessity he went from the imperial court to the church \|137 on the fifth day of the Easter festival, walking on the ground with bare feet. And all the people and the Senate wept and lamented with abundant tears. And he gave much money in order to rebuild the churches and towns which had been destroyed: no emperor before him gave in the same measure. 35. And in his reign the Lazaeans, who had been under the sway of the Persians, and had embraced the cult of their idols, came to him and became Christians. 36. It was on the occasion of the death of the king of the Persians that they received grace from heaven, that is, faith in the Son of God, our Lord Jesus Christ. 37. And thereupon they came to the city of Constantinople to the emperor Justin, saying: 'We wish thee to make us Christians like thyself, and we shall then be subjects of the Roman empire.' And he received them gladly, and had them baptized in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, the con substantial Trinity. 38. And he honoured their chief exceedingly, and clothed him after his baptism with a robe of honour, and rendered to him imperial honours, and gave him for his spouse the daughter of a great official, who was named Ionics,217 and he sent him back to his own country with great honours. 39. And when Cabades, the king of the Persians, heard these things he was greatly grieved, and sent ambassadors to the emperor Justin with the following message: 'Heretofore there have been friendship and peace between us: but behold now thou hast created enmity and hast + received+ 218 the king of the Lazaeans, who from the earliest times has been subject to our sway, and not to that of Rome.' 40. And when the emperor Justin heard this message, he wrote a reply in the following terms : 'We have not taken from thee any of thy subjects; but when a man named Tzathius came to us, humbly begging us to deliver him from the error wherein he walked, namely, the errors of demons and of pagans, and from impure sacrifices, and besought us that he might be made a Christian, how could I forbid one who desired to return to the true God, the Creator of all things ? 41. And when he became a Christian, and was deemed worthy to receive the holy mysteries, we permitted him \|138 to return to his own country.' And for this reason there was enmity between the Romans and the Persians. 42. And the emperor Justin (requested) Ziligdes, king of the Huns, to be his ally in the war, and he gave him numerous presents, and made him swear a solemn oath that he would deal truly and fairly with him. 43. But Ziligdes proved false to his oath, and set out to join Cabades, king of Persia, with 20,000 soldiers, and formed an alliance with him, and joined him. But the Christians had the help of God, who always wars against their enemies. 44. For when the Persians went forth to give battle the emperor Justin sent the following message to the king of Persia : 'Behold, it is fitting that we should be brothers in friendship, and not be mocked by our enemies. And behold we wish to inform thee that Ziligdes the Hun has received large sums from us with a view to helping us in the time of war, and behold now he has gone to thee with treacherous intent, and in the time of war he will come to our side and slay the Persians. And now, as thou sayest, let there be no enmity between us, but peace.' 45. And when Cabades, king of Persia, heard this, he asked Ziligdes and said unto him: 'Is it true that thou hast received moneys from the Romans to help them against the Persians?' And he answered, 'Yes.' And Cabades was enraged, and immediately commanded his head to be cut off; for he thought that he had done this with treacherous intent. 46. And he sent soldiers to fight against the 20,000 troops who had come with him, and he put them to the sword, and only a few escaped, who returned in great shame to their own country. And from that day friendship prevailed between Cabades, king of Persia, and Justin, the emperor of Rome. 47. But the reign of Justin did not last long after the conclusion of this friendship, and in the ninth year of his reign he fell into a grievous illness, for he had a wound in his head,219 which had been struck by an arrow in battle. The wound reopened, and remained incurable for a long time. 48. And during his illness he appointed his brother's son emperor, and placed upon him the imperial crown, and put all the affairs of the empire in his hands. And thereupon he died. 49. And Justinian, after he had taken the empire into his hands, resided in Constantinople with his wife Theodora. And he \|139 practised every virtue, and all shameless persons concealed themselves from his notice. 50. And he built churches everywhere, and hospices for strangers, and asylums for old men, and hospitals for the sick, and orphanages, and many other like establishments. 51. And he restored many cities which had been destroyed, and gave large sums of money to the people. None of the emperors that preceded him had done as he did. 52. And Cabades, king of Persia, wished to make war upon <the king of> the Lazaeans, because he had given aid to Rome, and had become a Christian, and had embraced their faith. And (the latter) wrote to the emperor Justinian (requesting him) to give him aid because of his faith in Christ. And he sent thereupon to him numerous forces under three commanders, whose names were Belisarius,220 Cerycus, and Irenaeus, in order to help him. 53. But when they engaged in battle many of the Romans <fell>; for (the generals) were at variance with each other. And when the emperor heard (this news) he was very wroth, and sent Peter to be commander with a large force of archers. And this Peter placed himself at the head of the Roman generals,221 and, forming a junction with the Lazaeans, they attacked the Persians, and put a great number of the Persians to the sword on that occasion. 54. And the emperor Justinian loved God with all his heart and mind. Now there was a magician named Masides, who resided in the city of Byzantium, and there dwelt with him a band of demons, who served him. And all the faithful shunned him, and had no intercourse at all with him. And this magician commanded the demons to inflict evil plagues on men. 55. And those who lived without using remedies for the soul and became remiss, attending the theatre and the races, and particularly certain nobles in the city, i.e. Addaeus and Aetherius, patricians, held this enemy of God in high honour. 56. And these same patricians spoke of this magician to the emperor, and said unto him : 'This man has caused the destruction of the Persians, and will give victory to the Romans. And he will be serviceable to the Roman empire by his practices, \|140 and he will see to the administration of the nations, and cause the taxes to be collected excellently, and he will send demons against the Persians, and make their stout warriors weak through manifold plagues separate and distinct, and he will make them (the Romans) victors without a battle.' 57. But being firm of purpose he mocked the words of these servants of demons, and yet he wished to become acquainted with their impure devices. And so Masides carried out his evil practices as these patricians had told him. 58. And when the emperor became acquainted (with these practices) he mocked them (the patricians) and said unto them: 'I do not desire the magic and sorcery which thou dost practise, thinking that thou canst benefit the state. 59. Am I, Justinian, a Christian emperor, to conquer by the help of demons ? Not so, my help cometh from God and my Lord Jesus Christ, the Creator of the heavens and the earth.' And accordingly he drove away this magician and his assistants, for his hope was always in God, 60. And some time later the emperor received the victory from God, and he commanded that the magician should be burnt. 61. And the Persians, renewing hostilities against Rome, requested the Huns to send 20,000 warriors to fight against Rome. Now there was there a certain valiant woman amongst the + outer + Huns, named queen Boa, in the language of the barbarians. 62. And this woman, who was a widow, was wise. And she had two young sons, and thousands of Hunnish warriors were under her sway. And she exercised a vigorous rule since the death of her husband, who was named Balach. 63. And this woman arose and went to the Christian emperor Justinian, and brought him a great quantity of gold and silver and precious stones.222 And the emperor commanded her to attack the two chiefs who wished to make an alliance with the Persians and to fight against the Romans. And these are their names, Astera and Aglanos.223 64. And when this woman had overtaken these chiefs, who were making terms with the Persians, she gave them battle and defeated them, and slew Airlands and his followers on the field of battle. 65. And Astera \|141 she took alive, and seized him, and sent him in chains to Constantinople. And they hanged him on a tree, and fixed him (thereto) with nails. 66. And subsequently there came a man of the Huns named Jaroks224 to the emperor Justinian, and he was baptized and became a Christian. And the emperor Justinian was his sponsor at the baptism, and he gave him abundant honours, and sent him back to his own country. Now this man became a vassal of the Roman empire. 67. And when he returned home he told his brother regarding the gifts which the emperor had given him. And he also became a Christian. This Jaroks took all the idols which the Huns worshipped and brake them in pieces, and took the silver wherewith they were covered and burnt them with fire. And all the people of the country of the Huns who were barbarians were wroth, and they rose against him and slew him. 68. And when the emperor Justinian heard of this, he arose and went to war against them, and he sent many ships by the sea of Pontus and many warriors of the Scythians and Goths. And he set Tulilan,225 a valiant general, over the ships. 69. But as for the cavalry he dispatched them by land, and there was a numerous army with Baduarius as commander. And when the inhabitants of the country of the Huns heard (of these forces) they took to flight, and concealed themselves. And the emperor seized their country and made peace with them anew. 70. And in those days there reigned in the country of the Huns a man named Grepes (textAkraids),226 and he went to the emperor Justinian and became a Christian, he and all his kindred and officers. And the emperor gave him large sums of money, and sent him back to his own country with honour as a vassal of the Roman empire. 71. And in the days of the emperor Justinian the Indians were at war with the Ethiopians. And the name of the king of the Indians was Endas. He worshipped the star called Saturn. Now the country of the Ethiopians was not far distant from Egypt: it comprised three Indian states and four Abyssinian states, and they were situated on the border of the Sea [of Salt] towards the east. \|142 72. Now the Christian merchants who travelled through the country of the star-worshippers and through the Homeritae,1 whom we have mentioned and previously described, had to submit to seven trials. Damnus,227 the king of the Homeritae,1 used to slay the Christian merchants who came to him, and to take their goods, saying: 'The Romans used to oppress and slay the Jews, and on this account I also will slay all the Christians I find.' 73. And for this reason commerce ceased and came to an end in the interior of India. 74. And when the king of Nubia heard these tidings, he sent to the king of the Homeritae1 the following message: 'Thou hast done an evil deed in that thou hast slain Christian merchants and inflicted injuries on my kingdom and on the kingdoms of other (kings) who live near at hand and far off from me.' 75. And when (Damnus) heard these words he went forth to fight. And when they encountered each other the king of Nubia 228 opened his mouth and said: 'If God give me the victory over this Jewish Damnus, I shall become a Christian.' 76. And then he gave battle to this Jew, and conquered him and slew him, and made himself master of his kingdom and of his cities. And at that time he sent messengers to Alexandria + in reference to the Jews and the pagans + requesting the Roman governors to send from the empire of Rome a bishop to baptize and instruct in the holy Christian mysteries all the inhabitants of Nubia and the survivors of the Jews. 77. And when the emperor Justinian was apprised of these facts, he gave orders that they should do for him all he requested, and should send to him some priests and a bishop +from amongst the clergy of the holy patriarch John+.229 He was a chaste and pious man. 78. Such was the origin of the conversion of the Ethiopians in the days of the emperor Justinian. 79. In his days also the king of Hedjaz, named Alamundar, arose and invaded Persia and Syria, and committed great depredations \|143 as far as Antioch, and put many people to the sword, and burned the city named Chalcis and other cities in the province of Sirmium and Cynegia. 80. Thereupon the army of the east went forth to meet them, but they did not await the attack, but seizing much booty retired into their own country. 81. In the days also of the emperor Justinian there was a great earthquake in the land of Egypt, and many cities and villages were swallowed in the abyss. And those who lived in the country made prayers and many intercessions with tears, being grieved on account of the destruction that had been wrought. 82. And after a year the wrath (of heaven) ceased and the earthquakes which had prevailed in every place were stayed. And the Egyptians celebrate the memorial of this day every year on the 17th of Teqemt.230 83. And the remembrance of this calamity has been preserved for us by our fathers, the divinely-influenced Egyptian monks. For these earthquakes were due to the change in the orthodox faith brought about by the emperor Justinian, who had hardened his heart more than his father's brother, who had preceded him. 84. And this Justinian commanded the Orientals to inscribe the names of the (bishops of the) Council of Chalcedon on the diptychs of the church, although they had sent the patriarch Severus into exilea custom which had hitherto not existed and which is not mentioned in the Apostolic Canons nor in the Councils of the Fathers who came later: none of the Councils should be mentioned in public worship. 85. Now it was this emperor Justinian alone who established this custom throughout every province of his empire, and had the names of the (bishops of the) Council of Chalcedon inscribed. And Anthimus, patriarch of Constantinople, and Acacius who had been patriarch in the days of the emperor Zeno, and Peter, patriarch of Alexandria, were excommunicated. 86. And he caused their names to be removed from the diptychs, and abolished the Henoticon of the emperor Zeno : he proscribed the name of the patriarch Abba Severus throughout all the province of Antioch and the adjoining districts, enjoining that it should not be mentioned in the diptychs of the church, but \|144 cursed; and he caused the inhabitants of Alexandria to thirst after the waters of the doctrine of Dioscoras, who was succeeded by the patriarch Timothy. 87. Now the emperor Justinian had given the patriarchal chair to the Chalcedonians, but as the empress Theodora, his wife, besought him on behalf of Timothy, patriarch of Alexandria, he permitted him on her account. Now she called him 'spiritual father'. 88. And in the days of this father, the emperor Justinian sent numerous forces to Alexandria, and these encompassed the city and wished to shed much blood. But Timothy the patriarch sent many anchorites and ascetics to the emperor to intercede on behalf of the church, and avert a massacre in the city and the shedding of innocent blood, and to get permission (for its people) to abide by the faith of its fathers. 89. And when the emperor heard these petitions, he granted them on the intercession of the empress Theodora, who was near (?) to him, and he sent orders to the army to return to the province of Africa. 90. And the patriarch Timothy continued to reside in his palace, true to the orthodox faith. And again subsequently the emperor sent to Alexandria a chief eunuch, named Calotychius. In that year the Roman empire had reached its 1287th year. And the city continued tranquil for a short period. And the illustrious father Timothy died full of honour. CHAPTER XCI. 1. And likewise in the days of this patriarch Timothy there took place in the city of Alexandria an event, great and very terrible and strange exceedingly. 2. Now there was a house in the eastern quarter of the city, in a place called Arutiju, to the right of the church of the holy Athanasius. And in this house there dwelt a Jew, named Aubaruns, and he had a chest in which were the mandil and towel of our Lord Jesus Christ, wherewith He girded Himself when He washed the feet of His disciples. 3. His kindred gave it (the chest) to this Jew. He indeed did not open it; for though he often wished to open it he could not. For when he touched it, (fire) descended threatening to consume him who wished to open it. 4. And he heard the voices of angels singing the praises of Him who was crucified on the cross, the Lord, the King of Glory. 5. And as this Jew was terrified, he, his mother, and wife, and children went to the patriarch Timothy and told him (regarding it). And forthwith he \|145 proceeded with crosses, and gospels, censers and lighted waxen candles, and he came to the place in which the chest was. 6. And forthwith the lid of the coffer opened, and he took with great veneration the notable mandil and towel and conveyed them to the patriarchal palace, and placed them in the Church of the Tabenniosites, in a holy place. 7. And an angel descended from heaven and closed until this day the lid of the brazen coffer wherein the mandil and towel had been. 8. And all the inhabitants of Alexandria were indignant, and went to the Persians (?) and besought them to open the lid of the coffer, but they could not. 9. That Jew indeed and all his household became Christians then as was befitting. CHAPTER XCII. 1. And after the death of the venerable father Timothy, the deacon Theodosius, who had been (his) secretary, was appointed in his stead. Whilst he was going to occupy his pontifical chair, an Ethiopian wished to kill him. He fled and came to the city Konus and lived there in solitude. 2. Then the foolish populace seized Gainas and made him patriarch in the room of Theodosius, thus transgressing the holy canons. 3. And there was strife in the city; some said: 'We are Theodosians'; and others said: 'We are Gainites', even unto this day. 4. And when the emperor heard of these eventsnow there was in the city a prefect named Dioscorus, and Aristomachus, moreover, was commander of the troopsthe emperor Justinian ordered the military commander to proceed to Alexandria and bring back the (holy) father Theodosius from his exile. 5. And <Aristomachus> established him in his (patriarchal) chair and sent Gainas into exile . . .231 And when he had taken possession of the Church he gave it to Paul the Chalcedonian, who had been a monk among the Tabenniosites, and he made him patriarch. 6. And joining the Chalcedonian faith, he furnished letters in his own hand (to this effect) and sent (them) to all the churches. And forthwith there arose an uproar among the Alexandrians, and they fought with one another; for there was none who supported Paul, as he was an apostate and a Nestorian. 7. And it was not only Alexandria, but every city that disapproved of him; for he was a persecutor, and loved to shed blood. And the emperor Justinian deposed this Paul from his office, as he was found committing the abominable crime of sodomy with a deacon \|146 in a bath, and he appointed in his room a monk, named Zoilus of the city of Aksenja. And him also the inhabitants of the city refused to receive. 8. And Zoilus, seeing that the inhabitants of the city were hostile to him, sent a letter to the emperor Justinian, resigning the patriarchal dignity. 9. Then the emperor appointed a reader, named Apollinaris, of the convent of Salama, in the city of Alexandria. And he was o£ gentle disposition, and a member of the Theodosian party. 10. And they persuaded him to be patriarch in the place of Zoilus, and they promised him great gifts with a view to his re-establishing the faith of the Church. And Ga'inas died in exile before Theodosius. 11. And the emperor Theodosius assembled a great number of bishops from every country, and Vigilius, patriarch of Rome. And after painful exertions many accepted the orthodox faith, but others followed the wicked Nestorian and Chalcedonian creed, and of Theodore, bishop of Mopsuestia. 12. And (the Council) anathematized the blasphemer Nestorius, who spoke of the two natures. Now Theodoret232 had opposed the words and teaching of our holy father Cyril. 13. And when the Nestorians had grown strong through the help of the new Marcian, i. e. Justinian, John of the city of Antioch (?)233 helped our holy father Cyril. 14. And the emperor Justinian believed in the Chalcedonian creed which says Christ had two natures in one personwhile they preach Him, as they say, according to Theodoret the Nestorian, who contended against John of the city of Antioch in the Council of Chalcedon. 15. And Asturaljus the prefect wrote a letter establishing the one nature of Christ, the Word who became incarnate through union with the flesh, and submitted to the passion, and wrought true miracles : 16. And (showing) that the holy Virgin Mary bare God, Him who was crucified, one of the Holy Trinity, the Lord of glory. And this is the pure faith and the holy orthodox teaching. 17. And they wrongfully put to death the holy Dioscorus, the patriarch of Alexandria. 18. And Justinian believed in the Chalcedonian creed, and accepted the letter of Leo which declared that Christ had two natures, distinct in all His \|147 actions, as the two Nestorian bishops, i. e. Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, and Theodore, bishop of Mopsuestia taught. 19. And after the visitations which God had made to fall on the country, Justinian made peace with the Persians and conquered the Vandals; 20. And these great victories have been carefully recorded by Agathias, one of the renowned scholars of the city of Constantinople, and likewise by a learned man named Procopius the patrician. He was a man of intelligence and a prefect, whose work is well known. 21. It was he (Justinian) that took all the imperial edicts of his predecessors, and duly arranged and re-edited them, and set them in the place of judgement, which went back to the ancient Romans, and they had left them as a memorial to those that came after. CHAPTER XCIII. 1. There was a man named Romulus who had founded the great city of Rome; and likewise another who came after him named Numa, who adorned the city of Rome with institutions and laws, and subsequently established three orders in the empire. 2. And so also subsequently did the great Caesar and Augustus also after him. And it was through these that the virtues of the Romans were shown forth, and these institutions are maintained among them until this day, 3, And subsequently came the empress Theodora, the consort of the emperor Justinian, who put an end to the prostitution of women, and gave orders for their expulsion from every place.234 4. And there was a Samaritan brigand chief who assembled all the Samaritans, and raised a great war, and assumed the royal crown in the city of Nablus, and said : 'I am king.' 5. And he seduced many of his people by his lying statement when he declared: 'God hath sent me to re-establish the Samaritan kingdom'; just as <Je>roboam the son of Nebat who, reigning after the wise Solomon the son of David, seduced the people of Israel and made them serve idols. 6. And whilst he was at Nablus there were three horsemen who were leading in a race, a Christian, a Jew, and a Samaritan. And the Christian conquered in the race, and immediately dismounted and bowed his head to receive the prize. 7. And he asked saying: 'What is he who was first in the race?' And they replied: 'A \|148 Christian.' And thereupon they cut off his head with the sword. 8. And for this reason they named their troops troops of the Philistines. And troops from Phoenicia, Canaan, and Arabia, and many other Christian forces, mustered and made war on that wretched Samaritan and slew him and his companions and his officers. 9. And they cut off his head and sent it to Constantinople to the emperor Justinian, in order to strengthen his empire. And (the emperor) thereupon distributed alms to the poor and wretched. CHAPTER XCIV. 1. And there was discussion as to the body of our Lord Jesus Christ, and much controversy in the city of Constantinople as to its being corruptible or incorruptible. 2. And they were agitated in the city of Alexandria regarding this controversy which had arisen between the two factions, the Theodosians and the Gainians. 3. And the emperor Justinian sent to Eutychius the patriarch of the city of Constantinople at that time and asked him regarding this matter. He agreed on doctrinal views with Severus and Theodosius. 4. Accordingly, he answered and said unto him : 'The body of our Lord which submitted to suffering on behalf of our salvation is living, imperishable, incorruptible, and unchangeable. We believe that He suffered voluntarily. And after the resurrection He was incorruptible and unchangeable in all aspects and ways.' 5. But the emperor did not accept this pronouncement. Now the true solution of this question is to be found in the letter sent by the holy Cyril to Successus.235 6. But the emperor inclined to the views of Julian, a bishop of the Gainian party who had the same doctrine ; for they said : 'He was a man like us, and the holy Scriptures say : "Christ suffered for us in the body.'' ' 7. And the emperor Justinian was wroth with the patriarch Eutychius because he had not sent him a reply such as he desired, but a pronouncement like that of Severus and Anthimus ; 'These (he said) had deceived the inhabitants of Constantinople, and this (Eutychius) likewise had deceived them.' 8. And thereupon he sent a letter to Agathon the prefect of Alexandria, with orders to appoint Apollinaris, count of the Monastery of Banton,236 to be patriarch of the Chalcedonians in the city of Alexandria and the \|149 other cities of Egypt. 9. But the inhabitants of this city were strongly attached to the incorruptibility dogma, and followed the teaching of our fathers, written in books, which declares : 'The holy body of our Lord was incorruptible before the resurrection, and He submitted to suffering of His own will unto death, but since the resurrection it has become immortal and impassible.' Such was the declaration of Gregory the theologian. 10. Wherefore it behoves us, touching the proposition of the incorruptibility, to set aside the salutary suffering which He endured in the body of His own free will and power, and accomplished on behalf of our salvation. 11. And the emperor Justinian deposed and exiled Eutychius the patriarch of Constantinople, and appointed John of the city of + Jūdans +,237 who promised to give the emperor an autograph letter signifying his agreement with him in the faith, and likewise to write a synodal letter. 12. But when he received the (patriarchal) dignity, he set at naught the command of the emperor and refused to write as he had promised him. He had indeed been formerly a layman, and was unacquainted with the Scriptures, and had no thorough knowledge of the holy faith; but when he became a priest he studied unintermittingly the holy Scriptures, and acquainted himself with the pains and troubles which our holy fathers sustained on behalf of Christ, and he learnt the orthodox doctrine, and forsook the perverse doctrine of the emperor. 13. Now it was this John the patriarch that wrote the Mystagogia, which set forth the one nature of Christ, the Word of God, which became flesh. And its testimony agrees with the testimony of the apostolic Athanasius who said : 'There is one hypostasis, divine and human.' 14. And a man, named Menas, who had previously been patriarch of Constantinople, wrote to Vigilius, patriarch of the city of Rome, to the following effect: 'There is only one will and one volition in our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. And we believe in God in perfect fear of heart, instructed as we are in the teaching of our fathers.' And all this discourse was in the hands of John, patriarch of Constantinople. 15. And so the emperor wished to depose John, \|150 but, being troubled regarding this matter, because of Eutychius whom he had already driven forth without recourse to canonical judgement, he feared the outbreak of a tumult. Now while matters were in this train, the emperor Justinian died in an advanced old age in the thirty-ninth year of the reign. His consort, the empress Theodora, had died before him. 16. And the Romans deposed all the bishops. And subsequently the Romans abandoned their ancient institutions because of the heathen 238 who dwelt among them. Now the heathen concerted together and put the Romans to the sword at midday and seized the cities and a multitude of captives. 17. And the Samaritans dwelling in Palestine took up arms and rebelled. And the emperor Justinian [before he died] sent against them a monk of high rank named Photion and a numerous army under him. And he fought against them and conquered them, and put many of them to torture, and others be drove into exile, and he inspired them with a great fear. 18. And in those days there was a pestilence in all places, and a great famine, And when the emperor saw that all the nations were troubled when he published his edict on the faith in all the province of Alexandria, and stirred up a severe persecution in the land of Egypt, his mind was affected through the greatness of his grief, and he kept traversing the apartments of the palace in mental bewilderment. 19. And he longed for death but failed to find it; for God was wroth against him. And when he betrayed his madness before all the people they took from him the imperial crown, and placed it on Tiberius and made him emperor in his stead. And our Lord Jesus Christ gave power and strength to the latter. Now this Tiberius was a young man, very fair to look upon, virtuous, generous, and resolute. 20. And when he became emperor he put a stop to the persecution, and showed (due) honour to the priests and monks. And so they accused him of being a Nestorian; but their accusation was false. On the contrary, he was a very good man and never failed to show favour to the orthodox, and to those who believed in the one nature of Christ, perfect God and man of one essence, the Word that became flesh. \|151 Let us worship and give praise to Him who gives help and power to kings. 21. Now this emperor never permitted any persecution throughout his reign. And he presented many gifts to all his subjects, and he built many edifices in honour of the martyrs and houses in which the monks could pursue their religious exercises, and + pulpits + and convents for the virgins. 22. And he presented many alms to the poor and destitute. And God caused peace to prevail throughout his days as a recompense for his good deeds, and preserved the imperial city through special mercies. 23. And John patriarch of Constantinople died in his reign at the close of a very prosperous career. And the emperor brought Eutychius back from exile and restored him to his (patriarchal) throne in the place of John who had died. 24. And Apollinaris bishop of the Chalcedonians died in Alexandria, and a man, named John, an ex-military man, was appointed in his stead, And he had a goodly presence and forced none to forsake his faith. But he glorified God in His Church in the midst of all the assembled people, and they gave thanks to the emperor for the noble acts he had done. 25. And Christ was with him (the emperor), and he conquered the Persians and the nations by force of arms, and he made peace with all the nations subject to him, And he died in peace in the third year of his reign. It was owing to the sins of men that his days were so few; for they were not worthy of such a Godloving emperor, and so they lost this gracious and good man. 26, Before he died he gave orders that his son-in-law, named Germanus, should be raised to the imperial throne. Now he had formerly been patrician. But owing to his humility of heart he refused to be emperor. Thereupon Maurice, who was of the province of Cappadocia, was made emperor. CHAPTER XCV. 1. Now Maurice who became emperor in succession to the Godloving Tiberius was very avaricious. He had previously been in command in the province of the east, and had subsequently married + the daughter of Domentiolus +,239 named Constantina, and made her his wife. 2. And straightway he gave orders to the city of Constantinople that all the cavalry should muster and proceed with Commentiolus 240 to the province of the east.241 3. And he sent also to Aristomachus in the province of Egypt. Now he was a \|152 citizen of Nikiu, a son of the prefect Theodosius. And he was a proud and powerful man, and his father before he died had admonished him, saying : 'Be content with what thou hast and do not desire a different career: but be content with that which befits thee that thy soul may have peace; for thou hast wealth in abundance, sufficient for thee.' 4. But when the child grew up he sought after the (great) things of this world, and arrayed a numerous force with + rustic + arms which attended upon him, and so forgot the advice of his father. 5. Moreover he built vessels by means of which he could visit all the cities of Egypt with pleasure and delight. And so he became proud and forced 242 all the military officers to be subject to the emperor; for he had received the command in the reign of the emperor Tiberius. 6. And by reason of this command he became more and more presumptuous, and made all the troops submit to his orders, and led a fearless life. And he posted cavalry in the city of Nikiu without any authorization of the emperor. 7. And all the troops under his command were without means, and he seized all the houses of those who were richer than he, and he esteemed them of no account. And when men of high or low degree came to him from the emperor, he let them remain at the door and did not admit them for a longtime. 8. And when the emperor Tiberius was informed, before he died, of the actions of Aristomachus, he sent to the city of Alexandria an officer named Andrew243 to effect his arrest by wise measures, avoiding the shedding of blood, and to bring him back alive to him. 9. And the emperor Tiberius likewise sent orders to all the forces in Egypt to render him assistance in the war against the barbarians. And when the message of the emperor reached Aristomachus, he proceeded to the city of Alexandria with only a few attendants; for he was not aware of the treacherous device they had prepared against him. 10. And when the patriarch and Andrew saw him, they were delighted, and got ready a light ship on the sea close at hand to the Church of St. Mark the Evangelist. Then they celebrated divine service on the 30th of Mijazja,244 the festival of St. Mark the Evangelist. 11. And at the close of the divine service, Andrew went forth accompanied by Aristomachus and \|153 walked towards the seashore. And thereupon Andrew made a signal to his attendants and to the soldiers to seize Aristomachus and to cast him into the vessel. And immediately they seized him, and, bearing him on their shoulders, cast him into the vessel, without his being aware (of the reason), and loosing thence they set sail to go to the emperor. 12. And when the gracious emperor saw him, he said: 'This face is not the face of a criminal: let us do him no injury of any kind.' And he gave orders for him to be kept in the city of Byzantium till he had examined into his conduct. And after a few days, finding no fault in him, he restored him to his command, and sent him back to the city of Alexandria. And he was beloved by all the people. 13. And he vanquished the barbarians in the province of Nubia and Africa, who are named Mauritanians, and others named Marikos. He destroyed them and laid waste their country, and took their possessions as a booty and brought them all in chains by the river Gihon into the land of Egypt; for the engagement had taken place on the banks of the river. 14. Now the chroniclers have recounted the victory he won. And there he reflected after this manner: 'Some envious person will go to the emperor and slander me, but I will forestall him and send a message to the emperor.' And forthwith he sent the following message: 'May I come to have interview with thee?' And the emperor Maurice replied: 'Yes.' 15. And he arose at once with haste, and went to the emperor, and brought him many gifts. And the latter accepted all that he presented, and thereupon appointed him prefect of the imperial city. And the empress Constantina appointed him controller of all her house and loaded him with honours, until he was second only in rank to the emperor, and he became a very great personage in the city of Byzantium. 16. And he constructed aqueducts throughout all the city, for its inhabitants complained greatly of the want of water. And he had a reservoir of bronze made for them by a clever engineer, such as had never been made previously. And so the water flowed into the reservoir of bronze which had been appointed. 17. And the city was thus delivered from disquiet through the abundant supply of water; and when a fire broke out in the city, they went to the reservoir and extinguished the fire. 18. And all the people loved and respected him. And he was fond of constructing public works, and his deeds were noble. And then there arose against him \|154 certain envious persons who were foolish and aimed at delivering him over to death through their devices. And whilst they were engaged in such designs a prefect who knew astrology came forward, and likewise another person named Leon, the logothete, and, observing a star which had appeared in the heaven, they said that this star which had appeared portended the assassination of the emperor. 19. And they went and made this announcement to the empress Constantina and said unto her: 'Learn what thou shouldst do and take measures that thou and thy children may escape destruction; for this star which has appeared is a presage of a revolt against the emperor.' 20. And they brought many accusations against Aristomachus, and they bound her by an oath not to tell the emperor. And she went at once and told the emperor. And he imagined that Aristomachus intended to slay him and take his wife. And the emperor became hostile forthwith to Aristomachus, and he robbed him of every hope, and exposed him to numerous humiliations, and sent him in exile to the island of Gaul where he had to remain till he died. 21. Now the emperor Maurice welcomed many false, turbulent persons, owing to his greed for money. And he sold all the grain of Egypt and converted it into gold, and likewise the grain for Byzantium he sold for gold. 22. And every one hated him and said : 'How is it that the city of Constantinople puts up with such a wicked emperor? And how is it that five sons and two daughters have been born to one who has wrought such wickedness to the end of his reign ?' 23. And Hormisdas, named Chosroes, the king of Persia at that epoch, was the son of the great Cabades. It is said that his father had been a Christian, and believed in Christ our true God, but that through fear of the Persians had concealed his true faith. 24. But in his latter days he had gone into a bath with faithful attendants, and after he had been exhorted and admonished by a Christian bishop regarding the faith he was to believe in secret, he renounced Satan whom he had worshipped and was baptized in a font belonging to the bath in the name of the Holy Trinity. 25. And when he was baptized he gave orders for the destruction of the font in which he had been baptized. Then he took his son Hormisdas and made him king in his stead. 26. This unhappy man was addicted to the worship of demons; moreover he compelled the Christians to \|155 worship fire and the sun. And the horses also that pastured on grass were objects of his worship. CHAPTER XCVI. 1. And there was once a noble woman who was a Nestorian and she was called in the Persian language Golanduch.245 And as she journeyed by sea, she was seized by the Persians and cast into prison. 2. And they put a chain246 upon her neck after the manner of the Assyrians, and when a prisoner died, the (jailers) showed the king the chain still locked upon his neck. 3. Now while she was so situated an angel appeared to her and addressed her, and seized the chain that was upon her neck, and removed it without unlocking it, and placed it with the jailers in order that they might suffer no injury at the hands of their judges. 4. And she heard a mighty voice which said unto her: 'It is for the sake of the orthodox faith of our Lord Jesus Christ that thou hast been delivered.' And she arose and fled and she came to the territory of Rome, and abode in the city of Hierapolis on the river Euphrates. 5. And she went and recounted to the metropolitan Domitian all that had befallen her. Now he was the son <of the paternal uncle> 247 of the emperor Maurice, and he went and told the emperor regarding this woman whom we have already mentioned. 6. And he gave orders that they should conduct her to him, and he prevailed on her to forsake the Nestorian faith and become a believer in the orthodox Christian faith. And she believed as he told her. 7. And our Lord Jesus Christ, though long-suffering and beneficent, did not remain indifferent and unmoved regarding the persecution which was brought upon His saints by Hormisdas the king of Persia. 8. And God was roused to anger against him and his house was destroyed from the top to the bottom, and the king's son, the new Chosroes,248 arose and slew him. 9. And at the time of the emperor's death there were grave dissensions amongst the troops, and two parties were formed. And when the younger249 Chosroes saw what had befallen, he took to flight and reached the Roman territory. And having made himself known to the Roman officials, he sent ambassadors to the emperor Maurice with the request that he should be permitted to remain under the Roman sway, and that he should make war on the \|156 Persians and seize their kingdom, and make it (part of) the Roman empire. 10. And the emperor Maurice betook himself to John, patriarch of the city of Constantinople, in order to deliberate with him. And this John was an ascetic and eat no (animal ?) food whatever, and drank no wine, but supported himself sufficiently on the produce of the field and on green vegetables. 11. And there came together to him all the magistrates and officers in order to deliberate with him regarding Chosroes, king of Persia, who had come to them. 12. And John cried aloud to them all and said unto them : 'This man who has murdered his father cannot benefit the empire. Nay it is Christ, our true God, who will war on our behalf at all times against all the nations that attack us. And as for this man who has not been faithful to his father, how will he be faithful to the Roman empire.' 13. But the emperor Maurice did not accept the advice of the patriarch wherewith he advised him, and likewise his officers, and he wrote forthwith to Domitian, (the son of) his father's brother, who was bishop of Melitene, and to Narses, commander of the forces in the east, and commanded him to take all the Roman troops and set out and establish Chosroes, king of Persia, and to annihilate all his adversaries. 14. And he gave them the royal insignia and magnificent garments befitting his rank. Now this Chosroes used to go to Golanduch to ask her if he should become king of Persia or not. And she said unto him : 'Thou shalt conquer and shalt certainly become king of the Persians and the Magi; but the Roman empire has been given to the emperor Maurice.' 15. And Narses did as he had commanded, and he conducted the accursed Chosroes back to the Persians, and he made war upon them, and conquered them, and delivered the kingdom of the Magi into the hand of this wretch. 16. And when he was established on the throne he proved ungrateful to the Romans, who had been his benefactors, and devised evil against the Romans. 17. And all the magicians assembled by night in his house in order to prepare poison to put in the food of the Roman troops and in the food of their horses, with a view to destroying them all together with their commander Narses. 18. But our Lord Jesus Christ inspired the hearts of the members of the court with pity, and they went and disclosed the matter to Narses the Roman commander. When he was acquainted with this plot he gave orders to all the troops, and \|157 said unto them : 'When they offer you food do not eat it, but give it to the dogs, and as for the fodder give it to other animals.' 19. And when the dogs had eaten they burst asunder in the midst, and the cattle died. And when Narses saw this he was very wroth against Chosroes, and arose forthwith and marched and brought back the Roman forces to their rulers (?). And all the Romans hated the emperor Maurice because of the calamities which had befallen in his days. CHAPTER XCVII. 1. There were three brothers in a city, in the north of Egypt, named Aikelah, i. e. Zawja. And the names of the three brothers were Abaskiron, Menas, and Jacob. 2. Now this Abaskiron was the eldest, and he was a Nasaha.250 And he had a son named Isaac. 3. Now John the prefect of the city of Alexandria had made them governors over many cities in Egypt. Their own city Aikelah was near the city of Alexandria. 4. And these four men were in the enjoyment of great wealth, but not being able to bear (it) they attacked the Blue Faction, and sacked the two cities of Bena and Busir, without the permission of the governor of the province. Now the latter was a good, excellent, and chaste man. 5. And these four men whom we have already mentioned, shed much blood, and burnt the city of Busir and the public bath. And the governor of the city of Busir fled by night; for the inhabitants of the city of Aikelah wished to kill him. 6. And he succeeded in making his escape from them, and proceeded to the city of Byzantium to the emperor Maurice, shedding many tears, and he informed him of the death which the four men had prepared for him. And a second dispatch came to the emperor from the governor of the city of Alexandria announcing these events. 7. And when the emperor Maurice was apprised of these things, he was very wroth, and gave orders to John the prefect of the city of Alexandria to remove them from (their) office. Now these men mustered a large force of daring men provided with horses and swords and weapons of war, and they seized a large number of ships, in which grain was carried to the city of Alexandria, and there arose a great famine in the city. And (its inhabitants) suffered greatly and sought to kill the prefect John. But the faithful who loved Christ fought on his behalf because of his good conduct. \|158 8. And the inhabitants of the city wrote a letter and sent it to the emperor informing him regarding the troubles of the city. And the emperor removed the prefect John, and appointed in his stead Paul of the city of Alexandria. And the inhabitants of the city escorted John as he departed with every mark of honour. And he went and had an interview with the emperor and informed him regarding the deeds of violence wrought by the inhabitants of the city of Aikelah, and he stayed for a short time with the emperor. 9. And the latter, however,, appointed him and gave him full authority over the city of Aikelah. And when the inhabitants of the city of Aikelah heard what had befallen, and likewise of the return of John to the city of Alexandria, they stirred up disquiet and strife throughout all the land of Egypt alike on sea and land. 10. And they sent one of their number, the daring Isaac with his freebooters, and these went down to the sea, and seized a large number of ships which were on the sea and they broke (?) them up. And they proceeded to Cyprus and captured much booty. 11. And many people, that is, Tananikun, and Lakurin, and Elmatridin Elmasr, and the Blue and Green Factions, and the enemy of God from Busirall these mustered in the city of Aikelah, and took counsel with Eulogius, Chalcedonian patriarch in the city of Alexandria, and with Ailas the deacon, and Minas the assistant, and Ptolemy the commander of the barbarians, but the inhabitants of the city of Aikelah were not aware of this procedure. 12. They wanted to appoint a prefect in the room of John; for they said : 'This John has no respect of persons, and he hates injustice and he will <not> treat us as we wish. 13. Now the inhabitants of Aikelah went on committing transgression after transgression, and they seized the grain-laden ships, and they got hold of the imperial taxes and forced the prefect of the city to send forward the taxes to them. 14. Now John quitted with honour the imperial presence and came to the city of Alexandria, and the (insurgent) chief of the city of Aikelah heard of the arrival of John. And John mustered the forces of Alexandria, Egypt, and Nubia in order to attack the inhabitants of the city of Aikelah. 15. And forthwith there came a general named Theodore, who had been with Aristomachus. Now this Theodore was a son of the commander Zechariah. And he \|159 sent a secret letter to John, (requesting him) to send him trained troops who could shoot with the bow (lit. the arrow) and to release from prison two men, namely (the one), Cosmas the son of Samuel, and the other Banon the son of Ammon. 16. And he commanded Cosmas to proceed by land route and Banon by sea. Now this Zechariah a man of illustrious rank was the lieutenant1 of John in the city of Busir. 17. And (John) found (on his arrival) that much devastation had been wrought in the city of Alexandria. And he had a large number of the daring ones seized and punished, and he captured a great number of ships, and inspired a great fear in them (the rebels) on his arrival in the city of Alexandria. 18. And subsequently he had many great works constructed in the sea at the cost of great exertions. And he did not return to the city of Byzantium till he died.251 19. And when the general Theodore and his men came up they burned the camp of the rebels, and they all advanced as far as Alexandria, (even) the (full-grown) men, the youths who shot with the bow, and some stone-slingers. 20. And he took with him the five men whom he had released from prison, namely, Cosmas, the son of Samuel, Banon, the son of Ammon, and their companions, in order to show the Egyptians those whom he had released from imprisonment. 21. And when they came to the border of the river, they marshalled the sturdy soldiers in boats and the cavalry on the land. And the general passed over to the eastern bank of the river with all his soldiers. 22. But Cosmas and Banon remained on the western bank of the river with a numerous force. And they cried aloud to the conspirators on the eastern bank of the river and said unto them : 'Observe all ye people who have joined with those rebels : do not war against the general ; for the Roman empire is neither enfeebled nor subdued; but through our compassion towards you we have borne with you until now.' 23. And thereupon the people who had assembled along with those rebels broke off from them and crossed the river and joined the Roman troops. 24. And they began an attack on the inhabitants of Aikelah, and they vanquished them. And the latter fled by night and gained a small city named Abusan, and not being able to remain there they \|160 passed on to the great city (of Alexandria). 25. And the Roman troops pursued them thither and captured the four men, Abaskiron, Menas, Jacob, and Isaac, and put the four on a camel, and had them conducted throughout all the city of Alexandria in the sight of all men. 26. And next they cast them into prison with their hands and feet loaded with chains. 27. And after a long interval Constantine the patrician who had been appointed governor of the city of Alexandria came and examined the case of the prisoners. 28. And when he became acquainted with the charges against them, he had three of the brothers executed; but as for Isaac he had him thrown into chains and transported for life to the island of Atroku. 29. And as for their accomplices, some were condemned to corporal punishment, others had their goods confiscated. And the cities of Aikelah and Abusan were burnt with fire. And great fear prevailed over all the land of Egypt, and its inhabitants dwelt in the enjoyment of tranquillity and peace. 30. And about this time also there arose a rebel named Azarias in the province of Akhmim, who mustered a large force of Ethiopic slaves and brigands and seized the imperial taxes without the knowledge of the officers of the province. 31. But when the inhabitants saw the warlike measures of these slaves and barbarians, they feared them, and sent a dispatch to the emperor with information (on the matter). 32. And the emperor sent a distinguished commander with a numerous force of Egyptians and Nubians to attack Azarias. But before the attack was made, he fell into a panic and fled, and gained the summit of an arid mountain which resembled a citadel. 33. And the troops beleaguered that mountain for a long time until the water and food of the rebels failed. Thereupon the rebel Azarias died and likewise his followers through hunger and thirst. Now they had already abandoned their horses. 34. And in the reign of this emperor also, when the governor and commander in Alexandria was one named Menas, the son of Main, there appeared (two) creatures in human form, one resembling a man and the other a woman. 35. And all who travelled by river, when they stopped near the bank, saw them clearly and wondered greatly at the spectacle. And Menas likewise saw them and all the officers and notables of the city. 36. And all who saw them spake to them and said: 'We adjure you in the name of the God who created you, show yourselves to us again.' And when they \|161 heard the adjuration, they showed their face and hands and breasts. And all who saw them, said: 'This is the work of demons who dwell in the waters.' 37. But others said: 'This river is of two sexes, for there have appeared in it creatures such as have never been seen before.' Others said: 'This is an evil thing for our country.' Others said: 'The apparition of these creatures is a happy omen.' All these were false, and their statements were without truth. CHAPTER XCVIII. 1. And there was likewise in the reign of the emperor Maurice, a man named Paulinus in the city of Byzantium, a worshipper of impure demons, who falsely said: 'The emperor Maurice overlooks these practices.' And God punished this magician and he lost his reason. 2. And he had a silver bowl which contained the blood of impure sacrifices to demons. And he carried this cup and sold it to a silversmith. And after the (silver)smith had bought this bowl, the abbot of a monastery saw it, and being greatly pleased with it bought the bowl and conveyed it to his monastery. 3. And he placed it full of water away from the altar, and gave orders to the brethren and said unto them : 'Each time ye take of the holy mysteries drink of the water in the bowl in order to cool the oblation which is for the body and blood of Christ our God.' 4. But the great King of Glory, our Lord Jesus Christ, did not approve that the vessels of demons should be mingled with the vessels of the holy altar of our God which are without blood, as the apostles say. And thereupon that water became blood. 5. And when the brethren partook of the holy mysteries, they went forth from the sanctuary to take of that water for cooling according to the custom. And when they saw this miracle that had been wrought in the silver bowl, they together with their Superior were seized with fear, and fell a-weeping. And they resorted to self-examination but could find no evil that they had committed. 6. And thereupon they arose and took the silver bowl, filled as it was with blood, and brought it to John, patriarch of Constantinople, and they informed him of all that had befallen. 7. And John sent unto the man who had sold it and said unto him: 'Whence have you obtained this bowl, and from whom have you bought it?' And the man said: 'I bought it from Paulinus.' 8. And thereupon the patriarch and the priesthood and the faithful of the Christian Church recognized that the matter was from God. And \|162 (the patriarch) wished to make known the apostasy and the infamy of the magician Paulinus: and forthwith with godly zeal they arose and fetched Paulinus to the palace of the emperor Maurice. 9. And the chief officer interrogated him in the presence of all the magistrates and senators regarding this matter, and he confessed in the presence of all, saying: 'I was accustomed to place in this bowl the blood of the sacrifices which I offered to demons.' 10. And they all passed judgement upon him that he should be burnt alive. And they proclaimed aloud regarding him by the voice of a herald three distinct proclamations. The first in these terms: 'Wherefore should Paulinus be saved, the enemy of God who to his own destruction prays to Apollo?' The next as follows : 'Thou hast lusted after a strange sin : and he has laboured much in that which benefits not his own soul.' And the third proclamation : 'Paulinus has sought of himself his own destruction. He has become the enemy of the Holy Trinity, and has not kept faithful to the true orthodox faith.' But those who followed him in his evil practices sought to save him. 11. And when the patriarch John was apprised of this movement, he went to the court and put off his priestly robe. Meanwhile all the people cried aloud and said : 'May the orthodox faith spread and prosper.' 12. And the patriarch said: 'If Paulinus the magician is not committed to the flames this very hour, I will resign my throne and close all the churches. And I will not permit any one to partake of the holy mysteries, until Christ has punished those who blaspheme His name.' 13. And the emperor feared that a tumult might be occasioned thereby. And so the patriarch did not return to his palace till he had burnt Paulinus alive. Now the emperor used to follow heathen practices; but when the emperor heard that he was censured (for so doing) he was very deeply grieved. CHAPTER XCIX. 1. And at the outset of his reign he had ordained a law that they should inscribe at the beginning of all their writings the formula : 'In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ our God and Saviour.' He wished to profess his faith in Jesus Christ the Saviour of all the world. 2. And thereupon Domitian, the son of the emperor's brother, gave orders that force should be used to compel the Jews and Samaritans to be baptized and become Christians. But these proved false Christians. And likewise he \|163 forced heretics to be enrolled in the orders of the Church; for he was a true Chalcedonian. CHAPTER C. 1. And likewise in the reign of the emperor Maurice there came a flood in the night on the east of the city of Esna, which is the capital of Rif, while the inhabitants were asleep, and it destroyed many houses together with their inhabitants, and it carried them off and submerged them in the river. 2. And great havoc was wrought in the city and in (its) inhabitants. And likewise in the city of Tarsus in Cilicia the same befell; for the river, named Euphrates, which flows near it, rose at midnight and submerged one division of the city, named Antinoaea, and destroyed many buildings. 3. And a stone tablet was found in the river with the inscription: 'This river will destroy many of the buildings of the city.' CHAPTER CI. 1. And likewise in the reign of this Maurice, the city of Antioch was troubled by a great earthquake and laid low. Now it had been laid low seven times. 2. And many roads (?) in the east were destroyed, and islands, and an innumerable multitude of men through the earthquake. 3. And likewise at that time the sun was eclipsed at the fifth hour of the day, and the light of the stars appeared. And there was a widespread alarm, and men thought that the end of the world was at hand. And all men wept and implored and prayed Christ our God to have mercy and compassion upon them. 4. Thereupon the light reappeared and the sun rose out of the darkness, and those who had come together said : 'This event is one that has taken place at the end of the cycle of 532 years.' 5. And they set them selves to calculate, and discovered, as they said, that it was the end of the twelfth cycle. But holy and righteous persons said: 'This chastisement has befallen the earth owing to the heresy of the emperor Maurice. CHAPTER CII. 1. Now a certain event took place relating to a magistrate named Eutocius,252 who had been deputed to a barbarous country. Now he possessed a silk embroidered (lit. sewn) garment, namely, a tunic, and he gave orders to his steward to fetch it to him. 2. And when he brought it to him, he found that the rats had eaten and destroyed it. And he was wroth with the steward, and cast him into a pit which was full of rats, and he closed the pit's mouth for many days, and (the rats) eat him and he died. \|164 3. And after many days he sought him, and found him dead and putrid. And he repented having killed the man for the sake of a garment. He practised good works, and gave much money to the poor, with much weeping addressing his prayers unto our Lady the holy Virgin Mary. 4. And likewise he went to holy places and visited the saints who abode there, confessing to them his sin, in order that he might hear the words of consolation. And these spoke to him in hostile terms in order to make him abandon the salvation of his soul. 5. And next he went to the convent of Sinai, and (there the monks) said unto him : 'There is no forgiveness' therein they were deceived'there is no forgiveness after baptism'; and they robbed him of (all) hope. 6. Now they remembered not the word which was written regarding David; for when he had slain Uriah, (God) afterwards accepted his repentance, and restored him again to his first state. 7. And the restoration of Manasseh was brought about through repentance, after he had sacrificed to demons and slain Isaiah the prophet, and wrought countless evils. Yea, when he repented, God accepted him. 8. And this unfortunate man, when all hope was cut off, went up a lofty acclivity and cast himself down and so died a violent death. 9. And shortly after, the Thracians rebelled and rose up against the emperor Maurice, and (their) four commanders set out against him. And when Maurice heard this news he began to distribute money among the inhabitants of Constantinople. Now they had been wont to call Maurice a heathen and a magician, and a person undeserving of the imperial throne. 10. And when the soldiers heard of these movements they took measures to wrest concessions from him touching their wage and food, that is, the pay of the officers and chiefs. 11. But subsequently changing their plans they cast lots, and the lot fell upon Phocas, and marked him out as emperor. Now he was one of the four commanders of Thrace. 12. And the inhabitants of Constantinople were all of one mind, and cried out saying : 'Let us have a Christian emperor in this city.' And when Maurice heard that the inhabitants of the city wished to seize him, he went into the palace, and brought forth all (his) wealth, and placed it in a ship, and likewise his children and his wife, <and> they made for Bithynia. CHAPTER CIII. 1. And Maurice wrought a noble deed during his \|165 reign, and put a stop to the iniquities that had been practised by his imperial predecessors. 2. A certain captain of a ship set sail from Alexandria, having taken on board a considerable cargo of grain belonging to the emperor. But the ship was wrecked and the grain lost in the sea. And the governor of the province had him arrested and severely beaten, but no money was found upon him. 3. But the emperor Maurice gave orders for the captain of the vessel to be released, and thereupon published a decree, enacting that the captain of a vessel should not be subjected to punishment and made to render compensation when his ship was wrecked, but that the loss should be put down to the imperial revenue. 4. And after the flight of the emperor Maurice all the population came together to the patriarch, and by general consent they placed the imperial crown on Phocas in the church of S. John the Baptist. 5. And <Phocas> proceeded to the palace, and got ready his generals and officers and chariots, and sent them in pursuit of Maurice. 6. And whilst Maurice was proceeding by ship a strong wind rose against him and overturned the ship, and so he betook himself alone with his children to a small island near Chalcedonia. 7. And when the soldiers had learnt where he was, they proceeded to him according to the commands of Phocas, and put him to death with his five children in the twenty-second year of his reign. 8. And they stripped the empress Constantina and her two daughters and the wife of her son Theodosius of their imperial robes, and clothed them in servants' apparel, and placed them in a convent for virgins. 9. And when Phocas was firmly established in the empire, he sent ambassadors to Chosroes, king of Persia; but Chosroes refused to receive the ambassadors. Moreover, he was very wroth on account of the death of Maurice. 10. And certain persons accused + Alexander +,253 who was one of the rulersa discreet man and beloved by all the inhabitants of Constantinople, and they said to Phocas : 'This Alexander is desirous of slaying thee and becoming emperor in thy stead.' Now this + Alexander+ had married a daughter of Maurice.254 11. And \|166 thereupon Phocas had +Alexander+ and Kudis (= Elpidius?) and other officers thrown into chains and sent to the city of Alexandria to be imprisoned there. 12. Shortly after, Phocas sent orders to Justin the governor of Alexandria to execute +Alexander+ and his companions. CHAPTER CIV. 1. Owing to the great quantity of blood shed by Phocas great terror prevailed among all the officers (clergy ?) of the province of the east.255 2. Now at that epoch no province was allowed to appoint a patriarch or any other ecclesiastical dignitary without his (the emperor's) authorization. 3. And the Orientals 256 assembled in the great city of Antioch. When the troops heard of these doings they were all enraged, and set out on horseback and made preparation for fighting, and they slew many people in the church (and continued the slaughter) till they had filled all the edifices with blood. 4. And this frightful massacre extended to Palestine and Egypt. CHAPTER CV. 1. And there was a man named Theophilus, of the city of Merada in Egypt, the governor of five cities in the reign of Phocas. And the officers of the city and a large body of men revolted against him. (And) they attacked Theophilus and put him and his followers to the sword. 2. And they took the five cities by storm, i.e. Kerteba, San, Basta, Balqa, and Sanhur. And David and Abunaki, the envoys of the patriarch, informed Phocas (of these events). 3. And when Phocas heard, he was very wroth and sent a very malignantly-tempered general, named Bonosus, from the province of the east.257 And he was like a fierce hyena. And he gave him full authority over the officers (?)258 of the city of Antioch, that he might do unto them as they had done. 4. And when he came to Cilicia, he mustered a large body of men and marched against the officers (?) of the city of Antioch, and reduced them to submission, and by reason of the greatness of their fear of him they became like women before him. 5. And he punished them without mercy. Some of them he strangled, and others he \|167 burnt, and others he drowned, and others he gave to wild beasts. And those who belonged to the factions he delivered to the sword. 6. And all with whom he wished to deal mercifully he sent into perpetual banishment. Upon the monks and convents of the nuns he perpetrated barbarities. CHAPTER CVI. 1. And the following incident is an illustration of the conduct of the insensate Phocas. 2. He sent orders to the province of Cappadocia that there should be brought to him the wife of Heraclius the elder, who was the mother of the general Theodore, and the wife of Heraclius the younger, together with her daughter Fabia, a virgin.259 3. And he had them placed in the house of + Theodore + 260 (and treated) with distinction. Now +Theodore+ was of the family of the emperor Justinian. 4. And Phocas sought to dishonour Fabia. But she, using the stratagems of a woman, said: 'I am in the menstrual period'; and she showed him a cloth saturated with blood. And for this reason he let her go. 5. By the advice of Akrasis and Fibamon, interpreters of dreams, this statement was made unto him.261 6. And when the elder Heraclius heard of these matters he thanked Akrasis, and let off Theodore, and took no action against him or his people. CHAPTER CVII. 1. And they came to the city of Constantinople and informed Phocas of all that had been done. 2. At the same period came Heraclius, who distributed large sums of money among the barbarians of Tripolis and Pentapolis, and thereby prevailed on them to help him in the war. 3. Next he summoned the captain of his forces, named Bonakis,262 with 3,000 men, and a large number of barbarians, and dispatched them to Pentapolis to wait for him there. 4. And he sent likewise Nicetas, the son of Gregory, with large subsidies to the prefect Leontius, who had been appointed to the province of Mareotis by Phocas, urging him to send salutations to Phocas and write to him in these terms : 'My Lord'. 5. Now Tenkera and Theodore the son of Menas, who had been governor of Alexandria in the reign of Maurice, had made a secret compact with Heraclius whereby they promised to give him the empire of Constantinople, and to slay Phocas, and compel the thousands (of troops) in Constantinople to submit to him. \|168 6. And this was done without the cognizance of Theodore the Chalcedonian patriarch of Alexandria, who had been appointed by Phocas. 7. But John the governor of the city was acquainted with his plot; for he was prefect of the palace and military commander in Alexandria. And Theodore also who was set over the grain supply (was acquainted with it). 8. These three wrote a letter to Phocas and informed him of all that had happened. But Phocas despised Heraclius. 9. Nevertheless he sent large sums of money to the +Apulon+263 of the city of Manuf through the agency of the governor of the city of Constantinople, and he sent the latter to Egypt with a large military force; having first bound him by many an oath to defend his empire with fidelity, and to war against Heraclius in Egypt; and (he sent also) to Ptolemy the +Apulon+ of the city of Athrib, the governor of that city. 10. And next he sent orders to Qusum to leave the city of Antioch and repair to Alexandria. Now he had previously sent Bonosus by sea, with lions and panthers264 and other wild beasts to be conducted to the city of Alexandria. 11. Now the emperors had heretofore destroyed them, but he re-established this custom. And he sent likewise instruments of torture of many kinds, chains and bonds, and much money and glorious garments. 12. And Bonakis,265 the chief (captain) of Heraclius, (set out) and he saw Nicetas in Pentapolis as Heraclius had commanded. And he indeed had received troops from Leontius, who had been sent to the province of the Mareotis, and he had proceeded towards Nubia in Africa (?). 13. Now the prefect Leontius had come to terms with them. And when they had met the garrison of the city of Kabsen, they entered but did no violence to the garrison. And they set free all the prisoners that they might join them in the war. 14. And before they entered, they had prevailed on the inhabitants of the city to precede them (and) stir up a tumult on the river, named Pidrakon, that is, the Dragon, which flows close to the great city of Alexandria on the west. 15. And when they had entered, they found the +Balalun+,266 the governor of Alexandria, with a large force of Egyptians arrayed with weapons of war. And \|169 they said to him : 'Hearken to our words and flee from us and preserve thy dignity, and remain neutral till thou seest the side which is victorious; and no calamity shall befall thee, and subsequently thou shalt become the Administrator of Egypt; for behold the days of Phocas are at an end.' 16. But he refused to comply with this proposal and said: 'We will fight for the emperor unto death.' And when they engaged they slew this misguided man, and cut off his head, and suspending it on a lance they carried it into the city. 17. And not only none could withstand them, but many joined their ranks. And the prefect of the palace and Theodore who was set over the corn supply withdrew into the church of S. Theodore on the east of the city. And Theodore the Chalcedonian patriarch withdrew into the church of the holy Athanasius on the sea coast. 18. (And they did so) not only through fear of the soldiers (or 'war'), but also of the inhabitants of the city; for they had kept under guard Menas the coadjutor, the son of Theodore the vicar,267 that is the Adagshan,268 in order to deliver him up to Bonosus when he arrived. 19. And when the clergy (?) and the people of the city assembled they were of one accord in their hatred of Bonosus,269 who had already sent the wild beasts and the instruments of torture. 20. And they took the imperial taxes out of the hands of those who guarded them, and openly rebelled against Phocas, and received Heraclius with great honour, and took possession of the governor's palace and established themselves therein. 21. And they suspended the head of the Apulon on the gate for all that went in and out to see. And they seized upon all the wealth consisting of gold and silver and glorious garments which (Phocas) had sent to the Apulon. 22. And he sent for his own troops and soldiers, and he sent likewise to Pharos, and had the soldiers who were in the fleet arrested and kept under a close guard. 23. And information was subsequently brought to Bonosus in the city of Caesarea in Palestine that (the rebels) had captured the city of Alexandria and slain the Apulon, and that the inhabitants of that city hated him and were attached to Heraclius. 24. Now previously to the arrival of Bonosus in Egypt, Bonakis met with \|170 no reverse, but gained the mastery over all the prefects in Egypt. 25. And the Blues confiscated all the property of Aristomachus, the friend of the emperor, and the property of all the notables in the city of Manuf, and reduced them to such a degree of destitution that they were unable to pay taxes. 26. And all the people rejoiced because of the revolt against Phocas. And all the inhabitants of Nakius and the bishop Theodore and all the cities of Egypt joined the revolt. But Paul the prefect of the city of Samnud alone did not join it. He was one of the prefects appointed by Phocas, and he was beloved by all the inhabitants of the city. 27. But the military commander they named Liwnakis, by this name (sic), as he was a perverse and foolish man and 'a dog's head'. + And subsequently also Cosmas the son of Samuel, the friend of Paul, who was likewise one of their number, but who, being weak, was borne by two men + 270as for this man indeed whom they had released from prison, he was high spirited, and likewise those who were with him,271 and he stirred up all the officers and made them submit to him. 28. And Paul was the first to resist and refuse to join the party of Heraclius, but he vacillated in his plans. 29. Indeed, all the province of Egypt was divided on the ground of the murder of the Aisaililun. And Marcian, the prefect of the city of Athrib <likewise refused>; for he was a friend of theirs. 30. And Bonosus proceeded from the house of Ptolemais (?), and he sent his ships to the city of Athrib. And Christodora the sister of Aisallun practised a system of espionage on those who threw off their allegiance to the emperor Phocas, and she refused to hearken to the message of Heraclias. 31. And all the troops of Egypt and of the east were expecting succour from the forces that were coming by land and sea. Now these were coming in ships by the two branches of the river, and they were to land as we have before said. 32. But the forces which came on horseback from the east were on the look out for Plato and Theodore. Now these were in the neighbourhood of the city of Athrib and were alarmed at their arrival. 33. But before Paul and Cosmas the son of Samuel had . . . . .272 the bishop Theodore and Menas, the scribe of the city \|171 of Nakius, sent a message to Marcian the prefect and to the lady Christodora, the sister of Aisaillun, requesting them to cast down the insignia273 of Phocas and to submit to Heraclius. 34. But these refused ; for they had heard news of Bonosus to the effect that he had arrived at the city of Bikuran. And when the party of Plato heard this news, they sent a dispatch to Bonakis in Alexandria to this effect : 'Hasten hither with thy forces ; for Bonosus has arrived in the city of Farma.' 35. And when Bonakis had reached Nakius, Bonosus likewise had already arrived at the city of Athrib, where he found Marcian's troops ready for war. Christodora also, the sister of Aillus (sic), and the troops of Cosmas the son of Samuel (were already there) by land. 36. And he marched to the small branch of the river which proceeds from the main branch, and met with the prefect Paul and his troops. 37. Then Bonakis came to attack Bonosus, and they engaged on the east of the city of Manuf. And in the engagement the forces of Cosmas the son of Samuel prevailed and drove those of Bonakis into the river, and they took Bonakis prisoner and slew him. 38. And Leontius the general and Kudis they put to the sword, and they surrounded a large body of troops, and took them prisoners and threw them into chains. And when Plato and Theodore saw that Bonakis and his men had been slain, they fled to a convent and concealed themselves. 39. Then Theodore the bishop of Nakius and Menas the scribe took the Gospels and proceeded to meet Bonosus, thinking that he would have mercy upon them. And when Bonosus saw Theodore the bishop, he took him with him to the city of Nakius, but he cast Menas into prison. 40. But Christodora and Marcian, the prefect of Athrib, informed him that it was the bishop that had the insignia of Phocas thrown down from the gate of the city. And when Bonosus saw the insignia of Phocas cast down upon the ground, he gave orders for the beheading of the bishop. 41. But as for Menas, he had him severely scourged, and required from him the payment of 3,000 gold dinars, and then he let him go. But owing to the excessive scourging, he was attacked by a fever and \|172 died shortly afterwards. (He was so dealt with) at the instigation of Cosmas the son of Samuel. 42. And the three chief men of Manuf, Isidore, John, and Julian, and those who had concealed themselves in the convent of Atris, that is, Plato the friend of the emperor and Theodore the lieutenant, were delivered up to Bonosus by the monks. 43. And he had them arrested and thrown into chains and conducted to the city of Nakius, where he gave orders for them to be scourged and then beheaded in the place where the bishop had been put to death. 44. And he held an inquiry likewise regarding the troops who had fought under Bonakis. And such as had been soldiers of Maurice he sent into exile, but those who had been in the service of Phocas he called to account and put to death. 45. And the rest of the troops, seeing these things, fled and betook themselves to the city of Alexandria. And all the notables in Egypt mustered round Nicetas, the general of Heraclius, and assisted him because they detested Bonosus, and they informed Nicetas of all that he had done. 46. And Nicetas got together a numerous army of regulars, barbarians, citizens of Alexandria, the Green Faction,274 sailors, archers, and a large supply of military stores. And they prepared to fight Bonosus in the environs of the city. 47. And Bonosus thus reflected : 'By what means can I get possession of the city and deal with Nicetas as I did with Bonakis.' 48. And he sent Paul of the city of Samnud with his ships into the canal of Alexandria in order to co-operate with him. But Paul275 was not able to approach the environs of the city; for they hurled stones at him, and the ships took to flight. 49. And Bonosus likewise came with his troops and took up a position at Miphamonis, i.e. the new Shabra. Next he marched with all his forces to the city of Demqaruni, and was purposing to make a breach in the city on Sunday. Now these events took place in the seventh year of the reign of Phocas. CHAPTER CVIII. 1. And there was a holy aged man, named Theophilus the confessor, who lived on the top of a pillar, near the banks of the river, and he was endowed with the spirit of prophecy. This old man lived thirty years on the top of the pillar. 2. Now Nicetas used to visit him frequently. And Theodore the general and Menas the coadjutor, and Theodosius, who were agents of \|173 Nicetas, informed him of the virtues of this holy man. 3. And Nicetas went to him and besought him and said: ' Who will be victor in this war ?'for he feared lest evil should overtake him as it had done Bonakis. 4. And the holy man said to Nicetas: 'Thou shalt conquer Bonosus and overthrow the empire of Phocas, and Heraclius will become emperor this year.' 5. And Nicetas was guided by the prophecy of the aged man of God and said to the inhabitants of Alexandria: ' Fight no longer from the top of the wall but open the gate of On and meet Bonosus in close encounter.' 6. And they hearkened to the words of Nicetas and put the troops in array and placed the catapults and engines for hurling stones near the gate. 7. And when a captain of Bonosus's troops advanced, a man smote him before he drew near to the gate, with a huge stone, and crushed in his jaw, and he fell from his horse and died forthwith. And another likewise was crushed. And when the battle pressed sore upon them they began to flee. 8. And Nicetas opened the second gate, which was close to the church of S. Mark the Evangelist, and he issued forth with his barbarian auxiliaries, and they went in pursuit of the fleeing troops and they put some of them to the sword. 9. And the inhabitants of Alexandria smote them with stones and pursued them and struck them with arrows and wounded them with grievous wounds. And some that sought to hide themselves from the violence of the battle fell into the canal and perished there. 10. And to the north of the city there were the qasabfars,276 that is, a plantation of roses and a hedge of thorns surrounding the plantation. And these stopped the fugitives. 11. And on the south side of the city also the fugitives were checked by a canal. And those who were pursued attacked each other, failing in the stress of danger to recognize their comrades. 12. Bonosus escaped with a few soldiers and took refuge in the city of Kariun. And Marcian the prefect of Athrib and the general Leontius, and Valens, and many men of distinguished names, were slain in the battle. 13. And when Nicetas saw that this victory was his through the prayers of the saints, and that the strength of the army of Bonosus was broken and that its numbers had become few, he sent Ptolemy, Eusebius, and other notables of the party of Heraclius to the river in order to fetch him \|174 all the wealth they could find, and collect for him many soldiers from all the cities of Egypt. 14. And the members of the Blue Faction, great and small, and the officers, protected and helped Nice tas in the city of Alexandria. 15. And when Paul and his companions were apprised of these events they remained secretly on board their ships and intended to desert Bonosus and go over to Nicetas. And the affairs of Bonosus grew (daily) worse, while those of Nicetas daily advanced in strength. CHAPTER CIX. 1. And after his escape Bonosus stayed a few days in Nakius, and likewise his remaining troops. And he provided them with ships, and they destroyed many of the inhabitants of Alexandria. 2. And they proceeded towards Mareotis, and entered the canal of the Dragon which lies to the west of the city, and intended to harass the Alexandrians. But this unhappy man knew not that it is God who is strongest in warring. 3. And when Nicetas was apprised of this he had the qantarā, that is, the bridge of Dafāshīr, cut away. Now it is near the church of S. Mīnās of the city of Mareotis. 4. And when Bonosus heard of this event, he was very grieved and purposed to slay Niketas by a treacherous device; for he said : 'If Nicetas dies, the army will be dispersed.' 5. And he had a soldier brought to him, and he persuaded him to go to Nicetas, boldly facing death, and he said unto him : 'Take thee a small sword, and put it in thy bosom, pretending that I have sent thee unto him, and that thou art to intercede on my behalf. And when thou comest near him smite him with this sword in his heart, that he may die. And if thou art able to escape, well and good; but if thou diest on behalf of this nation I will take thy children and conduct them into the imperial palace, and I will give them money sufficient for all the days of their life.' 6. But one of his suite, named John, having heard this abominable project, sent and informed Nicetas. And this soldier rose thereupon, and took an imperial sword, and placed it in his bosom, and betook himself to Nicetas. 7. And when (the latter) saw him, he ordered his troops to surround him, and when they had stripped him, they found the sword in his bosom. And thereupon they beheaded him with the sword. 8. And Bonosus proceeded to the city of Dafāshīr and put many men to the sword. And when Nicetas was apprised of this event he pursued him with all haste. And when he came up to him, \|175 Bonosus crossed the river and betook himself to the city of Nakius. 9. And after he crossed the river, Nicetas abandoned the pursuit and marched to the city (?) of Mareotis, and left considerable forces there to guard the route. And he marched likewise to the city of the upper Manūf. 10. And when he drew near the city, the party of Bonosus who were there took to flight, and he captured the city, and Abrāis and his people were taken prisoners, and (the troops of Nicetas) burnt their houses and likewise the way (?) of the city. 11. And Nicetas directed a combined and powerful attack on the city of Manūf and compelled it to open its gates. Then all the cities of Egypt sent in their submission to him. 12. Next he crossed the river in pursuit of Bonosus, (who was) in the city of Nakius. And when Bonosus was apprised thereof he rose in the night and quitted the province of Egypt and betook himself to Palestine. 13. And he was driven also from this country by the people because of the abominable murders he had perpetrated among them formerly. And he went from thence to the city of Byzantium, and there met with Phocas, his friend, the assassin. 14. And all the land of Egypt fell under the power of Niketas, from the great city of Alexandria to the village of Theophilus the Stylite, who had predicted the accession of Heraclius to the imperial throne. 15. And Nicetas, moreover, had Paul of the city of Samnūd and Cosmas the son of Samuel arrested. He pardoned them and inflicted no punishment upon them, but sent them to Alexandria to be kept in custody there till the death of Bonosus. 16. And taking advantage of the war between Bonosus and Nicetas, the artisan guilds277 of Egypt arose (and) perpetrated outrages on 'the Blues', and gave themselves shamelessly to pillage and murder. 17. And when Nicetas was apprised of these facts he had them arrested, and reproved them, and said unto them : 'Do no outrage henceforth to any one.' And he established peace amongst them. And he named prefects in all the cities and repressed plundering and violence, and he lightened their taxes for three years. And the Egyptians were very much attached to him. 18. And in regard to Rome it is recounted that the kings of (this) epoch had by means of the barbarians and the nations \|176 and the Illyrians devastated Christian cities and carried off their inhabitants captive, and that no city escaped save Thessalonica only; for its walls were strong, and through the help of God the nations were unable to get possession of it. But all the province was devastated and depopulated. 19. Then the armies of the east278 arose against Rome, and they took the Egyptians prisoners, who were there, and who had fled from Egypt from fear of Bonosus. These were Sergius the Apostate and Cosmas who had delivered up his city. 20. Now these had denied the Christian faith and had abandoned holy baptism, and had followed in the paths of the pagans and idolaters. 21. And (the Persians) made themselves masters of the river Euphrates and of all the cities of Antioch, and they plundered them and left not a soldier surviving at that epoch. 22. And likewise the inhabitants of the district of Tripolis in Africa brought blood-eating barbarians (into the country) out of affection to Heraclius. 23. For they detested Phocas, and they attacked the general Mardius and sought to slay him, and likewise two other generals named Ecclesiariūs and Isidore. 24. And when these barbarians arrived they made war on the province of Africa, and proceeded to join Heraclius the elder. And the great prefect of the district of Tripolis, named Kīsīl, went to Nicetas with large supplies in order to help him against Bonosus. 25. And Heraclius the elder sent his son Heraclius the younger to the city of Byzantium with ships and a large force of barbarians in order to attack Phocas. And when he touched at the islands and the various stations on the sea coast, many people, notably those of the Green Faction, went on board with him. 26. And Theodore the Illustrious, together with a large number of wise senators, deserted Phocas and submitted to Heraclius. 27. And seeing this the civilians and the soldiers who were with him followed his example and submitted to Heraclius and Cappadocian. And all the people assailed Phocas with angry invectives, and none stayed them. And all these matters fell out in the city of Constantinople. 28. And when Phocas was apprised of these facts, and had learnt that everybody had made his submission to Heraclius, he sent the imperial chariots to Bonosus in order that he might march against him (Heraclius). 29. And other prefects \|177 of the emperor got ready the Alexandrian ships in which corn had been brought from the land of Egypt to Constantinople. For Phocas had had these seized because of the revolt of the inhabitants of Alexandria. CHAPTER CX. 1. And when at the suggestion of Nicetas, the patrician, the people accepted Heraclius as their emperor, the people of Africa lauded Heraclius in these terms : 'The emperor Heraclius will be like Augustus.' And all the people of Alexandria also and of the camp 279 spake in the same fashion. 2. And thereupon they began an engagement on the seashore, and the men of the chariots slew Bonosus. And they all with one voice in the Greek language cried aloud in praise of Heraclius the younger, the son of Heraclius the elder, and abused Phocas and Bonosus. 3. And, hearing these demonstrations, the Green Faction and the inhabitants of the city of Byzantium, who were on the sea, assembled their ships and pursued the 'Blues.' Now these latter were disquieted because of the accusation made against them, and subsequently took refuge in the church of S. Sophia. 4. And all the officers and senators had taken up a position near the palace, and they were lying in wait for Phocas. But when Phocas and Leontius the chamberlain became aware that they sought with evil intent to slay them as they had slain the depraved Bonosus, the two arose and seized all the money that was in the imperial treasury which had been amassed by Maurice, and likewise that which had been amassed by (Phocas) himself from the Roman nobles whom he had put to death, and whose property he had confiscated, and likewise the money of Bonosus, and they cast it into the waves of the sea, and so thoroughly impoverished the Roman empire. 5. And thereupon the senators and the officers and soldiers went in and seized Phocas, and took the imperial crown from his head, and (they seized) Leontius the chamberlain likewise, and conducted them in chains to Heraclius to the church of S. Thomas the Apostle, and they put both of them to death in his presence. 6. And they cut off the privy parts of Phocas, and tore off his skin right down to his legs because of the dishonour and shame he had brought on the wife of <Photius> because she was consecrated to the service of God, for he had taken her by force and violated her, although she was of an illustrious family. 7. And next they took the bodies of \|178 Phocas and Leontius and Bonosus and they conveyed them to the city of Constantinople, and they burnt them with fire, and scattered the ashes of their bodies to the winds; for they were detested by all men. 8. And thus the vision was accomplished which Benjamin of the city of Antinoe had received from God, and the inhabitants of Byzantium did not slight a detail in it. 9. On the contrary, they conducted Heraclius against his will to the church of S. Thomas the Apostle and placed the imperial crown on his head. When he had completed his prayers, he went and entered into the palace, and all the + wise+ congratulated him. 10. And after his accession to the imperial throne Heraclius wrote a letter to Heraclius, his father, to inform him of all that had happened, and likewise of his accession to the imperial throne. 11. Now Heraclius, his father, had seized the city of Carthage, the imperial capital of Africa, and he was much concerned for his son who had gone to Byzantium. But when he heard this news, he rejoiced (thereat). 12. Now great uncertainty prevailed in the churches because of the long duration of the war, and every one was full of apprehension over the victory which had been won over Bōnākīs, and the disquietude which had been occasioned in regard to his (Heraclius's) son. 13. And subsequently Heraclius fell ill and quitted this world, while he was at his post in his government. God alone knows whom He appoints, and unto God be glory for ever. CHAPTER CXI. 1. Now Theodore was commander-in-chief in Egypt. And when the messengers of Theodosius the prefect of Arcadia informed him regarding the death of John,280 general of the local levies, he thereupon turned with all the Egyptian troops and his auxiliary forces and marched to Lōkjōn, which is an island. 2. Moreover he feared lest, owing to the dissensions prevailing amongst the inhabitants of that district, the Moslem should come and seize the coast of Lōkjōn and dislodge the communities of the servants of God who were subjects of the Roman emperor. 3. And his lamentations were more grievous than the lamentations of David over Saul when he said: 'How are the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished !'281 Eor not only had John the general of \|179 the forces perished, but likewise John the general, who was of the city of Mārōs, had been slain in battle and fifty horsemen with him. 4. I will acquaint you briefly with what befell the former inhabitants of Fajūm. 5. John and his troops, the warriors whom we have just mentioned, had been appointed by the Romans to guard the district. Now these posted other guards near the rock of the city of Lāhūn in order to keep guard continually, and to give information to the chief of the forces of the movements of their enemies. 6. And subsequently they got ready some horsemen and a body of soldiers and archers, and these marched out to fight the Moslem, purposing to prevent the advance of the Moslem. 7. And subsequently the Moslem directed their march to the desert and seized a large number of sheep and goats from the high grounds without the cognizance of the Egyptians. 8. And when they reached the city of Bahnasā, all the troops on the banks of the river came (to the succour) with John, but were unable on that occasion to reach Fajūm. 9. And the general Theodosius, hearing of the arrival of the Ishmaelites, proceeded from place to place in order to see what was likely to befall from these enemies. 10. And these Ishmaelites came and slew without mercy the commander of the troops and all his companions. And forthwith they compelled the city to open its gates, and they put to the sword all that surrendered, and they spared none, whether old men, babe, or woman. 11. And they proceeded against the general John. And he282 took all the horses : and they hid themselves in the enclosures and plantations lest their enemies should discover them. Then they arose by night and marched to the great river of Egypt, to Abūīt, in order to secure their safety. Now this matter was from God. 12. And the chief of the faction who was with Jeremiah informed the Moslem troops of the Roman soldiers who were hidden. And so these took them prisoners and put them to death. 13. And tidings of these events were brought to the general Theodosius, and to Anastasius, who were then twelve miles distant from Nakius. And they betook themselves immediately to the citadel of Babylon, and they remained there, sending the general Leontius to the city \|180 of Abūīt. 14. Now he was obese in person, quite without energy and unacquainted with warlike affairs. And when he arrived he found the Egyptian troops and Theodore fighting with the Moslem and making sorties every day from the city of Fajūm in order to <re>take the city.283 And taking half the troops he returned to Babylon in order to acquaint the governors (with the state of affairs), and the other half of the troops remained with Theodore. 15. And Theodore sought with great diligence for the body of John, who had been drowned in the river. And with much lamentation he had the body drawn forth in a net, and placed in a bier and sent to the governors, who also (in turn) sent it to Heraclius. 16. And such (of the Romans) as were in Egypt sought refuge in the citadel of Babylon. And they were also awaiting the arrival of the general Theodore in order to join with him in attacking the Ishmaelites before the rise of the river and the time of sowing, when they could not make war lest their sowings should be destroyed (and) they should die of famine together with their children and cattle. CHAPTER CXII. 1. Moreover, there prevailed great indignation between Theodore the general and the governors owing to the charges brought by the emperor. 2. And both284 Theodosius and Anastasius went forth to the city of On, on horseback, together with a large body of foot soldiers, in order to attack 'Amr the son of Al-As.285 Now the Moslem had not as yet come to know the city of Misr.286 3. And paying no attention to the fortified cities they came to a place named Tendunias,287 and embarked on the river. 4. And 'Amr showed great vigilance and strenuous thought in his attempts to capture the city of Misr. But he was troubled because of his separation from (a part of) the Moslem troops, who being divided into two corps on the east of the river were marching towards a city named 'Ain Shams, i. e. On, which was situated on high ground. 5. And 'Amr the son of Al-As sent a letter to Omar the son of Al-Khattab in the province of Palestine to this effect: \|181 'If thou dost not send Moslem reinforcements, I shall not be able to take Misr.' 6. And he sent him 4,000 Moslem warriors. And their general's name was Walwarja. He was of barbarian descent. 7. And he divided his troops into three corps. One corps he placed near Tendunias, the second to the north of Babylon in Egypt; and he made his preparations with the third corps near the city of On. 8. And he gave the following orders: 'Be on the watch, so that when the Roman troops come out to attack us, you may rise up in their rear, whilst we shall be on their front, and so having got them between us, we shall put them to the sword.' 9. And thus when the Roman troops, unaware (of this design), set out from the fortress to attack the Moslem, these Moslem thereupon fell upon their rear, as they had arranged, and a fierce engagement ensued. And when the Moslem came in great numbers against them, the Roman troops fled and betook themselves to the ships. 10. And the Moslem army took possession of the city of Tendunias; for its garrison had been destroyed, and there survived only 300 soldiers. And these fled and withdrew into the fortress and closed the gates. But when they saw the great slaughter that had taken place, they were seized with panic and fled by ship to Nakius in great grief and sorrow. 11. And when Domentianus of the city of Fajūm heard of these events, he set put by night without informing the inhabitants of (A)būīt that he was fleeing to escape the Moslem, and they proceeded to Nakius by ship. 12. And when the Moslem learnt that Domentianus had fled, they marched joyously and seized the city of Fajūm and (A)būīt, and they shed much blood there. CHAPTER CXIII. 1. And after the capture of Fajūm with all its territory by the Moslem, 'Amr sent Abākīrī288 of the city of Dalas requesting him to bring the ships of Rīf in order to transport to the east bank of the river the Ishmaelites who were upon the west. 2. And he mustered all his troops about him in order to carry on a vigorous warfare, And he sent orders to the prefect George to construct for him a bridge on the river of the city Qaljūb with a view to the capture of all the cities of Misr, and likewise of Athrīb and Kuerdīs. And people began to help the Moslem. 3. And (the Moslem) captured the cities of Athrīb and Manūf, and all their territories. And he had moreover a great bridge \|182 constructed over the river near Babylon in Egypt to prevent the passage of ships to Nakius, Alexandria, and upper Egypt, and to make it possible for horses to cross from the western to the eastern bank of the river. And so they effected the submission of all the province of Misr. 4. But 'Amr was not satisfied with what he had already done, and so he had the Roman magistrates arrested, and their hands and feet confined in iron and wooden bonds. And he forcibly despoiled (them) of much of (their) possession, and he doubled the taxes on the peasants and forced them to carry fodder for their horses, and he perpetrated innumerable acts of violence. 5. And such of the governors as were in the city of Nakius fled and betook themselves to the city of Alexandria, leaving Domentiarius with a few troops to guard the city. And they sent orders also to Dares the chief officer in the city of Samnūd to guard the two rivers. 6. Then a panic fell on all the cities of Egypt, and all their inhabitants took to flight, and made their way to Alexandria, abandoning all their possessions and wealth and cattle. CHAPTER CXIV. 1. And when those Moslem, accompanied by the Egyptians who had apostatized from the Christian faith and embraced the faith of the beast, had come up, the Moslem took as a booty all the possessions of the Christians who had fled, and they designated the servants of Christ enemies of God. 2. And 'Amr left a large body of his men +in +289 the citadel of Babylon in Egypt, and marched in person towards the two rivers in the direction of the east against the general Theodore. 3. But the latter dispatched Jeqbarī and Satfārī to seize the city of Samnūd (and) fight with the Moslem. And when they came to the body of local levies,290 they all refused to war against the Moslem. And they indeed gave battle and put to the sword many of the Moslem <and of those> who were with them. 4. And the Moslem were not able to inflict any injury on the cities which lay on the two rivers; because the water served as a rampart, and the horses could not enter them because of the deep water which surrounded them. 5. And so leaving them they marched towards the province of Rīf and arrived at the city of Būsīr. And they fortified this city and likewise the approaches which they had previously seized. \|183 6. And in those days the general Theodore went to Kalādji, and besought him saying : 'Come back to us, come back to the side of Rome.' And Kalādji, fearing lest they should put to death his mother and wife, (who) were concealed in Alexandria, gave Theodore a great sum of money. 7. And the general Theodore prevailed on Kalādji, and the latter arose in the night, while the Moslem were asleep, and marching on foot with his men he came to the general Theodore. 8. And thence he proceeded to the city of Nakius and formed a junction with Domentianus in order to war against the Moslem. 9. And subsequently Sabendīs devised an excellent plan and so escaped out of the hands of the Moslem by night. And he betook himself to Damietta to the prefect John. 10. And he indeed sent him to Alexandria with a letter . . . confessing his fault to the governors with many tears in these words: 'I have done this deed because of the blow and the ignominy which John inflicted upon me without showing any consideration for (my) old age. For this reason I joined the Moslem. Heretofore I was a zealous servant of the Romans.' CHAPTER CXV. 1. And 'Amr the chief of the Moslem spent twelve months291 in warring against the Christians of Northern Egypt, but failed nevertheless in reducing their cities. 2. And in the fifteenth year of the cycle, during the summer, he marched on the cities of Sakā and Tūkū-Dāmsis,292 being impatient to subdue the Egyptians before the rise of the river. But he was unable to do them any hurt. 3. And in the city of Damietta they also refused to admit him, and he sought to burn their crops. 4. And he began to march back to the troops that were in the fortress of Babylon in Egypt, And he gave them all the +booty which he had taken from the city of Alexandria. 5. And he destroyed the houses of the Alexandrians who had fled +, and he took their wood and iron and gave orders for the construction of a road from the fortress of Babylon to the city of the two rivers, in order that they might burn that city with fire. 6. And the inhabitants of that city on hearing of this project took to flight with their possessions, \|184 and abandoned their city, and the Moslem burned that city with fire. But the inhabitants of that city came by night and extinguished the fire. 7. And the Moslem marched against other cities to war against them, and they despoiled the Egyptians of their possessions and dealt cruelly with them. 8. But the generals Theodore and Domentianus were unable to do any injury to the inhabitants of the city on account of the Moslem who were amongst them. 9. And 'Amr left lower293 Egypt and proceeded to war against Rīf. He sent a few Moslem against the city of Antinoe. And when the Moslem saw the weakness of the Romans and the hostility of the people to the emperor Heraclius because of the persecution wherewith he had visited all the land of Egypt in regard to the orthodox faith, at the instigation of Cyrus the Chalcedonian patriarch, they became bolder and stronger in the war. 10. And the inhabitants of the city (Antinoe) sought to concert measures with John their prefect with a view to attacking the Moslem; but he refused, and arose with haste with his troops, and, having collected all the imposts of the city, betook himself to Alexandria; for he knew that he could not resist the Moslem, and (he feared) lest he should meet with the same fate as the garrison of Fajūm, 11. Indeed, all the inhabitants of the province submitted to the Moslem, and paid them tribute. And they put to the sword all the Roman soldiers whom they encountered. And the Roman soldiers were in a fortress, and the Moslem besieged them, and captured their catapults, and demolished their towers, and dislodged them from the fortress. 12. And they strengthened the fortress of Babylon, and they captured the city of Nakius and made themselves strong there. CHAPTER CXVI. 1. And Heraclius was grieved by the death of John the chief of the local levies, and of John the general who had been slain by the Moslem, as well as by the defeat of the Romans that were in the province of Egypt. 2. And in accordance with the decree of God who takes away the souls of rulers,294 and of men of war as well as of kings, Heraclius fell ill with fever, and died in the thirty-first year of his reign in the month Yakātīt295 of the \|185 Egyptians, that is, February of the Roman months, in the fourteenth year of the lunar cycle, the 357th year of Diocletian. 3. And some said: 'The death of Heraclius is due to his stamping the gold coinage with the figures of the three emperorsthat is, his own and of his two sons on the right hand and on the leftand so no room was found for inscribing the name of the Roman empire.' And after the death of Heraclius they obliterated those three figures. 4. And when Heraclius the elder died, Pyrrhus, the patriarch of Constantinople, passed over Martina <the daughter of> his (i. e. Heraclius's) sister and her children, and nominated Constantine the son of the empress Eudocia, and made him head of the empire in succession to his father. And the two princes were treated with honour and distinction. 5. And David and Marinus seized Pyrrhus, the Roman Chalcedonian patriarch, and banished him to an island in the west of Africa, without any one being cognizant of what had been fulfilled; for no word of the saints falls (to the ground). 6. Now it happened that the great Severus, patriarch of Antioch, wrote to Caesaria the patrician to the following effect: 'No son of a Roman emperor will sit on the throne of his father, so long as the sect of the Chalcedonians bears sway in the world.' 7. And Constantine, the son of Heraclius, on his accession to the empire mustered a large number of ships, and entrusted them to Kīrjūs and Salākriūs, and sent them to bring the patriarch Cyrus to him that he might take counsel with him as to the Moslem, that he should fight, if he were able, but, if not, should pay tribute; and that he should meet him in the imperial city on the festival of the holy Resurrection, and to cause all the inhabitants of Constantinople to assemble to carry out the same object. 8. And next he sent orders to Theodore 3 to come to him and leave Anastasius296 to guard the city of Alexandria and the \|186 cities on the coast. And he held out hopes to Theodore that he would send him a large force in the autumn in order to war with the Moslem. 9. And when in conformity to the command of the emperor they had prepared the ships for setting out, the emperor Constantine forthwith fell ill, and was attacked by a severe malady, and he vomited blood, and when the blood was exhausted he forthwith died. And this malady lasted a hundred days, that is, all the days of his reign wherein he reigned after his father Heraclius. And people mocked at Heraclius and his son Constantine. 10. And the members of the party of Gainas assembled in the church in the city of Dafāshīr near the bridge of the Apostle S. Peter. Now Cyrus the patriarch had robbed the church of large possessions in the time of the persecution, without any authorization on the part of the magistrates. 11. And when the Gainites sought to lay hands on the patriarch Cyrus, Eudocianus, the brother of the prefect Domentianus, being immediately apprised (of their purpose), sent troops against them to shoot them with arrows and prevent them from carrying out their intention. Some of them were so severely smitten that they died, while two had their hands cut off without legal sentence. 12. And proclamation was made throughout the city by the voice of a herald in these terms: 'Let every one of you withdraw to his own church, and let no one do any violence to his neighbour in defiance of the law.' 13. But God, the Guardian of justice, did not neglect the world, but avenged those who had been wronged : He had no mercy on such as had dealt treacherously against Him, but He delivered them into the hands of the Ishmaelites. 14. And the Moslem thereupon took the field and conquered all the land of Egypt. And after the death of Heraclius, the patriarch Cyrus on his return did not cease (his) severities and persecution against the people of God, but rather added violence to violence. CHAPTER CXVII. 1. And 'Amr the chief of the Moslem forces encamped before the citadel of Babylon and besieged the troops that garrisoned it. 2. Now the latter received his promise that they should not be put to the sword, and on their side undertook to deliver up to him all the munitions of warnow these were \|187 considerable. 3. And thereupon he ordered them to evacuate the citadel. And they took a small quantity of gold and set out. And it was in this way that the citadel of Babylon in Egypt was taken on the second day after the (festival of the) Resurrection. 4. Thus God punished them because they had not honoured the redemptive passion of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, who gave His life for those who believe in Him. Yea, it was for this reason that God made them turn their back upon them (i. e. the Moslem). 5. Now on that day of the festival of the holy Resurrection they released the orthodox that were in prison; but, enemies of Christ as they were, they did not let them go without first ill-using them; but they scourged them and cut off their hands. 6. And on that day these (unhappy ones) wept and their tears poured down their faces and they were spurned, even as it is written regarding those unclean persons: 'They have defiled the Church by an unclean faith, and they have wrought apostasies and deeds of violence like the sect of the Arians, such as neither pagan nor barbarian has wrought, and they have despised Christ and His servants, and we have not found any that do the like amongst the worshippers of false idols. 7. But God has been patient with the apostates and heretics who have undergone baptism a second time in submission to despotic emperors. Yet it is the same God who recompenses every man according to his deeds and does justice to him that has been wronged. 8. How then, is it not far better for us to endure patiently the trials and punishments which they inflict upon us ? They indeed think to honour our Lord Christ by so doing, whereas they are found to be perverted in their faith. They have not indeed voluntarily apostatized, but they persecute those who agree not with them in faith. God forbid (such agreement) ! for they are not servants of Christ: yet they think they are such in their thoughts.' CHAPTER CXVIII. 1. Now the capture of the citadel of Babylon and of Nakius by the Moslem was a source of great grief to the Romans. 2. And when 'Amr had brought to a close the operations of war he made his entry into the citadel of Babylon, and he mustered a large number of ships, great and small, and anchored them close to the fort where he was. 3. And Menas, who was chief of the Green Faction, and Cosmas the son of Samuel, the leader of the Blues, besieged the city of Misr and \|188 harassed the Romans during the days of the Moslem. And fighting men had gone up with fear-inspiring boldness from the western bank of the river in ships, and these made expeditions by night. 4. 'Amr and the Moslem army, on horseback, proceeded by land till they came to the city of Kebrias of Abādjā. And on this occasion he attacked the general Domentianus. 5. But when the latter learnt of the approach of the Moslem troops, he embarked on a ship and fled [in a ship] and abandoned the army and their fleet. And he sought to enter the small canal which Heraclius had dug during his reign. But finding it closed he returned and entered the city of Alexandria. 6. Now when the soldiers saw that their commander had taken flight, they cast away their arms and threw themselves into the river in the presence of their enemies. 7. And the Moslem troops slaughtered them with the sword in the river, and none escaped save one man only, named Zechariah, a doughty man and a warrior. 8. And when the crews of the ships saw the flight of the troops, they too took to flight and returned to their own country. And thereupon the Moslem made their entry into Nakius, and took possession, and finding no soldiers (to offer resistance), they proceeded to put to the sword all whom they found in the streets and in the churches, men, women, and infants, and they showed mercy to none. 9. And after they had captured (this) city, they marched against other localities and sacked them and put all they found to the sword. And they came also to the city of +Sa+,297 and there they found Esqutaws and his people in a vineyard, and the Moslem seized them and put them to the sword. Now these were of the family of the general Theodore. 10. Let us now cease, for it is impossible to recount the iniquities perpetrated by the Moslem after their capture of the island of Nakius, on Sunday, the eighteenth day of the month Genbōt,298 in the fifteenth year of the cycle, and also the horrors committed in the city of Caesarea in Palestine. 11. And the general Theodore, who was in command of the city, even the city of Kīlūnās, quitted (this) city and proceeded to Egypt, leaving Stephen with the troops to guard the city and \|189 contend with the Moslem. 12. And there was a certain Jew with the Moslem, and he betook himself to the province of Egypt. And when with great toil and exertion they had cast down the walls of the city, they forthwith made themselves masters of it, and put to the sword thousands of its inhabitants and of the soldiers, and they gained an enormous booty, and took the women and children captive and divided them amongst themselves, and they made that city a desolation (lit. destitute). 13. And shortly after the Moslem proceeded against the country (city?) of +Cōprōs+ and put Stephen and his people to the sword. CHAPTER CXIX. 1. And Egypt also had become enslaved to Satan. A great strife had broken out between the inhabitants of Lower Egypt, and these were divided into two parties. Of these, one sided with Theodore, but the other wished to join the Moslem. 2. And straightway the one party rose against the other, and they plundered their possessions and burnt their city. But the Moslem distrusted them. 3. And 'Amr sent a large force of Moslem against Alexandria, and they captured Kariun, which lies outside the city. And Theodore and his troops who were in that locality fled and withdrew into Alexandria. 4. And the Moslem began to attack them but were not able to approach the walls of the city; for stones were hurled against them from the top of the walls, and they were driven far from the city. 5. And the inhabitants of Misr were at variance with those of Lower Egypt, and their strife ran high, but after a short time they made peace. 6. But when their discord came to an end, Satan stirred up another in the city of Alexandria; for Domentianus the prefect and Menas the general were at variance with each other through lust for office and other motives. 7. Now the general Theodore took the side of Menas: he was moreover hostile to Domentianus because of his flight from Nakius and his abandonment of the troops. 8. And with Eudocianus, the elder brother of Domentianus, Menas was very wroth, because he had practised cruelties against the Christians during the season of the holy Passion in regard to the faith. 9. And Domentianus mustered a large force of the 'Blues'. And when Menas was apprised of this movement, he too mustered a large force of the 'Greens' and of the troops in the city. And thus these two kept up their hostility. \|190 10. It was subsequently to this that Philiades the prefect of the province of Arcadia arrived. Now Domentianus had become the foe of Cyrus the patriarch, and he showed him ill will, though he was his brother-in-law, and though previously they had been mutual friends. But subsequently he came to hate him without any good ground. 11. And Menas also who cherished a spiritual friendship for Philiades and was not neglectful of him but invited him frequently out of respect for the priesthood ; for Philiades was the brother of the patriarch George. Now (Menas) was merciful and Godfearing and was grieved on behalf of those that were oppressed. But Philiades was not loyal in friendship, but acted unjustly, (and) cherished in secret evil designs. 12. Now in the days of the general Theodore, when a discussion was raised regarding the city named Māmūnā, and regarding the pay of the troops and the lands on which it should be levied, this wicked man straightway spake and said: 'In place of twelve men, it will be better to have one; then there will be one man to receive pay instead of twelve, and so the tax in kind and the pay of the troops will be lessened.' And in this incident Menas found an occasion against Domentianus. 13. And all the troops loved and trusted him : for Menas loved the esteem of all mennot in order to receive idle praise, but by reason of his wisdom and modesty. 14. Now while he was present in the great church of Caesarion with all the people, all the inhabitants of the city gathered together against Philiades and sought to put him to death. But he took to flight and hid himself in a church. 15. And straightway the people proceeded to his dwelling and burnt it, and pillaged all his property, but they spared such persons as they found in the house, and did not slay them. 16. And when Domentianus was apprised (of these events) he sent a body of the 'Blues' to attack them. And a great strife ensued amongst them, and six men were killed and many wounded. 17. And with great efforts and exertions Theodore established peace amongst them. And he deposed the general Domentianus, and appointed Artana chief of ten orders, who is named a decurion. And all the property which had been carried off as pillage from the house of Philiades was returned to him. It has been said that this strife and tumult originated in religious dissensions. \|191 18. And after the death of Constantine, the son of Heraclius, they brought forward Heraclius, his brother on his father's side, though but an infant. But his accession to the empire was as idle as had been that of his brother who died. 19. And the patriarch Pyrrhus, seeing that Heraclius, who was still a child, had become emperor through the intrigues of Martina his mother, whilst he Pyrrhus was still in exile299 . . . . 20. And after his accession to the empire he recalled Pyrrhus from exile by the advice of the Senate, and abolished the penal decree issued by his brother Constantine and his imperial predecessors; for they abolished it because of the unjust accusation of Philagrius the treasurer. 21. And it was through his agency that the churches were in tribulation: for he put an end to the gifts which the emperors were accustomed to make, and he confirmed the heavy charges (that were upon them). 22. And subsequently he appointed him (Cyrus) a second time to the city of Alexandria) and the priests who were with him. He gave him power and authority to make peace with the Moslem and check any further resistance against them, and to establish a system of administration suitable to the government of the land of Egypt. And he was accompanied by Constantine, a general of the army, who was master of the local levies. 23. And he had the army from the province of Thrace brought to the city of Constantinople, and he banished Philagrius the treasurer to the province of Africa where Pyrrhus had previously been in banishment. 24. And there were great dissensions, and the inhabitants of the city rose up against Martina and her children because of the banishment of Philagrius the treasurer; for he was greatly beloved. CHAPTER CXX. 1. Now not only Cyrus the Chalcedonian patriarch desired peace with the Moslem, but also all the people and the patricians and Domentianus, who had enjoyed the favour of the empress Martina(and so) all these assembled and took counsel with Cyrus the patriarch with a view to making peace with the Moslem. 2. And all the clergy began to stir up odium against the empire of Heraclius the younger, declaring: 'It is not fitting that one derived from a reprobate seed should sit on the imperial throne: rather it is the sons of Constantine, who was the son of Eudocia, \|192 that should bear sway over the empire.' And they rejected the will of the elder Heraclius. 3. And when Valentinus was apprised that all men were united against Martina and her sons, he took large sums of money out of the treasury of Philagrius, and distributed them amongst the soldiers and officers, and prevailed on them to act against Martina and her sons. 4. And some of them gave over warring against the Moslem, and turned their hostilities against their own countrymen. 5. And thereupon they sent an envoy secretly to the island of Rhodes with this message to the troops with the patriarch Cyrus: 'Return to the imperial city and do not take sides with him.' 6. And they sent also to Theodore, the prefect of Alexandria, the following message: 'Do not hearken to the voice of Martina, and do not obey her sons.' And they sent likewise to Africa, and to every province under the sway of Rome. 7. And when Theodore the general heard this news, he was pleased and kept the matter secret, and set out by night without the cognizance of any, and purposed proceeding from the island of Rhodes to Pentapolis, and he told only the captain of the ship. 8. But the captain of the ship alleged (that he could not), saying: 'The wind is contrary to us.' And he entered Alexandria on the night of the seventeenth day of Maskaram,300 on the day of the festival of the Holy Cross. 9. And all the inhabitants of Alexandria, men and women, old and young, gathered together to meet the patriarch Cyrus, rejoicing and giving thanks for the arrival of the patriarch of Alexandria. 10. And Theodore betook himself secretly with the patriarch to the Church of the monks of Tabenna and closed the door. And he sent for Mīnās and appointed him general, and banished Domentianus from the city. And all the inhabitants cried out: '(Begone) from the city.' 11. Now before the arrival of Cyrus the patriarch, George had been highly esteemed by the governor Anastasius; for he had received the dignity from Heraclius the younger (?), and, when he was advanced in years, he enjoyed universal authority: even the patriarch suffered him to enjoy his authority. 12. And when the patriarch Cyrus came to the great church of Caesarion, they covered all the way (with carpets) and chanted hymns \|193 in his honour (and the crowds increased) till the people trod each other down. And after great exertions they brought him to the Church. 13. Now he extolled highly the well in which the Holy Cross had been found. And he took also (to the Caesarion) the venerable cross from the Convent of the monks of Tabenna which he had received previously to his exile from the general John.301 14. And when they began to celebrate divine service on the day of the holy Resurrection, instead of chanting the psalm proper to the day of the Resurrection, which is: 'This is the day which the Lord has made; we will rejoice and be glad in it',302 the deacon, desiring to praise the patriarch and to congratulate him on his return, gave out another psalm that was not proper (to the day). 15. And when the people heard it, they said : 'This is not the proper psalm : it is an evil augury for the patriarch Cyrus: he will not see a second festival of the Resurrection in the city of Alexandria.' 16. And all the congregation and the monks made predictions after this fashion in public: 'He has acted contrary to what is ordained in the Canons.' But none who heard any of these sayings believed them. 17. And subsequently the patriarch Cyrus set out and went to Babylon to the Moslem, seeking by the offer of tribute to procure peace from them and put a stop to war in the land of Egypt. And 'Amr welcomed his arrival, and said unto him: 'Thou hast done well to come to us.' And Cyrus answered and said unto him : 'God has delivered this land into your hands : let there be no enmity from henceforth between you and Rome : heretofore there has been no persistent strife with you.' 18. And they fixed the amount of tribute to be paid. And as for the Ishmaelites, they were not to intervene in any matter, but were to keep to themselves for eleven months. The Roman troops in Alexandria were to carry off their possessions and their treasures and proceed (home) by sea, and no other Roman army was to return. But those who wished to journey by land were to pay a monthly (?) tribute. 19. And the Moslem were to take as hostages one hundred and fifty soldiers and fifty civilians and make peace. \|194 20. And the Romans were to cease warring against the Moslem, and the Moslem were to desist from seizing Christian Churches, and the latter were not to intermeddle with any concerns of the Christians. 21. And the Jews were to be permitted to remain in the city of Alexandria. 22. And when the patriarch had concluded this negotiation, he returned to the city of Alexandria, and he reported to Theodore and the general Constantine (the conditions of peace), to the intent that they should report them to the emperor Heraclius and support them before him. 23. And straightway all the troops and the people of Alexandria and the general Theodore came together to him and paid their homage to the patriarch Cyrus. And he acquainted them with all the conditions which he had made with the Moslem, and he persuaded them all to accept them. 24. And while things were in this condition, the Moslem came to receive the tribute, though the inhabitants of Alexandria had not yet been informed (of the treaty). And the Alexandrians, on seeing them, made ready for battle. 25. But the troops and the generals held fast to the resolution they had adopted, and said: 'We cannot engage in battle with the Moslem: rather let the counsel of the patriarch Cyrus be observed.' 26. Then the population rose up against the patriarch and sought to stone him. But he said unto them: 'I have made this treaty in order to save you and your children.' And plunged in much weeping and grief he besought them. 27. And thereupon the Alexandrians felt ashamed before him, and offered him a large sum of gold to hand over to the Ishmaelites together with the tribute which had been imposed on them. 28. And the Egyptians, who, through fear of the Moslem, had fled and taken refuge in the city of Alexandria, made the following request to the patriarch : 'Get the Moslem.to promise that we may return to our cities and become their subjects. And he negotiated for them according to their request. And the Moslem took possession of all the land of Egypt, southern and northern, and trebled their taxes. 29. Now there was a man named Menas, who had been appointed prefect of Lower Egypt by the emperor Heraclius : he was a presumptuous man, unlettered and a deep hater of the Egyptians. Now after the Moslem had got possession of all the country, they \|195 established him in his (former) dignity: and a man named Sīnōdā they appointed prefect of the province of Rīf: and another named Philoxenus as prefect of the province of Arcadia, that is, Fajum. 30. Now these three men loved the heathen but hated the Christians, and compelled the Christians to carry fodder for the cattle, and they forced them to + carry +303 milk, and honey, and fruit and leeks, and other things in abundance: Now all these were in addition to the ordinary rations. 31. (The Egyptians) carried out these orders under the constraint of an unceasing fear. (The Moslem) forced them to excavate (anew) the canal of Trajan, which had been destroyed for a long time, in order to conduct water through it from Babylon in Egypt to the Red Sea. 32. And the yoke they laid on the Egyptians was heavier than the yoke which had been laid on Israel by Pharaoh, whom God judged with a, righteous judgement, by drowning him in the Red Sea with all his army after the many plagues wherewith He had plagued both men and cattle. 33. When God's judgement lights upon these Ishmaelites may He do unto them as He did aforetime unto Pharaoh ! But it is because of our sins that He has suffered them to deal thus with us. Yet in His longsuffering our God and Saviour Jesus Christ will look upon us and protect us: and we also trust that He will destroy the enemies of the Cross, as saith the book which lies not. 34. And 'Amr subdued the land of Egypt and sent his men to war against the inhabitants of Pentapolis. And after he had subdued them, he did not permit them to dwell there. And he took from thence plunder and captives in abundance. 35. And Abūljānōs the prefect of Pentapolis and his troops and the rich men of the province withdrew into the city of Dūsheranow its walls were strongly fortifiedand they closed the gates. So the Moslem after seizing plunder and captives retired to their own country. 36. Now the patriarch Cyrus was greatly grieved on account of the calamities which had befallen the land of Egypt. For 'Amr had no mercy on the Egyptians, and did not observe the covenant they had made with him, for he was of a barbaric race. 37. And on the festival of Palm Sunday the patriarch Cyrus fell ill of a fever owing to excessive grief, and he died on the fifth day of \|196 Holy Week, on the twenty-fifth of the month Magābīt.304 38. Thus he did not live to see the festival of the holy Resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ as the Christians had predicted regarding him. Now this event took place in the reign of the emperor Constantine the son of Heraclius (II). 39. And after his (Heraclius II) death the Romans were plunged in war on account of the sons of the empress Martina; for they had excluded them from the imperial throne, and wished to make the sons of Constantine emperors (in their stead). 40. And Valentine who was leagued with Philagrius assisted them. And he drew over all the troops and marched to the city of Chalcedon; for he thought and said : 'Martina's strength lies in the fighting men which are with her sons.' And he prevailed on all to consent to the recall of Philagrius from exile. 41. And thereupon Heraclius the younger embarked on the imperial ships, accompanied by a great number of priests and monks and illustrious bishops, and passed over to Chalcedon. 42. And he made the following appeal to all the troops : 'Abandon not the duty of Christian integrity by becoming hostile to me; but make peace with God, and comply with the will of my father Heraclius; for he laboured much on behalf of this country.' 43. Moreover he alleged that he would take unto him his brother's son and make him his colleague in the empire and there would no longer be war or bloodshed between them. And he received the assent of all the patricians and said unto them : 'I will bring back Philagrius from exile.' 44. And when Valentine learnt that all the people had submitted to him and received his words in peace, he took Domentianus and other patricians with him and placed the imperial crown on the younger Constantine, one of the sons of Constantine, the son of Heraclius the elder, whom Heracleonas had taken unto him (as colleague). And all the people dispersed without strife. 45. But they (the rebels) did not suffer this peace to be permanent. Shortly after they had raised Constantine to the imperial throne, the hatred of the two emperors grew in strength, that is, of Heraclius II and Constantine the younger. For Satan sowed dissensions between Heraclius II and the army. 46. And straightway the troops in the province of Cappadocia began to commit atrocities : moreover they produced \|197 a letter to the following effect: 'This letter was sent by Martına and Pyrrhus the patriarch of Constantinople to David the Ma-targuem (urging him) to make a vigorous war, and to take Martina to be his wife, and to put down the sons of Constantine (III), who had been emperor with Heraclius (II) his brother.' 305 47. And when the inhabitants of Byzantium heard this news, they said: 'This project is concerned with Kubratos, chief of the Huns, the nephew of Organa, who was baptized in the city of Constantinople, and received into the Christian community in his childhood and had grown up in the imperial palace.' 48, And between him and the elder Heraclius great affection and peace had prevailed, and after Heraclius's death he had shown his affection to his sons and his wife Martina because of the kindness (Heraclius) had shown him. 49. And after he had been baptized with life-giving baptism he overcame all the barbarians and heathens through Virtue of holy baptism. Now touching him it is said that he supported the interests of the children of Heraclius and opposed those of Constantine. 50. And in consequence of this evil report all the soldiers in Constantinople and the people rose up, and Jūtālījūs, the son of Constantine, named Theodore became the chief of their forces. And he was a doughty warrior like his father. 51. And when they had made preparations to fight with David the Matarguem, the latter fled and took refuge in a fortress of Armenia. And (Jūtālıjūs) pursued him and, since none could render him aid, cut off his head and had it sent round all the cities of the east. 52. And next he marched with a large force to the city of Byzantium and he captured the palace, and he had Martina and her three sons, Heraclius, David, and Marinus, escorted forth with insolence, and he stripped them of the imperial crown, and he had their noses cut off, and he sent them in exile to Rhodes. 53. And the patriarch Pyrrhus was deposed without having recourse to a council, and he was removed from the Church and sent in banishment to Tripoli where Philagrius was. And Philagrius indeed was brought back from banishment. 54. And the youngest son of Martina was castrated, through fear, as they said, of his becoming emperor when he grew up. But the child could not endure the great wound, and straightway died. And the second of her sons was a deaf-mute, and so was unfit for the throne. For \|198 this reason they did him no injury. 55. And they set at naught the will of Heraclius the elder, and they made Constans, the son of Constantine, emperor. And they appointed Paul of the city of Constantinople in the room of the patriarch Pyrrhus. 56. (All these events) and the separation of Egypt and Alexandria during the reign of Heraclius the emperor of the Chalcedonians (fell out) as they are recorded in the letters of the great Severus the patriarch of Antioch, which he wrote to the Patrician in the reign of the emperor Anastasius, wherein he prophesied against the Roman empire in these terms: 'No son shall sit on his father's throne so long as the creed of the Chalcedonians prevails, who say that there were two natures in Christ after they became one, a creed which we cannot profess. Their doctrine that the manhood and the Godhead are two distinct natures after having become united, we believers cannot teach. It is not fitting that we should speak as the heretics.' 57. Or according to the statement of Gregory: 'We recognize God the Word to be of one nature derived from two. For God was united to the flesh and became one Substance. The Godhead indeed is not converted into the manhood, nor the manhood into the other nature, but the Word which became flesh had become unchangeable, and no change can affect the Word. But the Word which has become flesh is one divine Substance. 58. But this union is a marvel. That which is invisible has become visible: the Creator has been born and we have seen Him : He has healed us by His wounds!' 59. But we should cease giving citations from the words of the illustrious Fathers of the Church, who have been learned in investigation: for the Romans do not believe in aught now save the Passion. 60. But for those who welcome the flavour of true knowledge I will set it forth briefly. When they rejected the orthodox faith, which is our faith, in like manner were they rejected from the imperial throne. And there has followed the undoing of all Christians that are in the world, and we have not experienced the mercy and compassion of our Lord Jesus Christ. 61. And in those days there arose great troubles through Valentine; for he had assumed the imperial robes and sought to make himself emperor. But when the people of Constantinople heard, they arose against him, and straightway he put off the (imperial) robes. 62. And forthwith they seized him and conducted him before the \|199 emperor Constans. And he sware a terrible oath to this effect: 'I have not done this with any evil intent, hut in order to contend against the Moslem.' 63. And when they heard this statement, they set him free and made him commander-in-chief of the army, and arranged with him that he should give his daughter in marriage to the emperor. And on that occasion they had her proclaimed through the voice of the herald by the imperial name of Augusta. 64. And the evil-doer Valentine accused Arcadius the archbishop of the island of Cyprus. Now this man was an ascetic in purity of life, and well known (as such) unto all men. And (Valentin) said touching him: 'He was an ally of Martina and the patriarch Pyrrhus, and a foe of the new emperor Constans.' 65. And (the emperor), acting on this evil counsel, sent from Constantinople a numerous band of soldiers to fetch in great ignominy Arcadius the archbishop. But by the command of God he found (his) consummation and died after the manner of all men. 66. But Cyrus the Chalcedonian patriarch in Alexandria was excessively grieved when he heard (of these events)the exile of Martina and her sons who had brought him back from exile, the deposition of Pyrrhus the patriarch of Constantinople, the restoration of Philagrius his enemy, the death of the archbishop Arcadius, and the triumph and power of Valentine. 67. And for these reasons he wept unceasingly; for he feared lest he should suffer the same fortune that had befallen him previously. And in the midst of this grief he died according to the law of nature. And, his chief grief was due to the Moslem, who had refused his request on behalf of the Egyptians. 68. And before he died he wrought the works of the apostates and persecuted the Christians; and for this reason God, the righteous Judge, punished him for the evils he had wrought. 69. And the general Valentine and his troops were not able to give any assistance to the Egyptians; but the latter, and particularly the Alexandrians, were very hard pressed by the Moslem. And they were not able to bear the tribute which was exacted from them. And the rich men of the city (country ?) concealed themselves ten months in the islands. 70. And, subsequently Theodore the governor and Constantine the commander-in-chief of the army, and the remaining troops, and likewise those which had been hostages in the hands of the \|200 Moslem, set out and embarked, and came to Alexandria. 71. And after the festival of the Cross they appointed Peter the deacon to be patriarch on the twentieth of Hamle,306 on the festival of the holy Theodore the martyr, and placed him on the patriarchal throne. 72. On the twentieth of Maskaram,307 Theodore and all his troops and officers set out and proceeded to the island of Cyprus, and abandoned the city of Alexandria. And thereupon 'Amr the chief of the Moslem made his entry without effort into the city of Alexandria. And the inhabitants received him with respect; for they were in great tribulation and affliction. CHAPTER CXXI. 1. And Abba Benjamin, the patriarch of the Egyptians, returned to the city of Alexandria in the thirteenth year after his flight from the Romans, and he went to the Churches, and inspected all of them. 2. And every one said : 'This expulsion (of the Romans) and victory of the Moslem is due to the wickedness of the emperor Heraclius and his persecution of the Orthodox through the patriarch Cyrus. This was the cause of the ruin of the Romans and the subjugation of Egypt by the Moslem. 3. And 'Amr became stronger every day in every field of his activity. And he exacted the taxes which had been determined upon, but he took none of the property of the Churches, and he committed no act of spoliation or plunder, and he preserved them throughout all his days. And when he seized the city of Alexandria, he had the canal drained in accordance with the instructions given by the apostate Theodore. 4. And he increased the taxes to the extent of twenty-two batr of gold till all the people hid themselves owing to the greatness of the tribulation, and could not find the wherewithal to pay. And in the second year of the lunar cycle came John of the city of Damietta. 5. He had been appointed by the governor Theodore, and had lent his aid to the Moslem in order to prevent their destruction of the city. Now he had been appointed prefect of the city of Alexandria when 'Amr entered it, And this John had compassion on the poor, and gave generously to them out of his possessions. And seeing their affliction he had mercy upon them, and wept over their lot. 6. 'Amr deposed Menas and appointed John in his stead. \|201 Now this Menas had increased the taxes of the city, which 'Amr had fixed at 22,000 gold dinars, and the sum which the apostate Menas got together was 32,057 gold dinarshe appointed for the Moslem.308 7. And none could recount the mourning and lamentation which took place in that city: they even gave their children in exchange for the great sums which they had to pay monthly. And they had none to help them, and God destroyed their hopes, and delivered the Christians into the hands of their enemies. 8. But the strong beneficence of God will put to shame those who grieve us, and He will make His love for man to triumph over our sins, and bring to naught the evil purposes of those who afflict us, who would not that the King of Kings and Lord of Lords should reign over them, (even) Jesus Christ our true God. 9. As for those wicked slaves, He will destroy them in evil fashion: as saith the holy Gospel: 'As for Mine enemies who would not that I should reign over them, bring them unto Me.' 10. And now many of the Egyptians who had been false Christians denied the holy orthodox faith and lifegiving baptism, and embraced the religion of the Moslem, the enemies of God, and accepted the detestable doctrine of the beast, this is, Mohammed, and they erred together with those idolaters, and took arms in their hands and fought against the Christians. 11. And one of them, named John, the Chalcedonian of the Convent of Sinai, embraced the faith of Islam, and quitting his monk's habit he took up the sword, and persecuted the Christians who were faithful to our Lord Jesus Christ. CHAPTER CXXII. 1. And now let us glorify our Lord Jesus Christ and bless His holy name at all times; for unto this hour He hath preserved us Christians from the errors of the erring heathen, and from the transgressions of the apostate heretics. 2. And may He also strengthen and help us to endure tribulation through hope in His divinity. And He will make us worthy to receive, with a face not put to shame, the inheritance of His eternal (and) incorruptible Kingdom in heaven. And (let us bless) His Father, (pre-eminently) good, and the Holy Lifegiving Spirit for ever and ever, Amen. CHAPTER CXXIII. 1. (Herewith) ends this blessed book which John the rector bishop of Nikius composed for the profit of the soul. \|202 Now it contains divine mysteries and heavenly marvels which have befallen apostates from the faith. 2. At one time the earth quaked on account of the denial (of the faith), and the great city of Nicaea was destroyed. At another it rained fire from heaven : at another the sun was darkened from the hour of dawn till evening. 3. On a certain occasion the rivers rose.and overwhelmed many cities ; while on another houses were overthrown and many men perished and went down to the depths of the earth. 4. And all these things fell out because they divided Christ into two natures, whilst some of them made Him (merely) a created being. 5. Also the Roman emperors lost the imperial crown, and the Ishmaelites and Chuzaeans won the mastery over them, because they did not walk in the orthodox faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, but divided the indivisible. 6. The transcription of this book began on the twenty-eighth day of Hamle, and was finished on Monday on the twenty-second day of Teqmet,309 at the sixth hour of the day, when the sun was in the sign of Scorpion, and the moon in the sign of Aquarius. 7. And the course of the sun was then in (its) 195th degree, and its zenith was at eighty-seven degrees thirty minutes. And the day was eleven hours, and the night thirteen. And the day increased and the night decreased daily by twenty minutes. 8. And the dominion of Elgufr from Manāzel was then, in the 7594th year of the world, the 1947th year of Alexander, the 1594th year of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, the 1318th year of the Martyrs, the 980th year of Hagar according to the solar reckoning, but the 1010th year according to the lunar reckoning: four years seven months and eight days after the accession of Malak Sagad the younger, son of Malak Sagad the elder, who was named Jakob when he received the grace of baptism: eight years three months and five days after the accession of the Godloving queen Malak Mōgasā, who was named Mārjām Sena on receiving the grace of baptism. 9. We have translated this book with great care from Arabic into Ge'ez, even poor I, the most worthless amongst men and the vilest amongst the people, and the deacon Gabriel the Egyptian, son of the martyr John Kolobos,310 by the order of Athanasius \|203 commander-in-chief of the army of Ethiopia, and by the order of the queen Mārjām Sena. 10. God grant that it may serve to the salvation of the soul and the preservation of the body. And praise be unto Him, who has given us power to begin and to finish (this work), for ever and ever. Amen and amen. So be it. So be it. [Footnotes have been moved to the end. Greek text is rendered using the Scholars Press SPIonic font, free from here. I have omitted large numbers of footnotes which consist of text in Ethiopic, or large chunks of Greek from John Malalas, or are otherwise of limited interest.] 1. 1 The text reads 'the Madabbar and Ascetic'. The meaning of Mastagaddal is doubtful here : it = a0qlhth&j in its literal sense, and next in its metaphorical one. 2. 1 I have necessarily changed the order of the text here. 3. 1 The Ethiopic is hopelessly corrupt here;= island of Lūnānjā. 4. 2 Ethiopic = Lūbānijūn. 5. 1 Or, 'indeed'. 6. 2 Transposed to this clause.: it wrongly occurs in the clause, 'which he had taken from Egypt'. 7. 3 Text = Lūnjā. 8. 4 Text = Helvīn (A, Helvān B). 9. 5 So MSS. But I emend [Ethiopic] into [Ethiopic] as in Chap. LVI, and translate 'and the courts'. 10. 1 Zotenberg has rightly restored [Ethiopic] here. 11. 2 A transliteration of an Arabic word; while the word rendered 'bridge'; [Ethiopic] is Amharic, though wrongly vocalized. 12. 1 The Ethiopic is very irregular here. 13. 2 The Ethiopic [Ethiopic] is owing to a faulty transcription of the Arabic, as Zotenberg points out. 14. 1 Text wholly corrupt. I have adopted Zotenberg's suggestion. 15. 1 Lit. 'cisterns' (or, 'wells') 'of the sepulchres'. 16. 2 Text quite corrupt = Anlejā. 17. 1 Text ( = Yeftatās) corrupt owing to a faulty transcription of a faulty Arabic form. 18. 1 Zotenberg does not attempt to translate this introduction, owing to certain obscurities and phrases the sense of which 'escapes' him 'completely'. I have only found it necessary to make one or two slight changes. 19. 2 This city was called Pshati by the Egyptians. Champollion (II. 164) identifies it with the ancient Prosopis. Next Pshati appeared in Arabic as Abshadi This form is reproduced, somewhat slightly changed, as Absāi or Absādī in our text. In Greek the form was Niki/on. Bury calls my attention to Strabo, xvii. 1. 14 Niki/ou kw&mh : Oxyrhynchus Papyri, ix, no. 1219, p. 262 ei0j th_n Neiki/ou (third cent. A.D.) : Hierocles, Synecdemus (ed. Burckhardt, p. 44), Niki/ou (sixth cent. A.D.). In the Itinerarium Antonini 155 it appears as Nikiu (or Nicia or Nicium). In Arabic it was spelt Naqius or Niqius. For details on this important city see Champollion L'Égypte sous les Pharaons, ii. 162-71; Quatremčre, Sur l'Égypte, i. 423-30. 20. 1 Cf. John of Antioch (Müller, Fragmenta Historicorum Graec. iv. 540) : [Greek]. Cf. also Cramer, Anec. Graec. Paris, ii. 242 : Kronos .. . Zeus, &c. These words are represented in the text by Zūhal, Mashtari, Marik, Zehra, 'Atard, which are Ethiopic transliterations of the Arabic names of these planets : [Arabic] 21. 2 And he composed . . . deluge. Though Zotenborg abandons the attempt of translating these words as he fails to understand them, he very unwisely emends the text and wrongly. My translation follows the manuscripts and not the text here. [Ethiopic] (so AB: wrongly emended in text) here is clearly = 0Obi/dioj and [Ethiopic] = Plou&tarxoj. Thus our text agrees closely with John of Antioch, loc. cit. : [Greek] After the word 'Plutarch' in the text the word [Ethiopic] (='weakened') occurs. This I have omitted in the translation. We are to follow B here, and read [Ethiopic], and not to follow A as in the text. 22. 3 Began to build ships. Cf. John of Antioch, iv. 541 [Greek] 23. 4 Cainan, &c. Cf. John of Antioch, iv. 541; Syncellus, i. 150. For 'astrolabes' in the text we should read 'astronomy', as Zotenberg has already pointed out. Cf. John of Antioch's statement: [Greek] 24. 5 And after . . . composed it. These words, which appear at the close of IV, I have placed here. 25. 6 Qanturjus, i.e. Gandubarius or Andubarius. Cf. Cramer, op. cit. ii. 234 [Greek] : also Chron. Pasch. 36, where the name is [Greek]. Andubarius and Cush are distinct persons, but have been fused together in the present work. 26. 1 Called him Orion. So John of Antioch, iv. 541; Chron. Pasch. 36. Dabarah is an Ethiopic transcription of the Arabic word for Orion. 27. 2 First to hunt, &c. Of. Chron. Pasch. 36 ; John of Ant. iv. 541. 28. 3 Shem. The manuscripts read 'Ham', but the fact that the person spoken of is defined by the subsequent words 'the firstborn of Noah', and that all the Greek chronographers, so far as I can discover, describe Cronus as a descendant of Shem, shows that the text is corrupt. The corruption, too, is clearly native to our text. ... 29. 4 + His son, named Domjos+. As Domjos was the father (?) of Cronus, the text is corrupt; for even a few lines later the son of Cronus is Picus, and not Domnus ... 30. 5 Zeus. In manuscripts [Ethiopic], which is due to faulty transcription of the Arabic [Arabic], as Zotenberg has shown. For the still stranger Ethiopic transliterations of this name in the next ten lines I have accepted his explanation also. [From this point on, footnotes were only transcribed if they seemed likely to be of general interest, since the first 30 seemed both verbose and of limited interest. I have also omitted verbatim citations in the footnotes of Greek text of other writers with '...'] 31. 2 Zotenberg conjectures that this chapter is an inaccurate resume of a passage in Diodorus Siculus (i. 17, 18) reproduced in Eusebius (Praef. Evang. ii. 1), containing an Egyptian myth to the effect that Osiris, whom some identified with Dionysus [...] had, in his journeyings through the world with his brother Apollo and his sons Anubis and Macedo (i. e. the corrupt Matunavis in our text), given the government of Phoenicia to Busirus and that of Ethiopia and Libya to Antaeus. 32. 3 'Abratus. Who this is is difficult to determine, the word being so corrupt. ... Chron. Pasc. 47. [...] 'Abratus may thus be Sostris or even a mutilated form of trismegistoj. Zotenberg suggests that it is for Herodotus. 33. 1 Cf. Herod, ii. 108-9; Dioclorus Siculus, i. 56-7. 34. 1 Cf. Herod, ii. 137 ; Diod. Sic. i. 65. 35. 2 Here. [Ethiopic] is an internal corruption for [Ethiopic] i.e. Rampsnitos, in Herod. ii. 121. The next verse, however, refers to Cheops : cf. Herod, ii. 124. 36. 3 The chronographers only speak of his discovery of the purple dye : cf. John Mal. 32 ... 37. 4 Text reads Nirūs. The corruption has, as Zotenberg shows, arisen from a faulty transcription of an Arabic form which was itself corrupt. 38. 1 Word corrupt here, as in vi. 39. 2 Changed the name of the country, tliat is, Assyria, and named it Persia after his own name. I get this excellent text by simply changing the order of three words. ... Cf. John Mal. 37 .... The text as it stands is absurd : 'changed the name of the country and named it Assyria, that is, Persia after his own name.' 40. 3 Plums, or 'peaches'. The word [Ethiopic] is transliterated from the Arabic (Zotenberg). 41. 4 (And) he urged the lonians to make prayers, and when they had offend supplications. These words are found in the manuscripts after the clause 'And Perseus was surprised at what had befallen' and before the clause 'forthwith from that fire he kindled a fire'. But since these two clauses form the protasis and apodosis of one and the same sentence, they must be taken together as in John Mal. and Chron. Pasch. [...], and the intruding words removed. From the same authorities we learn that the intruding clause should be read before the words 'there fell from heaven', &c. Hence I have restored them to their original context. [...] 42. 1 Sense quite missed here. Cf. John Mal. 28 [...] 43. 1 The same reference with others is found in john Mal., loc. cit. 44. 3 Thou art His priest for ever, &c. Ps. cx. 4. This particular form of the text is so far as I am aware peculiar to the Ethiopic version. 45. 4 God manifested Himself in Zion, &c. Ps. lxxvi. 1. 'Manifested' (...), here instead of 'known' ..., appears to be due to the Arabic Version. 'In Zion' seems to be peculiar to our author for 'in Judah'. 46. 5 His place abideth in peace. So Eth. Version. The ungrammatical [Ethiopic] is found also in the manuscripts of the Pss. 'In peace' instead of 'in Salem' is found also in the LXX, Vulgate, and Arabic Versions. 47. 6 Named [Jerusalem]. The manuscripts wrongly insert ' Jerusalem'. 48. 7 Emended. 49. 8 Lit. 'was left without being deprived of' (or 'divided in'). 50. 6 Africanus does not give the number, but John of Antioch (iv. 547) and John Mal. (62) give 270 years. Each author quotes Africanus as his authority. 51. 1 Corrupt. Text translated as it stands. 52. 2 Supplied from Cramer, iv. 2... 53. 1 Corrupt. 54. 2 This passage is corrupt. 55. 1 = 'chapters and history'. 56. 2 = Cecrops (?). 57. 3 Slightly emended. 58. 1 Emended by Dillmann. 59. 2 This identification is most doubtful. ... 60. 3 Correct form, though transliterated from the acc. 61. 5 According to Guidi's Amharic Lexicon this is a lyre of ten strings. 62. 6 After Phrygia there seems to be a lacuna. The text is full of confusion. Zotenberg does not attempt a rendering. 63. 7 Cf. John Mal. 108 ... 64. 1 Cf. 2 Macc. ii. 4-8 ; 2 Baruch vi-viii. 65. 2 Zotenberg rightly recognizes a lacuna here. 66. 1 I have transposed these words in the text. 67. 1 An Arabic word. 68. 1 The Greek is transliterated in the text. 69. 1 This chapter is very corrupt. First, as we see from John Mal. 168 sq., the text should deal with Ascanius, the son of Aeneas and Creusa .... According to some traditions and those that have influenced our text, Ascanius left Lavinium (Elbanja in our text) and built Alba Longa (Elwanja in our text). But the text of John Mal. is here very confused and erroneous. ... See also Cedrenus, i. 238. 70. 2 Cf. John Mal. 161 ... 71. 3 Text reads Iōnā through a faulty transliteration of the Arabic. 72. 4 Text reads Romanos by a corruption. 73. 5 Cf. John Mal. 171 ... 74. 5 Zotenberg resigns the attempt to translate verses 18-20. The text refers to the Brumalia. Cf. John Mal. 179 ... 75. 7 What this word refers to is doubtful. The words may, as Zotenberg suggests, form a fragment of a description of the four factions, and Abrastus in that case would represent [...]. Cf. Chron. Pasch. 112 ... 76. 1 This passage is corrupt. The original sense can be inferred from the Chron. Pasch. 292 ... 77. 2 Ps. lxxxi. 3. The text agrees with the LXX ... 78. 3 Cf. Cedrenus, i. 260 .... Here [...] means 'silver', but our author took it in its earlier meaning of 'unstamped', and some scribe omitted the negative. Hence we have 'stamped'. 79. 4 The meaning of this verse is obscure. Zotenberg does not translate it. 80. 1 In text Rakudi. Of. John Mal. 192 ... 81. 2 Cf. John Mal. 193. 82. 1 Cf. John Mal. 196 ; Chron. Pasch. 173. 83. 2 Cf. John Mal. 199. 84. 3 Cf. John Mal. 203. 85. 4 The text is a corruption of the account in John Mal. 317 C ... 86. 1 i. e. Caesar Augustus. 87. 1 Cf. John Mal. 217 sq. 88. 1 Cf. John Mal. 187. ... 89. 4 In Fabricius, Cod. Apocr. Novi Test., p. 952, and in his Cod. Pseudepig. Vet. Test., p. 1162, notices of this work of Ezra on the unlucky days of the twelve months will be found. See also Zotenberg in loc. 90. 1 Cf. John Mal. 236. 91. 2 The words ' deposed him from the throne ' occur in the text at the close of ver. 4. I have restored to ver. 3. 92. 2 [Ethiopic] = 'sun' is probably due, as Zotenberg conjectures, to a misreading on the part of the Ethiopic translator of the Arabic transcription of Pa&tmon... 93. 3 Cf. John Mal. 267 : Chron. Pasch. 250-1. 94. 1 This is corrupt. John Mal. 268 gives seventy-one years as his age. Nerva died at the age of sixty-four. 95. 2 Restored from John Mal. 276. 96. 3 Text corrupt. Cf. John Mal. 276 .... That is, he mingled the ashes of their bones in the brass out of which the brazen vessels of the public bath were made. 97. 1 Probably corrupt. Cf. John Mal. 277. 98. 2 Cf. Euseb. Hist. iv. 2. 99. 1 Text corrupt: = Trajan. Hence addition of the words 'the first'. 100. 2 Cf. John Mal. 281. 101. 3 Cf. John Mal. 280. 102. 4 The present form of the text misrepresents the facts, as we see from John Mal. 280 .... The facts shortly are : The emperor constructed a great street between the two great porticoes ( e0mbo&lwn, transliterated Amulum in our text) in Antioch, and had this and the city paved with stones brought from the Thebaid. 103. 3 The text is corrupt here ; it runs : 'and that one should name them, and he named them'. The sense is that all the artisans in the city were to be called Aureliani after the name of the Emperor. Cf. John Mal. 800 . . . 104. 1 Text wrongly reads Maximin here and in 7725, but rightly on 7775. Text has to be corrected in 7747, 48, 73,74, 83, 88, 92. 105. 1 Cf. Euseb., Hist. viii. 14, on which verses 36 sqq. appear to be based. 106. 1 So Zotenberg renders, and perhaps rightly, but this meaning is unknown to classical Ethiopic, according to which it should be rendered'apostate', 'heretic', &c. 107. 1 Our text here deals with the same subject as John Mal. 317 ... 108. 1 Cf. John Mal. 314 sq.; Chron. Pasch. 275 sq. 109. 1 Our author seems to have had Euseb. Hist. x. 8, or an equivalent source before him when writing this section regarding the apostasy of Licinius. 110. 1 Cf. Socrates, Hist. Eccles. i. 19. 111. 2 Cf. John Mal. 325. The right designation is Sa&pwr 0Arsa&khj. 112. 1 As Zotenberg suggests, this is a mistaken rendering : he compares Socrates, Hist. Eccles. ii. 25 ... We expect 'imperial power of the west'. 113. 2 Paulinus and Lucifer are very corrupt in the text, owing to faulty transliterations of the Arabic. Cf. Socrates, Hist. Eccles. ii. 36. 114. 3 So Zotenberg conjectures. Text corrupt. 115. 1 Cf. John Mal. 328 ; Chron. Pasch. 297. 116. 2 Kurrhstika& in John Mal. and Chron. Pasch. 117. 2 The explanation of these words and ver. 14 is to be found in an oracle of Apollo given to Julian and recorded in Theodoret (Graecarum Affectionum Curatio, p. 382, ed. Gaisford) : ... 118. 1 Julian was only 32 when he died, according to Eutropius, 31 according to Ammian. xxv. 8, 23 ; Socrates, iii. 21 ; 33 according to John Mal. 333. 119. 1 The text is inaccurate. Cf. John Mal. 336 sq.; Chron. Pasch. 800. 120. 2 The true account is that Jovian surrendered five Mesopotamian provinces with the fortresses of Nisibis and Singara. Even John Mal. 336 sq. concedes most of this. 121. 1 Verses 11-13 are a faulty rendering. Cf. Athanasii Opera ; Patrol. Graec. t. xxvi, col. 813. 122. 2 Cf. John Mal. 337. 123. 2 According to John Mal. 339 sq. Valentinian had Rhodanus burnt and his property given to the widow. Cf. Chron. Pasch. 302. 124. 1 Called Birgiti/nwn in John Mal. 341, and Bergiti/wn in Socrates, Hist. Eccles. iv. 31. 125. 1 It is not an individual but a community that is here referred to. The matter is referred to in Socrates, Hist. Eccles. v. 7, where it is recounted of Demophilus that [Greek]. 126. 1 MSS. Atrasjus of Nisijus. 127. 2 [Ethiopic] gives no intelligible sense. 128. 3 Cf. Socrates, Hist. Eccles. v. 8. 129. 2 Contrast John Mal. 346 ... 130. 3 John Mal. 347 gives 15,000 ; Cedrenus 7,000 or 15,000. 131. 4 This should be Ambrose. 132. 2 The word means 'casket' or 'coffin', but in ver. 62 it means 'statue', as it should here. 133. 1 See note on ver. 46. The true account is given in the extract from Cedrenus in the next note. 134. 2 Cf. Cedrenus, i, 570 sq. ... 135. 3 On the correct account of two great abuses in Rome and their correction by the emperor, see Socrates, Hist, Eccles. v. 18. 136. 1 This is not an accurate account; see note 3 on p. 90. 137. 1 Cf. John Mal. 348 ... In Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vi. 6, he is called commander-in-chief : ... 138. 1 Contrast John Mal. 349-50. 139. 2 Cf. John Mal. 350. 140. 1 A misrendering of [...]. Cf. John Mal. 353. Hence render 'who was also called Eudocia'. This latter name she received on becoming a Christian (Chron. Pasch. 312). 141. 2 So also Chron. Pasch. 311. But according to Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vii. 21, John Mal. 353, Cedrenus i. 590, he was named Leontius. 142. 1 Not found in John Mal. 363. 143. 1 This verse would apparently refer to the death of Hypatia recounted in Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vii. 15, but that our author treats of this at length in lxxxiv. 87 sqq. 144. 2 Cedrenus i. 599 has Tei~xoj. 145. 3 In John Mal., Chron. Pasch., and Cedrenus the event that follows is said to have occurred in the circus. 146. 4 An interpolation. 147. 1 This homily is placed at the beginning of the Acts of the Council of Ephesus : ... 148. 1 See Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vii. 35. 149. 2 In 436 the Armenian bishops consulted Proclus on certain doctrines attributed to Theodore of Mopsuestia. In the following year Proclus replied in his well-known letter peri\ pi/stewj. 150. 1 So MSS. 151. 2 Cf. Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vii. 45 .... Zotenberg quite mistranslates the text. 152. 3 The clause 'and thus . . . from the churches' is transposed in the text before 'the severed members'. 153. 1 The text here reads [Ethiopic] which I take to be a corrupt transliteration of o0rxhsta&j. Cf. Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vii, 13, where he speaks of the fondness of the Alexandrians peri\ ta_j u0rxhsta&j. 154. 2 The text adds 'and he'. 155. 3 I have emended [Ethiopic] into [Ethiopic] ='regarding'. 156. 4 Cf. Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vii. 13 ... 157. 5 Cf. Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vii. 13. 158. 6 The Coptic word for the desert of Nitria, according to Zotenberg. Cf. Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vii. 14. 159. 7 This is apparently wrong. It should be 'Cyril'. 160. 1 Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vii. 16, reads ... 161. 2 According to Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vii. 38, he escaped. 162. 1 Ps. cxvi. 18-19. The text differs from the Ethiopic version in respect of the verb. 163. 2 The account is somewhat different in Socrates, Hist. Eccles. vii. 47. 164. 1 Cf. Evagrius i. 10. 165. 1 This Theodosius was a fanatical Monophysite monk who had been punished in Alexandria for sedition, and had taken forcible possession of the see of Jerusalem for twenty months ; see Evagrius ii. 5. 166. 2 This should be 'dust'. Cf. John Mal. 372 ... 167. 4 Cf. John Mal. 371 ... 168. 5 Cf. John Mal. 369 'Isola&sioj Koiastw&rioj. The Arabic translator took the last word to mean 'the son of Quaestor', or 'of a quaestor'. See also Chron. Pasch. 322. 169. 1 Cf. Evagrius, H. E. ii. 8. 170. 2 Cf. Evagrius, H. E. ii. 9 sq. 171. 1 In Evagrius, H. E. ii. 10, he is said to be of Side. 172. 2 Eutyches was an opponent of Nestorianism. 173. 3 Of. Evagrius, H. E. ii. II. 174. 4 The text is here hopelessly unintelligible. Verina, who was the sister of Basiliscus, was carrying on an intrigue with Patricius, the master of the imperial household. According to Procopius i. 6 she had taken part in driving her son-in-law Zeno into exile in order that she might advance Patricius to the throne. See also John Mal. 378, Chron. Pasch. 325. This Patricius was a son of Asper (John Mal. 371). In Cedrenus i. 613 the proper name Patricius is taken to mean a dignity. 175. 1 So Cedrenus i. 616. Text corrupt: = Suvanses. 176. 2 Accusatives, not nominatives, should here be read. 177. 3 Cf. John Mal. 380. 178. 4 I have supplied a clause which the text requires, and which has fallen out through homoioteleuton. According to John Mal. 380 sq. and Theophanes this was Stephen II, who was appointed patriarch by Zeno in 480, but according to other authorities this was Stephen I, who was patriarch 478-80. Zotenberg by a strange error supplies a like clause before the preceding sentence : '(On nomma ensuite patriarche d'Antioche Etienne), qui proscrivait la secte de Nestorius'. But it was Peter the Fuller (intruding patriarch of Antioch 471-488) who persecuted the Nestorians, and not Stephen, who according to all authorities was put to death by a mob of Antioch on the ground that he was a Nestorian. 179. 1 This is the Church of S. Barlaam. Cf. John Mal. 381. 180. 2 Text hopelessly corrupt. The text was to the effect that Zeno appointed the son of Armatus, the commander of the praetorians, to be Caesar, as he had promised. Cf. John Mal. 381 ... 181. 3 The text is corrupt. ... John Mal. 353. 182. 1 The text is unintelligible and corrupt. It reads, 'made the city to the emperor Zeno'. As John Mal. 383 has here : ... I have emended [Ethiopic] (='made the city') into [Ethiopic] ( = 'made a friend'). 183. 2 Text defective and corrupt. The event is recorded in John Mal. 384, Chron. Pasch. 327. 184. 3 'Ala&rixoj in John Mal. 385 ; Evagrius, H. E. iii. 27, iv. 19. 185. 1 Probably a transliteration of Koiai/stwr, the name of an office, which the translator took to be a proper name. 186. 2 On the various names of Timothy, commonly called Salofaciolus, consecrated patriarch of Alexandria 460 A. D., see Smith's Dict. Christ. Biog. iv. 1033. 187. 3 Peter the Fuller was banished by Zeno (Evagrius, H. E. iii. 8) to Petyus. On the way thither he escaped his guards and took refuge in the church of S. Theodore in Euchaites (Cedrenus i. 618). Thence he returned to Antioch, and intrigued against the orthodox prelates, the two(?) Stephens and Calandio. Finally, on the deposition of the last, Peter was restored by Zeno in 485 on signing the Henoticon. 188. 2 With the confused text of this and the following verses cf. John Mal. 885-9. 189. 4 The text = 'to permit her to remain in the fortress of Isauria', exactly the opposite of what she desired. ... 190. 3 Urbicius was the chief of the eunuchs. 191. 4 sxola&rioj = an official of the palace guard. It is not a proper name. 192. 5 Utterly corrupt. We should read as in John Mal. 388: ... 193. 1 So Zotenberg restores the faulty name. 194. 1 The words 'and the emperor' precede 'by entering a church ... to God' in the previous verse. John Mal. 390, Cedrenus i. 621 support this restoration of the order of the text. 195. 1 The text misrepresents the facts, which were briefly as follows. On one occasion the Green Faction in Constantinople besought the emperor during one of the races to set free from bonds certain individuals who had been cast into prison for throwing stones during an exhibition in the circus. But the emperor refused, and ordered the soldiers to attack the people. Thereupon the mob assailed the imperial guards, and a Moor among it hurled a stone at the emperor. Cf. Chron. Pasch. 329 .... See also John Mal. 394 sq. 196. 1 It is the forum of Constantine that was affected. See above passage. 197. 3 This was the Basilica of Rufinus in Antioch. 198. 4 Cf. John Mal. 396 sqq. 199. 5 John Mal. says Alexandria. 200. 1 Cf. John Mal. 399 .... See Evagrius, H. E. iii. 37. 201. 2 Cf. Evagrius, H. E. iii. 36. 202. 3 Zotenberg takes this to be Illyria. 203. 1 Reading as in ver. 56 204. 2 In John Mal. 407 he is an ex-prefect. 205. 1 Not so in John Mal. 407-8. 206. 1 As Zotenberg shows, the [Ethiopic] is a transliteration of the Arabic words for ' Curds ', i. e. ' Scythians '. 207. 1 This should be ' fine powder'. Cf. John Mal. 403 ... 208. 1 Nakius on B. 209. 2 John Niciota, Monophysite patriarch of Alexandria 507-517. 210. 3 1 Pet. i. 24. 211. 4 Hopelessly corrupt. John Mal. 410 has ko&mhj eckoubito&rwn = 'Count of the imperial guard '. So also Chron. Pasch. 330. 212. 1 This account is incorrect. According to John Mal. 410 sq., Chron. Pasch. 331, Amantius gave large sums of money to Justin to distribute in order to secure the elevation of Theocritus, a Count of the palace guard, to the imperial throne. 213. 3 John Mal. 411 ... 214. 4 This should be the patriarch Leo referred to in ver. 6. 215. 1 These words occur after 'patrician' in the text. 216. 1 John Mal. 419 contradicts this. 217. 1 Chron. Pasch, 332 1Oninoj ; John Mal. 413 No&moj. 218. 2 Corrupt. ... 219. 1 According to other chroniclers the wound was in his foot. 220. 1 So Chron. Pasch. 335. But John Mal. 427 gives Gilderichus. 221. 3 This is quite wrong. Peter removed these generals from their commands. Cf. Chron. Pasch. ... 222. 3 It was Justinian made these presents to the queen of the Huns. Cf. John Mal. 431. 223. 4 In John Mal. 431 these are named To&ragc and Glw&m. 224. 1 John Mal. 431 calls him Grw&d, and Cedrenus Go&rdaj. 225. 2 In John Mal. 432 he is named 'John the ex-consul'. 226. 3 See John Mal. 427. In Cedrenus i. 643 Gre/thj. 227. 2 ... Jewish proselytes held the throne of the Himyarites in the sixth century, and were conquered by the Axumitic king. 228. 3 This should be 'of Axum'(?) ; cf. John Mal. 433. 229. 4 He was the paramona&rioj (= aedituus) of the church of S. John in Alexandria (John Mal. 430). 230. 1 Zotenberg points out that no such event is mentioned in the Egyptian Calendars, but that on this day the memory of the patriarch Dioscorus II was celebrated in the Monophysite Church. 231. 1 There appears to be a lacuna in the text. 232. 1 Bishop of Cyrrhus. 233. 2 Zotenberg does not attempt to translate verses 12-17, on the ground that the text is too corrupt to admit of translation. I render the text as it stands, saving for one or two changes. 234. 2 John Mal. 441 sq. 235. 2 Bishop of Diocaesarea in Isauria about 431. 236. 3 i. e. the Monastery of Ennaton (see Butler, op. cit. 51). 237. 1 According to Evagrius, H. E. iv. 38, John was a native of Seremis, in the district of Cynegica, belonging to Antioch. 238. 1 The text may refer to the capture of Rome by the Goths and its recovery by Belisarius (John Mal. 480), its subsequent capture by the Goths and its recovery by Narses (op. cit. 483-5). 239. 1 The early part of this chapter is full of errors. 240. 2 Text reads Domentiolus. 241. 3 So restored by Zotenberg. 242. 1 So by a slight transposition of the text. 243. 2 Cf. Evagrius, H. E. vi. 10. 244. 3 Third Abyssinian month, beginning on April 8 according to the Gregorian Calendar. 245. 1 Cf. Evagrius, H. E. vi. 20. 246. 2 The word here is purely Amharic. 247. 3 So restored by Zotenberg. See Evagrius, H. E. vi. 16-18. 248. 4 Text restored by Zotenberg. 249. 5 Text has 'elder'. 250. 1 An Arabic word meaning ' scribe'. 251. 2 This sentence precedes the former in the text. 252. 1 So restored by Zotenberg. 253. 1 The Ethiopic is corrupt. Alexander occurs in the text, but seems quite wrong. On the probable erents referred to see Chron, Pasch. 380; Bury, Later Roman Empire, ii. 86-92. 254. 2 Here we have a confused account of Germanus, the father-in-law of Theodosius, son of Maurice (?). 255. 1 Text is a transliteration of a0natolh~j (Zotenberg). 256. 2 Not so according to other chroniclers ; it was the Jews caused these tumults. Cf. Cedrenus i. 712. 257. 3 Bonosus is called Ko&mhj 'Anatolh~j in Cedrenus i. 712. According to Cedrenus, in this passage the leaders of this tumult in Antioch were Jews, who attacked the Christians. 258. 4 This and the following verses are full of confusions. 259. 1 See note 4 on previous page. 260. 2 This seems corrupt for Theodora the wife of Justinian, who founded a convent for penitents. 261. 3 In the text this sentence precedes ver. 4. 262. 4 The text reads Konakis. 263. 1 This word is variously spelt in our text. I retain this spelling. 264. 2 An Amharic word. 265. 3 I hare followed Zotenberg in reading Bonakis here. The text has ' John '. 266. 4 Called Apulon in ver. 9. 267. 1 See note on xcvii. 16. 268. 2 A corruption of a Coptic word. 269. 3 The text = Phons, which generally = Bonosus. According to 10-11 it was the emperor who sent them by means of Bonosus. 270. 1 The text is very confused. I have given so far as possible the general sense. 271. 2 The text needs no emendation here such as Zotenberg suggests. 272. 3 There seems to be a lacuna in the text here. 273. 1 An Arabic word, as Zotenberg points out. 274. 1 So Zotenberg. 275. 2 The text wrongly reads Bonosus here. 276. 1 As Zotenberg points out, this is the transliteration of two Arabic words, the first of which is translated by the Amharic word that follows. 277. 2 i. e. ' the Greens '. 278. 1 Zotenberg emends the text and reads 'west'. 279. 1 So manuscripts. Zotenberg emends and renders 'au chateau'. 280. 1 John, Duke of Barca, who had been sent against the Moslem that had invaded Egypt (so Zotenberg, comparing Nicephorus, Brev. Hist., p. 17). See, however, Butler's Arab Conquest of Egypt, p. 222 n. 281. 2 2 Sam. i. 27. 282. 1 So manuscripts. 283. 1 i.e. Bahnasa(?). 284. 2 I have emended [Ethiopic] (= 'all') into [Ethiopic] = 'both'. 285. 3 On 'Amr's parentage see Gibbon, v. 444 (ed. Bury). 286. 4 This was the fortress, otherwise called Babylon. 287. 5 Identified by Butler (Arab Conquest of Egypt, p. 217 n.) with Umm Dūnain. 288. 1 Butler (Arab Conquest of Egypt, p. 235 n.) has shown that Abākīrī is the same as Apa Cyrus, pagarch of Heracleopolis Magna. 289. 1 See Butler, p. 268 n. 290. 2 The Ethiopic word here bears sometimes, as in this passage, the meaning militia, turba militaris, as in Dillmann's Lex. 291. 1 So emended by Butler (p. 293 n.) Text = ' years'. 292. 2 So restored by Zotenberg. See Butler (p. 297, n. 2), who takes this word to be a compression of two distinct words, Tūkh (Mazīd) and (Mit) Damsīs, which lies about nine miles due east of Tūkh Mazīd in the Delta. 293. 1 The text is a transliteration of an Arabic word (Zotenberg). 294. 2 ' The souls of rulers'so the manuscripts. 295. 3 Sixth Abyssinian month, beginning on Feb. 7 according to the Gregorian Calendar. 296. 3 The text reads 'Anastasius . . . Theodore', but I have in concurrence with Butler's suggestion (op, cit. 303 n.) transposed them. He points out that Anastasius was actually governor of Alexandria prior to the return of Cyrus (see p. 573), and that Theodore was with Cyrus at Rhodes on his way back to Egypt (see cxx. 6 sq.). 297. 1 Since Sa = Sais, which being as far north as Damanhūr was beyond the range of the Arabs at this time, Butler (op. cit. 285 n.) reads Saūnā, which is given in the heading of the chapter. 298. 2 Ninth Abyssinian month, beginning on May 8 according to the Gregorian Calendar. 299. 1 There is a lacuna here. 300. 1 First Abyssinian month, beginning on Sept. 10 according to the Gregorian Calendar. 301. 1 I have transposed the clause 'which he had . . . from the general John' from the close of the preceding sentence, in accordance with Butler's (op. cit. 314 sq.) suggestion. That sentence refers to the discovery of the Holy Cross by Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great. 302. 2 Ps. cxviii. 24. 303. 1 The word [Ethiopic] (= 'to carry', the same word as is used in the preceding clause) can hardly be right. Zotenberg renders it by 'fournir', but it never has this meaning. 304. 1 Seventh Abyssinian month, beginning on Mar. 9 according to the Gregorian Calendar. 305. 1 MSS. to be followed here : text wrongly emended by Zotenberg. 306. 1 ' Mensis Abyssinorum undecimus qui xxv° Junii sec. Calend. Jul., vii° Jul. sec. Cal. Greg. incipit' (Dillmann, Lexicon, 71). 307. 2 This month begins on the 10th of Sept. according to the Calendar of Gregory. 308. 1 The Ethiopic is irregular. 309. 1 This month begins on the 10th of October according to the Gregorian Calendar. 310. 2 i. e. ' the small'. This text was transcribed by Roger Pearse, Ipswich, UK, 26th October 2002. All material on this page is in the public domain - copy freely. Greek text is rendered using the Scholars Press SPIonic font, free from here. \|Early Church Fathers - Additional Texts\|
Earning your Master of Business Administration degree will equip you with the knowledge and skills necessary to lead a business. But an MBA also offers you the opportunity to realign your career path and increase your earning power. EarnMBAdegree.com will help you to explore which MBA degree path is best for you, and identify the opportunities and rewards that an MBA may hold for your career. Earning an MBA online is ideal for professionals who require flexibility to juggle professional and personal responsibilities. The newest generation of highly rated online MBA programs use recent advancements in social networking and videoconferencing technology to make world class-business education accessible to all qualified applicants. Rather than relocating or commuting to campus, online MBA programs allow you to pursue your degree from a top-tier university, studying with renowned professors and global peers while still meeting the obligations of your current lifestyle. EarnMBAdegree.com provides in-depth information on all aspects of the MBA experience. A breakdown of the various concentrations commonly offered by MBA programs will help you to select the specialization most appropriate to your career path. A listing of business schools and related opportunities in each state will inform you of prospects in your area, and our repository of resources for MBA candidates contains links and information about everything else you will need to excel in business school. It all right here on EarnMBAdegree.com.
Andrew Lahiff, a composer of ambient, space and electronic music, started to make his music available via the web in 2002. This is his nineteenth release, and his first to be issued on the Pocket Fields netlabel. Andrew opens the album with “An Image of the Earth”, which glides in and pins the listener into a space between bass and high treble. Liquid notes flow across the room, burbling and gurgling gorgeously as the track opens out. Little high notes dance elegantly above huge organic pads, evoking the beauty of the earth’s globe balanced perfectly in space. Next, “Oak, Snow and Ice” finds us in winter, but with a warm glow from the sun, even in this cold. The use of the stereo soundfield here is vibrant and engaging. Gentle metallic coils suspend themselves above reverb-laden pads, which become notes, which become pads again. Track three, “The Dream Lives Forever”, is the album’s longest, running to eleven minutes. It’s very enigmatic. Moving slowly, and almost with hesitation, it shifts across long spans of scintillating synth chords in a soft ambient swathe. This is truly ethereal and sublime music. In “Alpine Glaciers”, gentle drips of melting iceflows tap away at the surface below, as we observe the endless conversion of ice to water. Cold, yet with an ever-beating heart of warmth inside. “Stones and Ornaments” places us among both forgotten and remembered objects. A sense of nostalgia is ever present, but it’s almost as though we’re not sure what it is that we’re trying to remember. Stones and ornaments can be one and the same, but there is internal conflict in the music about which of those we see. In “Cliffs at the Edge of Time”, there’s a sense of unease and foreboding. This piece isn’t dark, but it seems to be full of questions about the future. Crackles ripple off to the left and right, and the structured centre tries to halt that fragmentation with a long, shifting pad which appears and recedes again, and is gone. The final third of “Quiet Correlations” starts with “New Beginnings”, a tender piece which has just the right amount of yearning for the birth of something new. Never cloying, never over-seasoned, it’s life-affirming in a subtle, positive way. Something new is definitely upon us. “Luminous Approaches” begins as the edgiest piece on the album, heralding imminent changes which bring with them a degree of internal conflict. The instrumentation here is wonderful; everything is in exactly the right place. The highest notes of the music hang over us like a thin, gently moving canopy. The penultimate track “Follow the Mountains” is somewhat mysterious. Long ambient pads stretch out, as far as we can know. The planet turns slowly, and distant creatures cry out in the night. There’s a sense of everything moving back into the right place – into correct, new-yet-familiar spaces. It’s disquieting, but not foreboding. The track closes with a repetitive synth trill which fades into silence. For “Night on the Plateau”, we are left feeling chilly and bereft of shelter. Cold pads draw out in long voices. The noises of the unsettled night creatures continue; periodically, a bell rings as if to draw them ever closer. The album draws to a close with a seemingly unanswered question. Andrew recently joined the roster of the wonderful Relaxed Machinery label, and his first release there is highly anticipated, both by the label and by this reviewer.
Thank you for your interest in East Martin Christian School. We have been providing quality Christian education for over sixty years and look with eagerness to a bright future. We are seeking to educate servant leaders that honor God with their lives. East Martin Christian School serves Kindergarten through Grade 8. Thanks to our dedicated staff, determined parents, and generous supporters, our school has earned an exceptional and enduring reputation. We invite you to visit our school and see first-hand the many opportunities available. You may meet the teachers, experience a chapel service, and tour our building. A visit for a half or full day may be scheduled to see what occurs in a typical school day. East Martin Christian School is a member of Christian Schools International. All of our full-time teachers hold college degrees and certification is required. Our students are eager and intelligent. We are all working together to become people of character. We hope that you will want your child to experience the warmth and fellowship of East Martin Christian School. Choosing the right school for your family can be a difficult task; but this choice will pay big dividends. We believe it is more important than ever to instill in our children quality academics based on Christian values. To those of you who share this vision, we are confident that you and your family will feel at home at East Martin Christian School. We look forward to introducing you to our family at EMCS. Feel free to email Office@EastMartin.org or call 269-672-5722 if you have any questions. Or request an information packet: What others are saying about East Martin Christian School… “EMCS kids are very well prepared for high school. They have a great work ethic, they know their material, and they fit into the school socially very well. We LOVE EMCS kids who join us here – they make our jobs very easy – and the parents are always very supportive and encouraging of Christian education, which we appreciate so much, as well.” ~staff member of Kalamazoo Christian High School
Soup is good, filling and healthy, especially when it is kosher split pea soup with the added attraction of flanken. You should add knee bones for more flavor. Your family and friends will enjoy every spoonful of your lovingly made soup that will enhance your menu. I buy my flanken and knee bones at in East Meadow. The definition of flanken is a strip of meat from the front end of the short ribs of beef. Flanken in Yiddish means side of beef. - 10 cups of water - 1 lb. green split peas - 1 lb. flanken - 4 knee bones - 4 stalks celery, chopped - 4 medium carrots, chopped - 1 medium onion, cut up - Fine noodles (optional) - Salt to taste - Bring water and peas to a boil. - Reduce heat. - Add flanken and knee bones, and then stir in carrots, celery and onions. - Bring back to a boil and then reduce heat, stirring frequently. - Add salt to taste. - Simmer for about an hour or until vegetables are tender. - Remove knee bones and flanken. - Discard knee bones but keep the flanken to serve with veggies or potatoes, along with the soup. - Usually flanken is served with horseradish. - Grind the vegetables in a food grinder or food processor. - When serving the soup you can add a small amount of fine noodles. They will also thicken the soup. Serves: Six normally, but since everybody will want seconds, you better make more.
Report on the news that matters to your community and don't let us miss a beat. Send in your stories and photos. My Recent Comments Will Tempe keep "P. Ben Arredondo" Park? Will Council Member Robin Arredondo tell the public what her involvement was in the case that led to her uncle's indictment and conviction on public corruption charges? Robin also met with the undercover FBI agents that busted her Uncle Ben. 7 months ago This letter is more about Sheriff Babeu than Sheriff Dever. Sheriff Babeu's repeated use of the word "I" and "we" as though he was an extension of Sheriff Dever tells us more about how low Babeu will go to get attention and satisfy his narcissism and megalomania than it does about the greatness of Sheriff Dever. Even Sheriff Arpaio wouldn't stoop this low.8 months ago The AIA will sort this out. Tempe legislator Ed Ableser's demanding an investigation only fans the flames. Ableser needs to let the AIA do its job and quit politicking on the backs of high school football players hoping it will help his re-election. 8 months ago How can Chief Ryff talk about trust? It was just a couple of months ago I read about the chief telling an officer to lie to his sergeant. I found the story where it was mentioned in the Tribune. "In 2009, KPHO CBS 5 News reported current Tempe Police Chief Tom Ryff admitted it was his voice on an audio tape telling a subordinate officer to lie to his sergeant in order to get out of work so the officer and Ryff could “step out on their wives.” 10 months ago Once again Leon shows his inability to read and comprehend the written word. It clearly says in the second line of the story "five black men with handguns tried to rob Michael’s Creative Jewelry store near 48th Street and Ray Road." Leon was just begging the suspects were hispanic so you could go off on one of his illegal alien diatribes. 10 months ago “Officers are compelled to act — on and off duty,” Sgt. Ryan Russell, president of the Mesa Police Association said in a statement issued by the union. Sgt. Russell are you smoking crack? An off-duty officer with his kids in his car decides he needs to take action for a traffic violation and you defend his action? Sgt. Duke should've been a good witness and called 9-1-1 and helped on-duty police officers in official police cars take take appropriate police action. The pubic expects police officers to act accordingly, safely and to obey the law on and off duty. You're the head of the union that cost Mesa taxpayers a half-million dollars in legal fees because you wanted to be paid to get dressed for work. And now you defend a rogue officer who puts not only citizens in jeopardy, but also his children. You give organized labor a bad name. You also give the MPD a bad name. 12 months ago What do you think about the police beating confessions out of suspects in order to prevent future crimes?12 months ago Can't wait to see who Ben Arredondo tells the FBI about. Arredondo was real close with lots of people at Tempe City Hall and the Police Department.May 16, 2012 Shana is waster of tax dollars. Shana voted yes to give this guy an $89,000 a year pension after seven years service. Arizona taxpayers' $650,000 inflates executive's pension. Board gave director sum to bolster his retirement by Craig Harris - Jan. 19, 2011 12:00 AM The Arizona Republic When the executive director of the Regional Public Transportation Authority retires later this year, he will receive a state pension far larger than what his time in office would produce, thanks to a generous taxpayer-funded subsidy. David Boggs, 67, is set to retire later this year with a full 20-year Arizona State Retirement System pension worth about $89,000 a year for life, even though he will have fewer than seven years on the job with the authority, records obtained by The Arizona Republic show. Boggs is able to more than triple what he normally would receive in lifetime ASRS retirement benefits because the transportation-authority board, composed of elected officials from throughout Maricopa County, in 2006 agreed to give him $650,000 from public coffers to buy about 14 years of public-service credit from the pension program. Mar 8, 2012 Tempe residents need to remember the TeaParty supported and still does support recalled state senator Russell Pearce. Feb 10, 2012
Report on the news that matters to your community and don't let us miss a beat. Send in your stories and photos. My Recent Comments Come on, Howie, you’re smarter than this. The Governor is “duty bound” to enforce a state law that forces state employees to violate federal law? Common sense alone dictates a different conclusion. And, the law is clear. (Maybe you should have asked a lawyer.) No state law can authorize violations of federal law. Governor Brewer has received two separate warnings from the Department of justice. The County Attorneys didn't make a "plea" to Governor Brewer. They respectfully pointed out to the Governor that moving forward with implementation of the marijuana program puts the state in grave danger of serious repercussions. Perhaps they were politely filling in the glaring gap left by the oddly silent Attorney General. Please just admit a little bias on your part here. For whatever reason, you personally want the state to implement the “medical” marijuana law, so you personally are going to ignore clear legal reasons why the state should halt implementation. Every other state warned by the DOJ has halted implementation. The only reason given by the Governor for implementing this illegal law is that the voters want it. Why didn’t you ask her what she would do if the voters wanted to prohibit women from voting? Voters can’t pass laws that authorize violations of federal law and you know it. Perhaps the worst part of this article is YOUR statement that, “In fact, the governor tried to get just such an order but without success as a federal judge refused last year to rule on Brewer's request to clarify whether the state's medical marijuana program can proceed in spite of federal law.” You were in the courtroom. The Judge (Judge Bolton) told Attorney General Tom Horne to take a position as to whether or not Prop 203 is unconstitutional or she would be FORCED to dismiss the lawsuit. For whatever reason, Tom Horne refused to take a position and the Judge had no other choice than to dismiss the lawsuit. You know that. How can you, in good conscience, say the Governor TRIED to get an order? She didn’t make even a basic attempt. AND she still could ask for that order. Why doesn’t she? The DOJ gave Arizona two separate warnings not to go forward with implementation of the marijuana program. In the face of Attorney General Tom Horne’s odd silence, 13 county attorneys, both Republicans and Democrats, advised the Governor that the “medical” marijuana law should not be implemented for legal reasons. The Governor thinks she's smarter than the County Attorneys. THAT’S the story. Journalism at its absolute worst. 10 months ago Dave -- The Controlled Substances Act, which makes it illegal to possess, use, grow or sell a controlled substance. Marijuana is a Schedule 1 controlled substance. State employees who issue marijuana cards or dispensary licenses are "facilitating" the possession, use cultivation and/or sale of marijuana contrary to the CSA. Dec 15, 2011 An interesting perspective, Dave. The problem with your analysis is that actual prosecution of state employees is not necessary, so the "likelihood" of the feds prosecuting state employees is irrelevant. The issue is that state employees are violating federal law. A state law simply can't require people to be federal criminals. All have acknowledged that the feds won't and can't give state employees immunity from prosecution. You are correct about the marijuana cards. State employees can't issue those, either. The entire state law is preempted by federal law. Dec 15, 2011 Regardless of why the issue is in court, the question is whether the activities of the clubs are legal or not. Not a difficult legal concept. Mr. Dean's failure to understand basic legal concepts might be why his client is spending wasted time and money fighting a clear loser of a case.Oct 23, 2011 Thank goodness for responsible state leaders! Thank you Governor Brewer and AG Horne for not allowing our state to go down the same path as California and Colorado! Please stop the Department of Health Services from issuing marijuana cards! Jul 21, 2011
It is peaceful here at the Ranch. The beginning of a new season at our Wyoming dude ranch seems so far away when there is snow on the ground. There is still much to do this time of year, but the days move at a much slower pace than during the summer. New flooring is going into a few cabins, and some bathrooms will soon be remodeled. We have a few cabin roofs that will need our attention as well. Every year we think we have caught up on improvements and repairs, but with 51 cabins and 90+ structures in all, there is always work to be done. Bill, Karen, and Will Ferguson, along with Mary Eaton, Nate Schmeiser and T.J. Ferguson just returned from the Dude Ranchers’ Association Convention in Tucson, AZ. While they were away, it was still business as usual for those back at the Ranch. Reservations are beginning to pick up, but there are a number of dates in July still available. Join us for our Annual July Roping on the 3rd and for the 4th, we will be celebrating a Cowboy Christmas. There are wonderful fireworks displays in the area and, depending on the weather, we sometimes have our own display on Howard Hall Lawn. The Sheridan WYO Rodeo is July 13-16 and is a great event for the whole family to attend. Our bed and breakfast is up and running with a few guests taking advantage of a winter escape. This weekend, we are hosting an open house to highlight what we have to offer for winter accommodations and dining. If you are looking for a little getaway in a beautiful location at the foot of the Bighorn Mountains, please contact us for more information. Even with snow on the ground, we know the new dude ranch season here at Eatons’ is closer than we think. We will be hard at work between now and June 1st in preparation for the first guest’s arrival. We hope to see you this summer!
Located next to Ikko in Costa Mesa, Sage Cafe is a tiny little operation which, from the looks of things, appears to be run solely by the owner and possibly a part-time assistant. I think this place is best known for their chicken sandwich, but they were out of chicken so take this review for whatever it's worth, which isn't very much. It'd be like reviewing In-N-Out based solely on their fries. I wasn't super impressed with what I got, but there was enough there that I'd be interested in coming back and doing it proper with the chicken sandwich. As in a proper review. Not as in having sex with the chicken sandwich. Although that might be interesting as well... I don't remember what kind of soup this was, but it was really flavorful. It tasted a little bit like canned soup, but not in a bad way (if that's possible). Honestly, this was probably better than the salami sandwich. If I had to do it over I'd get the half sandwich with soup and salad combo instead of a full sandwich. Salisbury Steak Sandwich - I believe this was a Wednesday special, but the owner made an exception and offered to make it for us since he was completely out of chicken (or rather he used the last of his chicken for the other salad we ordered). The Salisbury steak itself was good, but the proportions of the sandwich were a bit off for me. The bread was too thick and hard, and the haphazard presentation of the greens just made the whole thing difficult to eat. I guess if you had a giant mouth you'd appreciate this more than I did. The flavors were pretty good, I just had a tough time eating it while still looking like a civilized human being. Salami and Provolone - Honestly, I wasn't very happy with this sandwich. The salami was tough and a bit bland and overall there just wasn't very much flavor. I could go the rest of my life without ever eating this again and I'd be content. Candy Salad (greens, grilled chicken, pecan pralines, dried cranberries, blue cheese crumbles) - I don't want to say this was the best thing we had, because it was a salad, but it might've been the best thing we had. If you usually order salads (which I clearly do not) I imagine you'd be pretty happy with this. It was also the only dish that had any chicken in it. Coincidence? Maybe. The point is, if you order something with chicken in it it's probably better than the stuff that doesn't have chicken in it. 735 W Baker St Costa Mesa, CA 92626
Kim balls so hard. In related news, EbenGregory will not be waiting to see what happens in the next 72 days. What does the woman who has everything get the man who has everything for his birthday? If you’re Kim Kardashian, you buy your boyfriend Kanye West a rare, $750,000 Lamborghini. Sources close to the couple tell TMZ … Kim picked up the sweet ride — a Lamborghini Aventador LP 700-4 — for Kanye as he celebrates turning 35 today. But Kanye can’t play with it yet because he’s in Ireland on the Watch the Throne tour. So we’re told Kim took a video of the car to show him … and we’re told she’ll show him that video in person tonight. So it’s probably safe to say the car won’t be Kanye’s only present this year. I see said the blind man. And now… This is EbenGregory.com…telling you I call that magic stick huh Ray J.
1 Now Joshua a was old, advanced in years. And the LORD said to him: "You are old, advanced in years, and there remains very much land yet to be possessed. 2 b "This is the land that yet remains: c all the territory of the Philistines and all d that of the Geshurites, 3 e "from Sihor, which is east of Egypt, as far as the border of Ekron northward (which is counted as Canaanite); the f five lords of the Philistines - the Gazites, the Ashdodites, the Ashkelonites, the Gittites, and the Ekronites; also g the Avites; 4 "from the south, all the land of the Canaanites, and Mearah that belongs to the Sidonians h as far as Aphek, to the border of i the Amorites; 5 "the land of j the 1 Gebalites, and all Lebanon, toward the sunrise, k from Baal Gad below Mount Hermon as far as the entrance to Hamath; 6 "all the inhabitants of the mountains from Lebanon as far as l the 2 Brook Misrephoth, and all the Sidonians - them m I will drive out from before the children of Israel; only n divide 3 it by lot to Israel as an inheritance, as I have commanded you. 7 "Now therefore, divide this land as an inheritance to the nine tribes and half the tribe of Manasseh." 8 With the other half-tribe the Reubenites and the Gadites received their inheritance, o which Moses had given them, p beyond the Jordan eastward, as Moses the servant of the LORD had given them: 9 from Aroer which is on the bank of the River Arnon, and the town that is in the midst of the ravine, q and all the plain of Medeba as far as Dibon; 10 r all the cities of Sihon king of the Amorites, who reigned in Heshbon, as far as the border of the children of Ammon; 11 s Gilead, and the border of the Geshurites and Maachathites, all Mount Hermon, and all Bashan as far as Salcah; 12 all the kingdom of Og in Bashan, who reigned in Ashtaroth and Edrei, who remained of t the remnant of the giants; u for Moses had 4 defeated and 5 cast out these. 13 Nevertheless the children of Israel v did not drive out the Geshurites or the Maachathites, but the Geshurites and the Maachathites dwell among the Israelites until this day. 14 w Only to the tribe of Levi he had given 6 no inheritance; the sacrifices of the LORD God of Israel made by fire are their inheritance, x as He said to them. 15 y And Moses had given to the tribe of the children of Reuben an inheritance according to their families. 16 Their territory was z from Aroer, which is on the bank of the River Arnon, a and the city that is in the midst of the ravine, b and all the plain by Medeba; 17 c Heshbon and all its cities that are in the plain: Dibon, Bamoth Baal, Beth Baal Meon, 18 d Jahaza, Kedemoth, Mephaath, 19 e Kirjathaim, f Sibmah, Zereth Shahar on the mountain of the valley, 20 Beth Peor, g the slopes of Pisgah, and Beth Jeshimoth - 21 h all the cities of the plain and all the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, who reigned in Heshbon, i whom Moses had struck j with the princes of Midian: Evi, Rekem, Zur, Hur, and Reba, who were princes of Sihon dwelling in the country. 22 The children of Israel also killed with the sword k Balaam the son of Beor, the 7 soothsayer, among those who were killed by them. 23 And the border of the children of Reuben was the bank of the Jordan. This was the inheritance of the children of Reuben according to their families, the cities and their villages. 24 l Moses also had given an inheritance to the tribe of Gad, to the children of Gad according to their families. 25 m Their territory was Jazer, and all the cities of Gilead, n and half the land of the Ammonites as far as Aroer, which is before o Rabbah, 26 and from Heshbon to Ramath Mizpah and Betonim, and from Mahanaim to the border of Debir, 27 and in the valley p Beth Haram, Beth Nimrah, q Succoth, and Zaphon, the rest of the kingdom of Sihon king of Heshbon, with the Jordan as its border, as far as the edge r of the 8 Sea of Chinnereth, on the other side of the Jordan eastward. 28 This is the inheritance of the children of Gad according to their families, the cities and their villages. 29 s Moses also had given an inheritance to half the tribe of Manasseh; it was for half the tribe of the children of Manasseh according to their families: 30 Their territory was from Mahanaim, all Bashan, all the kingdom of Og king of Bashan, and t all the towns of Jair which are in Bashan, sixty cities; 31 half of Gilead, and u Ashtaroth and Edrei, cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan, were for the v children of Machir the son of Manasseh, for half of the children of Machir according to their families. 32 These are the areas which Moses had 9 distributed as an inheritance in the plains of Moab on the other side of the Jordan, by Jericho eastward. 33 w But to the tribe of Levi Moses had given no inheritance; the LORD God of Israel was their inheritance, x as He had said to them.New King James Version (NKJV) Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc.
Have you been looking for a way to save on your energy bill. Well, there is a lot of talk about going solar, replacing windows, and tank less water heaters, which is great if you have money to invest. But what about those that don’t have the extra cash right now or even those that rent yet still want to feel socially responsible and contribute to the “Green Movement”. Here is an easy 10 minute task that will start you on your way to immediate savings. And best of all, you don’t have to remodel or need a contractor.
In the third edition of the Fansided 2013 NFL Mock Draft, The Baltimore Ravens have selected Kenny Vaccaro, SS, Texas. Here is What Fansided Writer Josh Hill had to say about the pick. The Ravens want to keep their defense stout, but there is a transition period coming up as the aging stars of yesteryears defense are starting to head towards the exit. Ed Reed isn’t retiring but he’s not bathing in the fountain of youth either. Vaccaro has looked great on a bad Texas defense and should he head to Baltimore, it would again be a case of the rich getting richer on defense. I do think the Ravens need a safety and last weeks pick(Florida safety Matt Elam) was already off the board. but Vaccaro feels like a huge reach. The safety position is one of the least picked positions in the first round because superstars are few and far between and teams can find starters later on in the draft, this mock has 3 in the first round in a class that isn’t particularly strong. Vaccaro is a guy that come draft time, could easily be available for the Ravens with their second round pick and he isn’t markedly better than a guy like Robert Lester who almost definitely would be a late second rounder and could even last into the third. If the draft falls this way I have trouble seeing the Ravens keep their pick. either a trade up to get a guy like Alec Ogletree who I have heard the Ravens are enamored with or a trade down and grabbing a C.J. Mosely or a D-lineman would probably be a good move.
The simplest reason is to get More Customers: Due to the unique way that the eBusinessPages Business Directory is structured a Premium + Verified Listing is the most powerful way to get more clients to contact Landscape Curbing Llc. Not only will your listing be more noticeable and more trustworthy, it will also be displayed more prominently in our category (Landscape services and Parent Categories) and location (Great Falls, MT and USA Wide) listings. Landscape Curbing Llc will be displayed in your competitor's listings while no ads will be shown in your own listing. Starting at $2.78 for a Premium Verified Listing, there is every reason to give Landscape Curbing Llc the eBusinessPages Premium treatment today.
Monday, January 01, 2007 A Healthy New Year. Part I, from Paul Krugman Paul Krugman (sadly, behind the paywall) has written an interesting column arguing for the need of a single-payer health care system in the United States. Why? Because several payers (insurance companies, insurance plans, various levels of governments, consumers themselves) don't create a system of price competition in health care markets; what they create is a system of bloated administrative costs and reduced incentives to cover preventive care. The latter is because the benefits of prevention may not accrue until some point in the future and might not help the current payer, and the former is because competition in medical care is largely based on quality (or the contents of the package sold), not on price. The administrative costs are high as each payer tries to exert its own controls on what is to be covered in great detail and as the different payers struggle not to become the ones who are burdened with the largest costs. The providers of health care then fight back with their own administrative systems which try to extract the maximum payment possible. The ultimate reason for all this is the uncertainty and lack of information we have about what is truly necessary in medical care. I've written earlier about the difficult characteristics of the medical care as a market, and many of these characteristics mean that the price system doesn't cause as much "good" competition as we would like to see. The usual counterargument for a single-payer system is that such a system reduces choice. But as Krugman points out, choice of physicians and other health care providers could be written into a single-payer system. What he doesn't point out is something equally important: Choice in the multipayer system may often not be much more meaningful as most payers limit consumers' rights to seek alternative sources of care and in any case consumers are often unable to judge the quality of care very well. This does not mean that a single-buyer system wouldn't have its own problems. All systems have them. But a single-buyer system would certainly give us a better chance to provide health care insurance which would cover all Americans. The current system allows over forty million Americans to be without health care coverage. These people are the working poor, the medically indigent and the young, and the reasons why they have no coverage vary by group. The working poor are not covered because health insurance is seldom provided as a perk in low-paying jobs and to buy insurance separately is extremely expensive. The medically indigent are individuals who already have health problems. Private firms are reluctant to cover such individuals as they are more likely to cost money than those who are currently healthy. The young judge their own likelihood of needing health care to be too low to justify the large deductibles often required, assuming that they have access to insurance in the first place. Yet the whole idea behind insurance is to pool risks in order to average them out across people and time periods, and the removal of the low-risk young individuals from the pool raises the average costs to the rest. It also leaves the young uncovered and some of them do get ill. Note that "choice" is not working very well here, except perhaps for the last group mentioned, and even there only in a very short-run sense. But it is possible that other aspects of choice in a multipayer system are more important for the average American. Still, I agree with Krugman that a serious discussion of alternatives is overdue.
Echo graduates have served in or are now serving in twenty-nine dioceses. Featured Alumni Profiles: Gerardo Rojas • Echo 1 Alumnus Beth Franzosa • Echo 2 Alumna Tae Kang • Echo 5 Alumnus Those who have completed the Echo program, including the requirements for the Master of Arts in Theology, have taken diverse and inspiring paths, including but not limited to the following: parish catechetical ministry; youth and young adult ministry; diocesan leadership, multicultural parish ministry, adult faith formation; Catholic high school teaching and campus ministry; collegiate/university catechetical ministry; social work, direct service to the poor; law school; and doctoral study in theology. About 80 percent of all positions secured by Echo graduates for work, service, or study are in ministry or in areas related to ministry.
New York based photographer Michael Hauptman, assisted fashion photographer Richard Burbridge before pursuing his own career in 2010 and publishing his first book "Notes on, something like life should be". His photos have appeared in Dazed and Confused, Oyster, Opening Ceremony, and Japanese cult magazine T amongst other publication. With a distinct use of colorful light that opens his images and makes us dream of summer afternoons, eclectic* had the chance to talk with Michael about his craft and inspirations. eclectic*: What colors, images, and themes do you enjoy working with? michael: I always seem to be drawn towards warmer colors, I like the subtle uplifting emotion it enhances/creates. As far as images and themes, that really changes day to day. That is one of the best things about photography, one day you get to do a portrait of some you thought you would never meet and the next day you get to shoot a fashion story. All the while being able to transpose how and what you're feeling that day. e: What is inspiring you at the moment? m: Outer space, the Apollo missions, and everything that was accomplished in the 1960's into the early 1970's by NASA. e: What do you enjoy communicating through your photography? m: My biggest goal with photography has always been the same; I want to capture a real and honest moment with whoever or whatever I am taking a photo of. If someone looks at one of my photographs and feels an emotion or makes them think of a personal moment in their life I've succeeded. e: What upcoming projects do you have? m: It's in very very early stages but I've started working on a new book, which will more or less consist of photographs I took in India. Editorial wise, in the next couple of weeks I'm shooting something for this great magazine out of London called Beat as well as Teen Vogue and Oyster. e: What are you listening to at the moment? m: I think I consistently feel a bit musically stagnate and I listen to a broad cross section of music but a staple would have to be Bob Dylan, Neil Young, and a lot of Hot97, which is a hip hop radio station in NYC.
Please include the following corrections to the core standard. divF(x,y) = resultF(x/y),rndF) if y\=0 = undefined if x=0,y=0 = zero_divisor if x\=0,y=0This mistake is apparently inherited from the first LIA standard. I have been told that these changes cannot be put into the corrigendum because they would make existing conforming implementations non-comforming. It is, however, the whole point of a "corrigendum" to correct mistakes, and inevitable that implementations may have to change to implement the corrections. In the new section on min/2 and max/2, please do not refer to float_overflow when talking about to the case that an integer is not exactly representable as a float! As defined in 126.96.36.199, float_overflow occurs when a result is greater than fmax, which is not the case we want to capture here. See 2006 Mailing list discussion for a previous discussion on that topic. Whether such an error is needed is debatable. In the suggested case of the open/3 predicate being called with an instantiated output argument, the need for a new error goes away when we imagine that the check is performed after the new stream has been created, and just before it is unified with the result argument. Without check, this unification would fail, and it is this failure that we want to supplant with an approriate error. Elsewhere, such a situation would be signaled via a type_error (if types are different) or a domain_error (if types match, but value differs from what's expected). So why not % newly opened stream would be unified with 99 -> type error ?- open(f1, read, 99). type_error(stream, 99) % newly opened stream would be unified with other stream -> domain error ?- open(f1, read, S), open(f2, read, S). domain_error(stream, $stream(f1)) It has been argued that in some implementations open(t,write,S), close(S), open(t,write,S2), S==S2 may succeed, and thus the error case does not replace a failure. I hope it is undisputed that the intended semantics in that case is indeed a failure (even though the standard leaves it unspecified), and not to implement this failure is merely an oversight. A case for the "uninstantiation" error can be made, however, in a completely different situation, where a variable is used as a quasi-identifier in a quantifier-like construct, e.g. ?- Y=foo, setof(X, Y^p(X,Y), L).One could argue that this is likely to be a mistake and should be flagged by an "uninstantiation" error for Y. In this context, however, the name "uninstantiation" is unhelpful. A type_error(variable) would be quite appropriate, since these variables are not meant to ever become instantiated, so being a "variable" is their final destiny or, arguably, their "type". Another (non-ISO) argument that has been made for why we need this error is a predicate that attaches attributes to variables, but is called with a non-variable, e.g. put_attr(foo,attrname,attrval). There is, however, no reason why this should not be equivalent to put_attr(X,attrname,attrval),X=foo and behave accordingly, i.e. succeed or fail according to the semantics of the attribute. The pi/0 arithmetic function is problematic because of its return type. In a basic ISO system, the return type is simply float. A system that provides more than one representation for real numbers (e.g. different floating-point representations, or both floats and intervals) must settle for one of these types as the return type for pi (because it is argument-less, it cannot be polymorphic). It would have to be the one with the highest precision because it then can be converted to a lower-precision type as needed (whereas missing precision cannot be recovered later). What this means, however, is that a multi-representation system cannot really commit to pi/0 returning the float-type (which may not have enough precision). Or, if it did, it would have to provide additional variants to return the higher precision representations (pi_binary_128/0, pi_decimal_64/0 etc). A similar problem exists with regard to the type of literal constants such as 1.0. In a system with multiple representations, possible solutions are For the case of pi, the easiest way to solve the problem is to provide a function pi/1, where pi(X) is equivalent to piX computed with the precision of X (but at least the smallest floating point precision, to avoid biblical surprises like 3=:=pi(1)). Draft technical corrigendum 2 (Mar 2011) includes the introduction of a predefined prefix operator declaration and evaluable function for +/1. It seems that no corresponding modification for the signed number term syntax has been proposed. Unless I am misinterpreting something, this leads to an asymmetry between the minus and the plus sign: \|Input\|\|ISO 13211-1\|\|DTC2 Mar 2011\|\|ECLiPSe 6.0 native\|\|My suggestion for ISO\| \| \|\|-1\|\|-1\|\|-(1) (version 6.1)\|\|-(1)\| \| \|\|error\|\|+(1)\|\|+(1) (version 6.1)\|\|+(1)\| \| \|\|N = -1\|\|N = -1\|\|N = -1\|\|N = -1\| \| \|\|error\|\|error\|\|N = 1\|\|N = 1\| I suggest to adopt the last column as correction for DTC2: On the other hand, it has been pointed out that allowing + as a sign is less "necessary" than allowing - (negative number syntax is necessary to allow writeq+read give the correct result with negative numbers), and therefore the +/- asymmetry may be considered ok. NOTE (not for ISO - I think it's too late to change this aspect): I do think that the ECLiPSe (and SWI) choice (of not allowing space of any kind between sign and number) is the most consistent because: -(a,b)is a -/2 term in functor notation, while - (a,b)is a -/1 term in prefix notation, i.e. the space causes the minus sign to be interpreted as prefix operator. I assume this is meant to be a difference-list version of term_variables/2. Difference-list-variants of list-constructing predicates can be a good idea (findall/3 comes to mind, but also atom_codes/2 etc), but as the standard does not systematically provide these, it seems there should be a special reason for providing it in this case - what is it? Apparently, the use case is the implementation of bagof/setof. The arguments made below still hold. As opposed to the other examples quoted above, a difference-list version of term_variables/2 is a particularly bad idea because term_variables(T1, Vs, Vs1), term_variables(T2, Vs1, ).is not the same as term_variables(T1-T2, Vs).because it is supposed to return a duplicate-free variable list. The predicate invites bugs by suggesting a usage that is unlikely to give the expected results. Note that the correct way to augment a term-variable-list is term_variables(T1, Vs1), term_variables(Vs1-T2, Vs). The predicate as originally specified in the standard is unnecessarily limited in usefulness by requiring an error for the case that the right-hand side string cannot be parsed as a number. Failure would be much more useful, as the predicate could be readily used to "convert to a number if possible", allowing the following common pattern: ( number_chars(Num, Chars) -> <deal with a number Num> ; <deal with something else in Chars> ) Neumerkel's comparison drew my attention to other surprises in the ISO spec: number_codes(3," /comment*/ 3")is supposed to succeed. Why comments? We are not parsing a program here! number_codes(N, "3 ")is required to raise an exception. Why the asymmetry? number_codes(3, "03")succeeds, but number_codes(3, "+3")is required to raise an exception. Do we want to allow redundant characters or not? number_codes(N, "- 3.1e-2")is allowed, but number_codes(N, "-3.1e- 2")is not. Do we want to allow redundant space or not? The reason for the strangeness is, of course, that the specification refers to the Prolog term syntax (probably to avoid having to deal with signs), rather than more directly to number token syntax. A more sensible, but still compact spec can be had by specifying the language accepted by number_chars separately in terms of token syntax, e.g. [sign] (integer token\|float number token)If it is felt that redundant spaces must be accepted, these can now be re-introduced explicitly (but preferably on both sides of the number, and without allowing comments). Nevertheless, for a built-in 'primitive', it would be cleaner to accept the pure number only. It can be doubted whether point 1 above (allowing comments) and point 4 (space after sign) are really required by 8.16.7, because it mentions "a character sequence which could be output". No ouput primitive will output extra comments, and no output primitive according to 7.10.5 will output space between sign and number. % top.pl :- include('somedir/include_p'). % somedir/include_p.pl :- ensure_loaded(p). % somedir/p.pl p.and we compile top.pl. What current directory should we expect when encountering the ensure_loaded(p) directive in somedir/include_p.pl? With pure include-semantics, the above code does not work: the ensure_loaded behaves as if it occurred within top.pl directly. SWI Prolog, YAP and ECLiPSe behave that way. SICStus (and similar directives in C) behave the other way, i.e. certain pathnames in included files are relative to the includee's not the includer's location. However, the current directory is still the includer's, so the situation is a bit confusing. A discussion from the ECLiPSe point of view is in bug 678. Thanks for comments to: Richard O'Keefe, Paulo Moura, Ulrich Neumerkel.
The generalist parasitoid Pteromalus apum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) can be found ovipositing in the Glanville fritillary butterfly, Melitaea cinxia, and in the Heath fritillary butterfly, Melitaea athalia, (both Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Åland Islands (located between south-western Finland and eastern Sweden). In contrast, Hyposoter horticola (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is a specialist parasitoid of M. cinxia. In this study we investigated the geographic population structure of H. horticola (the specialist) and P. apum (the generalist) in the Åland Islands using AFLP markers. We hypothesized that in the specialist parasitoid, the need to search for specific insect hosts will generate a panmictic population. In contrast, the generalist parasitoid will have a more structured population as a result of its ability to oviposit in more than one host species. Ovipositing on more than one insect host may allow the generalist parasitoid to remain in more localized areas than the specialist parasitoid. Molecular markers indicate that Hyposoter horticola in the Åland Islands lacks geographically based population structure. Behavioral observations suggest that the specialist, H. horticola, has a relatively high rate of dispersal when compared with the generalist P. apum. This difference in dispersal may be explained by insect host availability and may translate in differences in the level of gene flow in generalist versus specialist parasitoids. The existence of population structure in P.apum was assessed using the same molecular markers used for H. horticola. Understanding the nature of population structure in parasitoids is crucial for designing conservation and biocontrol strategies.
Hope all is well with who ever still stops by. Things have been busy for me as usual. Been making some real progress. I have been sick as a dog for almost 2 weeks but finally am coming out of it. Probably my body rejecting the very thought of colder weather. Leaves have changed and it will be a wintry feel this Saturday in the morning with a frost. Joy. I do have a Caribbean vacation planned for November so maybe that will make things easier. A New England Patriots running game certainly helps as well! (Don't mention the Saints!) I just like to learn and know stuff. It's a habit. Since tuning out markets and finance and focusing on science hard core, I find my mind just wants more and more of things of interest. Of course this feeds my Wikipedia/Damn Interesting reading habit. Some cool finds of the last few weeks if you are interested: The Taman Shud Case High drama on this one! Check it out: Considered "one of Australia's most profound mysteries",the case has been the subject of intense speculation over the years regarding the identity of the victim, the events leading up to his death and the cause of death. Public interest in the case remains significant due to a number of factors: the death occurring at a time of heightened tensions during the Cold War, the use of an undetectable poison, lack of identification, the possibility of unrequited love and the involvement of a secret code in a very rare book.Cretaceous–Paleogene Boundary Formerly the K-T boundary, evidence that an impact event probably killed off the dinosaurs may well be found in an iridium layer across the globe. The builder of the third lighthouse at Eddystone pioneered the use of concrete and changed lighthouse design forever. Great Damn Interesting article is here as well. Come on, you want to learn about Osmium don't you? The Story of Achilles Great Wiki entry on a literary historical figure. Have a good night.
Nu-Tech Corporate Services Ltd. BSE: 52631358888: nuteIND: Finance & InvestmentsISIN code: INE041C01012SECT: Finance Click to see NSE detailed Quotes The IPO page of Nu-Tech Corporate Services Ltd. captures the details on its Issue Open Date, Issue Close Date, Listing Date, Face Value, Price band, Issue Size, Issue Type, and Listing Date's Open Price, High Price, Low Price, Close price and Volume. It also captures the Holding Period Returns and Annual Returns.
Though it's not mandatory to register every document, doing so proves its authenticity and helps avoid legal battles. Koda was granted three-week's provisional bail yesterday by the high court on the ground of treatment of his ailing mother. The CBI is likely to send confidential documents received from arms dealer Abhishek Verma's estranged business associate to Defence Ministry for authentication. CBI examines fresh documents sent by arms dealer Abhishek Verma's estranged business associate in which name of a Home Ministry official surfaced. GMR Infra has submitted documents for a formal bid for developing $ 425 mn Mactan- Cebu International Airport project in Philippines. CBI sources said the agency had recovered documents and hard-disks of computers which are being sent to forensic laboratory for further analysis. CBI handed over to the Supreme Court documents to show that its chargesheet in the excess spectrum case did deal with Bharti Telecom MD Sunil Mittal. Urban Development minister Kamal Nath today asked Central Public Works Department (CPWD) to prepare a uniform standard contract document within three months. We are excited to be able to offer Prizm Cloud to all web developers ... Our document viewers have been a large part of our business portfolio here at Accusoft, and we are excited that we can now offer this technology as a service. We are excited to be able to offer Prizm Cloud to all web developers
Customer behavior modeling has gained increasing attention in the context of dynamic pricing. As an important behavior phenomenon, consumer inertia refers to consumers' inherent tendency of purchase procrastination and may induce consumers to wait even when immediate purchase is optimal from an objective perspective. This paper studies a dynamic pricing problem for a monopolist firm selling perishable goods to consumers who may be influenced by inertia. We formulate this problem using the finite-horizon dynamic programming approach and derive the optimal dynamic pricing policy. We demonstrate that consumer inertia produces negative effects on firms' expected revenues and optimal prices, which are monotonically decreasing in both inertia depth and breadth. Through numerical illustrations, we further show that the marginal effects of inertia depth on optimal prices and expected revenues are decreasing, whereas the marginal effects of inertia breadth are increasing. Finally we propose some suggestions for firms to influence the level of consumer inertia.
Even if you don't use microblogging services like Twitter and FriendFeed personally, monitoring what's being said on them may be of benefit to your company. Online reputation monitoring is a rapidly growing market and our Reputation Monitoring and Buzz Monitoring Buyer's Guide profiles 16 vendors in this space. We've also provided suggestions for DIY reputation monitoring on the cheap. Add another free service to your list: Twingly. The Swedish-based blog search engine yesterday launched a dedicated search engine for microblogs. This engine searches through Twitter, Jaiku, Identi.ca, Bleeper.de, Bloggy.se and Pownce. FriendFeed is on the way according to Twingly CEO Martin Källström. I took Twingly for a spin and overall, I'm impressed. The first thing you'll notice: a Google-like search page that's clutter free. Search results are also very clean; they're sorted by time posted (from newest to oldest), provide a basic filter allowing users to limit which microblogging services are included in the results and allow you to subscribe to RSS feeds or email alerts for the keyword(s) provided. One annoyance: in a number of searches, it appeared that using quotations to search for specific phrases did not always return the best results (I sometimes received microblog posts with just one of the keywords contained in the phrase) but overall, finding posts related to Econsultancy, for instance, was very simple and returned good, up-to-date results. While Twingly isn't doing anything revolutionary or groundbreaking with its microblog search, it's a well designed service and will be especially useful for those looking for a free and efficient way to search through the millions of tweets and microblog posts that now traverse the internet on a daily basis.
- UK consumers are less brand loyal when trying new products - Friends and family have the biggest influence on buying new products LONDON – 22 January – When it comes to new product launches, UK consumers (with internet access) are more willing to consider switching to a new brand (59%) than consumers globally (50%), according to a new study from Nielsen, a leading global provider of information and insights into what consumers watch and buy. The Nielsen Global Survey of New Product Purchase Sentiment – which surveyed more than 29,000 internet respondents in 58 countries – shows that over half (52%) of UK consumers say they won’t purchase an innovative new product until it has proven itself. Britons are less cautious about needing this proof-of-concept than consumers globally (60%) and across Europe (58%). Forty percent of Britons say they prefer to buy from a UK brand rather than a large global one. “Innovating on established brands that are already trusted by consumers can be a powerful strategy,” said Johan Sjöstrand, European managing director of Nielsen BASES, which helps clients grow through innovation. “Companies spend millions on new product innovation, yet two-thirds of them won’t survive beyond three years.” IMPORTANCE OF VALUE IN NEW PRODUCT SUCCESS According to Nielsen’s survey, 59 percent of UK respondents say they would consider ‘value’ or ‘store-brand’ options - fewer than across both Europe (66%) and globally (64%). Furthermore, 40 percent of Britons report that challenging economic conditions make them less likely to try a new product and only 25 percent are willing to pay a premium price, whereas 29 percent of Europeans and 39 percent of consumers globally are willing to do so. “Consumers are willing to adopt new product and brand innovations provided there is a strongly perceived value proposition. Without this, any product innovation will face an uphill challenge to stay on the shelf, especially given the tough economic climate” said Sjöstrand. “In order for consumers to adopt new brands, marketers need to launch very strong awareness and trial-building campaigns, supported by a positive product experience.” MOST LIKELY SOURCES OF NEW INFORMATION TV ads are the single most important source of information on new products, cited by one quarter (25%) of UK respondents, followed by free samples (21%), internet searching (19%), friends/family (16%) and in-store information (12%). However, across Europe as a whole, TV ads (29%) and free samples (24%) are a little more likely to be the single most important source of information, whilst internet searching (12%), friends/family (12%) and in-store (9%) are a little less likely to be respondents’ main source. BIGGEST INFLUENCES ON PURCHASING Nielsen’s review of 21 different ways that consumers learn about new products shows that friends/family have the greatest impact on potential purchasing: 68 percent of UK respondents say this way would make them more likely to buy a new product, compared to 77 percent of respondents globally. Two-thirds (66%) said seeing it in a shop would make them more likely to buy, followed by getting a free sample (59%), internet searching (53%) and TV ads (49%). TV ads are much more influential globally (cited by 59% of respondents). The internet has the greatest influence on purchases of new electronics products – 70 percent of UK respondents say it is very or somewhat important when deciding to buy a new electronics product. Almost two-thirds (64%) cite the influence of the internet for new appliance products, followed by books (60%), music (55%) and cars/automotive (51%). The internet has more influence in Europe and globally across all these new product types than it does amongst UK consumers – particularly with music and automotive purchases. - ENDS - About the Nielsen Global Survey The Nielsen Global Survey of New Product Purchase Sentiment was conducted between August 10 and September 7, 2012, and polled more than 29,000 online consumers in 58 countries throughout Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, and North America. The sample has quotas based on age and sex for each country based on their internet users and is weighted to be representative of internet consumers and has a maximum margin of error of ±0.6%. This Nielsen survey is based on the behaviour of respondents with online access only. Internet penetration rates vary by country. Nielsen uses a minimum reporting standard of 60-percent internet penetration or 10M online population for survey inclusion. The Nielsen Global Survey, which includes the Global Consumer Confidence Index, was established in 2005. Nielsen Holdings N.V. (NYSE: NLSN) is a global information and measurement company with leading market positions in marketing and consumer information, television, and other media measurement, online intelligence, mobile measurement, trade shows, and related properties. Nielsen has a presence in approximately 100 countries, with headquarters in New York, USA, and Diemen, the Netherlands. For more information, visit www.nielsen.com. Published on: 5:29PM on 22nd January 2013
Glasvegas – The Original 1977 Musical This listing is from a previous year. Search for current listings. 3Bugs Fringe Theatre revives the 1977 musical comedy set on the streets of Glasgow. Launching the careers of Morag Fullarton, and twice Oscar-nominated film composer, Patrick Doyle, it is inventive and inherently Scottish. Tracking the lives of the handsome Mick McMolicate and his gang of doting followers, whose master plan is to act like gangsters, overcome authority, put together a rock band and live a life of fame and fortune. A fun-filled and fast-paced evening of laughs, catchy doo-wop rock’n’roll and lovable characters that help to create the dazzling world of Glasvegas. Ages 12+. Contains strong language. 3Bugs Fringe Theatre. Text supplied by third party. We have no details of upcoming performances. Reviews & features Tell us more about this listing.
WASHINGTON (CNN) -- President Obama lifted all restrictions Monday on the ability of individuals to visit relatives in Cuba, as well as to send them remittances. The changes in Cuban policy was unveiled before President Obama's trip to the Summit of the Americas. The move represents a significant shift in a U.S. policy that had remained largely unchanged for nearly half a century. It comes days before Obama leaves for a key meeting of hemispheric powers, the Summit of the Americas, in Trinidad and Tobago. "President Obama has directed that a series of steps be taken to reach out to the Cuban people to support their desire to enjoy basic human rights and to freely determine their country's future," White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs said. Obama also ordered new steps to promote the "freer flow of information among the Cuban people and between those in Cuba and the rest of the world, as well as to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian items directly to the Cuban people," Gibbs added. The president took "these steps [in part] to help bridge the gap among divided Cuban families." Obama believes that the change in U.S. policy will ultimately help bring about a more tolerant, democratic Cuban government, noted White House Latin American policy adviser Dan Restrepo. He thinks "that creating independence, creating space for the Cuban people to operate freely from the regime is the kind of space they need to start the process toward a more democratic Cuba," Restrepo said. Several key components of America's embargo on the island nation will be preserved, however. Among other things, Americans will still be barred from sending gifts or other items to high-ranking Cuban government officials and Communist Party members. Travel restrictions for Americans of non-Cuban descent will also remain in place. Critics of the change blasted the administration for unilaterally changing what had been a long-settled U.S. policy. President Raúl Castro's "dictatorship is one of the most brutal in the world. The U.S. economic embargo must remain in place until tyranny gives way to freedom and democracy," Rep. Connie Mack, R-Florida, said in a written statement. Obama "should not make any unilateral change in America's policy toward Cuba. Instead, Congress should vigorously debate these and other ideas before any substantive policy changes are implemented." Sen. Mel Martinez, R-Florida, and a native of Cuba, had kinder words for the administration, saying, "The announcement today is good news for Cuban families separated by the lack of freedom in Cuba." He said that, in turn, the Cuban government should focus on improving its relationships with its citizens and the United States. "Lowering remittance charges and allowing travel for Cuban families wishing to see relatives abroad are two steps the Cuban regime could immediately take that would show change in Havana," he said. Reps. Chris Smith, R-New Jersey, and Frank Wolf, R-Virginia, held a news conference last week urging Obama to refrain from easing trade embargo or travel restrictions until the Cuban government releases all "prisoners of conscience," shows greater respect for freedom of religion and speech, and holds "free and fair" elections. "Over the past 50 years, the Castros and their secret police have been directly responsible for killing thousands of nonviolent, courageous pro-democracy activists and for jailing and torturing tens of thousands of others. And they continue to this day to perpetrate their brutal crimes," Smith said. Rep. Barbara Lee, D-California, who chairs the Congressional Black Caucus, responded that it makes no sense to continue what she characterized as a failed policy. Watch report on easing of travel restrictions » "Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, but by any objective standard, our current policy toward Cuba just hasn't worked. Simply put, it's time to open dialogue and discussion with Cuba," she said in a written statement. Lee and other Congressional Black Caucus members met in Havana this month with Raúl Castro and his brother, former President Fidel Castro. Several members of Congress see broader relations with Cuba as vital to U.S. interests. A group of senators and other supporters unveiled a bill March 31 to lift the 47-year-old travel ban to Cuba. "I think that we finally reached a new watermark here on this issue," said Sen. Byron Dorgan, D-North Dakota, one of the bill's sponsors. Sen. Richard Lugar, R-Indiana, another sponsor of the bill, issued a draft report in February that said it was time to reconsider the economic sanctions. Lugar is the ranking Republican on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Sarah Stephens, director of the Cuba Travel Projects and one of the leading advocates pushing for an end to the embargo, said Monday that "these are welcome steps, but the right course is to allow all Americans to travel to Cuba, to open up commerce and to directly engage the Cuban government in diplomacy and solving problems in both countries' interests." Watch report on whether Cuba is ready for U.S. tourists » Obama "has a historic opportunity not to be the last president of the Cold War but the first president to turn the page in U.S.-Cuba relations," she argued. Before he was elected president, Obama promised to lower some of the barriers in Cuban-American relations. Provisions attached to a $410 billion supplemental budget Obama signed in March also made it easier for Cuban-Americans to travel to Cuba and to send money to family members on the island. In addition, they facilitated the permitted sales of agricultural and pharmaceutical products to Cuba. The provisions loosened restrictions enacted by President George W. Bush after he came to office in 2001. Obama's moves appear to be tracking the overall public sentiment on what has historically been a hot-button political issue. Seventy-one percent of Americans think the United States should re-establish diplomatic relations with Cuba, according an April 3-5 CNN/Opinion Research Corp. poll, and 64 percent think the United States should lift the travel ban to Cuba for all Americans. Sampling error for the poll was plus or minus 3 percentage points. \|Most Viewed\|\|Most Emailed\|
Editor's note: Five years after Hurricane Katrina, see how three extraordinary CNN Heroes are determined to bring New Orleans back: "CNN Heroes: Coming Back from Katrina," hosted by Anderson Cooper, at 7:30 p.m. ET Saturday and Sunday on CNN. Liz McCartney was the 2008 CNN Hero of the Year. She and Zack Rosenburg are co-founders of the St. Bernard Project, a nonprofit organization to "create housing opportunities so that Hurricane Katrina survivors can return to their homes and communities." New Orleans, Louisiana (CNN) -- When we started thinking about the contents of this piece, our first thought was to highlight all of the progress, accomplishments and successes that the St. Bernard Project has achieved since Katrina. We thought of numbers: 302 -- the number of homes that the St. Bernard Project has rebuilt; 85 -- the number of residents who utilize our free evidenced-based clinical services at our Center for Wellness and Mental Health each week. We thought of all of those who have made it possible: 25,000 volunteers; nearly 1,000 AmeriCorps members; companies like Entergy, Patron Tequila, KPMG, GE and United Way, and citizens like Ari Mittleman, who has made 20 volunteer trips over the past four years, and the Solon family from Massachusetts, who has raised enough funds to move three families home and who spent the summer volunteering with the project. Then, we remembered Mr. Andre, an 82-year old St. Bernard Parish resident who was a World War II veteran and who, when we met him six months after Katrina was still sleeping each night in his Ford Ranger pickup while waiting for a FEMA trailer that he would not receive for another six weeks. As we were saying goodbye to Mr. Andre, he made a simple request: "Don't forget us. We want to come home. We all want to come home." When we thought about Mr. Andre, we realized a few things: First, the St. Bernard Project's successes are dwarfed by the progress that the greater New Orleans area has made. Second, despite the progress, significant work is left. The New Orleans area is a wonderful place to live, and the city is, in many ways, thriving. Families are reuniting, neighborhoods are being restored, and there is a shared sense of pride in the region's resilience. In Mayor Mitch Landrieu, we have a leader who is committed to uniting the city and bringing to government the true character of New Orleans' residents: inclusion, hard work and problem solving. An entrepreneurial movement is surging through the city, led by GNO Inc., Tulane University and Idea Village. Thanks to New Schools for New Orleans, there are dozens of highly effective charter schools, like Akili Academy, and because of a revitalized public school board, the chances are much better that children will receive the education that they deserve. Nearly five years after Katrina, we need to celebrate success, but we also need to honor Mr. Andre's request. We can not forget the people who are not yet home. All of the above-mentioned successes are great, but they mean less to American families who are still waiting to move home. Today, nearly 900 families who own homes are still living in FEMA trailers. More than 6,000 families own homes that they can not afford to rebuild. Rental prices have risen so that 49 percent of the population cannot afford the average cost of a home to rent. All too many family-centered neighborhoods now are pocked with blighted houses or vacant lots. As much as we would all like it to be, the recovery is not complete. That is where Saints quarterback Drew Breese and his war cry come in. To keep our pledge to Mr. Andre, all stakeholders -- Louisiana citizens, volunteers from around the world, corporations and local, state and federal government -- need to follow the command Breese made to his fellow Saints late last football season and "finish strong." In football, finishing strong means playing hard through all four quarters and through every game of the season. In Louisiana's recovery, finishing strong means: • Governmental leadership that makes decisions that impact residents in ways that the leaders would want their own families to be impacted. • Creating schools so that our community members' children are educated the way that we would want our children to be educated. • Americans and corporations not viewing community as being limited by proximity and instead, like the hundreds of thousands of volunteers, working hard to help American families rebuild their homes. • Understanding that the recovery is not complete until all residents are back in safe and humane homes. By following Breese's command, the Saints won the Super Bowl. By remembering Mr. Andre's words and by listening to Breese, we can win the recovery. The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of the co-authors.
10 Common Car-Buying Mistakes Many shoppers blunder through the car-purchasing process and regret it later. Here are 10 common missteps and how to avoid them. Walking onto a car lot can feel like a train wreck in slow motion: At every turn you get a little more derailed, until finally you're off the tracks entirely and the dealership has what it wants: your entire bank account. Part of the problem is the sheer number of variables involved in negotiating the sale: the price, the options, the financing, the monthly payment, maybe a trade-in. You should methodically research and consider every conceivable scenario before setting foot on a dealer's lot. Otherwise, dealers will do everything they can to tilt the transaction in their favor. "They're looking at making money off you in stages," says Jeff Bartlett, deputy online editor for autos at Consumer Reports, "so it's important for customers to keep the stages separate and not lose track of what's going on." To help you do that, we talked with several experts about the most common mistakes that car buyers make and what you can do to avoid them. The goal is not to pull one over on dealers — they're hard-working folks trying to earn a living, too. It's about arming yourself with as much information as possible to make the best decision on what is for many people the second-largest purchase of their lives. Buying Unnecessary Add-Ons Some dealers might try to sell features they add on themselves, such as rust-proofing, VIN etching or fabric protector. Avoid them; they're unnecessary, Bartlett says. If the vehicle you want already has them, negotiate their cost down as much as possible. Research features you do want online and print out the information before heading to the dealer. Bartlett recommends pricing several different variations in case the dealer doesn't have the exact model you want. This can help avoid being up-sold to pricier models or to ones with features you don't need or want. Not Enough Cross-Shopping Many car shoppers focus on a few popular brands or models, to their detriment. "On average, people only shop about three vehicles," says Steve Witten, executive director of U.S. automotive research at J.D. Power and Associates. "If someone's shopping a midsize car, there are probably at least 10 different vehicles that would meet their exact specifications and needs," he says. In terms of safety, reliability and features, there are very few lemons for sale anymore. So don't get stuck on one brand and put blinders on about others because of old perceptions. Cast a wide net when comparing models online. Otherwise, you might miss a good value or overlook your ideal car. Settling for What Is on the Lot American car buyers are impatient. Only 5 percent special-order a vehicle through a dealer and wait for it to be delivered, according to J.D. Power. The other 95 percent either find exactly what they want on the lot, or settle for something that's not quite what they wanted. There's no reason to do that when making such a large purchase. If you're set on a specific model or feature that you don't see in stock, dealers can search nationwide inventories and have vehicles shipped from several states away, Witten says. They can also custom-order exactly what you want from the factory. Skipping the Test Drive Consumer Reports' Bartlett hears family and friends complain about uncomfortable seats, poor visibility or a stiff suspension in vehicles they have just bought. It's because they did not perform a thorough test drive — if they did one at all. He recommends spending 30 minutes driving the car, entering and exiting the highway, taking it on roads like those you drive every day. Be sure to take competing models for a spin, too. "It will reaffirm that you made the best decision ever, or you might find that you like one of the other ones better," Bartlett says. Focusing on the Monthly Payment One of the first questions salespeople ask is, "So, how much were you looking to spend per month?" It's to your benefit not to focus on that number, because doing so can make the final price of the car a moving target. Adding "only $50 a month" to get leather and more power might sound tempting, but it will add thousands to the bottom line. Part of this goes back to knowing what you truly need or want. The other part involves negotiating the total price of the vehicle, not the monthly payment. Breaking up the buying process can help: Part one is choosing the car; part two is settling on a price; part three is financing. Be clear with the salesperson what you want to focus on for each step so you don't get sidetracked. Must-See on MSN It never ceases to amaze me that with out the auto industry you fellas would not have a job. Most new car franchise dealers have very little markup in a new car, yet according to all you "experts" the big bad dealer has many ways of making money on you. I do see advertisement on this blog why don't you let the advertisers know how much you are making off of them? This is however a free market and you are free to say what you want, just remember WITH OUT US YOU WOULD NOT HAVE YOUR CURRENT JOB! Sold cars for 6 years, managed at a car dealership for 5, and I have friends who have been in the business for decades. Here's what you do: 1) Find a car you like, and look at it on the lot after hours. Get it's information, and research it on line: get it's book value at nada.com for both retail and wholesale. NOTE: Most dealerships quit putting stickers in their windows so people have to ask about them and face a salesperson. If you do, just get the info from the salesperson, and don't let him suck you into the showroom. If you get an eager salesperson on the phone, he will give you all the info about the car. Some places list their inventory on line too. 2) Go to your local bank: preferrably a credit union. Bring them the specs on the vehicle you are interested in and see what they will pre-approve you for. Then, you will know what your payment is, and what you can qualify for. When dealerships show you a payment in negotiation, it's just a guess EVERY TIME! Most of the time they pad their payment with extras such as credit life, gap insurance, and addendums (window etching, delivery fee, etc.). If your credit is bad, this is where the process stops for you. You will need to go to your bank with pay stubs, proof of residence, and other documentation and see what the bank will allow you to buy. This may limit your shopping options. 3) Once you have your pre-approval and terms, make sure you know what tax, title and license may cost you (estimate if you need to), and go back to the lot a second time (salespeople get excited when they see you come back a second time). Drive the car, check for imperfections, get it's maintenance and service history. Then, show the dealr your interest in buying the car. Go ahead and go into their office (the "bear cage" as we used to call it) and start negotiating. Don't tell him what payment you want, tell him what price you want to buy the car for. If you were pre-approved at the bank for $10,000 and the car is listed for $11,995, and books retail for $11,000, this will be a bit difficult, because you will want the dealer to sell you the vehicle for less than full book retail. REMEMBER...the book is just a GUIDE! (dealers will nod their heads when you say this phrase because they use it all the time when they are taking your car trade in and want to buy it for less than book). If your dealer is making money, he is definitely getting his cars for well under book to make good profits. Be firm, and tell the dealer you want to buy the car for $9300 or $9500. This is called hitting em high - shocking them with an outrageous number so they will open up their thinking to what you really want to buy it for...that way they are not so shocked. The dealer will counter offer and come down a little. Be firm, and don't buy it for more than your pre-approved amount plus fees. When you and the dealer get it to where you can buy it with your pre-approved amount (along with fees and taxes), let him know to write the negotiated amount down on a buyers order, and fax it over to your bank because you are pre-approved. DO NOT fill out a credit application! They will try to keep your financing to make more money. 4) Go home happy with your new vehicle! Just did this yesterday. Seamless, no stress, no haggles. Went home with a 2004 Honda Element advertised for $11,995 and got it for $10,300, no money down. Why should Customer 1 pay more for the same exact car as Customer 2? The MSRP is never paid and the dealer invoice is also a bogus. The whole industry stinks. Is it the consumer's fault that a Sales Person only gets paid $100 on the sale of the car? That is something that has to be worked out with the Sales Person and the Dealership. I tried Sales for 3 months and I was very productive, but I could not live with myself knowing that the whole transaction to the customer and to me was absolutely toilet paper. I read the first paragraph of this article and it makes me sick. I’ve been in the car business for 20 years now and I’m here to tell you the mark-up in a mid-sized sedan “for example” is ridiculously low. Your Sales Consultant that is trying to help you with your purchase gets paid a whopping hundred dollars to help you out. (Sometimes they get a spiff or extra money from the manufacturer). Depending on the miles you drive and how long you keep your Auto buy a Service Contract. If you’re not putting much money down buy GAP insurance. Find a good Sales Consultant they will be glad to help you make the right decisions. Mr. Matthew de Paula is an idiot. He needs to manage a few Dealerships and read a few Financial Statements so he can educate himself on the information he is writing about. No one is saying that dealerships should not be entitled to make money. But there is a lot to be said on how they go about making that money. The Auto sale industry is adversarial because the car industry made it that way. I have heard dealers complain about the low profit margin on the vehicles they sell, and make comparisons to the furniture and jewelry business, claiming they have outrageous markup. Here is a question. What is the mark-up on the $250 fabric protection? The $400 window etching? The $300 undercoating or paint sealant? How much does the dealership make on an extended warranty? Or the Additional Dealer Maintenance sticker? The other difference between Jewelry and Furniture and the car industry is that I do not expect to have to replace my diamond ring after 7 years or my dining room table after 8 years. Neither have the maintenance costs that cars have. My cost of owner ship on a dining room table is what I paid for it plus a can of Pledge every 6 months. I dont have to take my diamond into the shop after 3000 miles, and pay $50 to change the oil or $500 for new brakes. Remember, it is the dealerships that made this article necessary.
What Scares Stephen King? An unauthorized new biography fails to explain what makes the master of horror tick. - By: Elizabeth Hand In the Great Midnight Roll Call of modern supernatural fiction, three New England writers will find themselves at the front of the line: H.P. Lovecraft, whose tombstone reads “I am Providence”; Shirley Jackson, born in California but best-known for works like The Lottery and The Summer People, inspired by her long sojourn in rural Vermont; and, of course, Stephen King, who put Maine on the map for something other than lobster and balsam fir. Lovecraft [1890-1937] has only belatedly received critical attention, in part due to the unstinting efforts of scholar S. T. Joshi, and more recently enhanced by the 2005 Library of America volume of Lovecraft’s short fiction (edited by Peter Straub, another master of the literary uncanny — he hails from Milwaukee). And Jackson [1916-1965], arguably one of the great American modernists, still has only one serious biography to her credit, and only one major critical study. That leaves King, who — still writing brilliantly, at the top of his form — has yet to receive the attention he deserves. This despite a good-sized shelf of boilerplate bios produced for the library market, as well as more consumer-oriented (to put it kindly) books with titles like Stephen King: King of Thrillers and Horror; Stephen King: America’s Best-loved Boogeyman; and now Lisa Rogak’s unauthorized biography, Haunted Heart: The Life and Times of Stephen King (Thomas Dunne Books, New York, New York; hardcover; 310 pages, $25.95). Rogak claims authorship of more than forty books, including an unauthorized biography of Dan Brown; the cut-and-paste Barack Obama In His Own Words and Michelle Obama In Her Own Words; The Quotable Cat; and 100 Best Businesses to Start When You Don’t Want to Work Hard Anymore. I suspect her next work might be 100 Best Books to Publish When You Don’t Want to Work Hard Anymore. Only a handful of people who know King appeared to have spoken to Rogak, so Haunted Heart consists almost exclusively of material culled from other easily obtainable sources — newspapers and magazines, online sources, TV and radio interviews, and previously published works about King, as well as his own non-fiction books, in particular Danse Macabre and On Writing. Haunted Heart is the biographical equivalent of SparkNotes: Rogak hasn’t exhausted herself in generating deep thoughts about her subject, or original insight or, god forbid, any heavy lifting in the research department. Case in point: Rogak cites the same issue of Weekly Reader Writing Magazine eight times. Still, if you’re looking for just-the-facts-ma’am info, a lot of that is here. Rogak collates well-worn material about King’s early life and career— his hardscabble, peripatetic childhood; the now-famous anecdote about how the two-year-old’s father went out for a pack of cigarettes and never came back, leaving Stephen and his older brother to be raised by their mother. Rogak puts her own banal gloss on this — “After her husband walked out, Ruth packed up her two kids, swallowed her pride, and depended on her relatives” — and suggests that all of King’s writing is fueled by a profound sense of abandonment. An equal argument might be made for the importance of Ruth’s encouragement in her son’s career. When he was in first grade and bedridden for weeks, King’s mother paid him a quarter for every story he wrote, beginning with Mr. Rabbit Trick. Later, she confronted him about his nightmare-inducing collection of wonderfully gruesome E. C. Comics. Her son’s retort: “Someday, I’m going to write this junk.” What Stephen King did, of course, was raise that junk to the status of literature, without sacrificing the visceral pleasures tendered by the classic ghost stories he devoured as a kid. Rogak provides a good nuts-and-bolts description of King’s time at the University of Maine at Orono, his long apprenticeship as a freelance writer contributing short fiction to men’s magazines like Cavalier and Gallery and Swank; his marriage to fellow UMO student Tabitha Spruce, and the tough times that preceded the 1973 hardcover sale of Carrie and that novel’s subsequent paperback sale to New American Library for four hundred thousand dollars, then a record-breaking figure. Mass success followed the novel’s actual release a year later, quickly bolstered by the 1975 publication of Salem’s Lot and by Brian De Palma’s 1976 film version of Carrie. From here on in, Haunted Heart pretty much just ticks off titles and dates. There are side trips detailing King’s early battles with alcoholism; the 1999 car accident that left him critically injured; the continuing stresses of a literary career lived under nearly constant public scrutiny; King’s long-overdue embrace by the mainstream literary establishment, acknowledged by his being awarded the National Book Foundation’s Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American letters in 2003. And, commendably, Rogak gives numerous examples of the King couple’s legendary commitment to charitable causes through the Haven Foundation and the Stephen and Tabitha King Foundation, which promotes the author’s adage: “Give away a dime for every dollar you make, because if you don’t give it, the government’s just going to take it.” Stephen King is a generous, wonderful writer who deserves a wonderful biography. Until he gets one, we’ll have to make do with fluff-filled jobs like Haunted Heart, and — better still — continue to focus on the unforgettable voice captured in his own work. - By: Elizabeth Hand
By: Tim DelChiaro Abstract: Embarcadero RAD Studio Named Most Innovative in Developer Tools Category Embarcadero Technologies Wins DeveloperWeek Best of Tech Award Embarcadero RAD Studio Named Most Innovative in Developer Tools Category SAN FRANCISCO – Jan. 24, 2013 – Embarcadero Technologies, a leading provider of software solutions for application and database development, today announced Embarcadero RAD Studio has been named Top Innovator in the Developer Tools category for DeveloperWeek’s Best of Tech Awards. RAD Studio was selected as the winner through a combination of peer voting and review from an independent panel of judges. Award winners were announced in advance of DeveloperWeek, a developer conference and incubator event in San Francisco, which will be held Feb. 2-7. The DeveloperWeek award win comes on the heels of the release of Embarcadero C++Builder® XE3, a new C++ development platform for multi-device development, included in the RAD Studio product suite. C++Builder XE3 implements a completely new multi-targeting native compiler architecture that extends Embarcadero’s long C++ lineage for developers, ISVs, and enterprises who need to build high-performance applications for multiple devices. The new release supports natively targeting Windows 8 and Mac OS X PCs, laptops, and Intel-based mobile devices from a single C++ codebase and development effort. “Embarcadero RAD Studio XE3 was designed to make the job of the developer easier by providing the fastest way to build data-rich, visually engaging applications for a variety of devices including Windows, Mac and mobile,” said Michael Swindell, senior vice president of marketing and product management for Embarcadero Technologies. “To receive this award from our peers is a testament that we are delivering our vision and commitment to the developer community.” “We at DeveloperWeek are excited to see the crowds choose RAD Studio for the Developer Tools Top Innovator Award,” said Geoff Domoracki, CEO of Data 2.0. “The sophistication of their software should serve as a benchmark for any development technology!” To download a free trial of RAD Studio XE3, visit: https://downloads.embarcadero.com/free/rad_studio DeveloperWeek is the six day incubator program and educational track for developers interested in taking a deep dive look at a programming language or vetting an application idea. DeveloperWeek combines a 4-day general and advanced technical agenda set to have 200 speakers, 80 sessions and 1200+ participants. DeveloperWeek is brought to you by the creators of TechWeek, Data 2.0 Summit debuts in San Francisco February 2-7th. For more information, visit:www.developerweek.com About Embarcadero Technologies Embarcadero Technologies, Inc. is a leading provider of award-winning tools for application developers and database professionals so they can design systems right, build them faster and run them better, regardless of their platform or programming language. Ninety of the Fortune 100 and an active community of more than three million users worldwide rely on Embarcadero products to increase productivity, reduce costs, simplify change management and compliance, and accelerate innovation. Founded in 1993, Embarcadero is headquartered in San Francisco, with offices located around the world. www.embarcadero.com Kulesa Faul for Embarcadero Technologies Try Delphi XE4 free for 30 days New Instant Trial! Webinars on demand! More social media choices: Delphi on Google+ @RADTools on Twitter Server Response from: ETNASC04
There is still lots of fur flying on the school-based merit pay plan. Leonie Haimson on the NYC public school parents blog has a summary of yesterday's action, highlighting some of the great work being done by Eduwonkette on this issue in her week-long series. (While at Leonie's blog, make sure to check out Gary's satire on Klein's resignation over merit pay - I picked Bobby Valentine for the next chancellor.) Leonie focuses on Diane Ravitch's piece in the Daily News. Diane scored this one for the union - it could be a UFT PR piece. And probably will be used by the hordes of Unity hounds inundating the schools to win the hearts and minds of the members. Leonie raised a few questions on her listserv: Good oped by Diane in the News. One question; the variable conditions that she observes between classes at particular schools that might make teacher merit pay unfair vary even more between schools – esp. as regards class size and overcrowding. So can anyone answer my question; how can this proposal be fair – if the measures for school improvement don’t take these differential impediments to success into account? Also, I predict that the measures to determine which schools will receive these bonuses will primarily rely on test scores – like the school grades, with survey results and attendance relegated to a minor role at 15% -- really nothing more than a fig leaf. I’ve heard nothing so far that will effectively counteract the fact that, as Diane points out, “tests now in use are imperfect measures of children's learning.” There were a few reactions to Diane Ravitch's piece on Leonie's NYCEducationNews listserve and on ICE mail. I posted this: Diane's piece is based on theory, not the reality of most schools in NYC. It also doesn't address the points made by Leonie and others on this list that the school-based merit system will only exacerbate the high stakes testing craze. I find it hard to believe that somehow the union outfoxed or "beat back" BloomKlein. Like, what did they have to gain in this? Since they've violated just about any agreement with parents and teachers, they must feel it was worth it to get the camel nose in the tent, as someone commented on NYC Educator. You see, BloomKlein know full well what is going on at the school level, something the UFT is either blind to or chooses to ignore - That is the weakness of the UFT at the school level. Thus, Diane's article doesn't account for are the objective conditions in the relationship between staff, especially younger staffs, and the administrators of many, if not most, schools. So this "victory" for the union has to be seen in the context of empowered principals even beyond the classic czars that existed before the union came into existence. Rubber rooms with trumped up charges, U-ratings, unfair observations, letters in the file that cannot be grieved due to the 2005 contract, dictatorial rules, fear on the part of staffs where an often helpless school union tries to make a stand, retaliation against school union reps who try to make a stand - -I could go on. The name of the game in most schools is "intimidation." And the union just has no answer. A teacher in one such school posted this on ICE mail: "I like Diane Ravitch's views a lot, but I think she's missed it when it come to this "Committee" thing, for shares in any school "Bonus. Principals who are crazed, and who intimidate their staff, will forfeit the "Bonus" rather than vote to have teachers who they don't like share in the Bonus. What's more likely is that this kind of principal will intimidate the two teacher members of the committee into voting shares to teachers that are in the Principal's own network, in the school. So much for merit. Just another tool for crazed principal academy grads to wield even more power." I faced a similar situation when I ran for one of the 2 positions on the teacher/parent group who chose the Assistant principal in the mid-90's. My principal spent 2 full days going around the school trying to intimidate people into voting for her candidates. When I won anyway (the other tied between one of hers and an independent) her efforts elected her person to counter me and she also packed the committee with parents of her choice. Training in how to do these things are part of the Leadership Academy curriculum. The same occurred in my school with the school leadership team. The "strength" of the union barely exists at this level and is weaker than ever. So that is why we are seeing the visceral response and revulsion by teachers at this "merit pay" that Diane says is not merit pay from teachers who have faced these principals (what is your guess as to what % of all principals fit this model vs the truly collaborative principal where the plan could theoretically work.) Of course it is not merit pay. Just as principals do not use money they have to reduce class size, they will act the same here. Reward their sycophants. Any objections? You'll be receiving a visit from a supervisor to observe you. Teachers will find any attempt to get the union to do something will be met with "file a grievance" or "keep a log and when it grows to 15 pages give us a call and THEN we'll file a grievance." An objective look at the pension winners and losers (the unborn teachers are real losers here, not the best ad for recruitment) as James Eterno has pointed out on the ICE blog. Diane says about the pension issue: "This change was one of the union's top priorities." Class size reduction was part of the same clause as pension and merit pay in the 2005 contract. Supposedly equally with the other clauses. In UFT-land all clauses are not equal. Unfortunately, Diane's piece will be trumpeted far and wide by the UFT PR machine to counter the teachers who have been critical of the plan. Diane may "score this one for the union." Maybe for the union leadership. For the teachers in the classroom it is a loss. Woodlass posted a more visceral response to Diane's piece: There is so much to disagree with in Prof. Ravitch's Oct.24th editorial in the Daily News that I had to look up her biography to see if she had any public school teaching credentials. I couldn't see any (Wikipedia says she began her career as an editorial assistant at the New Leader magazine, then became a historian of education in 1975). I hope someone can say she has at least some experience in a classroom, particularly an inner-city one, because I am not at all sure she understands the dynamics of a school building, or the classroom, or the balancing act that each of us face period after period, day after day, maneuvering between the needs of the kids, admin, and other staff. Prof. Ravitch is called an education historian, in much the same way, I guess, that I was early on a musicologist, or music historian. I couldn't compose music and I couldn't play it at a professional level. I just studied it, wrote about it, and cataloged it. When Ravitch says about this new Merit Pay cum Pension scheme: "Score this one for the union," perhaps she's not referring to the teachers at all, but rather to the union leadership. Yes, they did score one -- politically. But, alas, the rest of us did not. Her statement in paragraph 8 is the most naive piece of writing I have ever seen from someone so thoroughly versed in this subject: "When a school receives a bonus, the decision about how to divide it will be made by a committee in each school, composed of two administrators and two teachers. They may decide to give every staff member -- including not only teachers, but paraprofessionals, counselors and secretaries --an equal share, or allocate the money by title, or give extra money to the teachers with the highest score gains; the decision is theirs to make. If they are deadlocked, the school will forfeit the bonus." Where is the "win" for teachers here? The whole scheme is subject, as many have already said, to the possibility of stunning abuse: admin to staff, teacher to teacher, major subject to minor one, tested subjects to not-tested subjects, etc. She doesn't mention the veiled threat -- yes, threat -- that if a selected school doesn't opt in, it might get itself closer to being phased out. Here is the UFT's exact wording: "A school's agreement to participate in the bonus program shall be considered, along with other criteria, as a positive factor in determining whether the Participant School is to be phased out....." That impurity alone in the procedure nullifies any good in it at all. And not everyone involved in making a school successful would be eligible for this bonus. Only "UFT-represented staff" would get it, yet I know many other categories of people who are equal partners in making it a good place: supportive parent teams for one, custodians for another (Prof. Ravitch, have you ever tried to teach in a filthy room, or one that is not kept in good repair? Chaotic backgrounds make for all kinds of instability and wild behavior.) And I can't tell you how helpful the aides are in my school, who wouldn't get a share in the bonus either. They are frequently the softer and friendlier figures that make things run smoothly: the helpful, goodnatured women and men who man the offices, halls, gyms, and locker rooms. They are the wonderful authority figures that take a lot of the burden of crowd control out of our hands and a very welcome antidote to the sometimes overly aggressive security forces. We can't say thank you enough to these people when they do their job well. And the APs, do they get a bonus from the principal's share, because they aren't in our union. With regard to the pension scheme, there is much to read on the blogs about this, but James Eterno's analysis on the Ice blog would be a good start. He lists the Winners, the No Gainers, and the Big Losers for the pension scheme; for the merit pay, he gives the The Winners (nobody), and the Grand Losers (the whole lot of us). Lastly, whereas each of these two schemes were benchmarked in the 2005 contract in separate clauses (and thus voted upon by the membership), union leadership negotiated their linkage without our knowledge. There was no discussion in the schools, and we had no idea they were going in this direction. An exec. board meeting was called a half an hour before it was announced at the Delegate Assembly. The board voted on it unanimously, and poof! a done deal. That was an extremely undemocratic and immoral thing to do to the membership. So, I just can't understand where Prof. Ravitch is coming from in all of this, esp. where she says "The union won both parts of the negotiation and gave up nothing in exchange." You can't win anything if you abandon some pretty core values of public education, democracy, and morality.
Are we in the worst financial crisis since the depression of the 1930's? I'm not so sure. And why should we believe what we're being told? Sure there are banks in trouble. But imagine if there's a tad of exaggeration to exploit the crisis. We're seeing shock and awe all over the place. While we're left staring into space, they run in a grab the cookie jar. Naomi Klein's "The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism," lays a lot of this out. The proposed massive bailout has been called socialistic. Not. It is the reverse - the total take over of the financial system (it was part of the way there already) without the few checks and balances that remain. I can assure you of one thing. You hear all that talk about limiting CEO profits and pay? Right now for public consumption to temper the critics. Like I say about the UFT: Watch what they do, not what they say. They'll make an example of a few but the fat cats will walk away fatter than ever. At one point we said the new Russia was becoming more like us. It looks more like the US is becoming Russia with its privatized state with billionaire oligarchs and gangsters. Can assassinations of critics in the press in the US be far behind? Maybe that's why the press corps is so cowed about reporting the truth. Like, why isn't Naomi Klein on major TV stations explaining what's really going on? (Though I hear she made a great appearance on Bill Maher a few days ago.) Klein's thesis is that when a system suffers severe shock, whether a natural disaster or man made, a golden opportunity is presented for those who are prepared to rush in and grab what can be grabbed while people are still in shock and before any opposition can formulate. This is a world-wide phenomenon: Examples she cites: Iraq, New Orleans, Russia, Chile in the 70's under Pinochet. She could have included the NYC school system under BloomKlein, as clear a case of the shock doctrine as can be made. But more on shock and awe in NYC schools at another time. Klein (Naomi, not Joel) puts forth the idea that in the 1970's the Milton Friedman school of an unfettered, fundamentalist view of capitalism began to put into effect its plan to dismantle the New Deal, which just by the way saved capitalism from coming undone in the last great financial crisis when there was actually a left in this country that was capable of organizing people. Klein writes in her introduction: The corporatist alliance is in the midst of conquering its final frontiers: sectors of Western economies that have long been protected from profit making – including responding to disasters and raising armies. Since there is not even the veneer of seeking public consent to privatize such essential functions, either at home or abroad, escalating level of violence and even larger disasters are required in order to reach the goal....Bush's exploits merely represent the monstrously violent and creative culmination of a fifty-year campaign for total corporate liberation. Well, we may be in the mother of financial disasters and whether it is all real or "created" or exaggerated to create the sense of shock needed, the goal is to move the ball up the field. Check Blackwater to see private armies and the privatization of disaster response. Oh, and have you checked the enormous profit-making opportunities in the NYC school system where even after school programs have been thrown on the table for private firms to make a bundle? Sorry, I was going to resist going there today. Klein talks about the Keynesian/New Deal concepts of capitalism: A free market in consumer products can coexist with free public health care, with public schools, with a large segment of the economy – like a national oil company– held in state hands. It's equally possible to require corporations to pay decent wages, to respect the right of workers to form unions, and for governments to tax and redistribute wealth so that the sharp inequalities that mark the corporatist state are reduced. Markets need not be fundamentalist. Keynes proposed exactly this kind of mixed, regulated economy after the Great Depression, a revolution in public policy that created the New Deal and transformations like it around the world. It was exactly this system of compromises, checks and balances that [Milton] Friedman's counterrevolution was launched to methodically dismantle....the desire for a clean slate on which to build a re engineered model society. Klein refers to the Friedman doctrine as a "dangerous ideology" because of its drive for purity. Sound familiar? Bob Herbert in the NY Times last week discussed the Palin/McCain health plan which would basically lead to the end of employer backed health plans and throw everyone at the feet of health insurer middlemen who can take their pound of flesh out of the system. And how's about that old kid, social security, the prime New Deal enchilada the Friedman bunch have been after? I'm heading down to get mine while it's still there. So expect the latest economic shocks to lead to - not more regulation, but less. Just listen to those radical kids for change - Palin and McCain who will take the right wing ideology so well described by Naomi Klein in her book and use the current crisis to go further in making the American government an instrument and banker for the private interests while removing as many of the protections for the American public as they can get away with. As for the NYC school system, 3 reorganization shocks were applied and the continuance of the mayoral control onslaught continues. As we write this the UFT leadership is figuring out how they can present to the membership a PR-based document that makes it look like they want changes but in reality continues a system that has the ability to apply the shocks needed to cow parents and teachers, not to say children, into submission. For a prime example of the latter, check out D2Route's Educating the future workforce to accept disaster capitalism. (thanks to A Voice). If you think this is about KIPP, you are correcto.
The initial idea for Schoology came about during college when three friends, Jeremy Friedman, Ryan Hwang and Tim Trinidad tried to develop an effective platform for sharing lecture notes with everyone in the class. After two weeks of development, the project gained traction, but not in higher education; rather, K-12 students began actively using the service and teachers began reaching out. “It got us thinking,” says Jeremy. “The learning management system that our university relied upon handled the basics just fine, but missed so many opportunities to be a more collaborative and more effective tool for both professors and students,” he says. In K-12, the problem was even larger, since most schools didn’t even have learning management platforms. “Why not create a platform for K-12 that looks and feels like the tools people use outside the classroom, but contains the functionality of a learning platform?” Jeremy asked. “Better yet, why not provide a platform that could be implemented in a single classroom with teachers and students, or implemented on a school-wide basis without any cost or friction?” Great questions, and with those, the next thing they knew, Jeremy and his co-founders set out to make the vision a reality. Victor: What does the name mean? Jeremy: In the Greek language, the “logy” suffix is used to identify core knowledge about a specific theme—sociology, theology, etc. And the word “school” is an instantly recognizable term for any place of learning, whether it’s a traditional elementary school classroom, a virtual university, or even a cooking school. So, what better name to use for a collaborative platform that excels in learning than “Schoology”? Victor: What is it? Who created it? Jeremy: Schoology is a collaborative learning platform, combining the course content and functionality of traditional learning management systems with the immediacy, access, and connectivity of social networking tools. Schoology was started by four people; I was one of them. Ryan Hwang and Tim Trinidad, who I knew from college (Washington University in St. Louis), and Bill Kindler, who I knew from home. Victor: The layout looks familiar. What does it do and what are the benefits? Jeremy: Schoology allows teachers to securely and efficiently conduct tests and quizzes, host discussions about course materials, provide supplemental insights on daily lessons via blogging, offer one-to-one feedback on assignments, assign and collect homework, and expand in-class learning by sharing supplemental content and linking to additional reference materials. It also provides a safe and secure area for students to communicate and collaborate. As the platform is cloud-based, it essentially renders the three o’clock dismissal bell obsolete in terms of access to learning. All students and teachers need is a computer with an Internet connection. By upgrading to the enterprise level version of Schoology, school and district administrators gain access to customizable system settings, permission controls, and branding features. Equally important, the enterprise version offers the ability to migrate individual teachers from their solitary Schoology platforms to one singular, shared one that opens a window for across-the-board performance reporting and analytics. And since Schoology is cloud-based, it’s completely online. There’s no software to install, no extra equipment, and no maintenance required. It’s safe, secure, private and protected. Its layout resembles the look of popular social media tools, so it’s comfortable and familiar—and easy for technology novices to quickly learn and use. The greatest benefit to Schoology is the stronger connections and collaboration it fosters among teachers and students—and their parents. By enabling parents to sign up, too, Schoology encourages more frequent communication with their child’s teacher, ultimately boosting parental engagement in the learning process, a critical component of every student’s success. Victor: How is it unique from other similar products/services? What companies do you see as in the same market? Jeremy: There are many, many education technologies available that address specific needs within the learning marketplace, including some that overlap with bits of what Schoology offers. The vast majority, however, aren’t hitting the mark with respect to what educators and students need in terms of accessibility, integration, and basic functionality. They simply aren’t keeping pace with innovation. Early products were developed with just the administrator in mind, making them clunky and difficult to use. More recently, a number of companies have emerged with solutions that focus solely on niches, such as teachers, students, or parents. Schoology is unique in understanding the need to create a product that is fun, familiar, and easy-to-use for students, teachers, and parents alike. Equally important, it provides specific features that administrators say matter most, such as critical third-party technology integration, scalability, and enterprise-level controls, data reporting and customization. Victor: When was it developed? Jeremy: We began working on developing Schoology after college graduation in May 2009, with the first marketable platform launched in September 2010. Victor: How much does it cost? What are the options? Jeremy: Individual teachers, students, and parents can use Schoology on their own—at no cost—with the full suite of course content, third-party program and service compatibility, and social networking functionality that teachers want to boost student engagement and spark their intellectual curiosity. The premium analytics, reporting functionality, and customizable configuration that appeal to school and district administrators are offered through our fee-based enterprise-level solution. Victor: What are some examples of it in action? Jeremy: Teachers across the U.S. and as far away as Malaysia use Schoology in countless ways every day to connect not only with their own students, but also those in other classrooms by working with other teachers on shared learning projects. It’s helping to power more than 60,000 courses and delivering more than 150 tests and quizzes an hour. Victor: Who is it particularly tailored for? Who is it not for? Jeremy: Schoology is a platform that helps people teach and learn more effectively and efficiently. One of its greatest advantages is its flexibility in terms of the context in which that learning takes place. Although we are focusing our marketing efforts right now on the K-12 space, Schoology is equally suitable for—and is being successfully used by—colleges and universities, virtual schools, and even corporate users like Groupon who need a reliable, accessible vehicle for delivering uniform training to its geographically dispersed workforce. As long as you believe in the meaningful role that technology can and should play in reforming the outdated classroom-only, 9-to-3 traditional approach to learning, Schoology is the platform for you. Victor: Your thoughts on education these days? Jeremy: Clearly, everyone at Schoology shares the vision that there is a meaningful, beneficial role for technology in the classroom, and that there is a need to reshape, reform, and renew outdated teaching approaches that are no longer aligned with the reality of the way students—people of all ages, actually—learn today. It’s not just occurring in the classroom, and certainly not solely between the hours of 9:00 and 3:00. Technologies like Schoology that allow for anytime, anywhere learning and instruction reflect this paradigm shift and rightfully so. Victor: What sort of formative experiences in your own education helped to inform your approach to creating Schoology? Jeremy: As I mentioned before, the idea for Schoology truly came out of a very personal education experience for its founders—our growing frustration with the LMS our college was using! We had been a user of these systems from both the student side, as well as the teacher side when acting as a Teaching Assistance for college courses. After a lot of “Wouldn’t it be great if it would allow us to…”-type conversations, we decided to just do it. We set out to make a better product and succeeded. Victor: How does Schoology address some of your concerns about education? Jeremy: Educators know that it takes more than lessons on “reading, ‘riting, and ‘rithmetic” to give students the well-rounded, practical education they need to thrive and be successful. The world has evolved and will continue to do so, and modern educational theory and practice has to keep up. That includes not only what we teach, but how we teach it. As I said earlier, even though K-12 education is still formally blocked out in most districts for weekdays between 9-3 pm, students’ learning cannot be similarly contained. Thanks to the Internet and the ubiquity of cellphones, laptops, PDAs, and the like that enable people to access unprecedented amounts of information within seconds. The education sector shouldn’t ignore that fundamental reality. Instead, they need to harness these innovations and leverage ways to capitalize on the opportunities technology presents. Schoology does exactly that. Victor: Your take on the future of education? Jeremy: It’s very, very positive. We speak to educators all the time and are continually amazed by the creative ways that they have welcomed technology into their classrooms and the stellar performance that they are getting as a result from their students. It is clear that our vision for enhancing the learning process through the adoption of innovative technologies that fuel greater engagement, collaboration, and communication among teachers, students, and parents is very widely shared. Victor: Got any quirky stories? Jeremy: I’m not sure if quirky, but the one thing we find amusing is how frequently people mispronounce “Schoology” as “School-ology”…a name we had considered but discarded in the beginning as too much of a mouthful! When people ask though, we tell them that we don’t care how they say it, as long as they spell it right in the browser. Victor Rivero tells the story of 21st-century education transformation. He is the editor-in-chief of EdTech Digest, a magazine about education transformed through technology. Innovative CEOs, founders and educators: enter the EdTech Digest Awards Program.
Anthony Kim first became inspired to get involved with education technology in 2000, after working with Foothill and De Anza Community Colleges. After helping them manage several technology projects, he wondered why there was such a gap between technology use for consumer and business purposes compared to education. “Personally, I would have liked some access to online programs when I was in high school,” he says. It very well may have helped. Thoughhe enjoyed math, his high school stopped at Calculus. Anthony took it several years in a row with the same teacher, but simply got the same lecture over and over again. Despite the repetition, his scores didn’t improve, and his interest waned. After spending several years doing virtual schools, he felt that there was an opportunity to leverage that kind of instructional technology in the classroom, as part of the regular curriculum. “Digital learning has the power to personalize instruction, measure progress and inform teachers’ own hands-on work with students,” says Anthony. To him, that had to be a tremendous opportunity for education. Nonetheless, he felt that the way schools were adopting technology “was, and still is—inherently flawed,” he says. They are simply layering on more tools without actually taking advantage of the unique capabilities of those technologies as a way to re-imagine teaching and to reallocate resources. As a result, schools are spending a lot of money and time trying to manage all those technologies, and failing to see the hoped-for improved student outcomes, according to Anthony. “One of the key turning points that really hammered home the importance of what Education Elements [a leading developer of blended learning solutions] is doing came early in our development, in the fall of 2010,” says Anthony, CEO and Founder of Education Elements. KIPP Empower—the new elementary school they had been working with on creating a new blended learning school in Los Angeles—opened its doors to four classes of kindergarteners at that time. “They were so excited to learn on the computers, of course—but what was really powerful was seeing how that environment enabled them to work together with their classmates, with the technology and with their teacher to understand the new process of learning in a blended classroom,” he says. For Anthony, seeing that kind of engagement, and the academic gains that came out of these efforts, was very motivating and inspired him to work hard on building a business that could create that experience for other students in other schools. In this interview, Anthony talks more about his own schooling, more about Education Elements, how it addresses his concerns about education today—and why he thinks we’re at a critical moment in education. Victor: What sort of formative experiences in your own education helped to inform your approach to creating Education Elements? Anthony: Over the years, I’ve taken online courses for my own personal and professional interests and certifications, like the Six Sigma business process. The benefit is that I can engage in this learning at my own pace and place. However, I have found that while this is useful for some basic learning, most online content isn’t all that engaging. For that aspect of learning, I get much more out of small-group discussion with instructors and peers, as well as direct in-person interactions with experienced teachers who can explain concepts at higher levels. That’s really driven the way we think about blended learning at Education Elements: creating the optimal classroom environment with a combination of self-paced online learning at the student’s own pace, peer discussions and group work, and in-person instruction from a live subject-matter expert who can explain things in a way a computer or book simply can’t. Victor: What does the name mean? Anthony: The dictionary defines “elements” as parts or aspects of something that is essential. Education Elements looks at what is essential to education, starting with the process of optimal student learning and how educators teach best, but also to the way schools are structured and managed. Then, with a technology-focused lens, we ask: what are the essential elements of instructional technology that can lead to both operational efficiencies and better academic outcomes? Victor: What is it and who exactly created it? Anthony: Our work began with consulting services for schools that were considering “blending” online learning into their traditional classrooms, showing them what blended learning is, what its potential could be, and helping them to make it a reality in their schools. Then, we quickly began developing a hybrid learning management software platform that lets those schools easily manage blended learning. I founded Education Elements on my own, but with the support and insight from some smart people in the field, like Michael Horn at the Innosight Institute, who has studied this issue intensely and spent time looking at lots of different approaches, and Gisele Huff at the Jacquelin Hume Foundation, who’s been advocating for (and supporting) digital learning for years. Thanks to some recent investments, we are scaling our team quickly now to meet growing demand from districts, schools and charter school networks across the country. We are also part of a larger movement to move education from an industrial factory model, where all students are marched through their learning by teachers standing in front of a classroom, to a personalized model in which students receive customized instruction from a combination of online and offline means, and teachers are empowered to work closely to support their students in that quest. Victor: What does it do? What are the benefits? Anthony: We have two primary offerings: services and a technology platform. On the services side, we help our clients understand the different ways they can put blended learning to work in their schools. For example, some schools find it makes the most sense for them to have students rotate between the classroom and a computer lab; others prefer to have students rotate in groups within the classroom, with an area for computers and other areas set up for small-group instruction. What schools and teachers tell us is that while they value the personalized, tailored instruction that online content provides, they are really most excited about the way it enables teachers to do more – and better – small-group instruction. Education Elements does whatever we can to help make more of that happen. That leads to our second offering, a technology platform that integrates whatever third-party online content a school chooses into one easy-to-use interface for students, teachers, and administrators. That platform is where our clients’ administrators set up the online content they’ve chosen for their students, and where those students log on for their online instruction and assessments, and where teachers monitor students’ learning and needs. (It also happens to be an appealing platform for online content providers themselves: Education Elements’ platform makes it easier for those companies to get their products up and running quickly in more schools, because our product handles the account set-up, integration with the student information system, and reporting out of results to teachers and administrators.) Victor: When was it developed? What is something interesting or relevant about its development history? Anthony: The first iteration of our Hybrid Learning Management System (HLMS) happened in partnership with one of our first clients, KIPP Los Angeles and its KIPP Empower Academy, which was a new elementary school in development when we began working with them. Founding principal Mike Kerr found himself entertaining the idea of blended learning when some expected public funding for his school fell through, leading him to think about ways he might accomplish the same level of hands-on instruction with fewer teachers and classrooms than he had planned. With Mike and his team, we thought through what a blended learning environment might need, and organized the development of our HLMS around that. We certainly don’t have all the answers yet, but we do have some ideas. First, we believe strongly that in order for it to be useful, technology must maximize teaching and learning time in the classroom, which means it has to be easy for teachers and students to use. For example, we made sure students could use a single sign-on for all their online content, and we made that interface age-appropriate, using pictures of the youngest students’ faces for them to click on as a way to sign into their accounts. Also, much of the power of technology lies in its ability to manage and display data, but that data needs to be appropriate and digestible, and ideally predictive. So we came up with ways to slice and dice the data in visually appealing ways that mirror what teachers want to track: which students are struggling, and in what way? How should I reorganize my classroom and my instruction to address those needs? Victor: What are some examples of it in action? Anthony: Education Elements is now working with more than 30 schools around the country, many of which are pioneering blended learning as a way to better meet the needs of the low-income and minority students they serve, who often come to them performing below grade-level and in need of significant academic intervention. Some are charter schools and school networks, like KIPP Empower, an elementary school, as well as some of Alliance College-Ready Public Schools’ new middle and high schools in Los Angeles, which are part of its new Blended Learning for Alliance School Transformation (BLAST) initiative, and IDEA Public Schools down in Texas. Others are traditional district schools, like the work we are doing in Pennsylvania to help some of their districts and schools incorporate blended learning. We’re also working with a private K-8 Catholic school, Mission Dolores Academy in San Francisco’s Mission District, which re-launched this school year when two financially struggling Catholic schools merged and which took the opportunity to rethink the best approach to instruction and operations. Victor: Who is it particularly tailored for? Who is it not for? Anthony: We’re firm believers that blended learning can make sense in any school environment, if the model is structured and implemented in a way that takes into consideration that school’s unique academic needs, staff capacity, technological infrastructure, and so forth. That said, we’re targeting and tailoring our work toward the schools that are ready and willing to try blended learning – not those who want to just sprinkle technology into their classrooms to appease parents or funders, but those who want to deeply integrate it into their day-to-day work, using technology for what it does best and balancing that with what teachers do best. For now, our goal is to help 10% of the schools in the country implement blended learning approaches. Victor: Your thoughts on education these days? Anthony: It’s a pretty exciting and promising time to be working in education technology, and a lot of people are confident that technology is going to make a difference – but then again, we’ve been here before. If this technology is implemented poorly, without being put in the proper context and used in a way that makes instructional and operational sense, it’s going set us back substantially, much like those dust-collecting beige computers did in the 1990s. But if we are thoughtful about technology as an enabler to actually transform what schools look like – for the better – then we can avoid that fate. To get there, I think we have to remember that technology is not a replacement for instruction or people. It’s a tool. On its own, it can’t solve education’s problems. It needs to be used by well-trained educators who understand how to work with small groups of students and comfortable with using data to drive instruction. They also need the support of principals and administrators who know how to acquire, implement and manage technology correctly – and there’s a huge gap in that training. But at the same time, these educators and administrators should also be demanding high-quality technology products that will actually help them do their work better and more efficiently, rather than adding one more task to their already busy days. The education technology market is so fragmented today (see the Ed Tech Market Map that we helped NewSchools Venture Fund to create) that it is hard for schools to adopt high-quality tools. What we’re trying to do is make this technology more accessible, usable and useful. Victor: How does Education Elements address some of your concerns about education? Anthony: Simply put, I think technology can be used better than it has historically been used in education. If you look at the typical bell curve of student achievement in a classroom, technology has traditionally been used for remediation with the struggling students in the bottom 10 percent and for enrichment with the top 10 percent, with everyone in between relying primarily on the teacher and textbooks alone. I don’t think this is the right way to address these issues. What if we flipped this? What if we used technology to teach the basic concepts to those students ready to receive that instruction, so teachers could focus their efforts on the bottom 10 percent of students who arguably need the most hands-on help, and on accelerating everyone’s learning by engaging them with critical thinking and other skills that are better taught by humans rather than computers? Education Elements is helping schools and teachers – and online content providers – to ask these kinds of fundamental questions about the role of technology in their classrooms, and will be looking closely at the data to see what works best for students and teachers in the years ahead. Victor: What is your outlook on the future of education? Anthony: I think we’re at a critical moment in education. I think the school budget situation is actually much worse than anyone is anticipating. A lot of states and districts are going to respond by cutting teaching positions, resulting in larger class sizes, fewer support programs, and probably lower-quality instruction as schools struggle to provide the same or greater quality of instruction with a smaller quantity of teachers and other resources. It’s always a challenge to do more with less. But at the same time, I’m always reminded that the greatest creativity and ingenuity comes out of challenging circumstances. We have an amazing opportunity – almost a mandate – to make transformative changes in the way we structure schools and learning, so they can accomplish more without spending more, and deliver on their promises to students. Victor Rivero tells the story of 21st-century education transformation. He is the editor-in-chief of EdTech Digest, a magazine about education transformed through technology. He has written white papers, articles and features for schools, nonprofits and companies in the education marketplace. Write to: victor@VictorRivero.com
HE Bill intended to strengthen edu. system Patna, July 28,2012: Union Human Resource Development Minister Kapil Sibal has said the proposed Higer Eduction and Research Bill 'intended solely to strengthen the higher education system' and for prescribing minimum standard of education for grant of degree. The proposed bill aims to subsume the functions of the UGC, AICTE, AICTI, NCTI and DEC, he said in a letter to Bihar State Bar Council. The bill, Sibal said, will not be in the way of the Bar Council of India or the State Bar Council, which will continue to exercise its powers of inspection of law institutions awarding LLB degree for maintaining the standard of legal education. The bill will also not interfere in the regulation of disciplinary powers of these bodies, Officiating Secretary Ashok Kumar said quoting letter from Sibal. He also offered to discuss the matter with the representative of the Bar Council of India and its state bodies and explain the issues relating to the proposed bill. Baleshwar Prasad Sharma, Chairman of Bihar State Bar council said the letter bears Sibal's signature but it is without date or any reference number. Quoting J R Sharma, Secretary of the Bar Council of India, Kumar said a considerable number of BCI members and representatives of the state Bar Council will sit on dharna at Jantar Mantar in New Delhi on August 8, the opening day of the monsoon session of Parlaiment against the bill.
Unified modeling language This article or section is incomplete and its contents need further attention. Some sections may be missing, some information may be wrong, spelling and grammar may have to be improved etc. Use your judgment! - “ The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a non-proprietary, object modeling and specification language used in software engineering. UML includes a standardized graphical notation that may be used to create an abstract model of a system: the UML model.” (Wikipedia:Unified Modeling Language). - UML is not a method by itself, however it was designed to be compatible with any sort of object-oriented software development methods. As such it can be used to describe almost any sort of information processing architecture (including what learners do since learners can be modelled in terms of human information processing or what happens in an organization since an organization can be described in terms of information flows and procedures). Modeling and diagram types With UML you can model most every phase and object of the software development process. Technically speaking, a UML model consists of elements such as packages, classes, and associations. The corresponding UML diagrams are graphical representations of parts of the UML model. UML diagrams contain graphical elements (nodes connected by paths) that represent elements in the UML model. According to Koper (2004), UML provides a collection of models and graphs to describe the structural and behavioural semantics of any complex information system. There are two version of UML in use: UML 1.4 and UML 2. UML 2 models are more complex and their semantics may have changed. Some of the models provided in UML 1.4 are: - UML use case models and scenario's to capture the user requirements and functionality of the system. Scenarios are instances of use cases. - Class and object diagrams to specify the semantic information structure of a system. Object diagrams are instances of class diagrams. - UML State diagrams to describe the dynamic behaviour of an object in a system. - UML Interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration diagrams) to model how groups of objects collaborate in some behaviour. - UML Physical diagrams (deployment and component diagrams) to model the implementation structure of a system. In UML 2.0 there are 13 types of diagrams. Some, like activity diagrams, are quite different from UML1.4, others (like use case) less. The specification provides the following taxonomy: “Structure diagrams show the static structure of the objects in a system. That is, they depict those elements in a specification that are irrespective of time. The elements in a structure diagram represent the meaningful concepts of an application, and may include abstract, real-world and implementation concepts. For example, a structure diagram for an airline reservation system might include classifiers that represent seat assignment algorithms, tickets, and a credit authorization service. Structure diagrams do not show the details of dynamic behavior, which are illustrated by behavioral diagrams. However, they may show relationships to the behaviors of the classifiers exhibited in the structure diagrams. Behavior diagrams show the dynamic behavior of the objects in a system, including their methods, collaborations, activities, and state histories. The dynamic behavior of a system can be described as a series of changes to the system over time. (OMG-UML, 2005: 684).” - UML behavioral modeling (behavior diagrams) allow to model what processes and activities must happen in the system being modeled - UML structural modelling (structure diagrams) allow to model components of a system - UML class diagram - Composite structure diagram - Component diagram - Object diagram - Package diagram UML in education - Design of educational software Since UML is general formalism to describe information processing phenomena (like what people do, how systems are built, how programs interact etc.), UML can be used for educational software design, e.g. see Fle3's UML diagrams or Giesbers et al. (2007). - Description of pedagogical scenarios - Some researchers use UML to describe pedagogical scenarios, see also educational modelling languages - Definition of pedagogical modeling languages - Some educational modelling languages are also described as UML diagram, e.g. the semantic information model of IMS Learning Design (and former EML) has been expressed in UML. “ The semantic, conceptual model has been expressed as a series of UML models, from which several bindings were generated automatically. E.g. for the IMS Learning Design specification a XML schema has been derived that keeps the semantics in the tag-names. However other bindings (RDF Schema/OWL, Topic Maps, SGML schema's, relational database schema's) could in principle be generated as well. This implies that the UML model is the dominant part of the specification; it captures the semantic structure and allows other representations to be generated from it. [.... ] It is expected that the semantic model underlying LD, as expressed in UML, is a critical component for the realisation of the Educational Semantic Web, because it provides a tested, generic and (within the IMS community) accepted semantic notation. Whether this model is implemented in XML, RDF-Schema, OWL,Topic Maps etc. depends which tools and technologies are used at any moment in time.” (Koper, 2004). - coUML is a multi-purpose modeling language that can be used to design courses from global to detailed level. - Definition of pedagogical use cases - See use case - Pedagogical workflow See Wikipedia's list of UML tools - UML Drawing tools - Violet - SourceForge site. Java-based UML editor. Tested: it works fine, but is not feature complete. It can be used for training and not too advanced diagrams. E.g. objects are missing from activity diagrams. - ArgoUML ArgoUML is the leading open source UML modeling tool and includes support for all standard UML 1.4 diagrams. (Note: Some UML 2.0 languages are quite different) - There exist some UML editor extensions to the Eclipse IDE, e.g. Violet UML Editor (not tested) - Lucidchart is a SaaS that supports UML shape libraries - UML Drawing plus code generators - There exist many commercial tools - Magic draw is popular and has an academic free version (for teaching, upon request only). There used to be community edition which is no longer available it seems. - General-purpose drawing tools with UML support - DIA - DIA (Wikipedia). Dia is free software/open source general-purpose diagramming software and has special objects to draw UML diagrams. Can export to various formats. - UML drawings generators - MetaUML, UML for LaTeX/MetaPost. Implements a subset of UML 2.0, i.e. curently (June 2008) subsets for Class, activity, use case, state machine and package diagrams. Important: Consult the manual since examples do not show the full potential of MetaUML. - Extension:UML. Mediawiki extension (installed in this wiki). - UML-based code generators - BOUML (not tested) Official / Standards - Object Management Group (OMG) - UML® Resource Page, a OMG web site. - Unified Modeling Language (UML), version 2.1.2. There are two specifications that comprise the UML 2.1.2 specification: Superstructure and Infrastructure. There are also two specifications that relate to the UML2 specification (Diagram Interchange and Object Constraint Language). - Unified Modeling Language (Wikipedia) - Glossary of Unified Modeling Language terms - List of UML tools (Wikipedia) - UML tool (Wikipedia) - Glossary of UML terms (Wikipedia) - UML Quick Reference Card by Laurent Grégoire (2001). - Practical UML: A Hands-On Introduction for Developers. Short tutorial by Randy Miller, CodeGear. - Sparx UML Tutorials A series of introductions from SparxSystems. - Introduction to the Diagrams of UML 2.0 by Scott W. Ambler, AgileModeling.com. A series of tutorials for the 13 UML 2 diagrams. - Conrad Bock's articles on UML 2.0, e.g. - Uml bliki by Martin Fowler. - UML® Resource Page, a OMG web site (Includes pointers to other web sites) - Architecture and Design: Unified Modeling Language (UML) from Cetus-links.org. Good meta-index. - Unified Modeling Language at IBM. - Lucidchart UML resource page - See all other UML-related articles. You will find examples in the articles and through links. - UML diagrams of FLE3. - Arlow, J., & Neustadt, I. (2002). UML and the Unified Process, London: Pearson Education. - Booch, G., Jacobson, I., & Rumbaugh, J. (1998). Unified Modelling Language User Guide, Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley. - Fowler, M. (2000). UML distilled (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0321193687 - Giesbers, B., van Bruggen, J., Hermans, H., Joosten-ten Brinke, D., Burgers, J., Koper, R., & Latour, I. (2007). Towards a methodology for educational modelling: a case in educational assessment. Educational Technology & Society, 10 (1), 237-247. PDF - Joosten-ten Brinke, D., van Bruggen, J., Hermans, H., Burgers, J., Giesbers, B., Koper, R., & Latour, I. (in press). Modeling assessment for re-use of traditional and new types of assessment. Computers in Human Behaviour. - Koper, R. (2004). Use of the Semantic Web to Solve Some Basic Problems in Education: Increase Flexible, Distributed Lifelong Learning, Decrease Teacher's Workload. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2004 (6). Special Issue on the Educational Semantic Web. ISSN:1365-893X - Randy Miller, Practical UML: A Hands-On Introduction for Developers, Borland Developer network. (This is a very short general UML tutorial). - Donald Bell, UML basics: An introduction to the Unified Modeling Language, IBM Developper Works / Rational Rose. (IBM has a lot of UML and use case tutorials, needs some searching skills) - OMG-UML (2003). UML Specification, version 1.4. Retrieved October 14, 2003, from http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/formal/uml.htm - OMG-UML (2005). Unified Modeling Language (UML), version 2.1.2. retrieved 17:00, 5 June 2008 (UTC) from http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/formal/uml.htm - There are two specifications that comprise the UML 2.1.2 specification: Superstructure and Infrastructure. There are also two specifications that relate to the UML2 specification (Diagram Interchange and Object Constraint Language).
WASHINGTON, D.C. \| July 14, 2009 - As House Democrats prepare to unveil controversial legislation to orchestrate a federal takeover of our nation’s health care system, divisions among their ranks appear to be growing. The Wall Street Journal reports on the Democrat-on-Democrat infighting this morning: “The effort to pass a health-care overhaul is being frustrated by divisions among Democrats over a wide range of issues, from how to pay for the measure to its impacts on small business and rural areas. … “Late last week, more than 35 moderate Democrats raised their concerns with Mrs. Pelosi, writing in a letter that the measure didn't do enough to shield small businesses from higher costs and urged steps be taken to increase payments for health-care providers in rural areas. The lawmakers said ‘significant progress’ would be needed on those issues. ‘We cannot support a final product that fails to do so,’ they said. Similar complications are blocking progress on companion measures in the Senate. “In the House, Democratic leaders are considering financing the $1 trillion, 10-year legislation with cuts to Medicare providers, and new taxes on households with adjusted gross incomes over $350,000.” Greg Hitt and Laura Meckler, “Discord Hinders Health Bill,” The Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2009 Between the massive new tax on small businesses and the expectation that 114 million Americans will lose their current health care coverage, it’s no wonder rank-and-file Democrats aren’t prepared to line up behind their leaders’ partisan health care power grab. The question is, will Democratic divisions be enough to slow down the breakneck pace of this misguided legislation? Or will Democratic leaders insist on their arbitrary timeline that would rush a bill through the House before the end of the month? Isn’t health care reform important enough for a thoughtful debate? What’s the rush? # # #
Students are evaluated in the following categories: (1) Academic Achievement (minimum 2.5 cumulative GPA) and (2) Clinical Experience Evaluations. Progression toward completion of program requirements is monitored by the student, the student’s academic advisor, and the Director of Undergraduate Athletic Training Education. A student falling below a cumulative MSU GPA of 2.5 at the end of a semester will be placed on probation for the following semester. A student on probation must attain a cumulative GPA of 2.5 at the end of that semester to return to good standing. A student who fails to meet the 2.5 GPA standard will be placed on final probation for the next semester. A student on final probation will be removed from the clinical assignment for the duration of the semester and must attain a 2.5 cumulative GPA at the end of that semester. Failure to meet this standard will result in dismissal from the program. No grade lower than a 2.0 will be accepted in any Athletic Training core course. Students may repeat an Athletic Training core course only once in their academic career. Students must maintain the following minimum scores on their clinical evaluations: First year students = 35; Second year students = 40; Third year students = 50. If a student scores below the minimum score, he/she will immediately be placed on probation. The student has until his/her next evaluation to achieve the minimum standard. If the student remains below the minimum standard, he/she will be suspended from the program for one semester. The student must then meet with the Advisory Board for re-admittance. Students must also maintain current certification in CPR, First Aid and the ORCBS Blood Borne Pathogens course throughout the duration of the program.
My work bought me a Macbook Pro yesterday. Actually they cut a check to Apple, Inc. and I brought it to the Brea Mall Apple Store. This is the fastest personal computer I have ever owned, and it totally rocks. It is amazing how much faster this laptop is than my Dual G5 desktop. I have also started using some new software, specifically iTerm and Newfire, before I was using Terminal and NetNewsWire. I really dig the interface on both iTerm and Newsfire. My only complaint about iTerm is that the bottom of the display butts up against the last line of text, I know this is very minor, but Terminal had a tiny bit of breathing room there.
Effingham Daily News A recent string of suspicious fires in Greenup and Cumberland County have led to a reward for any tips that could lead to an arrest. At the Greenup Village Board meeting Thursday, a reward was approved for any tips that could lead to the arrest of the suspected arsonist. “Ten of the fires have been ruled as arson,” said Mayor Tom Bauguss. “We’re offering a $5,000 reward for tips that could lead to the arrest of the individual or individuals responsible. We have to get this to stop.” In 2012, 18 fires in Cumberland County, 10 of which were in Greenup, have been suspicious and ruled as likely arson. Bauguss said that the number of fires, all of which have occurred at vacant houses or barns, are starting to have financial repercussions for the entire community. “We’ve had so many fires that some people are being denied insurance,” he said. The Greenup fire and police departments have been working together to attempt to put an end to the crimes. “We’re willing to do whatever we can now,” said Greenup Fire Chief Michael Carlen. “If we don’t pressure somebody for doing it, they’re just going to keep doing it.” For now, Carlen said the best option for the fire and police departments is to keep watching for any suspicious activity. “It’s mostly looking for information and keeping our eyes and ears open. The best chance we have is going to be somebody who sees something.” Carlen said Greenup and Cumberland County residents who are worried about the suspected arsonist should take some simple steps to keep their property safe. “Make sure that people don’t think your place is vacant,” he said. “Make it look like your place is occupied. If you’re taking a long vacation, have somebody come over. If you have a vacant house, just do your best to make your property look occupied.” Jackson Adams can be reached at 217-347-7151, ext. 131, or email@example.com.
Description from Flora of China Balanophora formosana Hayata; B. hongkongensis K. M. Lau et al.; B. morrisonicola Hayata; B. oshimae Yamamoto; B. parvior Hayata; B. rugosa P. C. Tam; B. spicata Hayata. Plants dioecious, red to dark red, sometimes purplish. Rhizome branched; branches subspherical, 1-3 × 1-2.5 cm, surface densely covered with scabrous speckles and yellowish stellate warts. Leaves 8-14, alternate, elliptic-oblong, 1.5-2.5 × 1-1.5 cm, apex obtuse. Scapes 5-10 cm. Male inflorescences cylindric, 3-18 × 0.5-2 cm, apex acuminate. Male flowers: subsessile, zygomorphic, subtended by two slender rudimentary or indistinct bracts. Perianth lobes 4-6, suborbicular to ovate, 2-3 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Synandria sessile, subdiscoid or sometimes expanded laterally, 4.5-6 mm in diam.; anthers broken up into many locelli, dehiscent by short slits. Female inflorescences ovoid-spheroid to oblong-ellipsoid, 2-6 × 0.8-2 cm, apex acuminate. Spadicles subclavate, to 1.5 mm, apical 2/3 obovate; cuticular ridges of apical cells short but distinct and congested. Female flowers: on basal stipes of spadicles and main axis of inflorescence. Fl. Sep-Nov. Dense forests; (200-)600-1700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].
I've been exactly the same lately, I've been eyeing off the pink/purple products at my local hairstore craving them. But I don't think I'd want it more than a week. http://the-makingofthings.blogspot.com.au/ LOVE these!! www.529scout.com I'm not totally cray cray and I had rainbow hair a couple months ago until I chopped it all away...it was fun! and I rocked it for a lot longer than I thought...I say go foooooor it....love the shades of these colors though, I've been looking for a peachy pink color! but its nowhere to be found...www.paigesofnothing.blogspot.com You looks so charming and even attaching me in a seconds so she can have some amazing fox fur collar leather jacket or sexy Women's double breasted leather jackets and those will make her looks more amazing! Post a Comment
I am a 42 yr old married to a 42 yr old husband who does not seem that interested in marital relations, once every week at the most once every 2 weeks. I am slim and am ballet teacherand work out at the gymm and in very good health, and still attractive to other guys.... i can still turn heads. what from a guys prospective could be the problem. i have checked computer and no porn has been found. our realtionship is decent and steady. we have been married for 17 yrs. I even tried to buy lacy silky night clothes..... he has not requested me wear that and its been over 2 months since I bought it..... help guys... any suggestions? he is shy and doesn't talk to other women.
A picture is worth a thousand words! Indian Meal Moths are certainly an annoying pest for residential and commercial businesses but the solution can be relatively easy. Get rid of the source and you get rid of the pest. Treatment means suppression not elimination because if the source remains then new moths are constantly being produced. It takes some time but inspect all dry goods and throw away outdated and unused items. Store everything in Tupperware type containers. Vacuum and clean all areas and be sure to discard vacuum bag. Being an expert like EHS always helps! \|(Click on images to enlarge)\| Commercial Business Development Manager Environmental Health Services, Inc.
Friday, February 17, 2012 "Nothing," says Clare, then before I can say it, "But Grannie and Mommy say, 'you hafta have someping." Clare's mommy says: "Who makes the rules around here?" Clare says: "Cinderella." She also said she'd like to have a lady bug apron. So I made her one. Wouldn't you? If you'd like the apron pattern, visit www.solomonspuzzle.com and use the "contact us" button to request one. Pattern is free until Feb 29.
- How mumps is spread - Treatment and Protection - Mumps Vaccine - Where to get vaccinated - Information on the Midwest Outbreak Mumps is an infection caused by the mumps virus. Anyone who is not immune from either previous mumps infection or from vaccination can get mumps. Before the routine vaccination program was introduced in the United States, mumps was a common illness in infants, children and young adults. Because most people have now been vaccinated, mumps is now a rare disease in the United States. Of those people who do get mumps, up to half have very mild, or no symptoms, and therefore do not know they were infected with mumps. The most common symptoms are fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness and loss of appetite followed by onset of parotitis (swollen and tender salivary glands under the ears - on one or both sides). Mumps can lead to hearing loss, aseptic meningitis (infection of the covering of the brain and spinal cord) in about 10% of cases, painful, swollen testicles in 20% to 30% of males who have reached puberty (orchitis) but rarely does this lead to fertility problems, and painful swollen breasts in about 30% of women who have reached puberty (mastitis), and in a very few cases, inflammation of the ovaries. Symptoms typically appear 16-18 days after infection, but this period can range from 12-25 after infection. Mumps is spread by mucus or droplets from the nose or throat of an infected person, usually when a person coughs or sneezes. Surfaces of items (e.g. desks) can also spread the virus if someone who is sick touches them without washing their hands, and someone else then touches the same surface and then rubs their eyes, mouth, nose etc. (this is called fomite transmission). Mumps virus has been isolated from respiratory secretions 3 days before the start of symptoms until 9 days after onset. There is no specific treatment. Supportive care should be given as needed. If someone becomes very ill, they should seek medical attention. If someone seeks medical attention, please contact the EIU Medical Clinic in advance by calling 217.581.2727. Please call in advance and do not walk in unannounced so that you don't have to sit in the waiting room for a long time and possibly infect other patients. Mumps vaccine (usually MMR), is the best way to prevent mumps. Other things people can do to prevent mumps and other infections is to wash hands well and often with soap,. Eating utensils should not be shared, and surfaces that are frequently touched (toys, doorknobs, tables, counters, etc) should also be regularly cleaned with soap and water, or with cleaning wipes. Two doses of mumps-containing vaccine, given as combination measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine, separated by at least 28 days, are routinely recommended for all children. The first dose is given on or after the first birthday; the second is given at 4 - 6 years of age. MMR is a live, weakened (attenuated) vaccine. Most adults who have not been vaccinated should also receive 1 dose of MMR vaccine, but adults who work in healthcare, a school/university setting, and persons at high risk of exposure to mumps should get 2 doses. Pregnant women and persons with an impaired immune system should not receive live attenuated vaccines (MMR vaccine). One dose of mumps vaccine will ‘take' (be effective) in approximately 80% of people vaccinated, but two doses of mumps vaccine will ‘take' in approximately 90% of people. Therefore, two doses are better at preventing mumps than one dose. Most family and pediatric doctors keep vaccine in their clinics; and local health departments usually have vaccine. If someone isn't sure where to get vaccine, they can call the local or state health department. For more information, please call EIU Health Service at 217.581.2727. EIU Health Service does have the MMR vaccine. Please, keep in mind that all EIU students taking 6 or more credit hours on campus must have shown proof of two doses of MMR prior to re-enrollment. The MMR vaccine is safe and there is no increased risk of side effects if a person gets another vaccination. Not everyone who is exposed to someone with mumps will get sick. If a person has been vaccinated with two doses of mumps vaccine, it is very unlikely they will get mumps. However, if a person hasn't been vaccinated, it is possible they could get sick and they should watch for symptoms of mumps. Additionally, if a person hasn't been vaccinated, this is a good time to get another dose of mumps vaccine, and to make sure that everyone else in the house where they live is also vaccinated. Mumps vaccine has not been shown to be effective in preventing disease after exposure, but vaccination of exposed susceptible persons will reduce the risk of disease from possible future exposures. If symptoms develop (generally 16-18 days after exposure), the person should not go to school or work for at least 9 days and should contact their medical provider. Q: How many cases usually occur in the US each year? A: In the United States , since 2001, an average of 265 mumps cases (range: 231-293) have been reported each year. March 30, 2006 [55(13);366-368] ) Q: When did the outbreak in the Midwest start? A: The first cases of mumps-like illness were reported from Iowa in December 2005. More cases have been occurring since then in Iowa, and in several other states. (See CDC's Report on Recent Mumps Outbreak.) Q: Where did the outbreak in the Midwest start? A: The current information indicates that the outbreak may have begun on a college campus. Colleges that have group living, dining, studying, and sports are areas that make disease transmission more likely, and increase the chance of outbreaks. Once started, such outbreaks sometime spread to the community, causing illness in persons who do not attend college. For this reason, CDC recommends that all college students have two doses of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Currently, it has spread to several states including Illinois. Additionally, some universities have had confirmed cases within Illinois. Q: Why are people who have been vaccinated getting sick? A: One dose of mumps vaccine prevents approximately about 80% of mumps and two doses approximately about 90% of cases. Even though the vaccine is effective, if most persons in a population are vaccinated, most cases in an outbreak would also be expected to be vaccinated. However, if the vaccine hadn't been used, the outbreak would have affected everyone, rather than a small percent of the population. Q: Does the current vaccine work against the mumps virus that is causing the outbreak? A: Yes. The strain of mumps virus in the Midwest is the same as the one that is found in other countries, and that caused a large ongoing outbreak in the United Kingdom (UK) with more than 60,000 cases. In 2005 a small mumps outbreak occurred in the US after a person visited from the UK and mumps vaccine was effective in preventing this outbreak. Q: What can be done to stop the spread of mumps? A: Anyone with mumps should not go back to child care, school or work for 9 days after symptoms begin. People who come in contact with a mumps case should have their immunization status evaluated. Anyone who has not received mumps-containing vaccine (preferably MMR vaccine) should be vaccinated. Persons who may have been in contact with a mumps case should be educated on the signs and symptoms of mumps disease and should seek medical attention if any of these symptoms begin.
The body starts to adjust to the lack of oxygen by increasing breathing rate, producing more red blood cells, faster heart beat, and suppressing certain non-essential functions. The period of adjustment varies from a few days to few weeks. For permanent adjustment, the period of acclimatization varies from months to a few years. Various studies have been carried out on acclimatization, and the effects of high altitudes on the human body. The results have often been inconclusive, and contradictory. The following is a guide for the novice on the art of acclimatization based on the experience of seasoned and veteran mountaineers: Symptoms of mild AMS is common for almost all people who encounter the high altitudes for the first time. A period of at least 3 days is to be spent initially at the beginning of the trek, with light activity to get used to the environment. A common maxim among mountaineers has been ‘Climb high, Sleep low’. Ideally in the trek you would want to climb to a higher altitude during the day and sleep at a lower altitude during the night. This has proven to be beneficial in most cases. Also it is recommended that the climb in a single day be not more than a 2000 ft gain and there be a rest day interspersed for every 1000 m gain especially if one is climbing beyond 5000 m. The traveler must ensure sufficient liquid intake throughout the trek to avoid dehydration. Certain medicines like Diamox, Dexamethasone, Ibuprofen and Nifedipine are found to be helpful and commonly stocked for the treks. These medicines are not without a list of side-effects and can generally be avoided. However they are used in emergency situations and as prescribed by a medical professional. Mild AMS is common as said earlier, and trekkers can continue the journey after proper acclimatization. However in the case of the severe AMS, HAPE, and HACE, it is pertinent that the trek is aborted and the affected people be brought to lower altitudes. HAPE and HACE are potentially fatal conditions. It is to be remembered that acclimatization is not directly related to the physical fitness of the participant. Even physically fit people can suffer from AMS due to improper acclimatization. Also different people respond to the change in altitude differently. The rate of acclimatization and the symptoms vary from person to person. The following are the important factors that affect the acclimatization process :- (1) Rate of ascent (2) Altitude attained (3) Length of exposure (4) Level of exertion (5) Hydration and diet (6) Inherent physiological susceptibility. In summary the easiest way to acclimatize is :- (1) Gain height slowly (2) Climb High, Sleep Low (3) High Carbohydrate diet (4) Hydrate. It is best to perform some simple low altitude treks to acclimatize, and also realize the individual body capacity and reaction, before performing the intended trek.
The Elburn Leo Club recently served a Veterans Day dinner for our local veterans, and provided 86 care packages for veterans currently receiving treatment at the Hines VA Hospital. The Elburn Leo Club is an extension of the Elburn Lions Club. We are a youth group of service-minded individuals ranging in age from 13-18 years old. We also have junior Leo Club members ranging in age from 8-12 years old. Our mission is to make a difference through leadership, experience and opportunity. We are continuing with our appreciation to veterans by adopting a platoon of approximately 300 Navy sailors. We need your help with this service project to benefit the deployed troops. We are seeking donations of products, as well as cash donations to help offset the expenses associated with purchasing and shipping the items requested. Donations will be accepted until Monday, Dec. 31. We are seeking donations of the following items: coffee grounds or Keurig pods, single flavor packets for water bottles, candy, toothpaste, toothbrushes, socks, Ream’s Elburn Market beef jerky and sausage sticks (set them know it is for the troops so they can package it properly), etc. If you will be making a cash donation, please make checks payable to Elburn Leo Club. We also would like to send well wishes from home and support for their service. Please consider writing a letter with words of encouragement and support for the troops. We will enclose the personal letters with the care packages to show our appreciation for their service and dedication to our country. Mail donations and letters to: Elburn Leo Club, Attn: Pam Hall, 500 Filmore St., Elburn, IL 60119. Call (630) 365-6315 to make arrangements to drop off donations at Elburn Lions Community Park (500 Filmore St., Elburn). To learn more about our group, visit www.elburnlions.com or email firstname.lastname@example.org. Elburn Lions Club president, Elburn Leo Club advisor
An Iranian filmmaker has won the country's first Oscar, taking the prize for the best foreign-language film at the Academy Awards in Los Angeles, and Tehran has celebrated by touting it as a victory over its archenemy.So does this mean that "Zionists" don't own Hollywood, as Iran claims? I mean, how easy would it have been for those "Zionists" to ensure that Footnote won the award? It seems that there is no way to reconcile the two facts that "Zionists" run Hollywood and that they gave an award to their enemy. Director Asghar Farhad's "A Separation," already the recipient of a number of high-profile international awards, was awarded an Oscar on February 26 over films from Belgium, Poland, Canada, and Israel. But it was the win over the Israeli entry, "Footnote," that has garnered most of the attention. "This is the beginning of the collapse of the influence of the Zionist lobby over American society," read a statement issued by Javad Shamaghdari, the head of Iran's Cinematic Agency. Describing the win as an "unusual reaction to the Zionist lobby," Shamaghdari said the Oscar marked the "beginning of the collapse" of Israeli influence. (“The American judgment bowed before the Iranian culture and Oscar voters showed a different reaction to the Zionist lobby, which is escalating war,” he added.) Iranian state television, meanwhile, reported that the Iranian movie had "left behind" a film from the "Zionist regime." With the victory, according to a report by Iran's Student News Agency (ISNA), an "Iranian flag has been planted atop America." Unless....the reason that they gave the award to Iran was because they didn't want to make it too obvious that they supported Israel! But....they could have voted for a different film to make the same point! And they voted for the hated Iranians, whom everyone knows they can't stand and would never reward! Yet.... there is another question. Iran ensures that no Iranian competes against an Israeli in any sporting event. How could they let "A Separation" compete with a film from the evil Zionist entity? Shouldn't the director be jailed when he comes back to his homeland? Luckily, anti-semites don't care much about consistency in their opinions. It is a self-defense mechanism, because otherwise their small brains would explode. (By the way, "A Separation" lost in the best original screenplay category to "Midnight in Paris," written by one of those unmentionable
Elika is here to help you get prepared for the exciting purchase process. She will guide you in understanding the current real estate market, and will thoroughly go over your wants and needs. First step is to calculate your finances, which you can do yourself or contact your accountant. You should also get your credit report to find out where you stand, as the score plays a crucial role in obtaining a loan. If you need guidance, Elika is here to help. The information being provided by CARETS (CLAW, CRISNet MLS, DAMLS, CRMLS, i-Tech MLS, and/or VCRDS) is for the visitor's personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties visitor may be interested in purchasing. Any information relating to a property referenced on this web site comes from the Internet Data Exchange (IDX) program of CARETS. This web site may reference real estate listing(s) held by a brokerage firm other than the broker and/or agent who owns this web site. The accuracy of all information, regardless of source, including but not limited to square footages and lot sizes, is deemed reliable but not guaranteed and should be personally verified through personal inspection by and/or with the appropriate professionals. The data contained herein is copyrighted by CARETS, CLAW, CRISNet MLS, DAMLS, CRMLS, i-Tech MLS and/or VCRDS and is protected by all applicable copyright laws. Any dissemination of this information is in violation of copyright laws and is strictly prohibited. CARETS, California Real Estate Technology Services, is a consolidated MLS property listing data feed comprised of CLAW (Combined LA/Westside MLS), CRISNet MLS (Southland Regional AOR), DAMLS (Desert Area MLS), CRMLS (California Regional MLS), i-Tech MLS (Glendale AOR/Pasadena Foothills AOR) and VCRDS (Ventura County Regional Data Share). This Web Site is not the official Web Site of Sotheby's International Realty, Inc. Sotheby's International Realty, Inc. does not make any representation or warranty regarding any information, including without limitation its accuracy or completeness, contained on this Web Site.
@) Preliminary Draft @) under construction Preemption instrumentation is used to detect and measure periods where the kernel is non-preemptible for a long period of time. The maximum non-preemptible period corresponds with the maximum scheduling latency in the kernel, and thus an important characteristic of realtime accuracy. By instrumenting the kernel to measure the longest preemption-off periods, it becomes possible to identify and resolve realtime problems with the kernel. CELF 1.0 (2.4.20-based) system The CELF 1.0 kernel contains something called "preempt-times", to find the maximum preemption-off periods in the kernel. Not much information is available about this system. But here are some pointers if you want to poke around: - the code for this is conditional on CONFIG_PREEMPT_TIMES - the main source file for the system appears to be in the file /kernel/preem_latency.c The 2.4 code generates a report of the 20 longest preempt-off windows per-CPU, identified by start and end source file and line number, whenever a /proc file is read. preemption latency measurementin 2.6 Con Kolivas introduced a preemption latency measurement mechanism for 2.6.8-rc1 The mechanism sets a reporting threshold and dumps function names and addresses of the start/stop points, plus a stack trace of the end point, to the console/syslog if the time exceeds that threshold. Because of the recent discussion about latency in the kernel I asked William Lee Irwin III to help create some instrumentation to determine where in the kernel there were still sustained periods of non-preemptible code. He hacked together this simple patch which times periods according to the preempt count. Hopefully we can use this patch in the advice of Linus to avoid the "mental masturbation" at guessing where latency is and track down real problem areas. It is enabled via a config option and by setting the threshold at boot by passing the parameter: preempt_thresh=2 to set the threshold at 2ms for example. The output is a warning in syslog like so: 5ms non-preemptible critical section violated 2 ms preempt threshold starting at add_wait_queue+0x21/0x82 and ending at add_wait _queue+0x4a/0x82 I would not recommend using this patch for daily use but please try it out on multiple setups/filesystems etc and help us track down the areas. Unfortunately I am not personally capable of fixing the code paths in question so I'll need the help of others in this. The thread of kernel discussion about this feature is here. Comparison of two systems Todd Poynor of Monta Vista Software wrote: The code in the CELF tree is an older version of the instrumentation shipped with Monta Vista's products; it originated (I believe) from Jun Sun and George Anzinger (a.o.?), and was formerly publically maintained during 2.4 and perhaps 2.5 as the preempt-times patch by Robert Love. I haven't looked at wli's new patch in detail. The instrumentation is probably similar between the two, except that the 2.4 code doesn't handle conditional scheduling "lock break" -- there was a community-contributed version that fixed this, but preempt-times went into unmaintained status around that time and nobody picked it up. There are a number of special cases in the 2.4 code, such as explicit scheduling by a process with a non-zero preempt count, that are probably better handled by the conditional scheduling logic. There's also some obscure reporting of softirq masks handled in preempt-off windows for softirq processing, which might not be appropriate for 2.6 or for systems that run softirqs in threads. The William Irwin patch was incorporated into Ingo Molnar's Involuntary preemption patch Takashi Iwai, as leader in the ALSA project, is the author of a program called "latencytest" This is useful for finding spots of maximum preemption off. - Patch for 2.6.7 is here: - base patch: Media:preempt-timing-1.patch - fixup patch: Media:preempt-timing-fixup.patch NOTE: William Lee Irwin III said he would be providing a cleaned-up patch against 2.6.8 or -mm soon - Patch for 2.6.8-rc2 is here: - Ingo Molnar made some additional fixes, and posted an updated patch - see http://redhat.com/~mingo/voluntary-preempt/preempt-timing-on-2.6.8-rc2-O2 - see continuing discussion of this version at: http://lkml.org/lkml/2004/8/2/66 - try searching for "voluntary preempt" on lkml for additional discussion How To Use See introduction text. Ingo Molnar wrote this in another thread: the kernel command line option for immediate 2:1 is: "voluntary-preempt=2 preempt=1" This works very nicely standalone getting us this for example with the fixed patch: 6ms non-preemptible critical section violated 1 ms preempt threshold starting at exit_mmap+0x1c/0x188 and ending at exit_mmap+0x118/0x188 [<c011d769>] dec_preempt_count+0x14f/0x151 [<c014d0d4>] exit_mmap+0x118/0x188 [<c014d0d4>] exit_mmap+0x118/0x188 [<c011df0a>] mmput+0x61/0x7b [<c01226fa>] do_exit+0x142/0x510 [<c014c928>] unmap_vma_list+0xe/0x17 [<c0122b8a>] do_group_exit+0x41/0xf9 [<c0105fd5>] sysenter_past_esp+0x52/0x71 which then an objdump of the inlined code has allowed us to track it down to this: profile_exit_mmap(mm); lru_add_drain(); c014cfce: e8 18 72 ff ff call c01441eb <lru_add_drain> spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock); c014cfd3: e8 16 06 fd ff call c011d5ee <inc_preempt_count> That's pretty specific. I dont think this comes under the umbrella of statistics as such. Sure it can be modified to do it but I was looking for a tool to find where specific latency hotspots still exist. Here is a list of things that could be worked on for this feature: Here is some more stuff I found, that I haven't categorized yet. - realfeel.c is a program which programs the RTC to generate data at the rate of 2KHz, and measure the deviation from expected time to the actual time of wakeup of the program. It is available at: - surely LTT could show data on interrupt and scheduling latency (with a good post-processor) - surely HRT facilities could be used to create short periodic interrupt timer tests - There's a good article on preemption testing at: Linux Scheduler Latency (This is the Clark Williams article) Here's information about stress tests that were conducted by Clark Williams in his preemption testing in March 2002: After a bit of experimentation, I set up stress-kernel to run the following programs: The NFS-COMPILE script is the repeated compilation of a Linux kernel, via an NFS filesystem exported over the loopback device. The TTCP (Test TCP) program sends and receives large data sets via the loopback device. FIFOS_MMAP is a combination test that alternates between sending data between two processes via a FIFO and mmap'ing and operating on a file. The P3_FPU test does operations on floating point matrices. The FS test performs all sorts of unnatural acts on a set of files, such as creating large files with holes in the middle, then truncating and extending those files. Finally the CRASHME test generates buffers of random data, then jumps to that data and tries to execute it.
I love how this book turned out. I finished it last night and immediately googled to find out where I can buy more of these little mini binders. I am going to make similar albums for the wedding and honeymoon. And then someday I'll have little kids and they'll get little books too. I trimmed paper to the correct size (about 7x9 inches) and adhered it to the inside using double sided tape. All of my pages were created in Photoshop Elements. I created 6.75x8.5 canvases (? - can't think of the right word) with 300 dpi and played with the photos until I was happy with the results. I enlarged photos when I thought they looked good and did not worry about including every photo. I just picked my favorites and moved on. As I mentioned yesterday, I decided to print each page at home. I have an HP Photosmart 2575. I am hesitant to even link it though because it looks like reviews on amazon are just TERRIBLE. I think someone even said, "WORST PRINTER EVER." Hmm. Mixed reviews much? I AM A HUGE FAN. The photo quality is just fantastic. I also want to note that while it's hard to measure exactly how much ink was used, I think all 38 pages took about 40% of a color cartridge. Not bad at all considering how great the images look in real life. I printed the pages on semi-gloss Office Depot brand professional photo paper. I don't have much to say about the paper except that it was on sale. It's very thick and obviously semi-gloss which is good for me. I don't like glossy photos, just matte. The pages were 8.5x11 and I trimmed them down to 6.75x8.5 using this Fiskars paper cutter. Looks like more mixed reviews on this one - but again, I love it. I spread the pages out on the floor in the order I wanted them to appear in the book and then used a tape runner around the edges to adhere them back to back. The book now has super thick pages and is probably a little too full for the small binder rings. Because the book is so simple, I kept the cover simple. I had a chipboard ampersand that I covered with white embossing powder and heat embossed. (The ampersand was originally green.) I stuck it to the front with the tape runner as well. I really loved the (super simple) digital scrapbooking route. I am already trying to figure out something else to do now. The wedding seems much to far away.photos IN the book by the fantastic Lisa Welge.
In a technically wrong sense of the word, yes expertise is interpolated, in that every point of rating decreases your avoidance chance, even if it doesn't increase the Expertise number. However, how adding 4 of any stat is decreasing DPS is completely beyond my ken, so I think you must be making a simple mistake. Your Armory link is broken. What stat on a piece of leather would make that piece off specc for a combat rogue? And where do I find gear with that stat, that doesn't also have hit or expertise? Rogues wear leather with Agility and Attack Power. Some of the other stats on that leather are fantastic for us (ArP for Combat), some are merely pretty good for us (Haste, Hit, Crit), and some we only want a little of, or would rather have than nothing, (Expertise, ArP for Mutilate). None of these stats isn't a DPS increase if you aren't capped though. They're all our stats. A piece isn't 'off-spec' just because it's not best in slot, unless you're trying to deal with complicated loot rules. And if you're trying to sideways ask about that, well, as Sarvius pointed out, this isn't the place. Originally Posted by missiletoad You're still up for First Degree Slaughter of English Spelling, so sit the fuck down, defendant. Hello EJ, that's my 1st post here please don't burn me I m wondering about Mace Specialization - Spell - World of Warcraft work. Problem is simple, when i swiching mace with axe i don't see any change in ARP on my [Character Info], still have latest % of ARP. How this talent works? It's additional ignore of Armor? Talent is ignoring additional 15% ARP - not adding additional 15% ARP to my stats? I think im messing with my thinkig here, can u clear my vision about it? hey, does anyone know which spec is better, as a spec? frost sub, or blood sub? i have both my 4T, and i have byrntroll and shadow's edge, im using byrntroll for pvp currently, and shadow's edge for pve. so, what im wondering is. would it be worth switching to frost sub, and using byrntroll for pve, im working on shadowmourne, but i doubt ill ever get it. Can anyone redirect me or list the BiS items required for fire spec because I would love to go fire and i don't wanna sound like a cocky dood but I outdps the other mages on my current server as arcane and I would like to know what is the "ideal" drop down list of items needed to get its full potential as fire/ttw..maybe there gearing the wrong way etc tec...tygaiz I too have a trinket question, im generally a pve rogue and ive been doin arena for a while, i have full wrathful xcept helm, chest, and shoulders so my resil is decent, i dunno which trinkets to use, as i have deathbringer's will, Deaths verdict, tiny abom and heroic whispering fang skull, and dunno which one to use :/, also i pvp with my ikfurus's sack of wonder heroic on since its the best chest i have, any suggestions? i have pretty much all the pve gear thats available to rogues to so im open to suggestions I'm interested in Hit Rating and how it helps/boosts the Crit Cap, as well as what the Crit Cap is at normal Hit soft cap, 367. Where can I find this out? I have seen multiple posts on this Crit Cap, however never any hard numbers or formulas. What am i missing to figure out how these two scale? Any hints or tips would be much appreciated Hi im new to Warrior class and all the math isnt helping when ur new to a class...i know read and try to understand. I have a simple question but the answer may not be simple. Is there a certain number of ARP u need to reach before its even any reason to gem for ARP instead of STR when it cmoes to DPS for eg Fury warrior or any warrior. i played for some months as a protection paladin , i have correct stuff but i was wandering about the hit cap and expertise cap. I know hit cap is of the upmost importance for ret paladin but for protection paladin what is the good value ? since reach the hit cap for a protection paladin seems very difficult without sacrificing many many endurance points or defense points or anything else which is important for tanking. Expertise is easy to reach with the glyph so my question is more about the hit rating. An increase in DPS ensues if both of the above points are altered after importing config.txt. Furthermore, a Talent scheme of Talent Calculator - World of Warcraft sims higher after the above changes as well.
The Press has spoken... (page down for links) The 25 Best Cocktail Bars in America "you can always count on something fresh getting smashed in a glass. Elixir also hand-selects a barrel of Buffalo Trace bourbon. Makes a -GQ Magazine, October 2010 2010 Bartender of the Year H. Joseph Ehrmann "...his receipt of the Nightclub and Bar Bartender of the Year Award is a testament to his abundant and well-known mixological skills, but also for the way he's built a small neighborhood saloon into a thriving San Francisco landmark" - Jack Robertiello, Nightclub and Bar Magazine Top 100 Bars in America Food and Wine Magazine's 2009 & 2011 Cocktail Books The 20 Best Cocktails in America "At an old saloon in the Mission District, Elixir owner H. Joseph Ehrmann hasn’t just taken the Mary out of the Bloody Mary; he’s severed the old broad’s head. Think sturdy, briny, and hyperspiced." -Will Welch, GQ Magazine August 2008 Best Bars In America (twice) "San Francisco is sprouting a ton of new, interesting cocktail bars. Alembic, Elixir, and Rye -- to name just three -- are all doing very serious cocktails. " -David Wondrich, Esquire Magazine June 2008 Elixir continues to be on the "COMPLETE LIST" in 2011 "...there's something a century and a half of colonization by drunks does to a place that no amount of drywall and paint can quite cover up. Whether you call it "atmosphere" or "funk," we like it — especially if you throw in excellent cocktails and a fine selection of whiskeys." -David Wondrich, Esquire Magazine June/July 2010 "There are also some great cocktail bars in the area. One of them is Elixir." -Dale "King Cocktail" Degroff "From wine cocktails to the greening of the bar, there's hardly a San Francisco cocktail trend that H. doesn't have a hand in. " -Jon Bonné, San Francisco Chronicle Wine Editor " World class cocktails... This quintessential neighborhood watering hole offers something every night... You'll also find a wide-selection of American and hard-to-find European brews... The daily happy hour from 3-8pm packs 'em in, and Mission bar hoppers fill up the joint on weekends." -Citysearch Editor Stephanie Laemoa "the manhattan made here with Elixir's hand-selected barrels of Eagle Rare Bourbon is a treat." - Jonathan Beckhardt, Bay Guardian "I’d describe Elixir as an old-west gold rush saloon, gone modern, gone retro. Rustic, a little chic and definitely happening..." - Nathalie Bovis-Nelson, The Liquid Muse "The best football watching vibe I've seen in the city" - Jordan Mackay, 7x7 Magazine 2008 Best Jukebox 2005, 2006 & 2008 Best Bloody Mary 2006 Best Happy Hour 2006 Best After-Work Bar 2006 Best Signature Drinks BEST BEER Evite reviews Yelp reviews AOL Cityguide 2007 4 out of 5 stars 4 out of 5 Stars CLICK THE IMAGE to check us out on RADIO TV / VIDEO Read all about it... (please report broken links to email@example.com) August, 2012 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) GASTRONOMIQUE EN VOUGE (gevmag.com) does a 10 page spread of Elixir cocktails with a short feature on H. and pairing each summer fruit with a gorgeous model! Summertime, When the Drinkin Is Easy starts on page 33 and goes to page 43, Click on the preview under the cover shot and find those pages (you'll have to spring for $35 for the hard copy!) OR...check out the pages for these cocktails Cover (note H.'s name featured on lower left) Center Street Julep Emperor Norton's 2nd Mistress Kuta Sunrise Pacific Star Eastern Market Roxanne's Ricky Summer Camp Tiki Tom Zapotec Sour August 7, 2012 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) WINE ENTHUSIAST (winemag.com) highlights some of H.'s suggestions for summer fun, as well as the Peppermelon Cocktail in Make It And Take It Mixology August, 2012 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) COSMOPOLITAN.COM loves 2 of our drinks (#3 San Francisco Sangaree and #7 The Star Gazer) in "16 Yummy Cocktails Made With Wine" July 18, 2012 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS; WHISKEY) IRISHCENTRAL.COM reviews our Mission Irish cocktail. July 17, 2012 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS; WHISKEY) SAN FRANCISCO BAY GUARDIAN previews our Summer Menu and reviews our private Four Roses bourbon collection July 13, 2012 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS; MOCKTAILS; WHISKEY) THE HUFFINTON POST writes about our female-friendly approach to non-alcoholic drinks and our private whiskey collection June 27, 2012 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) THE WALL STREET JOURNAL reviews H.'s cocktail classes at The Boothby Center Summer, 2012 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) COSMO for LATINAS writes about the WHATAMELON No.3 cocktail in their premier issue August, 2011 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) US AIRWAYS MAGAZINE writes about the San Francisco Cocktail scene, featuring Elixir August 30, 2011 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) EXAMINER.COM calls Elixir their favorite "non-sports bar" sports bar in a around up of San Francisco Alternatives to the Typical Sports Bar August 16, 2011 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) WASHINGTON POST columnist Jason Wilson consults H. on the topic of pairing beer and spirits in his article The Beer Back: A Step Forward? August 5th, 2011 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) SECONDACT.COM features the Whatamelon cocktail off our summer menu February 23, 2011 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) ABOUT.COM features The Kentucky Pilgrim October 26, 2010 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) CITYSBEST.COMinterviews Elixir Manager Nick DesEnfants about the Celery Cup in "Elixir Mixmaster Recommends Celery Cup #1" October 6, 2010 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) WINE ENTHUSIAST MAGAZINE features the Pear of Roses Cocktail recipe in "Fireside Cocktails" October, 2010 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) GQ MAGAZINE lists Elixir in The 25 Best Cocktail Bars in America!!! September 21, 2010 (INTERVIEW) SERVEDRAW.COM's asks H. about Elixir, history, The Boothby Center and San Francisco Cocktail Week, "Gold Rush Cocktails" September, 2010 (ELIXIR CATERING; ELIXIR COCKTAILS) ONEWED.COM's wedding planning ideas, including a "New Fashioned Tea Party" includes our Ruby Chai Appletini recipe. September, 2010 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) CONTINENTAL AIRLINE's in-flight magazine recommends Elixir as their #1 spot in "Three to Try" June/July, 2010 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) ESQUIRE MAGAZINE's drinks writer and Elixir Old Fashioned fan David Wondrich lists our little bar in the 2010 Best Bars In America article. What an honor! (click to slide 15 of 36 to see Elixir's picture and write up) August 21, 2010 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) JETBLUE.COM's travel blog about San Francisco recommends coming to "Say Cheers at Elixir!" August 21, 2010 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS; ELIXIR EVENTS) The Elixir Victorian Catering Bar makes its debut at SF Chefs as part of the POM Wonderful "Double Bubble Lounge", featuring 6 different POM cocktails. Here are some reviews... ART AND ENTERTAIN ME, The POM Wonderful website (with recipes), Kitchen Confidant April 16, 2010 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) HAUTE LIVING MAGAZINE interviews the Bartender of the Year April, 2009 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) Pickel Back Mania breaks out around the country and Elixir is recognized as an early adopter of the NYC originated craze OCALA.COM "Sour Cocktails Have Bartenders in a Pickle" INSIDEF&B.COM "Pickle Backs Jump The Shark" April 11, 2010 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) LIVELOVEBEAUTY.COM turns to H. for advice on "How to Choose or Create a Signature Drink or Wedding Cocktail For Your Special Event" April 6, 2010 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) ABOUT.COM GUIDE TO COCKTAILS' Colleen Graham interviews the Bartender of the Year March 7, 2010 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) THE SAN FRANCISO CHRONICLE cocktail columnist gaz regan tells his bitter(s) story and features The Friar Serra Flip March, 2010 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS, ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) NIGHTCLUB AND BAR MAGAZINE names H. as 2010 Bartender of the Year and puts him on the cover! Turn to page 18 to read about it. March/April, 2010 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS, ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) IMBIBE MAGAZINE writer Paul Clarke does a feature on Vodka cocktails featuring the Eldersour recipe (not in the online version) "Vodka Makes a Comeback" February 26, 2010 (PUBLISHED ARTICLES) LIQUOR.COM features an article on the history of the Pickle Back, written by H., Pickle Power February 25, 2010 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) HAUTELIVING.COM features H. in their roundup of Bay Area mixologists in Blending Perfection: Haute 5 Mixologists in San Francisco February 12, 2010 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) THE SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE includes Elixir's collection of unaged whiskies in an article that explores the increasing availability of these unique distillates "White Whiskey Drips Into The Mainstream" San Francisco Chronicle February 10, 2010 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) NIGHTCLUB & BAR MAGAZINE consults H. on gins and botanical spirits in a survey of how they are used in cocktails today in "Gin Goes Global" January 28, 2010 (PUBLISHED ARTICLES) LIQUOR.COM features an article by H. on where to drink in Rio de Janiero, One for the Road: Drinking in Rio. January, 2010 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) STARCHEFS.COM features pictures of H., Elixir and The Celery Cup No1., Winter Sour and Old Sydneytown punch. January 15, 2010 (PUBLISHED ARTICLES) LIQUOR.COM features H.'s article on vodka infusions, Vodka Your Way December 2009 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) Elixir Holiday Cocktails featured in various websites: Yuletide Moon on GLAM.COM Old Sydneytown Punch on tuBoston.COM December 16 ,2009 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) Our love of mezcal has made mention in Jordan Mackay's 7x7 MAGAZINE list of the Drinking Trends of 2009: #10 Mezcal Rising. December 15 ,2009 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) THE NEW YORK TIMES Bay Area Blog presents the Añogo as a part of the San Francisco Cocktail Revivial. December 14, 2009 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) EXAMINER.COM highlights our Old Sydneytown Punch as a festive holiday favorite. December 13, 2009 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) They are making good holiday cocktails around the country thanks to some syndicated recipes in papers like THE MODESTO BEE, THE BELLINHAM HERALD, and more and thier look at Christmas Spirits and the Old Sydneytown Punch. December 4, 2009 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) SFist.COM presents The Yuletide Moon off of Elixir's Holiday Cocktail Menu. December 1, 2009 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) NOLA.COM preview's H.'s presentation at The Museum of the American Cocktail about San Francisco Style in cocktails. August 30 , 2009 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE highlights H.'s and others' efforts to grow a cocktail garden where future cocktail ingredients will be sourced. "More Bars Growing Own Cocktail Ingredients" July 13, 2009 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) USA TODAY highlights our use of honey in cocktails in a piece called "Ten Great Places to Make a Beeline for the Honey" (Try the Peppermelon Cocktail on our current menu for one of those honey drinks!) July 6, 2009 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) NIGHTCLUB and BAR MAGAZINE asks H. about current cocktail trends in Stylish Sips July 2009 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS; GREEN DRINKS) THE DAILYGREEN.COM highlights 2 of H.'s summer organic cocktails: Country Thyme, Moonlight on the Peach, and The Celery Cup, in its survey of organic cocktails. June 2009 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS; CHARITY GUEST BARTENDING) 7x7 MAGAZINE awarded Elixir Charity Guest Bartending with "Most Lucrative Night Out" in their 2009 Best of The City Awards. May, 2009 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) VIDEO FOOD NETWORK's FOOD2.com posts video of H. making The Barbary Flip. As the official cocktail of San Franisco Cocktail Week, H. kicked off the week by showing everyone how to make the drink and discusses Flips as a cocktail style. May, 2009 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS; GREEN DRINKS)PDF document IN STYLE MAGAZINE features Elixir as a "green bar" in it's review of "What's Now..." April/May, 2009 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS; GREEN DRINKS)online magazine THE RESTAURANT STANDARD (the online magazine of the California Restaurant Association) focuses on culinary trends behind the bar in "Redefining Refreshment" (go to Page 25)and includes a side article about Elixir in "Going Green Behind The Bar" (Go to page 26) April, 2009 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) CHEF JOANNE WEIR publishs her newest book "Tequila" featuring H.'s "Cable Car No.2" cocktail. Pick up a copy on Amazon now by clicking below on the picture. It features many great bartenders from San francisco and beyond. April 18, 2009 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) RADIO INTERVIEW KGO RADIO (ABC) host Grace Ann Walden fills in on the Gene Burns Show and interviews H. about Vodka history, Pre-prohibition cocktails and San Francisco Cocktail Week. Listen in now. Don't forget to check out Grace Ann's And click here to buy Yummy Newsletter and sign up for it! a copy of Joanne's new book April 19 , 2009 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS; ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) CHEERS MAGAZINE consults H. on the state of tequila in the consumer's eyes in Southern Heat April 9 , 2009 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS; GREEN DRINKS) WHEN.com (byAOL.com) highlights the Country Thyme cocktail in its piece "Organic Cocktails Go Mainstream: Where to Find Them" April 8 , 2009 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS; GREEN DRINKS) CHEERS MAGAZINE features the Rancho Ancho cocktail March, 2009 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) CHEF MAGAZINE profiles H. in "Cocktail Culture: A San Francisco Bar-chef Shares Tips for Making Signature Drinks" February, 2009 ( ELIXIR COCKTAILS) Kevin Brauch, Host of The Thirsty Traveler, writes a piece for AIRCANADA.COM about the best cocktails he's experienced in his global travels, including the drinks H. designed for the Level III Restaurant at the JW Marriott in San Francisco. He highlights The Golden Gate Fog. February, 2009 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) MARIE CLAIRE Mentions H.'s popular Country Thyme in " Green Drinks: 6 Indulgently Organic Cocktails " February, 2009 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) NIGHTCLUB AND BAR MAGAZINE selects H. as one of three finalists for its Operator of the Year Award during the 5 Star Awards ceremony on March 3rd at the Mandalay Bay Resort in Las Vegas. He's in excellent company with finalists Julie Reiner, owner of famed NYC cocktailbars The Flatiron Lounge and Brooklyn's Clover Club as well as Jessie and CyWaits of both XS and Tryst at the Wynn Las Vegas Resort. Tough competition for a small corner bar...Also being honored with a Lifetime Acheivement Award that night is King Cocktail himself, Dale Degroff. February 4, 2009 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS; ELIXIR COCKTAILS) VIDEO CHOW.COM asks H. to discuss where and why he goes to get a Perfect Sazerac. February 3, 2009 (ELIXIR GREEN DRINKS) ART IN THE AGE OF MECHANICAL PRODUCTION highlights Elixir as a spot to check out in San Francisco for Green Drinks, including a YouTube post of the YOUR TV20 pot from last February. January 16 , 2009(ELIXIR COCKTAILS) YUMSUGAR.COM mentions Elixir as the place to be for National Hot Buttered Rum Day December 31, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) PRESSDEMOCRAT.COM discusses Bloody Marys and lists The Bloody Elixir in "The Morning After" December 23, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) THESTREET.COM lists the Yultide Moon in "Five Holiday Cocktails to lift Holiday Spirits" December 17, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) YUMSUGAR.COMlists the Ruby Chai Appletini amongst it's "Favorite Cocktails of 2008" December 13, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) FOG CITY JOURNAL covers SantaCon and it's onslaught at Elixir (with photos). December 13, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) MOUTH OF WONDER , a Santa Fe, New Mexico radio show, picks up the Smoked Anise recipe from the NY Times as "Refreshing Beverage of the Week" December, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) SQUARE ONE ORGANIC SPIRITS profiles H. as their Brand Ambassador and Mixologist. December, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) THE NATIONAL HONEY BOARD posts two Elixir cocktails: Lavender Honey Cream and the Peppermelon November 27, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) THE NEW YORK TIMES higlights the Smoked Anise cocktail (with a photo) in "Where There's Smoke, There's Firewater". November 27, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS / GREEN DRINKS) METROWISE.COM profiles Elixir as a "genuine pioneer" in the area of "Greening the Bar" in "Sustainable Spirits, Green Bar, Good Business" November 18, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS)PDF Viewer required WHERE MAGAZINE does a feature on San Francisco cocktails, with some advice from H. page 1 page 2 November 18, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) DAILYCOMET.com in Louisiana, consults H. on Cocktail Tips November 19, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) NEWS-LEADER.COM in Springfield, MO looks to Elixir for advice on Green Holiday Parties November 14, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) YUMSUGAR.COM's "PartySugar" writes again about an Elixir cocktail for Autumn: the Ruby Chai Appletini in the feature Happy Hour November 2008 (ELIXIR EVENTS) GO MAGAZINE (AirTran's In-flight magazine) mentions Elixir's up-coming Repeal Day party celebrating the 75th anniversary of that glorious emancipation in an article about cocktail bars, "Cocktail Confidential" November 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) PDF Viewer required 944 MAGAZINE mentions Elixir as the place to get a Holland House Cocktail in San Francisco. October 31, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) THESTREET.COM consults H. on how to "Trick Up Your Halloween Cocktails" October, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) PDF Viewer required NIGHTCLUB AND BAR MAGAZINE does an entire article on Elixir's Fall cocktails and H.'s approach to creating them, in "Elixir Of The Season" page 1 and page 2 September 27, 2008 (GREEN DRINKS) ONMILWAUKEE.COM includes Elixir in a round-up of organic bars, but mistakenly claims we only serve Organic booze. "Totally Organic Bars: Realistic or Rediculou?" September, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) CHOW.COM blogs about Elixir's Smoked Anise cocktail and the Marie Brizard Cocktail Competition it is entered in. September, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS; GREEN DRINKS) MISSIONLOCAL.ORGwriter Caitlin Esch writes about Elixir as a green buisiness and what that means in "Saving The Environment One Drink At A Time". September 3, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS; GREEN DRINKS) WASHINGTON POST cocktail writer Jason Wilson interviewed H. about organics and the green bar movement for this piece about Slow Food Nation, "Claiming a Seat at the Slow Food Bar". August / September 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) PDF Viewer Required WORKING MOTHER MAGAZINE luls moms to sleep with an herbal cocktail elixir concocted by Dr. Ehrmann, in the article "Time For You" August 31,2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS: GREEN DRINKS) MIAMI HERALD contributor Jenny Adam's guides Floridians to Elixir and Kuleto's in this article about "Going Green in San Francisco" August, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) GQ MAGAZINE lists the Bloody Elixir as #4 in their article "The Top 20 Cocktails In America" August, 2008 (ELIXIR GREEN DRINKS) HEARST JOURNALISM AWARDS grants 1st Place and a $5k scholarship to Univ. of Florida journalism student John Cox for his "On The Spot" assignment about Elixir as a Green Bar. July 30, 2008 (COCKTAIL CLASSES) SF WEEKLY'S SF FOODIE columist Brian Bernbaum writes about H.'s cocktail classes July 18, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) YUMSUGAR.COM writes about the new Elixir summertime cocktail, BLUE GIN RIZZ July 1, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) RADIO NATIONAL PUBLIC RADIO's (NPR) local outlet, KQED, hosts a one-hour conversation about "The Cocktail Renaissance", featuring H., Dale "King Coctail" Degroff and Ted "Dr. Cocktail" Haigh. July 7, 2008 (ELXIR ON TV) H. mixes up some Blueberry "Mocktails" on ABC-TV's "View From The Bay with Janelle Wang And Spenser Christian. July, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) San Francisco's newest lifestyle magazine, 944,published an article H. wrote about "Building a Better Cocktail" for their Arcitecture Issue: The Harvey Milk Punch JUNE, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS, GREEN DRINKS) PDF - Acrobat Reader needed NIGHTCLUB AND BAR MAGAZINE puts H. on the cover and Eddie, Johanna and Ben inside for "Green Future: The Case for Going Green" Here's the cover shot. And the article. June 13, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) Blogger and Bartender Jay Crabb puts Elixir on his list of favorite cocktail bars in San Francisco, on JAY CRABB'S ALCOHOLIC OPUS. June, 2008 (ELIXIR GREEN DRINKS) PDF CHEERS MAGAZINE put's H. and some drinks front and center for "The Environmentalist at the Bar". June, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) PDF FOOD and BEVERAGE MAGAZINE writes about the Caipirinha cocktail, interviewing H. and publishing his Strawberry Caipirinha recipe. June, 2008 (ELIXIR NEWS) Historian and Drinks Correspondent David Wondrich mentions Elixir in ESQUIRE MAGAZINE’s Best Bars in America May/June 2008 (ELIXIR GREEN DRINKS) PDF file IMBIBE MAGAZINE discusses Elixir’s Green Programs amongst other bars around the country doing it green. May, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) MAINSTREET.COM lists Elixir's Country Thyme cocktail amongst "The Best New Summer Cocktails" May 30, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) The SAN FRANCISCO EXAMINER runs an interview with H. in “Meet Your Mixologist” May 28, 2008 – (ELIXIR EVENTS, ELIXIR COCKTAILS) VIDEO On the second episode in a series of three (“Saturated with Sazeracs”), The SMALL SCREEN NETWORK publishes a video of H. making his contemporary spin on the classic Sazerac cocktail, The Shirazerac (video clip with recipe published on the site). May 26, 2008 (ELIXIR EVENTS)VIDEO The SMALL SCREEN NETWORK’s first episode of “Saturated With Sazeracs” shows Tales of the Cocktail Founder hosting the Save the Sazerac Happy Hour as part of San Francisco Cocktail Week. She interviews attendees including Bill Hart and George Fricelli of the Sazerac Company and cocktail historian and author David Wondrich, and guest bartender Dominic Venegas demonstrates the construction of a classic Sazerac behind the Elixir stick. May 20, 2008 (ELIXIR CHARITY GUEST BARTENDING) HEZROCKS blog describes a night behind the bar as a Charity Guest Bartender at Elixir. May 17, 2008 (ELIXIR EVENTS) COCKTALIA.COM reviews the “Save The Sazerac” event at Elixir. May 16, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) The SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE lists the 7 Dragons cocktail in a piece about Domain de Canton liqueur. May 9, 2008 (ELIXIR EVENTS, ELIXIR COCKTAILS) The SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE’s Cocktalian writer and recipe detective Gary Regan, poses the question: “Who made this cocktail anyway?” May 3, 2008 (ELIXIR GREEN DRINKS, ELIXIR COCKTAILS) In a nationally broadcast piece, NATIONAL PUBLIC RADIO interviews H. in Elixir about what it means to be a “green bar” and how to make some organic cocktails. May 2, 2008 (ELIXIR GREEN DRINKS, ELIXIR COCKTAILS) The eloquent and poetic Cocktailian, Gary Regan, profiles H. as a leader in “the green front” and describes the Moonlight on the Peach cocktail, in this SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE piece. April 18, 2008 MIXOGRAPHER.com blogger and bartender JimmyPatrick attended one of H's Cockail Ambassadors Cocktail Classes and wrote a fun summary of the class. April 30, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS, ELIXIR EVENTS) MarriedWithDinner.com blogger Anita attended one of H's Cockail Ambassadors Cocktail Classes and loved the Elixir classic, Country Thyme. April 2, 2008 (ELIXIR GREEN DRIKS, ELIXIR COCKTAILS) TuttieFoodie.com covers Elixir's organic drinks program and features the Ruby Chai Appletini. March 22, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS / ELIXIR COCKTAILS) San Francisco's local TV station KRON4 invites H. into the studio to make Organic Cocktails with Henry Tenenbaum on the Saturday morning news. Video feed coming soon. February, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) LOUSIANACOOKING.COM highlights the Milkpunch Named Desire after it debuted at the Tales of the Cocktail New Orleans Media event. February 17, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS/ GREEN DRINKS / ELIXIR COCKTAILS) YOUR TV20's green living show "Your Green Life" does a segment on H. making "Green Drinks" behind the stick at Elixir, including 3 recipes. February 1, 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) SF CHRONICLE features H. in "Bar Stars: A Dozen Trendsetters Who've Shaken Up The Cocktail Scene" January 25, 2008 (GREEN DRINKS) SAN FRANCISCO BUSINESS JOURNAL finds Elixir's GreenBar staus as the Talk of the Town. January, 2008 (OPINION) "Distilling The Grape" - H. is asked about marketing grape vodkas in WINE BUSINESS MONTHLY (Adobe Acrobat PDF viewer required) January 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS / GREEN DRINKS) YOUR TV20 does a news spot on the launch of Green and Tonic. Click here to see the video. January 2008 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) FOOD AND WINE MAGAZINE includes H.'s work in its listing of the 100 Tastes to Try in 2008 December 19 , 2007 (GREEN DRINKS) MSNBC.COM mentions Elixir in an article about green beverages called "Drink This and You May Feel Pleasantly Green". December 2007 (WINE COCKTAILS) "Tales of the Winetail : Wine stars in mixed drinks" - Jefferey Lindenmuth's FOOD ARTS MAGAZINE story about the growing use of wine in cocktails highlight's H.'s R. H. Philips cocktails. December 2007 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) MEN'S HEALTH MAGAZINE features the Elixir Holiday cocktail, Añogo, in its holiday issue. Article not yet online . December 16, 2007 (GREEN DRINKS) THE BOSTON GLOBE notes, Elixir and our Green Drinks program in a piece about San Francisco going green called "Green Ambition" (Elixir mention on page 3) December 11, 2007 (GREEN DRINKS) H. wrote an article on Making Organic Cocktails in the Colder Months for Tablehopper.com Shirazerac recipe "It's not some lame catering spread"- Colin, Gary Regan and H. "This rich winner packs a punch." - Jordan Mackay making Manhattans at Elixir -Duggan McDonnell on the random free BBQs at Elixir Nov/Dec Issue, 2007 (WINE COCKTAILS / ELXIR COCKTAILS & RECIPES/ HOLIDAY COCKTAILS) Duggan McDonnell writes about the growing trend of wine in cocktails and features H's R.H. Phillips project and the SHIRAZERAC Recipe. IMBIBE Magazine does not publish content online , so here are some PDF scans Page 1 page 2 October 2007 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS / GREEN DRINKS) Listen to this Podcast of radio station GREEN 960AM as they interview H. and profile the bar's Green Certification and Organic Drinks Program. October 2007 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) H. is consulted on the Gin market on CHOW.COM November 7, 2007 (GREEN DRINKS) Elixir's green is on display again as "The Daily Bite" on IDEALBITE.com November, 2007 (WINE COCKTAILS) COCKTAILATLAS.com features The Vinter's Nightcapin it's Trends: Back to the Vine segment October 26, 2007 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) 7x7 MAGAZINE Spirits Editor and Drinks Blogger Jordan Mackay writes about why Elixir is "The best football watching vibe I've seen in the city".(scan to this date's entry) October 1, 2007 (WINE COCKTAILS / ELXIR COCKTAILS & RECIPES) Stephen Beaumont writes about H.'s new line of wine cocktails and the movement towards their creation in NATION'S RESTAURANT NEWS (requires free registration) Here's a PDF September 21,2007 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) Manhattan-addict Gary Regan writes about his favorite thing: Manhattans for the SF Chronicle. His list of tasty variations on the classic includes H.'s lasted, the Naphattan. H. and Dale Degroff enjoying Jack's Ass, featured in 7x7 H.'s on the cover of SF Chron Dale's favorite Martini (no, that's his head) Wine Section September, 2007 (TALES OF THE COCKTAIL / ELIXIR COCKTAILS & RECIPES) BEVERAGE MEDIA MAGAZINE's Dale "KING COCKTAIL" DeGroff wrote a great article about H., Elixir and some of H.'s cocktails. .(PDF - Adobe Reader Reequired)) September 7, 2007 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) "6 Top Notch Tipples" plauds the Elixir Manhattan in the San Francisco BAY GUARDIAN August 1, 2007 (TALES OF THE COCKTAIL) The Cocktail Spirit with Robert Hess posted a video recap of Tales of the Cocktail. Check out H's performance in the first ever Bar Chef Competition starting at 5:12 into the video. July 27, 2007 (ELXIR IN THE NEWS) Jordan Mackay includes Elixir as a place to get a good Hemingway Daiquiri in his blog. 7x7 MAGAZINE July 27, 2007 (TALES OF THE COCKTAIL) SF CHRONICLE Wine Section article about San Francisco cocktail community participation in Tales of the Cocktail, featuring a photo of H. at the Bar Chef Challenge. July 23, 2007 (MIXOLOGY / ELIXIR COCKTAILS) 7x7 Magazine quotes H. on bartending techniques and mentions Jack Andrews in TWO seperate articles July 23, 2007 (WINE COCKTAILS) THE LIQUID MUSE writes about H.'s creation of wine cocktails for RH Phillips (remember to search for the entry on this date) Press Release for RH Phillips Project Here. July 22, 2007 (TALES OF THE COCKTAIL) THE LIQUID MUSE blogs about H and other San Francisco Cocktailians @ New Orlens' Tales of the Cocktail (remember to search for the entry on this date) June 29, 2007 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) Infusions 2.0: The SF CHRONICLE applauds the rose hip-infusion used in our Eldersour cocktail June 22-28, 2008 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS & RECIPES) H. was recently invited to compete in the First Annual 7x7 Magazine Pour Off, as voted by 7x7 readers. He competed against some of the city's best mixologists and won "Most Interesting Use of Ingredients" for his Ruby Natsumi. To read all about it, see the photos and get the recipes, check out Jordan Mackay's BUZZED Blog for these dates. June 17, 2007 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) The Liquid Muse writes about Elixir in her review of Cocktail Week. May 22, 2007 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) Camper English is a local, self-proclaimed "booze writer" and has written about Elixir several times in different publications. Here's his always entertaining blog "Cocktails with Camper" and his recollection of last night's closing parties for San francisco Cocktail week. May 21, 2007 (MIXOLOGY) 7x7 Magazine Wine and Spirits Editor enjoys H.'s Cocktail Demonstration at Bourbon and Branch during San Francisco Cocktail Week and blogs about it. May 18, 2007 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) SF Chronicle piece on San Francisco Cocktail Week April 18, 2007 (GREEN DRINKS) SF Bay Guardian praises Elixir as "green drinks ground zero" and praises our GreenTeani and Eldersour cocktails April 6, 2007 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS & RECIPES - VIDEO) Roth Vodka launches its video-driven website, featuring clips of H. making three cocktails and discussing tools and techniques of moxology April 4, 2007 (GREEN DRINKS) SF Bay Guardian FEAST supplement lists Elixir in "6 Green Bars and Bistro's" stating " this Mission saloon is all about going above and beyond" March 28, 2007 (HISTORIC) SF Bay Guardian Superlist Edition discusses Elixir's role as one of the most historic bars in San Francisco March 16, 2007 (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) Gary Regan's SF Chronicle article about the resurgence of Rye whiskey quotes H. and mention's Elixir's Rye collection. (WINE Section cover story) February 17, 2007 INTERNATIONAL PRESS (GREEN DRINKS) London's paper, The Gaurdian, talks about Elixir's Green lead inSan Francisco: "24-Hour Green Party People" February 7, 2007 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) The Bay Guardian's Guide to "some of the city's sexiest, sultriest cocktails" review's Elixir's Blooming Rose Cocktail. January 15, 2007 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) www.adashofbitters.com mention's H.'s Irish Coffee preferences January 8, 2007 (COCKTAIL CLUB) The City Dish promotes the Cocktail Club January 5, 2007 (COCKTAIL CLUB) San Francisco Chronicle's "Sipping News" touts Elixir's Cocktail Club January 2007 (COCKTAIL CLUB / CHARITY GUEST BARTENDING / ELIXIR COCKTAILS) San Francisco Magazine highlight's our citys cocktail culture with a feature of the best spots and people, including mentions of Elixir's Cocktail Club, Charity Guest Bartending and Vodka Salad Bar, as well as H's hunt for a unique garnish. December 29, 2006 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) In preparation of New Year's Day hangovers, this San Francisco Chronicle article talks about H's Bloody Maria (with a photo of H "shakin' it") September, 2006 (ELIXIR COCKTAILS) NIGHTCLUB & BAR MAGAZINE lists Elixir's Scary Mary organic Bloody Mary recipe as a top Halloween promotion. (CHARITY GUEST BARTENDING) 2006 Best of the Bay "BestWay To Turn Your Cocktail Shaker Into A Charity Moneymaker" San Francisco Bay Guardian on our Make-Your-Own Bloody Mary Bar. (CHARITY GUEST BARTENDING) San Francisco Bay Guardian on our Charity Guest Bartending program. (ELIXIR IN THE NEWS) SF Chronicle 96 Hours: Best Places to Watch March Madness SF Chronicle 96 Hours: Bloody Marys That Don't Disappoint (CHARITY GUEST BARTENDING) SF Weekly's Katy St. Clair experiences a night at ECGB PRESS KIT - including Photos, Bio, and PDFs CLICK HERE Articles by H.: Check out H.'s pieces in "the wino" at Tablehopper.com -on Irish Coffees in the 12/19/06 edition -on Making Organic Cocktails in the Colder Months in the 12/11/07 edition Or check out (and sign up for) H's Blog. Link below. COCKTAIL CLUB PRESS ELIXIR COCKTAILS JOIN THE MUG CLUB BUY ELIXIR MERCHANDISE CHARITY GUEST BARTENDING OUR NEWSLETTER ELIXIR QUIZ ELIXIR PORN GROUPS FUN STUFF LINKS TV SPORTS SCHEDULE COCKTAIL CATERING H's BLOG GREEN DRINKS
It has been exactly three weeks since my last post. Three weeks! That’s never happened in the history of my blog ever. Not that I’ve been blogging for a dozen years or anything, but still my absence came as a shock to me. I didn’t intend to stop. It just sort of happened. I had ideas, but I guess there wasn’t much motivation to write them. When I left, I was feeling a lack of faith. I was starting to write a bit about renewal, but I am afraid that a lot of my posts were kind of dismal. I was going through some difficult things. In fact, I’ve been going through difficult times since January. For some reason, the words just flowed from me then. I guess I just got tired. I realized that there wasn’t much more I could say about faith and a lack of it until I knew that I had mine back. Little did I know that these last three months have been the journey back to faith. Yes, every bit of these last three months. Even the lack of faith and the difficult times. Everything. I’d been reaching for God since the end of summer. It’s funny because life was awesome back then yet I couldn’t feel His presence in the way that I wanted. So I’d pray that He would come to me in “that crazy way” at church and every worship event. I even prayed for tears a couple of times. But I always went home with dry cheeks and a discouraged heart. And then January hit with more emotion than I expected. There was deep joy and deep sorrow at the same time. Maybe one day I shall write about what made me incredibly happy and extremely sad. I wish that I could now, but the matters are all too personal. All I can say now is that the joy and sorrow alike were just what I needed. On Easter, I realized that I am alive in the Spirit again. It puzzled me because not that long ago I would have told you otherwise. Now, I realize that I was on that journey all along. I just didn’t realize it. Now, I see the fullness and beauty of that journey. Every step, every stone, every path has molded me into the person that I am today. I have taken another journey and my heart has been restored. I apologize for my absence on your blogs lately. I’ll try and catch up over the next couple of days. Hopefully, my “writer’s mind” has returned to me because I really have missed blogging and I have so many great ideas that I cannot wait to put into words!
I. ADVERTISING RULES STATEMENTS The laws governing legal advertising in the states of Kentucky, require the following statements in any publication of this kind: Unless specifically noted elsewhere, none of the attorneys listed herein are certified as a specialist in or related to the areas of: II. E-MAIL DISCLAIMER We welcome the receipt of e-mail. However, you should be aware that the act of sending e-mail to Elkins Law Office, LLC. or a specific attorney at the firm does not create an attorney-client relationship, and that you are not entitled to have us treat the information contained in an e-mail as confidential if no attorney-client relationship exists between us at the time that we receive that e-mail. An attorney-client relationship cannot be created until we consider potential conflicts of interest and agree to that relationship. If you are interested in establishing an attorney-client relationship, we invite you to call or visit with one of our attorneys for that purpose. Please note that email is an unsecured form of communication. III. USE OF WEBSITE INFORMATION We hope you will find the information contained on this Website to be useful. However, it is not intended and you should not consider it to be legal advice, which would require consideration by us, in the context of an attorney-client relationship, of the particular facts and circumstances applicable to a given situation.
NORTH GEORGIA LUXURY CABIN RENTAL IN ELLIJAY - GEORGIA CABINS - ELLIJAY CABINS IN GEORGIA MOUNTAINS It's Our Nature at River Glorious- Luxury North Georgia Cabin Rental on Turniptown Creek Trout Stream in the Blue Ridge Mountains, Ellijay Georgia “Life is not measured by the number of breaths we take, but by the moments that take our breath away” RIVER GLORIOUS, A NORTH GEORGIA RENTAL CABIN IN ELLIJAY, IS AN 8 ROOM, 3.5 BATHS, 4 BEDROOM LUXURY LOG CABIN WITH POOL TABLE, OUTDOOR HOT TUB, INDOOR JACUZZI, 2 FIREPLACES, FOOSBALL. THE ELLIJAY CABIN IS LOCATED DEEP IN THE NORTH GEORGIA MOUNTAINS ON A PRIVATE TROUT STREAM. There's beauty in the silver singing river, There's beauty in the sunrise in the sky, But none of these and nothing else can match the beauty, That I remember in my true love's eyes" - Bob Dylan "Look! Nature is overflowing with the grandeur of God!" - John Muir Spectacular Riverfront Location GA CABIN FEATURES 3 ON TURNIPTOWN CREEK AT WALNUT MOUNTAIN Ellijay Georgia Mountains Cabin A NORTH GEORGIA CABIN RENTAL ON WATERFALL CASCADES IN THE BLUE RIDGE MOUNTAINS - TROUT STREAM "Rough" it with sophisticated Blue Ridge Mountains cabin-style in Ellijay Georgia. This 8 room contemporary Ellijay log cabin is a labor of love and expresses a commitment to our guests' comfort, enjoyment and relaxation in the North Georgia Mountains beauty and seclusion, to the art and skill of fly fishing for trout in the clear cascading North Georgia Mountains stream. This 8 room Ellijay log cabin is nestled on the banks of a trout stream with stunning views of the natural beauty of the north Georgia Mountains and is offered year round for your vacation retreat, flyfishing adventure, family outing, or romantic escape. The abundance and variety of wildlife makes this North Georgia Mountains location so exceptional. Be sure to pack your binoculars and camera, since, depending on the season, you'll have the opportunity to see lots of deer. You can warm your toes by your choice of 2 fireplaces and soak in a luxurious hot tub under the stars so brilliant in the Georgia Mountains skies. This North Georgia cabin rental is exquisitely furnished with luxury and comfort, beautifully appointed, and perfectly located for your North Georgia Mountains escape and adventure. Private trout fishing in the North Georgia Mountains doesn't get any better than this! If you are looking to step out your door and castfor trout on the world class trout stream as well as having luxury, this Ellijay cabin is the perfect Georgia Mountains retreat. This Ellijay cabin rental is the perfect escape for a romantic getaway where you will feel pampered amoung the luxious amenities. Rekindle romance as you take in the luxurious surroundings of this gorgeous designer log cabin rental with 2 king suites. This 8 room Ellijay cabin rental is a favorite with families and larger groups for its spaciousness, river sounds and views, and many rooms, Blue Ridge Mountains lodge style appeal, and its entire compliment of modern and luxurious amenities. The North Georgia cabin rental is located in the heart of the North Georgia Mountains, an incredible outdoor recreational playground in Ellijay. Whether you prefer hiking, tubing, North Georgia winery tours,canoeing, horseback riding, trout fishing, panning for gold, shopping for local crafts and anitiques, attending North Georgia Mountains festivals, golfing or just to take a scenic drive in the Blue Ridge Mountains, it's all at your doorstep. The best part is that at the end of your adventurous day, you come back to a luxurious and unique luxury cabin. If you love the great outdoors but also love luxurious comfort on your vacation, River Glorious is your perfect Georgia Mountain retreat. Our organic lawn yard maintenance team can be seen frequently. River Glorious is perfectly appointed to create an oasis of luxury. Warm yourself by one of 2 fireplaces: the wood-burning stone fireplace or the gas log fireplace in the downstairs Great Room. Indulge in a leisurely bath in the jacuzzi tub. Ponder the serenity of the wilderness while sitting on one of the large private covered decks. You’ll feel right at home relaxing and playing pool and foosball at this Ellijay vacation cabin. Each room in the North Georgia Mountains rental cabin has stunning views of the surrounding forest and wildlife. Wade in the pristine creek within view of this private riverfront North Georgia Mountain cabin. This warm, woodsy riverside cabin has 2 large great rooms, 4 bedrooms, 2 levels of wraparound covered porches, a hot tub, jacuzzi, with 6 TVs and 6 DVD players and a romantic floor-to-vaulted ceiling stone fireplace. At this luxury cabin in Elijay, spend some relaxation time in the outdoor hot tub, watching and listening to the North Goergia mountain stream as it tumbles down the cascades. Count the stars in the night sky as massaging jets relieve all your stresses. In the winter, an invigorating soak in the outdoor hot tub is a warming and romantic way to enjoy the beauty of the North Georgia Mountains. Rock all your cares away in a rocking chair while cooling summer breezes stir the fresh mountain air. Relax in chairs on the riverside deck while watching for deer as they come for a drink of water in Turniptown Creek. Relax in privacy with sounds of light breezes in the hemlocks and cascading waterfalls passing by. Enjoy the sounds and sights of nature's peace and tranquility hidden in the heart of the North Georgia Mountains. Bears are frequent visitors to our cabin. The Ellijay cabin offers year-round hospitality in the Blue Ridge Mountains tradition, providing comfort and luxury for balance and restoration. Breathe in the fresh mountain air, smell the woods and fly fish in the pristine waters. Explore the North Georgia Mountains with numerous opportunities for hiking, scenic drives, riding the Blue Ridge train, whitewater rafting on the Ocoee River, panning for gold, visiting Georgia wineries, shopping for antiques and local Blue Ridge Mountains crafts. The North Georgia Mountains cabin rental has both the beauty and serenity of the Blue Ridge Mountains as well as all the fun of a great mountain stream vacation! You'll enjoy the truly majestic Georgia Mountains and relaxed elegance of a luxury Blue Ridge cabin suitable for all occasions. Imagine fly fishing Turniptown Creek deep in the Rich Mountains, in crystal-clear water, where you will be far away from tourists and crowded trout streams. Treat yourself to a fine gourmet meal in your kitchen and then sit out on the deck soaking up the serenity of the North Georgia Mountains. You’ll enjoy cooking in the impressively spacious, fully equipped kitchen windows that draw you to view the beauty of nature outside. This luxurious cabin is the perfect kitchen for a church retreat, a corporate retreat or a family reunion. Take advantage of the screened in porch off the kitchen for outdoor dining. Bask in the morning sun in privacy while enjoying a good book. Embark on a vigorous hike up Walnut Mountain. This Ellijay cabin offers luxury lodging in a tranquil and quiet sanctuary absent of the hustle and bustle of life's daily rituals. The cabin is located in the heart of the North Georgia Blue Ridge Mountains. Whether you're planning a family reunion, a weekend escape, or you’re just looking for the peace and serenity of a relaxed mountain getaway, this Ellijay Georgia cabin combines the comforts of home with the beauty of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The master bedroom on the main floor has a private bath, king bed with pillowtop mattress for added comfort, a TV, DVD player, lots of windows from which to listen to the cascading creek outside your windows if you wish to open the windows. Yikes! A bear on the front porch!!!!!! He just went on his way after exploring and eating an apple left on the outdoor table. Float or paddle to Blackberry Falls on the Cartecay River! Just a short drive from Walnut Mountain! Canoes, kayaks, funyaks can be rented from Mountaintown Outdoor Expedition. Guided canoe trips and kayak lessons are available. North Georgia Blue Ridge Mountains - Georgia Cabins located in Ellijay, Georgia
The perennial problem of the trade deficit has been, until recently, the high price Israel has had to pay for the miracle of attaining rapid growth while successfully meeting other national challenges. This yearly gap between a high level of imports and a significantly smaller scale of exports indicated economic dependence on foreign resources. Thus, a primary policy goal - eventually reached recently - of every government was to achieve "economic independence," the point where exports will finance all imports and this deficit will disappear. Over the first 48 years of Israel's existence, this deficit grew continuously, 45-fold (in current prices): from $222 million in 1949 to $10.1 billion in 1996. However, in relative terms, the deficit steadily decreased during that period, indicating that the problem was gradually being solved: whereas in 1950 exports financed only 14 percent of imports, in 1960 this ratio was 51 percent, and in 1996 it stood at 79 percent. Since then the actual deficit began declining, down to $4.7 billion in 2001 and to a mere $0.7 billion in 2005, representing less than one percent of total trade. Over the past 61 years, Israel has required around $US 176 billion (in current figures) to cover all its annual trade deficits. Almost two thirds of this accumulated deficit was covered by unilateral transfers, such as funds brought in by immigrants, foreign pensions, donations from Jewish fund-raising organizations abroad to institutions of health, education, and social services, and grants from foreign governments, especially from the United States. The rest was financed by loans from individuals, banks, and foreign governments, which Israel has been repaying since its early years. That is why the national external debt increased every year until 1985, when, for the first time, less was borrowed than was paid back. This positive trend reverted for a few years until the net national external debt reached a new high of $20.8 billion in 1995. During the past decade it diminished considerably, down to zero, and since 2002 it is becoming growingly positive - namely, Israel is a creditor - with "the world" owing it more than Israel owes the world, with a net difference of $50 billion in 2010.
Come and visit coburg house studios new gallery space. It will be launched on Saturday 9th May. To celebrate the launch, each of the coburg artists will produce a piece of work to be exhibited for this event! There are more than 60 artists within coburg......textiles, painting, ceramics, jewellery, mosaics, illustration, silversmithing.... Everyone welcome!click on the link below to get a sneaky preview of some of the artists work!!
B2B Profile Tool Groundswell technologies give a voice to buyers who can now describe their experience and disappointment to a global audience. And, wow, are they saying a lot. Forrester surveyed more than 1,200 business technology buyers and found that they exceed all previous benchmarks for social participation. To embed this in your site, use the following code: B2B marketers, eager to know how social media fits into the marketing mix, can use the Social Technographics® profiles of business decision-makers to design marketing programs that not only capitalize on emerging social behaviors but also fundamentally change the nature of the marketing relationship between B2B buyers and sellers. Want to profile your customers? Contact us about custom projects with your customer base. "Forrester's methodology and approach to understanding the social media behaviors of our customer base provided us with the data we needed to determine the best objective for our customer community and the confidence to move forward on this important initiative." — SVP, Solutions Marketing & Communications, Software Company
By >Akihabara News Team AVC-A1HD & AVC-1909: New Color for Denon’s High-end Amplifiers Yesterday Denon announced a new color, Black, for their flagship model AVC-A1HD. In case you forgot, it provides an output power of 7x150W (8Ω, 20Hz to 20kHz) with a THD of 0,08%, a frequency response of 10Hz -100kHz +0, -3 dB, and a signal noise ratio of 102dB. It’s also THX Ultra2 certified, upscales images in 1080p, and comes with lot of thing like Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD master audio decoders,dual HDMI outputs enabling simultaneous output to video projector and flat panel, Audyssey MultEQ XT, Silicon Optix REALTA T2-400 video processing, Wi-Fi b/g, six HDMI inputs and two HDMI outputs. The announced price is 4500€. Introduced a couple months ago, the AVC-1909 also gets Black. It provides an output power of 7×140 Watts (6Ω), features three HDMI inputs and one HDMI output that supports 1080p video signals, uses a 32bit DSP, and reproduces the latest audio codecs such as Dolby True HD, DTS-HD Master Audio…
"centralizer" Italian translation The natural resources of Central Asia, especially gas and oil, are considerable. This is really the central dichotomy that exists within the Union at this time. The DIPECHO agenda includes south-east Asia, Central America and the Caribbean. And that is that the central moral challenge of this century is gender inequity. At its meeting on 22 November 2001 the Governing Council of the European Central China recovered. Then they said, "Nevermore, stupid central planning." Indeed, the amendment refers to officially designated mechanisms for the central storage of regulated information. Introducing elements of central planning into the European economy is not the right way to respond to the social consequences of Needless to say, I have nothing against a central storage facility for price-sensitive information, but I wonder whether such facilities A central, electronic EU index of legal cases and a data bank containing a register of judgments would be invaluable to courts and persons ECB Opinion on the Central Corporate Credit Register in Belgium Does this mean that the European Central Bank in Frankfurt will be given a central supervisory role? In the United States, which can teach us a great deal about these matters, one central clearing house acts for the whole country. The question of whether you, for reasons of security, must establish central registration of keys has been answered by the PPE Group with a For example, work is now being done to create a central register of accounts and a central register for contracts, which will then be Synonyms (English) for "central": centile · centilitre · centimetre · cento · central · centralism · centralist · centrality · centralization · centralized · centralizer · centralizing · centralness · centre · centre-forward · centrepiece · centres · centricity · centrifugal · centrifugate · centrifugated More translations in the Turkish-English dictionary.
PANO - A cuisine contest with the participation of 9 teams of Central Highland ethnic minorities was held during the ongoing Culture and Sport Festival of Kon Tum Ethnic Minority Groups 2010 in Kon Tum City. At the competition, the teams introduced their traditional and unique dishes, which they often cook in their traditional festivals, like rice harvesting and buffalo baiting. The uniqueness of their traditional dishes rests on the ingredients, including herbs and spices, which come only from the Central Highland mountains and forests. According to local officials, the traditional cuisines of Central Highland ethnic minorities could be a potential for local tourism development. Translated by Thu Nguyen
The call for lower interest rates this week by Cambodia’s SMEs points to an enduring concern within the Kingdom’s immature financial sector, but there are currently few opportunities for lower borrowing rates unless the government and financial sector motivate themselves to address the issue. While the likes of Japan and the United States maintain base rates close to zero in a bid to stimulate economic activity, Cambodia has retained among the highest interest rates in the world with few mechanisms for lowering the cost of borrowing. Given the highly dollarised economy, the National Bank of Cambodia has few options for lowering the base rate, which means the private sector will remain in charge of dictating interest rates for the foreseeable future. And, unfortunately, banks and microfinance institutions will see few incentives to reduce rates. With more MFIs receiving deposit-taking licences, in theory, there would appear to be an opportunity for lower borrowing rates in Cambodia – given the likes of Amret and AMK can now draw on client savings rather than international lenders to finance loans. But most have opted instead to offer extremely high savings rates in a bid to raise their competitiveness in attracting deposits rather than passing on these lower operating costs to borrowers. AMK offers a staggering 12 percent per annum on 18-month fixed-rate deposits, which ranks as one of the most attractive savings products on the planet in an age of rates in the low single digits. Cambodia remains a country where many people still consider deposit accounts as counter-intuitive. Many people in rural areas remain reluctant to hand over their life savings for what essentially amounts to a piece of paper with a number on it – a savings book – preferring instead to horde money under the mattress where it cannot be used to fuel borrowing and in turn the economy. The absence of both a credit agency and land titles on many properties that could offer all-important collateral means borrowing remains as expensive as ever. Cases such as Choice Taxi Company’s collateral-free US$300,000 loan from ABA Bank this year remain the exception rather than the rule. In this case, ABA Bank considered the attractiveness and future growth of the metre-taxi market sufficient security – but this model is not realistic in the case of most lending packages. Cambodia remains a risky prospect for international lenders. The onus is therefore on the government and financial sector to offer a solution. The government must improve regulation of the financial sector and improve transparency to then improve the country’s standing in the eyes of the global financial market. Addressing dollarisation and establishing a credit agency in the Kingdom would help assert greater control of monetary policy and offer lenders improved security. But lenders themselves have to take the responsibility. More sensible rates would help pass on lower financing costs to borrowers and stop the current race within the banking sector that has seen deposit rates go through the roof. By encouraging people to save courtesy of high interest rates the sector is only hurting Cambodia’s recovery.
Despite making a great deal of progress, reducing poverty levels remains an urgent priority and new poverty reduction strategies are needed as current approaches are losing their impact. This is one of the key recommendations in a report titled, ‘Looking forward: Challenges to Poverty Reduction in Vietnam’, published by Oxfam and ActionAid on May 31, ahead of the mid-term Consultative Group meeting in Quang Tri early next week. The report provides an update on the project that monitors poverty in rural communities from 2007 to 2011. During 2007 to 2011 Vietnam found it extremely difficult time to reduce poverty levels. This has been due to high inflation, the global financial crisis and economic recession, natural disasters and epidemics. All these events have affected Vietnam ’s entire population, but particularly the poor. Nevertheless, the poverty rate continues to fall. Major government investments have provided poor communities with better infrastructures; increased the economic opportunities; generated more non-agricultural jobs; and provided better housing, educational, health and agricultural services. The positive changes can be seen in the 600 sample households, with 55 percent saying that their lives have improved over the last five years. However, many challenges still lie ahead despite a number of government reforms from 2007 promoting further economic development and lifting many poor households out of poverty. Nearly 40 percent of people in the areas monitored have not seen or are not sure of any changes, while nine percent even felt that their lives had got worse in the last five years. Chronic poverty is becoming increasingly concentrated, especially in ethnic minority areas; this is shown while comparing multidimensional poverty criteria between ethnic minority groups. Despite the government’s poverty reduction efforts, findings from the monitoring show alarming figures - 16 percent of families are still short of food up to nearly five months a year, one in four children under five are malnourished, 42 percent of all surveyed households still have no access to clean water and four out of five families still live without sanitation, according to the report. A significant number of people are vulnerable to falling back into poverty due to high inflation, the global economic crisis, natural disasters and epidemics. These are the risks, old and new, that Vietnam has to face in order to reduce the poverty rate. Oxfam is an international confederation of 17 organisations networking together across 92 countries, as part of a global movement for change, to build a future free from the injustice of poverty. In Vietnam , Oxfam is recognised as one of the leading international non-governmental organisations, especially in rural development, disaster and humanitarian response, developing civic society, ethnic minorities and empowering women. ActionAid is an international agency that fights poverty in over 40 countries, supporting poor people to end poverty and injustice.-VNA
Defined in header <cstdio> Reads the next character from stdin. Return value The obtained character or EOF if an error has occurred or the end of file reached See also \| gets a character from a file stream \| C documentation for getchar
Regarding the blog - bahia sail racing and the "Request Support" page. When the custom form is filled out and submitted, it is not getting to me. I checked the "E-Mail Notification" tab on the form builder and found it was blank. I had set it up months ago. So, I re-inserted my e-mail address, saved, updated, etc...when I go back to the e-mail notifications tab, the field is again blank. Any idea why it isn't updating. I have not received any of the submitted forms so something is wrong. The blog I need help with is fayence.wordpress.com.
I relatively new to the world of blogging. In fact, I've only known about personal web building for about a year. I opened this blog as a way to practice my writing skills and also talk about my career in art. Even though my blog has been up for months, I've noticed that it is not visible when I search my name on Google. My other free hosted websites seem to do well without any kind of promotion. Is this not the case with WordPress? Do I need to add metatags and or descriptions to my blog? Would it help to point links back to my site? The blog I need help with is ralphslatton.wordpress.com.
The Eads Bridge from St. Louis, stretching over the Mississippi River toward Illinois \|Carries\|\|4 highway lanes 2 MetroLink tracks \|Locale\|\|St. Louis, Missouri and East St. Louis, Illinois\| \|Designer\|\|James B. Eads\| \|Total length\|\|6,442 feet (1,964 m)\| \|Width\|\|46 feet (14 m)\| \|Longest span\|\|520 feet (158 m)\| \|Clearance below\|\|88 feet (27 m)\| \|Location:\|\|St. Louis, Missouri\| \|Architect:\|\|Eads,Capt. James B.\| \|Added to NRHP:\|\|October 15, 1966\| \|Designated NHL:\|\|January 29, 1964\| The bridge is named for its designer and builder, James B. Eads. When completed in 1874, the Eads Bridge was the longest arch bridge in the world, with an overall length of 6,442 feet (1,964 m). The ribbed steel arch spans were considered daring, as was the use of steel as a primary structural material: it was the first such use of true steel in a major bridge project. The Eads Bridge was also the first bridge to be built using cantilever support methods exclusively, and one of the first to make use of pneumatic caissons. The Eads Bridge caissons, still among the deepest ever sunk, were responsible for one of the first major outbreaks of "caisson disease" (also known as "the bends" or decompression sickness). Fifteen workers died, two other workers were permanently disabled, and 77 were severely afflicted. On 14 June 1874, John Robinson led a "test elephant" on a stroll across the new Eads Bridge to prove it was safe. A big crowd cheered as the elephant from a traveling circus lumbered towards Illinois. It was believed that elephants had instincts that would keep them from setting foot on unsafe structures. Two weeks later, Eads sent 14 locomotives back and forth across the bridge at one time.The opening day celebration on July 4, 1874 featured a parade that stretched fifteen miles through the streets of St. Louis. The Eads Bridge, which became an iconic image of the city of St. Louis, from the time of its erection until 1965 when the Gateway Arch was constructed, is still in use. The bridge crosses the St. Louis riverfront between Laclede's Landing, to the north, and the grounds of the Gateway Arch, to the south. Today the road deck has been restored, allowing vehicular and pedestrian traffic to cross the river. The St. Louis MetroLink light rail line has used the rail deck since 1993. The Eads Bridge was built by the Illinois and St. Louis Bridge Company, with the Keystone Bridge Company serving as subcontractor for superstructure erection. The domination of the river trade was no longer as important as before the American Civil War, and Chicago was fast gaining as the center of commerce in the West. The bridge was conceived as a solution for St. Louis to regain eminence by connecting transportation across the river. In an attempt to secure their future, steamboat interests successfully lobbied to place restrictions on bridge construction, requiring spans and heights previously unheard of. Ostensibly this would maintain sufficient operating room for steamboats beneath the bridge’s base for the then foreseeable future. The unproclaimed purpose was to require a bridge so grand and lofty that it would be impossible to erect according to conventional building techniques. The steamboat parties planned to prevent any structure from being built, in order to ensure continued dependence on river traffic to sustain commerce in the region. Such a bridge required a radical design solution. The ribbed arch had been a known construction technique for centuries. The triple span, tubular metallic arch construction was supported by two shore abutments and two mid-river piers. Four pairs of arches per span (upper and lower) were set eight feet apart, supporting an upper deck for vehicular traffic and a lower deck for rail traffic. Construction involved varied and confusing design elements and pressures. State and federal charters precluded suspension or draw bridges, or wood construction. There were constraints on span size and the height above the water line. The location dictated reconciling differences in heights from the low Illinois floodplain of the east bank to the high Missouri cliff on the west bank of the river. The bedrock required deep drilling to reach, as it was 38 m below water level on the Illinois side and 26 m below on the Missouri side. These pressures resulted in a bridge noted as innovative for precision and accuracy of construction and quality control. This was the first use of structural alloy steel in a major building construction, through use of cast chromium steel components. The completed bridge also relied on significant—and unknown—amounts of wrought iron. Eads argued that the great compressive strength of steel was ideal for use in the upright arch design. This decision resulted from a curious combination of chance and necessity, due to the insufficient strength of alternative material choices. The particular physical difficulties of the site stimulated interesting solutions to construction problems. The deep caissons used for pier and abutment construction signaled a new chapter in civil engineering. Unable to construct falsework to erect the arches, because they would obstruct river traffic, Eads's engineers devised a cantilevered rigging system to close the arches. Although recognized as an innovative and exciting achievement, the Eads Bridge was undercapitalized during construction and burdened with debt. With its focus on the river, St. Louis had a lack of adequate rail terminal facilities, and the bridge was poorly planned to coordinate rail access. An engineering and aesthetic success, the bridge was bankrupt within a year of opening. The Merchants Exchange eventually lost ownership to the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis (TRRA). The Exchange, fearing a Terminal Railroad rail monopoly on the bridges, would then build the Merchants Bridge, which in turn would eventually be taken over by the Terminal Railroad. The Terminal Railroad transferred the bridge to the City of St. Louis in 1989 in exchange for the MacArthur Bridge. Eads Bridge had long hosted only passenger trains on its rail deck. By the 1970s, the TRRA had abandoned its Eads trackage, as the bridge had lost all remaining passenger rail traffic to the MacArthur Bridge during the early years of Amtrak; the dimensions of modern passenger diesels were incompatible with both the bridge and the adjoining tunnel linking the Union Station trackage with Eads. In 1998, the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center investigated the effects of the ramming of the bridge by the barge Anne Holly on April 4 of that year. The ramming resulted in the near breakaway of the SS Admiral riverboat casino; several recommended changes reduced the odds of this happening in the future. See also↑Jump back a section - Eads Bridge at Structurae - "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2008-04-15. - "Eads Bridge". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-07-03. - DeLony, Eric. "Context for World Heritage Bridges". International Council on Monuments and Sites. Retrieved 2007-02-06. - Butler WP (2004). "Caisson disease during the construction of the Eads and Brooklyn Bridges: A review". Undersea Hyperb Med 31 (4): 445–59. PMID 15686275. Retrieved 2008-06-19. - "James B. Eads and His Amazing Bridge at St. Louis". National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-03-19. - St. Louis People 365 Accessed on 2008-09-17 - Robert W. Jackson, Rails Across the Mississippi: A History of the St. Louis Bridge (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), 199. - C. M. Woodward, A History of the St. Louis Bridge (St. Louis: G. I. Jones, 1881). - Condit, C.W., Technology and Culture, vol. 1, 78-93. - From material recorded by Kevin Murphy, Historian HAER, April 1984 in the public domain. - Past & Repast = The History and Hospitality of the Missouri Governor's Mansion - Missouri Mansion Preservation, Inc. -1983 - "TRRA History". Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis. Retrieved 2008-04-09. - National Transportation Safety Board (8 September 2000). Marine Accident Report: Ramming of the Eads Bridge by Barges in Tow on the M/V Anne Holly with Subsequent Ramming and Near Breakaway of the President Casino on the Admiral, St. Louis Harbor, Missouri, April 4, 1998. docstock.com. - Cook, Richard J. (1987). The Beauty of Railroad Bridges in North America -- Then and Now. San Marino, California (USA): Golden West Books. ISBN 0-87095-097-5. - Miller, Howard S. and Quinta Scott; The Eads Bridge University of Missouri Press; Columbia & London: 1979 - "National Register of Historic Places - Nomination Form". Missouri Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2008-05-30. \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Eads Bridge\| - National Historic Landmark Designation - Statement of Significance - Eads Bridge - the History and Heritage of Civil Engineering webpage (American Society of Civil Engineers) - Eads Bridge at Structurae - Bridge Pros: Eads Bridge - Bridge info at Historic Bridges of the United States. - maps.google.com zoomed in, hybrid mode - High resolution panoramic image of an Eads Bridge span - Picture, circa 1980. - Library of Congress HAER record - Eads Bridge Photographs collections at the University of Missouri–St. Louis
Nurek can refer to: - Nurak, a city in Tajikistan - Nurek Dam, a dam in Tajikistan, or its reservoir - Nurek, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland) \|This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Picea excelsa Link (nom. illeg.) It is a large, fast-growing evergreen coniferous tree growing to 35-55 m (115–180 ft) tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 1-1.5 m. The shoots are orange-brown and glabrous (hairless). The leaves are needle-like, 12–24 mm long, quadrangular in cross-section (not flattened), and dark green on all four sides with inconspicuous stomatal lines. The cones are 9–17 cm long (the longest of any spruce), and have bluntly to sharply triangular-pointed scale tips. They are green or reddish, maturing brown 5–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 4–5 mm long, with a pale brown 15 mm wing. Populations in southeast Europe tend to have on average longer cones with more pointed scales; these are sometimes distinguished as Picea abies var. acuminata (Beck) Dallim. & A.B.Jacks., but there is extensive overlap in variation with trees from other parts of the range. Some botanists treat Siberian spruce as a subspecies of Norway spruce, though in their typical forms, they are very distinct, the Siberian spruce having cones only 5–10 cm long, with smoothly rounded scales, and pubescent (hairy) shoots.Genetically Norway and Siberian spruces have turned out to be extremely similar and may be considered as two closely related subspecies of P. abies. Another spruce with smoothly rounded cone scales and hairy shoots occurs rarely in the central Alps in eastern Switzerland. It is also distinct in having thicker, blue-green leaves. Many texts treat this as a variant of Norway spruce, but it is as distinct as many other spruces, and appears to be more closely related to Siberian spruce (Picea obovata), Schrenk's spruce (Picea schrenkiana) from central Asia and Morinda spruce (Picea smithiana) in the Himalaya. Treated as a distinct species, it takes the name Alpine spruce (Picea alpestris (Brügger) Stein). As with Siberian spruce, it hybridises extensively with Norway spruce; pure specimens are rare. Hybrids are commonly known as Norwegian spruce, which should not be confused with the pure species Norway spruce. Norway spruce grows throughout Europe from Norway in the northwest and Poland eastward, and also in the mountains of central Europe, southwest to the western end of the Alps, and southeast in the Carpathians and Balkans to the extreme north of Greece. The northern limit is in the arctic, just north of 70°N in Norway. Its eastern limit in Russia is hard to define, due to extensive hybridisation and intergradation with the Siberian spruce (Picea obovata, syn. P. abies subsp. obovata), but is usually given as the Ural Mountains. However, trees showing some Siberian spruce characters extend as far west as much of northern Finland, with a few records in northeast Norway. The hybrid is known as Picea × fennica (or P. abies subsp. × fennica, if the two taxa are considered subspecies), and can be distinguished by a tendency towards having hairy shoots and cones with smoothly rounded scales. In North America, Norway spruce is widely planted, specifically in the northeastern, Pacific Coast, and Rocky Mountain states, as well as in southeastern Canada. There are naturalized populations occurring from Connecticut to Michigan, and it is probable that they occur elsewhere. Norway spruces are more tolerant of hot, humid weather than many conifers which do not thrive except in cool-summer areas. Uses and ecology The Norway spruce is one of the most widely planted spruces, both in and outside of its native range, and one of the most economically important coniferous species in Europe. It is used in forestry for timber and paper production, and as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens. It is esteemed as a source of tonewood It is also widely planted for use as a Christmas tree. Every Christmas, the Norwegian capital city, Oslo, provides the cities of New York, London (the Trafalgar Square Christmas tree), Edinburgh and Washington D.C. with a Norway spruce, which is placed at the most central square of each city. This is mainly a sign of gratitude for the aid these countries gave during the Second World War. It is naturalised in some parts of North America, though not so extensively as to be considered an invasive weed tree. It can grow fast when young, up to 1 m per year for the first 25 years under good conditions, but becomes slower once over around 20 m tall. The Norway spruce tolerates acidic soils well, but does not do well on dry or deficient soils. From 1928 until the 1960s it was planted on surface mine spoils in Indiana. Several cultivars have been selected for garden use; they are occasionally traded under the obsolete scientific name Picea excelsa (an Illegitimate name). The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:- World's "oldest clone" The stress is on the difference between the singular "oldest tree" and the multiple "oldest trees", and between "oldest clone" and "oldest non-clone". The oldest known individual tree (that has not taken advantage of vegetative cloning) is Methuselah, a Great Basin Bristlecone Pine. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside, picein, piceatannol and its glucoside (astringin), isorhapontin (the isorhapontigenin glucoside), catechin and ferulic acid are phenolic compounds found in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruces.Piceol and astringin are also found in P. abies. \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Picea abies\| - Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3-87429-298-3. - Rushforth, K. (1987). Conifers. Helm ISBN 0-7470-2801-X. - Gymnosperm Database: Picea abies - Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Picea abies. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. - Den Virtuella Floran: Picea abies distribution (in Swedish, with maps) - Krutovskii, K.V. & Bergmann, F.: Introgressive hybridization and phylogenetic relationships between Norway, Picea abies (L.) Karst., and Siberian, P. obovata Ledeb., spruce species studied by isozyme loci. - Heredity 74 (1995): 464-480. http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v74/n5/pdf/hdy199567a.pdf - United States Forest Service., “Index of Species Information: Picea Abies” Retrieved on 18 November 2009. - Here is more than you perhaps ever cared to know about European spruce... - Mitchell, A. F. (1974). A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-212035-6 - Karellp. "New Beer - Spruce Beer". The Black Creek Growler. Retrieved September 30, 2012. - Umeå University Press Release: World’s oldest living tree discovered in Sweden. April 16, 2008. - Quaking Aspen by the Bryce Canyon National Park Service - Genetic Variation and the Natural History of Quaking Aspen, Mitton, J. B. & Grant, M. C. (1996). BioScience 46 (1): 25-31. - Swedish Spruce Is World's Oldest Tree: Scientific American Podcast - Phenolics of mycorrhizas and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce. Babette Münzenberger, Jürgen Heilemann, Dieter Strack, Ingrid Kottke and Franz Oberwinkler, Planta, Volume 182, Number 1, pages 142-148, doi:10.1007/BF00239996 - Picein and piceol concentrations in Norway spruce. Hans Løkke, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 19, Issue 3, June 1990, Pages 301–309, doi:10.1016/0147-6513(90)90032-Z - Stilbenes and resin acids in relation to the penetration of Heterobasidion annosum through the bark of Picea abies. M. Lindberg, L. Lundgren, R. Gref and M. Johansson, European Journal of Forest Pathology, May 1992, Volume 22, Issue 2, pages 95–106, doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1992.tb01436.x Read in another language This page is available in 47 languages - Беларуская (тарашкевіца) - Кырык мары - Norsk bokmål - Norsk nynorsk - Перем Коми - Runa Simi - Vepsän kel’
Roy Chapman Andrews - For the former professional American football coach see LeRoy Andrews Roy Chapman Andrews (January 26, 1884 – March 11, 1960) was an American explorer, adventurer and naturalist who became the director of the American Museum of Natural History, primarily known for leading a series of expeditions through the fragmented China of the early 20th century into the Gobi Desert and Mongolia. The expeditions made important discoveries and brought the first-known fossil dinosaur eggs in the world to the museum. \|This People article is a stub. You can help Wikiquote by expanding it.\| - I was born to be an explorer. There never was any decision to make. I coudn't be anything else and be happy,the desire to see new places, to discover new facts- the curiosity of life always has been a resistless driving force to me. - 'This Business of Exploring' pub, 1935
(written from a Production point of view) Melissa O'Keeffe is an actress who appeared as a Starfleet crewman in the final episode of Star Trek: Enterprise, "These Are the Voyages...". She also appeared as an alien ambassador in the episodes "Demons" and "Terra Prime". As a background actress she received no credit for this appearance. O'Keeffe earned her BA in Journalism / Media Arts from the University of Arizona and trained acting under coaches Joel Asher, Amy Lyndon, and Richard Courtney. She performed in several stage plays in Phoenix and Los Angeles and was featured in the independent films Simply Me, School's Out, and Enough Said and the ER episode Lost in America (2006, with Scott Grimes, Leland Orser, Maury Sterling, and Mark Bramhall). As a host she worked on the IESB productions TV Wire and Soldiers Radio and TV and the UA-TV production The Cat's Eye.
- © RIA Novosti. Elena Rusko © RIA Novosti. Elena Rusko MOSCOW, September 20 (RIA Novosti) – Columbus Blue Jackets forward Artem Anisimov has signed a lockout contract with his former team Lokomotiv Yaroslavl, the team said Thursday. The 24 year old was traded to Columbus in July after spending four seasons with the New York Rangers, where he notched up 119 points in 270 games. Anisimov, a product of the Lokomotiv youth system, played in Yaroslavl for two years before moving to North America in 2007. "I’m very happy to return home and play for my native team," he told the club's website. "Almost everything has remained the same as it was five years ago; the organization is at a very high level." It is expected that Colorado Avalanche goaltender Semyon Varlamov will also make a lockout move back to Yaroslavl, where he played alongside Anisimov for the 2006-07 season. Lokomotiv had to form a team from scratch for this season's championship after a plane crash wiped out its entire roster a year ago. The deadline for averting a lockout passed last week that sparked a flurry of signings, the highest-profile of which have been Evgeni Malkin's return to Metallurg Magnitogorsk and Alex Ovechkin’s to Dynamo Moscow.
Hi everybody, squatters, queers, and the others As i still receive lots of mails concerning a queer squat in Barcelone, i have to publish, with 7 months of delay, this news : In Barcelone, the group called okupaqueer, that finally squatted a big house in Montgat (on the seaside, near to Barcelone) from september 04 to february 05, does not exist anymore, since the eviction. So don’t send messages to the email box cause you’ll never get any answer. I used to forward all the messages i get about accomodation, people searching for a place to stay, to queeruption 8, but now that this meeting is over, and that there is not any group that seems to be involved anymore here about queer & squat, i don’t know what to answer. Bye bye and good luck. On Friday July 14th 2005, ten people had to appear in the court of Amsterdam. They were prosecuted because of their participation in actions against the eviction of six squats in Amsterdam. Eight of them were already locked up since the evictions on Tuesday May 31st. That day around 70 people gathered in front of the Rokin squat in the center of Amsterdam. They made barricades on the street, set them on fire and blocked all traffic for hours. When the riotpolice arrived people started to attack them with stones, bottles and paintbombs. The clash on the streets went on for an hour, the eviction for five hours. Two of the ten people that had to appear in court, were declared innocent ; seven people were convicted for 6 weeks prison (exactly the time they had spend inside already, so they were released the next day) ; and one woman got sentenced for 5 months, so she still has to spend 3 ½ months in prison ! When arrested a molotov cocktail was found on her body. Though nobody threw a molotov and there is no film or photograph footage from the police, she is convicted of throwing a molotov cocktail. All the accusations are based on the article of “public violence from a organised group”, with variations in : walking between the barricades, throwing water on police officers, throwing with objects like speaker boxes, empty beer cans, bread, molotov cocktails, fruit, a red coffee cup, bricks and pillows. During the court case the judge and the officer of justice made some remarkable political statements, that are very uncommon in dutch court. They compared the situation with “city guerrilla” because there were actions in a organised way that crossed the boundaries of violence. CAPE TOWN, JULY 2005 – The Cape Town collective of Indymedia South Africa has made a ‘video newsletter’ about recent housing struggles in the city. This 35 minute production features footage of recent housing protests and interviews with community activists from Vrygrond, Delft, QQ section and Kwezi Park talking about housing issues and current issues. It is produced in order to give activists from elsewhere insight into the current struggles in Cape Town. The video is available for download from the Indymedia Video Distribution Network (500 mb download https://video.indymedia.org/en/2005/07/138.shtml) or v2v http://www.v2v.cc/ or you can contact Indymedia South Africa (Cape Town) on to find out about getting a copy. The soundtrack is also available (on http://sa.indymedia.org/uploads/nohousenovote_soundtrack.mp3) for potential radio use. At present we do not have our own video camera (Ella and Ali kindly helped us out in making this film) but we look forward to seeing more ‘video documentaries’ from Cape Town and elsewhere.
The sound of the Rough Series is unique, a balanced mix of both power and control. A completely new system of turning is used to create these cymbals - Micro Lathing. This process creates the powerful character that defines this range. Rough Series are the perfect choice for any studio or live situation where a powerful controlled sound is required. The range is completed by the introduction of 19” and 21” crashes, 15” Hi-Hats and the new Rides 20”-21”-22” in Medium weight. Alloy - Cast Bronze B20. Production - Cast using the “Rotocasting”® Procedure, deep hand hammering using five different punches, finished using final handcrafted turning system. Level - Professional. Applications - Studio, Rock, Hard Rock, Fusion. Sound - Powerful, penetrating and controlled with frequencies concentrated on the mid range of the sound spectrum. Click on each size to hear the cymbal
The 1989 civil unrest in Moldova began on November 7, 1989, in Chişinău, Moldavian SSR and continued on November 10, when protesters burned down the headquarters of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, led by Vladimir Voronin. Festivals on 7 November 1989 commemorating the October Revolution and 10 November celebrating the Soviet police force offered excellent opportunities for oppositionists to challenge authorities in highly visible settings and disrupt events of premiere importance to the Soviet regime. Popular Front of Moldova activists, often going beyond the official sanction of the movement leadership, organized actions that embarrassed the republican leadership, ultimately resulted in riots in central Chişinău. This unrest sealed the fate of the increasingly weak the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Moldova. At the end of a year that had seen Semion Grossu and his organization pummeled from both the national revivalist right and the "ultrarevolutionary" internationalist left, Moscow replaced the First Secretary with Petru Lucinschi in a snap Central Committee plenum on November 16, 1989. At the Politburo meeting of the CPM Central Committee of 9 November, the first secretary of the party, Simon Grossu urges militia to proceed to prosecution and arrest those responsible for the events of November 7. Moreover, he proposed that those arrested to be deported outside Moldova. On November 10, protesters burned down the headquarters of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. On November 10, the minister of Internal Affairs Vladimir Voronin was hiding in the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, while defending the Ministry of Internal Affairs was entrusted to General Zhukov. A consequence of the riot was the change of the leader of the Communist party in power, Semion Grossu, with Petru Lucinschi on November 16, 1989. External links Coordinates: 47°01′40″N 28°49′40″E / 47.02778°N 28.82778°E
Category:People of the Defense Intelligence Agency From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. The following 16 pages are in this category, out of 16 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
\|\|This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2011)\| \|Ceased operations\|\|April 10 2013\| \|Hubs\|\|Miami International Airport\| \|Airport lounge\|\|Admirals Club\| \|Parent company\|\|AMR Corporation\| \|Headquarters\|\|Carolina, Puerto Rico\| \|Key people\|\|Pedro Fabregas (President)\| Executive Airlines operated an extensive inter-island network in the Caribbean and to the Bahamas and the USA in American Eagle colors. Its main base was Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, San Juan. In addition, Executive Airlines owns Executive Ground Services, Inc. which is a provider of aviation ground services. According to the American Airlines system timetable dated March 7, 2013, all American Eagle flights operated by Executive Airlines from San Juan (SJU) were scheduled to be discontinued by April 1, 2013. American Eagle operated its last flights on Sunday, March 31, 2013. Effective April 1st, 2013 Executive Airlines will continue to do business in the Caribbean and Bahamas as an aircraft ground handling company, providing services to various airlines in the region. The airline was founded by Puerto Rican businessman Joaquín Bolivar as Executive Air Charter in 1979, and on September 15, 1986 joined the American Eagle system. It became an AMR Eagle subsidiary on December 7, 1989. It is a subsidiary of AMR Eagle Holdings Corporation which operates American Eagle Airlines Inc., and Executive Airlines Inc. Both are subsidiaries of AMR Corporation, the parent of American Airlines. It has 2,125 employees (at March 2007). In late 2007, it was announced AMR plans to "spin off" Executive Airlines Inc., which according to the filing, carries the American Eagle name. In the American Airlines Inc., 8k SEC filing dated November 29, 2007, "The planned divestiture would include both American Eagle Airlines, Inc., which feeds American Airlines hubs throughout North America, and its independently certificated regional carrier affiliate, Executive Airlines, Inc., which carries and d/b/a American Eagle in name throughout The Bahamas and the Caribbean from bases in Miami and San Juan, Puerto Rico." On July 8, 2008, American Eagle Inc, announced changes in leadership at its San Juan-based Executive Airlines operation in which Ed Criner, Executive’s current president, returned to the U.S. mainland to oversee one of American Eagle’s largest operations at Chicago O’Hare airport, and Pedro Fabregas, Vice President - Finance and Planning for Executive, became President - Executive Airlines. Fabregas, a 25-year industry veteran, joined American Airlines in 1983 and quickly progressed through a number of management positions. He moved to Executive Airlines in 1998 as Director - Finance and Administration, and has since contributed in a variety of roles, including Vice President - Sales, Marketing and Planning. In 2005, Fabregas was selected by the Senate of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico as one of the most important business leaders in Puerto Rico. American Eagle / Executive Airlines Organization - Caribbean Pedro Fabregas - President & CEO Ramon Hernandez - Vice Technical Operations Benixavier Perez - Vice President Safety & Compliance Jorge Ramirez - Vice President International Operations Carlos Hernandez - Director Flight Operations Brenda Torres - Director Finance & Accounting (OW) Executive Airlines Destinations - 2012 San Juan hub - British Virgin Islands - Dominican Republic - France (Overseas departments) - Saint Kitts and Nevis - U.S. Virgin Islands The Executive Air fleet consisted of the following aircraft (at February 2008): The fleet was owned by the parent company, AMR until it completed a sale & leaseback transaction in February 2008. The ATR-72s will be returned to the leasing company starting in 2012 two at a time. Their replacement aircraft has not yet been decided on. However, it appears as of March 2013 that no replacement aircraft may be ordered as the American Eagle service operated by Executive Airlines conducted its last flights on Sunday, March 31, 2013 according to the American Airlines system timetable dated March 7, 2013. Incidents and accidents - May 8, 1987: American Eagle Flight 5452, a CASA 212-200 was on a domestically scheduled passenger flight between San Juan, Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, Puerto Rico crashed short of Runway 09 while landing at Mayaguez. After impacting, the plane continued through a chain link fence and a ditch. Of the 6 occupants onboard (4 passengers and 2 crew on board) 2 were killed. The cause of the crash was determined to be the improper maintenance in setting the flight idle propeller and engine fuel flow. - June 7, 1992: American Eagle Flight 5456, a CASA 212-200 was on a regular flight between San Juan, Puerto Rico and Mayaguez, Puerto Rico when it lost control and crashed nose-down about 3/4 mile from the Mayaguez, Puerto Rico airport. Both crew and all three passengers were killed. The cause of the crash was the copilot's inadvertent activation of the levers, causing the plane to lose control. - October 31, 1994: an American Eagle ATR-72, flight 4184, crashed after flying into unknown icing conditions. Control was lost and all aboard were killed. - May 9, 2004; an American Eagle ATR-72, flight 5401, crashed on landing in San Juan, Puerto Rico after the captain lost control of the aircraft while landing. 17 people were injured. - "Regional3.pdf." Aviation Week. Retrieved on September 28, 2009. - World Airline Directory. Flight International. March 22–28, 1995. 68. - Flight International 3 April 2007 - "American Airlines Inc - 8-K - For 11/29/07". SEC Info. Retrieved 2012-10-14. - "American Airlines Inc - 8-K - PDF - For 11/29/07 - Accession Number 0000006201-07-000093". Secdatabase.com. Retrieved 2012-10-14. - "American inks sale-leaseback deal on ATR 72s". Flightglobal.com. 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2012-10-14. - "Libraries \| Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University". Amelia.db.erau.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-14. - [dead link] - "Crash During Landing, Executive Airlines Flight 5401, Avions de Transport Regional 72-212, N438AT, San Juan, Puerto Rico, May 9, 2004" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-10-14.
Freedom Schools were temporary, alternative free schools for African Americans mostly in the South. They were originally part of a nationwide effort during the Civil Rights Movement to organize African Americans to achieve social, political and economic equality in the United States. The most prominent example of Freedom Schools was in Mississippi during the summer of 1964. Despite the Supreme Court's ruling of 1954 in the Brown v. Board of Education case striking down segregated school systems, in the mid-1960s Mississippi still maintained separate and unequal white and "colored" school systems. On average, the state spent $81.66 to educate a white student compared to only $21.77 for a black child. Mississippi was one of only two states in the union that did not have a mandatory education law and many children in rural areas were sent to work in the fields and received little education at all. Even the curriculum was different for white and black. As a typical example, the white school board of Bolivar County mandated that "Neither foreign languages nor civics shall be taught in Negro schools. Nor shall American history from 1860 to 1875 be taught." In late 1963, Charles Cobb, a Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) activist, proposed the organization sponsor a network of Freedom Schools. The concept of Freedom Schools had been utilized by educators and activists prior to the summer of 1964 in Boston, New York, and Prince Edward County, Virginia, where public schools were closed in reaction to the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision or, in the case of Boston, as acts of protest against discriminatory school conditions. Mississippi Freedom Schools The Mississippi Freedom Schools were developed as part of the 1964 Freedom Summer civil rights project, a massive effort that focused on voter registration drives and educating Mississippi students for social change. The Council of Federated Organizations (COFO)—an umbrella civil rights organization of activists and funds drawn from SNCC, CORE, NAACP, and SCLC—among other organizations, coordinated Freedom Summer. The project was essentially a statewide voter registration campaign, and the framers called for one thousand volunteers to assist in the undertaking. Activists made plans to conduct a parallel Democratic primary election, because the systematic exclusion of black voters resulted in all-white delegations to presidential primaries. These efforts culminated in the creation of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. Both the official delegation and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party went to the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey. In December 1963, during planning for the upcoming Freedom Summer project, Charles Cobb proposed a network of “Freedom Schools” that would foster political participation among Mississippi elementary and high school students, in addition to offering academic courses and discussions. Activists organizing the Freedom Summer project accepted Cobb’s proposal and in March 1964 organized a curriculum planning conference in New York under the sponsorship of the National Council of Churches. Spelman College history professor Staughton Lynd was appointed Director of the Freedom School program. Over the course of Freedom Summer, more than 40 Freedom Schools were set up in black communities throughout Mississippi. The purpose was to try to end political displacement of African Americans by encouraging students to become active citizens and socially involved within the community. Over 3,000 African American students attended these schools in the summer of 1964. Students ranged in age from small children to the very elderly with the average approximately 15 years old. Teachers were volunteers, most of whom were college students themselves. Political and educational objectives The Freedom Schools were conceptualized with both political and educational objectives. Freedom School teachers would educate elementary and high school students to become social change agents that would participate in the ongoing Civil Rights Movement, most often in voter registration efforts. The curriculum adopted was divided into seven core areas that analyzed the social, political, and economic context of precarious race relations and the Civil Rights Movement. Leadership development was encouraged, in addition to more traditional academic skills. The education at Freedom Schools was student-centered and culturally relevant. Curriculum and instruction was based on the needs of the students, discussion among students and teachers (rather than lecturing) was encouraged, and curriculum planners encouraged teachers to base instruction on the experiences of their students. Curriculum development revolved around The Curriculum Conference, which consisted of teachers and directors discussing the type of education that would be taught at the freedom schools. The teachers were to write an outline for their curriculum planning. They were told to keep in mind what life was like in Mississippi and the short amount of time that they had to teach the material. The curriculum had to be teacher-friendly and immediately useful to the students, while being based around questions and activities. The primary focus was questions and discussion rather than memorization of facts and dates. Instructions to teachers included: - In the matter of classroom procedure, questioning is the vital tool. It is meaningless to flood the student with information he cannot understand; questioning is the path to enlightenment... The value of the Freedom Schools will derive mainly from what the teachers are able to elicit from the students in terms of comprehension and expression of their experiences. Since the curriculum conference brought together citizens of different backgrounds and origins, the final curriculum outline was based around material from different origins and consisted of three different sections. The three sections of the Freedom School curriculum were the Academic Curriculum, the Citizenship Curriculum, and the Recreational Curriculum. The purpose of these sections was to teach students social change within the school; regional history; black history; how to answer open-ended questions; and the development of academic skills. The Academic Curriculum consisted of reading, writing, and verbal activities that were based on the student’s own experiences. The Citizenship Curriculum was to encourage the students to ask questions about the society. The Recreational Curriculum required the student to be physically active. In most of the schools, the Citizenship Curriculum focused on two sets of inter-related questions for class discussion: - Why are we (teachers and students) in Freedom Schools? - What is the Freedom Movement? - What alternatives does the Freedom Movement offer us? - What does the majority culture have that we want? - What does the majority culture have that we don't want? - What do we have that we want to keep? First year Freedom Schools opened during the first week of July 1964, after approximately two hundred fifty Freedom School volunteer teachers attended one-week training sessions at Western College for Women in Oxford, Ohio. The original plans had anticipated twenty-five Freedom Schools and 1,000 students; by the end of the summer, forty-one schools had been opened to over 2,500 students. Freedom Schools were organized and done with the help and commitment of local communities, who provided various buildings for schools and housing for the volunteer teachers. While some of the schools were held in parks, kitchens, residential homes, and under trees, most classes were held in churches or church basements. Attendance varied throughout the summer. Some schools experienced consistent attendance, but that was the exception. Because attendance was not compulsory, recruitment and maintaining attendance was perhaps the primary challenge the schools faced. In Clarksdale, Mississippi, for instance, the average student attendance during the first week was fifteen, the second week was eight, but at any point during the summer the school may have had in attendance as many as thirty-five students. It was not uncommon for adults to attend class regularly. Instruction was changed based on local conditions. In rural communities where students were expected to work during the school day, classes were often held at night. In schools that maintained traditional school hours, typically in urban areas, citizenship curriculum and traditional academic courses were offered in the morning and special classes such as music, drama, and typing were offered in the afternoon. In many instances, entire school days would be devoted to voter registration efforts. It was imperative for SNCC activists that students would be invested in civil rights activity because this cadre of students was expected to remain in the state to enact social change. At the conclusion of the Freedom School term, activists and students organized a student-led conference on August 8, 1964, the day after the funeral of James Chaney, one of the workers killed in the Mississippi civil rights workers murders. The conference was held in Meridian, Mississippi, at the former Meridian Baptist Seminary. The school was described as "the palace of the Freedom School circuit." Each Freedom School sent three representatives to the conference to form a youth platform for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. The student delegates discussed issues related to jobs, schools, foreign affairs, and public accommodations and proffered recommendations for the state party. By the end of the conference, students prepared a statement that demanded access to public accommodations, building codes for each home, integrated schools, a public works program, and the appointment of qualified blacks to state positions. Freedom School teachers and students remained committed to the Freedom School concept. In early August 1964, plans were being made to continue the Freedom Schools during the upcoming school year, and some volunteer teachers had already agreed to stay. Students decided, however, during the Freedom School Conference in early August to not continue the schools. Yet students implemented the leadership and activism experienced during the summer in their own schools. Some students returned to school and demanded better facilities and more courses. Students in Philadelphia, Mississippi, returned to school wearing SNCC “One Man, One Vote” buttons—for which they were expelled. Part of the Freedom School legacy can be seen in the dozens of schools that hold the name today: Akwesasne Freedom School on a Mohawk Indian reservation; The Freedom Schools in St. Louis, Missouri and Chicago, Illinois; Paulo Freire Freedom School in Tucson, Arizona; and Jane Addams School for Democracy, in St. Paul, Minnesota. In the Mississippi Delta, the Sunflower County Freedom Project operates annual summer Freedom Schools emphasizing Civil Rights History as well as a year-round college preparatory program for middle and high school students. The Children’s Defense Fund (CDF) operates a nationwide modern Freedom School program. This program is coordinated through the Children's Defense Fund's Black Community Crusade for Children initiative. The CDF Freedom Schools national program operates over 130 summer program sites in 24 states across the country serving nearly 9,000 children. In Michigan the Black Radical Congress in Detroit launched a campaign to create a model based on the Freedom Schools. All cite the influence of the 1964 Freedom Schools in their mission statements. Philadelphia Freedom Schools is an independent community education initiative operating a modern version of the Mississippi curriculum with an emphasis on academic scholarship, social action and intergenerational leadership. Philadelphia Freedom Schools (PFS) are organized through a lead agency, Communities In Schools. - McAdam, Doug (1990). Freedom Summer. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504367-7. - Carmichael, Stokely; Michael Thelwell (2003). Ready for Revolution. Scribner. ISBN 0-684-85003-6. - Freedom Schools ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans - Mississippi Freedom Summer 1965 & Its 30 Schools - "Mississippi Freedom School Curriculum — 1964". Radical Teacher 40. 1991. - Townsend Davis (1999). Weary Feet, Rested Souls: A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement. ISBN 978-0-393-31819-7. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 8. http://www.spearscenter.org/spears-center-resources/leaders-in-action Philadelphia Freedom Schools \| Interview by Larry Spears of the Spears Center for Servant Leadership 9. Philadelphia Freedom Schools Foster Critical Perspective On Media by Sarah Peterson For The Notebook - [rtacus Educational Site] - Sankofa Freedom Academy Charter School - Information about Black Community Crusade for Children - Freedom Summer and the Freedom Schools - Philadelphia Freedom Schools Program Description - Freedom Schools ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans - Chicago Freedom School - Gary Freedom School - San Francisco Freedom School - Sunflower County Freedom Project
\|— City —\| \|Motto: "A Friendly City"\| \|Jefferson County and the state of Alabama\| \|• Total\|\|12.3 sq mi (31.7 km2)\| \|• Land\|\|12.3 sq mi (31.7 km2)\| \|• Water\|\|0 sq mi (0 km2)\| \|Elevation\|\|610 ft (186 m)\| \|• Density\|\|536.2/sq mi (208/km2)\| \|Time zone\|\|Central (CST) (UTC-6)\| \|• Summer (DST)\|\|CDT (UTC-5)\| \|GNIS feature ID\|\|0118760\| \|Website\|\|City of Fultondale\| This area was once known as Fulton Springs. Prior to the building of Interstate 65, US 31 was the main route for travelers northbound from Birmingham towards Nashville, Tennessee. As a result, hotels such as the Keystone Lodge and Buchmann Motor Inn prospered. On the city's southern edge was located one of the few drive-in theatres in the Birmingham area (the "Skyview") This was torn down when I-65 was built in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Pine Bowl bowling alley is still a long time fixture in the city.Traces of the old routing of US 31 are still noticeable in the city. From just south of the city hall to an old bridge on this city's northern side, most of this old routing is known as Stouts Road or in some case simply "old US 31." Fultondale was a relatively stagnant community until the last decade. Growth has occurred in residential areas mainly west of Interstate 65, while retail development has focused along and near the I-65/Walkers Chapel Road exit. Fultondale passed a smoke-free ordinance on July 11, 2011 which is believed to be the strictest ban on smoking in Alabama. Fultondale is located at .(33.615202, -86.801293) According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.2 square miles (32 km2), all of it land. Fultondale is located along one of the many ridgelines that comprise the southern end of the Appalachian Mountain chain. The area has been thoroughly mined for coal and other minerals in the past 100 years. The city is served by two major north/south highways, Interstate 65 and US Highway 31. The new Interstate 22 encroaches on the city's western edge and by the year 2011 will intersect with I-65 just south of Fultondale. I-22 will provide direct interstate access to Memphis, Tennessee. Upon completion of Interstate 22, Fultondale will become the only Alabama city besides Birmingham, Montgomery, and Mobile to be directly served by more than one two-digit interstate highway (I-65 & I-22). The only east/west thoroughfare of note is Walkers Chapel Road (west of US 31) and New Castle Road (east of US 31). Rail lines run north/south along the city's eastern edge from Boyles Yard in Tarrant to points north and east. Air travel is available from nearby Birmingham International Airport. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,595 people, 2,722 households, and 1,927 families residing in the city. The population density was 538.3 people per square mile (207.9/km²). There were 2,871 housing units at an average density of 234.3 per square mile (90.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 91.60% White, 5.34% Black or African American, 0.64% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 1.00% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. 1.59% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 2,722 households out of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.90. In the city the population was spread out with 22.0% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $38,006, and the median income for a family was $44,073. Males had a median income of $33,447 versus $25,700 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,656. About 7.9% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.6% of those under age 18 and 11.9% of those age 65 or over. Due to the growth spurt of commercial businesses, Fultondale is also experiencing strong growth in new residential development throughout the city. The current mayor is Jim Lowery, who is serving his fourth four-year term. Members of the City Council are Joe Bolton (mayor pro tem), Darrell Hubbert, Tommy Loden, Greg Morris and Josh Bryant. The mayor and council all ran unopposed and were reelected in 2008, with the exception of Hicks and Bryant. Hicks was appointed to the seat vacated by longtime councilman Greg Morris, who was removed from the Council in April, 2011. Bryant was appointed to replace William Howell in Jan 2012 after Howell moved outside the city. To expedite new commercial development, officials with the City of Fultondale have created five non-profit corporations which deal in buying, improving, and re-selling property to attract new business into the City. These corporations are: 1)The Commercial Development Authority of the City of Fultondale 2)The Cooperative District of the City of Fultondale-Gas Board and Commercial Development Authority Project 3)The Cooperative District of the City of Fultondale-Walker Chapel Road, Head Road and Main Street Area Project 4)The Downtown Redevelopment Authority of the City of Fultondale 5)The Public Building Authority of the City of Fultondale In order to buy and improve property for future development, these corporations are able to raise capital for new commercial development through bank loans and bond issues. These entities have been very useful in facilitating Fultondale's rapid growth in the last few years. On August 28, 2012, Jim Lowery won the election against candidate John Douglas, which began Jim Lowery's fourth four-year term. October 9, 2012, Darrell Hubbert won re-election to his Place 3 seat by defeating challenger Jimmy Lay 588-524. In Place 5, Greg Morris will return to the council after defeating Thomas “Tip” Blizzard 560-540. Fultondale is located in the Birmingham TV and radio market. Newspapers include The Birmingham News (Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays) and The North Jefferson News (weekly). On May 24, 2012, Advance Publications announced that its three Alabama newspapers would do away with its print editions on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. The move was a result of the continuing decline in advertising revenue and circulation for its traditional print products. The move places increased emphasis on their website, al.com, and reorganizes the Alabama properties into two companies: Alabama Media Group, the editorial side; and Advance Central Services Alabama, which will handle production, distribution and back-office services. The changes took effect on October 1, 2012, making Birmingham the second-largest city in the United States to not be served by a daily newspaper; New Orleans became the largest that same day. Fultondale has a new elementary school located along US 31 in the southern part of the city. Fultondale High School is located on Carson Road on the northeast side of the city. The school nickname is Wildcats and the school colors are orange and navy blue. Colonial Promenade Fultondale The development is a project of Colonial Properties and a portion opened in the fall of 2007. Target is the anchor tenant in the development along with Books-A-Million and Best Buy. Target features a Starbucks and Books-A-Million a Joe Muggs. Ashley Furniture HomeStores is located at the southern end of the shopping complex. Phase II of the Promenade opened in the fall of 2008 with a JCPenney, rue21 and Ross Dress For Less. Additionally, there are several restaurants opening in and around this development including: Chili's, Stix (Japanese), Logan's Roadhouse, and Full Moon BBQ. Retail and commercial Due to difficult topography, for many years Fultondale was limited in its ability to grow. However, as technology improved, the ability to convert what had been difficult to unusable land for retail and commercial purposes improved. Besides the retail development of Colonial Promenade, other retail development nearby includes Lowe's and various chain restaurants such as O'Charley's and Outback Steakhouse. Other older, more mature business establishments line US 31 in the center of the community including supermarkets, casual fast food, banks, a bowling alley and skating rink. 2011 tornado The City was damaged by a tornado on Wednesday, April 27, 2011 during the multi-state Southern U.S. April 2011 tornado outbreak - the same powerful EF4 tornado that obliterated parts of Tuscaloosa and the western suburbs of Birmingham. - "History". City of Fultondale. Retrieved 2012-03-07. - "Profile for Fultondale, Alabama, AL". ePodunk. Retrieved 2012-03-07. - "History". City of Fultondale. Retrieved 2012-03-07. - "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23. - "CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING (1790-2000)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-02-20. - "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. - Montgomery, Ben. "Fultondale council vacancy caused by state legislation". North Jefferson News. Retrieved 4/25/2011.
List of HTTP status codes The following is a list of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) response status codes. This includes codes from IETF internet standards as well as other IETF RFCs, other specifications and some additional commonly used codes. The first digit of the status code specifies one of five classes of response; the bare minimum for an HTTP client is that it recognises these five classes. The phrases used are the standard examples, but any human-readable alternative can be provided. Unless otherwise stated, the status code is part of the HTTP/1.1 standard (RFC 2616). 1xx Informational Request received, continuing process. This class of status code indicates a provisional response, consisting only of the Status-Line and optional headers, and is terminated by an empty line. Since HTTP/1.0 did not define any 1xx status codes, servers must not send a 1xx response to an HTTP/1.0 client except under experimental conditions. - 100 Continue - This means that the server has received the request headers, and that the client should proceed to send the request body (in the case of a request for which a body needs to be sent; for example, a POST request). If the request body is large, sending it to a server when a request has already been rejected based upon inappropriate headers is inefficient. To have a server check if the request could be accepted based on the request's headers alone, a client must send Expect: 100-continueas a header in its initial request and check if a 100 Continuestatus code is received in response before continuing (or receive 417 Expectation Failedand not continue). - 101 Switching Protocols - This means the requester has asked the server to switch protocols and the server is acknowledging that it will do so. - 102 Processing (WebDAV; RFC 2518) - As a WebDAV request may contain many sub-requests involving file operations, it may take a long time to complete the request. This code indicates that the server has received and is processing the request, but no response is available yet. This prevents the client from timing out and assuming the request was lost. 2xx Success This class of status codes indicates the action requested by the client was received, understood, accepted and processed successfully. - 200 OK - Standard response for successful HTTP requests. The actual response will depend on the request method used. In a GET request, the response will contain an entity corresponding to the requested resource. In a POST request the response will contain an entity describing or containing the result of the action. - 201 Created - The request has been fulfilled and resulted in a new resource being created. - 202 Accepted - The request has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been completed. The request might or might not eventually be acted upon, as it might be disallowed when processing actually takes place. - 203 Non-Authoritative Information (since HTTP/1.1) - The server successfully processed the request, but is returning information that may be from another source. - 204 No Content - The server successfully processed the request, but is not returning any content. - 205 Reset Content - The server successfully processed the request, but is not returning any content. Unlike a 204 response, this response requires that the requester reset the document view. - 206 Partial Content - The server is delivering only part of the resource due to a range header sent by the client. The range header is used by tools like wget to enable resuming of interrupted downloads, or split a download into multiple simultaneous streams. - 207 Multi-Status (WebDAV; RFC 4918) - The message body that follows is an XML message and can contain a number of separate response codes, depending on how many sub-requests were made. - 208 Already Reported (WebDAV; RFC 5842) - The members of a DAV binding have already been enumerated in a previous reply to this request, and are not being included again. - 226 IM Used (RFC 3229) - The server has fulfilled a GET request for the resource, and the response is a representation of the result of one or more instance-manipulations applied to the current instance. 3xx Redirection The client must take additional action to complete the request. This class of status code indicates that further action needs to be taken by the user agent to fulfil the request. The action required may be carried out by the user agent without interaction with the user if and only if the method used in the second request is GET or HEAD. A user agent should not automatically redirect a request more than five times, since such redirections usually indicate an infinite loop. - 300 Multiple Choices - Indicates multiple options for the resource that the client may follow. It, for instance, could be used to present different format options for video, list files with different extensions, or word sense disambiguation. - 301 Moved Permanently - This and all future requests should be directed to the given URI. - 302 Found - This is an example of industry practice contradicting the standard. The HTTP/1.0 specification (RFC 1945) required the client to perform a temporary redirect (the original describing phrase was "Moved Temporarily"), but popular browsers implemented 302 with the functionality of a 303 See Other. Therefore, HTTP/1.1 added status codes 303 and 307 to distinguish between the two behaviours. However, some Web applications and frameworks use the 302 status code as if it were the 303. - 303 See Other (since HTTP/1.1) - The response to the request can be found under another URI using a GET method. When received in response to a POST (or PUT/DELETE), it should be assumed that the server has received the data and the redirect should be issued with a separate GET message. - 304 Not Modified - Indicates that the resource has not been modified since the version specified by the request headers If-Modified-Since or If-Match. This means that there is no need to retransmit the resource, since the client still has a previously-downloaded copy. - 305 Use Proxy (since HTTP/1.1) - The requested resource is only available through a proxy, whose address is provided in the response. Many HTTP clients (such as Mozilla and Internet Explorer) do not correctly handle responses with this status code, primarily for security reasons. - 306 Switch Proxy - No longer used. Originally meant "Subsequent requests should use the specified proxy." - 307 Temporary Redirect (since HTTP/1.1) - In this case, the request should be repeated with another URI; however, future requests should still use the original URI. In contrast to how 302 was historically implemented, the request method is not allowed to be changed when reissuing the original request. For instance, a POST request should be repeated using another POST request. - 308 Permanent Redirect (approved as experimental RFC) - The request, and all future requests should be repeated using another URI. 307 and 308 (as proposed) parallel the behaviours of 302 and 301, but do not allow the HTTP method to change. So, for example, submitting a form to a permanently redirected resource may continue smoothly. 4xx Client Error The 4xx class of status code is intended for cases in which the client seems to have erred. Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server should include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition. These status codes are applicable to any request method. User agents should display any included entity to the user. - 400 Bad Request - The request cannot be fulfilled due to bad syntax. - 401 Unauthorized - Similar to 403 Forbidden, but specifically for use when authentication is required and has failed or has not yet been provided. The response must include a WWW-Authenticate header field containing a challenge applicable to the requested resource. See Basic access authentication and Digest access authentication. - 402 Payment Required - Reserved for future use. The original intention was that this code might be used as part of some form of digital cash or micropayment scheme, but that has not happened, and this code is not usually used. As an example of its use, however, Apple's defunct MobileMe service generated a 402 error if the MobileMe account was delinquent. In addition, YouTube uses this status if a particular IP address has made excessive requests, and requires the person to enter a CAPTCHA. - 403 Forbidden - The request was a valid request, but the server is refusing to respond to it. Unlike a 401 Unauthorized response, authenticating will make no difference. On servers where authentication is required, this commonly means that the provided credentials were successfully authenticated but that the credentials still do not grant the client permission to access the resource (e.g. a recognized user attempting to access restricted content). - 404 Not Found - The requested resource could not be found but may be available again in the future. Subsequent requests by the client are permissible. - 405 Method Not Allowed - A request was made of a resource using a request method not supported by that resource; for example, using GET on a form which requires data to be presented via POST, or using PUT on a read-only resource. - 406 Not Acceptable - The requested resource is only capable of generating content not acceptable according to the Accept headers sent in the request. - 407 Proxy Authentication Required - The client must first authenticate itself with the proxy. - 408 Request Timeout - The server timed out waiting for the request. According to W3 HTTP specifications: "The client did not produce a request within the time that the server was prepared to wait. The client MAY repeat the request without modifications at any later time." - 409 Conflict - Indicates that the request could not be processed because of conflict in the request, such as an edit conflict. - 410 Gone - Indicates that the resource requested is no longer available and will not be available again. This should be used when a resource has been intentionally removed and the resource should be purged. Upon receiving a 410 status code, the client should not request the resource again in the future. Clients such as search engines should remove the resource from their indices. Most use cases do not require clients and search engines to purge the resource, and a "404 Not Found" may be used instead. - 411 Length Required - The request did not specify the length of its content, which is required by the requested resource. - 412 Precondition Failed - The server does not meet one of the preconditions that the requester put on the request. - 413 Request Entity Too Large - The request is larger than the server is willing or able to process. - 414 Request-URI Too Long - The URI provided was too long for the server to process. - 415 Unsupported Media Type - The request entity has a media type which the server or resource does not support. For example, the client uploads an image as image/svg+xml, but the server requires that images use a different format. - 416 Requested Range Not Satisfiable - The client has asked for a portion of the file, but the server cannot supply that portion. For example, if the client asked for a part of the file that lies beyond the end of the file. - 417 Expectation Failed - The server cannot meet the requirements of the Expect request-header field. - 418 I'm a teapot (RFC 2324) - This code was defined in 1998 as one of the traditional IETF April Fools' jokes, in RFC 2324, Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol, and is not expected to be implemented by actual HTTP servers. - 420 Enhance Your Calm (Twitter) - Not part of the HTTP standard, but returned by the Twitter Search and Trends API when the client is being rate limited. Other services may wish to implement the 429 Too Many Requests response code instead. - 422 Unprocessable Entity (WebDAV; RFC 4918) - The request was well-formed but was unable to be followed due to semantic errors. - 423 Locked (WebDAV; RFC 4918) - The resource that is being accessed is locked. - 424 Failed Dependency (WebDAV; RFC 4918) - The request failed due to failure of a previous request (e.g. a PROPPATCH). - 424 Method Failure (WebDAV) - Indicates the method was not executed on a particular resource within its scope because some part of the method's execution failed causing the entire method to be aborted. - 425 Unordered Collection (Internet draft) - Defined in drafts of "WebDAV Advanced Collections Protocol", but not present in "Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) Ordered Collections Protocol". - 426 Upgrade Required (RFC 2817) - The client should switch to a different protocol such as TLS/1.0. - 428 Precondition Required (RFC 6585) - The origin server requires the request to be conditional. Intended to prevent "the 'lost update' problem, where a client GETs a resource's state, modifies it, and PUTs it back to the server, when meanwhile a third party has modified the state on the server, leading to a conflict." - 429 Too Many Requests (RFC 6585) - The user has sent too many requests in a given amount of time. Intended for use with rate limiting schemes. - 431 Request Header Fields Too Large (RFC 6585) - The server is unwilling to process the request because either an individual header field, or all the header fields collectively, are too large. - 444 No Response (Nginx) - Used in Nginx logs to indicate that the server has returned no information to the client and closed the connection (useful as a deterrent for malware). - 449 Retry With (Microsoft) - A Microsoft extension. The request should be retried after performing the appropriate action. - Often search-engines or custom applications will ignore required parameters. Where no default action is appropriate, the Aviongoo website sends a "HTTP/1.1 449 Retry with valid parameters: param1, param2, . . ." response. The applications may choose to learn, or not. - 450 Blocked by Windows Parental Controls (Microsoft) - A Microsoft extension. This error is given when Windows Parental Controls are turned on and are blocking access to the given webpage. - 451 Unavailable For Legal Reasons (Internet draft) - Defined in the internet draft "A New HTTP Status Code for Legally-restricted Resources". Intended to be used when resource access is denied for legal reasons, e.g. censorship or government-mandated blocked access. A reference to the 1953 dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451, where books are outlawed. - 451 Redirect (Microsoft) - Used in Exchange ActiveSync if there either is a more efficient server to use or the server can't access the users' mailbox. - The client is supposed to re-run the HTTP Autodiscovery protocol to find a better suited server. - 494 Request Header Too Large (Nginx) - Nginx internal code similar to 431 but it was introduced earlier.[original research?] - 495 Cert Error (Nginx) - Nginx internal code used when SSL client certificate error occurred to distinguish it from 4XX in a log and an error page redirection. - 496 No Cert (Nginx) - Nginx internal code used when client didn't provide certificate to distinguish it from 4XX in a log and an error page redirection. - 497 HTTP to HTTPS (Nginx) - Nginx internal code used for the plain HTTP requests that are sent to HTTPS port to distinguish it from 4XX in a log and an error page redirection. - 499 Client Closed Request (Nginx) - Used in Nginx logs to indicate when the connection has been closed by client while the server is still processing its request, making server unable to send a status code back. 5xx Server Error The server failed to fulfil an apparently valid request. Response status codes beginning with the digit "5" indicate cases in which the server is aware that it has encountered an error or is otherwise incapable of performing the request. Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server should include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and indicate whether it is a temporary or permanent condition. Likewise, user agents should display any included entity to the user. These response codes are applicable to any request method. - 500 Internal Server Error - A generic error message, given when no more specific message is suitable. - 501 Not Implemented - The server either does not recognize the request method, or it lacks the ability to fulfil the request. - 502 Bad Gateway - The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and received an invalid response from the upstream server. - 503 Service Unavailable - The server is currently unavailable (because it is overloaded or down for maintenance). Generally, this is a temporary state. - 504 Gateway Timeout - The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and did not receive a timely response from the upstream server. - 505 HTTP Version Not Supported - The server does not support the HTTP protocol version used in the request. - 506 Variant Also Negotiates (RFC 2295) - Transparent content negotiation for the request results in a circular reference. - 507 Insufficient Storage (WebDAV; RFC 4918) - The server is unable to store the representation needed to complete the request. - 508 Loop Detected (WebDAV; RFC 5842) - The server detected an infinite loop while processing the request (sent in lieu of 208). - 509 Bandwidth Limit Exceeded (Apache bw/limited extension) - This status code, while used by many servers, is not specified in any RFCs. - 510 Not Extended (RFC 2774) - Further extensions to the request are required for the server to fulfil it. - 511 Network Authentication Required (RFC 6585) - The client needs to authenticate to gain network access. Intended for use by intercepting proxies used to control access to the network (e.g. "captive portals" used to require agreement to Terms of Service before granting full Internet access via a Wi-Fi hotspot). - 598 Network read timeout error (Unknown) - This status code is not specified in any RFCs, but is used by Microsoft HTTP proxies to signal a network read timeout behind the proxy to a client in front of the proxy. - 599 Network connect timeout error (Unknown) - This status code is not specified in any RFCs, but is used by Microsoft HTTP proxies to signal a network connect timeout behind the proxy to a client in front of the proxy. See also - "The HTTP status codes in IIS 7.0". Microsoft. July 14, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009. - Fielding, Roy T.; Gettys, James; Mogul, Jeffrey C.; Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk; Masinter, Larry; Leach, Paul J.; Berners-Lee, Tim (June 1999). Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.1. IETF. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616. Retrieved October 24, 2009. - Goland, Yaronn; Whitehead, Jim; Faizi, Asad; Carter, Steve R.; Jensen, Del (February 1999). HTTP Extensions for Distributed Authoring – WEBDAV. IETF. RFC 2518. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2518. Retrieved October 24, 2009. - Dusseault, Lisa, ed. (June 2007). HTTP Extensions for Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV). IETF. RFC 4918. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4918. Retrieved October 24, 2009. - Delta encoding in HTTP. IETF. January 2002. RFC 3229. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3229. Retrieved February 25, 2011. - Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk (May 1996). Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.0. IETF. RFC 1945. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1945. Retrieved October 24, 2009. - "HTTP/1.1 Section 10 Status Code Definitions". W3C. Retrieved March 16, 2010. - "Reference of method redirect_to in Ruby Web Framework "Ruby on Rails". It states: The redirection happens as a "302 Moved" header unless otherwise specified.". Retrieved June 30, 2012. - "Mozilla Bugzilla Bug 187996: Strange behavior on 305 redirect". March 3, 2003. Retrieved May 21, 2009. - Cohen, Josh. "HTTP/1.1 305 and 306 Response Codes". HTTP Working Group. - "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content". IETF. 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2012. - "The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Status Code 308 (Permanent Redirect)". IETF. 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012. - "Twitter Error Codes & Responses". Twitter. 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012. - "WebDAV Status Codes: 300s and 400s". Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved November 9, 2012. - Slein, Judy; Whitehead, Jim; Davis, Jim; Clemm, Geoffrey; Fay, Chuck; Crawford, Jason; Chihaya, Tyson (June 18, 1999). WebDAV Advanced Collections Protocol. IETF. I-D draft-ietf-webdav-collection-protocol-04. https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-webdav-collection-protocol-04. Retrieved October 24, 2009. - Whitehead, Jim (December 2003). Reschke, Julian F.. ed. Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) Ordered Collections Protocol. IETF. RFC 3648. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3648. Retrieved October 24, 2009. - Khare, Rohit; Lawrence, Scott (May 2000). Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1. IETF. RFC 2817. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2817. Retrieved October 24, 2009. - Nottingham, M.; Fielding, R. (April 2012). "RFC 6585 – Additional HTTP Status Codes". Request for Comments. Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved May 1, 2012. - "2.2.6 449 Retry With Status Code". Microsoft. 2009. Retrieved October 26, 2009. - "Screenshot of error page" (bmp). Retrieved October 11, 2009. - Bray, Tim (January 11, 2013). A New HTTP Status Code for Legally-restricted Resources. IETF. I-D draft-tbray-http-legally-restricted-status-02. http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-tbray-http-legally-restricted-status-02. Retrieved March 21, 2013. - Flood, Alison (June 22, 2012). Call for Ray Bradbury to be honoured with internet error message. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/jun/22/ray-bradbury-internet-error-message-451. Retrieved June 22, 2012. - "MS-ASCMD, Section 188.8.131.52.2". - "Nginx Change Log". nginx.org/. Retrieved November 9, 2012. - Sysoev, Igor (August 2007). "Re: 499 error in nginx". Retrieved December 9, 2010. - Holtman, Koen; Mutz, Andrew H. (March 1998). Transparent Content Negotiation in HTTP. IETF. RFC 2295. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2295. Retrieved October 24, 2009. - Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk; Leach, Paul J.; Lawrence, Scott (February 2000). An HTTP Extension Framework. IETF. RFC 2774. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2774. Retrieved October 24, 2009. - Official website Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Status Code Registry - Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.1, Status Code Definitions - Microsoft Knowledge Base: MSKB943891: The HTTP status codes in IIS 7.0 - Google Help: HTTP status codes - Help for HTTP errors - Test any HTTP status code in a web browser
Letter of Jeremiah The Letter of Jeremiah, also known as the Epistle of Jeremy, is a deuterocanonical book of the Old Testament; this letter purports to have been written by Jeremiah to the Jews who were about to be carried away as captives to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. It is included in Catholic Bibles as the final chapter of the Book of Baruch. It is also included in Orthodox Bibles as a standalone book. The title of this work is misleading, for it is neither a letter nor was it written by the prophet Jeremiah. According to the text of letter, the author is the prophet Jeremiah. The biblical book of Jeremiah already contains the words of a letter (Jer 29:1-23) sent by Jeremiah "from Jerusalem" to the "captives" in Babylon. The Letter of Jeremiah portrays itself as a similar piece of correspondence. \|Letter of Jeremiah 1 (KJV)\|\|Jeremiah 29:1 (KJV)\| \|A copy of an epistle, which Jeremy sent unto them which were to be led captives into Babylon by the king of the Babylonians, to certify them, as it was commanded by God.\|\|Now these are the words of the letter that Jeremiah the prophet sent from Jerusalem unto the residue of the elders which were carried away captives ... and to all the people whom Nebuchadnezzar had carried away captive from Jerusalem to Babylon.\| As E. H. Gifford puts it, "The fact that Jeremiah had written one such letter to the captives seems to have suggested the idea of dignifying by his name another letter not written in reality till many ages after his death." Most scholars agree that the author was not Jeremiah. The chief arguments put forward are literary quality, as well as the religious depth and sensitivity. J. T. Marshall adds that the use of "seven generations" (v. 3) rather than "seventy years" (Jer 29:10) for the duration of the exile "points away from Jeremiah towards one who deplored the long exile." The author may have been a Hellenistic Jew who lived in Alexandria, but it is difficult to say with certainty. The earliest manuscripts containing the Epistle of Jeremiah are all in Greek. The earliest Greek fragment (1st century BC) was discovered in Qumran. Gifford reports that in his time "the great majority of competent and impartial critics" considered Greek to be the original language. As one of these critics O. F. Fritzsche put it, "If any one of the Apocryphal books was composed in Greek, this certainly was." The strongest dissenter from this majority view was C. J. Ball, who marshalled the most compelling argument for a Hebrew original. However, Yale Semitic scholar C. C. Torrey was not persuaded: "If the examination by a scholar of Ball's thoroughness and wide learning can produce nothing better than this, it can be said with little hesitation that the language was probably not Hebrew." Torrey's own conclusion was that the work was originally composed in Aramaic. In recent years the tide of opinion has shifted and now the consensus is that the "letter" was originally composed in Hebrew (or Aramaic). The date of this work is uncertain. Most scholars agree that it is dependent on certain biblical passages, notably Isa 44:9-20, 46:5-7, and thus can be no earlier than 540 BC and since a fragment (7Q2) was identified among the scrolls in Qumran Cave 7, it can be no later than 100 BC. Further support for this terminus ad quem may be found in a possible reference to the letter in 2 Maccabees 2:1-3. \|Letter of Jeremiah vv. 4-6 (NEB)\|\|2 Maccabees 2:1-3 (NEB)\| \|Now in Babylon you will see carried on men's shoulder's gods made of silver, gold, and wood, which fill the heathen with awe. Be careful, then, never to imitate these Gentiles; do not be overawed by their gods when you see them in the midst of a procession of worshippers. But say in your hearts, "To thee alone, Lord, is worship due."\|\|The records show that it was the prophet Jeremiah who ordered the exiles ... not to neglect the ordinances of the Lord, or be led astray by the sight of images of gold and silver with all their finery.\| As mentioned above, the use of "seven generations" rather than "seventy years" points to a later period. Ball calculates the date to be c. 307 - 317 BC. And Tededche notes: "It is well known that many Jews were attracted to alien cults throughout the Greek period, 300 BC onward, so that the warning in the letter might have been uttered any time during this period." The earliest evidence we have of the question of its canonicity arising in Christian tradition is in the work of Origen of Alexandria, as reported by Eusebius in his Church History. Origen listed Lamentations and the Letter of Jeremiah as one unit with the Book of Jeremiah proper, among "the canonical books as the Hebrews have handed them down," though scholars agree that this was surely a slip. Jerome provided the majority of the translation work for the vulgar (popular) Latin translation of the Bible, called the Vulgate Bible. In view of the fact that no Hebrew text was available, Jerome refused to consider the Epistle of Jeremiah, as the other books he called apocryphal, canonical. Despite Jerome's reservations, the epistle is included as chapter 6 of the book of Baruch in the Old Testament of the Vulgate. The Authorized King James Version follows the same practice, while placing Baruch in the Apocrypha section as does Luther's Bible. In the Ethiopian Orthodox canon, it forms part of the "Rest of Jeremiah", along with 4 Baruch (also known as the Paraleipomena of Jeremiah). The epistle is one of four deuterocanonical books found among the Dead Sea scrolls (see Tanakh at Qumran). (The other three are Psalm 151, Ben Sira, and Tobit.) The portion of the epistle discovered at Qumran was written in Greek. This does not preclude the possibility of the text being based on a prior Hebrew or Aramaic text. However, the only text available to us has dozens of linguistic features available in Greek, but not in Hebrew, hence introductions of a Greek editor, not required for minimalist translation. The "letter" is actually a satire, or harangue, against idols and idolatry.Bruce M. Metzger suggests "one might perhaps characterize it as an impassioned sermon which is based on a verse from the canonical Book of Jeremiah." That verse is Jer 10:11, the only verse in the entire book written in Aramaic. Tell them this: "These gods, who did not make the heavens and the earth, will perish from the earth and from under the heavens." The work was written with a serious practical purpose: to instruct the Jews not to worship the gods of the Babylonians, but to worship only the Lord. As Gifford puts it, "the writer is evidently making an earnest appeal to persons actually living in the midst of heathenism, and needing to be warned and encouraged against temptations to apostasy." The author warned the Hebrew exiles that they were to remain in captivity for seven generations, and that during that time they would see the worship paid to idols. Readers were extolled not to participate, because the idols were created by men, without the powers of speech, hearing, or self-preservation. Then follows a satirical denunciation of the idols. As Gifford explains, in this folly of idolatry "there is no clear logical arrangement of the thought, but the divisions are marked by the recurrence of a refrain, which is apparently intended to give a sort of rhythmical air to the whole composition." The conclusion reiterates the warning to avoid idolatry. - Moore 1992, 3:703; Pfeiffer 1949, 427. - Gifford 1888, 287. - One exception is the Roman Catholic commentator F. H. Reusch, Erklärung des Buchs Baruch (Freiburg im Briesgau: Herder, 1853). For a critique of his position as well as an English translation of portions of his work, see Gifford 1888, 288. - Moore 1992, 704; cf. Marshall 1909, 578. - Marshall 1909, 579; cf. Gifford 1888, 302; Ball 1913, 596. - Charles 1911, 325; Westcott 1893, 361; Gifford 1888, 290. - Baillet 1962, 143. - Gifford 1888, 288; cf. Torrey 1945, 65. - Fritzsche 1851, 206 as translated by Gifford 1888, 288. - Ball 1913, 597-98, and throughout the commentary; cf. Gifford 1888, 289. - Torrey 1945, 65; cf. Oesterley 1914, 508. - Torrey 1945, 66-67. Pfeiffer 1949, 430, supports Torrey's Aramaic proposal, though noting that "its Hellenistic Greek style is fairly good." - Metzger 1957, 96; Moore 1977, 327-27; Nickelsburg 1984, 148; Schürer 1987, 744 (opinion of revisers, Schürer himself thought it was "certainly of Greek origin" [Schürer 1896, 195]); Moore 1992, 704; Kaiser 2004, 62. - Moore 1992, 705; Schürer 1987, 744; Pfeiffer 1949, 429. - Moore 1992, 705; Nickelsburg, 1984, 148; Schürer 1987, 744. Pfeiffer 1949, 429, rejects the reference and cites other rejectors. - Ball 1913, 596; cf. Moore 1977, 334-35. - Tededche 1962, 823. - No work in the Apocrypha was ever considered canonical, see for example "Order of the Books in Jewish Lists" in Henry Barclay Swete, Henry Barclay Swete (1900). An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek: The history of the Greek Old Testament and of its transmission. Cambridge University Press. - Eusebius,Church History, vi.25.2" - Marshall 1909, 579; Schürer 1987, 744. H. J. Lawlor and J. E. L. Oulton, Eusebius: The Ecclesiastical History, 2 vols. (London: SPCK, 1927), 2:216, write: "the text of the list which lay before Eusebius was corrupt or was carelessly copied." - Jerome, Comm. on Jeremiah, praef. Migne PL 24:706. - Benjamin G Wright, 'To the Reader of the Epistle of Ieremeias', in New English Translation of the Septuagint. - Moore 1992, 703; cf. Dancy 1972, 199. - Metzger 1957, 96. Also endorsing its sermonic character are Ball 1913, 596; Tededche 1962, 822; Vriezen 2005, 543. - Torrey 1945, 64; Metzger 1957, 96; Moore 1992, 704, - Gifford 1888, 290. Oesterley 1914, 507, says much the same thing: "That the writer is seeking to check a real danger ... seems certain from the obvious earnestness with which he writes." - Gifford 1888, 287. The refrain occurs first at v. 16 and then is repeated at vv. 23, 29, 65, and 69. Text editions - Baars, W. (1961). "Two Palestinian Syriac Texts Identified as Parts of the Epistle of Jeremy," Vetus Testamentum 11:77-81. - Baillet, M., et al., eds. (1962). Les "Petites Grottes" de Qumran, 143. Discoveries in the Judean Desert III. Oxford: Clarendon Press. - Otto Fridolin Fritzsche (1871). Libri Apocryphi Veteris Testamenti Graece. F.A. Brockhaus. p. 102. - Rahlfs, Alfred, ed. (1935). Septuaginta, 2 vols., 2:766-70. Stuttgart: Privilegierte Württembergische Bibelanstalt. - Henry Barclay Swete (1899). The Old Testament in Greek According to the Septuagint. University Press. p. 379. - Weber, Robert, ed. (1994). Biblia sacra: iuxta Vulgatam versionem, 1262-65. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. - Ziegler, Joseph, ed. (1957). Ieremias, Baruch, Threni, Epistula Ieremiae, 494-504. Göttinger Septuaginta XV. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Translations with commentary - Ball, C. J. (1913). "Epistle of Jeremy," in The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, ed. R. H. Charles, 2 vols., 1:596-611. Oxford: Clarendon Press. - The Holy Bible according to the authorized version (A.D. 1611).: With an explanatory and critical commentary and a revision of the translation by elergy of the Anglican church. Apocrypha. J. Murray. 1888. p. 287. - Dancy, J. C. (1972). The Shorter Books of the Apocrypha, 197-209. The Cambridge Bible Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Moore, Carey A. (1977). Daniel, Esther, and Jeremiah: The Additions. The Anchor Bible 44. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. - Charles, R. H. (1911). "Jeremy, Epistle Of," in 'Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. 15:325. - Thomas Kelly Cheyne; John Sutherland Black (1901). Encyclopædia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political and Religious History, the Archæology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. Macmillan. - Otto Fridolin Fritzsche; Carl Ludwig Wilibald Grimm (1851). Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu den Apokryphen des Alten Testamentes. Weidmann. p. 205. - Otto Kaiser (2004-06-01). The Old Testament Apocrypha: An Introduction. Alban Books Limited. ISBN 978-1-56563-693-4. - James Hastings; John Alexander Selbie, Andrew Bruce Davidson, Samuel Rolles Driver, Henry Barclay Swete (1899). A dictionary of the Bible: dealing with its language, literature, and contents, including the Biblical theology. T. & T. Clark. p. 578. - Metzger, Bruce M. (1957). An Introduction to the Apocrypha, 95-98. New York: Oxford University Press. - Moore, Carey A. (1992). "Jeremiah, Additions To," in Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. David Noel Freedman, 6 vols., 3:698-706. New York: Doubleday. - Michael E. Stone (1984). Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period: Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Qumran, Sectarian Writings, Philo, Josephus. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-0603-9. - William Oscar Emil Oesterley (1914). The books of the Apocrypha: their origin, teaching and contents. Revell. p. 506. - Pfeiffer, Robert H. (1949). History of New Testament Times with an Introduction to the Apocrypha, 426-32. New York: Harper and Brothers. - Emil Schürer (1896). A history of the Jewish people in the time of Jesus Christ. T. & T. Clark. p. 195. - Emil Schürer (2000-11-14). History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ: Volume 3 (ii) and Index. T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-09373-8. - Tededche, S. (1962). "Jeremiah, Letter Of," in The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 4 vols., 2:822-23. Nashville: Abingdon. - Torrey, C. C. (1945). The Apocryphal Literature: A Brief Introduction, 64-67. New Haven: Yale University Press. - Theodoor Christiaan Vriezen; A. S. Van Der Woude (2005). Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish Literature: Tenth, Completely Revised Edition of De Literatuur Van Oud-Israël. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-12427-1. - John Mee Fuller (1893). A Dictionary of the Bible: Comprising Its Antiquities, Biography, Geography, and Natural History. J. Murray. p. 361. - Text of the Epistle of Jeremy from CCEL - Letter of Jeremiah in the KJV - Baruch 6 (Letter of Jeremiah) in the New American Bible - Jewish Encyclopedia: Epistle of Jeremiah - The Catholic Encyclopedia: Baruch - Encyclopædia Britannica: Epistle of Jeremy - Introduction and Text of the Letter of Ieremias from the New English Translation of the Septuagint - 2012 Translation & Audio Version Books of the Bible Baruch includes the Letter of Jeremiah Books of the Bible
In Tibetan Buddhism and Bön, Menngagde (Wylie: man ngag sde, Tib. མན་ངག་སྡེ; THDL phonetics: men-ngak-dé), (Sanskrit: upadeshavarga), is the name of one of three scriptural and lineage divisions within Dzogchen, (Skt. Atiyoga, Great Perfection) teachings. Dzogchen is itself the pinnacle of the ninefold division of practice according to the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism. Menngagde focuses on the knowledge of trekchö and the basis (gzhi). Menngagde is also variously glossed as "Secret oral instruction division", "Secret oral instruction series," "Secret oral school", or "Quintessential Instructions Series", or "The Category of Direct Transmission". "...the Seminal Heart or Nyingthik (snying thig) form of the Great Perfection (rdzogs-chen) movement, ...a syncretic Tantric tradition consisting of Chan-like practices of formless meditation combined with exercises that cultivated spontaneous visions of buddhas." Menngagde in the Dzogchen textual tradition Traditionally, Mañjushrīmītra (Tib. 'jam dpal bshes gnyen) is said to have classified all the Dzogchen teachings transmitted by his teacher Prahevajra (Tib. Garab Dorje) into three series: Semde (Wylie: sems sde), Longde (Wylie: klong sde), and Menngagde. Mañjushrīmītra’s student Shri simha re-edited the oral instruction class/cycle, and in this form the teaching was transmitted to Jñānasūtra and Vimalamitra. Vimalamitra is said to have taken the Menngagde teachings to Tibet in the 8th Century. The Glossary for Rangjung Yeshe books (2004) described Menngagde as: The third of the Three Sections of Dzogchen, as arranged by Manjushrimitra. In Tibet three lineages are represented: through Padmasambhava and Vairotsana who both received transmission from Shri Singha, and through Vimalamitra who received transmission partly from Shri Singha and partly from Jnanasutra. The two former lineages were continued only as termas while Vimalamitra's was passed on both as terma and as oral transmission. In the following millennium, innumerable termas have been revealed containing the precious instructions of these three great masters. The most important of these terma treasures are included in the Rinchen Terdzo, a collection of termas by Jamgon Kongtrul covering the Three Inner Tantras and in Nyingtig Yabzhi. The three series do not represent different schools of Dzogchen practice as much as different approaches. As is common throughout much Buddhist literature, Tibetan Buddhism in particular, the divisions are sometimes said to represent gradations in the faculties of the students for whom the practices are appropriate; practitioners of low, middling, and high faculties, respectively. Distinguishing Features of the Menngagde (Oral Instruction Series) Within the instruction section there are two aspects: kadag trekchö, the cutting through of primordial purity, and lhündrub tögal, the direct crossing of spontaneous presence. Another feature of the Menngagde is the sadhana of the "Seven Mind Trainings" (Lojong dön dünma, Wylie: blo-sbyong don-bdun-ma) Capriles (2003: p. 103) identifies the sadhana of the 'Seven Lojong' (Wylie: blo-sbyong don-bdun-ma). As Buddhist scholar Elias Capriles, notes, In the cycle of Dzogchen Nyingthik teachings, there is a series of successive reflections called “the seven mind trainings” or seven lojong, the effect of which is similar to the one attributed to the “four reflections:” that of causing one’s mind to become integrated with the meaning of the teaching. Four divisions of Menngagde Menngagde itself is sometimes said to have been further divided by Sri Singha into four categories, called the "Four Cycles of Nyingtig" (Wylie: snying thig skor bzhi). They are the: - Outer Cycle - Inner Cycle - Secret Cycle - Innermost Unexcelled Cycle (Wylie: yang gsang bla na med pa'i snying thig gi skor) Variations of the name of the fourth section include the Secret Heart Essence (gsang ba snying thig), the Most Secret Unexcelled Nyingtig (yang gsang bla na med pa snying tig), the Innermost Unexcelled Cycle of Nyingtig (yang gsang bla na med pa'i snying thig skor), the Most Secret and Unexcelled Great Perfection (yang gsang bla na med pa rdzogs pa chen po), the Most Secret Heart Essence (yang gsang snying thig), the Most Secret Unsurpassable Cycle (yang gsang bla na med pa'i sde) and the Vajra Heart Essence. Seventeen tantras This fourth section of Menngagde is said to contain Seventeen Tantras, although there are eighteen when the Ngagsung Tromay Tantra (focused on protective rites of Ekajati) is added; and nineteen including the Longsel Barwey Tantra (Tantra of the Blazing Space of Luminosity). - 'Self-existing Perfection' (Tibetan: རྫོགས་པ་རང་བྱུང, Wylie: rdzogs pa rang byung) - 'Without Letters' (Tibetan: ཡི་གེ་མེད་པ, Wylie: yi ge med pa) - 'Self-arising Primordial Awareness' (Tibetan: རིག་པ་རང་ཤར, Wylie: rig pa rang shar) - 'Self-liberated Primordial Awareness' (Tibetan: རིག་པ་རང་གྲོལ, Wylie: rig pa rang grol) - 'Piled Gems' (Tibetan: རིན་པོ་ཆེ་སྤུང་བ, Wylie: rin po che spung ba) - 'Shining Relics of Enlightened Body' (Tibetan: སྐུ་གདུང་འབར་བ, Wylie: sku gdung 'bar ba) - 'Reverberation of Sound' (Tibetan: སྒྲ་ཐལ་འགྱུར, Wylie: sgra thal 'gyur) - 'Great Auspicious Beauty' (Tibetan: བཀྲ་ཤིས་མཛེས་ལྡན, Wylie: bkra shis mdzes ldan) - 'The Mirror of the Heart of Vajrasattva' (Tibetan: རྡོ་རྗེ་སེམས་དཔའ་སྙིང་གི་མེ་ལོང, Wylie: rdo rje sems dpa' snying gi me long) - 'The Mirror of the Mind of Samantabhadra' (Tibetan: ཀུན་ཏུ་བཟང་པོ་ཐུགས་ཀྱི་མེ་ལོང, Wylie: kun tu bzang po thugs kyi me long) - 'Direct Introduction' (Tibetan: ངོ་སྤྲོད་སྤྲས་པ, Wylie: ngo sprod spras pa) - 'Necklace of Precious Pearls' (Tibetan: མུ་ཏིག་རིན་པོ་ཆེའི་ཕྲེང་བ, Wylie: mu tig rin po che'i phreng ba) - 'Sixfold Expanse of Samantabhadra' (Tibetan: ཀུན་ཏུ་བཟང་པོ་ཀློང་དྲུག, Wylie: kun tu bzang po klong drug) - 'Blazing Lamp' (Tibetan: སྒྲོན་མ་འབར་བ, Wylie: sgron ma 'bar ba) - 'Union of the Sun and Moon' (Tibetan: ཉི་ཟླ་ཁ་སྦྱོར, Wylie: nyi zla kha sbyor) - 'Lion's Perfect Expressive Power' (Tibetan: སེང་གེ་རྩལ་རྫོགས, Wylie: seng ge rtsal rdzogs) - 'Array of Jewels' (Tibetan: ནོར་བུ་ཕྲ་བཀོད, Wylie: nor bu phra bkod) - http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Mengakd%C3%A9 \| Rigpa wiki link to Category of Pith Instructions - Van Schaik, Sam (2004). Approaching the Great Perfection: Simultaneous and Gradual Methods of Dzogchen Practice in the Longchen Nyingtig. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-370-2, p.9 - Germano, David & Gyatso, Janet (2000). "Longchenpa and the Possession of the Dakinis." In: White, David Gordon (author, editor)(2001). Tantra in practice. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 81-208-1778-8, ISBN 978-81-208-1778-4. Source: (accessed: Saturday March 27, 2010), p.240 - http://www.bhutanvisit.com/Buddhism/nyingmapa.html accessed: 1 February 2007 - Source: (accessed: January 15, 2008) - Schmidt, Marcia Binder (Ed.) (2002). The Dzogchen Primer: Embracing The Spiritual Path According To The Great Perfection. London, Great Britain: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 1-57062-829-7 pg. 38) - Capriles, Elías (2003). Buddhism and Dzogchen: The Doctrine of the Buddha and the Supreme Vehicle of Tibetan Buddhism. Part One Buddhism: A Dzogchen Outlook. Source: (accessed: Saturday, August 23, 2008) p.103 - Norbu, Namkhai and Clemente, Adriano (1999). "The Supreme Source: The Fundamental Tantra of the Dzogchen Semde, Kunjed Gyalpo". Ithaa, New York: Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 1-55939-120-0 - Schmidt, Marcia Binder (Ed.) (2002). The Dzogchen Primer: Embracing The Spiritual Path According To The Great Perfection. London, Great Britain: Shambhala Publications, Inc. ISBN 1-57062-829-7 (alk. paper) - Tulku Thondup (edited by Harold Talbott) (1989). "The Practice of Dzogchen". Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 1-55939-054-9 - Capriles, Elías (2003). Buddhism and Dzogchen: The Doctrine of the Buddha and the Supreme Vehicle of Tibetan Buddhism. Part One Buddhism: A Dzogchen Outlook. Mérida, Venezuela: dead link (1/22/2013) - Scheidegger, Daniel (2007). "Different Sets of Light-Channels in the Instruction Series of Rdzogs chen" in Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines. Source: (accessed: Tuesday January 13, 2009)Dead link (12/20/2012)
Monkey: Journey to the West \|Monkey: Journey to the West\| Promotional artwork. Image by Jamie Hewlett \|Basis\|\|Journey to the West\| \|Productions\|\|Manchester International Festival (2007), Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris (2007), Spoleto Festival USA, Charleston (2008), Royal Opera House London (2008), O2 Arena, London (2008/9), Lincoln Center New York (2013)\| Monkey: Journey to the West is a stage adaptation of the 16th Century Chinese novel Journey to the West, by Wu Cheng'en. It was conceived and created by the Chinese actor and director Chen Shi-zheng along with British musician Damon Albarn and British artist Jamie Hewlett. In 2004, Chinese opera director Chen Shi-zheng approached Jean-Luc Choplin of the Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris, about staging an opera based on Wu Cheng'en's 16th century novel Journey to the West. Chen had worked with the writer David Greenspan on an outline dramaturgy, but had not identified a composer for the project. Choplin spoke about the proposal to Alex Poots, director of the Manchester International Festival, who suggested a number of composers he had worked with, as well as the British pop musician Damon Albarn.:17 Gorillaz, comprising Albarn and artist Jamie Hewlett, were around this time involved with the Manchester International Festival in planning a residency under the auspices of the festival at the Manchester Opera House. Albarn was interested in the idea of writing an opera for the festival, and so he and Hewlett met with Poots and Choplin to discuss a collaboration with Chen. Albarn and Hewlett then travelled to China to meet with Chen. Chen took them into the Chinese countryside, where they took photographs and field recordings of folk musicians as a basis from which to develop musical and visual ideas for the production. Albarn and Hewlett returned to the UK and worked separately on its musical and visual aspects. Chen undertook casting auditions in Beijing, assisted at first by Hewlett and David Coulter, who was to be a musical advisor to the project. Cast rehearsals took place in Paris, where the costumes and set designed by Hewlett were being produced, and then in Manchester. Albarn and Coulter assembled a 25-member orchestra featuring traditional Western and Chinese instruments, as well as musical saw, ondes Martenot, glass harmonica, and a klaxophone, which features car-horns attached to a musical keyboard, which was purpose-built for the production by artist Gavin Turk.:65 Strings were performed by a string section assembled for Gorillaz live performances. Albarn devised a system for the score based on the Chinese Red Star. The orchestra was joined by an eight-piece choir provided by Liverpool-based Sense of Sound. The production received its world premiere as the opening show of the inaugural Manchester International Festival, on June 28, 2007 at the Palace Theatre, Manchester, where it ran until July 7. The Festival also ran a programme of educational workshops in local schools, in partnership with Manchester's Chinese Arts Centre. In the programme, local children were introduced to the tale of Journey to the West, and learnt about various aspects of Chinese culture, music and dance, including mask-making, puppet-making, T'ai chi and Kung Fu. It was subsequently staged at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris between September 26 and October 13 2007 and at the Spoleto Festival USA in Charleston, SC in May 2008. A further run was planned for the Berlin Staatsoper in July 2008, but instead took place at the London Royal Opera House. The show also ran at the O2 arena in London, ending on January 4th 2009. A residency for the show in China during 2009 was considered. It has been announced that Monkey: Journey to the West will open the 2013 Lincoln Center Festival in July. - Scene 1: Birth of Monkey and His Quest for Immortality Monkey hatches from a stone egg and makes his home in the forest. Over time, he becomes obsessed with seeking immortality, and travels the world to find a teacher. He finds Subodhi in the Mountain of Heart and Mind, who gives him the name Sun Wu Kong - the Monkey with the Realisation of Emptiness. - Scene 2: Crystal Palace of the Eastern Sea and the Iron Rod Monkey dives into the Eastern Sea and comes across the Crystal Palace of the Old Dragon King, where he requests to be given a weapon. He is given a magical iron rod, and the Old Dragon King is also cowed into giving him his helmet, armour and shoes. - Scene 3: Heavenly Peach Banquet Monkey travels to heaven to demand recognition of his newfound power. There he finds seven fairies preparing a banquet for the birthday of the Queen Mother of Heaven. Incensed that he has not been invited, he begins to eat the Queen Mother's magical heavenly peaches, and fights off each of her divine guests who try to prevent this. The Queen Mother then calls upon Buddha to deal with Monkey. - Scene 4: Buddha's Great Palm Buddha presents Monkey with the challenge of escaping his palm. Monkey is unable to do so, and so he is imprisoned by Buddha. - Scene 5: The Pilgrims Five hundred years later, Guan Yin chooses Tripitaka to go on a mission to bring back the Holy Scriptures from India. Pigsy, Sandy, the Dragon Prince (who is transformed into Tripitaka's white horse for the journey) and Monkey (released by Tripitaka from his prison) are chosen to accompany him. - Scene 6: The White Skeleton Demon Believing she can achieve immortality by eating Tripitaka's flesh, the White Skeleton Demon adopts disguises in an attempt to fool Tripitaka and his companions. Monkey sees through the disguises, and on each occasion kills the White Skeleton Demon. Tripitaka, however, is horrified by Monkey's display of violence and expels him from the group. - Scene 7: The Spider Woman Tripitaka and the other pilgrims travel to the cave of the Spider Woman, who tries to seduce Tripitaka. Pigsy is distracted by the Spider Woman's sexy companions, allowing the Spider Woman to trap Tripitaka. Sandy rushes off to find Monkey, who then defeats the Spider Woman. Feeling sorry for expelling Monkey, Tripitaka asks Monkey to rejoin the group and so he does. - Scene 8: Volcano City The group travels to a volcano. The only way to pass is to extinguish the volcano using a magic fan belonging to Princess Iron Fan. She refuses to give the fan, and at first Monkey is unable to defeat her. With help from Guan Yin, he transforms himself into a bee, which the Princess swallows, and Monkey is able to defeat her from inside. He claims the fan, and the group continues on its journey. - Scene 9: Paradise The group arrives in paradise, and is given the scriptures by Buddha. Tripitaka is created Buddha of the Purest Merit. Pigsy is made Janitor of the Altars. Sandy becomes a Golden-bodied Arhat. The white horse becomes the Dragon prince once more. Monkey is made Buddha Victorious in Strife. A CD based on the opera was released in August 2008. Because Albarn felt that stage performances "always sound false on record", he decided to revisit his original ideas for the music and create new arrangements of the key songs from the opera. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number five and the UK indie chart at number one. The track Monkey Bee entered the UK Singles Chart based on downloads alone at number 196. 2008 Olympics Hewlett and Albarn included characters from Monkey: Journey to the West in an animation sequence titled "Journey to the East", used by the BBC as a trailer and the title sequence for their coverage of the 2008 Summer Olympics, held in Beijing. They regarded criticism of their cultural engagement with the event as hypocritical, whilst acknowledging human rights issues in China. According to Hewlett: "If you start to boycott China...America has to be next". 2007 cast and crew - The Monkey King: Fei Yang/Yang Fukai (understudy) - Tripitaka: Yao Ningning - Pigsy: Xu Kejia - Sandy: He Zijun - The White Horse: Chen Jihu/Wang Kai - Subodhi/Buddha: Liu Chang - White Skeleton Demon/Princess Iron Fan: Tang Ling - Queen Mother of Heaven/Guan Yin: Jia Ruhan - The Dragon King: Wang Wei - Spider Woman: Zeng Li - The Volcano General: Yu Fengnian - Acrobatic Director: Yang Jiansheng - Martial Arts Director: Zhang Jinhghua - Aerial Director: Caroline Vexler - Musical score: Damon Albarn - Musical Director: David Coulter - Conductor: André de Ridder - Special instruments : Thomas Bloch (ondes Martenot, glass harmonica, cristal Baschet) - Visual concept and design: Jamie Hewlett - Dramaturgy: David Greenspan - Libretto and direction: Chen Shi-zheng - Sound Designer and Mix Engineer: Barry Bartlett - Monkey, Journey to the West (theatre programme). Paris: Mairie de Paris. 2007. - Morley, Paul (6 November 2005). "Gorillaz at the Manchester International Festival". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 16 February 2011. - Bourke, Kevin (June 2007). "Not Just Monkeying Around". City Life. - "Imagine: Damon and Jamie's Excellent Adventure". 4th July 2007. Event occurs at 7-8 mins approx. BBC One. - "Imagine: Damon and Jamie's Excellent Adventure". 4th July 2007. Event occurs at 27-28 mins approx. BBC One. - "Imagine: Damon and Jamie's Excellent Adventure". 4th July 2007. Event occurs at 44 mins approx. BBC One. - Hewitt, Ivan (23 June 2007). "a whole new aria for Damon". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 16 February 2011. - "Imagine: Damon and Jamie's Excellent Adventure". 4th July 2007. Event occurs at 39 mins approx. BBC One. - "Sense of Sound perform Damon Albarn's opera". Performing Rights Society website. Retrieved 16 February 2011. - Butler, Jim (15-21 September 2008). "Monkey Chatter". The Big Issue. pp. 9–11. - "Lincoln Center - Monkey: Journey to the West". Lincoln Center website. Retrieved 30 March 2013. - "The Official UK Albums Chart for the week ending 30 August 2008". ChartsPlus (Milton Keynes: IQ Ware Ltd) (366): 5–8. - "The Official UK Singles Chart for the week ending 30 August 2008". ChartsPlus (Milton Keynes: IQ Ware Ltd) (366): 1–4. - "Monkey facts and figures". BBC Sport. BBC. 2008-06-18. Retrieved 2009-04-27. - Monkey animation for BBC 2008 Olympics coverage - Monkey: Journey To The West - world premiere review - The musicians of the UK Chinese Music Ensemble about the project - review on Monkey:Journey to the west at Spoleto USA 2008 - Ba Ban Chinese Music Society of New York participation in Monkey US premiere 2008 - Telegraph.co.uk, Review of Journey to the West
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Negative acknowledge character) \|\|This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. (March 2012)\| - In telecommunications, a negative-acknowledge character (NAK or NACK) is a transmission control character sent by a station as a negative response to the station with which the connection has been set up. - In Binary Synchronous Communications protocol, the NAK is used to indicate that an error was detected in the previously received block and that the receiver is ready to accept retransmission of that block. - In multipoint systems, the NAK is used as the not-ready reply to a poll. See also - This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C" (in support of MIL-STD-188). \|This computer science article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\|
New Jersey's 10th congressional district special election, 2012 A special election will be held to fill a vacancy in New Jersey's 10th congressional district caused by the March 6, 2012, death of Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives Donald M. Payne. Payne's son, Donald Payne Jr., won the Democratic Party primary that was held on June 5, 2012. He also won the Democratic primary (held the same day) for the full term beginning in January 2013. He is opposed by independent candidate Joanne Miller. As a matter of convenience and cost saving, this special election will be held in conjunction with the regularly scheduled general election on November 6, 2012. Voters will be asked on the November ballot to select two candidates: one to serve the remainder of Payne's term in the 112th Congress, and the other to serve the full 2-year term in the 113th Congress beginning in January 2013. The following Democratic candidates ran in the special election primary on June 5, 2012: - Donald Payne Jr., President of the Newark Municipal Council, member of the Essex County Board of Chosen Freeholders, and son of former U.S. Representative Donald M. Payne - Ronald C. Rice, member of the Newark Municipal Council - Wayne Smith, Mayor of Irvington \|Democratic Special Election Primary results\| \|Democratic\|\|Donald Payne Jr.\|\|32,951\|\|70.67%\| \|Democratic\|\|Ronald C. Rice\|\|11,503\|\|24.67%\| No Republicans declared their intent to run in the special election for the unexpired term. Brian C. Kelemen is running as the Republican candidate for the full term. - Livingston, Abby (March 30, 2012). "New Jersey: Special Election Dates For Payne Seat Set". Roll Call. Retrieved March 31, 2012. - "Donald Payne Jr. to seek father's Congressional seat". The Star-Ledger. March 17, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2012. - Delli Santi, Angela (March 16, 2012). "Newark Councilman Rice to run for Congress". NorthJersey.com. Associated Press. Retrieved March 16, 2012. - Pizarro, Max (March 27, 2012). "Irvington's Mayor Smith gets in CD 10 race". Politicker NJ. Retrieved March 27, 2012. - O'Dea, Colleen (April 4, 2012). "Primary Battles Expose Rift Among NJ Democrats". Teaneck Patch. Retrieved April 12, 2012. - "Unofficial Primary Election Results: Special Election - US House of Representatives". New Jersey Division of Elections. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
February 15, 1974 \| Youngstown, Ohio, U.S. \|Residence\|\|Beverly Hills, California\| \|Education\|\|B.A. Broadcast Journalism (Central State University) [graduate studies] (Howard University) [graduate]\| \|Known for\|\|Reality TV participant\| \|Spouse(s)\|\|Aaron Stallworth (2000–2005)\| Omarosa (born Omaroseonee Manigault, February 15, 1974) is a reality game show and reality show personality. A former political consultant who worked for then-Vice President Al Gore during the Clinton Administration, she was a contestant on the first season of Donald Trump's original American version of The Apprentice. She later returned for the series' seventh season, the first series of its TV series sequel, Celebrity Apprentice, and the All-Stars edition of the show, making her the only contestant in the history of The Apprentice format to compete in three seasons. TV Guide included her in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. Omarosa has been labeled as "The Queen of The Apprentice boardroom" for her survival tactics on the show; further, Trump has credited Omarosa for The Apprentice/Celebrity Apprentice's longevity and success. Early life Omarosa was born in Youngstown, Ohio; her father is of Yoruba Nigerian descent. After graduating from The Rayen School in Youngstown, she earned a bachelor's degree in broadcast journalism in 1996 at Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio. She later moved to Washington, D.C. in order to attend Howard University, where she pursued both a master's degree and a Ph.D. in communications. Omarosa worked in the office of then-Vice President Al Gore during the Clinton Administration as Deputy Associate Director of Presidential Personnel. According to a People magazine article, she was transferred due to disruptive behavior. In August 2009, Omarosa enrolled at the United Theological Seminary in Ohio to pursue a Doctor of Ministry degree. She received a preacher's license in February 2011 from her church (Weller Street Missionary Baptist Church in Los Angeles, California) and was formally ordained on February 27, 2012. As of February 2012, she was working on finishing her degree at Payne Theological Seminary. Television career Omarosa first came to public attention in 2004 after becoming a participant on NBC's reality TV Series, The Apprentice, produced by Mark Burnett, and starring business mogul Donald Trump. Stemming from her controversial, blindsiding, alienatory, and acrimonious tactics of game play on The Apprentice (particularly in its boardroom segments), she soon became the "woman America loved to hate" and was named by E! as reality TV's No. 1 bad girl. Omarosa has disagreed with the "villain" label, rather believing herself to be "A shrewd businesswoman," asserting that when a male takes on such characteristics, it's always seen as strong, but when a woman takes on as such, it's seen as a negative. Omarosa has also claimed the show's producers have manipulated footage of her to make her look like the villain, and said, "These shows are constructed. They don't happen, nor do they portray actual reality. They are constructed reality." She added, "Historically, blacks have been portrayed negatively on reality television. We don't come across well. You've got to start looking and saying, 'Is that really how all blacks are?' Because they are trying to say that this is representative of our people." Since her participation on the first season of The Apprentice, Omarosa has appeared on more than 20 other reality shows, including VH1's fifth season of The Surreal Life, NBC's Fear Factor (coming in fourth place in the final challenge), and Oxygen's prank show Girls Behaving Badly. She has also been a guest on several talk shows, including a controversial appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show. It was on Winfrey's show where Omarosa accused fellow Apprentice participant Ereka Vetrini of calling her the "n-word", a claim Vetrini has denied. Shortly after that appearance, Omarosa failed to show up for a scheduled appearance on the Jimmy Kimmel Live! after she reportedly objected upon seeing a polygraph machine. In January 2008, Omarosa was invited to the first season of The Apprentice's sequel show, Celebrity Apprentice. In this, she became the only former Apprentice participant to be invited back to the series. On Celebrity Apprentice, she quickly became embroiled in a personal feud with Piers Morgan. She was eventually fired in the tenth episode, after serving as the project manager of the team that, according to Trump, suffered "the biggest slaughter in the history of The Apprentice" in a challenge to sell artwork against a team led by Morgan. She raised $49 in total for her charity. In June 2010, Omarosa and Donald Trump collaborated again to create a new dating show called The Ultimate Merger, which included R&B singer and producer Al B. Sure! as one of the contestants. The show aired on TV One. Celebrity Apprentice: All Stars In February 2013, Omarosa returned to television and The Apprentice, appearing on Trump's "Celebrity Apprentice All-Stars." Omarosa quickly marshaled her team to an early victory on the show, winning a task involving the creation of a photo booth at Universal Orlando. Reality TV's "queen of mean" appeared to break down in tears upon learning of her win as the monetary winnings would go to the Michael Clarke Duncan charity fund. La Toya Jackson in particular expressed cynicism of Omarosa's tears. Omarosa's win was quickly followed by a loss in the following episode, though with someone else other than Omarosa as project manager. Throughout the project execution segment of the episode, Omarosa and La Toya Jackson had been having acrimonious exchanges with each other brought by Jackson's distrust of Omarosa. This was followed by a heated boardroom segment between Omarosa and Jackson, in which Jackson was fired. On March 31, 2013, Omarosa and Dennis Rodman were brought back to the boardroom after their team, led by rapper Lil Jon, lost. Omarosa brought in $2,000 more than Rodman (apparently by sneaking money from her own purse to one of her friends to pay for art in the challenge), but she did not contribute memorabilia to be sold as Rodman had. After Omarosa suddenly aggressed on Lil Jon in the boardroom, Rodman sharply stood up to Omarosa which led to a heated argument that resulted in Trump respectfully firing Omarosa. The firing made her the second contestant in Apprentice history to ever be fired three times after La Toya Jackson. Subsequent interviews On Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, when asked by Jimmy Fallon whether or not she felt the show set her up by having Piers Morgan act as one of the judges, Omarosa answered, "Well, you know it's very unusual for a contestant to come back as a judge and single-mindedly target one contestant. I felt like I was competing against Piers as well as the other contestants. And it put me at a big disadvantage." In a later interview alongside her close friend Donald Trump, Omarosa added "Piers was creepy. He hung around and just watched all the time. He was out to get me, so I had to not only fight the other contestants but Piers as well. I never saw a judge that was so biased. It was strange how he was out to get me, but maybe its because of his awful ratings on his own show. I could kick his ass in most things.” Omarosa also noted that when she sees Morgan's show canceled in a year, it will be “the best revenge.” Lawsuit against La Toya Jackson Following her stint on Celebrity Apprentice: All Stars, Omarosa announced that she was in the process of suing La Toya Jackson over Jackson's backbiting remarks that insinuated that Omarosa had murdered her fiancé, Michael Clarke Duncan. Jackson made the remarks in Celebrity Apprentice confessionals and in following media interviews. In regards to her suit against Jackson, Omarosa has stated, "I've been in reality TV for a very long time, and I think that those were probably some of the most disgusting, despicable statements I've ever heard. And it will go down as some of the ugliest comments ever spoken on reality TV, but I have an incredible legal team who I've handed that all over to, and I'm sure they will handle her accordingly." Personal life In 2000, Omarosa married Aaron Stallworth and changed her last name to Manigault-Stallworth. They separated in 2005 and later divorced. She reverted back her surname but eventually took her first name as a mononym. On a April 2nd, 2013, episode of Where Are They Now on Oprah Winfrey's OWN network, Omarosa revealed that she was an ordained Bapist minister. In the segment, Omarosa revealed that she was brought to the decision after traveling to West Africa where she found herself alone in an orphanage with a little girl dying of AIDS. Said Omarosa, “It was at that moment, looking into the face, in the eyes of this dying child that I received my call to the ministry. Upon returning to the United States, I put reality television on hold. I put everything on hold and returned to seminary full-time.” Omarosa added, "There were people who felt like because I had done the show so many years ago that maybe that disqualified me from the ministry. I’m not really certain. But boy did I hear from the critics, and to them I have to say that they underestimate the power of God’s ability to transform a person’s life.” Relationship to and loss of partner On August 13, 2010, Omarosa confirmed that she was dating actor Michael Clarke Duncan, whom she had met in the produce section of a Whole Foods supermarket. In July 2012, she found that Duncan was suffering a heart attack and attempted to perform CPR. It is unknown if this saved his life or if he was revived by natural causes. He never fully recovered from the heart attack, and died on September 3, 2012, after having spent two months in the hospital. On an April 2nd, 2013, episode of Where Are They Now on Oprah Winfrey's network, Omarosa revealed chilling details of the night in which she lost her fiancé, Michael Clarke Duncan. Omarosa reported that she usually went to bed later than Duncan. At some point during one evening while she was still up and Duncan was in bed, Omarosa reported overhearing Duncan laboring to breathe. "And then I didn't hear anything," she recalled. When she realized Duncan wasn't breathing, Omarosa jumped into action. "I started doing CPR and trying to get 911 on the [phone]." In the midst of the frightening chaos, Omarosa stated she also turned to God for support: "I just started praying. I prayed like I have never prayed before," she said, her voice cracking. The paramedics were able to get Duncan's heart started again and rushed him to the hospital. "He fought," Omarosa said, "[But] after two months of fighting, he passed away." - Williams, Kam (Sep 10 – 16, 2009). "Omarosa The 'Life After' TV Villain of All Time". Los Angeles Sentinel. Retrieved February 24, 2012. - Fearn-Banks, Kathleen (2006). Historical Dictionary of African-American Television (1st ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 27. ISBN 0810853353. Retrieved 4 September 2012. - Michael Clarke Duncan planned to marry next year CNN - "The Surreal Life's Omarosa". People. July 18, 2005. Retrieved July 4, 2010. - Elliott, Stuart. "Omarosa Manigault-Stallworth". The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2010. - Soll, Lindsay (March 7, 2008). "'Celebrity Apprentice' recap: 'Selling out'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 5, 2010. - Bretts, Bruce; Roush, Matt; (March 25, 2013). "Baddies to the Bone: The 60 nastiest villains of all time". TV Guide. pp. 14 - 15. - "Omarosa Fired from 'Celebrity Apprentice', Lashes Out at La Toya Jackson". ExtraTV.com. 2013-04-01. Retrieved 2013-04-07. - Williams, Brennan (January 24, 2012). "Omarosa Manigault-Stallworth Lands New Editor Position, Sets Return To 'Celebrity Apprentice'". Huff Post. Retrieved March 4, 2012. - "The Ultimate Merger’s Omarosa Talks Religion, Romance & Bethenny Frankel". Reality Tea. Retrieved February 24, 2013. - "The Apprentice". USA Today. Retrieved 4 September 2012. - Armstrong, Jennifer (12 January 2004). "Donald's Kids". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 4 September 2012. - Tom Gliatto, Jill Smolowe (3 May 2004). "The Hired Man". People. Retrieved 4 September 2012. - Corneau, Allison (2011-10-11). "Omarosa's Brother Murdered in Shooting". Us Weekly. Retrieved 2012-09-03. - Omarosa (2013-03-11). "Omarosa's 'All-Star Celebrity Apprentice' Blog: Why I Got Emotional Over Team Win". Parade.com. Retrieved 2013-04-02. - "Omarosa's Long History of Being Fired". People. April 8, 2004. - "Reality TV villain Omarosa entering a seminary". Dayton Daily News (Yahoo! News). Associated Press. August 14, 2009. - Alexis Garrett Stodghill (27 Feb 2012). "Reality TV star Omarosa has been ordained as 'Rev. Manigault'". The Grio. - "Omarosa". (Apr 12, 2004) Jet, p. 60. - Coleridge, Daniel R. (November 16, 2004). "Omarosa, Come Up for Oxygen!". TV Guide. Retrieved March 16, 2010. - Silverman, Stephen M. (April 13, 2004). "Oprah Fans Outraged by Omarosa Segment". People. Retrieved March 16, 2010. - "'Apprentice' Omarosa storms off 'Jimmy Kimmel Show' after seeing lie detector". Reality TV World. 2004-04-23. Retrieved 2013-04-02. - "The Celebrity Apprentice: Omarosa". NBC. Retrieved March 27, 2009. - Soll, Lindsay (March 7, 2008). "'Celebrity Apprentice' recap: 'Selling out'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 27, 2009. - Kinon, Cristina (June 17, 2010). "Omarosa Manigault-Stallworth is back and has teamed up with Donald Trump to create new dating show". New York Daily News. Retrieved June 19, 2010. - "Omarosa breaks down in tears on 'All-Star Celebrity Apprentice'". Retrieved 21 March 2013. - Sun, March 31, 2013 11:01pm EDT by Andy Swift (2013-04-01). "‘Celebrity Apprentice’: Omarosa Fired — Episode 5 Recap". Hollywood Life. Retrieved 2013-04-07. - Garvey, Marianne (2013-02-11). "Omarosa and Donald Trump are fired up after ‘Celebrity Apprentice,' take turns slamming Lindsay Lohan and Piers Morgan". NY Daily News. Retrieved 2013-04-02. - Posted: 03/26/2013 5:36 pm EDT (2013-03-26). "Omarosa Suing La Toya Jackson Over Michael Clarke Duncan 'Apprentice' Comments (VIDEO)". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2013-04-02. - "Omarosa Fires Husband?". South Florida Times. July 22 – 28, 2005.[dead link] - "Omarosa, Trump Team Up For Dating Show". TodaysTHV.com. Retrieved September 3, 2012. - Omarosa Speaks After Michael Clarke Duncan Death; Couple's Secret Engagement Revealed Huffington Post - "'Celebrity Apprentice' Omarosa Is An Ordained Baptist Minister!". Inquisitr.com. 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-04-07. - "Omarosa & Michael Clarke Duncan Come Out As A Couple". September 13, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2012. - "Michael Clarke Duncan & Omarosa Gush About Their New Romance". OK Magazine. August 13, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2012. - "Green Mile Star Michael Clarke Duncan Suffers Heart Attack". Huffington Post. World Entertainment News Network. July 13, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012. - Dillon, Nancy (July 13, 2012). "'The Green Mile' star Michael Clarke Duncan hospitalized after suffering heart attack". New York Daily News. - Nancy Dillon (September 4, 2012). "Michael Clarke Duncan dead at 54: ‘Green Mile’ actor dies nearly two months after suffering heart attack". Daily News. Associated Press. Retrieved September 3, 2012. - "Omarosa On Michael Clarke Duncan: 'Celebrity Apprentice' Star Discusses FiancĂŠ's Death (VIDEO)". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
\|\|This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2008)\| Pest control is at least as old as agriculture, as there has always been a need to keep crops free from pests. In order to maximize food production, it is advantageous to protect crops from competing species of plants, as well as from herbivores competing with humans. The conventional approach was probably the first to be employed, since it is comparatively easy to destroy weeds by burning them or plowing them under, and to kill larger competing herbivores, such as crows and other birds eating seeds. Techniques such as crop rotation, companion planting (also known as intercropping or mixed cropping), and the selective breeding of pest-resistant cultivars have a long history. In the UK, following concern about animal welfare, humane pest control and deterrence is gaining ground through the use of animal psychology rather than destruction. For instance, with the urban Red Fox which territorial behaviour is used against the animal, usually in conjunction with non-injurious chemical repellents. In rural areas of Britain, the use of firearms for pest control is quite common. Airguns are particularly popular for control of small pests such as rats, rabbits and grey squirrels, because of their lower power they can be used in more restrictive spaces such as gardens, where using a firearm would be unsafe. Chemical pesticides date back 4,500 years, when the Sumerians used sulfur compounds as insecticides. The Rig Veda, which is about 4,000 years old, also mentions the use of poisonous plants for pest control. It was only with the industrialization and mechanization of agriculture in the 18th and 19th century, and the introduction of the insecticides pyrethrum and derris that chemical pest control became widespread. In the 20th century, the discovery of several synthetic insecticides, such as DDT, and herbicides boosted this development. Chemical pest control is still the predominant type of pest control today, although its long-term effects led to a renewed interest in traditional and biological pest control towards the end of the 20th century. Many pests have only become a problem because of the direct actions on humans. Modifying these actions can often substantially reduce the pest problem. In the United States, raccoons caused a nuisance by tearing open refuse sacks. Many householders introduced bins with locking lids, which deterred the raccoons from visiting. House flies tend to accumulate wherever there is human activity and is virtually a global phenomenon, especially where food or food waste is exposed. Similarly, seagulls have become pests at many seaside resorts. Tourists would often feed the birds with scraps of fish and chips, and before long, the birds would become dependent on this food source and act aggressively towards humans. Living organisms evolve and increase their resistance to biological, chemical, physical or any other form of control. Unless the target population is completely exterminated or is rendered incapable of reproduction, the surviving population will inevitably acquire a tolerance of whatever pressures are brought to bear - this results in an evolutionary arms race. Types of pest control Biological pest control Biological pest control is the control of one through the control and management of natural predators and parasites. For example: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources. The treatment has no known negative consequences on the remaining ecology and is safe for humans to drink. The point of biological pest control, or any natural pest control, is to eliminate a pest with minimal harm to the ecological balance of the environment in its present form. pest control will be done by some of the neem tree products Mechanical pest control Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment, devices, and natural ingredients that provide a protective barrier between plants and insects. For example: weeds can be controlled by being physically removed from from the ground. This is referred to as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control. Elimination of breeding grounds Proper waste management and drainage of still water, eliminates the breeding ground of many pests. Garbage provides food and shelter for many unwanted organisms, as well as an area where still water might collect and be used as a breeding ground by mosquitoes. Communities that have proper garbage collection and disposal, have far less of a problem with rats, cockroaches, mosquitoes, flies and other pests than those that don't. Open air sewers are ample breeding ground for various pests as well. By building and maintaining a proper sewer system, this problem is eliminated. Certain spectrums of LED light can "disrupt insects’ breeding." Poisoned bait Poisoned bait is a common method for controlling rat populations, however is not as effective when there are other food sources around, such as garbage. Poisoned meats have been used for centuries for killing off wolves, birds that were seen to threaten crops, and against other creatures. This can be a problem, since a carcass which has been poisoned will kill not only the targeted animal, but also every other animal which feeds on the carcass. Humans have also been killed by coming in contact with poisoned meat, or by eating an animal which had fed on a poisoned carcass. this tool is also used to manage several caterpillars e.g.Spodoptera litura,fruit flies,snails and slugs,crabs etc.. Field burning Traditionally, after a sugar cane harvest, the fields are all burned, to kill off any insects or eggs that might be in the fields. Historically, in some European countries, when stray dogs and cats became too numerous, local populations gathered together to round up all animals that did not appear to have an owner and kill them. In some nations, teams of rat catchers work at chasing rats from the field, and killing them with dogs and simple hand tools. Some communities have in the past employed a bounty system, where a town clerk will pay a set fee for every rat head brought in as proof of a rat killing. With the many traps available on the market today you can easily remove mice and rats from homes. You must first know what rodent needs to be removed, you can then decide what type of trap is the best suited to your needs. The snap trap is the most widely used, it utilizes a trigger (sometimes shaped like cheese) to hold bait, and kills the rodent by striking it behind the head with a wire rod or jaw. In some instances you may wish to use glue traps also called glue boards. This type of trap requires the mouse or rat to attempt to cross the trap so the glue can hold the rodent. After a catch is made you can uthenize the rodent and dispose of it trap and all, or some glue boards will release the catch when you pour vegetable oil on them, as the oil reacts with the glue to lose its grip. The last type of trap are live catch traps, this type of trap is typically a repeating style so more than one animal can be caught at a time, they can also be released from this trap in a new location if desired. Spraying pesticides by planes, handheld units, or trucks that carry the spraying equipment, is a common method of pest control. Crop dusters commonly fly over farmland and spray pesticides to kill off pests that would threaten the crops. However, some pesticides may cause cancer and other health problems, as well as harming wildlife. Space fumigation A project that involves a structure be covered or sealed airtight followed by the introduction of a penetrating, deadly gas at a killing concentration a long period of time (24-72hrs.). Although expensive, space fumigation targets all life stages of pests. Space treatment A long term project involving fogging or misting type applicators. Liquid insecticide is dispersed in the atmosphere within a structure. Treatments do not require the evacuation or airtight sealing of a building, allowing most work within the building to continue but at the cost of the penetrating effects. Contact insecticides are generally used, minimizing the long lasting residual effects. On August 10, 1973, the Federal Register printed the definition of Space treatment as defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): \|“\|\|the dispersal of insecticides into the air by foggers, misters, aerosol devices or vapor dispensers for control of flying insects and exposed crawling insects\|\|”\| Laboratory studies conducted with U-5897 (3-chloro-1,2-propanediol) where attempted in the early 1970s although these proved unsuccessful. Research into sterilization bait is ongoing. Another effective method of soil sterilization is soil steaming. Pest is killed through hot steam which is induced into the soil. Destruction of infected plants Forest services sometimes destroy all the trees in an area where some are infected with insects, if seen as necessary to prevent the insect species from spreading. Farms infested with certain insects, have been burned entirely, to prevent the pest from spreading elsewhere. Natural rodent control The United States Environmental Protection Agency agrees, noting in its Proposed Risk Mitigation Decision for Nine Rodenticides that “without habitat modification to make areas less attractive to commensal rodents, even eradication will not prevent new populations from recolonizing the habitat.” - Balsam fir oil from the tree Abies balsamea is an EPA approved non-toxic rodent repellent. - Acacia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha root emits chemical compounds that repel animals including crocodiles, snakes and rats. See also - Animal repellent - Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers - Bird control spike - Crop rotation - Disease control - E B Meyer Inc. - Electronic pest control - Fly spray - Insect repellent - Insectary plants - International Organization for Biological Control - Inundative application - Invasive species - List of common household pests - List of politically endorsed exterminations of animals - Mosquito control - National Pest Technicians Association (in the UK) - Pesticide application - Pesticide control - Poison shyness - Radio activated guard box - Rat trap - Rat baiting - Remote-controlled animal - Sterile insect technique - Varmint hunting - Weed control - Wildlife management - "Bacillus thuringienis Factsheet". Colorado State University. Retrieved 2010-06-02. - Woody, Todd (2011). A Crop Sprouts Without Soil or Sunshine. http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/20/a-crop-sprouts-without-soil-or-sunshine/?partner=rss&emc=rss - "Pesticides". National Institute of Health Sciences. National Institute of Environmental Health. Retrieved 5 April 2013. - Fred Baur. Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing. American Association of Cereal Chemists. ISBN 0-913250-38-4. - Alan M. Bowerman & Joe E. Brooks (1971). "Evaluation of U-5897 as a male chemosterilant for rat control". Journal of Wildlife Management 35 (4): 618–624. doi:10.2307/3799765. JSTOR 3799765. - WildcareBayArea.org (http://www.wildcarebayarea.org/site/PageServer?pagename=TakeAction_Rodenticide) - Rodenticides \| Pesticides \| US EPA - Balsam fir oil (129035) Fact Sheet \| Pesticides \| US EPA - World AgroForestry Centre - National Pest Management Association - Pest control tactics - Pest Control - Pesticide application network - Pest Control Tips - Simple solutions to keep your home pest free. - Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers - trade association of the biological control industry - Pest management information from Preservation Department of Stanford University Libraries - National Pest Technicians Association,England U.K - UF/IFAS Pest Alert Web site - arthropods, nematodes and plant diseases affecting humans, livestock/pets, agricultural and ornamental plants
\|Homeport:\|\|Woods Hole, Massachusetts\| \|Fate:\|\|active in service\| \|General characteristics \| \|Displacement:\|\|2,685 long tons\| \|Length:\|\|279 ft (85 m)\| \|Beam:\|\|46 ft (14 m)\| \|Draught:\|\|16 ft 6 in (5.03 m)\| \|Installed power:\|\|3 × 1,100 kW (1,500 hp) 1 × 560 kW (750 hp) \|Propulsion:\|\|2 × Lips electric azimuth thrusters (2 × 1,500 shp) Lips retractable azimuth bow thruster (900 shp) \|Speed:\|\|11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph)\| \|Range:\|\|12,000 nautical miles (22,000 km)\| R/V Knorr is a research vessel owned by the U.S. Navy and operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for the U.S. research community in coordination with and as a part of the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) fleet. Knorr is best known as the ship that supported researchers on 1 September 1985 as they discovered the wreck of the RMS Titanic. R/V Knorr (AGOR-15) has traveled more than a million miles—the rough equivalent of two round trips to the Moon or forty trips around the Earth. Her sister ship is the R/V Melville. R/V Knorr was named in honor of Ernest R. Knorr, a distinguished hydrographic engineer and cartographer who was appointed Chief Engineer Cartographer of the U.S. Navy Hydrographic office in 1860. Chief Engineer Knorr was one of the leaders of the Navy’s first systematic charting and surveying effort from 1860 to 1885. She was launched in 1968 at the Defoe Shipbuilding Company in Bay City, Michigan, Knorr was delivered to Woods Hole in 1970. For her early life, she had Voith-Schneider propellers. She was completely overhauled between 1989 and 1991 adding 34 feet (10 m) of length to her midsection . The ship has anti-roll tanks and an ice-strengthened bow enabling her to work in all of the world’s oceans. She can take a crew of 22 and a scientific party of 34 to sea for as long as 60 days. Knorr was designed to accommodate a wide range of oceanographic tasks, with two instrument hangars and eight scientific work areas; a fully equipped machine shop; three oceanographic winches; and two cranes. Knorr is equipped with sophisticated navigation and satellite communication systems, as well as a dynamic positioning system that allows the ship to move in any direction and to maintain a fixed position in high winds and rough seas. In 2005–2006, the ship was refitted to support a new “long-coring” system that can extract 150-foot (46 m) plugs of ancient sediments from the sea floor. Weighing nearly 25,000 pounds, the new piston-coring system is the longest in the U.S. research fleet (twice as long as existing systems). Knorr and its long-corer will allow scientists to sample deep, ancient sediments that are rich with historical information about the ocean and climate. - Laboratory space: 256 sq. meters (2,756 sq ft) Built: 1969 Length: 279 feet (85 m) Draft: 16.5 feet (5 m), with bow thruster lowered - 23 ft (7 m) Displacement: 2,685 LT Range: 12,000 NM Laboratories: 2,756 sq. feet Speed: 11.0 knots cruising Endurance: 60 days Fuel Capacity: 160,500 gallons Mid-Life Overhaul: 1989-1991 Beam: 46 feet (14 m) Gross Tons: 2,518 T Complement: Crew - 22 Scientists - 32 Technicians - 2 Propulsion: Two Lips diesel-electric azimuthing stern thrusters, 1500 SHP each Bow Thruster: Lips retractable azimuthing 900 SHP Ship Service Generators: 3 @ 1,110 KW 600 VAC, 1 @ 560 KW 600 VAC Portable Van Space: At least six 20 ft. vans Winches: Trawl - 30,000' 9/16" wire Hydro (2) - 30,000' 3-cond. EM or 1/4" wire Cranes - two 60,000 lbs. capacity Midships hydro boom HIAB crane 3,600 gallons/day 7,000 gal. holding capacity Ownership: Title held by U.S. Navy; Operated under charter agreement with Office of Naval Research Other Features: Two instrument hangars, fully equipped machine shop, dynamic-positioning system, four transducer wells, one rigid-hull inflatable rescue/work boat
Reunion (TV series) \|Created by\|\|Jon Harmon Feldman Mathew St. Patrick \|Country of origin\|\|United States\| \|No. of seasons\|\|1\| \|No. of episodes\|\|13\| \|Running time\|\|41 minutes\| \|Original run\|\|September 8 – December 15, 2005\| Reunion is an American television series that aired on FOX in late 2005. The series was intended to chronicle 20 years in the lives of a group of six high school friends from Bedford, New York, with each episode following one year in the lives of the six, beginning with their high school graduation year 1986. Each episode also featured scenes in the present where Detective Marjorino (Mathew St. Patrick) is investigating the brutal murder of one of the group during the night of their 20-year class reunion in 2006. The identity of the murder victim was not revealed until the fifth episode, "1990". Due to low ratings, the series was canceled after only nine episodes (four more episodes had been ordered but were not aired in the US), and the identity of the killer remained unrevealed in the aired episodes. Characters and plot - Craig Brewster: the spoiled son of real estate mogul Russell Brewster and future politician, played by Sean Faris. - Samantha Carlton: Craig's high school sweetheart and wife, played by Alexa Davalos. - Will Malloy: Craig's best friend, Sam's secret admirer, and the father of Sam's secret daughter Amy. In early episodes we learn that Will is a priest in the present time, played by Will Estes. - Aaron Lewis: slight geek who left MIT to sell technology and start an Internet company in its early days that blossoms to a multi-million dollar company, played by Dave Annable. His marriage to Pascal is compromised by his obvious lifelong affection for Carla. - Carla Noll: Played by Chyler Leigh, is Aaron's best friend and hidden secret admirer for years, who entered into an abusive relationship with Amy's adopted father as Amy's nanny, and an aspiring photographer. - Jenna Moretti: The "hot girl" who enjoyed 15 minutes of fame in the late 1980s/early 1990s as an actress before moving back to New York and attempting to get her life back on track, played by Amanda Righetti. Each episode also features scenes in the present where Detective Kenneth Marjorino (Mathew St. Patrick) is investigating the brutal murder of one of the group during the night of their 20-year class reunion, the identity of which was not revealed at the start of the season. Although his motives are initially secret, viewers quickly learn that Marjorino has harbored a 20-year grudge against Will Malloy, Craig Brewster, and their friends for what he perceives to be unfulfilled justice for the death of his father in a car accident that also involved a car occupied by Will and Craig (both of whom had been drinking that night). Although he maintains his composure, it becomes apparent that Marjorino is letting the case consume his life. Each episode viewers are introduced to additional minor characters who may or may not have significantly affected the past. These include Amy, the secret child of Will and Sam; Meghan, her adoptive mother; Paul, her adoptive father and future abusive lover of Carla; Peter, Carla's future husband; Pascal, Aaron's one night stand and eventual wife; Chloe, their love child; Noelle, their second child; Henry, Sam and Craig's son; and Rachel, a former secretary of Craig Brewster with whom he had an affair early in his marriage to Sam and who resurfaces in an attempt to ruin both of their lives. The show was cancelled prior to the addition of another significant minor character: Katherine, the daughter of a rival Congressman of Craig Brewster and future fiance of Will Malloy. Other plotlines - In "1988", viewers learn Marjorino's connection to the friends: his loving father was the driver who died in the car crash involving Will and Craig in 1986. Marjorino harbors intense feelings of injustice and largely believes that his father's killer has murdered the deceased friend. Originally vindictive towards Will, he soon turns his attention to Craig. - In the fifth episode, "1990" (first aired November 10, 2005) it was revealed that Samantha is the character that was killed. - In "1992", it was revealed that the present day Craig Brewster, who relies on a wheelchair for movement, is actually not paralyzed and can walk. - In "1992", it was revealed that a younger Marjorino in fact plotted to kill Will Malloy for the murder of his father, only to be talked out of it by his future wife. In the present day, however, Marjorino's wife leaves him, disgusted that he cannot let go of revenge. - In "1993", it was revealed that Peter, Carla's husband, died. - The final aired episode, "1994", features a cliffhanger where Marjorino is run down by a car in an alley and left bloodied and injured. Leaked spoilers on the Internet have speculated that Craig and Sam's son Henry was the driver. - A dark secret involving Craig and Will, in which Will took the heat for a drunk driving accident when Craig was actually driving the car, since his BAC was below the legal limit. The other man involved, Marjorino's father, died after being discharged, and Will spent a year in prison and lost his lacrosse scholarship after being made an example by the legal system. - The love triangle between Craig, Sam, and Will, complicated by the child that only Sam knows was fathered by Will. - The obvious love of Carla and Aaron, who can never be on the same page at the same time. - Aaron's one night stand and the love child that resulted from it, leading to his marriage to her mother, Pascal. - Carla becoming the nanny of Will and Sam's love child, Amy, to keep Sam in her life, and her ensuing relationship with Paul, Amy's adoptive father, that quickly turns abusive. - Will being forced by the FBI to help bring down Russell Brewster for illegal practices, the same man who gave him a job to help rebuild his life after prison. - Craig's entry into politics and winning a seat on the State Assembly. - Jenna burning out in acting after ending her farce marriage to the gay producer who helped her build her career. - The tension between Carla and her future husband Peter, and Aaron and his wife Pascal, over not only their devotion to their friends, but also their devotion to each other. - Craig's affair with his mentally unstable secretary, Rachel. - The mutual attraction between Jenna and Craig. - Will Malloy serving in the army, entering law school, and eventually becoming Craig's campaign manager. - Sam's addiction to stimulants. - Sam's belief that she accidentally killed a woman because of the stimulants she was taking. - Will's army friend's death and Will's affair with the friend's sister. - In the last filmed episode (unseen in America) it was revealed that Sam and Will's daughter Amy had died in a fire with her adopted mother. If it were true, this would render it impossible for her to be the speculated killer. Originally, Reunion was intended to last for 22 episodes, with each episode chronicling one year in the life of the six main characters—from their graduation in 1986 to the murder of one of them the day of their high school reunion in 2006. However, after a promising start, the show's ratings dropped, failing to hold the viewers from its lead in, The O.C., whereupon Fox announced the series would not be continued beyond the thirteen episodes already ordered. While it was speculated the cancellation might lead to a change of the format—possibly skipping or combining some years to reach 2006 and reveal the murderer by the now-final thirteenth episode—series creator Jon Harmon Feldman originally announced the show would simply end with 1998, with the identity of the murderer unrevealed. However, after ratings continued to fall in December 2005, Fox announced - both in the media and on their official website - that the "1994" episode eventually would be the last, and the remaining four episodes filmed would not air. Fox later gave away outlines the episodes "1995", "1996", "1997" and "1998" to websites. On June 7, 2006, the episode "1998" was shown in many countries, but not the USA. During the Television Critics Association press tour, FOX Entertainment president Peter Ligouri addressed reporters regarding the show's abrupt end. Ligouri stated there were several ways to go with the killer's identity. However, "the best guess was that particular time that it was going to be Sam's daughter", whom she gave up for adoption early in the series. The reason why the murder occurred still remains a mystery. Unreleased plot Sam was the one who ended up dying, so everybody was trying to cover their tracks. [The shooter] was supposed to be her daughter, who later down the road would have come to work for Carla. She [Carla] tries to get them reconciled, but someone breaks into the apartment of Craig Brewster, while Sam was there with her daughter. In a struggle with this intruder, Amy accidentally shot Sam. When the 13th episode aired on the SBT channel in Brazil, additional information had been added. A narrator explained that an adult Amy, angry over being abandoned as an infant and being abused by her adopted father, accidentally shoots and kills Samantha. Will and Craig call Craig’s high-powered dad, Russell (Gregory Harrison), for help. The big twist is that, when Russell arrives, he discovers that Samantha is still breathing and secretly suffocates her because of Sam’s earlier affair with Will. His crime is eventually discovered and he’s brought to justice. Dave Annable verified the events of this ending in October 2006. List of episodes \|#\|\|Title\|\|Directed by\|\|Written by\|\|Original air date\|\|U.S. viewers \|1\|\|"1986"\|\|Jon Amiel\|\|Story by: Jon Harmon Feldman & Sara Goodman Teleplay by: Jon Harmon Feldman \|September 8, 2005\|\|6.63\| \|In the pilot, we are introduced to six friends in 1986, while one is being interviewed by the police in 2006. Carla is in love with Aaron, Aaron is in love with Jenna and Jenna is in love with everyone but Aaron. Meanwhile, Craig and Will are best friends, and after Will takes the rap for Craig's drunk driving accident, we discover Craig's girlfriend, Sam, is pregnant with Will's baby. She's about to go to London, Craig's about to go to Brown and Will's about to go to Jail. Fast forward to 2006--one of the group has been murdered, and the rest of them are all suspects.\| \|2\|\|"1987"\|\|Michael Katleman\|\|Jon Harmon Feldman\|\|September 22, 2005\|\|5.19\| \|Carla and Samantha are still in London. Samantha goes in labor. Will has been released from prison, and needs to cope with what others think of him. In the present, Carla is still telling her story to Detective Marjorino. The detective gets more evidence to tie in the recent murder to events that happened a few years ago. Aaron, Craig and Jenna are also in the episode.\| \|3\|\|"1988"\|\|Rick Rosenthal\|\|Gina Fattore\|\|September 29, 2005\|\|4.55\| The competition between Craig and Will for Samantha grows, causing Will--who now works for Craig's father--to cross some ethical and legal lines. Samantha has finally tracked down her daughter in New York. After the adoptive parents warn her to stay away, she and Carla hatch a plan to keep tabs on the child. The appearance of Jenna's mother threatens to overshadow her movie premiere, and Aaron tries to mend his broken heart in Seattle. Detective Marjorino's interest in the murder investigation is revealed to be more than just professional.This episode includes airing of Alan Replica's song 'We're on Automatic' at Jenna's birthday party. \|4\|\|"1989"\|\|James Frawley\|\|Mark Goffman\|\|November 3, 2005\|\|3.57\| \|A wedding brings out old rivalries as Samantha must finally choose between Craig and Will. At the same time, Will pays the ultimate price for the one crime he did commit, after he brings down the family of a close friend. Aaron returns from Seattle with a secret, and Jenna puts her own career ahead of Carla's. Detective Marjorino learns he's carried a grudge against the wrong man for 20 years, and one of our friends receives an anonymous letter--from someone who claims to know who the murderer is.\| \|5\|\|"1990"\|\|Lou Antonio\|\|Jennifer Johnson\|\|November 10, 2005\|\|4.02\| \|In the present, Marjorino is happy because he found someone important in his case and will get a statement. If the previous episodes didn't give us enough info about who died, this one will. In 1990, Jenna is shooting a movie in New York but as to come back home when she learns her mother is sick. Craig has a meeting with his father's accountant about the company. Craig wants to keep his father's company afloat but things are not going to be easy. Carla is afraid that the secret of her becoming Amy's nanny so Sam could see her will soon be discovered. Aaron meets a beautiful French woman named Pascale while in a Prague train heading for Brussels. Will is in the Army.\| \|6\|\|"1991"\|\|Rick Rosenthal\|\|Jesse Stern\|\|November 17, 2005\|\|3.88\| \|PRESENT: Two teenagers, who are having a few beers by the East River, discover something that was thrown in the water (remember what it is?). Marjorino has a chat with one of the six friends. PAST (1991): Will, back from Kuwait, visits Jenna at her new house by the beach. He has to do a favor for a friend from his unit. Craig and Aaron work together and have a secretary named Rachel. While Craig is not there, a man named Lloyd drops by their office and has an offer for Aaron. Carla is still Amy's nanny. It's Amy's first day in school. Carla has Paul come with her to pick up Amy at the end of the day but the child is nowhere to be found.\| \|7\|\|"1992"\|\|Michael Katleman\|\|Bruce Zimmerman\|\|December 1, 2005\|\|4.07\| \|Things get testy when the six friends gather together to celebrate Thanksgiving 1992. Aaron brings as his date, his co-worker Rachel, whom he doesn’t realize has a motive for wanting to come: Craig. Jenna brings her movie-star husband and it quickly becomes apparent that the marriage is a sham. Sam thinks something is going on between Rachel and Craig and she wonders if she picked the right guy. Will brings his girlfriend Vanessa, his former Army buddy’s sister, but is still carrying a torch for Samantha, while Russell Brewster shows up and demands that Will be thrown out, still blaming him for the collapse of the Brewster Group. Meanwhile, in the present day, Detective Marjorino’s 20-year obsession for revenge against his father’s killer and now the investigation of Samantha’s murder is taking a toll on his marriage.\| \|8\|\|"1993"\|\|Michael Lange\|\|Story by: Scott Shepherd Teleplay by: Edgar Lyall \|December 8, 2005\|\|3.79\| \|PRESENT: Craig and Will visit Sam's grave. They are joined by a young man who claims that Sam deserved to die. Eventually, all the other friends arrive to visit Sam's grave. PAST (1993): It's Samantha's birthday, and she is now a medical resident. She has a rough day where a patient of hers dies. We later find out that she is the mother of the young man at the grave in the present. Craig wants to become a state assemblyman. At Bedford High School, Jenna meets the students to tell them about her career. Also, Aaron learns that Pascal got pregnant from their one night stand 3 years ago, and he is now a father to Chloe.\| \|9\|\|"1994"\|\|Milan Cheylov\|\|Gina Fattore\|\|December 15, 2005\|\|3.54\| \|PRESENT: Rachel is questioned & is a possible suspect for Sam's murder. PAST (1994): A hopeful Carla gets her romantic hopes crushed by Aaron and another man named Peter. Aaron's Pascale is pregnant again and Craig's old cheatee wants to ruin his name. Craig and Sam are interviewed by a reporter named Elise concerning Craig's political life and the campaign. Of course, the reporter dug some dirt about them and throws it in their face to see their reactions. Sam is outraged by the reporter when she finds out Craig might have cheated on her again. The other friends will help the couple do some damage control. Later in the episode, the friends and their loved ones celebrate Christmas. Jenna's latest flame is named Brad. Will, Sam, and Pascale also appear. Will still likes Sam.\| \|10\|\|"1995"\|\|Elodie Keene\|\|Jennifer Johnson\|\|N/A\|\|N/A\| \|PRESENT: Something happens to Marjorino in a dark alley that will send him straight to the hospital. Will was on the scene and accompanies the detective in the ambulance. PAST (1995): Sam and Craig set Will up for a blind date with Katherine Clark. The four of them have supper at Sam and Craig's loft. Will and Katherine seem to hit it off. But Will's smile will soon vanish when he learns more about Katherine's family... Carla gets a proposition she can't refuse. Aaron and his wife go to couple's therapy. Jenna learns one of her boyfriend's secrets. Pascale also appears.\| \|11\|\|"1996"\|\|Jesús Salvador Treviño\|\|Mark Goffman & Jesse Stern\|\|N/A\|\|N/A\| \|PRESENT: Craig's mother recently died and we learn Henry is responsible for the Marjorino accident. PAST: Katherine and Will are ready to take their relationship to another level. Will meets with Katherine's father. The three of them go hunting together, which results in a fight between Will and the Congressman. Then something horrible happens and Katherine's father is killed. Carla and Jenna are at Sam's house where they talk about Katherine and Will among other things. Carla and Peter are trying to have a child, after their recent elopement. However, while working at the hospital, Sam receives some test results for Peter, which seem to say he has leukemia. Single father Aaron has to take care of 13-month-old Noelle and five-year-old Chloe and also cope with work. After a hectic day and many problems, he calls on one of his best friends to help him out: Jenna.\| \|12\|\|"1997"\|\|Rick Rosenthal\|\|Story by: Jon Harmon Feldman Teleplay by: Jon Harmon Feldman & Jennifer Johnson \|After Pascale left Aaron, it seems Jenna moved in to help take care of Chloe and Noelle. When Pascale comes back and wants custody, a court battle ensues. Through the trial we become aware that while Jenna was living with Aaron, their relationship was not totally platonic. Meanwhile Carla is at the hospital with Peter, who is sick with leukemia. The doctor informs them that the chemo is not working as well as they had hoped, but in some cases a bone marrow treatment can be quite effective. Carla meets with a medical claims officer who explains bone marrow treatment is not effective. However he insinuates that if Carla were to sleep with him, he could find a way to get her the money. Carla is thoroughly disgusted and calls Aaron to ask for money. Aaron says his assets have been frozen due to Pascale's suit. Carla finally decides giving the claims officer what he wants may be the only way to save her husband. Contemplating what she is about to do, Carla receives a call from Aaron saying his assets are unfrozen and he has money they can borrow. Finally, Will learns the truth about Amy.\| \|13\|\|"1998"\|\|Elodie Keene\|\|Bruce Zimmerman\|\|N/A\|\|N/A\| \|It is 1998 and Craig is turning 30. Aaron decides to throw him a party that will lead to unfortunate endings for both of them. Jenna finally gets a significant working proposal. Sam tries to fix things up with Will as they join forces to search for Amy. Carla encounters someone from the past.\| - "'Reunion' Keeps Hold on 'O.C.' Viewers". Zap2it. September 9, 2005. Archived from the original on November 16, 2005. Retrieved December 9, 2005. - "'Prison' Breaks 'til March; 'Reunion' Ending Early". Zap2it. November 29, 2005. Archived from the original on December 2, 2005. Retrieved December 9, 2005. - "No End in Sight for 'Reunion'". December 5, 2005. Archived from the original on December 7, 2005. Retrieved December 9, 2005. - Vidoni, Anderson (October 30, 2006). "Reunion ganha final alternativo no SBT" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on October 10, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2006. - "WEEKLY PROGRAM RANKINGS FROM 09/05/05 THROUGH 09/11/05" (Press release). ABC Medianet. September 13, 2005. Retrieved October 10, 2010. - "WEEKLY PROGRAM RANKINGS FROM 09/19/05 THROUGH 09/25/05" (Press release). ABC Medianet. September 27, 2005. Retrieved October 10, 2010. - "WEEKLY PROGRAM RANKINGS FROM 09/26/05 THROUGH 10/02/05" (Press release). ABC Medianet. October 4, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2010. - "WEEKLY PROGRAM RANKINGS FROM 10/31/05 THROUGH 11/06/05" (Press release). ABC Medianet. November 8, 2005. Retrieved October 10, 2010. - "WEEKLY PROGRAM RANKINGS FROM 11/07/05 THROUGH 11/13/05" (Press release). ABC Medianet. November 15, 2005. Retrieved October 10, 2010. - "WEEKLY PROGRAM RANKINGS FROM 11/14/05 THROUGH 11/20/05" (Press release). ABC Medianet. November 25, 2005. Retrieved October 10, 2010. - "WEEKLY PROGRAM RANKINGS FROM 11/28/05 THROUGH 12/04/05" (Press release). ABC Medianet. December 6, 2005. Retrieved October 10, 2010. - "WEEKLY PROGRAM RANKINGS FROM 12/05/05 THROUGH 12/11/05" (Press release). ABC Medianet. December 13, 2005. Retrieved October 10, 2010. - "WEEKLY PROGRAM RANKINGS FROM 12/12/05 THROUGH 12/18/05" (Press release). ABC Medianet. December 20, 2005. Retrieved October 10, 2010.
Robert E. Howard \|Robert E. Howard\| Robert E Howard in 1934 \|Born\|\|Robert Ervin Howard January 22, 1906 Peaster, Texas, United States \|Died\|\|June 11, 1936 Cross Plains, Texas, United States \|Pen name\|\|Patrick Mac Conaire, Steve Costigan, Patrick Ervin, Patrick Howard, Sam Walser[nb 1]\| \|Occupation\|\|Short story writer, poet, novelist, epistolean\| \|Ethnicity\|\|Irish American[nb 2]\| \|Genres\|\|Sword and sorcery, Westerns, Boxing stories, Historical, Horror\| \|Literary movement\|\|Weird fiction, Sword and sorcery\| \|Notable work(s)\|\|Conan the Cimmerian (series), Solomon Kane (series), The Hour of the Dragon, "Worms of the Earth", "Pigeons from Hell"\| Robert Ervin Howard (January 22, 1906 – June 11, 1936) was an American author who wrote pulp fiction in a diverse range of genres. He is well known for his character Conan the Barbarian and is regarded as the father of the sword and sorcery subgenre. Howard was born and raised in the state of Texas. He spent most of his life in the town of Cross Plains with some time spent in nearby Brownwood. A bookish and intellectual child, he was also a fan of boxing and spent some time in his late teens bodybuilding, eventually taking up amateur boxing. From the age of nine he dreamed of becoming a writer of adventure fiction but did not have real success until he was 23. Thereafter, until his death at the age of 30 by suicide, Howard's writings were published in a wide selection of magazines, journals, and newspapers, and he had become successful in several genres. Although a Conan novel was nearly published into a book in 1934, his stories never appeared in book form during his lifetime. The main outlet for his stories was in the pulp magazine Weird Tales. Howard’s suicide and the circumstances surrounding it have led to varied speculation about his mental health. His mother had been ill with tuberculosis his entire life, and upon learning that she had entered a coma from which she was not expected to wake, he walked out to his car and shot himself in the head. Howard created Conan the Barbarian, in the pages of the Depression-era pulp magazine Weird Tales, a character whose cultural impact has been compared to such icons as Tarzan, Count Dracula, Sherlock Holmes, Batman, and James Bond. With Conan and his other heroes, Howard created the genre now known as sword and sorcery, spawning many imitators and giving him a large influence in the fantasy field. Howard remains a highly read author, with his best works still reprinted. Early years Howard was born January 22, 1906 in Peaster, Texas, the only son of a traveling country physician, Dr. Isaac Mordecai Howard, and his wife, Hester Jane Ervin Howard.[nb 3][nb 4][nb 5] His early life was spent wandering through a variety of Texas cowtowns and boomtowns: Dark Valley (1906), Seminole (1908), Bronte (1909), Poteet (1910), Oran (1912), Wichita Falls (1913), Bagwell (1913), Cross Cut (1915), and Burkett (1917). During Howard's youth his parents' relationship began to break down. The Howard family had problems with money which may have been exacerbated by Isaac Howard investing in get-rich-quick schemes. Hester Howard, meanwhile, came to believe that she had married below herself. Soon the pair were actively fighting. Hester did not want Isaac to have anything to do with their son. His mother Hester had a particularly strong influence on his intellectual growth. She had spent her early years helping a variety of sick relatives, contracting tuberculosis in the process. She instilled in her son a deep love of poetry and literature, recited verse daily and supported him unceasingly in his efforts to write. Other themes began to appear at this time which would later seep into his prose. Although he loved reading and learning, he found school to be confining and began to hate having anyone in authority over him. Experiences watching and confronting bullies revealed the omnipresence of evil and enemies in the world, and taught him the value of physical strength and violence. Being the son of the local doctor gave Howard frequent exposure to the effects of injury and violence, due to accidents on farms and oil fields combined with the massive increase in crime that came with the oil boom. Firsthand tales of gunfights, lynchings, feuds, and Indian raids developed his distinctly Texan, hardboiled outlook on the world. Sports, especially boxing, became a passionate preoccupation. At the time, boxing was the most popular sport in the country, with a cultural influence far in excess of what it is today. James J. Jeffries, Jack Johnson, Bob Fitzsimmons, and later Jack Dempsey were the names that inspired during those years, and he grew up a lover of all contests of violent, masculine struggle. First writings Voracious reading, along with a natural talent for prose writing and the encouragement of teachers, created in Howard an interest in becoming a professional writer. From the age of nine he began writing stories, mostly tales of historical fiction centering on Vikings, Arabs, battles, and bloodshed. One by one he discovered the authors that would influence his later work: Jack London and his stories of reincarnation and past lives, most notably The Star Rover (1915); Rudyard Kipling's tales of subcontinent adventure and his chanting, shamanic verse; the classic mythological tales collected by Thomas Bulfinch. Howard was considered by friends to be eidetic, and astounded them with his ability to memorize lengthy reams of poetry with ease after one or two readings. In 1919, when Howard was thirteen, Dr. Howard moved his family to the Central Texas hamlet of Cross Plains, and there the family would stay for the rest of Howard's life. Howard's father bought a house in the town with a cash down payment and made extensive renovations. That same year, sitting in a library in New Orleans while his father took medical courses at a nearby college, Howard discovered a book concerned with the scant fact and abundant legends surrounding an indigenous culture in ancient Scotland called the Picts. In 1920, on February 17, the Vestal Well within the limits of Cross Plains struck oil and Cross Plains became an oil boomtown. Thousands of people arrived in the town looking for oil wealth. New businesses sprang up from scratch and the crime rate increased to match. Cross Plains' population quickly grew from 1,500 to 10,000, it suffered overcrowding, the traffic ruined its unpaved roads and vice crime exploded but it also used its new wealth on civic improvements, including a new school, an ice manufacturing plant, and new hotels. Howard hated the boom and despised the people who came with it. He was already poorly disposed towards oil booms as they were the cause of the constant traveling in his early years but this was aggravated by what he perceived to be the effect oil booms had on towns. At fifteen Howard first sampled pulp magazines, especially Adventure and its star authors Talbot Mundy and Harold Lamb. The next few years saw him creating a variety of series characters. Soon he was submitting stories to magazines such as Adventure and Argosy. Rejections piled up, and with no mentors or instructions of any kind to aid him, Howard became a writing autodidact, methodically studying the markets and tailoring his stories and style to each. In the fall of 1922, when Howard was sixteen, he temporarily moved to a boarding house in the nearby city of Brownwood to complete his senior year of high school, accompanied by his mother. It was in Brownwood that he first met friends his own age who shared his interest not only for sports and history but also writing and poetry. The two most important of these, Tevis Clyde Smith and Truett Vinson, shared his Bohemian and literary outlook on life, and together they wrote amateur papers and magazines, exchanged long letters filled with poetry and existential thoughts on life and philosophy, and encouraged each other's writing endeavors. Through Vinson, Howard was introduced to The Tattler, the newspaper of the Brownwood High School. It was in this publication that Howard's stories were first printed. The December 1922 issue featured two stories, "'Golden Hope Christmas" and "West is West," which won gold and silver prizes respectively. Howard graduated from high school in May 1923 and moved back to Cross Plains. On his return to his home town, he engaged in a self-created regimen of exercise, including cutting down oak trees and chopping them into firewood every day, lifting weights, punching a bag and springing exercises; eventually building himself from a skinny teenager into a more muscled, burly form. Professional writer Howard spent his late teens working odd jobs around Cross Plains; all of which he hated. In 1924, Howard returned to Brownwood to take a stenography course at Howard Payne College, this time boarding with his friend Lindsey Tyson instead of his mother. Howard would have preferred a literary course but was not allowed to take one for some reason. Biographer Mark Finn suggests that his father refused to pay for such a non-vocational education. In the week of Thanksgiving that year, and after years of rejection slips and near acceptances, he finally sold a short caveman tale titled "Spear and Fang", which netted him the sum of $16 and introduced him to the readers of a struggling pulp called Weird Tales. Now that his career in fiction had begun, Howard dropped out of Howard Payne College at the end of the semester and returned to Cross Plains. Shortly afterwards, he received notice that another story, "The Hyena," had been accepted by Weird Tales. During the same period, Howard made his first attempt to write a novel, a loosely autobiographical book modeled on Jack London's Martin Eden and titled Post Oaks & Sand Roughs. The book was otherwise of middling quality and was never published in the author's lifetime but it is of interest to Howard scholars for the personal information it contains. Howard's alter ego in this novel is Steve Costigan, a name he would use more than once in the future. The novel was finished in 1928 but not published until long after his death. Weird Tales paid on publication, meaning that Howard had no money of his own at this time. To remedy this, he took a job writing oil news for the local newspaper Cross Plains Review at $5 per column. It was not until July 1925 that Howard received payment for his first printed story. Howard lost his job at the newspaper in the same year and spent one month working in a post office before quitting over the low wages. His next job, at the Cross Plains Natural Gas Company, did not last long due to his refusal to be subservient to his boss. He did manual labor for a surveyor for a time before beginning a job as a stenographer for an oil company. In conjunction with his friend Tevis Clyde Smith he dabbled heavily in verse, writing hundreds of poems and getting dozens published in Weird Tales and assorted poetry journals. With poor sales, and many publishers recoiling from his subject matter, Howard ultimately judged poetry writing a luxury he could not afford, and after 1930 he wrote little verse, instead dedicating his time to short stories and higher-paying markets. Nevertheless, as a result of this apprenticeship, his stories increasingly took on the aura of "prose-poems" filled with hypnotic, dreamy imagery and a power lacking in most other pulp efforts of the time. Further story sales to Weird Tales were sporadic but encouraging, and soon Howard was a regular in the magazine. His first cover story was for "Wolfshead", a werewolf story published when he was only twenty. On reading "Wolfshead" in Weird Tales Howard became dismayed with his writing. He quit his stenographer's job to work at Robertson's Drug Store, where he rose to become Head Soda Jerk on $80 per week. However, he resented the job itself and worked such long hours every day of the week that he became ill. He relaxed by visiting the Neeb Ice House, to which he was introduced by an oil-field worker befriended at the drug store, to drink and began to take part in boxing matches. These matches became an important part of his life; the combination of boxing and writing provided an outlet for his frustrations and anger. Sword and Sorcery In August 1926, Howard quit his exhausting job at the drug store and, in September, returned to Brownwood to complete his bookkeeping course. It was during this August that he began working on the story that would become "The Shadow Kingdom", one of the most important works of his career. While at college, Howard wrote for their newspaper, The Yellow Jacket. One of the short stories printed in this newspaper was a comedy called "Cupid vs. Pollux." This story is Howard's earliest surviving boxing story known to exist; it is told in the first person, uses elements of a traditional tall-tale and is a fictionalized account of Howard (as "Steve") and his friend Lindsey Tyson (as "Spike") training for a fight. This story and the elements it uses would also be important in Howard's literary future. In May 1927, after having to return home due to contracting measles and then being forced to retake the course, Howard passed his exams. While waiting for the official graduation in August, he returned to writing, including a re-write of "The Shadow Kingdom." He rewrote it again in August and submitted it to Weird Tales in September. This story was an experiment with the entire concept of the "weird tale" horror fiction as defined by practitioners such as Edgar Allan Poe, A. Merritt, and H. P. Lovecraft; mixing elements of fantasy, horror and mythology with historical romance, action and swordplay into thematic vehicles never before seen, a new style of tale which ultimately became known as "sword and sorcery".[nb 6][nb 7] Featuring Kull, a barbarian precursor to later Howard heroes such as Conan, the tale hit Weird Tales in August 1929 and received fanfare from readers. Weird Tales editor Farnsworth Wright bought the story for $100, the most Howard had earned for a story at this time, and several more Kull stories followed. However, all but two were rejected, convincing Howard not to continue the series. In March 1928, Howard salvaged and re-submitted to Weird Tales a story rejected by the more popular pulp Argosy, and the result was "Red Shadows", the first of many stories featuring the vengeful Puritan swashbuckler Solomon Kane. Appearing in the August 1928 issue of Weird Tales, the character was a big hit with readers and this was the first of Howard's characters to sustain a series in print beyond just two stories (seven Kane stories were printed in the 1928–32 period). As the magazine published the Solomon Kane tale before Kull, this can be considered the first published example of Sword and Sorcery. 1929 was the year Howard broke out into other pulp markets, rather than just Weird Tales. The first story he sold to another magazine was "The Apparition in the Prize Ring," a boxing-related ghost story published in the magazine Ghost Stories. In July of the same year, Argosy finally published one of Howard's stories, "Crowd-Horror", which was also a boxing story. Neither developed into ongoing series, however. After several minor successes and false starts, he struck gold again with a new series based on one of his favorite passions: boxing. July 1929 saw the debut of Sailor Steve Costigan in the pages of Fight Stories. A tough-as-nails, two-fisted mariner with a head of rocks and occasionally a heart of gold, Costigan began boxing his way through a variety of exotic seaports and adventure locales, becoming so popular in Fight Stories that the same editors began using additional Costigan episodes in their sister magazine Action Stories. The series saw a return to Howard's use of humor and (unreliable) first-person narration, with the combination of a traditional tall tale and slapstick comedy. Stories sold to Fight Stories provided Howard with a market just as stable as Weird Tales. Due to his success in Fight Stories, Howard was contacted by the publisher Street & Smith in February 1931 with a request to move the Steve Costigan stories to their own pulp Sport Story Magazine. Howard refused but created a new, similar series just for them based on a boxer called Kid Allison. Howard wrote ten stories for this series but Sport Story only published three of them. With solid markets now all buying up his stories regularly, Howard quit taking college classes, and indeed would never again work a regular job. At twenty-three years of age, from the middle of nowhere in Texas, he had become a full-time writer; he was making good money and his father began bragging about his success, not to mention buying multiple copies of his work in the pulps. Howard's "Celtic phase" began in 1930, during which he became fascinated by Celtic themes and his own Irish ancestry. He shared this enthusiasm with Harold Preece, a friend made in Austin in the summer of 1927; Howard's letters to both Preece and Clyde Smith contain much Irish-related material and discussion. Howard taught himself a little Gaelic, examined the Irish parts of his family history and began writing about Irish characters. Turlogh Dubh O'Brien and Cormac Mac Art were created at this time, although he was not able to sell the latter's stories. When Farnsworth Wright started a new pulp in 1930 called Oriental Stories, Howard was overjoyed—here was a venue where he could run riot through favorite themes of history and battle and exotic mysticism. During the four years of the magazine's existence, he crafted some of his very best tales, gloomy vignettes of war and rapine in the Middle and Far East during the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, tales that rival even his best Conan stories for their historical sweep and splendor. In addition to series characters such as Turlogh Dubh O'Brien and Cormac Fitzgeoffrey, Howard sold a variety of tales depicting various times and periods from the fall of Rome to the fifteenth century. The magazine eventually ceased publication in 1934 due to the Depression, leaving several of Howard's stories aimed at this market unsold. The Lovecraft Circle In August 1930 Howard wrote a letter to Weird Tales praising a recent reprint of H. P. Lovecraft's "The Rats in the Walls" and discussing some of the obscure Gaelic references used within. Editor Farnsworth Wright forwarded the letter to Lovecraft, who responded warmly to Howard, and soon the two Weird Tales veterans were engaged in a vigorous correspondence that would last for the rest of Howard's life. By virtue of this, Howard quickly became a member of "The Lovecraft Circle", a group of writers and friends all linked via the immense correspondence of H.P. Lovecraft, who made it a point to introduce his many like-minded friends to one another and encourage them to share stories, utilize each other's invented fictional trappings, and help each other succeed in the pulp field. In time this circle of correspondents has developed a legendary patina about it rivaling similar literary conclaves such as The Inklings, the Bloomsbury Group, and the Beats.[nb 8] Howard was given the affectionate nickname "Two-Gun Bob" by virtue of his long explications to Lovecraft about the history of his beloved Southwest, and during the ensuing years he contributed several notable elements to Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos of horror stories (beginning with "The Black Stone", his Mythos stories also included "The Cairn on the Headland", "The Children of the Night" and "The Fire of Asshurbanipal"). He also corresponded with other "Weird Tale" writers such as Clark Ashton Smith, August Derleth, and E. Hoffmann Price. The correspondence between Howard and Lovecraft contained a lengthy discussion on a frequent element in Howard's fiction, barbarism versus civilization. Howard held that civilization was inherently corrupt and fragile. This attitude is summed up in his famous line from "Beyond the Black River": "Barbarism is the natural state of mankind. Civilization is unnatural. It is a whim of circumstance. And barbarism must always ultimately triumph." Lovecraft held the opposite viewpoint, that civilization was the peak of human achievement and the only way forward. Howard initially deferred to Lovecraft but gradually asserted his own views, even coming to deride Lovecraft's opinions (such as his support for fascism). In 1930, with his interest in Solomon Kane dwindling and his Kull stories not catching on, Howard applied his new Sword-and-Sorcery and Horror experience to one of his first loves: the Picts. His story "Kings of the Night" depicted King Kull conjured into pre-Christian Britain to aid the Picts in their struggle against the invading Romans, and introduced readers to Howard's king of the Picts, Bran Mak Morn. Howard followed up this tale with the now-classic revenge nightmare "Worms of the Earth" and several other tales, creating horrific adventures tinged with a Cthulhu-esque gloss and notable for their memorable use of metaphor and symbolism. With the onset of the Great Depression, many pulp markets reduced their schedules or went out of business entirely. Howard saw market after market falter and vanish. Weird Tales became a bimonthly publication and pulps such as Fight Stories, Action Stories and Strange Tales all folded. Howard was further hit when his savings were wiped out in 1931 when the Farmer's National Bank failed, and again, after transferring to another bank, when that one failed as well. Early 1932 saw Howard taking one of his frequent trips around Texas. He traveled through the southern part of the state with his main occupation being, in his own words, "the wholesale consumption of tortillas, enchiladas and cheap Spanish wine." In Fredericksburg, while overlooking sullen hills through a misty rain, he conceived of the fantasy land of Cimmeria, a bitter hard northern region home to fearsome barbarians. In February, while in Mission, he wrote the poem Cimmeria. It was also during this trip that Howard first conceived of the character of Conan. Later, in 1935, Howard claimed in a letter to Clark Ashton Smith that Conan "simply grew up in my mind a few years ago when I was stopping in a little border town on the lower Rio Grande." However, the character actually took nine months to develop. Howard had originally used the name "Conan" for a Gael reaver in a past-life-themed story he completed in October 1931, which was published in the magazine Strange Tales in June 1932. Although the character swears by the god "Crom" that is his only link to the more famous successor character. Going back home he developed the idea, fleshing out a new invented world—his Hyborian Age—and populating it with all manner of countries, peoples, monsters, and magic. Howard loved history and enjoyed writing historical stories. However, the research necessary for a purely historical setting was too time consuming for him to engage in on a regular basis and still earn a living. The Hyborian Age, with its varied settings similar to real places and eras of history, allowed him to write pseudo-historical fiction without such problems. He may have been inspired in the creation of his setting by Thomas Bulfinch's 1913 edition of his Bulfinch's Mythology called The Outline of Mythology, which contained stories from history and legend, including many which were direct influences on Howard's work. Another potential inspiration is G. K. Chesterton's The Ballad of the White Horse and Chesterton's concept that "it is the chief value of legend to mix up the centuries while preserving the sentiment." By March, Howard had recycled an unpublished Kull story called "By This Axe I Rule!" into his first Conan story. The central plot remains that of a barbarian having become king of a civilized country and a conspiracy to assassinate him. However, he removed an entire subplot concerning a couple's romance and created a new one with a supernatural element; the story was re-titled "The Phoenix on the Sword", an element from this new subplot. Howard immediately went on to write two more Conan stories. The first of these was "The Frost-Giant's Daughter", an inversion of the Greek myth surrounding Apollo and Daphne, set much earlier in Conan's life. The last of the initial trio was "The God in the Bowl", which went through three drafts and has a slower pace than most Conan stories. This one is a murder mystery filled with corrupt officials and serves as Conan's introduction into civilization, while showing that he is a more decent person than the civilized characters. Before the end of the month, he sent the first two stories to Weird Tales in the same package, with the third following a few days later. With these three completed he created an essay called "The Hyborian Age" in order to flesh out his setting in more detail. There were four drafts of this essay, starting with a two-page outline and finishing as an 8,000-word essay. Howard supplemented this with two sketched maps and an additional short piece entitled "Notes on Various Peoples of the Hyborian Age." In a letter dated March 10, 1932, Farnsworth Wright rejected "The Frost-Giant's Daughter" but noted that "The Phoenix on the Sword" had "points of real excellence" and suggested changes. "The God in the Bowl" would also be rejected and so a potential fourth Conan story concerning Conan as a thief was abandoned at the synopsis stage. Instead of abandoning the entire Conan concept, as had happened with previous failed characters, Howard rewrote "The Phoenix on the Sword" based on Wright's feedback and including material from his essay. Both this revision and the next Conan story, "The Tower of the Elephant", sold with no problems. Howard had written nine Conan stories before the first saw print. Conan first appeared to the public in Weird Tales in December 1932 and was such a hit that Howard was eventually able to place seventeen Conan stories in the magazine between 1933 and 1936. Howard then took a short break from Conan after his initial burst of stories, returning to the character in mid-1933. These stories, his "middle period," are routine and considered the weakest of the series. These stories, such as "Iron Shadows in the Moon", were often simply Conan rescuing a damsel in distress from a monster in some ruins. While earlier Conan stories had three or four drafts, some in this period had only two including the final version. "Rogues in the House" is the only Conan story to be completed in a single draft. These stories sold easily and they include the first and second Conan stories to feature on the cover of Weird Tales, "Black Colossus" and "Xuthal of the Dusk". Howard's motivation for quick and easy sales at this time was partly motivated by the collapse of some other markets, such as Fight Stories, in the Depression. Also in this period, Howard wrote the first of the James Allison stories, "Marchers of Valhalla." Allison is a disabled Texan who begins to recall his past lives, the first of which is in the later part of Howard's new Hyborian age. In a letter to Clark Ashton Smith in October 1933, he wrote that its sequel "The Garden of Fear" was "dealing with one of my various conceptions of the Hyborian and post-Hyborian world." In May 1933, a British publisher, Denis Archer, contacted Howard about publishing a potential book in the United Kingdom. Howard submitted a batch of his best available stories, including "The Tower of the Elephant" and "The Scarlet Citadel", on June 15. In January 1934 the publisher rejected the collection but suggested a novel instead. Though the publisher was "exceedingly interested" in the stories, the rejection letter explained that there was a "prejudice that is very strong over here just now against collections of short stories." The suggested novel, however, could be published by Pawling and Ness Ltd in a first edition of 5,000 copies for lending libraries. In late 1933 Howard returned to Conan, starting again slightly awkwardly with "The Devil in Iron". However, this was followed with the beginning of the latter group of Conan stories which "carry the most intellectual punch," starting with "The People of the Black Circle". Howard probably began to work on the novel in February 1934, starting to write Almuric (a non-Conan, sword and planet science fiction novel) but abandoned it half way. This was followed by another abortive attempt at a novel, this time a Conan novel which later became Drums of Tombalku. The third attempt at writing the novel was more successful, resulting in Howard's only Conan novel The Hour of the Dragon, which was probably started on or around March 17, 1934. This novel combines elements of two previous Conan stories, "Black Colossus" and "The Scarlet Citadel," with Arthurian myth and provides an overview of Conan and the Hyborian age for the new British audience. Howard sent his final draft to Denis Archer on May 20, 1934. He had worked exclusively on the novel for two months, writing approximately 5,000 words per day, seven days a week. Although he told acquaintances that he had little hope for this novel, he had put a lot of effort into it. However, the publisher went into receivership in late 1934, before it could print the novel. The story was briefly held as part of the company's assets before being returned to Howard. It was later printed in Weird Tales as a serial over five months, beginning with the December 1935 issue. Howard may have begun losing interest in Conan in late 1934, with a growing desire to write westerns. He began to write, although never finished, a Conan story called "Wolves Beyond the Border". This was the first Conan tale to have an explicit (Robert W. Chambers-influenced) American setting, although American themes had appeared earlier, and the only one in which Conan himself does not appear. His next story was based on his unfinished material and became "Beyond the Black River" which not only used the different American-frontier setting but was also, in Howard's own words, a "Conan yarn without sex interest." In another novel twist, Conan and the other protagonists have, at best, a pyrrhic victory; this was rare for pulp magazines. This was followed by another experimental Conan story, "The Black Stranger", with a similar setting. The story was, however, rejected by Weird Tales, which was rare for later Conan stories. Howard's next piece, "The Man-Eaters of Zamboula", was more formulaic and was accepted by the magazine with no problems. Howard only wrote one more Conan story, "Red Nails," which was influenced both by his personal experiences at the time and an extrapolation of his views on civilization. The character of Conan had a wide and enduring influence among other Weird Tales writers, including C. L. Moore and Fritz Leiber, and over the ensuing decades the genre of Sword and Sorcery grew up around Howard's masterwork, with dozens of practitioners evoking Howard's creation to one degree or another. New markets In spring 1933, Howard started to place work with Otis Adelbert Kline, a former pulp writer, as his agent. Kline encouraged him to try writing in other genres in order to expand into different markets. Kline's agency was successful in finding outlets for more of Howard's stories and even placed works that had been rejected when Howard was marketing himself alone. Howard continued to sell directly to Weird Tales, however. Howard wrote one of the first "Weird Western" stories ever created, "The Horror from the Mound," published in the May 1932 issue of Weird Tales. This genre acted as a bridge between his early "weird" stories (a contemporary term for horror and fantasy) and his later straight western tales. He tried writing detective fiction but hated reading mystery stories and disliked writing them; he was not successful in this genre. More successfully, in late 1933 Howard took a character conceived in his youth, El Borak, and began using him in mature, professional tales of WWI-era Middle Eastern adventure that landed in Top Notch, Complete Stories, and Thrilling Adventures. The 1920s version was a treasure-hunting adventurer but the 1930s version, first seen in "The Daughter of Erlik Khan" in December 1934 issue of Top-Notch, was a grim gun-fighter keeping the peace after having gone native in Afghanistan. The stories have a lot in common with those of Talbot Mundy, Harry Lamb and T. E. Lawrence, with Western themes and Howard's hardboiled style of writing. As with his other series, he created another character in the same vein, Kirby O'Donnell, but this character lacked the grim, western elements and was not as successful. In the years since Conan had been created, Howard found himself increasingly fascinated with the history and lore of Texas and the American Southwest. Many of his letters to H. P. Lovecraft ran for a dozen pages or more, filled with stories he had picked up from elderly Civil War veterans, Texas Rangers, and pioneers. His Conan stories began featuring western elements, most notably in "Beyond the Black River", "The Black Stranger", and the unfinished "Wolves Beyond the Border". By 1934 some of the markets killed off by the Depression had come back, and Weird Tales was over $1500 behind on payments to Howard. The author therefore stopped writing weird fiction and turned his attentions to this steadily growing passion. The first of Howard's most commercially successful series (within his own lifetime) was started in July 1933. "Mountain Man" was the first of the Breckenridge Elkins stories, humorous westerns in a similar style to his earlier Sailor Steve Costigan stories and again featuring an exaggerated, cartoonish version of Howard himself as the main character. Written as tall tales in the vein of Texas "Tall Lying" stories, the story first appeared in the March–April 1934 issue of Action Stories and was so successful that other magazines asked Howard for similar characters. Howard created Pike Bearfield for Argosy and Buckner J. Grimes for Cowboy Stories. Action Stories published a new Elkins story every month without fail until well after Howard's death. At Kline's suggestion, he also created A Gent from Bear Creek, a Breckenridge Elkins novel comprised from existing short stories and new material. Conan remained the only character that Howard ever spoke of with his friends in Texas and the only one in whom they seemed interested. It is possible that Breckenridge Elkins and the other characters in his stories were too close to home for Howard to be entirely comfortable discussing them. In the spring of 1936, Howard sold a series of "spicy" stories to Spicy-Adventure Stories. The "spicy" series of pulp magazines dealt in stories that were considered borderline softcore pornography at the time but are now similar to romance novels. These stories, which Howard referred to as "bubby-twisters", featured the character Wild Bill Clanton and were published under the pseudonym Sam Walser. Novalyne Price Howard is only known to have had one girlfriend in his life, Novalyne Price. Novalyne was an ex-girlfriend of Tevis Clyde Smith, one of Howard's best friends, whom she had known since high school and they had remained friends after their relationship ended. She first met Howard in spring 1933 when Howard was visiting Smith after driving his mother to a Brownwood clinic. Howard and Smith drove to the Price farm and Smith introduced his friends to each other. Novalyne was an aspiring writer, had heard of Howard from Smith in the past and was enthusiastic to meet him in person. However, he was not what she expected. She wrote in her diary about this first meeting: "This man was a writer! Him? It was unbelievable. He was not dressed as I thought a writer should dress." They parted after a drive and would not see each other again for over a year. In late 1934 Novalyne got a job as a schoolteacher in Cross Plains High School through her cousin, the Head of the English department. When Howard came up in conversation with her new colleagues she defended him from accusations of being a "freak" and "crazy," then phoned his house and left a message. This call was not returned so she tried a few more times. Novalyne visited the Howard house in person after having her telephone calls blocked by a passive aggressive Hester Howard. After a drive through town they arranged their first date. Through much of the next two years they dated on and off, spending much time discussing writing, philosophy, history, religion, reincarnation and much else. Both considered marriage but never at the same time. Novalyne became ill from overwork in mid-1935. Her doctor, a friend of Howard's father, advised her to end the relationship and get a job in a different state. Despite agreeing to this, she met with Howard soon after being discharged. Howard, however, was too preoccupied with the state of his mother's health to give her the attention she wanted. Their relationship did not last much longer. Not considering herself to be in an exclusive relationship, Novalyne began dating one of Howard's best friends, Truett Vinson. Ironically, Howard also began to pay more attention to her at this time. Howard discovered his friends' relationship while he and Truett were on a week's trip together to New Mexico (the same trip which inspired a lot of the final Conan story "Red Nails"). The relationship between the couple was irrevocably scarred, but they continued visiting with each other as friends until May 1936, when Novalyne left Cross Plains for Louisiana State University to get a graduate degree. The two never spoke or wrote to each other again. In an effort to improve her memory and writing, Novalyne began recording all her daily conversations into a journal, in the process preserving an intimate record of her time with Howard. This was useful years later when she wrote of their relationship in a book called "One Who Walked Alone", which was the basis for the 1996 film The Whole Wide World starring Vincent D'Onofrio as Howard and Renée Zellweger as Novalyne. By 1936, almost all of Howard's fiction writing was being devoted to westerns. The novel A Gent from Bear Creek was due to be published by Herbert Jenkins in England, and by all accounts it looked as if he was finally breaking out of the pulps and into the more prestigious book market. However, life was becoming especially difficult for Howard. All of his close friends had married and were immersed in their careers, Novalyne Price had left Cross Plains for graduate school, and his most reliable market, Weird Tales, had grown far behind on its payments. Most importantly, his home life was falling apart. Having suffered from tuberculosis for decades, his mother was finally nearing death. The constant interruptions of care workers at home, combined with frequent trips to various sanatoriums for her care, made it nearly impossible for Howard to write. In hindsight, there were hints about Howard's plans. Several times in 1935–36, whenever his mother's health had precipitously threatened to give out, he made veiled allusions to his father about planning suicide, which his father did not understand at the time. He had made references when speaking to Novalyne Price about her being in his "sere and yellow leaf." The words sounded familiar to her, but it was only in early June 1936 that she found the source in Macbeth: I have liv'd long enough: my way of life Is fall'n into the sere, the yellow leaf; And that which should accompany old age, As honour, love, obedience, troops of friends, I must not look to have; but, in their stead, Curses, not loud but deep, mouth-honour, breath, Which the poor heart would fain deny, and dare not. In the weeks before his suicide, Howard wrote to Kline giving his agent instructions of what to do in case of his death, he wrote his last will and testament, and he borrowed a .380 Colt Automatic from his friend Lindsey Tyson. On June 10, he drove to Brownwood and bought a burial plot for the whole family. On the night before his suicide, when his father confirmed that his mother was finally dying, he asked where his father would go afterwards. Isaac Howard replied that he would go wherever his son went, thinking he meant to leave Cross Plains. It is possible that Howard thought his father would join him in ending their lives together as a family. In June 1936, as Hester Howard slipped into her final coma, her son maintained a death vigil with his father and friends of the family, getting little sleep, drinking huge amounts of coffee, and growing more despondent. On the morning of June 11, 1936, Howard asked one of his mother's nurses, a Mrs. Green, if she would ever regain consciousness. When she told him no, he walked out to his car in the driveway, took the pistol from the glove box, and shot himself in the head. His father and another doctor rushed out, but the wound was too grievous for anything to be done. Howard lived for another eight hours, dying at 4 pm; his mother died the following day. The story occupied the entirety of that week's edition of the Cross Plains Review, along with the publication of Howard's "A Man-Eating Jeopard". On June 14, 1936 a double funeral service was held at Cross Plains First Baptist Church, and both were buried in Greenleaf Cemetery in Brownwood, Texas. Robert E. Howard's health, especially his mental health, has been the focus of the biographical and critical analysis of his life. In terms of physical health, Howard had a weak heart which he treated by taking digitalis. The precise nature of Howard's mental health has been much debated, both during his life and following his suicide. Three main points of view exist: some have declared that Howard suffered from an Oedipal complex or similar mental disorder; another viewpoint is that Howard suffered from major depressive disorder; the third view is that Howard had no disorders and his suicide was a common reaction to stress. Character sketch Robert E. Howard's character, personality, and points of view are important in gaining an understanding of Howard as a person and of his body of work. Information about his attitudes come from memories of those who knew him, his surviving correspondence, and analyses of his works. In his attitude towards race and racism, Howard was certainly racist by modern standards. However, the extent of his racist beliefs is debated. An opinion of some races as innately less developed (which was common at the time) was often tempered by an attitude of compassion, rather than contempt, towards those who had such a supposedly unlucky birth, as especially demonstrated in the Solomon Kane stories. Howard used race as shorthand for physical characteristics and motivation. He would also make up some racial traits, possibly for the sake of brevity. Howard wrote mostly about the clash of cultures rather than racial groups. He was also of the belief that, no matter who won the subsequent conflicts, it would only ever be a temporary victory. Howard became less racist as he grew older, due to several influences. Later works include more sympathetic black characters, as well as other minority groups such as Jews. Significant works in terms of Howard's views on race are "Black Canaan" and "The Last White Man." Howard was proud of his Irish ancestry at a time when the Irish were considered an undesirable minority group themselves. He was consciously defining himself as part of a minority group and most of his characters are also of Irish origin in some way (including the prehistoric Kull and Conan, who both belong to racial groups that later become the Celts). Howard had feminist views despite his era and location which he espoused in both personal and professional life. Howard wrote to his friends and associates defending the achievements and capabilities of women. Strong female characters in Howard's works of fiction include the protofeminist Dark Agnes de Chastillon (first appearing in "Sword Woman", circa 1932–34); the early modern pirate Helen Tavrel ("The Isle of Pirates' Doom", 1928), two pirates and Conan supporting characters, Bêlit ("Queen of the Black Coast", 1934) and Valeria of the Red Brotherhood ("Red Nails", 1936); as well as the Ukrainian mercenary Red Sonya of Rogatino ("The Shadow of the Vulture", 1934). Physically, Howard was tall and heavily built. He had a gentle, round face with a soft, deep voice. E. Hoffmann Price wrote that when he first met Howard in 1934 he "was busy trying to combine two images, that of the actual man, and that of the man who loomed up in those stirring yarns. The synthesis was never effected. He was packed with the whimsy and poetry which rang out in his letters, and blazed up in much of his published fiction, but, as is usually the case with writers, his appearance belied him. His face was boyish, not yet having squared off into angles; his blue eyes slightly prominent, had a wide-openness which did not suggest anything of the man's keen wit and agile fancy. That first picture persists—a powerful, solid, round-faced fellow, kindly and somewhat stolid seeming." Leisure activities Howard enjoyed listening to other people's stories. He listened to tales told by family members growing up and, as an adult, collected stories from any older people willing to tell them. Howard's parents were both natural storytellers of different kinds and he grew up in early twentieth century Texas, an environment in which the telling of tall tales was a standard form of entertainment. Howard himself was a natural storyteller and later a professional storyteller. Combined, this often led to Howard embellishing facts in his communication, not with an intention to deceive but just to make a better story. This can be a problem for biographers reading his works and letters with an aim to understand Howard himself. Howard had an almost photographic memory and could memorize long poems after only a few readings. Howard also enjoyed listening to music and drama on the radio. However his main interests were sports and politics; listening to match reports and election results as they came in. After Howard bought a car in 1932, he and his friends took regular excursions across Texas and nearby states. His letters to Lovecraft also contain information about the history and geography he encountered on his journeys. Howard was also a practitioner and fan of boxing,as well as an avid weightlifter. Howard's first published poem was The Sea, in an early 1923 issue of local newspaper The Baylor United Statement. His first published story was "Spear and Fang", sold in late November 1924 and published in the July 1925 issue of the pulp magazine Weird Tales. However, Howard's first real success was the Sailor Steve Costigan series of humorous boxing stories, beginning with "The Pit of the Serpent" published in the July 1929 issue of the pulp magazine Fight Stories. Styles and themes Howard's distinctive literary style relies on a combination of existentialism, poetic lyricism, violence, grimness, humour, burlesque, and a degree of hardboiled realism. Howard's background in Texan tall tales is the source of the rhythm, drive and authenticity of his work. Howard used an economy of words to sketch out scenes in his stories; his ability to do so has been attributed to his skill with, and experience of, both tall tales and poetry. The tone of Howard's works, especially in the Conan stories, is hardboiled, dark and realistic. This is contrasted with the fantastic elements contained within the stories. Direct experience of the oil booms in early twentieth century Texas influenced Howard's view of civilization. The benefits of progress came with lawlessness and corruption. One of the most common themes in Howard's writing is based on his view of history, a repeating pattern of civilizations reaching their peak, becoming decadent, decaying and then being conquered by another people. Many of his works are set in the period of decay or among the ruins the dead civilization leaves behind. Influence and influences The oil boom in Texas was "one of the most powerful influences on [Howard's] life and art", albeit one that he hated. Howard grew to despise the oil industry along with everyone and everything associated with it. The oil boom heavily influenced Howard's view of civilization as a constant cycle of boom and bust in the same manner as the oil industry in contemporary Texas. A town such as Cross Plains was built by pioneers. The boom brought civilization in the form of people and investment but also social breakdown. The oil people contributed little or nothing to the town in the long term and eventually left for the next oil field. This led Howard to see civilization as corrupting and society as a whole in decay. Howard first bought a pulp magazine, a copy of Adventure, when he was fifteen. The stories and writers featured in this magazine were a strong influence on Howard. In the same year, he sent his first story, "Bill Smalley and the Power of the Human Eye", to the magazine, although it was rejected. Despite repeated attempts during his life, Howard never sold a story to Adventure. Howard was both influenced by and an influence on his friend H. P Lovecraft. Many ideas that he discussed in his letters to Lovecraft were repeated in his fiction and the discussion with a fellow professional writer was useful to him. For his part, Lovecraft began to include Howardian action sequences in his own work, for example in "The Shadow Over Innsmouth". Much of 1931 was spent by Howard attempting to mimic Lovecraft's style. After that year, he had absorbed the parts of it that worked best for him and made them his own. Howard influenced and inspired later writers including David Gemmell, Matthew Woodring Stover, Charles R. Saunders, Karl Edward Wagner, Paul Kearney, Steven Erikson, Joe R. Lansdale, and William King.[nb 9] He also has an influence on the field of fantasy fiction rivaled only by J. R. R. Tolkien and Tolkien's similarly inspired creation of the modern genre of High Fantasy.[nb 10] Criticism of Robert E. Howard and his work often turns towards biographical details and "backhanded compliment[s]." Many imply that Howard was an uneducated idiot savant and that his success was due more to luck than skill. The first professional critic to comment on Howard's work was Hoffman Reynolds Hays, reviewing the Arkham House collection Skull-Face and Others in The New York Times Book Review. Under the title "Superman on a Psychotic Bender", Hays wrote, "Howard used a good deal of the Lovecraft cosmogony and demonology, but his own contribution was a sadistic conqueror who, when cracking heads did not solve his difficulties, had recourse to magic and the aid of Lovecraft's Elder Gods. The stories are written on a competent pulp level (a higher level, by the way, than that of some best sellers) and are allied to the Superman genre which pours forth in countless comic books and radio serials." Hays then moved on to Howard himself and the genre in which he wrote: "A sensitive boy, he was apparently bullied by his schoolmates. ... Howard's heroes were consequently wish-projections of himself. All of the frustrations of his own life were conquered in a dream world of magic and heroic carnage. In exactly the same way Superman compensates for all the bewilderment and frustration in which the semi-literate product of the Industrial age finds himself enmeshed. The problem of evil is solved by an impossibly omnipotent hero. ... Thus the hero-literature of the pulps and the comics is symptomatic of a profound contradiction. On the one hand it is testimony to insecurity and apprehension, and on the other it is a degraded echo of the epic. But the ancient hero story was a glorification of significant elements in the culture that produced it. Mr. Howard's heroes project the immature fantasy of a split mind and logically pave the way to schizophrenia." In a review of Michel Houellebecq's essay "H. P. Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life" published in the Los Angeles Times, April 17, 2005, Stephen King implies that Howard did not work at his craft and was merely pastiching Lovecraft. King described his disapproval of the sword and sorcery genre, and superheroes, in his book on writing Danse Macabre: "[It] is not fantasy at its lowest, but it still has a pretty tacky feel. ... Sword and sorcery novels and stories are tales of power for the powerless. The fellow who is afraid of being rousted by those young punks who hang around his bus stop can go home at night and imagine himself wielding a sword, his potbelly miraculously gone, his slack muscles magically transmuted into those "iron thews" which have been sung and storied in the pulps for the last fifty years." On Howard in particular, he wrote, "Howard overcame the limitations of his puerile material by the force and fury of his writing and by his imagination, which was powerful beyond his hero Conan's wildest dreams of power. In his best work, Howard's writing seems so highly charged with energy that it nearly gives off sparks. Stories such as 'The People of the Black Circle' glow with the fierce and eldritch light of his frenzied intensity. At his best, Howard was the Thomas Wolfe of fantasy, and most of his Conan tales seem to almost fall over themselves in their need to get out. Yet his other work was either unremarkable or just abysmal." In the foreword to Two-Gun Bob, a collection of essays on the subject of Howard, fellow fantasy fiction writer, Michael Moorcock, wrote: "The ability to paint a complex scene with a few expert brushstrokes remains Howard's greatest talent, and such talent can't, of course, ever be taught." Howard scholar Rob Roehm considers the use of the phrase "can't ever be taught" to be a variation on the recurrent theme of Howard's lack of skill or training. Moorcock's foreword goes on "[Howard's] greatest hero, Conan the Barbarian, is his best, created from whole cloth, with a nod to Natty Bumppo and Tarzan of the Apes, and most closely representing the kind of person Howard, home-bound, mother-worshipping, suspicious of big cities, would in his dreams most like to be." Roehm counters that none of the assertions made about Howard in that comment are true, although none of them are unique to Moorcock either. In Wizardry & Wild Romance, Moorcock has also written both that Howard "brought a brash, tough element to the epic fantasy that did as much to change the course of the American school away from previous writing and static imagery as Hammett, Chandler and the Black Mask pulp writers were to change the course of the American detective fiction" and that he "was never a commercially successful writer in his lifetime. His brash, hasty, careless style did not lend itself to the classier pulps. Most of his work appeared in the cheapest of them." Lovecraft scholar S. T. Joshi wrote, in his biography H. P. Lovecraft: A Life, that "The bulk of Howard's fiction is subliterary hackwork that does not even begin to approach genuine literature" and "The simple fact is, however, that his views are not of any great substance or profundity and that Howard's style is crude, slip-shod, and unwieldy. It is all just pulp—although, perhaps, a somewhat superior grade of pulp than the average." The following table shows Howard's earnings from writing throughout his career, with appropriate milestones and events noted by each year. During the Depression, Howard earned more than anyone else in Cross Plains. When Howard died, Weird Tales still owed him between $800 and $1,300. (Adjusted for inflation, this amount would be equivalent to between $13,235 and $21,508.) \|Year\|\|Earnings\|\|Adjusted for Inflation\|\|Notes\| \|1928\|\|$186.00\|\|$2,487\|\|1st Solomon Kane published\| \|1929\|\|$772.50\|\|$10,328\|\|1st Kull, 1st Steve Costigan\| \|1930\|\|$1,303.50\|\|$17,914\|\|Oriental Stories launched, 1st Bran Mak Morn\| \|1932\|\|$1,067.50\|\|$17,963\|\|Fight Stories suspended, Kline engaged as agent, 1st Conan\| \|1933\|\|$962.25\|\|$17,066\|\|Oriental Stories becomes Magic Carpet\| \|1934\|\|$1,853.05\|\|$31,801\|\|Magic Carpet cancelled, Action Stories re-launched, 1st professional El Borak, 1st Kirby O'Donnell, 1st Breckenridge Elkins\| \|1936\|\|"By the spring of 1936, he was enjoying an all-time high in sales."\| \|Source: Lord (1976, pp. 75–79)\| Three publishing houses have put out collections of Howard's letters. In 1989 and 1991, Necronomicon Press published Robert E. Howard: Selected Letters in two volumes (1923–1930 and 1931–1936) edited by Glenn Lord with Rusty Burke, S. T. Joshi, and Steve Behrends. In 2007 and 2008, The Robert E. Howard Foundation Press published a three volume set (1923–1929, 1930–1932, and 1933–1936) titled The Collected Letters of Robert E. Howard, edited by Rob Roehm. Additionally, in 2009, Hippocampus Press published two volumes (1930–1932 and 1933–1936) of Howard's correspondence with H. P. Lovecraft as A Means to Freedom: The Letters of H.P. Lovecraft & Robert E. Howard, edited by S. T. Joshi, David Schultz, and Rusty Burke. Robert E. Howard's legacy extended after his death in 1936. Howard's most famous character, Conan the Cimmerian, has a pop-culture imprint that has been compared to such icons as Tarzan of the Apes, Count Dracula, Sherlock Holmes, and James Bond. Howard's critical reputation suffered at first but over the decades works of Howard scholarship have been published. The first professionally published example of this was L. Sprague de Camp's Dark Valley Destiny (1983) which was followed by other works, including Don Herron's The Dark Barbarian (1984) and Mark Finn's Blood & Thunder (2006). Also in 2006, a charity, Robert E. Howard Foundation, was created to promote further scholarship. Following Robert E. Howard's death, the courts granted his estate to his father, who continued to work with Howard's literary agent Otis Adelbert Kline. Dr. Isaac Howard passed the rights on to his friend Dr. Pere Kuykendall, who passed them to his wife, Alla Ray Kuykendall, and daughter, Alla Ray Morris. Morris left the rights to the widow of her cousin, Zora Mae Bryant, who gave control to her children, Jack Baum and Terry Baum Rogers. The Baums eventually sold their rights to the Swedish company Paradox Entertainment, Inc. Howard's first published novel, A Gent from Bear Creek, was printed in Britain one year after his death. This was followed in the United States by a collection of Howard's stories, Skull-Face and Others (1946) and then the novel Conan the Conqueror (1950). The success of Conan the Conqueror led to a series of Conan books from publisher Gnome Press, the later editor of which was L. Sprague de Camp. The series led to the first Conan pastiche, the novel The Return of Conan by de Camp and Swedish Howard fan Björn Nyberg. De Camp eventually achieved control over the Conan stories and Conan brand in general. Oscar Friend took over from Kline as literary agent and he was followed by his daughter Kittie West. When she closed the agency in 1965, a new agent was required. De Camp was offered the role but he recommended Glenn Lord instead. Lord began as a fan of Howard and had re-discovered many unpublished pieces that would otherwise have been lost, printing them in books such as Always Comes Evening (1957) and his own magazine The Howard Collector (1961–1973). He became responsible for the non-Conan works and later restored, textually-pure versions of the Conan stories themselves. In 1966, de Camp made a deal with Lancer Books to republish the Conan series, which led to the "First Howard Boom" of the 1970s; their popularity was enhanced by the cover artwork of Frank Frazetta on most of the volumes. Many of his works were reprinted (some printed for the first time) and they expanded into other media such as comic books and films. The Conan stories were increasingly edited by de Camp and the series was extended by pastiches until they replaced the original stories. In response, a "purist" movement grew up demanding Howard's original, un-edited stories. The first boom ended in the mid-1980s. In the late 1990s and early 21st century, the "Second Howard Boom" occurred. This saw the printing of new collections of Howard's work, with the restored texts desired by Purists. As before, the boom led to new comic books, films and computer games. Howard's house in Cross Plains has been converted into the Robert E. Howard Museum which has been added to the National Register of Historic Places. The works of Robert E. Howard have been adaptated into multiple media, the most famous being the Conan films starring Arnold Schwarzenegger. In addition to the Conan films, other adaptations have included Kull the Conqueror (1997) and Solomon Kane (2009). In television, the anthology series Thriller (1961) led the adaptations with an episode based on the short story "Pigeons from Hell." The bulk of the adaptations have, however, been based on Conan with two animated and one live action series. Multiple audio dramas have been adapted, from professional audio books and plays to LibriVox recordings of works in the public domain. Computer games have focussed on Conan, beginning with Conan: Hall of Volta (1984) and continuing on to the MMO Age of Conan: Hyborian Adventures (2008). The first table-top roleplaying game based on Howard's works was TSR's "Conan Unchained!" (1984) for their game Advanced Dungeons & Dragons. The first comic book adaptation was in the Mexican Cuentos de Abuelito – La Reina de la Costa Negra No. 17 (1952). Howard related comic books continued to be published to the present day. Howard is an ongoing inspiration for and influence on heavy metal music. Several bands have adapted Howard's works to tracks or entire albums. The British metal band Bal-Sagoth is named after Howard's story "The Gods of Bal-Sagoth." See also - The Whole Wide World, the 1996 film depicting the relationship between Howard and Novalyne Price - List of horror fiction writers - List of people from Texas - List of poets from the United States - Sword and Planet - Patrick Mac Conaire was used once as the pen name for the story "Ghost in the Doorway". Steve Costigan was the name Howard used for himself in his semi-autobiography Post Oaks & Sand Roughs. Patrick Ervin was an occasional pen name, especially for the Dennis Dorgan stories. Patrick Howard was a pen name used for some of Howard's poetry. Sam Walser was a pen name used for the Wild Bill Clanton stories. Due to some pulp magazines using house names, especially when re-printing older works, Howard was also credited as: Mark Adam, William Decatur, R. T. Maynard and Max Nielson. Ghost Stories used John Taverel as the author's name for "The Apparition in the Prize Ring" to make it seem to be a true story. - Lord (1976, p. 34): "Well, I am largely Gaelic, Irish, and Scotch-Irish, and Norman-Irish, and Anglo-Irish, and straight Norman, with a touch of the Dane—Dano-Irish, from a red-headed great-grandmother. Mainly I am Irish and Norman, with the Irish predominating."—Robert E. Howard, "A Touch of Trivia" - Grin (2006, pp. 13–18): Contains facsimile reproductions of Howard's birth certificate and death record. - Finn (2006, p. 26) notes that the birth record incorrectly shows Howard's birthdate as January 24, in addition to altering his mother's age. - Burke (3rd paragraph): notes that Howard celebrated his birthday on the 22nd rather than the 24th, as recorded in Parker County records. His father also gave his birthday as January 22. - Herron, Joshi & Dziemianowicz (2005, p. 1095): "Critical consensus, however, unfailingly places the birth of sword-and-sorcery with the publication of 'The Shadow Kingdom' (August 1929), in which Howard introduced the brooding figure of King Kull, ruling over the fading land of Valusia in a Pre-Cataclysmic Age when Atlantis is but newly risen from the waves." - Gramlich & Westfahl (2005, p. 780): "The term 'sword and sorcery' was coined by Fritz Leiber but the genre was pioneered by Robert E. Howard, a Texas pulp writer who combined fantasy, history, horror, and the Gothic to create the Hyborian Age and such characters as Conan the Conqueror and Kull." - Herron (2004, pp. 161–162): "Suddenly one Golden Age in literature had drawn to a close...For just over a decade these three [REH, CAS, and HPL] had created a phenomenal array of new imaginative fiction and poetry...In these same years another Golden Age played out in the detective pulp The Black Mask...In England, C. S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien and others called their group centered in Oxford University The Inklings...the Bloomsbury Group, which flourished from 1904 until World War II, form yet another. So do the American poets and novelists who became known as The Beats..." - Tompkins (2005, p. 38): "True, the era during which drugstore racks were a Muscle Beach of Kandars, Kothars, Thongors, Wandors, Odans, and Orons is long gone, but is S&S in trouble?" Tompkins then presents a series of quotes from modern fantasy writers who claim a strong Howardian influence. - Clute & Grant (1999, pp. 39 & 483): "The combined success of Howard's Conan books and J.R.R. Tolkien's LotR in paperback had resulted in unprecedented interest in heroic and high fantasy."; "[Howard] remains of central interest in the field of fantasy for his sword and sorcery; the templates he established for that mode have remained influential for most of the 20th century." - Lord (1976, pp. 107, 131–169) - Finn (2006, p. 96) - Lord (1976, p. 71) - Finn (2006, p. 26) - Finn (2006, pp. 30–41) - Burke (¶ 5) - Finn (2006, pp. 39–40) - Finn (2006, p. 42) - Burke (¶ 7) - Finn (2006, p. 34) - Finn (2006, pp. 41–42) - Burke (¶ 11) - Finn (2006, pp. 12, 49–50) - Finn (2006, p. 35) - Burke (¶ 8) - Lord (1976, pp. 75–76) - Finn (2006, p. 50) - Lord (1976, p. 72) - Burke (¶ 9) - Finn (2006, p. 41) - Eng (2000, p. 24) - Finn (2006, p. 43) - Finn (2006, p. 46) - Finn (2006, pp. 87, 92) - Burke (¶ 19) - Finn (2006, pp. 47–49) - Finn (2006, pp. 16–17) - Finn (2006, p. 12) - Finn (2006, pp. 50–51) - Louinet (2003, pp. 347–348) - Burke (¶ 18–20) - Finn (2006, p. 51) - De Camp (1983) - Finn (2004, p. 32) - Lord (1976, pp. 71–72) - Finn (2006, p. 73) - Burke (¶ 10) - Finn (2006, pp. 75–76) - Lord (1976, pp. 71–72, 77–78) - Finn (2006, pp. 128–129) - Finn (2006, pp. 219) - Finn (2006, pp. 87–88) - Finn (2006, p. 91) - Finn (2006, pp. 91–101, 117–119) - Finn (2006, pp. 93–94) - Burke (¶ 13) - Lord (1976, p. 74) - Finn (2006, pp. 96–98) - Lord (1976, p. 75) - Finn (2006, pp. 104–105) - Finn (2006, p. 98) - Finn (2006, pp. 99–101) - Burke (¶ 27) - Finn (2006, pp. 103–104) - Finn (2006, pp. 105–108) - Finn (2006, pp. 113–115) - Burke (¶ 22) - Finn (2006, pp. 113) - Burke (¶ 24) - Finn (2006, p. 114) - Burke (¶ 15th & 20) - Burke (¶ 21) - Finn (2006, p. 113) - Burke (¶ 25) - Finn (2006, pp. 132–135) - Finn (2006, pp. 138–139) - Finn (2006, pp. 135–136) - Lord (1976, p. 76) - Finn (2006, p. 139) - Finn (2006, p. 120) - Burke (¶ 15) - Burke (¶ 28–30th paragraphs) - Finn (2006, pp. 145–148) - Burke (¶ 31) - Finn (2006, pp. 148–149) - Burke (¶ 32) - Finn (2006, pp. 150–151) - Finn (2006, pp. 150–151, 156–157) - Burke (¶ 35) - Finn (2006, pp. 151–152) - Finn (2006, p. 159) - Lord (1976, pp. 76–77) - Finn (2006, p. 160) - Louinet (2003, p. 347) - Louinet (2005, p. 379) - Louinet (2002, p. 430) - Burke (¶ 38) - Finn (2006, p. 166) - Burke (¶ 37–38) - Louinet (2002, pp. 429–430) - Louinet (2002, pp. 434–435) - Burke (¶ 28) - Finn (2006, pp. 166–170) - Louinet (2002, pp. 436–441) - Burke (¶ 39) - Finn (2006, pp. 167–168) - Louinet (2002, pp. 439–440) - Finn (2006, p. 170) - Louinet (2002, pp. 440–441) - Finn (2006, pp. 169–170) - Finn (2006, pp. 170–173) - Louinet (2002, p. 451) - Louinet (2002, pp. 448–449) - Louinet (2002, pp. 443) - Louinet (2003, p. 350) - Louinet (2002, pp. 452) - Louinet (2003, p. 351) - Louinet (2003, p. 357) - Louinet (2003, pp. 352–356) - Louinet (2003, pp. 350–351, 357) - Louinet (2005, p. 376) - Louinet (2005, p. 371) - Louinet (2005, pp. 371–372) - Louinet (2005, pp. 374–376) - Louinet (2005, p. 378) - Louinet (2005, pp. 380–385) - Lord (1976, p. 77) - Finn (2006, pp. 161–162, 207) - Finn (2006, p. 192) - Burke (¶ 41) - Finn (2006, pp. 201–203) - Burke (¶ 18) - Finn (2006, pp. 171–175, 197–201) - Lord (1976, p. 79) - Finn (2006, pp. 204–208) - Finn (2006, p. 208) - Finn (2006, p. 210) - Finn (2006, p. 191) - Louinet (2005, p. 381) - Finn (2006, pp. 181–183) - Burke (¶ 42) - Finn (2006, pp. 183–185) - Finn (2006, pp. 188) - Finn (2006, pp. 188–191) - Finn (2006, pp. 192–194) - Finn (2006, p. 183) - Lord (1976, p. 78) - Finn (2006, pp. 207–210) - Burke (¶ 45) - Louinet (2005, p. 385) - Finn (2006, p. 217) - Finn (2006, p. 213) - Finn (2006, p. 215) - Burke (¶ 46–52) - Finn (2006, p. 214) - Burke (¶ 54) - Burke (¶ 53–54) - Burke (¶ 55–56) - Finn (2006, pp. 239–240) - Finn (2006, p. 221) - Gramlich (2006, pp. 99, 106) - Finn (2006, pp. 80–85) - Finn (2006, p. 84) - Finn (2006, pp. 81–82) - Finn (2006, pp. 80–81) - Finn (2006, pp. 84–85) - Finn (2006, pp. 80) - Finn (2006, p. 141) - Burke (¶ 44) - Finn (2006, pp. 186–187) - Burke (¶ 43–44) - Burke (¶ 49–50) - Finn (2006, p. 225) - Finn (2006, p. 179) - Price (1945, p. 40) - Finn (2006, p. 57) - Finn (2006, pp. 57–58) - Finn (2006, pp. 63 & 71) - Finn (2006, pp. 44–45) - Burke (¶ 34) - Eng (2000, p. 25) - Finn (2006, p. 66) - Finn (2006, p. 65) - Finn (2006, p. 69) - Finn (2006, p. 173) - Finn (2006, pp. 49–50) - Finn (2006, pp. 78–79) - Burke (1998, § F) - Finn (2006, pp. 12, 49–50, 181) - Burke (¶ 6) - Finn (2006, pp. 51–52) - Finn (2006, p. 156) - Louinet (2002, p. 436) - Finn (2006, p. 234) - Roehm (2007, p. 5) - Finn (2006, pp. 233–234) - King (2010, p. 204) - Moorcock (2006, p. 9) - Moorcock (2006, pp. 9–10) - Roehm (2007, p. 6) - Roehm (2007, pp. 5–7) - Joshi (1996, p. 502) - Gramlich (2006, p. 99) - Finn (2006, p. 229) - Lord (1976, pp. 75–79) - Blosser, Fred (1997), "The Star Rover and 'The People of the Night'", The Dark Man (4): 16–18 - Burke, Rusty (1998), "The Robert E. Howard Bookshelf", The Robert E. Howard United Press Association - Burke, Rusty, "A Short Biography of Robert E. Howard", The Robert E. Howard United Press Association - Burke, Rusty (December 2006), "The Robert E. Howard Foundation", The Cimmerian 3 (12): 22–23, ISSN 1548-3398 - Clareson, Thomas D. (1990), Understanding Contemporary American Science Fiction, University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 0-87249-870-0 - Clute, John; John Grant, ed (1999), The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-19869-8 - Eng, Steve (2000) [orig. 1984], "Barbarian Bard: The Poetry of Robert E. Howard", in Herron, Don, The Dark Barbarian, Berkeley Heights, NJ: Wildside Press, pp. 23–64, ISBN 1-58715-203-7 - Finn, Mark (2006), Blood & Thunder, Monkeybrain, Inc., ISBN 1-932265-21-X - Gramlich, Charles (2005), Westfahl, Gary, ed., The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy 2, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-32952-4 - Gramlich, Charles (2006), "Robert E. Howard: A Behavioral Perspective", Two-Gun Bob, Hippocampus Press, pp. 98–106, ISBN 0-9771734-5-3 - Grin, Leo (January 2006), "Birth and Death", The Cimmerian 3 (1): 13–18, ISSN 1548-3398 - Grin, Leo (2004), "The Reign of Blood", in Herron, Don, The Barbaric Triumph, Wildside Press, pp. 141–160, ISBN 0-8095-1566-0 - Hall, Scott (June 2007), "An Iron Harp Played Through a Marshall Amp", in Grin, Leo, The Cimmerian 4 (3): 4–11, ISSN 1548-3398 - Hayles, David (October 24, 2009), "The strange life and death of Robert E. Howard, creator of Conan the Barbarian", The Times - Herman, Paul (2006), The Neverending Hunt, Wildside Press, ISBN 978-0-8095-6256-5 - Herron, Don (1984), The Dark Barbarian, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-23281-4 - Herron, Don (2004), The Barbaric Triumph, Wildside Press, ISBN 0-8095-1566-0 - Herron, Don (2005), Joshi, S. T.; Dziemianowicz, Stefan, eds., Supernatural Literature of the World 3, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-32774-2 - Holmes, Morgan (April 2007), "The Statement of S. T. Joshi", The Cimmerian 4 (3): 8–13, ISSN 1548-3398 - King, Stephen (2010), Danse Macabre, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-1-4391-7098-4 - Knight, George (2004), "Lands of Dreams and Nightmares", in Herron, Don, The Barbaric Triumph, Wildside Press, pp. 129–140, ISBN 0-8095-1566-0 - Lord, Glenn (1976), The Last Celt, Berkley Windhover Books, ISBN 978-0-425-03630-3 - Louinet, Patrice (2002), "Hyborian Genesis Part I", The Coming of Conan the Cimmerian, Del Rey Books, ISBN 0-345-46151-7 - Louinet, Patrice (2003), "Hyborian Genesis Part II", The Bloody Crown of Conan, Del Rey Books, ISBN 0-345-46152-5 - Louinet, Patrice (2005), "Hyborian Genesis Part III", The Conquering Sword of Conan, Del Rey Books, ISBN 0-345-46153-3 - Nielson, Leon (December 2006), "Legacy", The Cimmerian 3 (12): 17–21, ISSN 1548-3398 - Price, E. Hoffmann (May 1945), "The Book of the Dead", The Ghost: 38–54 - Roehm, Rob (April 2007), "I Suppose We Must Respect Him", The Cimmerian 4 (3): 4–7, ISSN 1548-3398 - Romeo, Gary, "Southern Discomfort: Was Howard A Racist?", The Robert E. Howard United Press Association - Sammon, Paul M. (2007), Conan the Phenomenon, Dark Horse Books, ISBN 978-1-59307-653-5 - Schiesel, Seth (June 4, 2008), "At Play in a World of Savagery, but Not This One", The New York Times, retrieved January 11, 2010 - Thom, William; Herman, Paul; Woods, Todd, Howardworks, retrieved 2006-09-13 - Tompkins, Steve (2002), The Black Stranger typescript, Wandering Star, pp. cover flap essay - Tompkins, Steve (June 2005), "The Lion's Den (Letter)", The Cimmerian 2 (3): 37–38, ISSN 1548-3398 Further reading - de Camp, L. Sprague (1975), The Miscast Barbarian. Chapbook. Later expanded into Dark Valley Destiny. - de Camp, L. Sprague; Catherine Crook de Camp and Jane Whittington Griffin (1983), Dark Valley Destiny, ISBN 0-89366-247-X - de Camp, L. Sprague, ed. (1979), The Blade of Conan, Penguin Putnam, ISBN 978-0-441-11670-6 - de Camp, L. Sprague, ed. (1980), The Spell of Conan, Ace Books, ISBN 978-0-441-11669-0 - Cerasini, Marc; Hoffman, Charles (1987), Robert E. Howard: Starmont Reader's Guide 35, ISBN 978-0-930261-28-3 - Coffman, Frank, Robert-E-Howard: Electronic Amateur Press Association (REHEAPA), Mind's Eye HyperPublishing, ISSN 1537-0704 - Nielsen, Leon (2006), Robert E. Howard : A Collector's Descriptive Bibliography, McFarland & co, ISBN 978-0-7864-2646-1 - Price Ellis, Novalyne (September 1986), One Who Walked Alone, Donald M Grant, ISBN 0-937986-78-X (Basis for the movie The Whole Wide World) - Price Ellis, Novalyne; Burke, Rusty (July 1989), Day of the Stranger, Necronomicon Press - van Hise, James, ed. (1997), The Fantastic Worlds of Robert E. Howard - Rippke, Dale (2004), The Hyborian Heresies, Wild Cat Books, ISBN 978-1-4116-1608-0 - Weinberg, Robert (1976), The Annotated Guide to Robert E. Howard's Sword and Sorcery, Starmont House, ISBN 978-0-916732-00-4 \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Robert E. Howard\| \|Wikisource has original works written by or about: \|Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Robert E. Howard\| - The Official Robert E. Howard Website - The Robert E. Howard Foundation - Internet Archive – Free, legal downloads of Howard's texts in the public domain, including audio books and plays. - Robert E. Howard Directory – Online directory for the life and works of Robert E. Howard. - Robert E. Howard at the Internet Movie Database - Robert E. Howard at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database - Works by Robert E. Howard at Project Gutenberg - Robert E. Howard public domain audiobooks from LibriVox - Robert Ervin Howard from the Handbook of Texas Online - The Whole Wide World (1996) at the Internet Movie Database – a film relating to his relationship with Novalyne Price - Howard Museum in Cross Plains, Texas Scholarly sources - The Robert E. Howard United Press Association (includes an attached blog) - Scholar tools at The Robert E. Howard Foundation - The Dark Man: The Journal of Robert E. Howard Studies - REH: Two-Gun Raconteur: The Definitive Robert E. Howard Journal
St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School \|St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School \|1500 Benicia Road Vallejo, California, (Solano County), 94591 \|Motto\|\|Facere et Docere ∙ Veritas (To do and To Teach ∙ Truth) \|Religious affiliation(s)\|\|Roman Catholic\| \|Established\|\|1870 (St. Vincent) 1968 (St. Patrick) \|Principal\|\|Mary Ellen Ryan\| \|Asst. Principal\|\|Joan Cummings; \|Enrollment\|\|658 (2008-2009 school year)\| \|Campus size\|\|31 acres (130,000 m2)\| \|Color(s)\|\|Dark Forest Green, Vegas Gold and White\| \|Accreditation(s)\|\|Western Association of Schools and Colleges; Western Catholic Educational Association\| \|Dean of Students\|\|Jeff Henry\| \|Admissions Director\|\|Sheila Williams\| \|Athletic Director\|\|Tamra Smith\| \|Athletic Trainer\|\|Carica Saladin\| St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School's long history began in 1870 when St. Vincent Ferrer parish established the Catholic Free School in Vallejo. The first graduates received diplomas in 1880. St. Vincent Ferrer, "Saints," remained a co-educational high school serving students from the greater Solano County (Benicia, Fairfield, Napa, Vacaville, Vallejo) and West Contra Costa County until June 1968. In September 1968, at the urging of Msgr. Thomas Kirby, the Diocese of Sacramento opened St. Patrick High School, "St. Pat's," an all-boys school at the current location on Benicia Road. St. Vincent became an all-girls school. During the succeeding years, the two high schools shared social events and occasionally shared faculty and instructional resources. Eventually, the schools had several co-ed athletic teams. In 1983, the changing demographics of Solano County and the rising cost of Catholic education necessitated some long range planning, and the decision was made to merge St. Patrick and St. Vincent High Schools. On October 18, 1986, the groundbreaking for a new classroom facility, to meet the expanding student body, took place, and in the fall of 1987, the first classes of St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School were united to continue the long and excellent tradition of Catholic secondary education in Solano County. The Dominican Sisters of San Rafael administered St. Vincent Ferrer High School under the auspices of the Diocese of Sacramento. The Congregation of Christian Brothers (formerly known as the Christian Brothers of Ireland) administered and staffed St. Patrick High School. After the merger, the Christian Brothers and the Dominican Sisters continued to serve in both administrative and teaching capacities. In 1993, when the Christian Brothers withdrew from St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School the Diocese of Sacramento assumed the responsibility for hiring the administrator of the school. The traditions of both the Christian Brothers and the Dominican Sisters serve as a strong foundation upon which St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School can continue the mission of Catholic education well into the 21st century. The course of study at St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School is predominantly college preparatory. However, not all students desiring a Catholic education plan to go to a four-year college or a community college. Efforts are made to direct a student into a program consistent with the student's capacity and potential. In some cases, students may be encouraged to pursue non-academic careers. Yet all students will be exposed to ample opportunity to discover and develop their true educational potential. To graduate from St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School, students must earn a total of 260 credits as outlined below. Juniors and seniors must carry a minimum of 60 credits per academic year. Freshmen and sophomores must take 70 credits each year. St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School is under no obligation to accept credits from other institutions. Make-up courses (night school and summer school) must be approved. The Assistant Principal makes all final decisions concerning the evaluation of credits. The following courses are required of all students: - Religious Studies - 45 credits - English 40 - credits - Mathematics - 30 credits - Science 20 - credits - Social Studies (must include World History, - U.S. History, Civics, and Economics) - 30 credits - World Language (required of honors/college-bound - students; recommended for all others) - 20 credits - Physical Education (including 5 credits of Health) - 20 credits - Keyboarding/Computer Applications - 10 credits - Fine Arts - 10 credits - Electives - 40 credits - Christian Service Annual requirement - SPSV Honor Code Every member of the St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School community strives to live by the letter and the spirit of the SPSV Honor Code: "As a member of the St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School Community, I promise to aspire to the highest level of personal and academic integrity. I will work toward building an environment of trust and mutual respect in all that I do. Furthermore, I commit myself to truth (Veritas), avoiding dishonesty in both academic work and in personal encounters. I will always endeavor to create an atmosphere of peace and tolerance, with respect for others and their ideas." School Crest The St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School crest incorporates the shields of St. Patrick High School and St. Vincent Ferrer High School. In the upper left hand corner of the crest is the shield of the Christian Brothers. The star in the crest is a reminder that those who instruct many unto justice shall shine as stars for all eternity. The star is set upon a Celtic cross, the source of the inspiration of faith and the instrument of redemption. In the lower right hand corner is the traditional Dominican shield. Having its origins in medieval times, the shield's "cross fleury" signifies fruitful victory, duty, and self-sacrifice. The alternating dark and light represent various qualities. The dark stands for silence, wisdom, and fortitude; the white for peace, purity, charity and sincerity. The two mottos "Veritas" (Latin for "Truth" and the motto of the Dominican Order) and "Facere et Docere" (Latin for "To do and To Teach" and the motto of the Congregation of Christian Brothers) represent the essence of Catholic education: to lead young people to the knowledge of the truth, which is God, and to reflect the charity of Christ in the many processes of instruction.
Tampa Bay Storm \|Tampa Bay Storm\| \|League\|\|Arena Football League (1987–present)\| \|Team history\|\|Pittsburgh Gladiators Tampa Bay Storm Tampa Bay Times Forum \|Based in\|\|Tampa, Florida\| \|Team colors\|\|Blue, Gold, White \|Owner(s)\|\|Tampa Bay Sports and Entertainment (Jeffrey Vinik, chairman) \|Head coach\|\|Dave Ewart\| \|Championships\|\|5: (AFL: 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2003)\| \|Division titles\|\|5: 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003 The team began play in 1987 as the Pittsburgh Gladiators, one of the AFL's four charter franchises, and the only one still operating. They relocated to Tampa in 1991 and adopted their current name. They played in Tampa from 1991–2008, after which point the AFL folded, and resumed operations for the 2010 season following the league's restructuring. Together with the Orlando Predators they have been in their city for longer than any other AFL team. During their tenure they have won five ArenaBowl championships. They are coached by Dave Ewart. Along with their traditional rivals, the Orlando Predators, they share the Arena Football League record for the longest tenure by a franchise in a single market area. They are also the last of the original four franchises (the Chicago Bruisers, Denver Dynamite and Washington Commandos were the other three) to have operated in continuous existence from the formation of the league in 1987 until the present. Pittsburgh Gladiators (1987–1990) The franchise was originally known as the Pittsburgh Gladiators, and was one of the original four AFL teams formed in 1987. The team was named by Robert Ninehouser whose entry for the team name was selected in 1987. They originally played their home games at the Pittsburgh Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Gladiators participated in ArenaBowls I and III, losing both. Tampa Bay Storm (1991–present) The team moved from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Tampa, Florida in 1991, with the team taking on the "Storm" nickname. The Cleveland Arena Football League franchise now bears the Gladiators name, however, the two organizations share no link in history nor records. The Storm won the ArenaBowl in their first season in Tampa Bay (V) and have won four subsequent championships (VII, IX, X, and XVII). Up to the 2006 season, the Storm had qualified for the playoffs in every season but one during their time in Tampa Bay. The team played in the former Thunder Dome in St. Petersburg (now called Tropicana Field) from 1991–1996, becoming its first regular team sports tenant. Since 1997, the team has played its home games in the Tampa Bay Times Forum (previously the Ice Palace and the St. Pete Times Forum) which is located in Tampa. The Storm competed in the Southern Division of the National Conference. They were coached by Tim Marcum, who is widely regarded as the greatest coach in Arena Football history. The team's current mascot is a dog named Storm Dawg. On December 23, 2004, Sports Illustrated wrote in its 'The 10 Spot' feature that the AFL's players' union filed a grievance against the Storm. The reason was that seven of the Storm's players claimed that some of the diamonds in their 2003 AFL championship rings were fake. Six of the seven players had left the team after the 2003 season. The Storm acknowledged that some of the rings did, in fact, include cubic zirconia instead of diamonds, and that different players received greater amounts of diamonds in their rings based on their contributions that season. The Storm ended the 2006 season with a 7–9 record (4th in their Division), ending a 19-year streak of playoff appearances, dating back to their days as the Pittsburgh Gladiators and the start of the Arena Football League. The Storm followed a 9–7 season and first-round playoff exit in 2007 with an 8–8 finish in 2008. They salvaged the .500 record by defeating the Los Angeles Avengers 72–47 in Tampa. There was no 2009 Arena Football League season due to the organization's ongoing financial difficulties, which eventually resulted in its filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, leaving it uncertain if the Storm, arguably the most successful team in the history of any form of indoor football, would ever play another game. New future A new arena football league, originally called Arena Football 1, formed in 2009. The Storm were not one of the initial 16 teams announced. However, Bossier-Shreveport Battle Wings owner Dan Newman mentioned that the Storm were one of at least two former AFL franchises that were being negotiated with, the other being the San Jose SaberCats. The new organization bought the rights to the intellectual property, including the team names, logos, histories, and patented rules of the old AFL in a bankruptcy auction, which allowed to function essentially as a full successor; after this action, the name Arena Football 1 was dropped and the group resumed operating as the Arena Football League. The Storm resumed full operations for the new league's 2010 season, with some players from the former roster, and once again coached by Tim Marcum and this time owned by Tampa Bay Storm Partners LLC, a group led by Todd Boren a previous partner with the Orlando Predators and the Arizona Rattlers. The AFL released the schedule for their inaugural season on December 31, 2009. The Storm returned during the opening weekend of the season on April 3, 2010. On February 17, 2010, it was formally announced that the AF1 had adopted the former Arena Football League name. On February 17, 2011, Tim Marcum would resign as head coach of the Storm less than a month before the 2011 season was to begin, after having the position for 15 years. He left as the AFL's all-time winningest head coach with 211 wins. Dave Ewart was named as the team's new head coach the next day. His resignation was sparked by an admission in a deposition related to a lawsuit he had filed against the Storm's previous owner, Robert Nucci. In that deposition, Marcum admitted to forwarding emails that were pornographic and racially tinged to other members of the Storm organization, using his work email address. In April 2011, former Tampa Bay Buccaneers linebacker, Derrick Brooks became a part owner and the team president for the Storm. Storm highlights - In a 1996 playoff game against the Arizona Rattlers the Storm had the lead late in the game but the Rattlers came down the field and scored a touchdown with little time left on the clock. Rather than try to tie the game with an extra point, Rattlers coach Danny White elected to go for the win with the two point conversion. Quarterback Sherdrick Bonner was stopped short and the Storm won the game. On the AFL's 20 Greatest Highlights this is ranked at number 10. - During a 1991 regular season game the Storm found themselves down 17 points against the Albany Firebirds. However they rallied late in the game to take a 57–53 lead. But it wasn't over yet as the Firebirds had five seconds left to come up with the touchdown from midfield. The Storm won the game with an interception off of the nets. On the AFL's 20 Greatest Highlights Countdown this is ranked #8. - ArenaBowl V found the Detroit Drive hosting the Tampa Bay Storm. With seconds left in the game quarterback Jay Gruden threw deep to Stevie Thomas in the endzone. It was complete and the Storm won the ArenaBowl. On the AFL's 20 Greatest Highlights Countdown this is ranked number 5. - Stevie Thomas saves the Storm: During a 1995 semifinal game between Albany and Tampa Bay took a late one point lead with seconds left on the clock. On the ensuing kickoff the Storm couldn't field the ball off the nets and Stevie Thomas found himself in the very back of the endzone. Thomas broke five tackles at once coming out of the endzone and went all the way for a touchdown to give the Storm the win 56–49. They later went on to capture their 3rd ArenaBowl in 5 years. On the AFL's 20 Greatest Highlights Countdown this is at #2. Radio and television The Tampa Bay Storm are broadcast on Storm Radio, which has no affiliates; only a flagship which is AM 620 WDAE. The radio play-by-play announcer is local radio icon Jack Harris, and the radio color commentator is Darek Sharp who is also a producer and broadcaster for AM 620 WDAE. Bright House Sports Network, owned by and shown only on Bright House Networks cable systems, broadcasts all the Storm home games. Drew Felios and Mark Royals are the broadcasters. Pittsburgh Gladiators \|Head coach\|\|Tenure\|\|Regular season \|Most recent coaching staff\|\|Notes\| Tampa Bay Storm \|Head coach\|\|Tenure\|\|Regular season \|Most recent coaching staff\|\|Notes\| \|Fran Curci\|\|1991\|\|8–2\|\|2–0\|\|Arena Football League Coach of the Year (1991). \|Lary Kuharich\|\|1992–1994\|\|25–9\|\|4–2\|\|1x ArenaBowl winning coach (VII).\| \|\|140–77\|\|16–10\|\|Asst. Head Coach / Line Coach / Dir. Player Personnel: Dave Ewart ST Coordinator / FB / LB Coach: Eddie Vowell DL Coach: Pete Kuharchek \|2x Arena Football League Coach of the Year 3x ArenaBowl winning coach (in Tampa Bay only, seven overall) (IX, X, XVII). Arena Football League Hall of Fame (1998). Founder's Award winner (2001). Current roster Tampa Bay Storm roster \|Refuse to report Other League Exempt Rookies in itlatics Notable players - Les Barley - FB/LB - Sylvester Bembery - OL/DL - Tom Briggs - DE - Andre Bowden - FB/LB - Thaddeus Bullard - DL (now wrestling in WWE as Titus O'Neil) - Chris Conlin - OL - Adam Gibbs - WR/QB - Jay Gruden - QB - Johnnie Harris - DS - John Kaleo - QB - George LaFrance - OS - Pat O'Hara - QB - Lawrence Samuels - WR/LB - Freddie Solomon - OS - Pat Sperduto - OL/DL - Shane Stafford - QB - Drew Weatherford - QB - Rod Williams - OL/DL - Peter Tom Willis - QB AFL Hall of Famers - Jay Gruden - George LaFrance - Tim Marcum - Joe March - Craig Walls (Played for Pittsburgh Gladiators, not Storm) - "Lightning (NHL) Owner, Vinik, Purchases Storm". Arena Football League. January 13, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2011. - "Glads wilt in 'Bowl'". Pittsburgh Post=Gazette. August 3, 1987. Retrieved February 14, 2013. - Mills, Roger (August 18, 1994). "Storm franchise for sale". St. Petersburg Times. p. 1C. Retrieved October 16, 2012. "Tampa Bay Storm owner Bob Gries said Wednesday that he intends to sell the franchise at the end of the season, but insisted the team would remain in the Tampa Bay area." - The 10 Spot - ESPN.com, "Arena Football 1 to launch in 2010" - 2010 Regular Season Schedule - "Tim Marcum Resigns After 15 Seasons With the Storm". Tampa Bay Storm. February 17, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011. - "Storm Name Dave Ewart Head Coach". Tampa Bay Storm. February 17, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011. - "Tim Marcum Resigns". - Rick Stroud (April 12, 2011). "Derrick Brooks to become Tampa Bay Storm president, part owner". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved November 15, 2012. - "ArenaFan Online: AFL Coaches: Joe Haering". Retrieved 2008-10-25. - "ArenaFan Online: AFL Coaches: Fran Curci". Retrieved 2008-10-25. - "ArenaFan Online: AFL Coaches: Lary Kuharich". Retrieved 2008-10-25. - "ArenaFan Online: AFL Coaches: Tim Marcum". Retrieved 2008-10-25. - "ArenaFan Online: AFL Coaches: Dave Ewart". Retrieved 2008-10-25.
Washington State Legislature \|This article does not cite any references or sources. (February 2012)\| \|Washington State Legislature\| House of Representatives \|President of the Senate President of the Senate pro tempore \|Brad Owen, (D) Since January 10, 2011 Tim Sheldon (MCC) \|Speaker of the House Speaker of the House pro tempore \|Frank Chopp, (D) Since January 19, 2001 Jim Moeller (D) \|Political groups\|\|Democratic Party \|Last election\|\|November 2, 2010\| \|Washington State Capitol, Olympia, Washington\| The Washington State Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Washington. It is a bipartisan, bicameral body, composed of the lower Washington House of Representatives, composed of 98 Representatives, and the upper Washington State Senate, with 49 Senators. The state is divided into 49 legislative districts, each of which elect one senator and two representatives. The Washington State Legislature traces its ancestry to the creation of the Washington Territory in 1853, following successful arguments from settlers north of the Columbia River to the U.S. federal government to legally separate from the Oregon Territory. The Washington Territorial Assembly, as the newly-created area's bicameral legislature, convened the following year. The legislature represented settlers from the Straits of Juan de Fuca to modern Montana. The Female Voting Franchise From nearly the start of the territory, arguments over giving women the right to vote dogged legislative proceedings. While some legislators carried genuine concerns over women deserving the right to vote, most legislators pragmatically believed that giving women suffrage would entice more Eastern women to immigrate to the remote and sparsely populated territory. In 1854, only six years after the Seneca Falls Convention, the issue was brought to a vote by the legislature. Women's suffrage was defeated by a single vote. The issue over female suffrage did not diminish. In 1871 Susan B. Anthony and Thurston County Representative Daniel Bigelow addressed the legislature on the issue. In 1883, the issue returned to the floor, this time with the Territorial Assembly successfully passing universal suffrage for women. It quickly became one of the most liberal voting laws in the nation, giving female African-American voters the voting franchise for the first time in the U.S.. However in 1887, the territorial Washington Supreme Court ruled the 1883 universal suffrage act as unconstitutional in Harland v. Washington. Another attempt by the legislature to regrant universal female suffrage was again overturned in 1888. After two failed voter referendums in 1889 and 1898, the now-Washington State Legislature approved full female voting rights in 1910. With more than two decades of pressure on federal authorities to authorize statehood, on February 22, 1889, the U.S. Congress passed the Enabling Act, signed into law by outgoing President Grover Cleveland, authorizing the territories of Washington, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana to form state governments. The Territorial Assembly set out to convene a constitutional convention to write a state constitution. Following its successful passage by the legislature, Washington voters approved the new document on October 1. On November 11, 1889, President Benjamin Harrison authorized Washington to become the 42nd state of United States. It was the last West Coast state of the Continental U.S. to achieve statehood. The modern Washington State Legislature was created. The bicameral body is composed of legislators, beginning the legislative session annually on the second Monday in January. In odd-numbered years, when the state budget is debated upon, the State Legislature meets for 105 days, and in even-numbered years for 60 days. The Governor of Washington, if necessary, can call legislators in for a special session for a 30-day period at any time in the year. Legislators also can call themselves into special session by a two-thirds vote by both the House of Representatives and the State Senate. Television coverage Debates within both the House and Senate, as well as committee meetings and other special events within or relating to the legislature are broadcast throughout Washington on TVW, the state public affairs network. Debates can also be found on the web at TVW.org. See also Further reading - Brazier, Don (2000). History of the Washington Legislature, 1854-1963. Washington State Senate.Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection
Wind Gap, Pennsylvania \|Borough of Wind Gap\| Wind Gap skyline \|Elevation\|\|755 ft (230.1 m)\| \|Area\|\|1.4 sq mi (3.6 km2)\| \|- land\|\|1.4 sq mi (4 km2)\| \|- water\|\|0.01 sq mi (0 km2), 0.71%\| \|Density\|\|1,942.9 / sq mi (750.2 / km2)\| \|- summer (DST)\|\|EDT (UTC-4)\| The population of Wind Gap was 2,720 at the 2010 census. Wind Gap is located at .(40.846429, -75.291631) According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2), of which 0.73% is water. Wind Gap's elevation is 755 feet (230 m) above sea level. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,812 people, 1,221 households, and 765 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,061.8 people per square mile (798.3/km²). There were 1,294 housing units at an average density of 948.8 per square mile (367.4/km²). The racial makeup of the borough was 97.62% White, 0.46% African American, 0.04% Native American, 0.68% Asian, 0.53% from other races, and 0.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.60% of the population. There were 1,221 households out of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.84. In the borough the population was spread out with 20.8% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.6 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $35,030, and the median income for a family was $46,681. Males had a median income of $36,735 versus $22,700 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $21,239. About 7.2% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.3% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over. Public education The borough is served by the Pen Argyl Area School District.
Phil Brooks (born 1978-10-26), better known by his ring name, CM Punk, is an American professional wrestler. His Straight edge gimmick reflects his lifestyle that he lives, taken to another level in the ring. As CM Punk says to his opponents, "Straight Edge means I'm drug-free, alcohol-free, and better than you!" - "Straight edge means I'm drug free, alcohol free, and better than you." - "You just got Punk'd!" (used in OVW) - "It's clobberin' time!" (Shouted during entrance) - "Best in the World!" (since mid-2011) - "Before you cut me off, Raven, the reason I hate you, the reason in my heart of hearts why I hate you, is I didn’t know any better when I was a little kid. When my dad came home smelling like beer. I thought it was a hard day’s work he was doing. I didn’t realize he was out at a bar. I didn’t realize ‘work’ meant ‘unemployment office.’ I didn’t think it was strange for someone to come home and take an Old Style up into the shower. I didn’t think it was strange for somebody to pass out. I thought an Old Style, a pack a day, was the norm. Raven, my father is exactly like you. Since day one of Ring of Honor, where fighting spirit is supposed to be revered, things aren’t supposed to be this way! I’d shake your hand like a normal man, but the thing is, I don’t respect you! I hate you! I hate you for everything you’ve pissed away! Everything I’ve scrapped and clawed for that I haven’t even earned yet! That you got handed to you and you flushed down the toilet! For what? For pills? For booze? For alcohol? For women? I’m born of your poison society. So, on the seventeenth of July, I will become a monster to fight the monsters of the world! Your time in Ring of Honor will be done. That is a promise. This is true! This is real! This is straight edge!" - "Isn't this the prettiest little thing you've ever seen? It was over a year ago I held this belt high in the air after I fought for it for the first time in Dayton, Ohio against Samoa Joe and I proclaimed this belt the most important thing to me. Right now, in my hands, as of this day 6/18/05, THIS becomes the most important belt in the world! This belt in the hands of any other man is just a belt, but in my hands it becomes power. Just like this microphone in the hands of any of the boys in the back is just a microphone, but in the hands of a dangerous man like myself it becomes a pipe-bomb. These words that I speak spoken but anybody else are just words strung loosely together to form sentences. What I say I mean, and what I mean I say, and they become anthems! You see, if I could be afforded the time here a little bit of a story. There was once an old man, walking home from work. He was walking in the snow, and he stumbled upon a snake frozen in the ice. He took that snake, and he brought it home, and he took care of it, and he thawed it out, and he nursed it back to health. And as soon as that snake was well enough, it bit the old man. And as the old man lay there dying he asked the snake, 'Why? I took care of you. I loved you. I saved your life.' And that snake looked that man right in the eye and said, 'You stupid old man. I'm a snake.' The greatest thing the devil ever did was make you people believe he didn't exist...and you're looking at him right now! I AM THE DEVIL HIMSELF! And all of you stupid, mindless people fell for it! You all believed in the same make-believe superhero that the legendary Ricky 'The Dragon' Steamboat saw some year ago today. No, you see, you don't know anything. You followed me hook-line and sinker, all of you did, and I'm not mad at you...I just feel sorry for you. This belongs to me! Everything you see here belongs to me, and I did what I had to do to get my hands on this. Now I am the GREATEST PRO WRESTLER walkin' the Earth today! This is my stage, this is my theater, you are my puppets! When I pulled those marionette strings, and I moved your emotions, and I played with them, and honestly it's 'cause I get off on it. I hate each and every single one of you with a thousand burns and I will not stop...I will not stop until I prove that I am better than you, that I am better than Low Ki, that I am better than AJ Styles! I'm better than Samoa Joe. Ladies and gentlemen, the champ is here! You don't have to love it, but you better learn to accept it. 'Cause I'm taking this with me, and there's not a single person in that locker room that can stop me!" - Ring of Honor, Death Before Dishonor III. June 18th, 2005. - This promo took place directly after Punk defeated Austin Aries for the ROH World Championship proceeding to turn the, at the time face, Punk heel. Directly after this promo Christopher Daniels made his first appearance in ROH in over a year to challenge for the belt. This promo also made reference to an old parable about an animal doing an act of kindness to another creature that is venomous and being surprised when the animal injects the venom to the creature after the act of kindness who then proceeds to explain it is their nature to perform the act. - "I don't know if you guys know this but I'm sort of a big deal." - "I'm going to pull my car around, Joe's is going to throw him out the front door and I'm gonna run the son of a bitch over! If he kicks at two, I'll drive that car right into the ocean." - "You dumb bitch, I'm not holding a microphone!" - While heckling an audience member (the ring announcer that night did not have a microphone, so Punk used an "invisible microphone" instead. While talking, a woman in the crowd began heckling him; he then walked over to her, asked her to speak into the microphone, and then when she attempted to, he hit her with the above quote). - "You're a whore!" - Full Impact Pro ’Fallout: Night 2’ in Tampa, Florida. November 13, 2004 - During his Falls Count Anywhere match against then FIP Champion Homicide, Homicide and Punk ended up fighting in a strip club, where Punk shouted the remark at one of the strippers. - I drink this [whiskey glass] and I'm just another JBL? you don't get it, I'm not like you. I'm not JBL, I'm CM Punk! - Sometimes it's what you don't do that makes you who you are. - August 11, 2008 - During a promo with JBL in which JBL wanted him to have a drinking contest. - I hear you guys all the time talking about Daniel Bryan, trained by Shawn Michaels. One curious thing to me is, how come you guys never mention William Regal? William Regal did the real work with this young man. Shawn Michaels took $3,000 from him, that's all he ever did. - October 25, 2010 - Ahh... Is he gonna sing "Happy birthday" to her next ? - December 13, 2010 (Slammy Awards) - During The Miz segment with the "Miz girl". Punk is actually referring to his own disturbing segment in which he sang "Happy birthday" to Rey Mysterio's daughter on SmackDown. - Punk: Wow, everybody, it's John Cena. He comes out here every Monday night, he's excitable, he throws his hat at somebody, everybody loves it. I am so impressed at how you do that. You get all these people to believe you're that friendly, smiling, everyday man, when I know the truth. And the truth, John Cena, is you're thoughtless, you're heartless, and above all else, you are dishonest. I'm sure there's millions of people worldwide, including yourself, that would love to believe this is over a spilled diet soda, but John, this goes way beyond my spilled diet soda. Yeah. John, you were fired from the WWE. You were gone. You gave a very tear-inducing speech in the middle of the ring about how you finally get to see your mom and hang out with your little brother, and you said you were gonna go away. You were gonna be a man of your way, but what happened? You came back later that night, and then you came back the next week, and then you came back the next week, showing all of these people who aren't intelligent to see through your facade what I have known all along—that your word is absolutely worthless. And then there's TLC, you have the man beaten. Wade Barrett, a very tough individual, and you have him beat in a chairs match, but that's not good enough for you. You don't take the high ground, you can't walk off into the sunset with your victory; you drag the man off to the side of the stage and you drop fifteen steel chairs on him, and I wanna know exactly why you think that's acceptable behavior. I wanna know why you think it's okay to show up the next night on Raw and humiliate the poor guy... Cena: That is balderdash! Fifteen steel chairs? That's insane. It was 23 steel chairs. And in case you forgot, Wade Barrett and the Nexus gave me about five thousand beatdowns, made me their personal slave, and ended my career. Punk: You wanna talk about ended careers, you hypocrite? This is exactly what I'm talking about. You ended the career of my good friend Dave Batista. John! John, look at me when I'm talking to you. This is a reoccurring pattern with you. Once again, you have the man beaten—last man standing, he verbally submits, how humiliating, the match is won. But, no, you AA him off a car through the very steel ramp that I'm sitting on, which facilitated the end of his career. Now we'll talk about Vickie Guerrero. I'm surprised the lovely Vickie Guerrero doesn't up and quit based on all the abuse you heap on her. It's not just the physical things to the Wade Barretts and the Dave Batistas, but it's the name-calling, it's the mental abuse to somebody as gorgeous and beautiful as Vickie Guerrero. Cena: "It's the this...it's the that." Okay, CM Punk is gonna play Mr. Fingerpointer. Well...1.—Dave Batista broke my neck; 2.—He showed up on Raw the next night and quit on his own terms. And C—I didn't just single out Vickie Guerrero. In case you haven't been watching for the past...eight years, I talk about everybody. Uh...Michael Cole. Michael Cole has an anonymous fetish with Justin Beiber and has the word "The Miz" manscaped right below his belly button. Me! Look at me. I look like the crazy sex child of the Incredible Hulk and Grimace. And then there's you. Punk: Yeah, and then there's me, who happens to not be laughing. I don't know if you noticed that. You're not funny. - December 27, 2010 - Michael Cole: [reading e-mail from RAW's anonymous GM] And I quote: "Mr. Punk, I understand your demands and I will certainly take them under consideration. However, right now, I'll ask you to leave the ring." Punk: Okay...Cole, you know I love ya, I know you're just doing your job, but he's asking me to leave the ring? He/she is asking me to leave the ring? Okay, I'm not... [The GM chime rings again] Cole: And I quote: "I suggest you leave the ring right now." Punk: Until you announce me as the #1 contender for the WWE Championship, I suggest you watch me make snow angels. July 17, 2011, will be the most historic day, not only in the career of CM Punk, it's gonna be a historic day for the WWE as a whole. Not only is July 17 the second annual Money in the Bank Ladder Match pay-per-view, it's the night I defeat John Cena for the WWE Championship. Now, here's that honesty I was talking about, that honesty that's probably gotten me in trouble more times than I'd like to admit, the brutal honesty I'm known for. July 17 is the day my contract with World Wrestling Entertainment comes to an end. That means when the clock strikes midnight, the 17th becomes the 18th, Sunday bleeds into Monday, I'm leaving. And trust me when I tell you I am leaving with the WWE Championship - June 20, 2011 - John Cena, while you lay there hopefully as uncomfortable as you possibly can be, I want you to listen to me. I want you to digest this because before I leave in three weeks with your WWE Championship, I have a lot of things I want to get off my chest. I don't hate you, John. I don't even dislike you. I do like you; I like you a hell lot more than I like most people in the back. I hate this idea that you're the best...because you're not. I'm the best. I'm the best in the world. There's one thing that you're better at than I am, and that's kissing Vince McMahon's ass. You're as good at kissing Vince's ass as Hulk Hogan was. I don't know if you're as good as Dwayne though—he's a pretty good ass-kisser, always was and still is. [Turns to camera and waves] Whoops, I'm breaking the fourth wall. I am the best wrestler in the world. I've been the best ever since day one when I walked into this company, and I've been vilified and hated since that day because Paul Heyman saw something in me that nobody else wanted to admit. That's right, I'm a Paul Heyman guy. You know who else was a Paul Heyman guy? Brock Lesnar, and he split just like I'm splitting, but the biggest difference between me and Brock is I'm going to leave with the WWE Championship. I've grabbed so many of Vincent K. McMahon's imaginary brass rings that it's finally dawned on me that they're just that—they're completely imaginary. The only thing that's real is me, and the fact that day in and day out, for almost six years, I've proved to everybody in the world that I'm the best on this microphone, in that ring, even at commentary! Nobody can touch me! And yet no matter how many times I prove it, I'm not on your lovely little collector cups, I'm not on the cover of the program, I'm barely promoted, I don't get to be in movies, I'm certainly not on any crappy show on the USA Network, I'm not on the poster of WrestleMania, I'm not on the signature that's produced at the start of the show! I'm not on Conan O'Brien, I'm not on Jimmy Fallon, but the fact of the matter is I should be; and trust me, this isn't sour grapes, but the fact that Dwayne is in the main event of WrestleMania next year and I'm not makes me sick! [Turns to the fans] Oh, hey, let me get something straight. Those of you who are cheering me right now, you are just the biggest part of me leaving as anything else, because you're the ones that are sipping out of those collector cups right now; you're the ones that buy those programs that my face isn't on the cover of, and then at 5:00 in the morning at the airport, you try and shove it in my face so you can get an autograph and try to sell it on eBay because you're too lazy to go get a real job! I'm leaving with the WWE Championship on July 17, and hell, who knows? Maybe I'll go defend it in New Japan Pro Wrestling. Maybe I'll go back to Ring of Honor. [Waves to camera] Hey, Colt Cabana, how you doing? The reason I'm leaving is you people because after I'm gone, you're still gonna pour money into this company. I'm just a spoke on the wheel, the wheel's gonna keep turning and I understand that. But Vince McMahon's gonna make money despite himself. He's a millionaire who should be a billionaire. You know why he's not a billionaire? It's 'cause he surrounds himself with glad-handing, nonsensical douchebag yes-men like John Laurinaitis who's gonna tell him everything that he wants to hear. And I'd like to think that maybe this company will be better after Vince McMahon's dead, but the fact is it's gonna get taken over by his idiotic daughter and his doofus son-in-law and the rest of his stupid family! Let me tell you a personal story about Vince McMahon. All right. We're doing this whole bullying campaign...[The mic cuts off] - June 27, 2011 - Punk: I'm not gonna have you sit here and belittle me. Say I've lost sight? I've lost sight of things, John? The reason I say I'm gonna take that and walk out is because I don't fit a certain mold. Because I am the underdog, and that's exactly what you've lost sight of. Earlier in this ring, you mentioned great wrestlers like Eddie Guerrero and you said they used to look at you and say that the kid couldn't hang. And now you stand here and look at me as the kid that can't hang. John, I was hanging off of your gangster car, WrestleMania 22, as it rolled down in Chicago, Illinois, and I stood there in a suit looking as ridiculous as [points to Vince McMahon] that man looks right now in his suit, holding a phony Tommy gun, and I said to myself someday, I'm not gonna be standing out there watching you in the ring; I was gonna be in the ring watching you go down to CM Punk. And now here we are in your hometown of Boston. And now next week, we'll be back there in my hometown—Chicago, Illinois. And this...this is the part where I talk 'em into the building. See, you are the one that's lost sight, and I apologize for raising my voice because I'm not that guy. But when you stand here and tell me that I've lost sight, when you, the 10-time Champion who stands for hustle, loyalty and respect; who, from Boston, Massachusetts, lives and breathes these red colors, the same colors as your beloved Red Sox, who also portray themselves as the underdog, I'm sure just like the Bruins portray themselves as the underdog. Just like the Patriots think they're the underdog! Hey, how about those Celtics? Are they the underdogs too? Here's what you've lost sight of, John, and I'm really happy that your father and your wife are sitting in the front row so they can hear it! John Cena: That's the last time I'm gonna tell you, man, ease up. Punk: What you've lost sight of is what you are, and what you are is what you hate. You're the 10-time WWE Champion! You're the man! You, like the Red Sox, like Boston, are no longer the underdog! You're a dynasty. You are what you hate. You have become the New York Yankees! [John immediately punches Punk, who scoots out of the ring, grabs the contract, and goes up the ramp. Points respectively to Vince and John] You're Steinbrenner, and you might as well be Jeter! Mr. 3000, I'm the underdog! [John's music plays for fourteen seconds] Turn it off! Turn the music off because I have something to say, and I'm positive that everybody here wants to hear it, and everybody sitting at home has their DVRs fired up because they wanna hear it! I'm glad you just punched me in the face, John. I'm glad it went down this way because it hit me like a bolt of lightning—exactly why I no longer wanna be here, why I wanna leave. It's because I'm tired of this. I'm tired of you. I'm just tired. So ladies and gentlemen of the WWE Universe, Vince, John, Sunday night, say goodbye to the WWE Title, say goodbye to John Cena, and say goodbye to CM Punk! [Rips up the contract] I'll go be the best in the world somewhere else. - July 11, 2011 - Punk: I can't help but feel a little resp... hell, who am I kidding? I feel like I started this whole thing. This is all my fault. I've been at the epicenter of everything controversial ever since you took over—actually, since before that, I'm sure you remember, John-Boy. Cena: I was there. Punk: You were there. I'm the guy that made walking out look cool. The thing about is I think everybody in the parking lot having a picnic right now have completely misunderstood what I was trying to do. See, I didn't break my contract, I didn't break my word. My contract expired, and I was trying to prove a point to an entire company, not just one man. If anybody has any reason to walk out of the WWE, well you can probably put me at the top of that list. I mean, my microphone constantly cuts out, your friend Kevin Nash runs through the...well, slowly, briskly runs through the crowd, jumps me and screws me not once, but twice. Somebody here doesn't want me to be the WWE Champion. The thing about it is this entire industry is based on men solving their problems in between these ropes. This is the company that gives you Hell in a Cell, this is the company that gives you the Elimination Chamber. I don't wanna sound like a broken record, but "unsafe working environment"? I thrive on that! Hell, this is professional wrestling, this ain't ballet! If you believe in something, you stand and you fight, and you fight on the front line; you don't have a hippie sit-in and grill tofu dogs in the parking lot like a bunch of hippies. [To Triple H] When I had a problem with you and your authority, I dealt with you personally. [To Cena] And you, you big boy scout, when I had a problem with you being the poster boy for this company, I dealt with you personally. Shea-Mo, I'm sure sooner or later, you're gonna step on my toes, I will deal with you personally. Now, I know you three smiley good guys look across the ring from me, and I'm the last guy you expect to see here, [to Triple H] and I know I'm the last guy you expect to see in the foxhole with you. But you know what? Here I am. So...so I got a question—what do we do now? Triple H: "What do we do now?" That's a big question, "what do we do now?" I say we do what we do on Monday Night Raw—we shut up and fight! How about this? As long as you guys are in agreement, Sheamus, you got yourself a match, fella. Tonight, right here, right now, you will go one-on-one with... [Punk raises his hand] one John Cena. And since I'm the only guy kinda wearing stripes out here, I'll referee. And, foxhole buddy, I got a whole table over there lined up with headphones and pipe bombs just waiting for you with your name on it. And if you want, you can go over there and say anything you feel like. Punk: You want me to do commentary?! Triple H: I want you to do commentary. Punk: Can I wear your blazer?! Triple H: You can even wear my blazer! Punk: I'm in! - October 10, 2011 - Punk: [after hearing John Laurinaitis propose a WWE Championship match at Survivor Series against Alberto Del Rio] Okay, pardon me for not being all smiles, that's exactly what I want, but...what's the catch? You gonna make it a handicap match, or is Ricardo Rodriguez the special guest referee? No, are you gonna be the special guest ring announcer with your majestic voice? Laurinaitis: Punk, there's only one thing you have to do. Punk: There's one thing I have to do...for you. I have to do something for you to get a title shot? Let me guess—I gotta re-grip your skateboard, you need new ball bearings? Laurinaitis: You know what, Punk? I know you don't like me, okay? And that's okay. I'm not playing the part of Executive Vice President of Talent Relations, I am the Executive Vice President of Talent Relations and the General Manager of Raw. So in order for me to make it official, you need to tell me in front of the WWE Universe that you respect me. Tell me that you respect me. Punk: Are you Aretha Franklin? You want me to tell these people I respect you when I know clearly that you don't respect me 'cause I don't wear a bourgeois suit and I don't tow the company line? You wanna talk about respect? Respect, Johnny, is earned, it isn't just given. And you're gonna come out here and say that when you're in charge, this place...this place is just oh so run like a tight ship. Have you watched the product? We've got rings collapsing, you got Kevin Nash interfering in every other match of mine; this place isn't any better with you in charge. How's that for respect? Laurinaitis: Punk, you're about to make a big mistake. Okay, swallow your pride, stand up like a man, and tell me that you respect me. Punk: Okay. All right. Don't get hot. [Imitating Laurinaitis] I respect you, Funk-man. That all right? Was that good enough? Laurinaitis: I tell you what, Punk. You've got one more chance to show me and tell me you respect me, and I mean it. Punk: Okay, Mr. Laurinaitis, sir, Executive Vice President of Talent Relations and interim Raw General Manager. I respect you. I respect the fact that each week, you come out here in front of the millions of fans in the WWE Universe, live on the USA Network, with this awesome, completely lost deer-in-the-headlights look on your face; I respect the fact that you don't know how close to hold the microphone to your mouth when you speak; I respect the fact that you used to compete in this ring with your awesome Kentucky waterfall mullet, and you were never any good, but you somehow still ascended to the top of the WWE corporate structure, showing the world new-found levels of brown-nosery; but above all, I respect the fact that never before in this business has somebody with so little done so much! I respect you! How's that sound?! Does that sound good enough for you?! - October 24, 2011 - [to Del Rio] If you say because it's your destiny, I swear to Jebus, I'm gonna start drinking. - December 5, 2011 - Punk: Well, I've had six days to watch that scene over and over and over, and as painful as it was to watch, as painful it was to experience, I saw something more painful. Something caught my eye that was ten times more painful than my arm being mangled inside of a ladder while Alberto wrenched on it with his cross-armbreaker; it was more painful than Alberto butchering the English language; it was more painful than watching Miz [demonstrates] make his own bad-guy face, and his pathetic attempts to sound like a tough guy—"really? really?"—it was more painful than sitting through two hours of Michael Cole commentary as he struggles to sound relevant. No, I continued to watch Monday Night Raw, and what I saw was old clownshoes himself, the Executive Vice President of Talent Relations and Interim Raw General Manager, John Laurinaitis accept an award on my behalf. This wasn't just any award, it was the Slammy Award for Superstar of the Year, being accepted by a guy who's never been a superstar of thirty seconds. I mean, who's he ever beat? And I'm not a hard guy to find, I've yet to receive said Slammy. So what...[turns around and notices] oh. Speak of the devil. No, no, no, don't apologize. Where's my Slammy at? Laurinaitis: Punk, I mailed your Slammy to you, but with the holiday season, it may take a while to get to you. But if I were you, I'd be more worried about your championship match tonight than your Slammy. Punk: Well, if I were you, I'd wish myself best of luck in my future endeavors. But I don't expect you to do that; in fact, you wouldn't do that, just like I'm not gonna lose the Title tonight. So when TLC is over with, you're still gonna have to put up with CM Punk as your WWE Champion. Laurinaitis: You know what, Punk? I'm gonna be the bigger man right now, okay? I mean, after all, I am taller than you. Good luck tonight, and merry Christmas. Punk: Johnny, luck's for losers. - Punk: "I have never, ever done this for any of you. There's superstars and there's nobodies. I am a superstar, you are all nobodies. And I'm a real superstar. Those real superstars, hell, if they're your friends why don't they come out here and give you the millions and millions of dollars they earn? Why don't they line your pockets? Because that's not your position on earth. - January 07, 2013 - Punk: "The WWE Championship, in its physical form, was stolen from me and is currently held by someone who doesn't deserve it. Someone who doesn't pay the price. Someone who doesn't understand what it means . . . to be champion." - February 04, 2013 - Punk: "Storytime is over, Rock. Every time you want to 'bring it,' because it belongs to me, I'm just going to take it!" - February 11, 2013 - Punk: "What did you do? How did you earn your title shot at Wrestlemania? You enter yourself in a circus-like 30 man over-the-top battle royal, you stroll in somewhere around 25 or something like that? You throw a couple ham 'n eggers over the top rope.. and you think that earns you it then?" (to John Cena) - February 18, 2013 - Punk:"I should be main eventing this year's WrestleMania. I should be defending my championship in the main event of this year's WM. And I'm noooot. Not because of anything I did or didn't do. I'm not in the main event of WrestleMania because of you....you screwed me. You did. You did. And in screwing me, you only screwed yourselves. Because if I cannot be in the main event of WrestleMania I see no reason in being at WM. I see no purpose, no point.[...]I'm going to beat the Undertaker at WrestleMania.[...] You like your streak. You like those numbers 20-0. So bad. Yet you roll your eyes when I mention a 434 day title reign?[...] You steal from me, I steal from you.[...]I've got a new number for you. 20-1.[...]At WrestleMania I beat the streak. Deal with it." - March 4,2013 - Punk: "Simmer down, Simmer down. I think you misunderstand me coming out here, I wanted to come out here and extend personally my heartfelt condolences. I want to extend my heartfelt apologies for your loss...................at WrestleMania!" - March 11,2013 - Punk:"In 50 years, your grandchildren will be asking you where you were when CM Punk beat the Undertaker's streak!" - March 11,2013 - Punk :"I am the one man in the world who can shoulder the burden of ending the streak" - March 18,2013 - "Don't let these tattoos fool you. I'm straight edge. I'm a man of great discipline; I don't drink, I don't smoke, I don't do drugs... my addiction is wrestling - my obsession is competition. Discipline. My name is C...M...Punk." - Extreme Championship Wrestling. July 4th, 2006. - This was Punk's debut on ECW television. - "People like to come up to me and tell me that I've got nice ink. Except these tattoos aren't just decorations. They are declarations. Every tattoo I have tells its own story about who I am. Drug-free. Honor. And a war against the system. See I'm not some punk kid looking for the next thrill. I'm a highly disciplined athelete, craving to compete with the very best. My obsession is competiton and my addiction is wrestling. My name, is C...M... Punk." - Extreme Championship Wrestling. July 11th, 2006. - "Mike Knox, I am also getting real sick of this! Your problem isn't me staying away from your girl... Your problem is your girl staying away from me!" - Extreme Championship Wrestling. October 3, 2006 - To Mike Knox when he told Punk to "stay the hell away from my girl" (his "girl" at the time being Kelly Kelly). - "Philadelphia... are you ready?" - "I am officially a member of The New Breed!" - "Hey Rob. I think you should challenge a real New Breed Leader. Me!" - Extreme Championship Wrestling. April 17th, 2007. - "Thanks for your questions, Elijah Burke, but I like to keep my reasons for joining The New Breed to myself." - Extreme Championship Wrestling. April 17th, 2007. - "You know, there's one other thing I don't do, Vince. I don't have dirty, unprotected sex with some money grubbing skank who eventually files a paternity suit against me, which gets me kicked out of my own house and leaves me nothing but a living, breathing national disgrace." - Extreme Championship Wrestling. August 21, 2007. - To Vince McMahon when he said there was no way Punk could be his illegitimate son because of Punk being straight edge. - "Luck? Good luck? GM, the last time I checked, luck is for losers." - Extreme Championship Wrestling. September 4, 2007. - To Armando Estrada when he wished CM Punk good luck in his "Last Chance" match with John Morrison. - "Balls...that is disturbing." - Extreme Championship Wrestling. October 23, 2007. - To Balls Mahoney after he described his "date" with Kelly Kelly by chuckling perversely, to which Balls replies, "Yeah, that's what she said too." - "I am nobody's stepping stone!" (Towards Chavo) - "Unlike you Edge, I show respect to my opponents!" - "The only thing I took advantage of at Extreme Rules was an opportunity to cash in my Money in the Bank contract, which I did successfully, well within the rules. You know, Jeff knows this, you know this, the fans know this: nowhere on that contract does it say, under any circumstances, 'Do not cash in on Jeff Hardy.'" - Answering Josh Mathews' question addressing fan perception that he took advantage of a vulnerable Jeff Hardy and stole the World Heavyweight Championship at Extreme Rules. June 19, 2009. - "Just… say… no." - Towards Jeff Hardy. Used as a multiple meaning phrase referring to the fact that Hardy was contemplating hitting Punk, Hardy having yet to sign a new contract extension with WWE in real life, and Hardy's history of being unable to say no to drugs, also real life. July 3, 2009. - "Are you proud o' yourself, Jeff? I could've been seriously injured last week. And you got a lot of nerve faking an eye injury and leaving me to fend for myself, especially considering you're the one who injured my eye in the first place. As far as what you said earlier about me making the whole thing up, coming out here with your cute eyepatch mocking me: I wanna show you something, Jeff." (takes out a little plastic jar of some sort of liquid eye medicine) "This, is polymoxin bisulfate. I have to apply this to my eye three times a day. The only way you obtain this is with a prescription, from a doctor. Now, I know, you know a thing or two about prescription medication, but I don't think you realize is that you have to go to a doctor to legally obtain some. Unlike you, Jeff, this is the only foreign substance I will allow in my body. So if you wanna imitate me, why don't you try living a clean lifestyle? Why don't you try living, a straightedge lifestyle? "Jeff… you've got two strikes. You know how many I have? Zero. Jeff, you know how many times I've been suspended? Zero. You know how many times I've been to a rehab facility? That's right- zero. And do you know what your chances are of beating me at Night of Champions?" (long pause) - Addressing Jeff Hardy before his match with the Great Khali, both to prove that his eye injury is real (in storyline) and to drive home a point about the drug-related mistakes of Jeff's past as recently as 16 months ago. July 10, 2009. - "I'm sorry, Jeff, I'm a little taken back right now. I mean, this is… this… this is what it comes to? People actually cheering because you haven't failed a drug test in a year? This is not an accomplishment! Maybe it's an accomplishment to you, Jeff, so congratulations. You haven't failed a drug test in three hundred and sixty-five days. You can start writing your Hall of Fame speech right now." - Beginning a lecture criticizing Jeff Hardy on being proud of the fact that he hasn't failed a drug test in over a year, despite the fact that he'd already failed two beforehand and would've been fired if he'd failed a third one. July 17, 2009. - I've come out here tonight to challenge you...challenge you, the WWE Universe, into seeing things my way and to learn how to just say "no." See, because the people who cheer for Jeff Hardy are just slaves to the vices associated with his (with quote fingers) "living in the moment." I feel bad for you, I really do. You walk around almost blind and you wear your prescriptions proudly on your sleeves like they were badges of honor. What was it the doctor told you? 'Just take one...every four hours,' right? Aside from myself, there's not a person in this arena who hasn't abused prescription medication or taken a recreational drug. And I know, trust me, it's hard being straight-edge, it's hard to live a straight-edge lifestyle. It's extremely difficult to be me, but what concerns me now is that none of you realize how much more difficult it is to live the life...that you all live. I'm positive nobody in here takes into account the long-term cosequences of alcohol on your liver. (Smattering of cheers from audience) See, and you cheer that. That's nothing to cheer. You drink because it's fun, right? (Audience cheers a little louder) Eventually, it's not gonna be fun anymore when it spirals out of control and its no longer...it's no longer fun. Sooner or later, you're just drinking to feel normal. And then there's the smokers. You know, I don't know what's more disgusting–is watching a smoker pollute his/her lungs with over 4,000 foreign chemicals, or having to listen to the smoker convince themselves that they can quit whenever they want to. It's...it's hard to quit, I know, it takes a very strong person to quit, but an even stronger person never would've started smoking in the first place. (Audience boos and chants "Hardy") I didn't want to come out here and be the bearer of bad news, but let's face facts: chances are pretty slim that any of you here will ever get the monkey off your back. You'll never be able to pry the cigarette from your lips, or find the self-control to pour your drink from your glass, or the self-respect to take the pill out of your mouth. See, it starts, and it can't happen without learning how to say "no" to temptation, and that's why I'm out here. I'm out here to challenge you before it's too late. Please, learn how to say "no" to temptation, learn how to say "no" to your vices, learn how to control yourself. - July 24, 2009 - So all you people here, despite evidence to the contrary, still choose to support a man that for all intents and purposes can't even support himself? OK, OK, so if you're a Jeff Hardy fan, if you're wearing a Jeff Hardy t-shirt, if you're wearing one of his diabolical little handsleeves, God forbid if you have your face painted, I want to see you stand up right now. I want to hear you make some noise! Go ahead, if you love and support Jeff Hardy, let the world know! (Crowd cheers, stands up.) Cameraman, cameraman get a good shot, get a real good shot at all these people. The truth is ladies and gentlemen, I don't blame you. I don't blame anybody here for supporting Jeff Hardy. The people I blame, are their parents. Or let's be realistic here, I said parents, what I should have said was parent. Because it's obviously a single parent situation, just like the way Jeff Hardy grew up. See you people are so concerned with the relationship with your children failing, just like your marriage did, that you acquiesce to their every whim and their every desire. I hate to tell you, this doesn't make you a good parent, Philadelphia, it makes you an enabler. (Crowd boos. Starts chanting for Hardy.) And the fact that you even let your children look up to a guy like Jeff Hardy, just shows that you really don't care what happens to them to begin with. It's a sad situation. So I don't blame anybody here or sitting at home watching this, that supports Jeff Hardy if they're under 17, because they're young and they're, well, they're impressionable. The real problem lies with the parents, it's the parents who don't make a conscious effort to sit their children down and teach them the proper way to live! (Crowd boos.) You see it starts with a Jeff Hardy t-shirt, next thing you know they're smoking a pack of cigarettes, after that, they're drinking a bottle of beer. Right after that they move on to shots of Jack Daniels, which is a gateway drug for marijuana...(Crowd pops for marijuana.) And the fact that you people sit here and cheer that goes to show that I'm telling the truth! How about some old fashioned street drugs? And before you know it they're digging through Mom's purse because they're addicted, they're addicted to prescription medication. (Crowd cheers, Punk mouths,"That's not cool!" to fans.) All of this can be stopped before it's too late! Parents, all you have to do is talk to your children. Sit them down and show them the way, tell them the words that can save their lives, show them that sometimes it's what you don't do that makes you who you are! For weeks, for weeks I've been saying to people like you, just say no. But today I think we should just say yes. Yes to the future of a straight edge, drug free America! Just say yes to the winner of tonight's match, just say yes, to the World Heavyweight Champion! Thank you! - I tried. I tried so hard to empathize with all of your weaknesses. I implored every single one of you to just say "no," and all my empathy got was for you to love Jeff Hardy that much more than you already did. But this will not deter me. I will stay the course; I still believe in teaching you people the difference between right and wrong. (Audience chants "Hardy!") Oh, obviously it's gonna be challenging, listening to you people, and by the looks of some of you, it's gonna be a big challenge. But just like any other challenge that's come down the pipe in my lifetime, I'm gonna meet that challenge head on like a man, just like I did last week. Let's take a look. (Recap of Punk's assault on Hardy) See, now I know why you people love Jeff Hardy so much. It's because you are all just like him; and, in turn, Jeff Hardy is just like all of you. The reality is, none of you have the strength to be straight-edge. (Audience resumes chant) You gravitate towards Jeff because it's the easy way out: it's easier to weak like Jeff, because you sure can't be strong like me. Oh, you can boo all you want. I know why you boo, you know why you boo. It's because I tell the truth. And the truth sometimes hurts, doesn't it? For instance, what does it say on your prescription bottle of pills? "Take one every four hours"? Well, don't tell me you people don't gobble four, six, eight at a time like they were Pez. That is drug abuse—I don't do that. I also don't smoke, and those who do are stupid. You gotta be stupid to not listen to the Surgeon General, especially when he prints the warning label on the package of smokes. You gotta be a fool. And we can talk about those funny cigarettes, and you obviously know what I'm talking about because you cheer, and that's utterly sad. That's pathetic. I...I can't even wrap my head around you people cheering, 'cause when you smoke those funny cigarettes, not only is that hazardous to your health, it's also illegal. So those who have taken a puff, not only are you poisoning yourself, you're also breaking the law, so the vast majority of everybody here in this arena is a criminal. I am not a criminal—I never have been, and I never will be. Now let's talk about alcohol. I've saved the best poison for last, see because this is a gateway drug. Don't tell me not a single one of you here has ever said, "I'm gonna go out for one drink," and one leads to two, and two drinks leads to three, and then it's a double of this, and a shot of that, and then your head winds up in the toilet, night in and night out. Congratulations, that is alcoholism. And in my book, if you even take one drink, you're an alcoholic. So I understand why you people love Jeff Hardy so much, I understand why Jeff loves you—it's because you're all weak. Whether you like it or not, whether you know it or not, you deserve better. This entire world deserves better. What you need is a leader. You need a strong leader who's gonna stand up in the face of adversity and just say "no." You need a strong leader that's gonna carry the banner of the World Heavyweight Championship with honor, with pride, respect, dignity, integrity, and class. What you people need is a straight-edge World Heavyweight Champion. You need CM Punk. - August 7, 2009 - Punk: Hey, Jeff. Jeff, aren't you nervous sitting way up there so...high? Especially in the condition you're in, and by "condition", I mean that you're probably drunk right now, just like all these people here tonight. (Crowd boos) Yeah, that's something to be proud of, I mean, you'd have to be under the influence to stomach this "live in the moment" crap that you spew. What's living in the moment gotten you, Jeff? I know it got you a night in a hospital, and for what? The adulation of these people? One brief moment of attention? (Crowd chants "Hardy") You know, I don't know what's more pathetic—all these people hanging on your every word, waiting for the next pitiful example for you to set that they can lead, or you and your egotistical addiction to their cheers and support and adulation. Listen, listen to them, Jeff. They actually believe that you can beat me at SummerSlam. (Crowd cheers) Jeff: So do I. Punk: So does our general manager. Teddy Long's the guy that said TLC is your match. It's Jeff Hardy's match, everybody. They're right, it is your match. This TLC is your last match. I know what I have to accomplish to get everything I want. When I beat you at SummerSlam and I take back my World Heavyweight Title, it will validate everything I've said in the past. I will prove once and for all, beyond the shadow of a doubt, that straight edge is the right way, that straight edge means I'm better than you. Jeff, I have to get rid of you to teach these people the difference between right and wrong. I have to get rid of you to teach them how to say, "just say no." I have to get rid of you so they stop living in your moment, and they wake up, and they start living in my reality. Make no mistake about it, Jeff; there's no turning back from this point on. You can talk about the space from the top of that ladder to this mat, but from here on out, there's nothing left. At SummerSlam, I will hurt you, and I will remove you and the stain of all your bad examples from the WWE forever. Jeff: Punk, you can't destroy me, you can't destroy what I've created over my ten years here. Kansas City's not gonna listen to you. You won't beat me at SummerSlam, Punk. I will prove that I'm better than you in my specialty: Tables, Ladders, & Chairs. Punk: You're right, Jeff. You know what, you wouldn't be here if it wasn't for them, because you need them to enable you. You need them to justify your reckless behavior with their support and their cheers, just like they need you to somehow justify their reckless behavior, with their smoking and their drinking and their use of prescription medication. They try in vain to live vicariously through a man who, by way of his lifestyle, thinks he can fly. - Interrupting Jeff Hardy's promo from the top of a ladder. August 21, 2009. - I would love to talk to you about that, Josh, but there's something else I want to bring up, and that's this. (Holds up a screenplay entitled "Live For The Moment: The Jeff Hardy Story") I had a friend in a fancy Hollywood agency the other day, and he ran across this little gem. Somebody actually took the time to write a screenplay about the Jeff Hardy story. So I was paging through it, and lo and behold, it culiminates, of course, with Jeff conquering his demons and beating me her tonight in a TLC match at SummerSlam. What a great feelgood story, Josh, all except, of course, for the ending, which is not reality-based. It's fake, it's phony, just like everybody who lives in this town. I'd go as far as to say that I'm the only real person in this building right now. I wish I could say it's a Los Angeles epidemic, but the fact is it's worldwide. You have people that falsely idolize what they see in movies and on television; you have housewives in Iowa that subscribe to U.S. Weekly, US Weekly, or whatever it's called, so they can model their hair after Kate Gosselin, instead of helping their own children with their homework; you have little kids all over the world, millions of them, who idolize the "hip, cool star", and it doesn't matter if that hip cool star is some dork vampire in Twilight, or if it's Jeff Hardy. It doesn't matter if that hip cool star has a reprehensible, reckless lifestyle. You know, it doesn't matter if the collective intelligence of this entire country continues to spiral downward, day in and day out. It doesn't matter as long as it's cool, right? You know why they don't make movies about a guy like me? It's cause I don't support your poisoned society. I don't support this den of iniquity known as Hollywood. No, instead, I'm dismissed as being preachy, except I'm not preachy—I never have been. I just tell the truth. You know, I'm not a screenwriter either, but tonight I think I'll take a stab at it. Tonight I'm gonna rewrite the ending of "The Jeff Hardy Story". It's gonna be horrifying. It's gonna be very, very graphic. It might be hard to watch for a lot of people, but it will have a happy ending: new World Heavyweight Champion—CM Punk. - At SummerSlam - And the sad part is that you actually believe in The Undertaker. You actually believe that he has all these magic powers which is really alll just smoke and mirrors. - I have no breaking point, and all you have to do is look in my eyes and realize I have laughed in the face of temptation time and time again. I have never tapped out to society's attempts at peer pressure. You try to stick a beer in my hand with the same commercials that have hypnotized all of you people, and that sell you all your narcotics and things you're addicted to. Well, I'm harder than any alcohol you can drink, I'm straighter than any line you can snort up your nose, and I certainly can hurt you a lot faster than any pill you put on your tongue. - September 4, 2009 - I told you so. Seems like I'm out here a lot saying that to you people, right? I know it seems like a lot, but the truth is i said that i would beat Jeff, and i did. I told you so. I said that i would get rid of Jeff Hardy FOREVER, and i did. I told you so. And then i said i would make The Undertaker tap out to the Anaconda Vice, and you laughed! But then i did just that. And contrary to what you people believe, i didn't come out here to brag about becoming the first and ONLY man in history to make the Phenom, The Undertaker, tap out. I came out here to confront The Undertaker. I came out here to confront The Undertaker in MY ring, or my yard, if you will. I came out here to stick MY World Heavyweight Championship in his face, and look him in the eye, and say to him, I TOLD YOU SO! But, of course, he's conveniently not here right now, so instead, i think i'll address all of you people. It's come to my attention that you people think i've been preaching to you. Alright, we'll call a space a spade. The truth is, YES i have. Because you people need a good preaching to. You people need somebody you can look up to, you need a leader who isn't morally corrupt, and you need someone that's righteous, not self-righteous. And i know what your all gonna do next, your gonna do exactly what your hero, the Undertaker, did, your gonna give up! Hell, by the looks at half of you, you already have. I mean, what kind of life is it that you live? What kind of existence do you have where you wake up in the morning and you have to pop a pill to help crawl out of bed? And then, then you ravage your body with pitchers of beer, and that's supposed to somehow heal your broken self-worth. And then you just make excuses about inhaling poison into your lungs just to calm your nerves. And then, at the end of your sad, pathetic, lonely day, your in need of another pill to make you forget everything. You need a pill to help you sleep. (The crowd boos as Punk mouths "you make me sick") You are all just a legion of inebriated zombies, waiting in line at the pharmacy with your hand out, begging and pleading for that newest anti-depressant that you think is going to put an artificial smile on your face. You scratch and you claw for scapegoats for all of your inadequacies, and believe me, you have a LOT of inadequacies. And don't tell me that you self medicate yourself to forget about it all, don't tell me you don't self medicate to hide from all your inadequacies, don't tell me you don't do it. Because if you do, well then your a liar too. Your lying to yourself, your lying to yourselves right now. Your lying to the person next to you, you go home and you lie to your family, and it's insulting because right now your lying to ME. And i can see right through all of you people and your lies, because i am not a liar. I am a man who means what he says and says what he means. What i am is a prophet, i am the choice of a new generation, i am a champion that everybody can finally be proud of, i am the first and only straight-edge World Heavyweight Champion in history. And if your not straight-edge like me, well, that just means i'm better than you! - September 18, 2009 - Okay, I get it. You people destroy billions of brain cells on a daily basis with your excess consumption of alcoholic beverages, over-the-counter as well as prescription medication—the latter of which, chances are, aren't even yours—and a veritable laundry list of substances that you shove into your soft little bodies day after day. The reason I bring up your chemically-induced mind is because I think the lot of you have forgotten my accomplishments, so please allow me to jog your ailing memory: I am the only three-time straight-edge World Heavyweight Champion in WWE history, I am the only Superstar in WWE history to win back-to-back Money in the Bank Ladder Matches at WrestleMania, and don't forget I am the man that did you, the WWE Universe, a favor that you didn't even deserve when I got rid of the Charismatic Enabler Jeff Hardy from this company...forever. But that runs a close #2 to my crowning achievement of using my Anaconda Vice and, for the first time, making the Undertaker [makes the motion on his chest] tap out—I did that. Me. I did that, and I did it all without drugs, I did it all without alcohol, and above all else, I did it all without any help from any of you. So I want somebody, anybody in a position of power to come out here right now and treat me with the respect I have earned, not only as the face of SmackDown, but the poster boy of the entire company, and as the choice of a new generation, I deserve to know who my next opponent is now that I have defeated the all-powerful Undertaker. [Waits amidst the boos of the crowd] Oh, that's right. There isn't anybody left! - September 25, 2009 - Look at you people. Look at what's become of the mighty United Kingdom. This land used to be filled with kings and knights and noblemen. You used to rule half the planet, and now you're just as sad and pathetic as the Americans. You can pretend you're not, you can pretend you don't spend your days tucked away in some little pub downing your pints of ale; you can pretend you don't spend every single night filling your lungs and those around you with carcinogens and poisons from your fancy cigarettes and trendy cigars; you can pretend you don't knowingly stuff chewing tobacco in your mouth in one of the most disgusting habits I've ever seen in my life—something that will give you cancer inside of two years. You people are weak-minded. You have no heart, your spirit is broken. You're practically decomposing right before my very eyes as I talk to you, and the only thing you can do is boo or wave a crooked little finger at me and accuse me of being preachy. You people need somebody as righteous as myself to preach to you the proper way to live. You should all aspire to be as great as I am. Do I think I'm better than you? Absolutely, and it's not that hard because my mind is clear; my body, free of poison. Look at me—I am perfect in every way. My strength comes from within, and I don't need a crutch to get through my everyday life like you people, and I certainly don't need a crooked official like Scott Armstrong to fight my battles for me. I filed a formal complaint with the Board of Directors; and as far as tonight goes, I will beat R-Truth just like I'll beat him at Survivor Series, and just like I can easily beat up everybody here in this arena today. Because I am the Choice of a New Generation, and R-Truth's gonna come out here and ask you people, "What's Up?" I'll answer that little riddle for you right now. I tell you "what's up" Straight-edge—that is what's up. No narcotics, no drugs, no alcohol, no cigarettes, no prescription medication, and that, you sad, sad people, can save your entire pathetic country and the entire world. - November 13, 2009 - Last week, i... i extended a hand to the WWE Universe in a much needed intervention. You know, i don't know if you people know this or not, but i'm not the only one who knows that pills and cigarettes and alcohol are harmful. Medical science has proven this, so there's a surgeon general put in place to put warning labels on all of these products. I guess he's just there to warn the smart people that already know, huh? This is my crusade, and i will continue my crusade for as long as there are people who need help, as long as there are people out there who need change in their lives. One person in particular i've been helping for quite some time now, i'd like to introduce him to the world. Ladies and gentlemen, i give you... Luke Gallows. (Gallows raises his fist) That's right, some of you may recognise him as "Festus", but that was a lifetime ago. And it's a lifetime that he'd just as soon regret. It's a lifetime of torturous drug abuse and neglect, you see, it started just like it started for all of you people, one, one little pill. Just one little pill to take the edge off, one painkiller. And then one turns to two, two turns to four, four turns to eight, so on and so forth. And sure, his friends, his family were there, but they enabled him. They didn't help him, they thought they were but they were slowly rotting him from the inside out. But then i helped him, just like i could help all of you. Trust me, this is just the start, this doesn't end here, it begins here and now. I will continue to reach out and help those who can't help themselves. Holds up brown paper bag On December 1st, this is scary, people, pay attention. On December 1st, a very dangerous addictive new drug hits the streets. Now this scares me because it's a socially accepted over-the-counter drug and it's gonna be widely available all over the world. And it's scary because it's more dangerous than any prescribed medication, it's more harmful than chain smoking an entire carton of unfiltered cigarettes, it is more dangerous than corroding your liver with a fifth of gin or vodka and then chasing it with your Daddy's favourite beer. (Punk pulls a Jeff Hardy DVD out of the bag) "Jeff Hardy, My Life, My Rules" And what an appropriate title, for a loser who destroyed his life and his career living by his rules. And what makes me sick to my stomach is Jeff didn't just ruin his life, he didn't just end his career. (Crowd chants Hardy) He ruined the lives of all his fans because he's planted seeds of destruction in all of the people, all of the drug addicts like yourself who actually looked up to the Charismatic Enabler like he was some sort of a prophet. Well, if you people have any brain-cells left, if there's anything left of your memory that's not burnt out, all you need to know is that the last chapter of this DVD is the most important one you need to watch because it tells the whole story. It's a cage match between myself and Jeff Hardy, where i ended Jeff's career in the WWE... FOREVER! I'm the reason he's not here! And i know how hard it is to deprogramme your weak little brains from all the lies you've been fed all over the years, but you owe it to yourselves. Look yourself in the mirror, search inside yourself for that shred of self-respect that might be left, and when it comes to this, when it comes to this garbage, (Holds up DVD) just say no. - November 27, 2009 - Punk: Tonight, the Straight-edge Society becomes the first ever Straight-edge World Unified Tag Team Champions. I came out here for a reason, I came out with a purpose. I'm here to lead my crusade, [Crowd chants you suck] and I've brought my disciples, Luke Gallows and the beautiful Serena with me. Triple H: Punk, I have been watching Smackdown. And I gotta say, while I'm relieved to know that your straight, this whole I don't drink thing, I don't think anybody really gives a crap, do you know what I mean? [Crowd cheers] Punk: You're looking at three people who give a crap, and don't try to pretend you know anything about me, or you know anything about Straight-edge, or you know anything about my society at all. Triple H: No, no, no, no, you're right. I don't know anything about it, I don't get it, Punk, that's the thing. I don't get it, I mean you don't drink, you don't do drugs, you don't smoke. Okay, neither do I. But then again, I don't look like I've been on a week long crack binge with Amy Winehouse! [Serena shakes her head, Punk looks pissed] I'm just saying, have a little pride, man. Pick yourself up, clean yourself off. Maybe take them clippers out of the bag, shave that squirrel off you got on your chin. [Punk grabs his beard and mouths off] Hey, do yourself a favour. Grab a shower, cause I don't know if it's you, Lobotomy Man, or Britney Spears right there, but one of you's got a bad case of swamp butt! Punk: Alright, are you done? Is amateur comedy hour over? Because I came here to claim those tag titles! - January 29, 2010 - Whose it gonna be!? Whose it gonna be?! Whoever it is, I am better than them! - I really hope that the symbolism isn't lost on you four Superstars in the chamber right now, because it's killing me. Here's four extremely weak individuals that, every day, are locked inside a prison of addiction, like most of these people here today; and now, the four of you are locked inside the Elimination Chamber with me. And be sure, it's not me locked in here with you — it's you locked in here with me. And tomorrow morning, when you're nursing the pain and the wounds that this chamber and myself have caused you, I want you to remember that when your pod door opens and you came out and I defeated you, don't think of it as failure. Think of it as me saving you. [Standing over Rey Mysterio's pod] Think of it as me setting you free. Punk: [To Undertaker, after elimination R-Truth] You'd better pray that your pod door opens last, 'cause when you come out, I'm gonna make you tap out, just like I did before. [To John Morrison] And I'm gonna prove to you that your decadent rock life will get you nowhere. I'm gonna prove to the world that straight-edge means I'm better than you! For those of you at home, feel free, place your hand on the screen and feel CM Punk flow through you! Lawler: Matt, did you just put your hand on the screen? Lawler: Do you feel CM Punk flow through you? Punk: Nobody can stop me! Cole: Guys, the sermon's over in [checking the timer] three seconds. - Elimination Chamber - February 21, 2010 - Punk: Don't stop on account of me. [Starts singing "Happy Birthday" to Rey's daughter, who is scared]. Rey, you look scared, but I assure you I'm not out here to hurt you, and I'm not out here to hurt your family. In fact, I'm happy that we're all here – my family and yours. And today's a big day, we all need to celebrate the occasion, and it doesn't get any bigger that WrestleMania, Rey, so that's exactly why I wanna challenge you to a match at WrestleMania. I also wanna challenge you to a match tonight. And I don't mean later in the show, Rey. I mean now. I mean, as in, right now! Rey: Come on Punk. This ain't the time Punk: Don't be sad. Aaliyah, since it's your birthday, sweet, innocent little Aaliyah, I'll tell you what. As my birthday present to you, I'll let you shut your eyes while I reduce your daddy to tears and make him beg for my mercy. And Dominik. You're such... you're all grown up now, aren't you? We watched you grow up before our very eyes, but I don't think you ever heard your father squeal like a pig from somebody repeatedly stomping his surgically repaired knees, so it's okay if you plug your ears. And beautiful, voluptuous Angie. Now I'm sure you and your loving husband Rey have shared the best of times. But look at me. I promise you, after I do what I'm going to do to your husband, it will be the worst of times. So feel free to cup your hand over your mouth to muffle the screams. What's the matter, Rey? Don't you wanna fight me in front of your family? No? Are you afraid that your family's gonna watch you get hurt? You're a coward! I know it; deep down inside, Dominik knows it; your wife has always known; and now on her 9th birthday, your sweet innocent little Aaliyah knows it. All these people here know it, Rey, you're a coward! What's it gonna take? Huh, Rey? Where's Giant-Killer Rey Mysterio at? [Crowd chants "619"] Where's your 619, huh, Rey? Where's the ultimate underdog, Rey? Rey, where's your machismo? Where's your machismo, Rey?! I'll tell you where, Rey. Your machismo, your courage – you never had it. What's it gonna take, Rey? Huh? Rey, I'll even drop down to your level, Rey. [Gets down on his knees] Come on, Rey! So, you're turning me down? You won't fight me? What's it gonna take, Rey? [Gets up] What's it gonna take, Rey?! Not now?! Not now?! [Slaps Rey across the face] [Rey then walks away very frustrated with his family.] Come on, Rey! Come on, now! There he is, ladies and gentlemen! There's your superhero! Striker: He's got no alternative but to protect his family. Punk: Watch him take his walk of shame! But one more thing, sweet little princess Aaliyah... [Sings "Happy Birthday" to her in a disturbing type way.] - March 12, 2010 - I love Chicago. [Crowd cheers] I love the parks, i love Navy Pier, i love the skyline, i love the museums, i love the history, I LOVE CHICAGO! [Crowd cheers]' What i hate, what i hate, what i despise... is the inhabitants of Chicago. You! [Points to the crowd] You! [Points to the camera] You [points to the crowd again] ruined my beautiful city! You.. you middle class, lazy teamsters. You corrupt politicians, you corrupt police officers. The horrible horrible Chicago White Sox. The Susie Homemakers who fatten up their children with fast food, and then eat a bottle of pills and pass out on the couch. The out of work dads, you people make me sick! [Crowd boos slightly] I'm proud to live here, i'm proud to be from here, i am not proud to live amongst people like you, you are the scum of the earth, and you have ruined a beautiful city, and that for a second time should be burned to the ground, and in it's ashes, i and i alone will build a Straight-edge utopia. And speaking of fat people that nobody likes, we all saw The Big Show knock me out with his big stupid ham-fist. [Raises fist to camera] And yet, unlike all of you, i don't run away. I stand here on my own two feet, and i stand here defiant. I stand here confident. This is my house, and i run from nobody. Not any of you, not somebody that's a foot taller, not somebody that outweighs me by 250 pounds. Tonight, i am David. And Big Show, he can be Goliath. And my slingshot is the power of almighty Straight-edge! - Night of Champions - September 19, 2010 - "I grew up with an alcoholic father. He never beat me, he never raised a hand against my mother or anything like that, but I'd seen enough stupid and ridiculous things between that, my mother and her prescription pills, and just hanging out with an older crowd when I was a kid, that I didn't understand a lot of the fun to what partying was, so I just never did it. I didn't understand waking up next to somebody you don't remember going to bed with; I didn't understand getting, you know, blackout drunk and not remembering the good times you have with your buddies; and I feel so strongly about it that I've just always been this way—it just made sense." - "There is no god, and the cage wasn't 30 feet." - "Anybody wants to call me the Triple H of Ring of Honor, I think that's hilarious. I would prefer to call Triple H the CM Punk of the WWE" - "It's a good time to be CM Punk right now." - CM Punk mulls over his future, interview with Slam! Sports. June 6th, 2005. - "Doubt fucks everything. Take a foundation, no matter how strong, sprinkle generously with doubt, and watch it crumble. Me? I'm unfuckwithable. Not this knee, not bad weather, and certainly not the many men that wish bad intentions on me can stop me. I rise up, not like a phoenix, but like the zombie corpse of Dick Murdoch. This brainbuster is for you." - "Okay, okay! Honestly, you fucking DICK, get the fuck away from my car, or i´ll eat your dog!" - Talking to a member of the K-9 unit when pulled over - "I'm a guy, for all intents and purposes, never should have even made it to the WWE. I've had roadblock after roadblock after roadblock thrown in my way. But, not only did I get passed those roadblocks, I did it while flipping off the people who put up those roadblocks. I feel I have a responsibility to the younger wrestlers on the roster, the ones who aren't signed yet, and the future of pro-wrestling as a whole to help make this place better, and to change this place. I certainly can't change it by sitting on my couch in Chicago." - From his DVD, "CM Punk: Best in the World". - " cm punk's myspace, twitter, facebook...simply does not exist. Never has, never will. Now I have to spend my time working to shut down all these borderline frightening people pretending to be me. Remember Faker? Yeah, see, at least he had the decency to be a cool ass rip off of He-man. All blue and shit...giant tape recorder in his chest. Orange hair....yeah. Faker. He's where it's at. You bitches have made me register on my own message board and waste my time that could be spent on better things. Things like not sleeping. I can't even believe anybody would believe ANY of these myspace account are mine. Kids: someday?!?!? Religion: Christianity?!?!? What in the blue (faker!) hell!? What about some of the awwwwful music these nerds play on the pages? Sweet jeebus. My favorite had to be the douche who says, "Um, I really don't know what else to say!" Big red flag there. I always have something to say, and it's never: "Golly, here's my SHOOT NAME!!!one!!11 Maria is the dreamy! I luv her!" LEARN HOW TO SPELL! I leave you with this: It's hard being me. You couldn't handle it for a second. - "Have you guys ever ghost hunted in Hawaii? No? Well, I have this fat friend... I shouldn't say fat, that might offend him, but he's Samoan and claims to have seen ghosts." - "Maybe the ghosts have a glass ceiling? Break through that glass ceiling ghosts! I plan to." - "This going out on the Internet? I'm huge on the Internet! Wrestling nerds one and all are helping us out!" - "Anybody wanna go shoot some pool?" - "Pete and Repeat are in a boat, Pete jumps out who's left in the boat?" - "What's cool and goes click?" (Punk hangs up the phone) - Ghost Hunters. October 31, 2006. - Someone continuously prank called the telephone in the house and then not talking which lead to this comment. - "I came here to hunt ghosts and chew bubble gum, and I'm all out of bubble gum." - "Yoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyo. you see dead people?" - Ghost Hunters. October 31, 2006 - Beginning line for when Punk answers the phone. - "I'd be doing some pretty evil shit." - Ghost Hunters. October 31, 2006. - Talking about if he were a ghost. - "Doubt fucks everything. Take a foundation, no matter how strong, sprinkle generously with doubt, and watch it crumble. Me? I'm unfuckwithable. Not this knee, not bad weather, and certainly not the many men that wish bad intentions on me can stop me. I rise up, not like a phoenix, but like the zombie corpse of Dick Murdoch. This brainbuster is for you." - "Ray Charles died today. There's talk of putting Ronald Reagans big head on ten dollar bills, but I'd much rather reach into my wallet and see a smiling Ray Charles looking back at me. What the hell did Reagan ever do besides fuel a cold war? Stupid republicans. Ray Charles kicked heroins ass, overcame poverty, and even though he was blind, became one of the best piano players in the world. The guy had soul. The fucker even knew when that little black kid was trying to steal a guitar from off his wall in blues brothers! Reagan never did shit like that. This proves my theory that Ray Charles was really Daredevil. Ben Affleck is a pussy. Where's the multi state c-span 24 hour weird mass viewing funeral for a talented musician? Ah fuck it, I've gone off on another tangent." - "So I'm sittin' in Nashville Tennessee, it's a Wednesday night - and I'm wrestling on pay per view. maybe you've heard of it, "NWA:TNA." Around Thursday at 5:59 at night I fly to Chicago. From Chicago I fly to Heathrow, from Heathrow I fly to Germany. This is the absolute WORST trip of my entire life... and I travel a LOT. See I've been all over the world. I've been to Puerto Rico, I've been to Japan, I've been to Mexico, I've wrestled in South Africa, I've wrestled in Asia. I've wrestled from the tip of Antarctica down to Antar- I've been everywhere. My plane comin' into Chicago is late. I gotta' hustle halfway across O'Hare Airport. I've got people laughin' at me, because a seventy-year-old man who's on the same flight as me made it to the flight to Heathrow first. So I get to Heathrow, and the lady at the BMI counter tells me to stand in line at the Luftstansa counter because that's who handles the German flights. Well I stood in line for FORTY-FIVE MINUTES and had to listen to all these little Irish pipsqueaks complain that something's wrong with their passports. And when I FINALLY get out there, I FINALLY get to the counter, my plane's leaving in nine minutes and they tell me I can't get on it. You know what I did? You know what I did because of who I am, CM Punk? Because I'm drug free and alcohol free? I took my bags, I even picked up a little old lady who needed the lift... and I RAN to my gate, and I GOT there in time, and they PUT me on that plane -- 'cause I am a LEGEND, I am a superstar. And I get to Germany. I get here and I have to put up with the SAME crap that I have to put up with in America. "Chris Hero." Chris Hero, you beat me ONE TIME, and I had a hundred and fourteen degree temperature and the GOUT. This is no laughing matter. Germany, you made a name for yourself... this is your home. This is the first time I'm here. And what's CM Punk known for doin? BEATING THE ODDS. Today, sixty-minute Iron Man Match... I'm gonna' pin you sixty seven times and it STILL won't matter. No matter how many times you pin me, if i let you, I am STILL better than you. Because I AM drug free, I AM alcohol free, and I'm straightedge. And I'm better than you." - "So here we are in merry old England. CM Punk, Straightedge Wrestling Superstar. And what's the national passtime here in England? Certainly isn't wrestling... You think every single person here in this crowd is here to see wrestling, but they're not. You see cause there's a bar, right over to my right right here. (To a fan wearing glasses) What are you hear for? Four eyes what are you here for? (Another fan shouts "to drink beer!") To drink beer, EXACTLY. You're here to drink beer. You're a LOSER, and your dad probably beat you when you were a kid... which was probably two weeks ago. (Now facing the camera) He's so drunk he can't even keep the poison in his mouth. You see I believe in three things: No drugs, no alcohol, and no promiscuous sex. See I'm a fine, upstanding individual... and if these fans came to see me, they came to see somebody who's better than them. Now England is known for soccer -- at least that's what we call it in America. You guys call it "football," but I'm here to wrestle. Tonight, I'm here to destroy Raven, and I'm here to destroy every single one of Raven's fans. Who's a Raven fan here? No damn sense! None of you have any damn sense! (Crowd starts to chant "al-co-hol! al-co-hol!") DRINK! Keep drinkin'! Keep drinkin I WANT you to die! You smoke too?! Keep smokin'! Drink up, England... I WANT your liver to fail. Smoke up England, I WANT you to die. And here, speaking of death, right here tonight in that very ring - GET A SHOT OF THE RING - tonight, just like I did in America I'm gonna' DOMINATE you, Raven. And your time in FWA will be "nevermore." And you can quote THAT, bitch." - FWA/ROH Frontiers of Honor 2003 - "Thats a very appropriate color he's wearing. Green." - On Jay Lethal. - "That was the longest run-on sentence I've ever heard in my entire life. Did you even take a breath in between words there?" - To Chris Lovey - "Do you know what it's like going through life better than everybody? It's hard." - "He just hit himself in the dinger with a rubber" - "You can tell that hold is effective because his face is red and the rest of his body is the color of a bottle of 2% milk." - "So what? I'm out here doing commentary with malaria" - "All your heroes are dead! I killed them!" - Punk: So if he pins AJ does he win that belt? - Bower: No, it's not a title match. - Punk: What belt is that anyway? - Bower: NWA. - Punk: Never heard of it. - Ian: CM Punk's opponent will be... - Punk: No whammies, No whammies, No whammies, No whammies-- - Ian: The American Dragon Bryan Danielson! - Punk: NO! THAT'S A FUCKIN' WHAMMY! - Prazak: Punk, are you staying around for the CZW show later? - Punk: FUCK NO!

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.