</ref> Beta Apodis Beta Apodis (β Aps, β Apodis) is the Bayer designation for a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Apus. It is located approximately from Earth, as determined by parallax measurements. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +4.24, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye The spectrum of this star matches the characteristics of a K0 III, which, according to models of stellar evolution, indicates that it is in the giant star stage, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. The measured angular diameter of","Algonquin Radio Observatory The Algonquin Radio Observatory (ARO) is a radio observatory located in Algonquin Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada. It opened in 1959 in order to host a number of the National Research Council of Canada's (NRC) ongoing experiments in a more radio-quiet location than Ottawa. In 1962 it was selected as the site for the Algonquin 46m radio telescope, which has been the site's primary instrument through most of its history. An earlier 10 m instrument was set up in 1961 though was not equipped with a drive mechanism until 1964. The site also hosts a hydrogen maser,","the amateur radio community. By the end of 2014, it had dropped to 27th, after simultaneous activity by three licencees in the 2013/2014 team. However, their activity was mainly on voice. On Morse telegraphy, the Islands remain the second most wanted entity after North Korea, while on Data they are sixth out of 340. Prince Edward Islands The Prince Edward Islands are two small islands in the sub-antarctic Indian Ocean that are part of South Africa. The islands are named Marion Island (named after Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne) and Prince Edward Island (named after Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and","a subsyncrhonous transfer orbit (lower than the typical geostationary transfer orbit (GTO)) approximately 32 minutes after rocket's liftoff. Telstar 18V Telstar 18V \"(Telstar 18 Vantage / APStar 5C)\" is a communication satellite in the Telstar series of the Canadian satellite communications company Telesat. T18V will be equipped with C and Ku-band transponders and operate from 138° East. At , it is the second-heaviest communication satellite ever launched, weighing slightly less than its sibling Telstar 19V. Telstar 18V was launched on a SpaceX Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket from Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC40) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Space","Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station PLBs should not be used in cases where normal emergency response (such as 9-1-1) exists. The most important aspect of a beacon in classification is the mode of transmission. There are two valid transmission modes: digital and analog. Where digital usually has a longer range, analog is more reliable. Analog beacons are useful to search parties and SAR aircraft, though they are no longer monitored by satellite. All ELTs, all PLBs, and most EPIRBs are required to have a low-power homing signal, that is identical to the original 121.500 MHz VHF beacon signal. However, due to the extremely large number","RAF Fylingdales RAF Fylingdales is a Royal Air Force station on Snod Hill in the North York Moors, England. Its motto is \"Vigilamus\" (translates to \"We are watching\"). It is a radar base and is also part of the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS). As part of intelligence-sharing arrangements between the United States and United Kingdom (see, for example, the UKUSA Agreement), data collected at RAF Fylingdales are shared between the two countries. Its primary purpose is to give the British and US governments warning of an impending ballistic missile attack (part of the so-called four minute warning during","Skywave In radio communication, skywave or skip refers to the propagation of radio waves reflected or refracted back toward Earth from the ionosphere, an electrically charged layer of the upper atmosphere. Since it is not limited by the curvature of the Earth, skywave propagation can be used to communicate beyond the horizon, at intercontinental distances. It is mostly used in the shortwave frequency bands. As a result of skywave propagation, a signal from a distant AM broadcasting station, a shortwave station, or – during sporadic E propagation conditions (principally during the summer months in both hemispheres) a distant VHF FM","and its apparent magnitude varies unpredictably from about 9.3 to 14. The T Tauri system consists of at least three stars, only one of which is visible at optical wavelengths; the other two shine in the infrared and one of them also emits radio waves. Through VLA radio observations, it was found that the young star (the \"T Tauri star\" itself) dramatically changed its orbit after a close encounter with one of its companions and may have been ejected from the system. Physically nearby is NGC 1555, a reflection nebula known as Hind's Nebula or Hind's Variable Nebula. It is","du Navire in the French edition), while ο Velorum is labelled ο (omicron) Argus (du Navire in the French edition). In Chinese, (), meaning \"Bow and Arrow\", refers to an asterism consisting of ο Puppis, δ Canis Majoris, η Canis Majoris, HD 63032, HD 65456, k Puppis, ε Canis Majoris, κ Canis Majoris and π Puppis. Consequently, ο Puppis itself is known as (, .) Omicron Puppis Omicron Puppis (ο Puppis) is candidate binary star system in the southern constellation of Puppis. It is visible to the naked eye, having a combined apparent visual magnitude of +4.48. Based upon an","1951H reached magnitude 17.5 in September 1951 and SN 1970G reached magnitude 11.5 in January 1970. On February 10, 2015, a luminous red nova, known as M101 OT2015-1 was discovered in the Pinwheel Galaxy. Pinwheel Galaxy The Pinwheel Galaxy (also known as Messier 101, M101 or NGC 5457) is a face-on spiral galaxy distanced 21 million light-years (six megaparsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major. First discovered by Pierre Méchain on March 27, 1781, it was communicated to Charles Messier who verified its position for inclusion in the \"Messier Catalogue\" as one of its final entries. On February","cluster beacons are used by the Russian navy (especially its submarine branch) to find the most suitable radio frequency for contact based on current radio propagation conditions. Robert Connolly also links \"P\" channel marker with communications facilities at the Russian naval base of Kaliningrad. \"P\" transmissions carrying Russian navy \"XXX\" (flash priority) Morse code messages with call signs \"RPM\" and \"RDL\" further support this view. A few aero navigation non-directional beacons also transmit single letter identification codes. They can be easily distinguished from letter beacons because they transmit in the allocated low frequency and medium frequency bands; most of them","International Cospas-Sarsat Programme technology, the Cospas-Sarsat system beginning in 2009 stopped receiving alerts from beacons operating at 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz, and now only receives and processes alerts from modern, digital 406-MHz beacons. Many ELTs include both a 406-MHz transmitter for satellite detection and a 121.5 MHz transmitter that can be received by local search crews using direction-finding equipment. The design of distress beacons as a whole has evolved significantly since 1982. The newest 406-MHz beacons incorporate GPS receivers. Such beacons transmit in their distress message highly accurate position reports. The distress alert and location are forwarded almost instantly to SAR agencies","Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment (RICE) is an experiment designed to detect the Cherenkov emission in the radio regime of the electromagnetic spectrum from the interaction of high energy neutrinos (greater than 1 PeV) with the Antarctic ice cap. The goals of this experiment are to determine the potential of the radio-detection technique for measuring the high energy cosmic neutrino flux, determining the sources of this flux, and measuring neutrino-nucleon cross sections at energies above those accessible with existing accelerators. Such an experiment also has sensitivity to neutrinos from gamma ray bursts, as well as highly ionizing","British Forces Broadcasting Service streaming at bfbs.com/listen, on Sky Channel 0211 and Freesat Channel 786. BFBS broadcasts to service personnel and their families and friends worldwide with local radio studios in Belize, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Germany, Gibraltar, the Falkland Islands, Nepal and operational areas from the studio in Afghanistan. In addition, BFBS radio is heard by troops in Ascension Island, Belgium, Bosnia, Diego Garcia and the Netherlands, as well as onboard Royal Navy ships at sea via live satellite links, online at bfbs.com/radio and on Sky Digital channel 0211, via a Eutelsat 28A transponder. Forces Radio BFBS is a music, news, entertainment and community","19P/Borrelly Comet Borrelly or Borrelly's Comet (official designation: 19P/Borrelly) is a periodic comet, which was visited by the spacecraft Deep Space 1 in 2001. The comet last came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on May 28, 2015. The comet's nucleus, seen in the adjacent image, is particularly notable for being shaped like a bowling pin. The comet was discovered by Alphonse Borrelly during a routine search for comets at Marseilles, France on December 28, 1904. On September 21, 2001 the spacecraft Deep Space 1, which was launched to test new equipment in space, performed a flyby of Borrelly.","is not known to host planets. Beta Canum Venaticorum Beta Canum Venaticorum (β Canum Venaticorum, abbreviated Beta CVn, β CVn), also named Chara, is a G-type main-sequence star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. At an apparent visual magnitude of 4.26, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 118.49 mas, this star is distant from the Sun. Along with the brighter star Cor Caroli, the pair form the \"southern dog\" in this constellation that represents hunting dogs. \"β Canum Venaticorum\" (Latinised to \"Beta Canum Venaticorum\") is the star's Bayer designation. The","for the 2m band (downlink). The satellite was launched on January 12, 2018 at 03:59 UTC with a PSLV XL rocket, along with the main payloads Cartosat-2F, NovaSAR-S, and 31 other small satellites from the Satish Dhawan Space Center, India. At 05:17 UTC, the antennas were deployed over the North Pole and the satellite began to work. At 05:28 UTC the first telemetry was received. Commissioning is scheduled for approximately two weeks. After that Fox-1D should be available for connections between amateur radio stations. Fox-1D Fox-1D, AO-92 or AMSAT OSCAR 92 is an American amateur radio satellite. Fox-1D is a","60-meter band the United Kingdom ( ITU Region 1 ) originally three beacons transmitted sequentially on the hour and each subsequent 15 minutes primarily using CW, the 5290 kHz frequency being utilized for the UK's beacon project. Call signs being, in transmission order - GB3RAL (IO91in) \"+ 0 minutes\", GB3WES (IO84qn) \"+ 1 minute\" and GB3ORK (IO89ja) \"+ 2 minutes\" from approximately southern, central and northern locations in the UK. As of July 2017, now only GB3WES and GB3ORK are active. The licence for 5 MHz operation of GB3RAL was not renewed owing to site difficulties. GB3ORK has been refurbished and now","14 Andromedae 14 Andromedae, abbreviated 14 And, also named Veritate, is a single, orange-hued giant star situated approximately 247 light-years away in the northern constellation of Andromeda. It is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.22. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −60 km/s. In 2008 an extrasolar planet (designated 14 Andromedae b, later named \"Spe\") was discovered to be orbiting the star. This is a red clump giant with a stellar classification of K0 III, indicating it is on the horizontal branch and is generating","light years from Earth, and PSR J0108-1431 at about 424 light years. RX J1856.5-3754 is a member of a close group of neutron stars called The Magnificent Seven. Another nearby neutron star that was detected transiting the backdrop of the constellation Ursa Minor has been nicknamed Calvera by its Canadian and American discoverers, after the villain in the 1960 film \"The Magnificent Seven\". This rapidly moving object was discovered using the ROSAT/Bright Source Catalog. About 5% of all known neutron stars are members of a binary system. The formation and evolution of binary neutron stars can be a complex process.","Sagamore Hill Radio Observatory The Sagamore Hill Solar Radio Observatory is a solar radio observatory located in Hamilton, Massachusetts, that operates on a daily basis to obtain scientific observations of the Sun. It is a functional component of the Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN). It became apparent in the early 1960s that certain space weather events might interfere with the U.S. objective of putting a man on the moon. Foremost among these concerns was the possibility of a geomagnetic storm of solar origin. Metric Type II radio bursts, signatures of coronal shock waves or coronal mass ejections, were known to","Awarded by not yet launched. Zouches Farm transmitting station Zouches Farm transmitting station is a microwave radio link site located near the top of Blows Downs at Zouches Farm, Caddington, Bedfordshire, England (). It was part of the London to Birmingham chain designed in the 1940s, and is now owned and maintained by BT Group. In September 1970, short segments of the BBC Television series \"Doctor Who\" were filmed at the relay station, for a serial entitled \"Terror of the Autons\". The 68.9 metres ( 226 ft) tall radio tower is also used for digital and analogue radio broadcasts; these","wave heats the stellar wind to X-ray-emitting temperatures. It is a rather faint object located about 2 degrees SW of Sadr. For most telescopes it requires a UHC or OIII filter to see. Under favorable circumstances a telescope as small as 8 cm (with filter) can see its nebulosity. Larger telescopes (20 cm or more) reveal the crescent or a Euro sign shape which makes some to call it the \"Euro sign nebula\". Crescent Nebula The Crescent Nebula (also known as NGC 6888, Caldwell 27, Sharpless 105) is an emission nebula in the constellation Cygnus, about 5000 light-years away from","NGC 501 NGC 501, also occasionally referred to as PGC 5082 or GC 284, is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It located approximately 224 million light-years from the Solar System and was discovered on 28 October, 1856 by Irish astronomer R. J. Mitchell. Although John Dreyer, creator of the New General Catalogue, credits the discovery to astronomer William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, he notes that many of his claimed discoveries were made by one of his assistants. In the case of NGC 501, the discovery was made by R. J. Mitchell, who discovered it using Lord Rosse's","The two stars are separated by about 74 arc seconds (~434 AU). In May 2009, astronomers from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, announced that they had found evidence of a planet orbiting VB 10, which they designated VB 10b. The Hale telescope at the Palomar Observatory was used to detect evidence of this planet using the astrometry method. The new planet was claimed to have a mass 6 times that of Jupiter and an orbital period of 270 days. However, subsequent studies using Doppler spectroscopy failed to detect the radial velocity variations that would be expected if such a","Mu Virginis Mu Virginis (μ Vir, μ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It was listed in the \"Calendarium\" of Al Achsasi al Mouakket as \"rijl al-‘awwa’\", Arabic رجل العوى, meaning \"The foot of the barking (dog)\". With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.88, it is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. The position of the star near the celestial equator means it is visible from most of the Earth. Based upon parallax measurements, Mu Virginis is located some 59.6 light years from the Sun. Rijl al Awwa is an F-type main sequence","V Centauri V Centauri (V Cen) is a Classical Cepheid variable, a type of variable star, in the constellation Centaurus. Its apparent magnitude is 6.72, and it is approximately 2,500 light-years (800 parsecs) away based on parallax. According to the South African Astronomical Observatory, the chemical composition was derived as being high in sodium (Na) and aluminium (Al) and low in magnesium (Mg). Following a normal composition for a Cepheid star, V Cen does not have any unusual characteristics. V Centauri's composition was observed alongside six other Classical Cepheid variable stars with the support of Russian, Chilean, and Ukrainian observatories.","CTA-102 then-unidentified radio source could be evidence of a Type II or III extraterrestrial civilization on the Kardashev scale. Follow-up observations were announced in 1965 by Gennady Sholomitskii, who found that the object's radio emission was varying; a public announcement of these results on April 12, 1965, caused a worldwide sensation. The idea that the emission was caused by a civilization was rejected when the radio source was later identified as one of the many varieties of a quasar. CTA 102 is one of the two great false alarms in the history of SETI, the other being the discovery of pulsars,","23-centimeter band by radio amateurs and as the L-band by AMSAT. In the United States and overseas territories, the L band is held by the military for telemetry, thereby forcing digital radio to in-band on-channel (IBOC) solutions. Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) in Europe primarily uses Band III, but may also be carried in the 1452–1492MHz range in some countries. WorldSpace satellite radio used to broadcast in the 1467–1492 MHz L sub-band. The band also contains the hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen (the hydrogen line, 1420 MHz), which is of great astronomical interest as a means of imaging the normally invisible","indicating the spectrum shows abnormal abundances of these elements. The star has about four times the radius of the Sun and it radiates 173 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,152 K. Upsilon Herculis Upsilon Herculis (υ Her) is a solitary star in the constellation Hercules. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.74. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.78 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 371 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction","Omicron Velorum Omicron Velorum (ο Vel, ο Velorum) is a star in the constellation Vela. It is the brightest member of the loose naked eye open cluster IC 2391, also known as the ο Velorum Cluster. Omicron Velorum is a blue-white B-type subgiant with a mean apparent magnitude of +3.60. It is approximately 495 light years from Earth. A slowly pulsating B star, it ranges between magnitudes 3.57 and 3.63 over 2.8 days. The correct Bayer designation for ο Velorum has been debated. Lacaille assigned one Greek letter sequence for the bright stars of Argo Navis. These Lacaille designations are","many regions of the Milky Way galaxy. The project ceased transmission shortly after it began, due to lack of funding. Lone Signal's message consists of two key components, a background hailing component and a more complex message component. The hailing component, designed by planetary scientist Michael W. Busch, uses a universal binary encoding system, which goes through an octal intermediary, representing numbers, mathematical operators, or other symbols. Each value corresponds to a single unique frequency. The offsets between those frequencies are set to be much larger than the bit rate (i.e. if transmitting at 100 Hz, the offsets between adjacent","Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly speed of light are expected given the limited accuracy of experiments to date. Neutrinos have small but nonzero mass, and so special relativity predicts that they must propagate at speeds slower than light. Nonetheless, known neutrino production processes impart energies far higher than the neutrino mass scale, and so almost all neutrinos are ultrarelativistic, propagating at speeds very close to that of light. The experiment created a form of neutrinos, muon neutrinos, at CERN's older SPS accelerator, on the Franco–Swiss border, and detected them at the LNGS lab in Gran Sasso, Italy. OPERA researchers used common-view GPS, derived from standard","Vela Incident The Vela Incident, also known as the South Atlantic Flash, was an unidentified double flash of light detected by an American Vela Hotel satellite on 22 September 1979 near the Prince Edward Islands off Antarctica. Due to the characteristics of the light signal, along with other circumstantial evidence, it has been theorized that the flash was the result of an undeclared nuclear test carried out jointly by South Africa and Israel. Though the origin of the flash was not conclusively determined, and several alternative explanations were proposed, in 2016 researchers from George Washington University's National Security Archive noted","Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory The Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (MRAO) is located near Cambridge, UK and is home to a number of the largest and most advanced aperture synthesis radio telescopes in the world, including the One-Mile Telescope, 5-km Ryle Telescope, and the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager. It was founded by the University of Cambridge and is an institute of the Cambridge University Astronomy Department. Radio interferometry started in the mid-1940s on the outskirts of Cambridge, but with funding from the Science Research Council and a corporate donation of £100,000 from Mullard Limited, a leading commercial manufacturer of thermionic valves. Construction","3C 66B 3C 66B is an elliptical Fanaroff and Riley class 1 radio galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda. With an estimated redshift of 0.021258, the galaxy is about 300 million light-years away. The orbital motion of 3C 66B showed supposed evidence for a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) with a period of 1.05 ± 0.03 years, but this claim was later proven wrong (at 95% certainty). Messier 87 (M87), about 55 million light years away, is the largest giant elliptical galaxy near the Earth, and also contains an active galactic nucleus. The smooth jet of 3C 66B rivals that","41 Lyncis b 41 Lyncis b (abbreviated 41 Lyn b), also designated HD 81688 b and named Arkas, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. A gas giant with a minimum mass 2.7 times that of Jupiter it orbits the K-type star 41 Lyncis with an orbital period of 184 days (corresponding to semi-major axis of 0.81 AU). It was discovered and announced by Sato on February 19, 2008. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The","gas-rich satellite. The spheroid has a boxy shape. The galaxy also has an outer halo. In the centre of the galaxy is predicted to lie a supermassive black hole with mass 10 (129-813 million) . Observed in radio waves, NGC 5322 is a weak source and features two symmetric jets emanating from the galactic core and having a linear length of 1.6 kpc. The two jets are nearly perpendicular to the major axis of the galaxy and the circumnuclear dust disk. NGC 5322 is thought to contain a low-luminosity Active galactic nucleus (AGN), powered by the accretion of gaseous material.","Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence to progressively more complex concepts, including physical processes and objects (such as a hydrogen atom). The message is designed with a noise resistant format and characters that make it resistant to alteration by noise. These messages were transmitted in 1999 and 2003 from Evpatoria Planetary Radar under scientific guidance of Alexander L. Zaitsev. Richard Braastad coordinated the overall project. Star systems to which messages were sent, are the following: The \"Teen-Age Message\", composed by Russian scientists (Zaitsev, Gindilis, Pshenichner, Filippova) and teens, was transmitted from the 70-m dish of Evpatoria Deep Space Center to six star systems resembling that of","around 11.9 billion years old. The stellar population includes four Cepheids and RV Tauri variables, plus at least one RR Lyrae variable for which a period is known. Observations made during the ROSAT mission failed to reveal any low-intensity X-ray sources. Messier 19 Messier 19 or M19 (also designated NGC 6273) is a globular cluster in the constellation Ophiuchus. It was discovered by Charles Messier on June 5, 1764 and added to his catalogue of comet-like objects that same year. It was resolved into individual stars by William Herschel in 1784. His son, John Herschel, described it as \"a superb","The Lizard oldest Marconi station to survive in its original state, and is located to the west of the Lloyds Signal Station in what appears to be a wooden hut. On 12 December 1901 Poldhu Point was the site of the first trans Atlantic, wireless signal radio communication when Marconi sent a signal to St John's, Newfoundland. The technology is one of the key advances to the development of radio, television, satellites and the internet. A radar station called RAF Drytree was built during World War II. The site was later chosen for the Telstar project in 1962; its rocky foundations, clear","was also detected, with a minimum mass of about 8.4 and a low equilibrium temperature of . It has been designated Gliese 1132 (d) with parenthesis because it has not been accepted as a confirmed planet. Despite the signal having a false alarm probability of less than 0.01%, comparable to Gliese 1132 b and c, it is close to the period of the star’s magnetic cycle. Gliese 1132 Gliese 1132 (often shortened to GJ 1132) is a small red dwarf star about 39 light-years (12 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Vela. In 2015, it was revealed to have","branch, and started helium fusion in its core. τ Sagittarii is the closest constellational star (a star that is part of the traditional outline of a constellation) to the origin of the 1977 Wow! signal. \\end{align}</math></ref> Tau Sagittarii Tau Sagittarii (Tau Sgr, τ Sagittarii, τ Sgr) is a star in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. With an apparent visual magnitude of +3.3, this is one of the brighter members of the constellation. The distance of this star from Earth is roughly , based upon parallax measurements. This is a spectral type K1 giant star with about . The stellar","of the first Moon landing, or major anniversaries of the telescope itself. The children's/young adult drama Sky Trackers was filmed in this facility in 1994 with the radio telescopes being prominently featured. Australia Telescope Compact Array The Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) is a radio telescope operated by CSIRO at the Paul Wild Observatory, twenty five kilometres (16 mi) west of the town of Narrabri in Australia. The telescope is an array of six identical diameter dishes, which commonly operate in aperture synthesis mode to produce radio images. Five of the dishes can be moved along a three-kilometre (2 mi)","Quasar including a breakthrough in 1962. Another radio source, 3C 273, was predicted to undergo five occultations by the Moon. Measurements taken by Cyril Hazard and John Bolton during one of the occultations using the Parkes Radio Telescope allowed Maarten Schmidt to find a visible counterpart to the radio source and obtain an optical spectrum using the 200-inch Hale Telescope on Mount Palomar. This spectrum revealed the same strange emission lines. Schmidt was able to demonstrate that these were likely to be the ordinary spectral lines of hydrogen redshifted by 15.8 percent - an extreme redshift never seen in astronomy before.","RTZ (radio station) RTZ is the callsign of the time signal transmitted on 50 kHz with 10 kW from a large transmission centre near Irkutsk, Russia. It is controlled by All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Physical-Engineering and Radiotechnical Metrology, operated by Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network, and situated at . The transmitter is active 23 hours per day, from 22:00 - 21:00 UTC, except for the 3rd and 4th Monday of each month between 00:00 - 08:00 UTC, when it is switched off for maintenance. The station sends time signal similar to RBU RTZ covers the area in Siberia","Homunculus Nebula profiles. Shockwaves at the outer edge of the ejecta are heated to millions of kelvin and emit x-ray radiation. The lobes of the Homunculus emit copious radio waves, most importantly the 21cm line of hydrogen. The reflected spectrum of the Homunculus lobes varies with position, due to the central star emitting different radiation at different latitudes (i.e. in different directions). This is the only star for which such an effect can be observed. The Homunculus was ejected in an enormous outburst from Eta Carinae. Light from this event reached Earth in 1841, creating a brightening event in the night sky","July 2047. The second message, Cosmic Call 2, was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at 47 Ursae Majoris in May 2049. Because of its planetary system, 47 Ursae Majoris was listed as one of the top 100 target stars for NASA's former Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. 47 Ursae Majoris 47 Ursae Majoris (abbreviated 47 UMa), also named Chalawan (, ), is a yellow dwarf star approximately 46 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. , three extrasolar planets (designated 47 Ursae Majoris b, c and d; the first two later named Taphao Thong and","Astronomical radio source Astronomical radio sources are objects in outer space that emit strong radio waves. Radio emission comes from a wide variety of sources. Such objects represent some of the most extreme and energetic physical processes in the universe. In 1932, American physicist and radio engineer Karl Jansky detected radio waves coming from an unknown source in the center of our galaxy. Jansky was studying the origins of radio frequency interference for Bell Laboratories. He found \"...a steady hiss type static of unknown origin\", which eventually he concluded had an extraterrestrial origin. This was the first time that radio","year or less; which still allows for Earth-sized planets at 0.6 AU or more. 54 Piscium b 54 Piscium b (HD 3651 b), occasionally catalogued as 54 Piscium Ab in order to differentiate from the brown dwarf in the system, is an extrasolar planet approximately 36 light-years away in the constellation of Pisces. The planet was discovered orbiting the orange dwarf star 54 Piscium. The planet's minimum mass is one fifth that of Jupiter, and it orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit about every two months. On January 16, 2002, a team of astronomers (led by Geoff Marcy)","by Jan Oort.) Baade also discovered that there were two types of Cepheid variables, which resulted in a doubling of the distance estimate to Andromeda, as well as the remainder of the Universe. In 1950, radio emission from the Andromeda Galaxy was detected by Hanbury Brown and Cyril Hazard at Jodrell Bank Observatory. The first radio maps of the galaxy were made in the 1950s by John Baldwin and collaborators at the Cambridge Radio Astronomy Group. The core of the Andromeda Galaxy is called 2C 56 in the 2C radio astronomy catalog. In 2009, the first planet may have been","from a dense stellar core called a neutron star near an extremely powerful magnetic field, such as one near a massive black hole, or one embedded in a nebula. In April 2018, it was reported that FRB 121102 consisted of 21 bursts spanning one hour. In September 2018, an additional 72 bursts spanning five hours had been detected using a convolutional neural network. In 2013, four bursts were identified that supported the likelihood of extragalactic sources. In 2014, FRB 140514 was caught 'live' in 2014 and was found to be 21% (±7%) circularly polarised. Fast radio bursts discovered up until","Gauribidanur Radio Observatory The Gauribidanur Radio Observatory is a radio telescope observatory located at Gauribidanur, near Bengaluru. It is operated jointly by Raman Research Institute and the Indian Institute of Astrophysics. The observatory has been in operation since 1976. The Gauribidanur Observatory is located at Gauribidanur (Latitude:13.60° N; Longitude:77.44° E), 100 km north of Bengaluru. The Observatory has been used for studying various aspects of the Sun, galaxies and pulsars. A few observations with the array have been the first two-dimensional images of radio emission from slowly varying discrete sources in the outer solar corona, an all-sky survey of radio","PSR B1937+21 discovery, are credited with helping revitalize research on pulsars. The first pulsar was discovered in 1967 by Jocelyn Bell and her PhD supervisor Antony Hewish using the Interplanetary Scintillation Array. Shortly after the discovery of pulsars, Franco Pacini and Thomas Gold independently suggested that pulsars are highly magnetized rotating neutron stars, which form as a result of a supernova at the end of the life stars more massive than about 10 times the mass of the Sun. The radiation emitted by pulsars is caused by interaction of the plasma surrounding the neutron star with its rapidly rotating magnetic field. This","PSR B1919+21 radio signal was detected using the Interplanetary Scintillation Array of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory in Cambridge, UK, by Jocelyn Bell and Antony Hewish. The signal had a -second period and 0.04-second pulsewidth. It originated at celestial coordinates right ascension, +21° declination. It was detected by individual observation of miles of graphical data traces. Due to its almost perfect regularity, it was at first assumed to be spurious noise, but this hypothesis was promptly discarded. The discoverers jokingly named it \"little green men 1\" (\"LGM-1\"), considering that it may have originated from an extraterrestrial civilization, but Bell soon ruled out"],"string":"[\n \"52nd parallel north The 52nd parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 52 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. In Canada, part of the legally defined border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador is defined by the parallel, though Quebec maintains a dormant claim to some of the territory north of this line. The catchment area of London, the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, can be broadly defined by the 51st and 52nd parallels. At this latitude the sun is visible\",\n \"Rho1 Cephei Rho Cephei (ρ Cephei) is a double star located in the northern constellation of Cepheus. As of 2014, the pair had an angular separation of 0.29 arc seconds along a position angle of 211.1°. This corresponds to a projected separation of 18.1 AU. Rho Cephei is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.84, and it forms an optical pair with the brighter star Rho Cephei. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 15.83 mas as seen from the Earth, Rho Cephei is located about 206 light years from the Sun. The primary\",\n \"its parent star causing the outer layers of the atmosphere to bloat. In May 2009 COROT-1b became the first extrasolar planet for which optical (as opposed to infrared) observations of phases were reported. These observations suggest that there is not significant heat transfer between the (tidally locked) night and day sides of the planet. COROT-1b COROT-1b (previously named COROT-Exo-1b) is an extrasolar planet approximately 2,630 light-years away in the constellation of Monoceros. The planet was discovered orbiting the yellow dwarf star COROT-1 in May 2007. The planet was the first discovery by the French-led COROT Mission. The planet was announced\",\n \"stellar cores and the birth of neutron stars. SN 2008D SN 2008D is a supernova detected with NASA's \\\"Swift\\\" X-ray telescope. The explosion of the supernova precursor star, in the spiral galaxy NGC 2770 (88 million light years away (27 Mpc), was detected on January 9, 2008, by Carnegie-Princeton fellows Alicia Soderberg and Edo Berger, and Albert Kong and Tom Maccarone independently using Swift. They alerted eight other orbiting and ground-based observatories to record the event. This was the first time that astronomers have ever observed a supernova as it occurred. The supernova was determined to be of Type Ibc.\",\n \"expansion. This confirmed a 1975 prediction of the identification of supernova stardust (SUNOCONs), which became part of the pantheon of presolar grains. Other unusual isotopic ratios within these grains reveal many specific aspects of explosive nucleosynthesis. Neutron star collisions are believed to be the main source of r-process elements. Being neutron-rich by definition, this has been suspected of being a source of such elements, but definitive evidence was difficult to obtain. In 2017 strong evidence emerged, when LIGO, VIRGO, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and INTEGRAL, along with a collaboration of many observatories around the world, detected both gravitational wave\",\n \"Regional Scale Nodes The National Science Foundation's (NSF) Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Regional Scale Nodes (RSN) component is an electro-optically cabled underwater observatory that directly connects to the global Internet. It is the largest cable-linked seabed observatory in the world, and also the first of its kind in the United States. Located on the southern part of the Juan de Fuca plate, off the coast of Washington and Oregon, it is the first ocean observatory to span a tectonic plate. RSN utilizes several high-power, high-bandwidth sub-sea terminals called primary nodes which are linked together by fiber-optic cable and provide support\",\n \"Lacaille 9352 Lacaille 9352 (Lac 9352) is a star in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 7.34, this star is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye even under excellent seeing conditions. Parallax measurements place it at a distance of about from Earth. It is the eleventh closest star system to the Solar System and is the closest star in the constellation Piscis Austrinus. The ChView simulation shows that its closest neighbour is the EZ Aquarii triple star system at about 4.1 ly from Lacaille 9352. This star has the fourth highest\",\n \"Proton magnetometer The proton magnetometer, also known as the proton precession magnetometer (PPM), uses the principle of Earth's field nuclear magnetic resonance (EFNMR) to measure very small variations in the Earth's magnetic field, allowing ferrous objects on land and at sea to be detected. It is used in land-based archaeology to map the positions of demolished walls and buildings, and at sea to locate wrecked ships, sometimes for recreational diving. PPMs were once widely used in mineral exploration. They have largely been superseded by Overhauser effect magnetometers and alkali vapour (cesium, rubidium, potassium) or helium magnetometers, which sample faster and\",\n \"Gamma Ophiuchi Gamma Ophiuchi, Latinized from γ Ophiuchi, is a fourth-magnitude star in the constellation Ophiuchus. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 31.73 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 103 light years from the Sun. The system has an age of roughly 184 million years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −7.6 km/s. It is known also as Muliphen, although at least two more stars are known with this name: Gamma Canis Majoris (often spelled as Muliphein) and Gamma Centauri (often spelled as Muhlifain). This is an A-type main sequence star\",\n \"119°W, and 129°W orbital locations (referred to as the western arc). Subscribers east of Chicago use Dish 1000.4 antennas aimed at the 61.5°W, 72°W and 77°W orbital locations (referred to as the eastern arc). During Dish Network's quest for capacity, they had accumulated an array of satellite broadcasting technologies, orbital locations, and surplus capacity using non-mainstream technologies requiring larger dish sizes. To capitalize on these broadcasting assets, Dish Network started providing extensive ethnic programming from lower-powered satellites broadcasting in the non-DBS portion of the FSS band. Dish Network offers specialized equipment for these customers including larger dish antennas. The SuperDish,\",\n \"UoSAT-2 UoSAT-2, which is also known as UO-11 and OSCAR-11, is a British satellite orbiting in Low Earth Orbit. The satellite functions as an amateur radio transmitter (known as an OSCAR) and was built at the University of Surrey. It launched into orbit in March 1984 and remains orbital and active, though unstable with irregular periods of transmission. All of the Analog telemetry channels have failed, making telemetry from OSCAR 11 useless. The satellite was still heard transmitting telemetry in 2015, thirty years after launch. It was operated by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL). The satellite was the second in\",\n \"latitude and between 10° and 20° from the geomagnetic poles at all local times (or longitudes), most clearly seen at night against a dark sky. A region that currently displays an aurora is called the \\\"auroral oval\\\", a band displaced towards the night side of the Earth. Early evidence for a geomagnetic connection comes from the statistics of auroral observations. Elias Loomis (1860), and later Hermann Fritz (1881) and S. Tromholt (1882) in more detail, established that the aurora appeared mainly in the auroral zone. Day-to-day positions of the auroral ovals are posted on the Internet. In northern latitudes, the\",\n \"Personal Role Radio The H4855 Personal Role Radio (PRR) is a small UHF transmitter-receiver issued to the British Armed Forces. It is used by the British Army, Royal Marines, Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force Regiment. The radio has a range of 500 meters, weighs 1.5 kilograms, has 256 different radio channels and a battery life of 20 hours continuous use. It allows users to communicate over short distances. Effective even through thick cover or the walls of buildings, PRR is issued to every member of an eight-strong infantry section. It is manufactured by Marconi-Selenia Communications (then Selenia Communications,\",\n \"of observers on Earth appears roughly square. The 10.4m telescope Gran Telescopio Canarias recently observed the OB-type stars that power the giant HII regions. Sextans A Sextans A (also known as UGCA 205) is a tiny dwarf irregular galaxy. It spans about 5000 light-years across, and is located at 4.3 million light-years away, in the outskirts of the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way galaxy, and to which Sextans A may or may not belong. Sextans A has a peculiar square shape. Massive short-lived stars exploded in supernovae that caused more star formation, triggering yet more supernovae,\",\n \"C-QUAM C-QUAM is the method of AM stereo broadcasting used in Canada, the United States and most other countries. It was invented in 1977 by Norman Parker, Francis Hilbert, and Yoshio Sakaie, and published in an IEEE journal. Using circuitry developed by Motorola, C-QUAM uses quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) to encode the stereo separation signal. This extra signal is then stripped down in such a way that it is compatible with the envelope detector of older receivers (hence the name C-QUAM, i.e. Compatible QUadrature Amplitude Modulation). A 25 Hz pilot tone is added to trigger receivers; it is not necessary\",\n \"Lambda Piscium Lambda Piscium, Latinized from λ Piscium, is a solitary, white-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49, it is visible to the naked eye, forming the southeast corner of the \\\"Circlet\\\" asterism in Pisces. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 30.59 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 107 light years distant from the Sun. Lambda Piscium is a member of the Ursa Major Stream, lying among the outer parts, or corona, of this moving group of stars that roughly follow a common heading through space. This well-studied\",\n \"spans over 80 days. The object has not been observed since November 2002 about 2 months before it came to perihelion 2.7 AU from the Sun. During perihelion passage the object was 2.9 AU from Earth. \\\" belongs to the dynamical group of damocloids due to its low Tisserand parameter (T of 1.0820). It is also a Jupiter-, Saturn-, Uranus-, and Neptune-crosser. The object has the seventh-largest heliocentric semi-major axis and aphelion of all known minor planets, while its extreme eccentricity brings it well within the orbit of Jupiter when at perihelion. 2002 RN109 \\\" may be a dormant comet\",\n \"Operating in the Pacific Ocean off Oregon in 1924, \\\"Guide\\\" became the first ship to employ radio acoustic ranging operationally. Off Oregon that year, she successfully employed the technique at a distance of between the ranging explosion and the remote hydrophones detecting its sound and in the process achieved the first observed indication of the ocean sound layer that was later called the sound fixing and ranging (SOFAR) channel or deep sound channel (DSC). In 1928, French investigators extended this range, detonating a 30-kg (66-pound) explosive in the Mediterranean Sea between Algiers in French Algeria and Toulon, France, and detecting\",\n \"Single-sideband modulation being transmitted. The first U.S. patent application for SSB modulation was filed on December 1, 1915 by John Renshaw Carson. The U.S. Navy experimented with SSB over its radio circuits before World War I. SSB first entered commercial service on January 7, 1927 on the longwave transatlantic public radiotelephone circuit between New York and London. The high power SSB transmitters were located at Rocky Point, New York and Rugby, England. The receivers were in very quiet locations in Houlton, Maine and Cupar Scotland. SSB was also used over long distance telephone lines, as part of a technique known as frequency-division\",\n \"and beam out coherent bursts of microwaves. The Sun, the nearest star to Earth, is known to emit radio waves, though it is virtually the only regular star that has been detected in the radio spectrum, because it is so close. It is not considered a radio star because it is not a strong radio source. Some studies have found that main-sequence stars may extremely rarely emit radio waves. A 2009 survey found a maximum of 112 candidate radio stars cross-matching the FIRST and NVSS surveys, but estimated that 108 ± 13 of the samples are from \\\"contamination\\\" from background\",\n \"Kepler-61b Kepler-61b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \\\"KOI-1361.01\\\") is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within parts of the habitable zone of the K-type main-sequence star Kepler-61. It is located about 1,100 light-years (338 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered in 2013 using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured, by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-61b is a super-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than that of the ice giants Neptune and\",\n \"NGC 7318 NGC 7318 (also known as UGC 12099/UGC 12100 or HCG 92d/b) are a pair of colliding galaxies about 300 million light-years from Earth. They appear in the Constellation Pegasus and are members of the Stephan's Quintet. The Spitzer Space Telescope revealed the presence of a huge intergalactic shock wave, shown by a green arc produced by one galaxy falling into another at millions of kilometers per hour. As NGC 7318B collides with NGC 7318A, gas spread throughout the cluster, atoms of hydrogen are heated in the shock wave, producing the green glow. The molecular hydrogen visible in the\",\n \"rating of one is something like a stray radar pulse, lacking any information content and randomly directed. A C rating of five is a deliberate reply to an extraterrestrial signal. San Marino Scale The San Marino Scale is a suggested scale for assessing risks associated with deliberate transmissions from Earth aimed to possible extraterrestrial intelligent life. The scale evaluates the significance of transmissions from Earth as a function of signal intensity and information content. The scale was suggested by Iván Almár at a conference in San Marino in 2005. The radio output of Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune is not considered\",\n \"Electric beacon 1600–2850 kHz with a power of 4-15 W. Some types of driftnet buoys, called \\\"SelCall buoys\\\", answer only when they are called by their own ships. Using this technique the buoy prevents nets and fishing gears from being carried away by other ships, while the battery power consumption remains low. Distress radiobeacons, also collectively known as distress beacons, emergency beacons, or simply, beacons, are those tracking transmitters that operate as part of the international Cospas-Sarsat Search and Rescue satellite system. When activated, these beacons send out a distress signal that, when detected by non-geostationary satellites, can be located by triangulation.\",\n \"U Geminorum U Geminorum (\\\"U Gem\\\"), in the constellation Gemini, is an archetypal example of a dwarf nova. The binary star system consists of a white dwarf closely orbiting a red dwarf. Every few months it undergoes an outburst that greatly increases its brightness. The dwarf nova class of variable stars are often referred to as U Geminorum variables after this star. U Geminorum was discovered by J.R. Hind in 1855 who initially thought it was a nova; it quickly faded below his telescope's limiting magnitude. Its true nature was revealed three months later when it was re-observed in outburst\",\n \"GJ 9827 GJ 9827 is a star in the constellation of Pisces. It is a K-type main-sequence star with an apparent magnitude of 10.250. It is 97 light-years (30 parsecs) away, based on parallax. It has 3 transiting planets seen by the \\\"Kepler\\\" space observatory in their K2 survey. As of October 2017, it is the closest star discovered to have transiting exoplanets found by either the Kepler or K2 missions. The planets (b, c, d) have radii of 1.62, 1.27, and 2.09 times that of the Earth, and periods of 1.209, 3.648, and 6.201 days (ratios 1:3:5). Because of\",\n \"WOR (AM) of WINS and WLIB radiation patterns. Built on hydraulic landfill, the site provides excellent ground conductivity for daytime groundwave radiation. At night when conditions are favorable, WOR can occasionally be heard in parts of Europe and Africa. It shares Class A status on 710 kHz with KIRO (AM) in Seattle, Washington; KEEL in Shreveport, Louisiana; and WAQI in Miami, Florida; and operates 24 hours per day. WOR must protect the radiation pattern of these stations since its transmitter in Lyndhurst, New Jersey was constructed circa 1968, well after these other 50,000–Watt stations began operations. On April 30, 2005, WOR moved\",\n \"Mortar\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of refers to an asterism consisting of γ Piscis Austrini, γ Gruis, λ Gruis and 19 Piscis Austrini. Consequently, γ Piscis Austrini itself is known as (, .) Gamma Piscis Austrini Gamma Piscis Austrini (γ Piscis Austrini) is binary star system in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus. It is visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of +4.448. As of 2010, the pair had an angular separation of 4 arc seconds along a position angle of 255°. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 15.14 mas as seen from\",\n \"transponder cluster covers the U.S., Mexico, and the northern Caribbean Sea. An additional C-band and a K band transponder pair targets the Hawaiian Islands. Galaxy 25 has a projected life of 12 years. It was replaced by Galaxy 19 (formerly IA-9) in late 2008. When it was last in service at 97 degrees west, Galaxy 25 transmitted both free-to-air (FTA) direct-to-home (DTH) broadcasting and encrypted subscription channels / services. The replacement satellite, Galaxy 19 was successfully launched on September 24, 2008. Galaxy 25 has been moved to a different orbital position at where it is currently broadcasting several services on\",\n \"mirror interferometer was also developed independently in 1946 by Joseph Pawsey's group at the University of Sydney. In the early 1950s, the Cambridge Interferometer mapped the radio sky to produce the famous 2C and 3C surveys of radio sources. An example of a large physically connected radio telescope array is the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, located in Pune, India. The largest array, the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR), is currently being constructed in western Europe, consisting of about 20,000 small antennas in 48 stations distributed over an area several hundreds of kilometers in diameter, and operates between 1.25 and 30 m wavelengths.\",\n \"Jodrell Bank Observatory and an arboretum, are in the civil parish of Lower Withington and the rest of the site is in Goostrey civil parish, near Goostrey and Holmes Chapel, Cheshire, North West England. The observatory is reached from the A535. The Crewe to Manchester Line passes right by the site, and Goostrey station is a short distance away. In 2018, the observatory became a candidate for UNESCO World Heritage site status. Jodrell Bank was first used for academic purposes in 1939 when the University of Manchester's Department of Botany purchased three fields from the Leighs. It is named from a nearby rise\",\n \"Ground station A ground station, earth station, or earth terminal is a terrestrial radio station designed for extraplanetary telecommunication with spacecraft (constituting part of the ground segment of the spacecraft system), or reception of radio waves from astronomical radio sources. Ground stations may be located either on the surface of the Earth, or in its atmosphere. Earth stations communicate with spacecraft by transmitting and receiving radio waves in the super high frequency or extremely high frequency bands (e.g., microwaves). When a ground station successfully transmits radio waves to a spacecraft (or vice versa), it establishes a telecommunications link. A principal\",\n \"the phenomenon a great rarity before 1716. The period between approximately 1645 to 1715 corresponds to the [[Maunder minimum]] in sunspot activity. It was the Norwegian scientist [[Kristian Birkeland]] who, in the early 1900s, laid the foundation for our current understanding of geomagnetism and polar auroras. [[Image:Jupiter.Aurora.HST.UV.jpg|thumb|[[Jupiter]] aurora; the far left bright spot connects magnetically to [[Io (moon)|Io]]; the spots at the bottom of the image lead to [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] and [[Europa (moon)|Europa]].]] [[Image:Saturns Northern Aurora still.jpg|thumb|An aurora high above the northern part of Saturn; image taken by the [[Cassini spacecraft]]. [[:Image:Saturns Northern Aurora in Motion.gif|A movie]] shows images from\",\n \"K2-239 K2-239 (also designated EPIC 248545986) is a small red dwarf star in the constellation Sextans about 49 parsecs (160 light-years) away from Earth. Observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during Campaign 14 of its K2 \\\"Second Light\\\" mission, it was found to have three hot, likely rocky Earth-sized planets in orbit around it. K2-239 is a small red dwarf star of spectral class M3V. It is 40% the mass and 36% the radius of the Sun with just 0.016 times the luminosity. It has a temperature of 3420 K and its age is unknown. For comparison, the Sun has\",\n \"Atacama Large Millimeter Array The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is an astronomical interferometer of 66 radio telescopes in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, which observe electromagnetic radiation at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. The array has been constructed on the elevation Chajnantor plateau - near the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory and the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment. This location was chosen for its high elevation and low humidity, factors which are crucial to reduce noise and decrease signal attenuation due to Earth's atmosphere. ALMA is expected to provide insight on star birth during the early Stelliferous era and detailed imaging of\",\n \"The actual distance, derived indirectly by comparison with similar stars, is around 2,000 parsecs. Its effective temperature has been calculated at 7,250 K and its size at based on an assumed luminosity of . RY Sagittarii RY Sagittarii is an yellow supergiant and an R Coronae Borealis type variable star in the constellation Sagittarius. Although it ostensibly has the spectrum of a G-type star, it differs markedly from most in that it has almost no hydrogen and a lot of carbon. Colonel Ernest Elliott Markwick first came across what became known as RY Sagittarii during searches for variable stars while\",\n \"Voyager Golden Record The Voyager Golden Records are two phonograph records that were included aboard both Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. The records contain sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth, and are intended for any intelligent extraterrestrial life form, or for future humans, who may find them. The records are a sort of time capsule. Although neither Voyager spacecraft is heading toward any particular star, \\\"Voyager 1\\\" will pass within 1.6 light-years' distance of the star Gliese 445, currently in the constellation Camelopardalis, in about 40,000 years. Carl Sagan noted that \\\"The\",\n \"are prominent on ultraviolet images. The hot subdwarfs are proposed to be the cause of the UV upturn in the light output of elliptical galaxies. Subdwarf B stars were discovered by Zwicky and Humason around 1947 when they found subluminous blue stars around the north galactic pole. In the Palomar-Green survey they were discovered to be the commonest kind of faint blue star with a magnitude over 18. During the 1960s spectroscopy discovered that many of the sdB stars are deficient in hydrogen, with abundances below that predicted by the big bang theory. In the early 1970s Greenstein and Sargent\",\n \"Broadcast signal intrusion affect \\\"your world and the beings on other worlds around you\\\". The IBA confirmed that it was the first time such a transmission had been made. None of the individuals responsible for the intrusion have been identified, although some people believe that the message could have originated from an alien race. At 12:32 am Eastern Time on April 27, 1986, HBO (Home Box Office) had its satellite signal feed from its operations center on Long Island in Hauppauge, New York interrupted by a man calling himself \\\"Captain Midnight\\\". The interruption occurred during a presentation of \\\"The Falcon and the Snowman\\\".\",\n \"GCHQ Scarborough GCHQ Scarborough is a satellite ground station located on Irton Moor, on the outskirts of Scarborough in North Yorkshire, England, operated by the British signals intelligence service (GCHQ). It is believed to be the longest continuous serving site for signals intelligence in the world. The Royal Navy first established a Wireless Telegraphy Station in Scarborough in 1912. Since 1914, it has conducted signal intelligence (Sigint). During the First World War, the station's purpose was to monitor the German High Seas Fleet which was making attacks on the East Coast of England. Following the cessation of hostilities in 1918,\",\n \"970508 was detected by the Gamma Ray Burst Monitor on the Italian–Dutch X-ray astronomy satellite BeppoSAX. Astronomer Mark Metzger determined that GRB 970508 occurred at least 6 billion light years from Earth; this was the first measurement of the distance to a gamma-ray burst. Until this burst, astronomers had not reached a consensus regarding how far away GRBs occur from Earth. Some supported the idea that GRBs occur within the Milky Way, but are visibly faint because they are not highly energetic. Others concluded that GRBs occur in other galaxies at cosmological distances and are extremely energetic. Although the possibility\",\n \"UA1 experiment The UA1 experiment (an abbreviation of Underground Area 1) was a high-energy physics experiment that ran at CERN's Proton-Antiproton Collider (SpS), a modification of the one-beam Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). The data was recorded between 1981 and 1990. The joint discovery of the W and Z bosons by this experiment and the UA2 experiment in 1983 led to the Nobel Prize for physics being awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer in 1984. Peter Kalmus and John Dowell, from the UK groups working on the project, were jointly awarded the 1988 Rutherford Medal and Prize from\",\n \"during his observation of NGC 488. The object was initially described in the New General Catalogue as \\\"very faint, very small, round, 8 arcmin northeast of h 103 (=NGC 488)\\\". NGC 490 NGC 490, also occasionally referred to as PGC 4973 or GC 277, is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It is located approximately 85 million light-years from Earth and was discovered on December 6, 1850, by Irish engineer Bindon Blood Stoney. Although John Dreyer, creator of the New General Catalogue, credits the discovery to astronomer William Parsons, he notes that many of his claimed discoveries were made\",\n \"known as (, .) \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Apodis Beta Apodis (β Aps, β Apodis) is the Bayer designation for a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Apus. It is located approximately from Earth, as determined by parallax measurements. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +4.24, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye The spectrum of this star matches the characteristics of a K0 III, which, according to models of stellar evolution, indicates that it is in the giant star stage, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. The measured angular diameter of\",\n \"Algonquin Radio Observatory The Algonquin Radio Observatory (ARO) is a radio observatory located in Algonquin Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada. It opened in 1959 in order to host a number of the National Research Council of Canada's (NRC) ongoing experiments in a more radio-quiet location than Ottawa. In 1962 it was selected as the site for the Algonquin 46m radio telescope, which has been the site's primary instrument through most of its history. An earlier 10 m instrument was set up in 1961 though was not equipped with a drive mechanism until 1964. The site also hosts a hydrogen maser,\",\n \"the amateur radio community. By the end of 2014, it had dropped to 27th, after simultaneous activity by three licencees in the 2013/2014 team. However, their activity was mainly on voice. On Morse telegraphy, the Islands remain the second most wanted entity after North Korea, while on Data they are sixth out of 340. Prince Edward Islands The Prince Edward Islands are two small islands in the sub-antarctic Indian Ocean that are part of South Africa. The islands are named Marion Island (named after Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne) and Prince Edward Island (named after Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and\",\n \"a subsyncrhonous transfer orbit (lower than the typical geostationary transfer orbit (GTO)) approximately 32 minutes after rocket's liftoff. Telstar 18V Telstar 18V \\\"(Telstar 18 Vantage / APStar 5C)\\\" is a communication satellite in the Telstar series of the Canadian satellite communications company Telesat. T18V will be equipped with C and Ku-band transponders and operate from 138° East. At , it is the second-heaviest communication satellite ever launched, weighing slightly less than its sibling Telstar 19V. Telstar 18V was launched on a SpaceX Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket from Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC40) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Space\",\n \"Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station PLBs should not be used in cases where normal emergency response (such as 9-1-1) exists. The most important aspect of a beacon in classification is the mode of transmission. There are two valid transmission modes: digital and analog. Where digital usually has a longer range, analog is more reliable. Analog beacons are useful to search parties and SAR aircraft, though they are no longer monitored by satellite. All ELTs, all PLBs, and most EPIRBs are required to have a low-power homing signal, that is identical to the original 121.500 MHz VHF beacon signal. However, due to the extremely large number\",\n \"RAF Fylingdales RAF Fylingdales is a Royal Air Force station on Snod Hill in the North York Moors, England. Its motto is \\\"Vigilamus\\\" (translates to \\\"We are watching\\\"). It is a radar base and is also part of the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS). As part of intelligence-sharing arrangements between the United States and United Kingdom (see, for example, the UKUSA Agreement), data collected at RAF Fylingdales are shared between the two countries. Its primary purpose is to give the British and US governments warning of an impending ballistic missile attack (part of the so-called four minute warning during\",\n \"Skywave In radio communication, skywave or skip refers to the propagation of radio waves reflected or refracted back toward Earth from the ionosphere, an electrically charged layer of the upper atmosphere. Since it is not limited by the curvature of the Earth, skywave propagation can be used to communicate beyond the horizon, at intercontinental distances. It is mostly used in the shortwave frequency bands. As a result of skywave propagation, a signal from a distant AM broadcasting station, a shortwave station, or – during sporadic E propagation conditions (principally during the summer months in both hemispheres) a distant VHF FM\",\n \"and its apparent magnitude varies unpredictably from about 9.3 to 14. The T Tauri system consists of at least three stars, only one of which is visible at optical wavelengths; the other two shine in the infrared and one of them also emits radio waves. Through VLA radio observations, it was found that the young star (the \\\"T Tauri star\\\" itself) dramatically changed its orbit after a close encounter with one of its companions and may have been ejected from the system. Physically nearby is NGC 1555, a reflection nebula known as Hind's Nebula or Hind's Variable Nebula. It is\",\n \"du Navire in the French edition), while ο Velorum is labelled ο (omicron) Argus (du Navire in the French edition). In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Bow and Arrow\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of ο Puppis, δ Canis Majoris, η Canis Majoris, HD 63032, HD 65456, k Puppis, ε Canis Majoris, κ Canis Majoris and π Puppis. Consequently, ο Puppis itself is known as (, .) Omicron Puppis Omicron Puppis (ο Puppis) is candidate binary star system in the southern constellation of Puppis. It is visible to the naked eye, having a combined apparent visual magnitude of +4.48. Based upon an\",\n \"1951H reached magnitude 17.5 in September 1951 and SN 1970G reached magnitude 11.5 in January 1970. On February 10, 2015, a luminous red nova, known as M101 OT2015-1 was discovered in the Pinwheel Galaxy. Pinwheel Galaxy The Pinwheel Galaxy (also known as Messier 101, M101 or NGC 5457) is a face-on spiral galaxy distanced 21 million light-years (six megaparsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major. First discovered by Pierre Méchain on March 27, 1781, it was communicated to Charles Messier who verified its position for inclusion in the \\\"Messier Catalogue\\\" as one of its final entries. On February\",\n \"cluster beacons are used by the Russian navy (especially its submarine branch) to find the most suitable radio frequency for contact based on current radio propagation conditions. Robert Connolly also links \\\"P\\\" channel marker with communications facilities at the Russian naval base of Kaliningrad. \\\"P\\\" transmissions carrying Russian navy \\\"XXX\\\" (flash priority) Morse code messages with call signs \\\"RPM\\\" and \\\"RDL\\\" further support this view. A few aero navigation non-directional beacons also transmit single letter identification codes. They can be easily distinguished from letter beacons because they transmit in the allocated low frequency and medium frequency bands; most of them\",\n \"International Cospas-Sarsat Programme technology, the Cospas-Sarsat system beginning in 2009 stopped receiving alerts from beacons operating at 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz, and now only receives and processes alerts from modern, digital 406-MHz beacons. Many ELTs include both a 406-MHz transmitter for satellite detection and a 121.5 MHz transmitter that can be received by local search crews using direction-finding equipment. The design of distress beacons as a whole has evolved significantly since 1982. The newest 406-MHz beacons incorporate GPS receivers. Such beacons transmit in their distress message highly accurate position reports. The distress alert and location are forwarded almost instantly to SAR agencies\",\n \"Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment (RICE) is an experiment designed to detect the Cherenkov emission in the radio regime of the electromagnetic spectrum from the interaction of high energy neutrinos (greater than 1 PeV) with the Antarctic ice cap. The goals of this experiment are to determine the potential of the radio-detection technique for measuring the high energy cosmic neutrino flux, determining the sources of this flux, and measuring neutrino-nucleon cross sections at energies above those accessible with existing accelerators. Such an experiment also has sensitivity to neutrinos from gamma ray bursts, as well as highly ionizing\",\n \"British Forces Broadcasting Service streaming at bfbs.com/listen, on Sky Channel 0211 and Freesat Channel 786. BFBS broadcasts to service personnel and their families and friends worldwide with local radio studios in Belize, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Germany, Gibraltar, the Falkland Islands, Nepal and operational areas from the studio in Afghanistan. In addition, BFBS radio is heard by troops in Ascension Island, Belgium, Bosnia, Diego Garcia and the Netherlands, as well as onboard Royal Navy ships at sea via live satellite links, online at bfbs.com/radio and on Sky Digital channel 0211, via a Eutelsat 28A transponder. Forces Radio BFBS is a music, news, entertainment and community\",\n \"19P/Borrelly Comet Borrelly or Borrelly's Comet (official designation: 19P/Borrelly) is a periodic comet, which was visited by the spacecraft Deep Space 1 in 2001. The comet last came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on May 28, 2015. The comet's nucleus, seen in the adjacent image, is particularly notable for being shaped like a bowling pin. The comet was discovered by Alphonse Borrelly during a routine search for comets at Marseilles, France on December 28, 1904. On September 21, 2001 the spacecraft Deep Space 1, which was launched to test new equipment in space, performed a flyby of Borrelly.\",\n \"is not known to host planets. Beta Canum Venaticorum Beta Canum Venaticorum (β Canum Venaticorum, abbreviated Beta CVn, β CVn), also named Chara, is a G-type main-sequence star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. At an apparent visual magnitude of 4.26, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 118.49 mas, this star is distant from the Sun. Along with the brighter star Cor Caroli, the pair form the \\\"southern dog\\\" in this constellation that represents hunting dogs. \\\"β Canum Venaticorum\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Beta Canum Venaticorum\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. The\",\n \"for the 2m band (downlink). The satellite was launched on January 12, 2018 at 03:59 UTC with a PSLV XL rocket, along with the main payloads Cartosat-2F, NovaSAR-S, and 31 other small satellites from the Satish Dhawan Space Center, India. At 05:17 UTC, the antennas were deployed over the North Pole and the satellite began to work. At 05:28 UTC the first telemetry was received. Commissioning is scheduled for approximately two weeks. After that Fox-1D should be available for connections between amateur radio stations. Fox-1D Fox-1D, AO-92 or AMSAT OSCAR 92 is an American amateur radio satellite. Fox-1D is a\",\n \"60-meter band the United Kingdom ( ITU Region 1 ) originally three beacons transmitted sequentially on the hour and each subsequent 15 minutes primarily using CW, the 5290 kHz frequency being utilized for the UK's beacon project. Call signs being, in transmission order - GB3RAL (IO91in) \\\"+ 0 minutes\\\", GB3WES (IO84qn) \\\"+ 1 minute\\\" and GB3ORK (IO89ja) \\\"+ 2 minutes\\\" from approximately southern, central and northern locations in the UK. As of July 2017, now only GB3WES and GB3ORK are active. The licence for 5 MHz operation of GB3RAL was not renewed owing to site difficulties. GB3ORK has been refurbished and now\",\n \"14 Andromedae 14 Andromedae, abbreviated 14 And, also named Veritate, is a single, orange-hued giant star situated approximately 247 light-years away in the northern constellation of Andromeda. It is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.22. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −60 km/s. In 2008 an extrasolar planet (designated 14 Andromedae b, later named \\\"Spe\\\") was discovered to be orbiting the star. This is a red clump giant with a stellar classification of K0 III, indicating it is on the horizontal branch and is generating\",\n \"light years from Earth, and PSR J0108-1431 at about 424 light years. RX J1856.5-3754 is a member of a close group of neutron stars called The Magnificent Seven. Another nearby neutron star that was detected transiting the backdrop of the constellation Ursa Minor has been nicknamed Calvera by its Canadian and American discoverers, after the villain in the 1960 film \\\"The Magnificent Seven\\\". This rapidly moving object was discovered using the ROSAT/Bright Source Catalog. About 5% of all known neutron stars are members of a binary system. The formation and evolution of binary neutron stars can be a complex process.\",\n \"Sagamore Hill Radio Observatory The Sagamore Hill Solar Radio Observatory is a solar radio observatory located in Hamilton, Massachusetts, that operates on a daily basis to obtain scientific observations of the Sun. It is a functional component of the Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN). It became apparent in the early 1960s that certain space weather events might interfere with the U.S. objective of putting a man on the moon. Foremost among these concerns was the possibility of a geomagnetic storm of solar origin. Metric Type II radio bursts, signatures of coronal shock waves or coronal mass ejections, were known to\",\n \"Awarded by not yet launched. Zouches Farm transmitting station Zouches Farm transmitting station is a microwave radio link site located near the top of Blows Downs at Zouches Farm, Caddington, Bedfordshire, England (). It was part of the London to Birmingham chain designed in the 1940s, and is now owned and maintained by BT Group. In September 1970, short segments of the BBC Television series \\\"Doctor Who\\\" were filmed at the relay station, for a serial entitled \\\"Terror of the Autons\\\". The 68.9 metres ( 226 ft) tall radio tower is also used for digital and analogue radio broadcasts; these\",\n \"wave heats the stellar wind to X-ray-emitting temperatures. It is a rather faint object located about 2 degrees SW of Sadr. For most telescopes it requires a UHC or OIII filter to see. Under favorable circumstances a telescope as small as 8 cm (with filter) can see its nebulosity. Larger telescopes (20 cm or more) reveal the crescent or a Euro sign shape which makes some to call it the \\\"Euro sign nebula\\\". Crescent Nebula The Crescent Nebula (also known as NGC 6888, Caldwell 27, Sharpless 105) is an emission nebula in the constellation Cygnus, about 5000 light-years away from\",\n \"NGC 501 NGC 501, also occasionally referred to as PGC 5082 or GC 284, is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It located approximately 224 million light-years from the Solar System and was discovered on 28 October, 1856 by Irish astronomer R. J. Mitchell. Although John Dreyer, creator of the New General Catalogue, credits the discovery to astronomer William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, he notes that many of his claimed discoveries were made by one of his assistants. In the case of NGC 501, the discovery was made by R. J. Mitchell, who discovered it using Lord Rosse's\",\n \"The two stars are separated by about 74 arc seconds (~434 AU). In May 2009, astronomers from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, announced that they had found evidence of a planet orbiting VB 10, which they designated VB 10b. The Hale telescope at the Palomar Observatory was used to detect evidence of this planet using the astrometry method. The new planet was claimed to have a mass 6 times that of Jupiter and an orbital period of 270 days. However, subsequent studies using Doppler spectroscopy failed to detect the radial velocity variations that would be expected if such a\",\n \"Mu Virginis Mu Virginis (μ Vir, μ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It was listed in the \\\"Calendarium\\\" of Al Achsasi al Mouakket as \\\"rijl al-‘awwa’\\\", Arabic رجل العوى, meaning \\\"The foot of the barking (dog)\\\". With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.88, it is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. The position of the star near the celestial equator means it is visible from most of the Earth. Based upon parallax measurements, Mu Virginis is located some 59.6 light years from the Sun. Rijl al Awwa is an F-type main sequence\",\n \"V Centauri V Centauri (V Cen) is a Classical Cepheid variable, a type of variable star, in the constellation Centaurus. Its apparent magnitude is 6.72, and it is approximately 2,500 light-years (800 parsecs) away based on parallax. According to the South African Astronomical Observatory, the chemical composition was derived as being high in sodium (Na) and aluminium (Al) and low in magnesium (Mg). Following a normal composition for a Cepheid star, V Cen does not have any unusual characteristics. V Centauri's composition was observed alongside six other Classical Cepheid variable stars with the support of Russian, Chilean, and Ukrainian observatories.\",\n \"CTA-102 then-unidentified radio source could be evidence of a Type II or III extraterrestrial civilization on the Kardashev scale. Follow-up observations were announced in 1965 by Gennady Sholomitskii, who found that the object's radio emission was varying; a public announcement of these results on April 12, 1965, caused a worldwide sensation. The idea that the emission was caused by a civilization was rejected when the radio source was later identified as one of the many varieties of a quasar. CTA 102 is one of the two great false alarms in the history of SETI, the other being the discovery of pulsars,\",\n \"23-centimeter band by radio amateurs and as the L-band by AMSAT. In the United States and overseas territories, the L band is held by the military for telemetry, thereby forcing digital radio to in-band on-channel (IBOC) solutions. Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) in Europe primarily uses Band III, but may also be carried in the 1452–1492MHz range in some countries. WorldSpace satellite radio used to broadcast in the 1467–1492 MHz L sub-band. The band also contains the hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen (the hydrogen line, 1420 MHz), which is of great astronomical interest as a means of imaging the normally invisible\",\n \"indicating the spectrum shows abnormal abundances of these elements. The star has about four times the radius of the Sun and it radiates 173 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,152 K. Upsilon Herculis Upsilon Herculis (υ Her) is a solitary star in the constellation Hercules. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.74. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.78 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 371 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction\",\n \"Omicron Velorum Omicron Velorum (ο Vel, ο Velorum) is a star in the constellation Vela. It is the brightest member of the loose naked eye open cluster IC 2391, also known as the ο Velorum Cluster. Omicron Velorum is a blue-white B-type subgiant with a mean apparent magnitude of +3.60. It is approximately 495 light years from Earth. A slowly pulsating B star, it ranges between magnitudes 3.57 and 3.63 over 2.8 days. The correct Bayer designation for ο Velorum has been debated. Lacaille assigned one Greek letter sequence for the bright stars of Argo Navis. These Lacaille designations are\",\n \"many regions of the Milky Way galaxy. The project ceased transmission shortly after it began, due to lack of funding. Lone Signal's message consists of two key components, a background hailing component and a more complex message component. The hailing component, designed by planetary scientist Michael W. Busch, uses a universal binary encoding system, which goes through an octal intermediary, representing numbers, mathematical operators, or other symbols. Each value corresponds to a single unique frequency. The offsets between those frequencies are set to be much larger than the bit rate (i.e. if transmitting at 100 Hz, the offsets between adjacent\",\n \"Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly speed of light are expected given the limited accuracy of experiments to date. Neutrinos have small but nonzero mass, and so special relativity predicts that they must propagate at speeds slower than light. Nonetheless, known neutrino production processes impart energies far higher than the neutrino mass scale, and so almost all neutrinos are ultrarelativistic, propagating at speeds very close to that of light. The experiment created a form of neutrinos, muon neutrinos, at CERN's older SPS accelerator, on the Franco–Swiss border, and detected them at the LNGS lab in Gran Sasso, Italy. OPERA researchers used common-view GPS, derived from standard\",\n \"Vela Incident The Vela Incident, also known as the South Atlantic Flash, was an unidentified double flash of light detected by an American Vela Hotel satellite on 22 September 1979 near the Prince Edward Islands off Antarctica. Due to the characteristics of the light signal, along with other circumstantial evidence, it has been theorized that the flash was the result of an undeclared nuclear test carried out jointly by South Africa and Israel. Though the origin of the flash was not conclusively determined, and several alternative explanations were proposed, in 2016 researchers from George Washington University's National Security Archive noted\",\n \"Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory The Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (MRAO) is located near Cambridge, UK and is home to a number of the largest and most advanced aperture synthesis radio telescopes in the world, including the One-Mile Telescope, 5-km Ryle Telescope, and the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager. It was founded by the University of Cambridge and is an institute of the Cambridge University Astronomy Department. Radio interferometry started in the mid-1940s on the outskirts of Cambridge, but with funding from the Science Research Council and a corporate donation of £100,000 from Mullard Limited, a leading commercial manufacturer of thermionic valves. Construction\",\n \"3C 66B 3C 66B is an elliptical Fanaroff and Riley class 1 radio galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda. With an estimated redshift of 0.021258, the galaxy is about 300 million light-years away. The orbital motion of 3C 66B showed supposed evidence for a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) with a period of 1.05 ± 0.03 years, but this claim was later proven wrong (at 95% certainty). Messier 87 (M87), about 55 million light years away, is the largest giant elliptical galaxy near the Earth, and also contains an active galactic nucleus. The smooth jet of 3C 66B rivals that\",\n \"41 Lyncis b 41 Lyncis b (abbreviated 41 Lyn b), also designated HD 81688 b and named Arkas, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. A gas giant with a minimum mass 2.7 times that of Jupiter it orbits the K-type star 41 Lyncis with an orbital period of 184 days (corresponding to semi-major axis of 0.81 AU). It was discovered and announced by Sato on February 19, 2008. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The\",\n \"gas-rich satellite. The spheroid has a boxy shape. The galaxy also has an outer halo. In the centre of the galaxy is predicted to lie a supermassive black hole with mass 10 (129-813 million) . Observed in radio waves, NGC 5322 is a weak source and features two symmetric jets emanating from the galactic core and having a linear length of 1.6 kpc. The two jets are nearly perpendicular to the major axis of the galaxy and the circumnuclear dust disk. NGC 5322 is thought to contain a low-luminosity Active galactic nucleus (AGN), powered by the accretion of gaseous material.\",\n \"Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence to progressively more complex concepts, including physical processes and objects (such as a hydrogen atom). The message is designed with a noise resistant format and characters that make it resistant to alteration by noise. These messages were transmitted in 1999 and 2003 from Evpatoria Planetary Radar under scientific guidance of Alexander L. Zaitsev. Richard Braastad coordinated the overall project. Star systems to which messages were sent, are the following: The \\\"Teen-Age Message\\\", composed by Russian scientists (Zaitsev, Gindilis, Pshenichner, Filippova) and teens, was transmitted from the 70-m dish of Evpatoria Deep Space Center to six star systems resembling that of\",\n \"around 11.9 billion years old. The stellar population includes four Cepheids and RV Tauri variables, plus at least one RR Lyrae variable for which a period is known. Observations made during the ROSAT mission failed to reveal any low-intensity X-ray sources. Messier 19 Messier 19 or M19 (also designated NGC 6273) is a globular cluster in the constellation Ophiuchus. It was discovered by Charles Messier on June 5, 1764 and added to his catalogue of comet-like objects that same year. It was resolved into individual stars by William Herschel in 1784. His son, John Herschel, described it as \\\"a superb\",\n \"The Lizard oldest Marconi station to survive in its original state, and is located to the west of the Lloyds Signal Station in what appears to be a wooden hut. On 12 December 1901 Poldhu Point was the site of the first trans Atlantic, wireless signal radio communication when Marconi sent a signal to St John's, Newfoundland. The technology is one of the key advances to the development of radio, television, satellites and the internet. A radar station called RAF Drytree was built during World War II. The site was later chosen for the Telstar project in 1962; its rocky foundations, clear\",\n \"was also detected, with a minimum mass of about 8.4 and a low equilibrium temperature of . It has been designated Gliese 1132 (d) with parenthesis because it has not been accepted as a confirmed planet. Despite the signal having a false alarm probability of less than 0.01%, comparable to Gliese 1132 b and c, it is close to the period of the star’s magnetic cycle. Gliese 1132 Gliese 1132 (often shortened to GJ 1132) is a small red dwarf star about 39 light-years (12 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Vela. In 2015, it was revealed to have\",\n \"branch, and started helium fusion in its core. τ Sagittarii is the closest constellational star (a star that is part of the traditional outline of a constellation) to the origin of the 1977 Wow! signal. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Tau Sagittarii Tau Sagittarii (Tau Sgr, τ Sagittarii, τ Sgr) is a star in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. With an apparent visual magnitude of +3.3, this is one of the brighter members of the constellation. The distance of this star from Earth is roughly , based upon parallax measurements. This is a spectral type K1 giant star with about . The stellar\",\n \"of the first Moon landing, or major anniversaries of the telescope itself. The children's/young adult drama Sky Trackers was filmed in this facility in 1994 with the radio telescopes being prominently featured. Australia Telescope Compact Array The Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) is a radio telescope operated by CSIRO at the Paul Wild Observatory, twenty five kilometres (16 mi) west of the town of Narrabri in Australia. The telescope is an array of six identical diameter dishes, which commonly operate in aperture synthesis mode to produce radio images. Five of the dishes can be moved along a three-kilometre (2 mi)\",\n \"Quasar including a breakthrough in 1962. Another radio source, 3C 273, was predicted to undergo five occultations by the Moon. Measurements taken by Cyril Hazard and John Bolton during one of the occultations using the Parkes Radio Telescope allowed Maarten Schmidt to find a visible counterpart to the radio source and obtain an optical spectrum using the 200-inch Hale Telescope on Mount Palomar. This spectrum revealed the same strange emission lines. Schmidt was able to demonstrate that these were likely to be the ordinary spectral lines of hydrogen redshifted by 15.8 percent - an extreme redshift never seen in astronomy before.\",\n \"RTZ (radio station) RTZ is the callsign of the time signal transmitted on 50 kHz with 10 kW from a large transmission centre near Irkutsk, Russia. It is controlled by All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Physical-Engineering and Radiotechnical Metrology, operated by Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network, and situated at . The transmitter is active 23 hours per day, from 22:00 - 21:00 UTC, except for the 3rd and 4th Monday of each month between 00:00 - 08:00 UTC, when it is switched off for maintenance. The station sends time signal similar to RBU RTZ covers the area in Siberia\",\n \"Homunculus Nebula profiles. Shockwaves at the outer edge of the ejecta are heated to millions of kelvin and emit x-ray radiation. The lobes of the Homunculus emit copious radio waves, most importantly the 21cm line of hydrogen. The reflected spectrum of the Homunculus lobes varies with position, due to the central star emitting different radiation at different latitudes (i.e. in different directions). This is the only star for which such an effect can be observed. The Homunculus was ejected in an enormous outburst from Eta Carinae. Light from this event reached Earth in 1841, creating a brightening event in the night sky\",\n \"July 2047. The second message, Cosmic Call 2, was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at 47 Ursae Majoris in May 2049. Because of its planetary system, 47 Ursae Majoris was listed as one of the top 100 target stars for NASA's former Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. 47 Ursae Majoris 47 Ursae Majoris (abbreviated 47 UMa), also named Chalawan (, ), is a yellow dwarf star approximately 46 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. , three extrasolar planets (designated 47 Ursae Majoris b, c and d; the first two later named Taphao Thong and\",\n \"Astronomical radio source Astronomical radio sources are objects in outer space that emit strong radio waves. Radio emission comes from a wide variety of sources. Such objects represent some of the most extreme and energetic physical processes in the universe. In 1932, American physicist and radio engineer Karl Jansky detected radio waves coming from an unknown source in the center of our galaxy. Jansky was studying the origins of radio frequency interference for Bell Laboratories. He found \\\"...a steady hiss type static of unknown origin\\\", which eventually he concluded had an extraterrestrial origin. This was the first time that radio\",\n \"year or less; which still allows for Earth-sized planets at 0.6 AU or more. 54 Piscium b 54 Piscium b (HD 3651 b), occasionally catalogued as 54 Piscium Ab in order to differentiate from the brown dwarf in the system, is an extrasolar planet approximately 36 light-years away in the constellation of Pisces. The planet was discovered orbiting the orange dwarf star 54 Piscium. The planet's minimum mass is one fifth that of Jupiter, and it orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit about every two months. On January 16, 2002, a team of astronomers (led by Geoff Marcy)\",\n \"by Jan Oort.) Baade also discovered that there were two types of Cepheid variables, which resulted in a doubling of the distance estimate to Andromeda, as well as the remainder of the Universe. In 1950, radio emission from the Andromeda Galaxy was detected by Hanbury Brown and Cyril Hazard at Jodrell Bank Observatory. The first radio maps of the galaxy were made in the 1950s by John Baldwin and collaborators at the Cambridge Radio Astronomy Group. The core of the Andromeda Galaxy is called 2C 56 in the 2C radio astronomy catalog. In 2009, the first planet may have been\",\n \"from a dense stellar core called a neutron star near an extremely powerful magnetic field, such as one near a massive black hole, or one embedded in a nebula. In April 2018, it was reported that FRB 121102 consisted of 21 bursts spanning one hour. In September 2018, an additional 72 bursts spanning five hours had been detected using a convolutional neural network. In 2013, four bursts were identified that supported the likelihood of extragalactic sources. In 2014, FRB 140514 was caught 'live' in 2014 and was found to be 21% (±7%) circularly polarised. Fast radio bursts discovered up until\",\n \"Gauribidanur Radio Observatory The Gauribidanur Radio Observatory is a radio telescope observatory located at Gauribidanur, near Bengaluru. It is operated jointly by Raman Research Institute and the Indian Institute of Astrophysics. The observatory has been in operation since 1976. The Gauribidanur Observatory is located at Gauribidanur (Latitude:13.60° N; Longitude:77.44° E), 100 km north of Bengaluru. The Observatory has been used for studying various aspects of the Sun, galaxies and pulsars. A few observations with the array have been the first two-dimensional images of radio emission from slowly varying discrete sources in the outer solar corona, an all-sky survey of radio\",\n \"PSR B1937+21 discovery, are credited with helping revitalize research on pulsars. The first pulsar was discovered in 1967 by Jocelyn Bell and her PhD supervisor Antony Hewish using the Interplanetary Scintillation Array. Shortly after the discovery of pulsars, Franco Pacini and Thomas Gold independently suggested that pulsars are highly magnetized rotating neutron stars, which form as a result of a supernova at the end of the life stars more massive than about 10 times the mass of the Sun. The radiation emitted by pulsars is caused by interaction of the plasma surrounding the neutron star with its rapidly rotating magnetic field. This\",\n \"PSR B1919+21 radio signal was detected using the Interplanetary Scintillation Array of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory in Cambridge, UK, by Jocelyn Bell and Antony Hewish. The signal had a -second period and 0.04-second pulsewidth. It originated at celestial coordinates right ascension, +21° declination. It was detected by individual observation of miles of graphical data traces. Due to its almost perfect regularity, it was at first assumed to be spurious noise, but this hypothesis was promptly discarded. The discoverers jokingly named it \\\"little green men 1\\\" (\\\"LGM-1\\\"), considering that it may have originated from an extraterrestrial civilization, but Bell soon ruled out\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":285,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the radius of sigma draconis"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["Draconis, Rho Draconis, 64 Draconis (see ) and Pi Draconis. Consequently, Sigma Draconis itself is known as (, .) Sigma Draconis is a main sequence dwarf which has long served as a K0 V spectral standard star. Its classification as K0 V defines one of the rare anchor points of the Morgan–Keenan system that have remained unchanged since the original 1943 MKK Atlas. However, modern spectroscopy gives it as designation of G9 V. The radius of Sigma Draconis has been directly measured using interferometry with the CHARA array, which yields a result of 77.6% of the Sun's radius. It has"],"string":"[\n \"Draconis, Rho Draconis, 64 Draconis (see ) and Pi Draconis. Consequently, Sigma Draconis itself is known as (, .) Sigma Draconis is a main sequence dwarf which has long served as a K0 V spectral standard star. Its classification as K0 V defines one of the rare anchor points of the Morgan–Keenan system that have remained unchanged since the original 1943 MKK Atlas. However, modern spectroscopy gives it as designation of G9 V. The radius of Sigma Draconis has been directly measured using interferometry with the CHARA array, which yields a result of 77.6% of the Sun's radius. It has\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["the ancient Greek astronomer Timocharis observed a conjunction of the star with Venus. The last occultation by a planet took place on September 27, 1843, also by Venus, which will occult it again on November 19, 2445. Eta Virginis Eta Virginis (η Virginis, abbreviated Eta Vir, η Vir) is a triple star system in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. From parallax measurements taken during the Hipparcos mission it is approximately from the Sun. It has a combined apparent visual magnitude of 3.89, which is bright enough for the system to be seen with the naked eye in dark skies. The","of the Sun. The star is spinning relatively rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of 161 km/s. It is radiating around 4.3 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 7,079 K. Nu1 Columbae Nu Columbae, Latinized from ν Columbae, is a star in the southern constellation of Columba. It is visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.14. According to the Bortle scale, stars with this magnitude are faintly visible from dark rural skies. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.40 mas, this star is about 128 light years","the tail, and thus Serpens Cauda is rich in deep-sky objects within our own galaxy. The Eagle Nebula and its associated star cluster, Messier 16 lie 7,000 light-years from Earth in the direction of the galactic center. The nebula measures 70 light-years by 50 light-years and contains the Pillars of Creation, three dust clouds that became famous for the image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. The stars being born in the Eagle Nebula, added to those with an approximate age of 5 million years have an average temperature of 45,000 kelvins and produce prodigious amounts of radiation that will","Omega Geminorum Omega Geminorum, Latinized from ω Geminorum, is a star located in the middle of the northern zodiac constellation of Gemini. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.18, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. According to the Bortle scale, it can be viewed from dark suburban skies. With an annual parallax shift of just 2.19 mas, it is located about 1,500 light years from the Sun. This is an evolved bright giant star with a stellar classification of G5 II. It is positioned near the instability strip and in 1977 was listed as a candidate cepheid variable","feeding and extraction in bolt action rifles, semi-automatic and automatic firearms alike, under extreme conditions. .300 Lapua Magnum maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm). Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 25 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.62 mm, Ø grooves = 7.82 mm, land width = 4.47 mm and the primer type is large rifle magnum. According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the .300 Lapua Magnum can handle","Lynx (constellation) In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , and the declination coordinates are between +32.97° and +61.96°. On dark nights, the brighter stars can be seen as a crooked line extending roughly between Camelopardalis and Leo, and north of the bright star Castor. Lynx is most readily observed from the late winter to late summer to northern hemisphere observers, with midnight culmination occurring on 20 January. The whole constellation is visible to observers north of latitude 28°S. English astronomer Francis Baily gave a single star a Bayer designation—Alpha Lyncis—while Flamsteed numbered 44","astronomers term metallicity, is similar to the proportions in the Sun. This is a variable star that ranges in apparent visual magnitude from a low of 2.66 to a high of 2.60. \\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Corvi Beta Corvi (β Corvi, abbreviated Beta Crv, β Crv), also named Kraz, is the second-brightest star in the southern constellation of Corvus with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.647. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is about distant from the Sun. \"β Corvi\" (Latinised to \"Beta Corvi\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional name of \"Kraz\", whose origin","Leo Minor apparent magnitude of 4.4. It has around double the mass, 7.8 times the radius and 36 times the luminosity of the Earth's Sun. Separated by 11 seconds of arc from the primary, the secondary is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F8. The two orbit around a common centre of gravity every 38.62 years, and lie away from the Solar System. Around away and around 10 times as luminous as the Sun, 21 Leonis Minoris is a rapidly rotating white main-sequence star, spinning on its axis in less than 12 hours and very likely flattened in shape. Of","Virgo (constellation) center with a mass of 1.2 billion solar masses. It is located at a distance of from Earth (redshift 0.0075), and has an unusually dusty disk with a diameter of . Along with M84 and M87, NGC 4261 has strong emissions in the radio spectrum. IC 1101 is a supergiant elliptical galaxy in the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster located about from Earth. At the diameter of 5.5 million light years, or more than 50 times the size of the Milky Way, it was the largest known galaxy in the universe. Virgo is also home to the quasar 3C 273 which","the second member is a B9.5 V star with a magnitude of 6.46. The pair have an angular separation of 0.091 arcseconds with an estimated orbital period of 59.32 years. They are about 3.89 and 3.45 times as massive as the Sun. In Chinese caused by adaptation of the European southern hemisphere constellations into the Chinese system, (), meaning \"Exotic Bird\", refers to an asterism consisting of ι Apodis, ζ Apodis, β Apodis, γ Apodis, δ Octantis, δ Apodis, η Apodis, α Apodis and ε Apodis. Consequently, ι Apodis itself is known as (, .) Iota Apodis Iota Apodis (ι","Omicron2 Orionis Omicron Orionis (ο Ori) is a solitary star in the constellation Orion. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.06, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.54 mas, it is around 186 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.09 due to intervening dust. This is a red clump giant star with a stellar classification of K2 IIIb. It is around 5.4 billion years old with a projected rotational velocity that","Cepheus (constellation) and is paired with a blue main sequence star called VV Cephei B. One of the largest stars in the galaxy, it has a diameter 1,400 times that of the Sun. VV Cephei is also an unusually long-period eclipsing binary, but the eclipses, which occur every 20.3 years, are too faint to be observed with the unaided eye. T Cephei, also a red giant, is a Mira variable with a minimum magnitude of 11.3 and a maximum magnitude of 5.2, 685 light-years from Earth. It has a period of 13 months and a diameter of between 329 to 500 solar","low eccentricity of 0.019. It has a temperature of 584 K. Kepler-89e orbits the star Kepler-89. Kepler-89 has a mass of 1.18 solar masses, and a radius of 1.32 solar radii. It is 3.3 billion years old, younger than the Sun, making its planets about 3,000,000,000 years old (3 Gyr). It has a temperature of 6,210 K, making it appear bright yellowish-white. Kepler-89e Kepler-89e, also known as KOI-94e, is an exoplanet in the constellation of Cygnus. It orbits Kepler-89. It is a type III planet, making it cloudless and blue, making it look like a larger version of Uranus and","a cyanide in its spectrum. 1 Ceti 1 Ceti is a star in the constellation of Cetus. With an apparent magnitude of about 6.2, the star is barely visible to the naked eye (see Bortle scale). Parallax estimates made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 620 light years (190 parsecs) away from the Earth. 1 Ceti has a spectral type of K1III, implying a K-type giant. These types of stars are generally reddish-colored stars with spectral types from K to M, with radii that are 10 to 100 times larger than the Sun. The \"CNII\"","Hyades (star cluster) separated stars in which later spectral types are common. The core radius is 2.7 parsecs (8.8 light years, a little more than the distance between the Sun and Sirius), while the half-mass radius, within which half the cluster's mass is contained, is 5.7 parsecs (18.6 light years). The tidal radius of 10 parsecs (32.6 light years) represents the Hyades' average outer limit, beyond which a star is unlikely to remain gravitationally bound to the cluster core. Stellar evaporation occurs in the cluster halo as smaller stars are scattered outward by more massive insiders. From the halo they may then be","Vakri grahas - 197 degrees away from the Sun, Mercury does so within the arc-distance of 144 - 216 degrees, Jupiter does so within the arc-distance of 130 - 230 degrees and Saturn, within the arc-distance of 115 - 245 degrees away from the Sun. \"Agastaya\" states that Vakragati (retrograde motion), in general, intensifies the effects of planets for good or evil, according to their functional attributes and overall disposition at the time of birth or query, and a malefic planet, exalted and retrograde, and otherwise invested with yogas, can confer both Raja yoga during its Dasha or in the Dasha of","variety of programs supporting ethics in research, science and engineering education, the public understanding of science, international research cooperation and the overall health of the research enterprise. The Society is based in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The Greek letters \"Sigma\" and \"Xi\" form the acronym of the Society's motto, Σπουδῶν Ξυνῶνες or \"Spoudon Xynones,\" which translates as \"Companions in Zealous Research.\" The word 'Honor' was added to the name of the Society at the 2016 Annual Meeting. According to Sigma Xi President Tee L. Guidotti, \"Sigma Xi, of course, is our basic name and has been since the organization","Delta Pavonis Delta Pavonis (δ Pav, δ Pavonis) is a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Pavo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.56, making it a fourth-magnitude star that is visible to the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements from the Hipparcos satellite yield an estimated distance of from Earth. This makes it one of the nearest bright stars to the Solar System. It is a subgiant of spectral type G8 IV; it will stop fusing hydrogen relatively soon, starting the process of becoming a red giant. Hence, Delta Pavonis is 22% brighter than the","but was still listed at NEODyS with odds of 1 in 3 million for 27 November 2015 during the approach window. With an absolute magnitude of 23.6, is about 50–110 meters in diameter. 2007 VE191 It is estimated to be roughly 63 meters in diameter. In 2015 it was known to have a 1 in 63,000 chance of impacting Earth on 27 November 2015. However, the nominal best-fit orbit showed that would be roughly from Earth on 27 November 2015 with an apparent magnitude of roughly +25 in the constellation of Virgo about 50 degrees from the Sun, and the","SN 1987A the progenitor. These rings were ionized by the ultraviolet flash from the supernova explosion, and consequently began emitting in various emission lines. These rings did not \"turn on\" until several months after the supernova; the turn-on process can be very accurately studied through spectroscopy. The rings are large enough that their angular size can be measured accurately: the inner ring is 0.808 arcseconds in radius. The time light traveled to light up the inner ring gives its radius of 0.66 (ly) light years. Using this as the base of a right angle triangle and the angular size as seen from","Omicron Velorum Omicron Velorum (ο Vel, ο Velorum) is a star in the constellation Vela. It is the brightest member of the loose naked eye open cluster IC 2391, also known as the ο Velorum Cluster. Omicron Velorum is a blue-white B-type subgiant with a mean apparent magnitude of +3.60. It is approximately 495 light years from Earth. A slowly pulsating B star, it ranges between magnitudes 3.57 and 3.63 over 2.8 days. The correct Bayer designation for ο Velorum has been debated. Lacaille assigned one Greek letter sequence for the bright stars of Argo Navis. These Lacaille designations are","of radius up to ten typically lead to a still life pattern; however, Gravner suggests that the rule is supercritical, meaning that larger or less-symmetric seeds typically expand forever chaotically. Ladders are a frequent phenomenon on the boundaries of chaotic growth regions. A pattern in Life without Death is said to fill the plane with positive density if there is some radius \"r\" such that every cell of the plane is eventually within distance \"r\" of a live cell. The question of whether such infinite growth patterns exist was posed as an open problem by Gravner, Griffeath, and Moore. The","in 1865. These cubit rods range from in length and are divided into seven palms; each palm is divided into four fingers, and the fingers are further subdivided. Early evidence for the use of this royal cubit comes from the Early Dynastic Period: on the Palermo Stone, the flood level of the Nile river during the reign of the Pharaoh Djer is given as measuring 6 cubits and 1 palm. Use of the royal cubit is also known from Old Kingdom architecture, from at least as early as the construction of the Step Pyramid of Djoser in around 2700 BC.","du Navire in the French edition), while ο Velorum is labelled ο (omicron) Argus (du Navire in the French edition). In Chinese, (), meaning \"Bow and Arrow\", refers to an asterism consisting of ο Puppis, δ Canis Majoris, η Canis Majoris, HD 63032, HD 65456, k Puppis, ε Canis Majoris, κ Canis Majoris and π Puppis. Consequently, ο Puppis itself is known as (, .) Omicron Puppis Omicron Puppis (ο Puppis) is candidate binary star system in the southern constellation of Puppis. It is visible to the naked eye, having a combined apparent visual magnitude of +4.48. Based upon an","Rho1 Cephei Rho Cephei (ρ Cephei) is a double star located in the northern constellation of Cepheus. As of 2014, the pair had an angular separation of 0.29 arc seconds along a position angle of 211.1°. This corresponds to a projected separation of 18.1 AU. Rho Cephei is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.84, and it forms an optical pair with the brighter star Rho Cephei. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 15.83 mas as seen from the Earth, Rho Cephei is located about 206 light years from the Sun. The primary","Crux Crux is a constellation located in the southern sky in a bright portion of the Milky Way. It is among the most easily distinguished constellations, as all of its four main stars have an apparent visual magnitude brighter than +2.8, even though it is the smallest of all 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for cross, and it is dominated by a cross-shaped or kite-like asterism that is commonly known as the Southern Cross. Predominating is the first-magnitude blue-white star of Alpha Crucis or Acrux, being the constellation's brightest and most southerly member. Crux is followed by four","the scattered disk and the detached population. At least nine such bodies have been securely identified, of which the largest, most distant, and best known is Sedna. Those with perihelia greater than 50 AU are termed sednoids. As of 2018, there are three known sednoids, Sedna, , and . Detached objects have perihelia much larger than Neptune's aphelion. They often have highly elliptical, very large orbits with semi-major axes of up to a few hundred astronomical units (AU, the radius of Earth's orbit). Such orbits cannot have been created by gravitational scattering by the giant planets, not even Neptune. Instead,","57.5 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,876 K. It is catalogued as a suspected variable star. \\end{align}</math></ref> Kappa Columbae Kappa Columbae, Latinized from κ Columbae, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Columba. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.37, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.87 mas, it is located at a distance of 183 light years from the Sun. It has a peculiar velocity of , making it a candidate runaway star. For ancient Arabian","is not known to host planets. Beta Canum Venaticorum Beta Canum Venaticorum (β Canum Venaticorum, abbreviated Beta CVn, β CVn), also named Chara, is a G-type main-sequence star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. At an apparent visual magnitude of 4.26, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 118.49 mas, this star is distant from the Sun. Along with the brighter star Cor Caroli, the pair form the \"southern dog\" in this constellation that represents hunting dogs. \"β Canum Venaticorum\" (Latinised to \"Beta Canum Venaticorum\") is the star's Bayer designation. The","14 Andromedae 14 Andromedae, abbreviated 14 And, also named Veritate, is a single, orange-hued giant star situated approximately 247 light-years away in the northern constellation of Andromeda. It is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.22. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −60 km/s. In 2008 an extrasolar planet (designated 14 Andromedae b, later named \"Spe\") was discovered to be orbiting the star. This is a red clump giant with a stellar classification of K0 III, indicating it is on the horizontal branch and is generating","the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Eta Draconis, together with Zeta Draconis, bore the traditional name \"Al Dhīʼbain\", the Duo Lupi in Arabic, the Two Hyaenas or Wolves, lying in wait for the Camel's Foal, the little star Al Rubaʽ, protected by the Mother Camels. In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name \"Athebyne\"","Omicron Tauri Omicron Tauri (ο Tau, ο Tauri) is a star in the constellation Taurus. Omicron Tauri is a yellow G-type giant with an apparent magnitude of +3.61. This star has three times the mass of the Sun and fifteen to eighteen times the Sun's radius. Based on the latter, interferometry-measured radius, it is rotating once every 533 days. It is approximately 212 light years from Earth and is radiating 155 times the luminosity of the Sun. This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary system with the two components orbiting each other over a period of 1,655 days with an eccentricity","Lynx (constellation) stars, though several lie across the boundary in Ursa Major. Overall, there are 97 stars within the constellation's borders brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. The brightest star in this constellation is Alpha Lyncis, with an apparent (visual) magnitude of 3.14. It is an orange giant of spectral type K7III located 203 ± 2 light-years distant from Earth. Around twice as massive as the Sun, it has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and has evolved away from the main sequence. The star has swollen to about 55 times the Sun's radius and is emitting roughly 673 times","exclusively arboreal. This species feeds mainly on ants, and possibly other insects. A study was conducted in Eastern Mindanao, Philippines, which found that the species exclusively feeds on ants. This species is commonly found in early second growth forests in open secondary forest and on forest edges. This species can be found in tropical rainforests in Southern India and Southeast Asia. The wings of \"Draco volans\" are supported by its ribs, which form the skeleton of its wings. However, its elongated ribs are superadded to aid forming its wings, and not to assisting respiration. This species is considered a passive","Sagittae is an estimated 129 million years old with 4.33 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to roughly 27 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 392 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,850 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \"Left Flag\", refers to an asterism consisting of β Sagittae, α Sagittae, δ Sagittae, ζ Sagittae, γ Sagittae, 13 Sagittae, 11 Sagittae, 14 Sagittae and ρ Aquilae. Consequently, β Sagittae itself is known as (, .) Beta Sagittae Beta Sagittae, Latinized from β Sagittae, is a single star in the","14 Cancri 14 Cancri is a star in the northern zodiac constellation of Cancer. It can be referred to as ψ Cancri, very occasionally as ψ Cancri, to distinguish it from 13 Cancri which is sometimes called ψ Cancri. It is just barely visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +5.73. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 24.18 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 135 light years from the Sun. It may be a member of the Wolf 630 moving group of stars. This object has a stellar classification of G7 V, which","parallax and proper motion as Gamma Normae. γ Nor is a yellow supergiant located nearby on the celestial sphere, but is much further away from Earth and nearly a magnitude fainter. Gamma2 Normae Gamma Normae, Latinized from γ Nor, is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Norma. Its apparent magnitude is 4.02 – making it a faint star but visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.33 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located roughly 129 light years from the Sun. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial","Alpha Circini Alpha Circini (α Cir, α Circini) is a variable star in the faint, southern, circumpolar constellation of Circinus. At an apparent visual magnitude of 3.19, it is the brightest star in the constellation and can be readily seen with the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements of this star yield an estimated distance of from the Earth. This star belongs to a class of variables known as rapidly oscillating Ap stars. It oscillates with multiple, non-radial pulsation cycles and a dominant cycle of 6.8 minutes. The spectrum shows peculiar features caused by chemical stratification of the","Perseus (constellation) in Perseus. Representing the head of the Gorgon Medusa in Greek mythology, it was called Horus in Egyptian mythology and \"Rosh ha Satan\" (\"Satan's Head\") in Hebrew. Located 92.8 light-years from Earth, it varies in apparent magnitude from a minimum of 3.5 to a maximum of 2.3 over a period of 2.867 days. The star system is the prototype of a group of eclipsing binary stars named Algol variables, though it has a third member to make up what is actually a triple star system. The brightest component is a blue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B8V, which is 3.5","1844, and, although its orbital elements had been calculated by Arthur Auwers in 1862 as part of his thesis, Procyon B was not visually confirmed until 1896 when John Martin Schaeberle observed it at the predicted position using the 36-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. It is more difficult to observe from Earth than Sirius B, due to a greater apparent magnitude difference and smaller angular separation from its primary. At , Procyon B is considerably less massive than Sirius B; however, the peculiarities of degenerate matter ensure that it is larger than its more famous neighbor, with an estimated radius","Telescopium Herschelii Telescopium Herschelii (Latin for \"Herschel's telescope\"), also formerly known as Tubus Hershelli Major, is a former constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. Maximilian Hell established it in 1789 to honour Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. It fell out of use by the end of the 19th century. Psi Aurigae at apparent magnitude 4.8 was the constellation's brightest star. It was one of two constellations created by Maximilian Hell in 1789 to honour the famous English astronomer Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. Named \"Tubus Hershelli Major\" by Hell, it was located in the","Piscium itself is known as (, .) Delta Piscium Delta Piscium (δ Piscium) is a solitary, orange-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +4.4, so it is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.5 mas, it is around from the Sun. The visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K4 IIIb. It has around 1.65 times the mass","Alpha Crucis 25,000 and 16,000 times that of the Sun. α and α orbit over such a long period that motion is only barely seen. From their minimum separation of 430 astronomical units, the period is estimated to be around 1,500 years. α is itself a spectroscopic binary star, with its components thought to be around 14 and 10 times the mass of the Sun and orbiting in only 76 days at a separation of about 1 AU. The masses of α and the brighter component α suggest that the stars will someday explode as supernovae. The unseen fainter component of α","indicating the spectrum shows abnormal abundances of these elements. The star has about four times the radius of the Sun and it radiates 173 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,152 K. Upsilon Herculis Upsilon Herculis (υ Her) is a solitary star in the constellation Hercules. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.74. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.78 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 371 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction","The actual distance, derived indirectly by comparison with similar stars, is around 2,000 parsecs. Its effective temperature has been calculated at 7,250 K and its size at based on an assumed luminosity of . RY Sagittarii RY Sagittarii is an yellow supergiant and an R Coronae Borealis type variable star in the constellation Sagittarius. Although it ostensibly has the spectrum of a G-type star, it differs markedly from most in that it has almost no hydrogen and a lot of carbon. Colonel Ernest Elliott Markwick first came across what became known as RY Sagittarii during searches for variable stars while","Sagittal abdominal diameter Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) is a measure of visceral obesity, the amount of fat in the gut region. SAD is the distance from the small of the back to the upper abdomen. SAD may be measured when standing or supine. SAD may be measured at any point from the narrowest point between the last rib and the iliac crests to the midpoint of the iliac crests. SAD is a strong predictor of coronary disease, with higher values indicating increased risk independent of BMI. For persons of normal BMI, SAD should be under . The amount this measure","(), meaning \"Cross\", refers to an asterism consisting of Beta Crucis, Gamma Crucis, Alpha Crucis and Delta Crucis. Consequently, Beta Crucis itself is known as (, .). Based on parallax measurements, β Crucis is located at a distance of from the Earth. In 1957, German astronomer Wulff-Dieter Heintz discovered that it is a spectroscopic binary with components that are too close together to resolve with a telescope. The pair orbit each other every 5 years with an estimated separation that varies from 5.4 to 12.0 Astronomical Units. The system is only 8 to 11 million years old. The primary, Beta","90 Antiope and the eccentricity below 0.006. Every several years, a period of mutual occultations occurs when the asteroid is viewed from Earth. Using Kepler's third law, the mass and density of the components can be derived from the orbital period and component sizes. The axis of the mutual orbit of the two components points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (200°, 38°) with 2 degrees uncertainty. This is tilted about 63° to the circumsolar orbit of the system. Antiope itself has an average diameter of about 88 km, while its twin, S/2000 (90) 1, has an average diameter of 84 km.","Iota Hydrae Iota Hydrae (ι Hydrae, abbreviated Iota Hya, ι Hya), also named Ukdah, is a star in the constellation of Hydra, about 8° to the north-northwest of Alphard (Alpha Hydrae) and just to the south of the celestial equator. Visible to the naked eye, it is a suspected variable star with an apparent visual magnitude that ranges between 3.87 and 3.91. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 12.39 mas measured during the Hipparcos mission, it is located around 263 light-years from the Sun. \"ι Hydrae\" (Latinised to \"Iota Hydrae\") is the star's Bayer designation. This star along with","Operation Sigma Sigma was formed, attracting sponsorship from Hawker Siddeley and assistance from eminent aerodynamicists, and construction of a prototype was started at the Slingsby Kirbymoorside factory. A fire at the Slingsby factory in 1968 destroyed the prototype, which was nearing completion. Slingsby Sailplanes Ltd. soon went into receivership after the disastrous fire so the remaining prototype Sigma Type C was relocated to the British European Airways workshops at London Heathrow Airport (LHR). After completion it eventually flew for the first time on 12 September 1971 at the College of Aeronautics, Cranfield. The wings and tail boom are of aluminum alloy construction and","Omega2 Cygni Omega Cygni, Latinized from ω Cygni, is the Bayer designation for a solitary star in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.5, which is faintly visible to the naked eye on a dark night. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.17 mas, it is located roughly 399 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is a red giant star on the asymptotic giant branch, with a stellar classification of M2 III. It is a","periodic table are influenced by the lanthanide contraction. The radii of the period-6 transition metals are smaller than would be expected if there were no lanthanides, and are in fact very similar to the radii of the period-5 transition metals, since the effect of the additional electron shell is almost entirely offset by the lanthanide contraction. For example, the atomic radius of the metal zirconium, Zr, (a period-5 transition element) is 159 pm and that of hafnium, Hf, (the corresponding period-6 element) is 156 pm. The ionic radius of Zr is 79 pm and that of Hf is 78 pm.","Dilophosauridae crests, which were probably used for mating displays, or to intimidate rivals. All dilophosaurids are characterized by a hole in the premaxilla, few maxillary teeth, a slot-shaped opening at the base of the nasal process of the premaxilla, nasolacrimal crests, and a number of dorsal tab-like bumps on the articular, which is located on the back end of the lower jaw. \"Dilophosaurus\" had an average femur length of 552 mm, body lengths of 6 to 7 meters, and body masses of 362 kg. The dilophosaurid \"Dracovenator\" had a body length of approximately 5.5 to 7.0 meters long. Due to a","camps. The stars of Musca, along with Fomalhaut, Alpha Pavonis, and Alpha and Beta Gruis, were all claimed by the Arrernte. Musca is bordered by Crux to the north, Carina to the west, Chamaeleon to the south, Apus and Circinus to the east, and Centaurus to the northeast. Covering 138 square degrees and 0.335% of the night sky, it ranks 77th of the 88 constellations in size. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Mus'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon","Zeta Sagittarii Zeta Sagittarii (ζ Sagittarii, abbreviated Zeta Sgr, ζ Sgr) is a triple star system and the third-brightest star in the constellation of Sagittarius. Based upon parallax measurements, it is about from the Sun. The three components are designated Zeta Sagittarii A (also named Ascella) and B, themselves forming a binary pair, and a smaller companion star, C. \"ζ Sagittarii\" (Latinised to \"Zeta Sagittarii\") is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two components as \"ζ Sagittarii A\", \"B\" and \"C\" derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted","Norma (constellation) Règle\" to \"le Niveau\", \"the level\". In any case, the constellation's name had been shortened and Latinised by Lacaille to \"Norma\" by 1763. Norma is bordered by Scorpius to the north, Lupus to the northwest, Circinus to the west, Triangulum Australe to the south and Ara to the east. Covering 165.3 square degrees and 0.401% of the night sky, it ranks 74th of the 88 constellations in size. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Nor'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a","Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\"illustrated in infobox\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates","the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates are between −60.26° and −70.51°. Triangulum Australe culminates each year at 9 p.m. on 23 August. In defining the constellation, Lacaille gave twelve stars Bayer designations of Alpha through to Lambda, with two close stars called Eta (one now known by its Henry Draper catalogue number), while Lambda was later dropped due to its dimness. The three brightest stars, Alpha, Beta and Gamma, make up the triangle. Readily identified by its orange hue, Alpha Trianguli Australis is a bright giant star of spectral type K2","Lambda Piscium Lambda Piscium, Latinized from λ Piscium, is a solitary, white-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49, it is visible to the naked eye, forming the southeast corner of the \"Circlet\" asterism in Pisces. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 30.59 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 107 light years distant from the Sun. Lambda Piscium is a member of the Ursa Major Stream, lying among the outer parts, or corona, of this moving group of stars that roughly follow a common heading through space. This well-studied","River) and \"Yue\" (越) (in Zhejiang province). In the catalogue of stars in the \"Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket\", Zeta Aquilae was designated \"Dzeneb al Tair\" (from the Arabic ذنب الطائر \"ðanab aṭ-ṭā’ir\"), which was translated into Latin as \"Cauda (Vulturis) Volantis\", meaning \"the eagle's tail\". In Chinese, (), meaning \"Left Wall of Heavenly Market Enclosure\", refers to an asterism which represents eleven old states in China and is marking the left borderline of the enclosure, consisting of Zeta Aquilae; Delta, Lambda, Mu, Omicron and 112 Herculis; Theta¹ and Eta Serpentis; Nu Ophiuchi, Xi Serpentis and Eta Ophiuchi. Consequently,","Ursa Minor remain in use, likely because of their proximity to the north celestial pole. Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Marking the Little Bear's tail, Polaris, or Alpha Ursae Minoris, is the brightest star in the constellation, varying between apparent magnitude 1.97 and 2.00 over a period of 3.97 days. Located around 432 light-years away from Earth, it is a yellow-white supergiant that varies between spectral types F7Ib and F8Ib, and has around 6 times the Sun's mass, 2,500 times its luminosity and 45 times its radius. Polaris is the brightest","The parivritti drekkana goes in order of the signs; the first decan is Aries, the second is Taurus, the third is Gemini, the fourth is Cancer, etc. Then there is the trinal calculation which utilizes the elemental trines to each sign; In Aries there is Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius, while in Taurus there is Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn. There are in total four variations of drekkana calculations. Indian astrologers will calculate these signs (varga) and create a new chart based upon the sign placement for predictive purposes. Decan The decans (; Egyptian \"bakiu\") are 36 groups of stars (small constellations)","darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,","Lambda1 Sculptoris Lambda Sculptoris, Latinized from λ Sculptoris, is a double star system in the southern constellation of Sculptor. It is close to the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye, with a combined apparent visual magnitude of +6.05. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 6.89 mas as measured from Earth, it is located roughly 470 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.026 due to interstellar dust. The brighter star, component A, has a visual magnitude of 6.6, while the secondary, component B, is magnitude 7.0.","feature of this class of stars is the high mass loss; in the case of S Cassiopeiae it is estimated at per year. S Cassiopeiae has a radius of 930 solar radii; if placed at the center of the Solar System, it would extend past the orbit of Mars and the Asteroid Belt. Its effective temperature is 1,800 K and its bolometric luminosity is 8,000 times that of the sun. S Cassiopeiae is a variable Mira, a pulsating variable star whose visual brightness varies over several magnitudes with a somewhat regular period and amplitude. Its visual magnitude varies between +7.9","Omega1 Cancri Omega Cancri (ω Cancri) is a yellow-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. It is a faint star near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.85. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 4.92 mas as seen from Earth, this system is roughly 660 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.10 due to interstellar dust. At an estimated age of 270 million years, this is an evolved G-type giant with a stellar classification","Delta Velorum smaller than their equatorial radii. Gravity darkening results in their effective temperatures at the pole being higher. For component Aa, the polar radius and temperature are and 10,100 K respectively, while the equatorial radius and temperature are and 9,700 K respectively. For component Ab, the corresponding polar values are and 10,120 K, and the equatorial values are and 9,560 K. This results in the star being brighter when seen along their axes of rotation and less bright when observed at their equators. From Earth, the pair is observed nearly equatorially and the absolute visual magnitude is +0.02; from a different","orbital period of 33100 years. In a 10 million year integration of the orbit, the nominal (best-fit) orbit and both 3-sigma clones remain outside 12.2 AU (\"q\") from the Sun. Summary of barycentric orbital parameters are: Archived data from the JPL SBDB and MPC. 2012 DR30 Using an epoch of February 2017, it has the second-largest heliocentric semi-major axis of a minor planet not detected out-gassing like a comet. ( has a larger heliocentric semi-major axis.) does have a barycentric semi-major axis of 1032 AU. For the epoch of July 2018 will have its largest heliocentric semi-major axis of 1644","41 Lyncis b 41 Lyncis b (abbreviated 41 Lyn b), also designated HD 81688 b and named Arkas, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. A gas giant with a minimum mass 2.7 times that of Jupiter it orbits the K-type star 41 Lyncis with an orbital period of 184 days (corresponding to semi-major axis of 0.81 AU). It was discovered and announced by Sato on February 19, 2008. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The","Delta Hydrae giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is 20% larger than the polar radius. It has an estimated 2.88 times the mass of the Sun and 2.7 times the Sun's radius. The star is about 244 million years old and it radiates 42.7 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 11,055 K. The companion has a visual magnitude of 11.15. X-ray emissions have been detected from this location in space, which may be coming from a companion star. In the catalogue of stars in the \"Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al","NML Cygni NML Cygni or V1489 Cygni is a red hypergiant (RHG) or red supergiant (RSG) in the constellation Cygnus. It is one of the largest stars currently known, and is also one of the most luminous and massive cool hypergiants, as well as one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way. If placed at the center of the Solar System, its surface would extend past the orbit of Jupiter or Saturn. The distance of NML Cygni from Earth is estimated to be around 1.6 kpc, about 5,300 light-years. It is a part of the Cygnus OB2 association,","Mu Virginis Mu Virginis (μ Vir, μ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It was listed in the \"Calendarium\" of Al Achsasi al Mouakket as \"rijl al-‘awwa’\", Arabic رجل العوى, meaning \"The foot of the barking (dog)\". With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.88, it is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. The position of the star near the celestial equator means it is visible from most of the Earth. Based upon parallax measurements, Mu Virginis is located some 59.6 light years from the Sun. Rijl al Awwa is an F-type main sequence","within the Vermilion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, \"Nán Fāng Zhū Què\"). Cancer (constellation) Cancer is one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for crab and it is commonly represented as one. Its astrological symbol is (Unicode ♋). Cancer is a medium-size constellation with an area of 506 square degrees and its stars are rather faint, its brightest star Beta Cancri having an apparent magnitude of 3.5. It contains two stars with known planets, including 55 Cancri, which has five: one super-earth and four gas giants, one of which is in the habitable zone and","Boötes trap is known as \"Ilulirat.\" Boötes is a constellation bordered by Virgo to the south, Coma Berenices and Canes Venatici to the west, Ursa Major to the northwest, Draco to the northeast, and Hercules, Corona Borealis and Serpens Caput to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Boo'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 16 segments. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates stretch from","Lynx (constellation) complete the quartette of feet.\" Lynx is bordered by Camelopardalis to the north, Auriga to the west, Gemini to the southwest, Cancer to the south, Leo to the east and Ursa Major to the northeast. Covering 545.4 square degrees and 1.322% of the night sky, it ranks 28th of the 88 constellations in size, surpassing better known constellations such as Gemini. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Lyn'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 20 segments (\"illustrated in infobox\").","and an orbital period of 605 days. Beta Cancri Beta Cancri (β Cancri, abbreviated Beta Cnc, β Cnc), also named Tarf, is the brightest star in the zodiacal constellation of Cancer. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +3.5 and an absolute magnitude of −1.2. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is approximately 290 light-years distant from the Sun. An exoplanet, designated Beta Cancri b, is believed to be orbiting the star. Beta Cancri has a companion listed and together they are designated WDS J08165+0911. As the primary, Beta Cancri bears the designation WDS J08165+0911A. The","Sigma Corporation The company was founded in 1961 by Michihiro Yamaki, who was Sigma's CEO until his death at age 78 in 2012. Sigma products work with cameras from Canon, Nikon, Pentax, Sony, Olympus and Panasonic, as well as their own cameras. Sigma has also made lenses under the Quantaray name, which have been sold exclusively by Ritz Camera. Similarly, Sigma lenses were sold exclusively by the former Wolf Camera, but following the merger of Wolf and Ritz, both brands can be purchased. Sigma's digital SLRs, the SD9, SD10, SD14 and SD15, plus the latest SD1 are unusual in their","of observers on Earth appears roughly square. The 10.4m telescope Gran Telescopio Canarias recently observed the OB-type stars that power the giant HII regions. Sextans A Sextans A (also known as UGCA 205) is a tiny dwarf irregular galaxy. It spans about 5000 light-years across, and is located at 4.3 million light-years away, in the outskirts of the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way galaxy, and to which Sextans A may or may not belong. Sextans A has a peculiar square shape. Massive short-lived stars exploded in supernovae that caused more star formation, triggering yet more supernovae,","Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right","gas-rich satellite. The spheroid has a boxy shape. The galaxy also has an outer halo. In the centre of the galaxy is predicted to lie a supermassive black hole with mass 10 (129-813 million) . Observed in radio waves, NGC 5322 is a weak source and features two symmetric jets emanating from the galactic core and having a linear length of 1.6 kpc. The two jets are nearly perpendicular to the major axis of the galaxy and the circumnuclear dust disk. NGC 5322 is thought to contain a low-luminosity Active galactic nucleus (AGN), powered by the accretion of gaseous material.","Crater (constellation) stars—Delta, Alpha and Gamma Crateris—from a triangle nearby the brighter star Nu Hydrae in Hydra. Within the constellation's borders, there are 33 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Delta Crateris is the brightest star in Crater at magnitude 3.6. Located 163 ± 4 light-years away, It is an orange giant star of spectral type K0III that is 1.0–1.4 times as massive as the Sun. An ageing star, it has cooled and expanded to times the Sun's radius. It is radiating as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of . Traditionally","Cancer (constellation) 0.005 magnitude over a period of 6 days. An aging star, it has expanded to around 50 times the Sun's diameter and shines with 660 times its luminosity. It has a faint magnitude 14 red dwarf companion located 29 arcseconds away that takes 76,000 years to complete an orbit. Altarf represents a part of Cancer's body. At magnitude 3.9 is Delta Cancri, also known as Asellus Australis. Located 131±1 light-years from Earth, it is an orange-hued giant star that has swollen and cooled off the main sequence to become an orange giant with a radius 11 times and luminosity 53","Bayer designation magnitude (those between magnitudes 1.51 and 2.5), labeling them from \"gamma\" through \"zeta\" in \"top-down\" (north-to-south) order. The \"First to Rise in the East\" order is used in a number of instances. Castor and Pollux of Gemini may be an example of this: Pollux is brighter than Castor, but the latter rises earlier and was assigned \"alpha\". In this case, Bayer may also have been influenced by the traditional order of the mythological names \"Castor and Pollux\": Castor is generally named first whenever the twins are mentioned. Although the brightest star in Draco is Eltanin (Gamma Draconis), Thuban was assigned","V838 Monocerotis radius of 1,570 ± 400 solar radii (comparable to Jupiter's orbital radius), confirming the earlier indirect calculations. At the currently accepted distance of 6,100 pc, the measured angular diameter in late 2004 (1.83 mas) corresponded to a radius of 1,200 ± 150 solar radii, but by 2014 it had shrunk to 750 ± 200 solar radii, similar to Betelgeuse. The expansion took only a couple of months, meaning that its speed was abnormal. The laws of thermodynamics dictate that expanding gases cool. Therefore, the star became extremely cool and deep red. In fact, some astronomers argue that the spectrum of","Leadiant Biosciences it increased the price of chenodeoxycholic acid from €0.28 per capsule to €140 per capsule in 2018. They said “This may be legal but it’s not socially acceptable.” They said they would make a referral to the Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets. Sigma and Tau are the two stars that flank Antares at the centre of the Scorpius constellation. Arabs considered the red Antares the heart of the constellation and therefore regarded the bright stars positioned beside it – Sigma Scorpii and Tau Scorpii – as the arteries leading away from the heart, as indicated by the term that","branch, and started helium fusion in its core. τ Sagittarii is the closest constellational star (a star that is part of the traditional outline of a constellation) to the origin of the 1977 Wow! signal. \\end{align}</math></ref> Tau Sagittarii Tau Sagittarii (Tau Sgr, τ Sagittarii, τ Sgr) is a star in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. With an apparent visual magnitude of +3.3, this is one of the brighter members of the constellation. The distance of this star from Earth is roughly , based upon parallax measurements. This is a spectral type K1 giant star with about . The stellar","category of carbon stars that contain large amounts of carbon-13 (carbon atoms with 7 neutrons instead of the usual 6). The 19th century astronomer Angelo Secchi, impressed with its beauty, gave the star its common name. The angular diameter of La Superba has been measured at 13.81 mas. It is expected to be pulsating but this has not been seen in the measurements. At 320pc, this corresponds to a radius of . If it were placed at the position of the Sun, the star's surface would extend beyond the orbit of Mars. La Superba's temperature is believed to be about","Serpentis in \"Serpens Cauda\". The brightest star in Serpens is the red giant star Alpha Serpentis, or Unukalhai, in Serpens Caput, with an apparent magnitude of 2.63. Also located in Serpens Caput are the naked-eye globular cluster Messier 5 and the naked-eye variables R Serpentis and Tau Serpentis. Notable extragalactic objects include Seyfert's Sextet, one of the densest galaxy clusters known; Arp 220, the prototypical ultraluminous infrared galaxy; and Hoag's Object, the most famous of the very rare class of galaxies known as ring galaxies. Part of the Milky Way's galactic plane passes through Serpens Cauda, which is therefore rich","Lambda Cephei Lambda Cephei (λ Cephei) is a fifth magnitude blue supergiant star in the constellation Cepheus, one of the hottest and most luminous visible to the naked eye. It is a hot O6.5 supergiant star at a distance of approximately 1,980 light years, whose absolute brightness around half a million times the Sun. Its radius is around 20 times that of the latter, with a mass that has been estimated to be between 45 and 60 solar masses. Lambda Cephei turns around its axis in less than three days compared to the 24.47 days that the Sun needs to","Draco (rocket engine family) flights to low Earth orbit. Draco and SuperDraco combine the functions of both a reaction control system and a main propulsive engine. Draco thrusters generate 400 newtons (90 pounds-force) of thrust using a storable propellant mixture of monomethyl hydrazine fuel and nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer. The Draco thrust is comparable to the Marquardt R-4D engine developed for the Apollo Service and Lunar Modules in 1960s and used for apogee/perigee maneuvers, orbit adjustment, and attitude control. Eighteen Draco thrusters are used on the Dragon spacecraft for attitude control and maneuvering. On February 1, 2012 SpaceX announced that it has completed the development","Lupus (constellation) association with the sun god and another mythical being called the Bison-man, which is supposedly related to the Greek constellation of Centaurus. Lupus is bordered by six different constellations, although one of them (Hydra) merely touches at the corner. The other five are Scorpius (the scorpion), Norma (the right angle), Circinus (the compass), Libra (the balance scale), and Centaurus (the centaur). Covering 333.7 square degrees and 0.809% of the night sky, it ranks 46th of the 88 modern constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is \"Lup\". The official constellation boundaries","Norma (constellation) magnitude of 5.4. It lies in the southeastern corner of the constellation between Alpha Centauri and Zeta Arae. Thought to be around 100 million years old, it is about 3300 light-years away and is around 14 light-years in diameter. Its brightest member is the Cepheid variable S Normae. A rich background star field makes it less distinct, though around 36 member stars are visible though a 10 cm telescope at 150x magnification. Located 0.4° north of Kappa Normae is NGC 6067, which has an integrated magnitude of 5.6 though it is indistinct as it lies in a rich star field.","Sigma Orionis of associated objects scattered across more than 10 arc-minutes. The brightest member of the σ Orionis system appears as a late O class star, but is actually made up of three stars. The inner pair complete a highly eccentric orbit every 143 days, while the outer star completes its near-circular orbit once every 157 years. It has not yet completed a full orbit since it was first discovered to be a double star. All three are very young main sequence stars with masses between . The primary component Aa is the class O9.5 star, with a temperature of 35,000 K","Sigma Librae Sigma Librae (σ Librae, abbreviated Sig Lib, σ Lib) is a binary star in the constellation of Libra. The apparent visual magnitude is +3.29, making it visible to the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements, this system is at a distance of roughly from the Sun, with a 2% margin of error. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by 0.20 ± 0.17 from extinction caused by intervening gas and dust. The two components are designated Sigma Librae A (also named Brachium) and B. \"σ Librae\" (Latinised to \"Sigma Librae\") is the system's current Bayer designation (the","K, and it shines with 1,734 times the luminosity of the Sun. Sigma Virginis Sigma Virginis (σ Vir, σ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It can be faintly seen with the naked eye with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.86. Based upon parallax measurements, the distance to this star is roughly 680 light years. This is an evolved red giant star with a stellar classification of M1 III. It is a suspected variable star with a brightness that ranges from magnitude +4.77 to +4.86. This variation has pulsation periods of 23.4, 24.3, 27.9, and","42 Draconis 42 Draconis (abbreviated 42 Dra), also named Fafnir, is a 5th magnitude K-type giant star located approximately 315 light years away in the constellation of Draco. As of 2009, an extrasolar planet (designated 42 Draconis b, later named Orbitar) is thought to be orbiting the star. Of spectral type K1.5III, the star has a mass similar to the Sun but with a radius 22 times greater. It is a metal-poor star with metallicity as low as 35% that of the Sun and its age is 9.49 billion years. It is the northern pole star of Venus. 42 Draconis","stars that have been measured by the Hipparcos spacecraft. Sigma Draconis has a high proper motion, advancing across the celestial sphere at a rate of 1.835 arc seconds per year. The star made its perihelion passage about 46,725 years ago, when it came within . The components of Sigma Draconis's space velocity are U=+36, V=+40 and W=-10 km/s. This gives the star an unusually large orbital eccentricity about the Milky Way galaxy of 0.30 (compared to 0.06 for the Sun.) The mean galactocentric distance for the orbit is 10.3 kiloparsecs (about 34,000 light-years). As of 2013, no Jupiter-size or larger","Draconis, Rho Draconis, 64 Draconis (see ) and Pi Draconis. Consequently, Sigma Draconis itself is known as (, .) Sigma Draconis is a main sequence dwarf which has long served as a K0 V spectral standard star. Its classification as K0 V defines one of the rare anchor points of the Morgan–Keenan system that have remained unchanged since the original 1943 MKK Atlas. However, modern spectroscopy gives it as designation of G9 V. The radius of Sigma Draconis has been directly measured using interferometry with the CHARA array, which yields a result of 77.6% of the Sun's radius. It has"],"string":"[\n \"the ancient Greek astronomer Timocharis observed a conjunction of the star with Venus. The last occultation by a planet took place on September 27, 1843, also by Venus, which will occult it again on November 19, 2445. Eta Virginis Eta Virginis (η Virginis, abbreviated Eta Vir, η Vir) is a triple star system in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. From parallax measurements taken during the Hipparcos mission it is approximately from the Sun. It has a combined apparent visual magnitude of 3.89, which is bright enough for the system to be seen with the naked eye in dark skies. The\",\n \"of the Sun. The star is spinning relatively rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of 161 km/s. It is radiating around 4.3 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 7,079 K. Nu1 Columbae Nu Columbae, Latinized from ν Columbae, is a star in the southern constellation of Columba. It is visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.14. According to the Bortle scale, stars with this magnitude are faintly visible from dark rural skies. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.40 mas, this star is about 128 light years\",\n \"the tail, and thus Serpens Cauda is rich in deep-sky objects within our own galaxy. The Eagle Nebula and its associated star cluster, Messier 16 lie 7,000 light-years from Earth in the direction of the galactic center. The nebula measures 70 light-years by 50 light-years and contains the Pillars of Creation, three dust clouds that became famous for the image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. The stars being born in the Eagle Nebula, added to those with an approximate age of 5 million years have an average temperature of 45,000 kelvins and produce prodigious amounts of radiation that will\",\n \"Omega Geminorum Omega Geminorum, Latinized from ω Geminorum, is a star located in the middle of the northern zodiac constellation of Gemini. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.18, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. According to the Bortle scale, it can be viewed from dark suburban skies. With an annual parallax shift of just 2.19 mas, it is located about 1,500 light years from the Sun. This is an evolved bright giant star with a stellar classification of G5 II. It is positioned near the instability strip and in 1977 was listed as a candidate cepheid variable\",\n \"feeding and extraction in bolt action rifles, semi-automatic and automatic firearms alike, under extreme conditions. .300 Lapua Magnum maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm). Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 25 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.62 mm, Ø grooves = 7.82 mm, land width = 4.47 mm and the primer type is large rifle magnum. According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the .300 Lapua Magnum can handle\",\n \"Lynx (constellation) In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , and the declination coordinates are between +32.97° and +61.96°. On dark nights, the brighter stars can be seen as a crooked line extending roughly between Camelopardalis and Leo, and north of the bright star Castor. Lynx is most readily observed from the late winter to late summer to northern hemisphere observers, with midnight culmination occurring on 20 January. The whole constellation is visible to observers north of latitude 28°S. English astronomer Francis Baily gave a single star a Bayer designation—Alpha Lyncis—while Flamsteed numbered 44\",\n \"astronomers term metallicity, is similar to the proportions in the Sun. This is a variable star that ranges in apparent visual magnitude from a low of 2.66 to a high of 2.60. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Corvi Beta Corvi (β Corvi, abbreviated Beta Crv, β Crv), also named Kraz, is the second-brightest star in the southern constellation of Corvus with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.647. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is about distant from the Sun. \\\"β Corvi\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Beta Corvi\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional name of \\\"Kraz\\\", whose origin\",\n \"Leo Minor apparent magnitude of 4.4. It has around double the mass, 7.8 times the radius and 36 times the luminosity of the Earth's Sun. Separated by 11 seconds of arc from the primary, the secondary is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F8. The two orbit around a common centre of gravity every 38.62 years, and lie away from the Solar System. Around away and around 10 times as luminous as the Sun, 21 Leonis Minoris is a rapidly rotating white main-sequence star, spinning on its axis in less than 12 hours and very likely flattened in shape. Of\",\n \"Virgo (constellation) center with a mass of 1.2 billion solar masses. It is located at a distance of from Earth (redshift 0.0075), and has an unusually dusty disk with a diameter of . Along with M84 and M87, NGC 4261 has strong emissions in the radio spectrum. IC 1101 is a supergiant elliptical galaxy in the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster located about from Earth. At the diameter of 5.5 million light years, or more than 50 times the size of the Milky Way, it was the largest known galaxy in the universe. Virgo is also home to the quasar 3C 273 which\",\n \"the second member is a B9.5 V star with a magnitude of 6.46. The pair have an angular separation of 0.091 arcseconds with an estimated orbital period of 59.32 years. They are about 3.89 and 3.45 times as massive as the Sun. In Chinese caused by adaptation of the European southern hemisphere constellations into the Chinese system, (), meaning \\\"Exotic Bird\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of ι Apodis, ζ Apodis, β Apodis, γ Apodis, δ Octantis, δ Apodis, η Apodis, α Apodis and ε Apodis. Consequently, ι Apodis itself is known as (, .) Iota Apodis Iota Apodis (ι\",\n \"Omicron2 Orionis Omicron Orionis (ο Ori) is a solitary star in the constellation Orion. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.06, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.54 mas, it is around 186 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.09 due to intervening dust. This is a red clump giant star with a stellar classification of K2 IIIb. It is around 5.4 billion years old with a projected rotational velocity that\",\n \"Cepheus (constellation) and is paired with a blue main sequence star called VV Cephei B. One of the largest stars in the galaxy, it has a diameter 1,400 times that of the Sun. VV Cephei is also an unusually long-period eclipsing binary, but the eclipses, which occur every 20.3 years, are too faint to be observed with the unaided eye. T Cephei, also a red giant, is a Mira variable with a minimum magnitude of 11.3 and a maximum magnitude of 5.2, 685 light-years from Earth. It has a period of 13 months and a diameter of between 329 to 500 solar\",\n \"low eccentricity of 0.019. It has a temperature of 584 K. Kepler-89e orbits the star Kepler-89. Kepler-89 has a mass of 1.18 solar masses, and a radius of 1.32 solar radii. It is 3.3 billion years old, younger than the Sun, making its planets about 3,000,000,000 years old (3 Gyr). It has a temperature of 6,210 K, making it appear bright yellowish-white. Kepler-89e Kepler-89e, also known as KOI-94e, is an exoplanet in the constellation of Cygnus. It orbits Kepler-89. It is a type III planet, making it cloudless and blue, making it look like a larger version of Uranus and\",\n \"a cyanide in its spectrum. 1 Ceti 1 Ceti is a star in the constellation of Cetus. With an apparent magnitude of about 6.2, the star is barely visible to the naked eye (see Bortle scale). Parallax estimates made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 620 light years (190 parsecs) away from the Earth. 1 Ceti has a spectral type of K1III, implying a K-type giant. These types of stars are generally reddish-colored stars with spectral types from K to M, with radii that are 10 to 100 times larger than the Sun. The \\\"CNII\\\"\",\n \"Hyades (star cluster) separated stars in which later spectral types are common. The core radius is 2.7 parsecs (8.8 light years, a little more than the distance between the Sun and Sirius), while the half-mass radius, within which half the cluster's mass is contained, is 5.7 parsecs (18.6 light years). The tidal radius of 10 parsecs (32.6 light years) represents the Hyades' average outer limit, beyond which a star is unlikely to remain gravitationally bound to the cluster core. Stellar evaporation occurs in the cluster halo as smaller stars are scattered outward by more massive insiders. From the halo they may then be\",\n \"Vakri grahas - 197 degrees away from the Sun, Mercury does so within the arc-distance of 144 - 216 degrees, Jupiter does so within the arc-distance of 130 - 230 degrees and Saturn, within the arc-distance of 115 - 245 degrees away from the Sun. \\\"Agastaya\\\" states that Vakragati (retrograde motion), in general, intensifies the effects of planets for good or evil, according to their functional attributes and overall disposition at the time of birth or query, and a malefic planet, exalted and retrograde, and otherwise invested with yogas, can confer both Raja yoga during its Dasha or in the Dasha of\",\n \"variety of programs supporting ethics in research, science and engineering education, the public understanding of science, international research cooperation and the overall health of the research enterprise. The Society is based in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The Greek letters \\\"Sigma\\\" and \\\"Xi\\\" form the acronym of the Society's motto, Σπουδῶν Ξυνῶνες or \\\"Spoudon Xynones,\\\" which translates as \\\"Companions in Zealous Research.\\\" The word 'Honor' was added to the name of the Society at the 2016 Annual Meeting. According to Sigma Xi President Tee L. Guidotti, \\\"Sigma Xi, of course, is our basic name and has been since the organization\",\n \"Delta Pavonis Delta Pavonis (δ Pav, δ Pavonis) is a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Pavo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.56, making it a fourth-magnitude star that is visible to the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements from the Hipparcos satellite yield an estimated distance of from Earth. This makes it one of the nearest bright stars to the Solar System. It is a subgiant of spectral type G8 IV; it will stop fusing hydrogen relatively soon, starting the process of becoming a red giant. Hence, Delta Pavonis is 22% brighter than the\",\n \"but was still listed at NEODyS with odds of 1 in 3 million for 27 November 2015 during the approach window. With an absolute magnitude of 23.6, is about 50–110 meters in diameter. 2007 VE191 It is estimated to be roughly 63 meters in diameter. In 2015 it was known to have a 1 in 63,000 chance of impacting Earth on 27 November 2015. However, the nominal best-fit orbit showed that would be roughly from Earth on 27 November 2015 with an apparent magnitude of roughly +25 in the constellation of Virgo about 50 degrees from the Sun, and the\",\n \"SN 1987A the progenitor. These rings were ionized by the ultraviolet flash from the supernova explosion, and consequently began emitting in various emission lines. These rings did not \\\"turn on\\\" until several months after the supernova; the turn-on process can be very accurately studied through spectroscopy. The rings are large enough that their angular size can be measured accurately: the inner ring is 0.808 arcseconds in radius. The time light traveled to light up the inner ring gives its radius of 0.66 (ly) light years. Using this as the base of a right angle triangle and the angular size as seen from\",\n \"Omicron Velorum Omicron Velorum (ο Vel, ο Velorum) is a star in the constellation Vela. It is the brightest member of the loose naked eye open cluster IC 2391, also known as the ο Velorum Cluster. Omicron Velorum is a blue-white B-type subgiant with a mean apparent magnitude of +3.60. It is approximately 495 light years from Earth. A slowly pulsating B star, it ranges between magnitudes 3.57 and 3.63 over 2.8 days. The correct Bayer designation for ο Velorum has been debated. Lacaille assigned one Greek letter sequence for the bright stars of Argo Navis. These Lacaille designations are\",\n \"of radius up to ten typically lead to a still life pattern; however, Gravner suggests that the rule is supercritical, meaning that larger or less-symmetric seeds typically expand forever chaotically. Ladders are a frequent phenomenon on the boundaries of chaotic growth regions. A pattern in Life without Death is said to fill the plane with positive density if there is some radius \\\"r\\\" such that every cell of the plane is eventually within distance \\\"r\\\" of a live cell. The question of whether such infinite growth patterns exist was posed as an open problem by Gravner, Griffeath, and Moore. The\",\n \"in 1865. These cubit rods range from in length and are divided into seven palms; each palm is divided into four fingers, and the fingers are further subdivided. Early evidence for the use of this royal cubit comes from the Early Dynastic Period: on the Palermo Stone, the flood level of the Nile river during the reign of the Pharaoh Djer is given as measuring 6 cubits and 1 palm. Use of the royal cubit is also known from Old Kingdom architecture, from at least as early as the construction of the Step Pyramid of Djoser in around 2700 BC.\",\n \"du Navire in the French edition), while ο Velorum is labelled ο (omicron) Argus (du Navire in the French edition). In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Bow and Arrow\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of ο Puppis, δ Canis Majoris, η Canis Majoris, HD 63032, HD 65456, k Puppis, ε Canis Majoris, κ Canis Majoris and π Puppis. Consequently, ο Puppis itself is known as (, .) Omicron Puppis Omicron Puppis (ο Puppis) is candidate binary star system in the southern constellation of Puppis. It is visible to the naked eye, having a combined apparent visual magnitude of +4.48. Based upon an\",\n \"Rho1 Cephei Rho Cephei (ρ Cephei) is a double star located in the northern constellation of Cepheus. As of 2014, the pair had an angular separation of 0.29 arc seconds along a position angle of 211.1°. This corresponds to a projected separation of 18.1 AU. Rho Cephei is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.84, and it forms an optical pair with the brighter star Rho Cephei. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 15.83 mas as seen from the Earth, Rho Cephei is located about 206 light years from the Sun. The primary\",\n \"Crux Crux is a constellation located in the southern sky in a bright portion of the Milky Way. It is among the most easily distinguished constellations, as all of its four main stars have an apparent visual magnitude brighter than +2.8, even though it is the smallest of all 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for cross, and it is dominated by a cross-shaped or kite-like asterism that is commonly known as the Southern Cross. Predominating is the first-magnitude blue-white star of Alpha Crucis or Acrux, being the constellation's brightest and most southerly member. Crux is followed by four\",\n \"the scattered disk and the detached population. At least nine such bodies have been securely identified, of which the largest, most distant, and best known is Sedna. Those with perihelia greater than 50 AU are termed sednoids. As of 2018, there are three known sednoids, Sedna, , and . Detached objects have perihelia much larger than Neptune's aphelion. They often have highly elliptical, very large orbits with semi-major axes of up to a few hundred astronomical units (AU, the radius of Earth's orbit). Such orbits cannot have been created by gravitational scattering by the giant planets, not even Neptune. Instead,\",\n \"57.5 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,876 K. It is catalogued as a suspected variable star. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Kappa Columbae Kappa Columbae, Latinized from κ Columbae, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Columba. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.37, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.87 mas, it is located at a distance of 183 light years from the Sun. It has a peculiar velocity of , making it a candidate runaway star. For ancient Arabian\",\n \"is not known to host planets. Beta Canum Venaticorum Beta Canum Venaticorum (β Canum Venaticorum, abbreviated Beta CVn, β CVn), also named Chara, is a G-type main-sequence star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. At an apparent visual magnitude of 4.26, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 118.49 mas, this star is distant from the Sun. Along with the brighter star Cor Caroli, the pair form the \\\"southern dog\\\" in this constellation that represents hunting dogs. \\\"β Canum Venaticorum\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Beta Canum Venaticorum\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. The\",\n \"14 Andromedae 14 Andromedae, abbreviated 14 And, also named Veritate, is a single, orange-hued giant star situated approximately 247 light-years away in the northern constellation of Andromeda. It is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.22. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −60 km/s. In 2008 an extrasolar planet (designated 14 Andromedae b, later named \\\"Spe\\\") was discovered to be orbiting the star. This is a red clump giant with a stellar classification of K0 III, indicating it is on the horizontal branch and is generating\",\n \"the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Eta Draconis, together with Zeta Draconis, bore the traditional name \\\"Al Dhīʼbain\\\", the Duo Lupi in Arabic, the Two Hyaenas or Wolves, lying in wait for the Camel's Foal, the little star Al Rubaʽ, protected by the Mother Camels. In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name \\\"Athebyne\\\"\",\n \"Omicron Tauri Omicron Tauri (ο Tau, ο Tauri) is a star in the constellation Taurus. Omicron Tauri is a yellow G-type giant with an apparent magnitude of +3.61. This star has three times the mass of the Sun and fifteen to eighteen times the Sun's radius. Based on the latter, interferometry-measured radius, it is rotating once every 533 days. It is approximately 212 light years from Earth and is radiating 155 times the luminosity of the Sun. This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary system with the two components orbiting each other over a period of 1,655 days with an eccentricity\",\n \"Lynx (constellation) stars, though several lie across the boundary in Ursa Major. Overall, there are 97 stars within the constellation's borders brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. The brightest star in this constellation is Alpha Lyncis, with an apparent (visual) magnitude of 3.14. It is an orange giant of spectral type K7III located 203 ± 2 light-years distant from Earth. Around twice as massive as the Sun, it has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and has evolved away from the main sequence. The star has swollen to about 55 times the Sun's radius and is emitting roughly 673 times\",\n \"exclusively arboreal. This species feeds mainly on ants, and possibly other insects. A study was conducted in Eastern Mindanao, Philippines, which found that the species exclusively feeds on ants. This species is commonly found in early second growth forests in open secondary forest and on forest edges. This species can be found in tropical rainforests in Southern India and Southeast Asia. The wings of \\\"Draco volans\\\" are supported by its ribs, which form the skeleton of its wings. However, its elongated ribs are superadded to aid forming its wings, and not to assisting respiration. This species is considered a passive\",\n \"Sagittae is an estimated 129 million years old with 4.33 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to roughly 27 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 392 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,850 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Left Flag\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of β Sagittae, α Sagittae, δ Sagittae, ζ Sagittae, γ Sagittae, 13 Sagittae, 11 Sagittae, 14 Sagittae and ρ Aquilae. Consequently, β Sagittae itself is known as (, .) Beta Sagittae Beta Sagittae, Latinized from β Sagittae, is a single star in the\",\n \"14 Cancri 14 Cancri is a star in the northern zodiac constellation of Cancer. It can be referred to as ψ Cancri, very occasionally as ψ Cancri, to distinguish it from 13 Cancri which is sometimes called ψ Cancri. It is just barely visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +5.73. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 24.18 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 135 light years from the Sun. It may be a member of the Wolf 630 moving group of stars. This object has a stellar classification of G7 V, which\",\n \"parallax and proper motion as Gamma Normae. γ Nor is a yellow supergiant located nearby on the celestial sphere, but is much further away from Earth and nearly a magnitude fainter. Gamma2 Normae Gamma Normae, Latinized from γ Nor, is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Norma. Its apparent magnitude is 4.02 – making it a faint star but visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.33 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located roughly 129 light years from the Sun. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial\",\n \"Alpha Circini Alpha Circini (α Cir, α Circini) is a variable star in the faint, southern, circumpolar constellation of Circinus. At an apparent visual magnitude of 3.19, it is the brightest star in the constellation and can be readily seen with the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements of this star yield an estimated distance of from the Earth. This star belongs to a class of variables known as rapidly oscillating Ap stars. It oscillates with multiple, non-radial pulsation cycles and a dominant cycle of 6.8 minutes. The spectrum shows peculiar features caused by chemical stratification of the\",\n \"Perseus (constellation) in Perseus. Representing the head of the Gorgon Medusa in Greek mythology, it was called Horus in Egyptian mythology and \\\"Rosh ha Satan\\\" (\\\"Satan's Head\\\") in Hebrew. Located 92.8 light-years from Earth, it varies in apparent magnitude from a minimum of 3.5 to a maximum of 2.3 over a period of 2.867 days. The star system is the prototype of a group of eclipsing binary stars named Algol variables, though it has a third member to make up what is actually a triple star system. The brightest component is a blue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B8V, which is 3.5\",\n \"1844, and, although its orbital elements had been calculated by Arthur Auwers in 1862 as part of his thesis, Procyon B was not visually confirmed until 1896 when John Martin Schaeberle observed it at the predicted position using the 36-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. It is more difficult to observe from Earth than Sirius B, due to a greater apparent magnitude difference and smaller angular separation from its primary. At , Procyon B is considerably less massive than Sirius B; however, the peculiarities of degenerate matter ensure that it is larger than its more famous neighbor, with an estimated radius\",\n \"Telescopium Herschelii Telescopium Herschelii (Latin for \\\"Herschel's telescope\\\"), also formerly known as Tubus Hershelli Major, is a former constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. Maximilian Hell established it in 1789 to honour Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. It fell out of use by the end of the 19th century. Psi Aurigae at apparent magnitude 4.8 was the constellation's brightest star. It was one of two constellations created by Maximilian Hell in 1789 to honour the famous English astronomer Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. Named \\\"Tubus Hershelli Major\\\" by Hell, it was located in the\",\n \"Piscium itself is known as (, .) Delta Piscium Delta Piscium (δ Piscium) is a solitary, orange-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +4.4, so it is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.5 mas, it is around from the Sun. The visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K4 IIIb. It has around 1.65 times the mass\",\n \"Alpha Crucis 25,000 and 16,000 times that of the Sun. α and α orbit over such a long period that motion is only barely seen. From their minimum separation of 430 astronomical units, the period is estimated to be around 1,500 years. α is itself a spectroscopic binary star, with its components thought to be around 14 and 10 times the mass of the Sun and orbiting in only 76 days at a separation of about 1 AU. The masses of α and the brighter component α suggest that the stars will someday explode as supernovae. The unseen fainter component of α\",\n \"indicating the spectrum shows abnormal abundances of these elements. The star has about four times the radius of the Sun and it radiates 173 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,152 K. Upsilon Herculis Upsilon Herculis (υ Her) is a solitary star in the constellation Hercules. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.74. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.78 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 371 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction\",\n \"The actual distance, derived indirectly by comparison with similar stars, is around 2,000 parsecs. Its effective temperature has been calculated at 7,250 K and its size at based on an assumed luminosity of . RY Sagittarii RY Sagittarii is an yellow supergiant and an R Coronae Borealis type variable star in the constellation Sagittarius. Although it ostensibly has the spectrum of a G-type star, it differs markedly from most in that it has almost no hydrogen and a lot of carbon. Colonel Ernest Elliott Markwick first came across what became known as RY Sagittarii during searches for variable stars while\",\n \"Sagittal abdominal diameter Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) is a measure of visceral obesity, the amount of fat in the gut region. SAD is the distance from the small of the back to the upper abdomen. SAD may be measured when standing or supine. SAD may be measured at any point from the narrowest point between the last rib and the iliac crests to the midpoint of the iliac crests. SAD is a strong predictor of coronary disease, with higher values indicating increased risk independent of BMI. For persons of normal BMI, SAD should be under . The amount this measure\",\n \"(), meaning \\\"Cross\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of Beta Crucis, Gamma Crucis, Alpha Crucis and Delta Crucis. Consequently, Beta Crucis itself is known as (, .). Based on parallax measurements, β Crucis is located at a distance of from the Earth. In 1957, German astronomer Wulff-Dieter Heintz discovered that it is a spectroscopic binary with components that are too close together to resolve with a telescope. The pair orbit each other every 5 years with an estimated separation that varies from 5.4 to 12.0 Astronomical Units. The system is only 8 to 11 million years old. The primary, Beta\",\n \"90 Antiope and the eccentricity below 0.006. Every several years, a period of mutual occultations occurs when the asteroid is viewed from Earth. Using Kepler's third law, the mass and density of the components can be derived from the orbital period and component sizes. The axis of the mutual orbit of the two components points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (200°, 38°) with 2 degrees uncertainty. This is tilted about 63° to the circumsolar orbit of the system. Antiope itself has an average diameter of about 88 km, while its twin, S/2000 (90) 1, has an average diameter of 84 km.\",\n \"Iota Hydrae Iota Hydrae (ι Hydrae, abbreviated Iota Hya, ι Hya), also named Ukdah, is a star in the constellation of Hydra, about 8° to the north-northwest of Alphard (Alpha Hydrae) and just to the south of the celestial equator. Visible to the naked eye, it is a suspected variable star with an apparent visual magnitude that ranges between 3.87 and 3.91. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 12.39 mas measured during the Hipparcos mission, it is located around 263 light-years from the Sun. \\\"ι Hydrae\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Iota Hydrae\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. This star along with\",\n \"Operation Sigma Sigma was formed, attracting sponsorship from Hawker Siddeley and assistance from eminent aerodynamicists, and construction of a prototype was started at the Slingsby Kirbymoorside factory. A fire at the Slingsby factory in 1968 destroyed the prototype, which was nearing completion. Slingsby Sailplanes Ltd. soon went into receivership after the disastrous fire so the remaining prototype Sigma Type C was relocated to the British European Airways workshops at London Heathrow Airport (LHR). After completion it eventually flew for the first time on 12 September 1971 at the College of Aeronautics, Cranfield. The wings and tail boom are of aluminum alloy construction and\",\n \"Omega2 Cygni Omega Cygni, Latinized from ω Cygni, is the Bayer designation for a solitary star in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.5, which is faintly visible to the naked eye on a dark night. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.17 mas, it is located roughly 399 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is a red giant star on the asymptotic giant branch, with a stellar classification of M2 III. It is a\",\n \"periodic table are influenced by the lanthanide contraction. The radii of the period-6 transition metals are smaller than would be expected if there were no lanthanides, and are in fact very similar to the radii of the period-5 transition metals, since the effect of the additional electron shell is almost entirely offset by the lanthanide contraction. For example, the atomic radius of the metal zirconium, Zr, (a period-5 transition element) is 159 pm and that of hafnium, Hf, (the corresponding period-6 element) is 156 pm. The ionic radius of Zr is 79 pm and that of Hf is 78 pm.\",\n \"Dilophosauridae crests, which were probably used for mating displays, or to intimidate rivals. All dilophosaurids are characterized by a hole in the premaxilla, few maxillary teeth, a slot-shaped opening at the base of the nasal process of the premaxilla, nasolacrimal crests, and a number of dorsal tab-like bumps on the articular, which is located on the back end of the lower jaw. \\\"Dilophosaurus\\\" had an average femur length of 552 mm, body lengths of 6 to 7 meters, and body masses of 362 kg. The dilophosaurid \\\"Dracovenator\\\" had a body length of approximately 5.5 to 7.0 meters long. Due to a\",\n \"camps. The stars of Musca, along with Fomalhaut, Alpha Pavonis, and Alpha and Beta Gruis, were all claimed by the Arrernte. Musca is bordered by Crux to the north, Carina to the west, Chamaeleon to the south, Apus and Circinus to the east, and Centaurus to the northeast. Covering 138 square degrees and 0.335% of the night sky, it ranks 77th of the 88 constellations in size. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Mus'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon\",\n \"Zeta Sagittarii Zeta Sagittarii (ζ Sagittarii, abbreviated Zeta Sgr, ζ Sgr) is a triple star system and the third-brightest star in the constellation of Sagittarius. Based upon parallax measurements, it is about from the Sun. The three components are designated Zeta Sagittarii A (also named Ascella) and B, themselves forming a binary pair, and a smaller companion star, C. \\\"ζ Sagittarii\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Zeta Sagittarii\\\") is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two components as \\\"ζ Sagittarii A\\\", \\\"B\\\" and \\\"C\\\" derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted\",\n \"Norma (constellation) Règle\\\" to \\\"le Niveau\\\", \\\"the level\\\". In any case, the constellation's name had been shortened and Latinised by Lacaille to \\\"Norma\\\" by 1763. Norma is bordered by Scorpius to the north, Lupus to the northwest, Circinus to the west, Triangulum Australe to the south and Ara to the east. Covering 165.3 square degrees and 0.401% of the night sky, it ranks 74th of the 88 constellations in size. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Nor'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a\",\n \"Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \\\"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\\\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\\\"illustrated in infobox\\\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates\",\n \"the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates are between −60.26° and −70.51°. Triangulum Australe culminates each year at 9 p.m. on 23 August. In defining the constellation, Lacaille gave twelve stars Bayer designations of Alpha through to Lambda, with two close stars called Eta (one now known by its Henry Draper catalogue number), while Lambda was later dropped due to its dimness. The three brightest stars, Alpha, Beta and Gamma, make up the triangle. Readily identified by its orange hue, Alpha Trianguli Australis is a bright giant star of spectral type K2\",\n \"Lambda Piscium Lambda Piscium, Latinized from λ Piscium, is a solitary, white-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49, it is visible to the naked eye, forming the southeast corner of the \\\"Circlet\\\" asterism in Pisces. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 30.59 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 107 light years distant from the Sun. Lambda Piscium is a member of the Ursa Major Stream, lying among the outer parts, or corona, of this moving group of stars that roughly follow a common heading through space. This well-studied\",\n \"River) and \\\"Yue\\\" (越) (in Zhejiang province). In the catalogue of stars in the \\\"Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket\\\", Zeta Aquilae was designated \\\"Dzeneb al Tair\\\" (from the Arabic ذنب الطائر \\\"ðanab aṭ-ṭā’ir\\\"), which was translated into Latin as \\\"Cauda (Vulturis) Volantis\\\", meaning \\\"the eagle's tail\\\". In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Left Wall of Heavenly Market Enclosure\\\", refers to an asterism which represents eleven old states in China and is marking the left borderline of the enclosure, consisting of Zeta Aquilae; Delta, Lambda, Mu, Omicron and 112 Herculis; Theta¹ and Eta Serpentis; Nu Ophiuchi, Xi Serpentis and Eta Ophiuchi. Consequently,\",\n \"Ursa Minor remain in use, likely because of their proximity to the north celestial pole. Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Marking the Little Bear's tail, Polaris, or Alpha Ursae Minoris, is the brightest star in the constellation, varying between apparent magnitude 1.97 and 2.00 over a period of 3.97 days. Located around 432 light-years away from Earth, it is a yellow-white supergiant that varies between spectral types F7Ib and F8Ib, and has around 6 times the Sun's mass, 2,500 times its luminosity and 45 times its radius. Polaris is the brightest\",\n \"The parivritti drekkana goes in order of the signs; the first decan is Aries, the second is Taurus, the third is Gemini, the fourth is Cancer, etc. Then there is the trinal calculation which utilizes the elemental trines to each sign; In Aries there is Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius, while in Taurus there is Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn. There are in total four variations of drekkana calculations. Indian astrologers will calculate these signs (varga) and create a new chart based upon the sign placement for predictive purposes. Decan The decans (; Egyptian \\\"bakiu\\\") are 36 groups of stars (small constellations)\",\n \"darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,\",\n \"Lambda1 Sculptoris Lambda Sculptoris, Latinized from λ Sculptoris, is a double star system in the southern constellation of Sculptor. It is close to the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye, with a combined apparent visual magnitude of +6.05. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 6.89 mas as measured from Earth, it is located roughly 470 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.026 due to interstellar dust. The brighter star, component A, has a visual magnitude of 6.6, while the secondary, component B, is magnitude 7.0.\",\n \"feature of this class of stars is the high mass loss; in the case of S Cassiopeiae it is estimated at per year. S Cassiopeiae has a radius of 930 solar radii; if placed at the center of the Solar System, it would extend past the orbit of Mars and the Asteroid Belt. Its effective temperature is 1,800 K and its bolometric luminosity is 8,000 times that of the sun. S Cassiopeiae is a variable Mira, a pulsating variable star whose visual brightness varies over several magnitudes with a somewhat regular period and amplitude. Its visual magnitude varies between +7.9\",\n \"Omega1 Cancri Omega Cancri (ω Cancri) is a yellow-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. It is a faint star near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.85. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 4.92 mas as seen from Earth, this system is roughly 660 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.10 due to interstellar dust. At an estimated age of 270 million years, this is an evolved G-type giant with a stellar classification\",\n \"Delta Velorum smaller than their equatorial radii. Gravity darkening results in their effective temperatures at the pole being higher. For component Aa, the polar radius and temperature are and 10,100 K respectively, while the equatorial radius and temperature are and 9,700 K respectively. For component Ab, the corresponding polar values are and 10,120 K, and the equatorial values are and 9,560 K. This results in the star being brighter when seen along their axes of rotation and less bright when observed at their equators. From Earth, the pair is observed nearly equatorially and the absolute visual magnitude is +0.02; from a different\",\n \"orbital period of 33100 years. In a 10 million year integration of the orbit, the nominal (best-fit) orbit and both 3-sigma clones remain outside 12.2 AU (\\\"q\\\") from the Sun. Summary of barycentric orbital parameters are: Archived data from the JPL SBDB and MPC. 2012 DR30 Using an epoch of February 2017, it has the second-largest heliocentric semi-major axis of a minor planet not detected out-gassing like a comet. ( has a larger heliocentric semi-major axis.) does have a barycentric semi-major axis of 1032 AU. For the epoch of July 2018 will have its largest heliocentric semi-major axis of 1644\",\n \"41 Lyncis b 41 Lyncis b (abbreviated 41 Lyn b), also designated HD 81688 b and named Arkas, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. A gas giant with a minimum mass 2.7 times that of Jupiter it orbits the K-type star 41 Lyncis with an orbital period of 184 days (corresponding to semi-major axis of 0.81 AU). It was discovered and announced by Sato on February 19, 2008. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The\",\n \"Delta Hydrae giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is 20% larger than the polar radius. It has an estimated 2.88 times the mass of the Sun and 2.7 times the Sun's radius. The star is about 244 million years old and it radiates 42.7 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 11,055 K. The companion has a visual magnitude of 11.15. X-ray emissions have been detected from this location in space, which may be coming from a companion star. In the catalogue of stars in the \\\"Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al\",\n \"NML Cygni NML Cygni or V1489 Cygni is a red hypergiant (RHG) or red supergiant (RSG) in the constellation Cygnus. It is one of the largest stars currently known, and is also one of the most luminous and massive cool hypergiants, as well as one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way. If placed at the center of the Solar System, its surface would extend past the orbit of Jupiter or Saturn. The distance of NML Cygni from Earth is estimated to be around 1.6 kpc, about 5,300 light-years. It is a part of the Cygnus OB2 association,\",\n \"Mu Virginis Mu Virginis (μ Vir, μ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It was listed in the \\\"Calendarium\\\" of Al Achsasi al Mouakket as \\\"rijl al-‘awwa’\\\", Arabic رجل العوى, meaning \\\"The foot of the barking (dog)\\\". With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.88, it is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. The position of the star near the celestial equator means it is visible from most of the Earth. Based upon parallax measurements, Mu Virginis is located some 59.6 light years from the Sun. Rijl al Awwa is an F-type main sequence\",\n \"within the Vermilion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, \\\"Nán Fāng Zhū Què\\\"). Cancer (constellation) Cancer is one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for crab and it is commonly represented as one. Its astrological symbol is (Unicode ♋). Cancer is a medium-size constellation with an area of 506 square degrees and its stars are rather faint, its brightest star Beta Cancri having an apparent magnitude of 3.5. It contains two stars with known planets, including 55 Cancri, which has five: one super-earth and four gas giants, one of which is in the habitable zone and\",\n \"Boötes trap is known as \\\"Ilulirat.\\\" Boötes is a constellation bordered by Virgo to the south, Coma Berenices and Canes Venatici to the west, Ursa Major to the northwest, Draco to the northeast, and Hercules, Corona Borealis and Serpens Caput to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Boo'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 16 segments. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates stretch from\",\n \"Lynx (constellation) complete the quartette of feet.\\\" Lynx is bordered by Camelopardalis to the north, Auriga to the west, Gemini to the southwest, Cancer to the south, Leo to the east and Ursa Major to the northeast. Covering 545.4 square degrees and 1.322% of the night sky, it ranks 28th of the 88 constellations in size, surpassing better known constellations such as Gemini. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Lyn'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 20 segments (\\\"illustrated in infobox\\\").\",\n \"and an orbital period of 605 days. Beta Cancri Beta Cancri (β Cancri, abbreviated Beta Cnc, β Cnc), also named Tarf, is the brightest star in the zodiacal constellation of Cancer. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +3.5 and an absolute magnitude of −1.2. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is approximately 290 light-years distant from the Sun. An exoplanet, designated Beta Cancri b, is believed to be orbiting the star. Beta Cancri has a companion listed and together they are designated WDS J08165+0911. As the primary, Beta Cancri bears the designation WDS J08165+0911A. The\",\n \"Sigma Corporation The company was founded in 1961 by Michihiro Yamaki, who was Sigma's CEO until his death at age 78 in 2012. Sigma products work with cameras from Canon, Nikon, Pentax, Sony, Olympus and Panasonic, as well as their own cameras. Sigma has also made lenses under the Quantaray name, which have been sold exclusively by Ritz Camera. Similarly, Sigma lenses were sold exclusively by the former Wolf Camera, but following the merger of Wolf and Ritz, both brands can be purchased. Sigma's digital SLRs, the SD9, SD10, SD14 and SD15, plus the latest SD1 are unusual in their\",\n \"of observers on Earth appears roughly square. The 10.4m telescope Gran Telescopio Canarias recently observed the OB-type stars that power the giant HII regions. Sextans A Sextans A (also known as UGCA 205) is a tiny dwarf irregular galaxy. It spans about 5000 light-years across, and is located at 4.3 million light-years away, in the outskirts of the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way galaxy, and to which Sextans A may or may not belong. Sextans A has a peculiar square shape. Massive short-lived stars exploded in supernovae that caused more star formation, triggering yet more supernovae,\",\n \"Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right\",\n \"gas-rich satellite. The spheroid has a boxy shape. The galaxy also has an outer halo. In the centre of the galaxy is predicted to lie a supermassive black hole with mass 10 (129-813 million) . Observed in radio waves, NGC 5322 is a weak source and features two symmetric jets emanating from the galactic core and having a linear length of 1.6 kpc. The two jets are nearly perpendicular to the major axis of the galaxy and the circumnuclear dust disk. NGC 5322 is thought to contain a low-luminosity Active galactic nucleus (AGN), powered by the accretion of gaseous material.\",\n \"Crater (constellation) stars—Delta, Alpha and Gamma Crateris—from a triangle nearby the brighter star Nu Hydrae in Hydra. Within the constellation's borders, there are 33 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Delta Crateris is the brightest star in Crater at magnitude 3.6. Located 163 ± 4 light-years away, It is an orange giant star of spectral type K0III that is 1.0–1.4 times as massive as the Sun. An ageing star, it has cooled and expanded to times the Sun's radius. It is radiating as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of . Traditionally\",\n \"Cancer (constellation) 0.005 magnitude over a period of 6 days. An aging star, it has expanded to around 50 times the Sun's diameter and shines with 660 times its luminosity. It has a faint magnitude 14 red dwarf companion located 29 arcseconds away that takes 76,000 years to complete an orbit. Altarf represents a part of Cancer's body. At magnitude 3.9 is Delta Cancri, also known as Asellus Australis. Located 131±1 light-years from Earth, it is an orange-hued giant star that has swollen and cooled off the main sequence to become an orange giant with a radius 11 times and luminosity 53\",\n \"Bayer designation magnitude (those between magnitudes 1.51 and 2.5), labeling them from \\\"gamma\\\" through \\\"zeta\\\" in \\\"top-down\\\" (north-to-south) order. The \\\"First to Rise in the East\\\" order is used in a number of instances. Castor and Pollux of Gemini may be an example of this: Pollux is brighter than Castor, but the latter rises earlier and was assigned \\\"alpha\\\". In this case, Bayer may also have been influenced by the traditional order of the mythological names \\\"Castor and Pollux\\\": Castor is generally named first whenever the twins are mentioned. Although the brightest star in Draco is Eltanin (Gamma Draconis), Thuban was assigned\",\n \"V838 Monocerotis radius of 1,570 ± 400 solar radii (comparable to Jupiter's orbital radius), confirming the earlier indirect calculations. At the currently accepted distance of 6,100 pc, the measured angular diameter in late 2004 (1.83 mas) corresponded to a radius of 1,200 ± 150 solar radii, but by 2014 it had shrunk to 750 ± 200 solar radii, similar to Betelgeuse. The expansion took only a couple of months, meaning that its speed was abnormal. The laws of thermodynamics dictate that expanding gases cool. Therefore, the star became extremely cool and deep red. In fact, some astronomers argue that the spectrum of\",\n \"Leadiant Biosciences it increased the price of chenodeoxycholic acid from €0.28 per capsule to €140 per capsule in 2018. They said “This may be legal but it’s not socially acceptable.” They said they would make a referral to the Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets. Sigma and Tau are the two stars that flank Antares at the centre of the Scorpius constellation. Arabs considered the red Antares the heart of the constellation and therefore regarded the bright stars positioned beside it – Sigma Scorpii and Tau Scorpii – as the arteries leading away from the heart, as indicated by the term that\",\n \"branch, and started helium fusion in its core. τ Sagittarii is the closest constellational star (a star that is part of the traditional outline of a constellation) to the origin of the 1977 Wow! signal. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Tau Sagittarii Tau Sagittarii (Tau Sgr, τ Sagittarii, τ Sgr) is a star in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. With an apparent visual magnitude of +3.3, this is one of the brighter members of the constellation. The distance of this star from Earth is roughly , based upon parallax measurements. This is a spectral type K1 giant star with about . The stellar\",\n \"category of carbon stars that contain large amounts of carbon-13 (carbon atoms with 7 neutrons instead of the usual 6). The 19th century astronomer Angelo Secchi, impressed with its beauty, gave the star its common name. The angular diameter of La Superba has been measured at 13.81 mas. It is expected to be pulsating but this has not been seen in the measurements. At 320pc, this corresponds to a radius of . If it were placed at the position of the Sun, the star's surface would extend beyond the orbit of Mars. La Superba's temperature is believed to be about\",\n \"Serpentis in \\\"Serpens Cauda\\\". The brightest star in Serpens is the red giant star Alpha Serpentis, or Unukalhai, in Serpens Caput, with an apparent magnitude of 2.63. Also located in Serpens Caput are the naked-eye globular cluster Messier 5 and the naked-eye variables R Serpentis and Tau Serpentis. Notable extragalactic objects include Seyfert's Sextet, one of the densest galaxy clusters known; Arp 220, the prototypical ultraluminous infrared galaxy; and Hoag's Object, the most famous of the very rare class of galaxies known as ring galaxies. Part of the Milky Way's galactic plane passes through Serpens Cauda, which is therefore rich\",\n \"Lambda Cephei Lambda Cephei (λ Cephei) is a fifth magnitude blue supergiant star in the constellation Cepheus, one of the hottest and most luminous visible to the naked eye. It is a hot O6.5 supergiant star at a distance of approximately 1,980 light years, whose absolute brightness around half a million times the Sun. Its radius is around 20 times that of the latter, with a mass that has been estimated to be between 45 and 60 solar masses. Lambda Cephei turns around its axis in less than three days compared to the 24.47 days that the Sun needs to\",\n \"Draco (rocket engine family) flights to low Earth orbit. Draco and SuperDraco combine the functions of both a reaction control system and a main propulsive engine. Draco thrusters generate 400 newtons (90 pounds-force) of thrust using a storable propellant mixture of monomethyl hydrazine fuel and nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer. The Draco thrust is comparable to the Marquardt R-4D engine developed for the Apollo Service and Lunar Modules in 1960s and used for apogee/perigee maneuvers, orbit adjustment, and attitude control. Eighteen Draco thrusters are used on the Dragon spacecraft for attitude control and maneuvering. On February 1, 2012 SpaceX announced that it has completed the development\",\n \"Lupus (constellation) association with the sun god and another mythical being called the Bison-man, which is supposedly related to the Greek constellation of Centaurus. Lupus is bordered by six different constellations, although one of them (Hydra) merely touches at the corner. The other five are Scorpius (the scorpion), Norma (the right angle), Circinus (the compass), Libra (the balance scale), and Centaurus (the centaur). Covering 333.7 square degrees and 0.809% of the night sky, it ranks 46th of the 88 modern constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is \\\"Lup\\\". The official constellation boundaries\",\n \"Norma (constellation) magnitude of 5.4. It lies in the southeastern corner of the constellation between Alpha Centauri and Zeta Arae. Thought to be around 100 million years old, it is about 3300 light-years away and is around 14 light-years in diameter. Its brightest member is the Cepheid variable S Normae. A rich background star field makes it less distinct, though around 36 member stars are visible though a 10 cm telescope at 150x magnification. Located 0.4° north of Kappa Normae is NGC 6067, which has an integrated magnitude of 5.6 though it is indistinct as it lies in a rich star field.\",\n \"Sigma Orionis of associated objects scattered across more than 10 arc-minutes. The brightest member of the σ Orionis system appears as a late O class star, but is actually made up of three stars. The inner pair complete a highly eccentric orbit every 143 days, while the outer star completes its near-circular orbit once every 157 years. It has not yet completed a full orbit since it was first discovered to be a double star. All three are very young main sequence stars with masses between . The primary component Aa is the class O9.5 star, with a temperature of 35,000 K\",\n \"Sigma Librae Sigma Librae (σ Librae, abbreviated Sig Lib, σ Lib) is a binary star in the constellation of Libra. The apparent visual magnitude is +3.29, making it visible to the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements, this system is at a distance of roughly from the Sun, with a 2% margin of error. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by 0.20 ± 0.17 from extinction caused by intervening gas and dust. The two components are designated Sigma Librae A (also named Brachium) and B. \\\"σ Librae\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Sigma Librae\\\") is the system's current Bayer designation (the\",\n \"K, and it shines with 1,734 times the luminosity of the Sun. Sigma Virginis Sigma Virginis (σ Vir, σ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It can be faintly seen with the naked eye with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.86. Based upon parallax measurements, the distance to this star is roughly 680 light years. This is an evolved red giant star with a stellar classification of M1 III. It is a suspected variable star with a brightness that ranges from magnitude +4.77 to +4.86. This variation has pulsation periods of 23.4, 24.3, 27.9, and\",\n \"42 Draconis 42 Draconis (abbreviated 42 Dra), also named Fafnir, is a 5th magnitude K-type giant star located approximately 315 light years away in the constellation of Draco. As of 2009, an extrasolar planet (designated 42 Draconis b, later named Orbitar) is thought to be orbiting the star. Of spectral type K1.5III, the star has a mass similar to the Sun but with a radius 22 times greater. It is a metal-poor star with metallicity as low as 35% that of the Sun and its age is 9.49 billion years. It is the northern pole star of Venus. 42 Draconis\",\n \"stars that have been measured by the Hipparcos spacecraft. Sigma Draconis has a high proper motion, advancing across the celestial sphere at a rate of 1.835 arc seconds per year. The star made its perihelion passage about 46,725 years ago, when it came within . The components of Sigma Draconis's space velocity are U=+36, V=+40 and W=-10 km/s. This gives the star an unusually large orbital eccentricity about the Milky Way galaxy of 0.30 (compared to 0.06 for the Sun.) The mean galactocentric distance for the orbit is 10.3 kiloparsecs (about 34,000 light-years). As of 2013, no Jupiter-size or larger\",\n \"Draconis, Rho Draconis, 64 Draconis (see ) and Pi Draconis. Consequently, Sigma Draconis itself is known as (, .) Sigma Draconis is a main sequence dwarf which has long served as a K0 V spectral standard star. Its classification as K0 V defines one of the rare anchor points of the Morgan–Keenan system that have remained unchanged since the original 1943 MKK Atlas. However, modern spectroscopy gives it as designation of G9 V. The radius of Sigma Draconis has been directly measured using interferometry with the CHARA array, which yields a result of 77.6% of the Sun's radius. It has\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":286,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"the rolling stones are a member of what asteroid family"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["19383 Rolling Stones 19383 Rolling Stones, provisional designation , is a bright Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. The V-type asteroid was discovered on 29 January 1998, by astronomers with the OCA–DLR Asteroid Survey at Caussols in southern France and named for the rock band The Rolling Stones. \"Rolling Stones\" a core member of the Vesta family (), one of the largest asteroid families in the main belt. Vestian asteroids have a composition akin to cumulate eucrites (HED meteorites) and are thought to have originated deep within 4 Vesta's crust, possibly from the"],"string":"[\n \"19383 Rolling Stones 19383 Rolling Stones, provisional designation , is a bright Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. The V-type asteroid was discovered on 29 January 1998, by astronomers with the OCA–DLR Asteroid Survey at Caussols in southern France and named for the rock band The Rolling Stones. \\\"Rolling Stones\\\" a core member of the Vesta family (), one of the largest asteroid families in the main belt. Vestian asteroids have a composition akin to cumulate eucrites (HED meteorites) and are thought to have originated deep within 4 Vesta's crust, possibly from the\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["1566 Icarus closest to the Sun. Since then hundreds of Mercury-crossers have been found, the closest ones are now being and \"(also see )\". \"Icarus\" is thought to be the source of the Arietids, a strong daylight meteor shower. However other objects such as the short-period sun-grazing comet 96P/Machholz are also possible candidates for the shower's origin. \"Icarus\" has an \"Earth minimum orbital intersection distance\" of , which translates into 13.7 lunar distances (LD). This near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid makes close approaches to Earth in June at intervals of 9, 19, or 28 years. In 14 June 1968, it came","July 2013 by Hodder & Stoughton. The book is a study of British singer Amy Winehouse's life in the context of the 27 Club, the group of iconic music stars who died at the same young age, including Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones whose death in 1969 was followed by Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin in 1970, Jim Morrison in 1971, and Kurt Cobain in 1994. Howard Sounes Howard Sounes (born 1965 Welling, South East London, England) is a British author, journalist and biographer. Howard Sounes began his career as a newspaper journalist as a staff reporter for the","Ica stones Thus, a stone of uncertain origin can never be used to establish a conclusion which would otherwise be considered unlikely. The stones have been used by some creationists to claim that humans lived in proximity with dinosaurs, which contradicts evidence that the extinction of dinosaurs predates mankind by approximately 66 million years. At least one official creationist source has rejected their use as an argument for creationism. Believers in ancient astronauts have also attempted to use the stones as evidence of a lost, advanced civilization brought to man from other planets and mytho-historians have claimed them as evidence that ancient","Co-orbital configuration 10% of the mass of Earth (about as massive as Mars), and the proto-Earth—whose orbits were perturbed by other planets, bringing Theia out of its trojan position and causing the collision. Objects in a horseshoe orbit librate around 180° from the primary. Their orbits encompass both equilateral Lagrangian points, i.e. and . The Saturnian moons Janus and Epimetheus share their orbits, the difference in semi-major axes being less than either's mean diameter. This means the moon with the smaller semi-major axis will slowly catch up with the other. As it does this, the moons gravitationally tug at each other, increasing","dating. Seatbelt basalt Lunar Sample 15016, better known as the \"Seatbelt Basalt\", is a lunar sample discovered and collected on the Apollo 15 mission in 1971 in the Hadley-Apennine region of the moon. The rock is a vesicular olivine basalt. It is so named because mission commander, David Scott, noticed it on the surface while driving the lunar rover and stopped to collect it, but said to mission control that he was just fastening his seatbelt. This unplanned stop was later designated geology station 3, located about 125 meters west of Rhysling crater. The seatbelt basalt is currently stored at","spans over 80 days. The object has not been observed since November 2002 about 2 months before it came to perihelion 2.7 AU from the Sun. During perihelion passage the object was 2.9 AU from Earth. \" belongs to the dynamical group of damocloids due to its low Tisserand parameter (T of 1.0820). It is also a Jupiter-, Saturn-, Uranus-, and Neptune-crosser. The object has the seventh-largest heliocentric semi-major axis and aphelion of all known minor planets, while its extreme eccentricity brings it well within the orbit of Jupiter when at perihelion. 2002 RN109 \" may be a dormant comet","1112 Polonia Simeis, it was independently discovered by her college Grigory Neujmin. The Minor Planet Center only recognized the first discoverer. \"Polonia\" was Shajn's first discovery; and the first asteroid discovery made by a woman, bringing a long-standing tradition – which began with the discovery of 1 Ceres in 1801 – of more than a exclusively made by male astronomers, to an end. \"Polonia\" is a core member of the Eos family (), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and","The similarity between Mimas's appearance and the Death Star in \"Star Wars\" due to the large size of Herschel has often been noted, both in the press and in NASA/JPL press releases. This is a coincidence, however, as the crater was not discovered until 1980, three years after the film was made. Herschel (Mimantean crater) Herschel is a huge crater in the leading hemisphere of the Saturnian moon Mimas, on the equator at 100° longitude. It is named after the eighteenth century astronomer William Herschel, who discovered Mimas in 1789. Herschel is the largest crater relative to its parent body","1874 the comet reached perihelion at about .6758 AU from the Sun. On 23 July the comet made its closest approach to planet Earth at about .29 AU. Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote on 13 July 1874 a journal entry concerning Coggia’s comet. The public scare regarding the comet was satirized by Mark Twain in his short story \"A Curious Pleasure Excursion.\" C/1874 H1 C/1874 H1 (Coggia) is a famous non-periodic comet, which in the summer of 1874 could be seen by naked eye observation. On the basis of its brightness, the comet has been called the Great Comet of 1874;","the University of Arizona successfully relocated the comet with the 154-cm reflector at Catalina. It was also observed in 1978, 1985, 1991-1992, and 1998-1999. The comet peaked at about apparent magnitude 16.3 in 2012. On 29 December 2077 the comet will pass from Mars. 60P/Tsuchinshan 60P/Tsuchinshan, also known as Tsuchinshan 2, is a periodic comet in the solar system with an orbital period of 6.79 years. Tsuchinshan is the Wade-Giles transliteration corresponding to the pinyin \"Zĭjīn Shān\", which is Mandarin Chinese for \"Purple Mountain\". It was discovered at the Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanking, China on 11 January 1965 with a","the rock be given out to various institutions around the world as a goodwill gesture. In 1973 President Nixon gifted 1.1 gram pieces of the lunar basalt 70017 that were encased in a small Lucite ball and mounted on a wooden plaque display. They were given worldwide to all countries and all 50 United States and US territories and possessions. Some countries were not even aware they were given the Apollo displays. Some of the displays with the Moon rocks have been stolen, while others have been lost in inventory. NASA still has about 80 percent of the original rock.","obsolete. Characteristic is the fayalite content (Fa) in olivine of 21 to 25 mol%. About 4–10% iron–nickel is found as a free metal, making these meteorites magnetic, but not as strongly as the H chondrites. The most abundant minerals are olivine and hypersthene (an orthopyroxene), as well as iron–nickel and troilite. Chromite, sodium-rich feldspar and calcium phosphates occur in minor amounts. Petrologic type 6 dominates, with over 60% of the L chondrites falling into this class. This indicates that the parent body was sizeable enough (greater than in diameter) to experience strong heating. Many of the L chondrite meteors may","Nakshatra Van Nakshatra Van is a park created by the Jharkhand Forest Department in front of the residence of the governor of Jharkhand in Ranchi, the capital of the Indian state of Jharkhand. A Nakshatra (Devanagari: नक्षत्र) or lunar mansion is one of the 27 or 28 divisions of the sky that the Moon passes through during its monthly cycle, as used in Hindu astronomy and Hindu astrology. Each Nakshatra is identified by its prominent star(s) and is associated with a Zodiac. Hindu astrologers believe that each constellation of the zodiac is associated with a tree. Those trees are of","light years from Earth, and PSR J0108-1431 at about 424 light years. RX J1856.5-3754 is a member of a close group of neutron stars called The Magnificent Seven. Another nearby neutron star that was detected transiting the backdrop of the constellation Ursa Minor has been nicknamed Calvera by its Canadian and American discoverers, after the villain in the 1960 film \"The Magnificent Seven\". This rapidly moving object was discovered using the ROSAT/Bright Source Catalog. About 5% of all known neutron stars are members of a binary system. The formation and evolution of binary neutron stars can be a complex process.","27 Euterpe Euterpe ( ; minor planet designation: 27 Euterpe) is a stony asteroid and parent body of the Euterpe family, located in the inner asteroid belt, approximately 100 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by English astronomer John Russell Hind at George Bishop's Observatory in London on 8 November 1853. The asteroid was named after Euterpe, the Muse of music in Greek mythology. \"Euterpe\" is one of the brightest asteroids in the night sky. It has an apparent magnitude of 8.3 during a perihelic opposition on 25 December 2015. It is the parent body of the Euterpe family (),","July 2047. The second message, Cosmic Call 2, was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at 47 Ursae Majoris in May 2049. Because of its planetary system, 47 Ursae Majoris was listed as one of the top 100 target stars for NASA's former Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. 47 Ursae Majoris 47 Ursae Majoris (abbreviated 47 UMa), also named Chalawan (, ), is a yellow dwarf star approximately 46 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. , three extrasolar planets (designated 47 Ursae Majoris b, c and d; the first two later named Taphao Thong and","\"Spitzer Space Telescope\" observations in 2005, which showed that the Milky Way's central bar is larger than was previously suspected. Spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies form a class of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work \"The Realm of the Nebulae\" and, as such, form part of the Hubble sequence. Most spiral galaxies consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters. Spiral galaxies are named by their","Norway lunar sample displays Apollo 11. The 4 \"moon rocks\" weigh about 0.05 grams in total. They are encased in a clear plastic button the size of a coin which is mounted to a wooden board approximately one foot square on a small podium pedestal display. The small podium plaque display also has mounted on it a small Norwegian flag that had been taken to the moon and back on Apollo 11, which lies directly below the \"goodwill moon rocks\". The small podium plaque display was given to the people of the country of Norway as a gift by United States President Richard Nixon.","Macaulayite Macaulayite is a red, earthy, monoclinic mineral, with the chemical formula (Fe, Al)SiO(OH). It was discovered in the 1970s by Dr Jeff Wilson and named after the Macaulay Institute in Aberdeen, Scotland. The only known source of macaulayite in the world is a quarry at the foot of Bennachie, Aberdeenshire, and it is formed by granite which has been weathered by tropical climates from before the last Ice Age. The substance is currently being studied by NASA, as it is speculated that this is the substance which gives the planet Mars its colour and it could prove that life","Allen's \"Hunted Earth\" series of novels, the Naked Purples own a former penal colony in or around Tycho crater known as \"Tycho Purple Penal\" (see The Ring of Charon). Tycho (lunar crater) Tycho () is a prominent lunar impact crater located in the southern lunar highlands, named after the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546–1601). It is estimated to be 108 million years old. To the south of Tycho is the crater Street, to the east is Pictet, and to the north-northeast is Sasserides. The surface around Tycho is replete with craters of various sizes, many overlapping still older craters. Some","C-type asteroid C-type (carbonaceous) asteroids are the most common variety, forming around 75% of known asteroids. They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon, in addition to rocks and minerals. They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt, 3.5 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, where 80% of the asteroids are of this type, whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type. The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this, because C-types are much darker (and therefore less detectable) than","also a Crown International Picture. In the year 3008, the crew of the Intergalactic Space Police cruiser \"Infinity\" is on patrol duty in deep space. The ship is captained by the incompetent Cornelius Butt (Avery Schreiber) and his crewmen: his first officer, Sgt. Thor (Stephen Macht); pilot \"space-cowboy\" Pvt. Robert \"Buzz\" McHenry (J.D. Hinton); Maurice (Lionel Mark Smith), a black humanoid alien with pointy ears and bat wings; and Sam (Tad Horino), an Asian man who quotes Confucius. Also aboard is Galaxina (Dorothy Stratten), a voluptuous blonde android servant, and Rock-Eater, a rock-eating alien prisoner confined to the brig. While","to starfish by the French zoologist de Blainville in 1830. It is derived from the Greek \"aster\", ἀστήρ (a star) and the Greek \"eidos\", εἶδος (form, likeness, appearance). The class Asteroidea belongs to the phylum Echinodermata. As well as the starfish, the echinoderms include sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle and basket stars, sea cucumbers and crinoids. The larvae of echinoderms have bilateral symmetry, but during metamorphosis this is replaced with radial symmetry, typically pentameric. Adult echinoderms are characterized by having a water vascular system with external tube feet and a calcareous endoskeleton consisting of ossicles connected by a mesh of","had discovered the asteroid. Bob McDonald (science journalist) Bob McDonald OC (born January 25, 1951) is a Canadian author and science journalist. He is the national science commentator for CBC Television and CBC News Network (formerly Newsworld), and since 1992 has been the host of a weekly radio science show, \"Quirks & Quarks\" which draws approximately 800,000 listeners each week. In 1972, with no formal academic training, he began his science communication career as a demonstrator at the Ontario Science Centre, and eventually traveled to California to watch the live action of NASA's first space probes. Upon returning to Canada,","of observers on Earth appears roughly square. The 10.4m telescope Gran Telescopio Canarias recently observed the OB-type stars that power the giant HII regions. Sextans A Sextans A (also known as UGCA 205) is a tiny dwarf irregular galaxy. It spans about 5000 light-years across, and is located at 4.3 million light-years away, in the outskirts of the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way galaxy, and to which Sextans A may or may not belong. Sextans A has a peculiar square shape. Massive short-lived stars exploded in supernovae that caused more star formation, triggering yet more supernovae,","family, a family of asteroids, and asteroid 1272 Gefion (discovered in 1931 by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth) both derive their names from that of the goddess. The highest mountain in Queen Louise Land (), NE Greenland was named after Gefjon by the 1912–13 Danish Expedition to Queen Louise Land led by J.P. Koch. Gefjon In Norse mythology, Gefjon (alternatively spelled Gefion or Gefjun) is a goddess associated with ploughing, the Danish island of Zealand, the legendary Swedish king Gylfi, the legendary Danish king Skjöldr, foreknowledge, and virginity. Gefjon is attested in the \"Poetic Edda\", compiled in the 13th century from earlier","– rises as expected in the east but slowly. Despite the 30-hour orbit of Deimos, 2.7 days elapse between its rise and set for an equatorial observer, as it slowly falls behind the rotation of Mars. Because the orbit of Phobos is below synchronous altitude, the tidal forces from the planet Mars are gradually lowering its orbit. In about 50 million years, it could either crash into Mars's surface or break up into a ring structure around the planet. The origin of the two moons is not well understood. Their low albedo and carbonaceous chondrite composition have been regarded as","Retrograde and prograde motion than asteroids to be retrograde. Halley's Comet has a retrograde orbit around the Sun. Most Kuiper belt objects have prograde orbits around the Sun. The first Kuiper belt object discovered to have a retrograde orbit was . Other Kuiper belt objects with retrograde orbits are (471325) 2011 KT, , and 2011 MM. All of these orbits are highly tilted, with inclinations in the 100° - 125° range. Meteoroids in a retrograde orbit around the Sun hit the Earth with a faster relative speed than prograde meteoroids and tend to burn up in the atmosphere and are more likely to hit","equilibrium, whereas those smaller than that are not. Icy objects need less mass for hydrostatic equilibrium than rocky objects. The smallest object that is known to have an equilibrium shape is the icy moon Mimas at 397 km, whereas the largest object known to have an obviously non-equilibrium shape is the rocky asteroid Pallas at 532 km (582 × 556 × 500 ± 18 km). However, Mimas is not actually in hydrostatic equilibrium for its current rotation. The smallest body confirmed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium is the dwarf planet Ceres, at 945 km, whereas the largest body known to","of a Thousand Planets.\" The song was also used by U2 as an intro during their U2 360° Tour. The BBC featured the song in its television coverage of the Apollo 11 lunar landing. German singer Peter Schilling's 1983 single \"Major Tom (Coming Home)\" was written as a retelling of the song. On 6 February 2018, the maiden flight of the SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket carried Elon Musk's personal Tesla Roadster and a mannequin affectionately named \"Starman\" into space. \"Space Oddity\" was to be one of the tunes playing on the car's sound system during the flight. \"'Space Oddity' by","the loss, by discarding, of most if not all of these therefore unidentified pieces. Juvinas A meteorite felt in June 1821, on the 15th, whose name therefore became the Juvinas meteorite. It felt in the hamlet of Libonès, at a place called “le Cros du Libonès” (in French). It is a eucrite, coming from Vesta minor planet, the 4th asteroid by size from the main asteroid belt, between Jupiter and Mars. Half of the original recovered fall is still kept in the French national collection of meteorites at MNHN museum, in Paris, France. The remaining was kept in neighborhood family","'people's republic' and Pete Tyler, Rose Tyler's father, is alive and is a wealthy inventor. They are also seen in the alternate reality 1939 plot line in the film \"Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow\", and have an iconic association with the steampunk subcultural movement in broader terms. In 1989, Japanese animator Miyazaki released \"Kiki's Delivery Service\", which features a Zeppelin as a plot element. In 1968, English rock band Led Zeppelin chose their name after Keith Moon, drummer of The Who, told guitarist Jimmy Page that his idea to create a band would \"go down like a lead","Phoenicids The Phoenicids are a minor meteor shower, first noticed by observers in New Zealand, Australia, the Indian Ocean, and South Africa during an outburst of approximately 100 meteors an hour that occurred during December 1956. Like other meteor showers, the Phoenicids get their name from the location of their radiant, which is in the constellation Phoenix. They are active from 29 November to 9 December, with a peak occurring around 5/6 December each year, and are best seen from the Southern Hemisphere. The Phoenicids appear to be associated with a stream of material from the disintegrating comet D/1819 W1","Lowell Observatory Lowell Observatory is an astronomical observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, United States. Lowell Observatory was established in 1894, placing it among the oldest observatories in the United States, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965. In 2011, the Observatory was named one of \"The World's 100 Most Important Places\" by TIME. It was at the Lowell Observatory that the dwarf planet Pluto was discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh. The observatory was founded by astronomer Percival Lowell of Boston's Lowell family and is overseen by a sole trustee, a position historically handed down through the family. The","159th congruent number. It is the sum of the 52nd prime number, 239, and 52, making it part of the formula_1 series. 291 was the name of a New York City-based arts and literature magazine from 1915 to 1916, the name of which was inspired off the name of an art gallery owned by its publisher. Both names come from the gallery's address at 291 Fifth Avenue. 291 Alice is a main belt asteroid discovered in 1890. See also the year 291. 291 (number) 291 (two hundred [and] ninety one) is the natural number following 290 and preceding 292. This","243 Ida Ida (; minor planet designation: 243 Ida) is an asteroid in the Koronis family of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 29 September 1884 by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at Vienna Observatory and named after a nymph from Greek mythology. Later telescopic observations categorized Ida as an S-type asteroid, the most numerous type in the inner asteroid belt. On 28 August 1993, Ida was visited by the unmanned \"Galileo\" spacecraft while en route to Jupiter. It was the second asteroid visited by a spacecraft and the first found to have a natural satellite. Ida's orbit lies between","588 Achilles semi-major axis of 5.21 AU). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 10 degrees from the plane of the ecliptic. \"Achilles\" is the first known example of the stable solution of the three-body problem worked out by French mathematician Joseph Lagrange in 1772, after whom the minor planet 1006 Lagrangea is named. After the discovery of other asteroids with similar orbital characteristics, which were also named after heroes from the Trojan War \"(see below)\", the term \"Trojan asteroids\" or \"Jupiter trojans\" became commonly used. In addition, a rule was established that the point was the \"Greek","Murchison meteorite found over an area larger than , with individual mass up to ; one, weighing , broke through a roof and fell in hay. The total collected mass exceeds . The meteorite belongs to the CM group of carbonaceous chondrites (see meteorite classification). Like most CM chondrites, Murchison is petrologic type 2, which means that it experienced extensive alteration by water-rich fluids on its parent body before falling to Earth. CM chondrites, together with the CI group, are rich in carbon and are among the most chemically primitive meteorites. Like other CM chondrites, Murchison contains abundant CAIs. Over 15 amino","The Stones in the Park of Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem on John Keats's death, \"Adonaïs\", from a calf-bound book. After this recital, several hundred cabbage white butterflies were released. The setlist for their performance was \"I'm Yours & I'm Hers\", \"Jumpin' Jack Flash\". \"Mercy Mercy\", \"Down Home Girl\", \"Stray Cat Blues\", \"No Expectations\", \"I'm Free\", \"Loving Cup\", \"Love in Vain\", \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\", \"Honky Tonk Women\", \"Midnight Rambler\", \"Street Fighting Man\" and \"Sympathy for the Devil\". During the 18-minute-long rendition of \"Sympathy for the Devil\", a number of African tribal drummers joined the band. While the event is considered a memorable one by","19P/Borrelly Comet Borrelly or Borrelly's Comet (official designation: 19P/Borrelly) is a periodic comet, which was visited by the spacecraft Deep Space 1 in 2001. The comet last came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on May 28, 2015. The comet's nucleus, seen in the adjacent image, is particularly notable for being shaped like a bowling pin. The comet was discovered by Alphonse Borrelly during a routine search for comets at Marseilles, France on December 28, 1904. On September 21, 2001 the spacecraft Deep Space 1, which was launched to test new equipment in space, performed a flyby of Borrelly.","Additionally, Harry and his brother Jimmy Deal built Galaxie III Recording Studio in the 1960s, where the band has recorded most of its music. Harry Deal passed away on December 16th, 2017 in Hickory, North Carolina. Singles/45s Albums/LPs Harry Deal and the Galaxies Harry Deal and the Galaxies is a rock and roll band formed in Taylorsville, North Carolina, United States, in 1959. They are most famous for playing a style of music known as beach music, which began in the 1940s in dance clubs of South Carolina beach towns such as Myrtle Beach. The group was formed by brothers","Regular moon In astronomy, a regular moon is a natural satellite following a relatively close and prograde orbit with little orbital inclination or eccentricity. They are believed to have formed in orbit about their primary, as opposed to irregular moons, which were captured. There are at least 57 regular satellites of the eight planets: one at Earth, eight at Jupiter, 23 named regular moons at Saturn (not counting hundreds or thousands of moonlets), 18 known at Uranus, and 7 small regular moons at Neptune (Neptune's largest moon Triton appears to have been captured). It is thought that Pluto's five moons","a nuclear scientist suffering from radiation poisoning. Depictions of the criticality incident include the 1989 film \"Fat Man and Little Boy\", in which John Cusack plays a fictional character named Michael Merriman based on Slotin, and the \"Louis Slotin Sonata\", a 2001 off-Broadway play directed by David P. Moore. In 1948, Slotin's colleagues at Los Alamos and the University of Chicago initiated the \"Louis A. Slotin Memorial Fund\" for lectures on physics given by distinguished scientists such as Robert Oppenheimer and Nobel laureates Luis Walter Alvarez and Hans Bethe. The memorial fund lasted until 1962. In 2002, an asteroid discovered","Electric Light Orchestra The Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) are an English rock band formed in Birmingham in 1970, by songwriters/multi-instrumentalists Jeff Lynne and Roy Wood with drummer Bev Bevan. Their music is characterised by a fusion of Beatlesque pop, classical arrangements, and futuristic iconography. After Wood's departure in 1972, Lynne became the band's leader, arranging and producing every album while writing virtually all of their original material. For their initial tenure, Lynne, Bevan and keyboardist Richard Tandy were the group's only consistent members. ELO was formed out of Lynne's and Wood's desire to create modern rock and pop songs with","Aubrite Aubrites are a group of meteorites named for Aubres, a small achondrite meteorite that fell near Nyons, France, in 1836. They are primarily composed of the orthopyroxene enstatite, and are often called enstatite achondrites. Their igneous origin separates them from primitive enstatite achondrites and means they originated in an asteroid. Aubrites are typically light-colored, and with a brownish fusion crust. Most aubrites are heavily brecciated. It's often said that they look \"lunar\" in origin. Aubrites are primarily composed of large white crystals of the Fe-poor, Mg-rich orthopyroxene, or enstatite. Around this matrix, they have minor phases of olivine, nickel-iron","Worlds in Collision basis of ancient cosmological myths from places as disparate as India and China, Greece and Rome, Assyria and Sumer. For example, ancient Greek mythology asserts that the goddess Athena sprang from the head of Zeus. Velikovsky identifies Zeus (whose Roman counterpart was the god Jupiter) with the planet Jupiter and Athena (the Roman Minerva) with the planet Venus. This myth, along with others from ancient Egypt, Israel, Mexico, etc. are used to support the claim that \"\"Venus was expelled as a comet and then changed to a planet after contact with a number of members of our solar system\"\" (Velikovsky","4015 Wilson–Harrington and with a name length of 17 characters it is currently the asteroid with the longest name, having one more character than the 16-character limit imposed by the IAU. The comet was discovered on November 19, 1949, by Albert G. Wilson and Robert G. Harrington at Palomar Observatory. Only three photographic observations were obtained and the comet was lost (insufficient observations to determine a precise enough orbit to know where to look for future appearances of the comet, see Lost comet). On November 15, 1979, an apparent Mars-crosser asteroid was found by Eleanor F. Helin, also of Palomar Observatory. It","the Earth significantly. A planet of Jupiter's mass still seems to provide increased protection against asteroids, but the total effect on all orbital bodies within the Solar System is unclear. Computer simulations in 2016 have continued to erode the theory. Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (formally designated D/1993 F2) was a comet that broke apart in July 1992 and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects. This generated a large amount of coverage in the popular media, and the comet was closely observed by astronomers worldwide. The","Sample-return mission high impact velocities. Particle collisions with even slightly porous solid collectors would result in destruction of those particles and damage to the collection apparatus. During cruise, the second side of the array collected at least seven interstellar dust particles. In June 2010 the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Hayabusa probe returned asteroid samples to Earth after a rendezvous with (and a landing on) S-type asteroid 25143 Itokawa. In November 2010, scientists at the agency confirmed that, despite failure of the sampling device, the probe retrieved micrograms of dust from the asteroid, the first ever brought back to Earth in pristine","Zodiac The zodiac is an area of the sky that extends approximately 8° north or south (as measured in celestial latitude) of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year. The paths of the Moon and visible planets are also within the belt of the zodiac. In Western astrology, and formerly astronomy, the zodiac is divided into twelve signs, each occupying 30° of celestial longitude and roughly corresponding to the constellations Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. The twelve astrological signs form a","been subjects of theft and forgery as well. Lunar sample displays The Lunar sample displays are two commemorative plaques consisting of small fragments of Moon specimen brought back with the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 lunar missions and given in the 1970s to the people of 135 countries worldwide, the 50 states of the United States and its overseas territories by United States President Richard Nixon as goodwill gifts. The Apollo 11 lunar sample display is a commemorative podium style plaque display consisting of four rice-size dust particle specimens (dubbed \"Moon rocks\"), the recipient's flag and two small metal plates","It is the largest Solar System object that makes repeated close approaches to Earth. With a relative velocity of 60 km/s, an Earth impact would have an estimated energy of ~27 times that of the Cretaceous–Paleogene impactor. Comet Swift–Tuttle has been described as \"the single most dangerous object known to humanity\". In 1996, the long-term possibility of Comet Swift–Tuttle impacting Earth was compared to 433 Eros, and they were compared to about 3000 other kilometer sized objects as objects of concern. Comet Swift–Tuttle Comet Swift–Tuttle (formally designated 109P/Swift–Tuttle) is a periodic comet with a current (osculating) orbital period of 133","Flora family pieces. 43 Ariadne makes up much of the remaining mass (about a further 9%). Because of the family's poorly defined boundaries, and the location of Flora itself near the edge, it has also been called the \"Ariadne family\", when Flora did not make it into the group during an analysis (e.g. the WAM analysis by Zappalà, 1995). The remaining family members being fairly small, below 30 km in diameter. A noticeable fraction of the parent body has been lost from the family since the original impact, presumably due to later processes such as e.g. secondary collisions. For example, it has","the scattered disk and the detached population. At least nine such bodies have been securely identified, of which the largest, most distant, and best known is Sedna. Those with perihelia greater than 50 AU are termed sednoids. As of 2018, there are three known sednoids, Sedna, , and . Detached objects have perihelia much larger than Neptune's aphelion. They often have highly elliptical, very large orbits with semi-major axes of up to a few hundred astronomical units (AU, the radius of Earth's orbit). Such orbits cannot have been created by gravitational scattering by the giant planets, not even Neptune. Instead,","had been delivered as a result of the collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 in 1994. On 22 January 2014, ESA scientists reported the detection, for the first definitive time, of water vapor on the dwarf planet, Ceres, largest object in the asteroid belt. The detection was made by using the far-infrared abilities of the \"Herschel Space Observatory\". The finding is unexpected because comets, not asteroids, are typically considered to \"sprout jets and plumes\". According to one of the scientists, \"The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids.\" On 29 April 2013, ESA announced that \"Herschel\" supply","53 days with an uncertainty parameter of 6. There is a cumulative 1 in 360,000 chance that the asteroid could impact Earth sometime after 2070. 2002 MN 2002 MN is the provisional name given to a 73-meter Apollo near-Earth asteroid that on June 14, 2002 missed the Earth by only , about one third the distance to the Moon (0.3 LD). The close approach was second only to the Earth approach by the 10-meter asteroid 1994 XM1. 2002 MN was discovered on June 17, 2002 three days after closest approach. Its mass and relative velocity were in the same general","Asteroid belt is hard to pinpoint who coined the term. The first English use seems to be in the 1850 translation (by E. C. Otté) of Alexander von Humboldt's \"Cosmos\": \"[...] and the regular appearance, about the 13th of November and the 11th of August, of shooting stars, which probably form part of a belt of asteroids intersecting the Earth's orbit and moving with planetary velocity\". Another early appearance occurred in Robert James Mann's \"A Guide to the Knowledge of the Heavens\": \"The orbits of the asteroids are placed in a wide belt of space, extending between the extremes of [...]\". The","Seveneves from the moon—both to attempt to preserve the human race and to give the remaining doomed inhabitants of Earth something to hope for, to prevent civil disorder from breaking out on Earth before its surface is destroyed. Each nation on Earth is invited to choose by lot a small number of young people to become eligible to join the Cloud Ark. The Cloud Ark is to be based around the International Space Station (ISS), currently commanded by American astronaut Ivy Xiao. The ISS is already bolted onto an iron Arjuna asteroid called Amalthea, which provides some protection against moon debris.","Plutino In astronomy, the plutinos are a dynamical group of trans-Neptunian objects in the outermost region of the Solar System that orbit in 2:3 mean-motion resonance with Neptune. This means that for every two orbits a plutino makes, Neptune orbits three times. The dwarf planet Pluto is the largest member and namesake of this group. Plutinos are named after mythological creatures associated with the underworld. Plutinos form the inner part of the Kuiper belt and represent about a quarter of the known Kuiper belt objects. They are the largest class of the resonant trans-Neptunian objects \"(also see adjunct box with","Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld (; 21 October 1921 – 30 March 2015) was a Dutch astronomer. In a jointly credited trio with Tom Gehrels and her husband Cornelis Johannes van Houten, she was the discoverer of many thousands of asteroids (credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 4,625 numbered minor planets). In the Palomar–Leiden survey, Gehrels took the images using the 48-inch Schmidt telescope at Palomar Observatory and shipped the photographic plates to the van Houtens at Leiden Observatory, who analyzed them for new asteroids. The trio are jointly credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries.","Ceres (dwarf planet) all dwarf planets\", and describes it elsewhere as \"the dwarf planet–asteroid 1 Ceres\". NASA continues to refer to Ceres as an asteroid, as do various academic textbooks. Ceres follows an orbit between Mars and Jupiter, within the asteroid belt, with a period of 4.6 Earth years. The orbit is moderately inclined (\"i\" = 10.6° compared to 7° for Mercury and 17° for Pluto) and moderately eccentric (\"e\" = 0.08 compared to 0.09 for Mars). The diagram illustrates the orbits of Ceres (blue) and several planets (white and gray). The segments of orbits below the ecliptic are plotted in darker colors,","in several copies including one for John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford. Joshua Reynolds painted Mrs. Mary Hale, wife of General John Hale, as Euphrosyne in 1766. John Milton invoked her in the poem \"L'Allegro\". Euphrosyne and her sisters' main cult was located in Athens, Sparta, or Boetia. The asteroid 31 Euphrosyne is named after the goddess, as is the Euphrosinidae family of marine worms. Euphrosyne Euphrosyne (; Εὐφροσύνη), in ancient Greek religion, was one of the Charites, known in English as the \"Three Graces\". She was usually called Euthymia (Εὐθυμία). According to Greek myth, Euphrosyne and the two other","but was still listed at NEODyS with odds of 1 in 3 million for 27 November 2015 during the approach window. With an absolute magnitude of 23.6, is about 50–110 meters in diameter. 2007 VE191 It is estimated to be roughly 63 meters in diameter. In 2015 it was known to have a 1 in 63,000 chance of impacting Earth on 27 November 2015. However, the nominal best-fit orbit showed that would be roughly from Earth on 27 November 2015 with an apparent magnitude of roughly +25 in the constellation of Virgo about 50 degrees from the Sun, and the","International Astronomical Union), 6000 United Nations (for the United Nations), 7000 Curie (for the pioneers on radioactivity, Marie and Pierre Curie), and (for Isaac Newton), while 9000 Hal (after HAL 9000 from \"\") and 10000 Myriostos (after the Greek word for ten-thousandth, which is meant to honor all astronomers) were named based on their direct numeric accordance. By 2001, 3000 Leonardo was one of 32 named minor planets named after painters and sculptors, and some other examples in this category include 3001 Michelangelo (the next named asteroid numerically), 4221 Picasso, and 4457 van Gogh. Although these were classically named, the","Frank Asaro Frank Asaro (born Francesco Asaro, July 31, 1927 – June 10, 2014) was an Emeritus Senior Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory associated with the University of California at Berkeley. He is best known as the chemist who discovered the iridium anomaly in the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary layer that led the team of Luis Alvarez, Walter Alvarez, Frank Asaro, and Helen Michel to propose the Asteroid-Impact Theory, which postulates that an asteroid hit the Earth sixty-five million years ago and caused mass extinction during the age of the dinosaurs. Asaro went to college at age sixteen during World","dwarf or a red dwarf, in an elliptical orbit within the Oort cloud. This object, known as Nemesis, was hypothesized to pass through a portion of the Oort cloud approximately every 26 million years, bombarding the inner Solar System with comets. However, to date no evidence of Nemesis or the Oort cloud have been found, and many lines of evidence (such as crater counts), have thrown their existence into doubt. Recent scientific analysis no longer supports the idea that extinctions on Earth happen at regular, repeating intervals. Thus, the Nemesis hypothesis is no longer needed to explain current assumptions. A","Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\"illustrated in infobox\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates","Pyroxene pallasite grouplet The pyroxene pallasite grouplet is a subdivision of the pallasite meteorites (stony-irons). The grouplet is named \"pyroxene pallasites\" because they are the only pallasites that contain pyroxene. The grouplet was proposed in 1995. It currently has only 2 members: the Vermillion and Yamato 8451 meteorite. Both meteorites contain pyroxene and have a number of other similarities: for example their pyroxene composition, rare-earth element concentrations, and oxygen isotope ratios. However, there are also indicators against the grouping of these two meteorites: for example the texture and occurrence of cohenite in the Vermillion meteorite and the differing siderophile trace","into a circumstellar disk, and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun. A nebula contains gas, ice grains, and dust (including primordial nuclides). According to nebular theory, planetesimals formed by accretion, with the primordial Earth taking 10– (Mys) to form. A subject of research is the formation of the Moon, some 4.53 Bya. A leading hypothesis is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a Mars-sized object, named Theia, hit Earth. In this view, the mass of Theia was approximately 10 percent of Earth, it hit Earth with a glancing blow","Pretty Things were preceded by Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys, which consisted of Dick Taylor, fellow Sidcup Art College student Keith Richards, and Mick Jagger, among others. When Brian Jones was recruiting for his own band, all three joined Brian and Ian Stewart and were dubbed \"Rollin' Stones\" by Jones in June 1962. Because there were too many guitar players in the band, Taylor switched to bass. He quit the Stones five months later, when he was accepted at the Central School of Art and Design in London. Phil May, another Sidcup student, convinced him to form a","was the magazine's associated book publishing imprint, Straight Arrow Publishing Co., Inc. was the publishing company that published the Rolling Stone. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a cover date of November 9, 1967, and was in newspaper format with a lead article on the Monterey Pop Festival. The cover price was 25¢ (equivalent to $ in 2016). In the first issue, Wenner","those objects. On other planets and moons with active surface geological processes, such as Earth, Venus, Mars, Europa, Io, and Titan, visible impact craters may become eroded, buried, or transformed by tectonics over time. In early literature, before the significance of impact cratering was widely recognised, the terms cryptoexplosion or cryptovolcanic structure were often used to describe what are now recognised as impact-related features on Earth. Molten terrestrial material ejected from a meteorite impact crater can cool and solidify into an object known as a tektite. These are often mistaken for meteorites. Meteoroid A meteoroid () is a small rocky","Foo Fighters Foo Fighters is an American rock band, formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1994. It was founded by Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl as a one-man project following the dissolution of Nirvana after the suicide of Kurt Cobain. The group got its name from the UFOs and various aerial phenomena that were reported by Allied aircraft pilots in World War II, which were known collectively as \"foo fighters\". Prior to the release of Foo Fighters' 1995 debut album \"Foo Fighters\", which featured Grohl as the only official member, Grohl recruited bassist Nate Mendel and drummer William Goldsmith, both formerly of","(505657) 2014 SR339 , provisional designation , is a dark and elongated asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 30 September 2014, by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer telescope (WISE) in Earth's orbit. Closely observed at Goldstone and Arecibo in February 2018, it has a rotation period of 8.7 hours. is a member of the Apollo asteroids, which cross the orbit of Earth. Apollo's are the largest group of near-Earth objects with nearly 10 thousand known objects. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.90–1.70 AU","2 Pallas more asteroids after 1845 eventually led to their reclassification. Pallas's surface is most likely composed of a silicate material; its spectrum and estimated density resemble carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. With an orbital inclination of 34.8°, Pallas's orbit is unusually highly inclined to the plane of the asteroid belt, and its orbital eccentricity is nearly as large as that of Pluto, making Pallas relatively inaccessible to spacecraft. It was formerly considered a possible dwarf planet for its size, but it is no longer considered such because its shape departs significantly from an ellipsoid. On the night of April 5, 1779, Charles Messier","Astronomical symbols to name the new asteroid for the goddess Vesta, and also designed the symbol (): the altar of the goddess, with the sacred fire burning on it. Other contemporaneous writers use a more elaborate symbol () instead. Karl Ludwig Hencke, a German amateur astronomer, discovered the next two asteroids, 5 Astraea (in 1845) and 6 Hebe (in 1847). Hencke requested that the symbol for 5 Astraea be an upside-down anchor; however, a pair of balances was sometimes used instead. Gauss named 6 Hebe at Hencke's request, and chose a wineglass as the symbol. As more new asteroids were discovered, astronomers","Asteroid belt 16 July 1972. At the time there was some concern that the debris in the belt would pose a hazard to the spacecraft, but it has since been safely traversed by 12 spacecraft without incident. \"Pioneer 11\", \"Voyagers 1\" and \"2\" and \"Ulysses\" passed through the belt without imaging any asteroids. \"Galileo\" imaged 951 Gaspra in 1991 and 243 Ida in 1993, NEAR imaged 253 Mathilde in 1997 and landed on 433 Eros in February of 2001, \"Cassini\" imaged 2685 Masursky in 2000, \"Stardust\" imaged 5535 Annefrank in 2002, \"New Horizons\" imaged 132524 APL in 2006, \"Rosetta\" imaged 2867 Šteins","were joined in this lineup by Mike Garson, Dave Black, and Pete McDonald. Their self-titled album, released in 1976, was their only album before the group disbanded. The name came from the famous UFO sighting where a stadium crowd thought they had witnessed Martian spacecraft which turned out to be migrating spiders and not from the Martian areographic features often labelled as 'spiders' and 'baby spiders.' The Spiders from Mars The Spiders from Mars were rock singer David Bowie's backing band in the early 1970s, and consisted of Mick Ronson on guitars, Trevor Bolder on bass guitar, and Mick Woodmansey","Phaeton (hypothetical planet) Phaeton (or Phaëton) was the hypothetical planet theorized by the Titius–Bode law to have existed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, the destruction of which supposedly led to the formation of the asteroid belt (including the dwarf planet Ceres). The hypothetical planet was named for Phaethon, the son of the sun god Helios in Greek mythology, who attempted to drive his father's solar chariot for a day with disastrous results and was ultimately destroyed by Zeus. According to the discredited Titius–Bode law, a planet was believed to exist between Mars and Jupiter. After observing the discoveries","a primitive achondrite. Notable for its green fusion crust and high-magnesium/low-iron composition, NWA 7325 is estimated to be 4.56 billion years old and was likely ejected from Mercury on an Earth-intersecting trajectory by an impact. Northwest Africa 7325 Northwest Africa 7325, also known as NWA 7325 is the first meteorite believed to have originated from Mercury. Found in a marketplace in Erfoud, Morocco in April 2012, the meteorite is composed of 35 fragments with a combined weight of approximately . Investigation of the meteorite by Anthony Irving at the University of Washington determined that the meteorite's composition is consistent with","was not discovered by a member of the group, but rather by accident in 1801 by Giuseppe Piazzi, director of the observatory of Palermo in Sicily. He discovered a new star-like object in Taurus and followed the displacement of this object during several nights. Later that year, Carl Friedrich Gauss used these observations to calculate the orbit of this unknown object, which was found to be between the planets Mars and Jupiter. Piazzi named it after Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture. Three other asteroids (2 Pallas, 3 Juno, and 4 Vesta) were discovered over the next few years, with","to be a member of the group, but may not be, according to research in 2003 by Jeremy King et al. at Clemson University. This research seems to indicate that it is too young to be a member. Our Solar System is in the outskirts of this stream, but is not a member, being about 10 times older. Our Sun merely drifted in along its 250-million-year galactic orbit, and 40 million years ago was nowhere near the Ursa Major group. Ursa Major Moving Group The Ursa Major Moving Group, also known as Collinder 285 and the Ursa Major association, is","Retrograde and prograde motion relative to the Sun except those of Uranus. If there is a collision, material could be ejected in any direction and coalesce into either prograde or retrograde moons, which may be the case for the moons of dwarf planet Haumea, although Haumea's rotation direction is not known. Asteroids usually have a prograde orbit around the Sun. Only a few dozen asteroids in retrograde orbits are known. Some asteroids with retrograde orbits may be burnt-out comets, but some may acquire their retrograde orbit due to gravitational interactions with Jupiter. Due to their small size and their large distance from Earth it","that a more \"beneficial organization\" was needed. The only known method to successfully contact the Seven Society is to place a letter at the Thomas Jefferson statue inside the University's historic Rotunda (accounts differ on the exact placement of the letter, either on the base or in the crook of the statue's arm). The group contributes financially to the University, announcing donations with letters signed only with seven astronomical symbols in the order: Earth, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Neptune, Uranus, and Venus. The Society gives large monetary donations and scholarships to the University each year in quantities that include the number","rattleback may also be known as a \"anagyre\", \"celt\", \"Celtic stone\", \"rebellious celt\", \"rattlerock\", \"spin bar\", \"Robinson Reverser\", \"wobble stone\" (or \"wobblestone\") and by the product names \"ARK\", \"Bizzaro Swirl\", \"RATTLEBACK\", \"Space Pet\" and \"Space Toy\". Archeologists who investigated ancient Celtic and Egyptian sites in the 19th century found celts which exhibited the spin-reversal motion. The antiquarian word \"celt\" (the \"c\" is pronounced as \"s\") describes adze-, axe-, chisel- and hoe-shaped lithic tools and weapons. The first modern descriptions of these celts were published in the 1890s when Gilbert Walker wrote his \"On a curious dynamical property of celts\" for","December 3, 2014. In February 2014, Brian May, astrophysicist and guitarist for the rock band Queen, began working with Grigorij Richters, director of the film 51 Degrees North, the story of a fictional asteroid impact on London and the human condition resulting from such an event. May composed the music for the film. After screening the film at the 2014 Starmus Festival, Richters and May co-founded Asteroid Day in October 2014 which they officially announced during a press conference with Lord Martin Rees, Rusty Schweickart, Ed Lu, Thomas Jones, Ryan Watt and Bill Nye. The event was live streamed from","Diogenite Diogenites are a group of the HED meteorite clan, a type of achondritic stony meteorites. Diogenites are currently believed to originate from deep within the crust of the asteroid 4 Vesta, and as such are part of the HED meteorite clan. There are about 40 distinct members known. Diogenites are composed of igneous rocks of plutonic origin, having solidified slowly enough deep within Vesta's crust to form crystals which are larger than in the eucrites. These crystals are primarily magnesium-rich orthopyroxene, with small amounts of plagioclase and olivine. Diogenites are named for Diogenes of Apollonia, an ancient Greek philosopher","Joh Hyun Joh Hyun (The romanization preferred by the author according to LTI Korea.) (Hangul 조현; born 1969) is a South Korean novelist. He follows the example of some artists known to adopt alien alter-egos (notably the British musician David Bowie, who invented the bisexual rockstar Ziggy Stardust persona) and describes himself as a \"special correspondent in Earth for the planet of Klaatu.\" Klaatu is also the name of a fictional alien in the 1951 film \"The Day the Earth Stood Still\" directed by Robert Wise, based on the short story \"Farewell to the Master\" by Harry Bates. A Canadian","Hypatia (stone) Hypatia is a small stone, thought to be the first known specimen of a comet nucleus. Hypatia was discovered in December 1996 by Aly A. Barakat at , in the same area where Libyan desert glass is found. The rock has been named after Hypatia of Alexandria ( 350–370 AD – 415 AD) – the outstanding philosopher, astronomer, mathematician, and inventor. Tests done in South Africa show that Hypatia contains microscopic diamonds and that it is of extraterrestrial origin. It is thought to have been part of the body whose impact caused the creation of Libyan desert glass.","in Gozo, Malta. Malta lunar sample displays The Malta lunar sample displays are two commemorative plaques consisting of small fragments of moon specimen brought back with the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 lunar missions and were given to the people of Malta by United States President Richard Nixon as goodwill gifts. The Malta Apollo 11 lunar sample display commemorative podium style plaque consists of four \"moon rock\" rice-size particle specimens that were collected by Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin in 1969 and a small Maltese flag that was taken to the moon and back on Apollo 11.","in various systems of modern witchcraft, Wicca and Neopaganism, in some cases associated with the Wild Hunt of Germanic tradition, in others as part of a reconstruction of specifically Greek polytheism, in English also known as \"Hellenismos\". In Wicca, Hecate has in some cases become identified with the \"Crone\" aspect of the \"Triple Goddess\". Hecate is also the namesake of the hundredth numbered asteroid, which was discovered by American astronomer James Craig Watson on July 11, 1868. Its adopted name alludes to it as being the hundredth named asteroid ('hekaton' being the Greek for 'hundred'). Hecate Hecate or Hekate (;","song “RPG,” by Japanese band Sekai no Owari, the narrator mentions watching the Perseid meteor shower on the night something “precious to them fell apart.” Perseids The Perseids are a prolific meteor shower associated with the comet Swift–Tuttle. The meteors are called the Perseids because the point from which they appear to hail (called the radiant) lies in the constellation Perseus. The name is derived from the word Perseidai (Greek : Περσείδαι), the sons of Perseus in Greek mythology. The stream of debris is called the Perseid cloud and stretches along the orbit of the comet Swift–Tuttle. The cloud consists","by astronomers as a type of shorthand notation. Psyche was given an iconic symbol, as were several other asteroids discovered over the next few years. The symbol , a semicircle topped by a star, represents a butterfly's wing, symbol of the soul (\"psyche\" is the Greek word for 'soul'), and a star. In 1851, German astronomer J. F. Encke suggested using a circled number, and 16 Psyche was the first new asteroid to be discovered that was designated using this scheme when American astronomer James Ferguson published his observations in 1852. Psyche is massive enough that its gravitational perturbations on","its mission, Rosetta was crashed into the comet′s surface in 2016. Near-Earth object A near-Earth object (NEO) is any small Solar System body whose orbit brings it to proximity with Earth. By convention, a Solar System body is a NEO if its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) is less than 1.3 astronomical units (AU). If a NEO's orbit crosses the Earth's and the object is larger than across, it is considered a potentially hazardous object (PHO). Most known PHOs and NEOs are asteroids, but a small fraction are comets. There are over 19,000 known near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), over a","Meteoroid A meteoroid () is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space. Meteoroids are significantly smaller than asteroids, and range in size from small grains to one-meter-wide objects. Objects smaller than this are classified as micrometeoroids or space dust. Most are fragments from comets or asteroids, whereas others are collision impact debris ejected from bodies such as the Moon or Mars. When a meteoroid, comet, or asteroid enters Earth's atmosphere at a speed typically in excess of , aerodynamic heating of that object produces a streak of light, both from the glowing object and the trail of glowing","of the darkly-colored portions of the non-carbonaceous Chelyabinsk meteorite closely matched the color of members of the Baptistina family, showing that a low albedo does not necessarily indicate the composition of the family. In 2007, it was proposed that chromium concentrations in 66-million-year-old sediment layers at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary) on Earth suggested that the impactor that gouged out Chicxulub Crater and caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event belonged to the Baptistina family. Concerns were raised regarding the reputed link, in part because very few solid observational constraints existed of the asteroid or family. One year later, it was discovered","in a catastrophic collision (destroying the parent body), with an estimated age of 5.72 million years. The Koronis(2) family () with 246 members is the other. It formed 15 million years ago by a non-catastrophic collision with 158 Koronis. On August 28, 1993, the Galileo spacecraft visited a member of this family, 243 Ida. A photo of Ida (and its tiny moon Dactyl) is part of the composite image at right (numbered 243). Koronis family ] The Koronis or Koronian family (), also known as the Lacrimosa family, is a very large asteroid family of stony asteroids, located in the","19383 Rolling Stones 19383 Rolling Stones, provisional designation , is a bright Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. The V-type asteroid was discovered on 29 January 1998, by astronomers with the OCA–DLR Asteroid Survey at Caussols in southern France and named for the rock band The Rolling Stones. \"Rolling Stones\" a core member of the Vesta family (), one of the largest asteroid families in the main belt. Vestian asteroids have a composition akin to cumulate eucrites (HED meteorites) and are thought to have originated deep within 4 Vesta's crust, possibly from the"],"string":"[\n \"1566 Icarus closest to the Sun. Since then hundreds of Mercury-crossers have been found, the closest ones are now being and \\\"(also see )\\\". \\\"Icarus\\\" is thought to be the source of the Arietids, a strong daylight meteor shower. However other objects such as the short-period sun-grazing comet 96P/Machholz are also possible candidates for the shower's origin. \\\"Icarus\\\" has an \\\"Earth minimum orbital intersection distance\\\" of , which translates into 13.7 lunar distances (LD). This near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid makes close approaches to Earth in June at intervals of 9, 19, or 28 years. In 14 June 1968, it came\",\n \"July 2013 by Hodder & Stoughton. The book is a study of British singer Amy Winehouse's life in the context of the 27 Club, the group of iconic music stars who died at the same young age, including Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones whose death in 1969 was followed by Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin in 1970, Jim Morrison in 1971, and Kurt Cobain in 1994. Howard Sounes Howard Sounes (born 1965 Welling, South East London, England) is a British author, journalist and biographer. Howard Sounes began his career as a newspaper journalist as a staff reporter for the\",\n \"Ica stones Thus, a stone of uncertain origin can never be used to establish a conclusion which would otherwise be considered unlikely. The stones have been used by some creationists to claim that humans lived in proximity with dinosaurs, which contradicts evidence that the extinction of dinosaurs predates mankind by approximately 66 million years. At least one official creationist source has rejected their use as an argument for creationism. Believers in ancient astronauts have also attempted to use the stones as evidence of a lost, advanced civilization brought to man from other planets and mytho-historians have claimed them as evidence that ancient\",\n \"Co-orbital configuration 10% of the mass of Earth (about as massive as Mars), and the proto-Earth—whose orbits were perturbed by other planets, bringing Theia out of its trojan position and causing the collision. Objects in a horseshoe orbit librate around 180° from the primary. Their orbits encompass both equilateral Lagrangian points, i.e. and . The Saturnian moons Janus and Epimetheus share their orbits, the difference in semi-major axes being less than either's mean diameter. This means the moon with the smaller semi-major axis will slowly catch up with the other. As it does this, the moons gravitationally tug at each other, increasing\",\n \"dating. Seatbelt basalt Lunar Sample 15016, better known as the \\\"Seatbelt Basalt\\\", is a lunar sample discovered and collected on the Apollo 15 mission in 1971 in the Hadley-Apennine region of the moon. The rock is a vesicular olivine basalt. It is so named because mission commander, David Scott, noticed it on the surface while driving the lunar rover and stopped to collect it, but said to mission control that he was just fastening his seatbelt. This unplanned stop was later designated geology station 3, located about 125 meters west of Rhysling crater. The seatbelt basalt is currently stored at\",\n \"spans over 80 days. The object has not been observed since November 2002 about 2 months before it came to perihelion 2.7 AU from the Sun. During perihelion passage the object was 2.9 AU from Earth. \\\" belongs to the dynamical group of damocloids due to its low Tisserand parameter (T of 1.0820). It is also a Jupiter-, Saturn-, Uranus-, and Neptune-crosser. The object has the seventh-largest heliocentric semi-major axis and aphelion of all known minor planets, while its extreme eccentricity brings it well within the orbit of Jupiter when at perihelion. 2002 RN109 \\\" may be a dormant comet\",\n \"1112 Polonia Simeis, it was independently discovered by her college Grigory Neujmin. The Minor Planet Center only recognized the first discoverer. \\\"Polonia\\\" was Shajn's first discovery; and the first asteroid discovery made by a woman, bringing a long-standing tradition – which began with the discovery of 1 Ceres in 1801 – of more than a exclusively made by male astronomers, to an end. \\\"Polonia\\\" is a core member of the Eos family (), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and\",\n \"The similarity between Mimas's appearance and the Death Star in \\\"Star Wars\\\" due to the large size of Herschel has often been noted, both in the press and in NASA/JPL press releases. This is a coincidence, however, as the crater was not discovered until 1980, three years after the film was made. Herschel (Mimantean crater) Herschel is a huge crater in the leading hemisphere of the Saturnian moon Mimas, on the equator at 100° longitude. It is named after the eighteenth century astronomer William Herschel, who discovered Mimas in 1789. Herschel is the largest crater relative to its parent body\",\n \"1874 the comet reached perihelion at about .6758 AU from the Sun. On 23 July the comet made its closest approach to planet Earth at about .29 AU. Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote on 13 July 1874 a journal entry concerning Coggia’s comet. The public scare regarding the comet was satirized by Mark Twain in his short story \\\"A Curious Pleasure Excursion.\\\" C/1874 H1 C/1874 H1 (Coggia) is a famous non-periodic comet, which in the summer of 1874 could be seen by naked eye observation. On the basis of its brightness, the comet has been called the Great Comet of 1874;\",\n \"the University of Arizona successfully relocated the comet with the 154-cm reflector at Catalina. It was also observed in 1978, 1985, 1991-1992, and 1998-1999. The comet peaked at about apparent magnitude 16.3 in 2012. On 29 December 2077 the comet will pass from Mars. 60P/Tsuchinshan 60P/Tsuchinshan, also known as Tsuchinshan 2, is a periodic comet in the solar system with an orbital period of 6.79 years. Tsuchinshan is the Wade-Giles transliteration corresponding to the pinyin \\\"Zĭjīn Shān\\\", which is Mandarin Chinese for \\\"Purple Mountain\\\". It was discovered at the Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanking, China on 11 January 1965 with a\",\n \"the rock be given out to various institutions around the world as a goodwill gesture. In 1973 President Nixon gifted 1.1 gram pieces of the lunar basalt 70017 that were encased in a small Lucite ball and mounted on a wooden plaque display. They were given worldwide to all countries and all 50 United States and US territories and possessions. Some countries were not even aware they were given the Apollo displays. Some of the displays with the Moon rocks have been stolen, while others have been lost in inventory. NASA still has about 80 percent of the original rock.\",\n \"obsolete. Characteristic is the fayalite content (Fa) in olivine of 21 to 25 mol%. About 4–10% iron–nickel is found as a free metal, making these meteorites magnetic, but not as strongly as the H chondrites. The most abundant minerals are olivine and hypersthene (an orthopyroxene), as well as iron–nickel and troilite. Chromite, sodium-rich feldspar and calcium phosphates occur in minor amounts. Petrologic type 6 dominates, with over 60% of the L chondrites falling into this class. This indicates that the parent body was sizeable enough (greater than in diameter) to experience strong heating. Many of the L chondrite meteors may\",\n \"Nakshatra Van Nakshatra Van is a park created by the Jharkhand Forest Department in front of the residence of the governor of Jharkhand in Ranchi, the capital of the Indian state of Jharkhand. A Nakshatra (Devanagari: नक्षत्र) or lunar mansion is one of the 27 or 28 divisions of the sky that the Moon passes through during its monthly cycle, as used in Hindu astronomy and Hindu astrology. Each Nakshatra is identified by its prominent star(s) and is associated with a Zodiac. Hindu astrologers believe that each constellation of the zodiac is associated with a tree. Those trees are of\",\n \"light years from Earth, and PSR J0108-1431 at about 424 light years. RX J1856.5-3754 is a member of a close group of neutron stars called The Magnificent Seven. Another nearby neutron star that was detected transiting the backdrop of the constellation Ursa Minor has been nicknamed Calvera by its Canadian and American discoverers, after the villain in the 1960 film \\\"The Magnificent Seven\\\". This rapidly moving object was discovered using the ROSAT/Bright Source Catalog. About 5% of all known neutron stars are members of a binary system. The formation and evolution of binary neutron stars can be a complex process.\",\n \"27 Euterpe Euterpe ( ; minor planet designation: 27 Euterpe) is a stony asteroid and parent body of the Euterpe family, located in the inner asteroid belt, approximately 100 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by English astronomer John Russell Hind at George Bishop's Observatory in London on 8 November 1853. The asteroid was named after Euterpe, the Muse of music in Greek mythology. \\\"Euterpe\\\" is one of the brightest asteroids in the night sky. It has an apparent magnitude of 8.3 during a perihelic opposition on 25 December 2015. It is the parent body of the Euterpe family (),\",\n \"July 2047. The second message, Cosmic Call 2, was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at 47 Ursae Majoris in May 2049. Because of its planetary system, 47 Ursae Majoris was listed as one of the top 100 target stars for NASA's former Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. 47 Ursae Majoris 47 Ursae Majoris (abbreviated 47 UMa), also named Chalawan (, ), is a yellow dwarf star approximately 46 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. , three extrasolar planets (designated 47 Ursae Majoris b, c and d; the first two later named Taphao Thong and\",\n \"\\\"Spitzer Space Telescope\\\" observations in 2005, which showed that the Milky Way's central bar is larger than was previously suspected. Spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies form a class of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work \\\"The Realm of the Nebulae\\\" and, as such, form part of the Hubble sequence. Most spiral galaxies consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters. Spiral galaxies are named by their\",\n \"Norway lunar sample displays Apollo 11. The 4 \\\"moon rocks\\\" weigh about 0.05 grams in total. They are encased in a clear plastic button the size of a coin which is mounted to a wooden board approximately one foot square on a small podium pedestal display. The small podium plaque display also has mounted on it a small Norwegian flag that had been taken to the moon and back on Apollo 11, which lies directly below the \\\"goodwill moon rocks\\\". The small podium plaque display was given to the people of the country of Norway as a gift by United States President Richard Nixon.\",\n \"Macaulayite Macaulayite is a red, earthy, monoclinic mineral, with the chemical formula (Fe, Al)SiO(OH). It was discovered in the 1970s by Dr Jeff Wilson and named after the Macaulay Institute in Aberdeen, Scotland. The only known source of macaulayite in the world is a quarry at the foot of Bennachie, Aberdeenshire, and it is formed by granite which has been weathered by tropical climates from before the last Ice Age. The substance is currently being studied by NASA, as it is speculated that this is the substance which gives the planet Mars its colour and it could prove that life\",\n \"Allen's \\\"Hunted Earth\\\" series of novels, the Naked Purples own a former penal colony in or around Tycho crater known as \\\"Tycho Purple Penal\\\" (see The Ring of Charon). Tycho (lunar crater) Tycho () is a prominent lunar impact crater located in the southern lunar highlands, named after the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546–1601). It is estimated to be 108 million years old. To the south of Tycho is the crater Street, to the east is Pictet, and to the north-northeast is Sasserides. The surface around Tycho is replete with craters of various sizes, many overlapping still older craters. Some\",\n \"C-type asteroid C-type (carbonaceous) asteroids are the most common variety, forming around 75% of known asteroids. They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon, in addition to rocks and minerals. They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt, 3.5 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, where 80% of the asteroids are of this type, whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type. The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this, because C-types are much darker (and therefore less detectable) than\",\n \"also a Crown International Picture. In the year 3008, the crew of the Intergalactic Space Police cruiser \\\"Infinity\\\" is on patrol duty in deep space. The ship is captained by the incompetent Cornelius Butt (Avery Schreiber) and his crewmen: his first officer, Sgt. Thor (Stephen Macht); pilot \\\"space-cowboy\\\" Pvt. Robert \\\"Buzz\\\" McHenry (J.D. Hinton); Maurice (Lionel Mark Smith), a black humanoid alien with pointy ears and bat wings; and Sam (Tad Horino), an Asian man who quotes Confucius. Also aboard is Galaxina (Dorothy Stratten), a voluptuous blonde android servant, and Rock-Eater, a rock-eating alien prisoner confined to the brig. While\",\n \"to starfish by the French zoologist de Blainville in 1830. It is derived from the Greek \\\"aster\\\", ἀστήρ (a star) and the Greek \\\"eidos\\\", εἶδος (form, likeness, appearance). The class Asteroidea belongs to the phylum Echinodermata. As well as the starfish, the echinoderms include sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle and basket stars, sea cucumbers and crinoids. The larvae of echinoderms have bilateral symmetry, but during metamorphosis this is replaced with radial symmetry, typically pentameric. Adult echinoderms are characterized by having a water vascular system with external tube feet and a calcareous endoskeleton consisting of ossicles connected by a mesh of\",\n \"had discovered the asteroid. Bob McDonald (science journalist) Bob McDonald OC (born January 25, 1951) is a Canadian author and science journalist. He is the national science commentator for CBC Television and CBC News Network (formerly Newsworld), and since 1992 has been the host of a weekly radio science show, \\\"Quirks & Quarks\\\" which draws approximately 800,000 listeners each week. In 1972, with no formal academic training, he began his science communication career as a demonstrator at the Ontario Science Centre, and eventually traveled to California to watch the live action of NASA's first space probes. Upon returning to Canada,\",\n \"of observers on Earth appears roughly square. The 10.4m telescope Gran Telescopio Canarias recently observed the OB-type stars that power the giant HII regions. Sextans A Sextans A (also known as UGCA 205) is a tiny dwarf irregular galaxy. It spans about 5000 light-years across, and is located at 4.3 million light-years away, in the outskirts of the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way galaxy, and to which Sextans A may or may not belong. Sextans A has a peculiar square shape. Massive short-lived stars exploded in supernovae that caused more star formation, triggering yet more supernovae,\",\n \"family, a family of asteroids, and asteroid 1272 Gefion (discovered in 1931 by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth) both derive their names from that of the goddess. The highest mountain in Queen Louise Land (), NE Greenland was named after Gefjon by the 1912–13 Danish Expedition to Queen Louise Land led by J.P. Koch. Gefjon In Norse mythology, Gefjon (alternatively spelled Gefion or Gefjun) is a goddess associated with ploughing, the Danish island of Zealand, the legendary Swedish king Gylfi, the legendary Danish king Skjöldr, foreknowledge, and virginity. Gefjon is attested in the \\\"Poetic Edda\\\", compiled in the 13th century from earlier\",\n \"– rises as expected in the east but slowly. Despite the 30-hour orbit of Deimos, 2.7 days elapse between its rise and set for an equatorial observer, as it slowly falls behind the rotation of Mars. Because the orbit of Phobos is below synchronous altitude, the tidal forces from the planet Mars are gradually lowering its orbit. In about 50 million years, it could either crash into Mars's surface or break up into a ring structure around the planet. The origin of the two moons is not well understood. Their low albedo and carbonaceous chondrite composition have been regarded as\",\n \"Retrograde and prograde motion than asteroids to be retrograde. Halley's Comet has a retrograde orbit around the Sun. Most Kuiper belt objects have prograde orbits around the Sun. The first Kuiper belt object discovered to have a retrograde orbit was . Other Kuiper belt objects with retrograde orbits are (471325) 2011 KT, , and 2011 MM. All of these orbits are highly tilted, with inclinations in the 100° - 125° range. Meteoroids in a retrograde orbit around the Sun hit the Earth with a faster relative speed than prograde meteoroids and tend to burn up in the atmosphere and are more likely to hit\",\n \"equilibrium, whereas those smaller than that are not. Icy objects need less mass for hydrostatic equilibrium than rocky objects. The smallest object that is known to have an equilibrium shape is the icy moon Mimas at 397 km, whereas the largest object known to have an obviously non-equilibrium shape is the rocky asteroid Pallas at 532 km (582 × 556 × 500 ± 18 km). However, Mimas is not actually in hydrostatic equilibrium for its current rotation. The smallest body confirmed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium is the dwarf planet Ceres, at 945 km, whereas the largest body known to\",\n \"of a Thousand Planets.\\\" The song was also used by U2 as an intro during their U2 360° Tour. The BBC featured the song in its television coverage of the Apollo 11 lunar landing. German singer Peter Schilling's 1983 single \\\"Major Tom (Coming Home)\\\" was written as a retelling of the song. On 6 February 2018, the maiden flight of the SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket carried Elon Musk's personal Tesla Roadster and a mannequin affectionately named \\\"Starman\\\" into space. \\\"Space Oddity\\\" was to be one of the tunes playing on the car's sound system during the flight. \\\"'Space Oddity' by\",\n \"the loss, by discarding, of most if not all of these therefore unidentified pieces. Juvinas A meteorite felt in June 1821, on the 15th, whose name therefore became the Juvinas meteorite. It felt in the hamlet of Libonès, at a place called “le Cros du Libonès” (in French). It is a eucrite, coming from Vesta minor planet, the 4th asteroid by size from the main asteroid belt, between Jupiter and Mars. Half of the original recovered fall is still kept in the French national collection of meteorites at MNHN museum, in Paris, France. The remaining was kept in neighborhood family\",\n \"'people's republic' and Pete Tyler, Rose Tyler's father, is alive and is a wealthy inventor. They are also seen in the alternate reality 1939 plot line in the film \\\"Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow\\\", and have an iconic association with the steampunk subcultural movement in broader terms. In 1989, Japanese animator Miyazaki released \\\"Kiki's Delivery Service\\\", which features a Zeppelin as a plot element. In 1968, English rock band Led Zeppelin chose their name after Keith Moon, drummer of The Who, told guitarist Jimmy Page that his idea to create a band would \\\"go down like a lead\",\n \"Phoenicids The Phoenicids are a minor meteor shower, first noticed by observers in New Zealand, Australia, the Indian Ocean, and South Africa during an outburst of approximately 100 meteors an hour that occurred during December 1956. Like other meteor showers, the Phoenicids get their name from the location of their radiant, which is in the constellation Phoenix. They are active from 29 November to 9 December, with a peak occurring around 5/6 December each year, and are best seen from the Southern Hemisphere. The Phoenicids appear to be associated with a stream of material from the disintegrating comet D/1819 W1\",\n \"Lowell Observatory Lowell Observatory is an astronomical observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, United States. Lowell Observatory was established in 1894, placing it among the oldest observatories in the United States, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965. In 2011, the Observatory was named one of \\\"The World's 100 Most Important Places\\\" by TIME. It was at the Lowell Observatory that the dwarf planet Pluto was discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh. The observatory was founded by astronomer Percival Lowell of Boston's Lowell family and is overseen by a sole trustee, a position historically handed down through the family. The\",\n \"159th congruent number. It is the sum of the 52nd prime number, 239, and 52, making it part of the formula_1 series. 291 was the name of a New York City-based arts and literature magazine from 1915 to 1916, the name of which was inspired off the name of an art gallery owned by its publisher. Both names come from the gallery's address at 291 Fifth Avenue. 291 Alice is a main belt asteroid discovered in 1890. See also the year 291. 291 (number) 291 (two hundred [and] ninety one) is the natural number following 290 and preceding 292. This\",\n \"243 Ida Ida (; minor planet designation: 243 Ida) is an asteroid in the Koronis family of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 29 September 1884 by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at Vienna Observatory and named after a nymph from Greek mythology. Later telescopic observations categorized Ida as an S-type asteroid, the most numerous type in the inner asteroid belt. On 28 August 1993, Ida was visited by the unmanned \\\"Galileo\\\" spacecraft while en route to Jupiter. It was the second asteroid visited by a spacecraft and the first found to have a natural satellite. Ida's orbit lies between\",\n \"588 Achilles semi-major axis of 5.21 AU). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 10 degrees from the plane of the ecliptic. \\\"Achilles\\\" is the first known example of the stable solution of the three-body problem worked out by French mathematician Joseph Lagrange in 1772, after whom the minor planet 1006 Lagrangea is named. After the discovery of other asteroids with similar orbital characteristics, which were also named after heroes from the Trojan War \\\"(see below)\\\", the term \\\"Trojan asteroids\\\" or \\\"Jupiter trojans\\\" became commonly used. In addition, a rule was established that the point was the \\\"Greek\",\n \"Murchison meteorite found over an area larger than , with individual mass up to ; one, weighing , broke through a roof and fell in hay. The total collected mass exceeds . The meteorite belongs to the CM group of carbonaceous chondrites (see meteorite classification). Like most CM chondrites, Murchison is petrologic type 2, which means that it experienced extensive alteration by water-rich fluids on its parent body before falling to Earth. CM chondrites, together with the CI group, are rich in carbon and are among the most chemically primitive meteorites. Like other CM chondrites, Murchison contains abundant CAIs. Over 15 amino\",\n \"The Stones in the Park of Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem on John Keats's death, \\\"Adonaïs\\\", from a calf-bound book. After this recital, several hundred cabbage white butterflies were released. The setlist for their performance was \\\"I'm Yours & I'm Hers\\\", \\\"Jumpin' Jack Flash\\\". \\\"Mercy Mercy\\\", \\\"Down Home Girl\\\", \\\"Stray Cat Blues\\\", \\\"No Expectations\\\", \\\"I'm Free\\\", \\\"Loving Cup\\\", \\\"Love in Vain\\\", \\\"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\\\", \\\"Honky Tonk Women\\\", \\\"Midnight Rambler\\\", \\\"Street Fighting Man\\\" and \\\"Sympathy for the Devil\\\". During the 18-minute-long rendition of \\\"Sympathy for the Devil\\\", a number of African tribal drummers joined the band. While the event is considered a memorable one by\",\n \"19P/Borrelly Comet Borrelly or Borrelly's Comet (official designation: 19P/Borrelly) is a periodic comet, which was visited by the spacecraft Deep Space 1 in 2001. The comet last came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on May 28, 2015. The comet's nucleus, seen in the adjacent image, is particularly notable for being shaped like a bowling pin. The comet was discovered by Alphonse Borrelly during a routine search for comets at Marseilles, France on December 28, 1904. On September 21, 2001 the spacecraft Deep Space 1, which was launched to test new equipment in space, performed a flyby of Borrelly.\",\n \"Additionally, Harry and his brother Jimmy Deal built Galaxie III Recording Studio in the 1960s, where the band has recorded most of its music. Harry Deal passed away on December 16th, 2017 in Hickory, North Carolina. Singles/45s Albums/LPs Harry Deal and the Galaxies Harry Deal and the Galaxies is a rock and roll band formed in Taylorsville, North Carolina, United States, in 1959. They are most famous for playing a style of music known as beach music, which began in the 1940s in dance clubs of South Carolina beach towns such as Myrtle Beach. The group was formed by brothers\",\n \"Regular moon In astronomy, a regular moon is a natural satellite following a relatively close and prograde orbit with little orbital inclination or eccentricity. They are believed to have formed in orbit about their primary, as opposed to irregular moons, which were captured. There are at least 57 regular satellites of the eight planets: one at Earth, eight at Jupiter, 23 named regular moons at Saturn (not counting hundreds or thousands of moonlets), 18 known at Uranus, and 7 small regular moons at Neptune (Neptune's largest moon Triton appears to have been captured). It is thought that Pluto's five moons\",\n \"a nuclear scientist suffering from radiation poisoning. Depictions of the criticality incident include the 1989 film \\\"Fat Man and Little Boy\\\", in which John Cusack plays a fictional character named Michael Merriman based on Slotin, and the \\\"Louis Slotin Sonata\\\", a 2001 off-Broadway play directed by David P. Moore. In 1948, Slotin's colleagues at Los Alamos and the University of Chicago initiated the \\\"Louis A. Slotin Memorial Fund\\\" for lectures on physics given by distinguished scientists such as Robert Oppenheimer and Nobel laureates Luis Walter Alvarez and Hans Bethe. The memorial fund lasted until 1962. In 2002, an asteroid discovered\",\n \"Electric Light Orchestra The Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) are an English rock band formed in Birmingham in 1970, by songwriters/multi-instrumentalists Jeff Lynne and Roy Wood with drummer Bev Bevan. Their music is characterised by a fusion of Beatlesque pop, classical arrangements, and futuristic iconography. After Wood's departure in 1972, Lynne became the band's leader, arranging and producing every album while writing virtually all of their original material. For their initial tenure, Lynne, Bevan and keyboardist Richard Tandy were the group's only consistent members. ELO was formed out of Lynne's and Wood's desire to create modern rock and pop songs with\",\n \"Aubrite Aubrites are a group of meteorites named for Aubres, a small achondrite meteorite that fell near Nyons, France, in 1836. They are primarily composed of the orthopyroxene enstatite, and are often called enstatite achondrites. Their igneous origin separates them from primitive enstatite achondrites and means they originated in an asteroid. Aubrites are typically light-colored, and with a brownish fusion crust. Most aubrites are heavily brecciated. It's often said that they look \\\"lunar\\\" in origin. Aubrites are primarily composed of large white crystals of the Fe-poor, Mg-rich orthopyroxene, or enstatite. Around this matrix, they have minor phases of olivine, nickel-iron\",\n \"Worlds in Collision basis of ancient cosmological myths from places as disparate as India and China, Greece and Rome, Assyria and Sumer. For example, ancient Greek mythology asserts that the goddess Athena sprang from the head of Zeus. Velikovsky identifies Zeus (whose Roman counterpart was the god Jupiter) with the planet Jupiter and Athena (the Roman Minerva) with the planet Venus. This myth, along with others from ancient Egypt, Israel, Mexico, etc. are used to support the claim that \\\"\\\"Venus was expelled as a comet and then changed to a planet after contact with a number of members of our solar system\\\"\\\" (Velikovsky\",\n \"4015 Wilson–Harrington and with a name length of 17 characters it is currently the asteroid with the longest name, having one more character than the 16-character limit imposed by the IAU. The comet was discovered on November 19, 1949, by Albert G. Wilson and Robert G. Harrington at Palomar Observatory. Only three photographic observations were obtained and the comet was lost (insufficient observations to determine a precise enough orbit to know where to look for future appearances of the comet, see Lost comet). On November 15, 1979, an apparent Mars-crosser asteroid was found by Eleanor F. Helin, also of Palomar Observatory. It\",\n \"the Earth significantly. A planet of Jupiter's mass still seems to provide increased protection against asteroids, but the total effect on all orbital bodies within the Solar System is unclear. Computer simulations in 2016 have continued to erode the theory. Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (formally designated D/1993 F2) was a comet that broke apart in July 1992 and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects. This generated a large amount of coverage in the popular media, and the comet was closely observed by astronomers worldwide. The\",\n \"Sample-return mission high impact velocities. Particle collisions with even slightly porous solid collectors would result in destruction of those particles and damage to the collection apparatus. During cruise, the second side of the array collected at least seven interstellar dust particles. In June 2010 the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Hayabusa probe returned asteroid samples to Earth after a rendezvous with (and a landing on) S-type asteroid 25143 Itokawa. In November 2010, scientists at the agency confirmed that, despite failure of the sampling device, the probe retrieved micrograms of dust from the asteroid, the first ever brought back to Earth in pristine\",\n \"Zodiac The zodiac is an area of the sky that extends approximately 8° north or south (as measured in celestial latitude) of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year. The paths of the Moon and visible planets are also within the belt of the zodiac. In Western astrology, and formerly astronomy, the zodiac is divided into twelve signs, each occupying 30° of celestial longitude and roughly corresponding to the constellations Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. The twelve astrological signs form a\",\n \"been subjects of theft and forgery as well. Lunar sample displays The Lunar sample displays are two commemorative plaques consisting of small fragments of Moon specimen brought back with the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 lunar missions and given in the 1970s to the people of 135 countries worldwide, the 50 states of the United States and its overseas territories by United States President Richard Nixon as goodwill gifts. The Apollo 11 lunar sample display is a commemorative podium style plaque display consisting of four rice-size dust particle specimens (dubbed \\\"Moon rocks\\\"), the recipient's flag and two small metal plates\",\n \"It is the largest Solar System object that makes repeated close approaches to Earth. With a relative velocity of 60 km/s, an Earth impact would have an estimated energy of ~27 times that of the Cretaceous–Paleogene impactor. Comet Swift–Tuttle has been described as \\\"the single most dangerous object known to humanity\\\". In 1996, the long-term possibility of Comet Swift–Tuttle impacting Earth was compared to 433 Eros, and they were compared to about 3000 other kilometer sized objects as objects of concern. Comet Swift–Tuttle Comet Swift–Tuttle (formally designated 109P/Swift–Tuttle) is a periodic comet with a current (osculating) orbital period of 133\",\n \"Flora family pieces. 43 Ariadne makes up much of the remaining mass (about a further 9%). Because of the family's poorly defined boundaries, and the location of Flora itself near the edge, it has also been called the \\\"Ariadne family\\\", when Flora did not make it into the group during an analysis (e.g. the WAM analysis by Zappalà, 1995). The remaining family members being fairly small, below 30 km in diameter. A noticeable fraction of the parent body has been lost from the family since the original impact, presumably due to later processes such as e.g. secondary collisions. For example, it has\",\n \"the scattered disk and the detached population. At least nine such bodies have been securely identified, of which the largest, most distant, and best known is Sedna. Those with perihelia greater than 50 AU are termed sednoids. As of 2018, there are three known sednoids, Sedna, , and . Detached objects have perihelia much larger than Neptune's aphelion. They often have highly elliptical, very large orbits with semi-major axes of up to a few hundred astronomical units (AU, the radius of Earth's orbit). Such orbits cannot have been created by gravitational scattering by the giant planets, not even Neptune. Instead,\",\n \"had been delivered as a result of the collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 in 1994. On 22 January 2014, ESA scientists reported the detection, for the first definitive time, of water vapor on the dwarf planet, Ceres, largest object in the asteroid belt. The detection was made by using the far-infrared abilities of the \\\"Herschel Space Observatory\\\". The finding is unexpected because comets, not asteroids, are typically considered to \\\"sprout jets and plumes\\\". According to one of the scientists, \\\"The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids.\\\" On 29 April 2013, ESA announced that \\\"Herschel\\\" supply\",\n \"53 days with an uncertainty parameter of 6. There is a cumulative 1 in 360,000 chance that the asteroid could impact Earth sometime after 2070. 2002 MN 2002 MN is the provisional name given to a 73-meter Apollo near-Earth asteroid that on June 14, 2002 missed the Earth by only , about one third the distance to the Moon (0.3 LD). The close approach was second only to the Earth approach by the 10-meter asteroid 1994 XM1. 2002 MN was discovered on June 17, 2002 three days after closest approach. Its mass and relative velocity were in the same general\",\n \"Asteroid belt is hard to pinpoint who coined the term. The first English use seems to be in the 1850 translation (by E. C. Otté) of Alexander von Humboldt's \\\"Cosmos\\\": \\\"[...] and the regular appearance, about the 13th of November and the 11th of August, of shooting stars, which probably form part of a belt of asteroids intersecting the Earth's orbit and moving with planetary velocity\\\". Another early appearance occurred in Robert James Mann's \\\"A Guide to the Knowledge of the Heavens\\\": \\\"The orbits of the asteroids are placed in a wide belt of space, extending between the extremes of [...]\\\". The\",\n \"Seveneves from the moon—both to attempt to preserve the human race and to give the remaining doomed inhabitants of Earth something to hope for, to prevent civil disorder from breaking out on Earth before its surface is destroyed. Each nation on Earth is invited to choose by lot a small number of young people to become eligible to join the Cloud Ark. The Cloud Ark is to be based around the International Space Station (ISS), currently commanded by American astronaut Ivy Xiao. The ISS is already bolted onto an iron Arjuna asteroid called Amalthea, which provides some protection against moon debris.\",\n \"Plutino In astronomy, the plutinos are a dynamical group of trans-Neptunian objects in the outermost region of the Solar System that orbit in 2:3 mean-motion resonance with Neptune. This means that for every two orbits a plutino makes, Neptune orbits three times. The dwarf planet Pluto is the largest member and namesake of this group. Plutinos are named after mythological creatures associated with the underworld. Plutinos form the inner part of the Kuiper belt and represent about a quarter of the known Kuiper belt objects. They are the largest class of the resonant trans-Neptunian objects \\\"(also see adjunct box with\",\n \"Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld (; 21 October 1921 – 30 March 2015) was a Dutch astronomer. In a jointly credited trio with Tom Gehrels and her husband Cornelis Johannes van Houten, she was the discoverer of many thousands of asteroids (credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 4,625 numbered minor planets). In the Palomar–Leiden survey, Gehrels took the images using the 48-inch Schmidt telescope at Palomar Observatory and shipped the photographic plates to the van Houtens at Leiden Observatory, who analyzed them for new asteroids. The trio are jointly credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries.\",\n \"Ceres (dwarf planet) all dwarf planets\\\", and describes it elsewhere as \\\"the dwarf planet–asteroid 1 Ceres\\\". NASA continues to refer to Ceres as an asteroid, as do various academic textbooks. Ceres follows an orbit between Mars and Jupiter, within the asteroid belt, with a period of 4.6 Earth years. The orbit is moderately inclined (\\\"i\\\" = 10.6° compared to 7° for Mercury and 17° for Pluto) and moderately eccentric (\\\"e\\\" = 0.08 compared to 0.09 for Mars). The diagram illustrates the orbits of Ceres (blue) and several planets (white and gray). The segments of orbits below the ecliptic are plotted in darker colors,\",\n \"in several copies including one for John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford. Joshua Reynolds painted Mrs. Mary Hale, wife of General John Hale, as Euphrosyne in 1766. John Milton invoked her in the poem \\\"L'Allegro\\\". Euphrosyne and her sisters' main cult was located in Athens, Sparta, or Boetia. The asteroid 31 Euphrosyne is named after the goddess, as is the Euphrosinidae family of marine worms. Euphrosyne Euphrosyne (; Εὐφροσύνη), in ancient Greek religion, was one of the Charites, known in English as the \\\"Three Graces\\\". She was usually called Euthymia (Εὐθυμία). According to Greek myth, Euphrosyne and the two other\",\n \"but was still listed at NEODyS with odds of 1 in 3 million for 27 November 2015 during the approach window. With an absolute magnitude of 23.6, is about 50–110 meters in diameter. 2007 VE191 It is estimated to be roughly 63 meters in diameter. In 2015 it was known to have a 1 in 63,000 chance of impacting Earth on 27 November 2015. However, the nominal best-fit orbit showed that would be roughly from Earth on 27 November 2015 with an apparent magnitude of roughly +25 in the constellation of Virgo about 50 degrees from the Sun, and the\",\n \"International Astronomical Union), 6000 United Nations (for the United Nations), 7000 Curie (for the pioneers on radioactivity, Marie and Pierre Curie), and (for Isaac Newton), while 9000 Hal (after HAL 9000 from \\\"\\\") and 10000 Myriostos (after the Greek word for ten-thousandth, which is meant to honor all astronomers) were named based on their direct numeric accordance. By 2001, 3000 Leonardo was one of 32 named minor planets named after painters and sculptors, and some other examples in this category include 3001 Michelangelo (the next named asteroid numerically), 4221 Picasso, and 4457 van Gogh. Although these were classically named, the\",\n \"Frank Asaro Frank Asaro (born Francesco Asaro, July 31, 1927 – June 10, 2014) was an Emeritus Senior Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory associated with the University of California at Berkeley. He is best known as the chemist who discovered the iridium anomaly in the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary layer that led the team of Luis Alvarez, Walter Alvarez, Frank Asaro, and Helen Michel to propose the Asteroid-Impact Theory, which postulates that an asteroid hit the Earth sixty-five million years ago and caused mass extinction during the age of the dinosaurs. Asaro went to college at age sixteen during World\",\n \"dwarf or a red dwarf, in an elliptical orbit within the Oort cloud. This object, known as Nemesis, was hypothesized to pass through a portion of the Oort cloud approximately every 26 million years, bombarding the inner Solar System with comets. However, to date no evidence of Nemesis or the Oort cloud have been found, and many lines of evidence (such as crater counts), have thrown their existence into doubt. Recent scientific analysis no longer supports the idea that extinctions on Earth happen at regular, repeating intervals. Thus, the Nemesis hypothesis is no longer needed to explain current assumptions. A\",\n \"Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \\\"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\\\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\\\"illustrated in infobox\\\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates\",\n \"Pyroxene pallasite grouplet The pyroxene pallasite grouplet is a subdivision of the pallasite meteorites (stony-irons). The grouplet is named \\\"pyroxene pallasites\\\" because they are the only pallasites that contain pyroxene. The grouplet was proposed in 1995. It currently has only 2 members: the Vermillion and Yamato 8451 meteorite. Both meteorites contain pyroxene and have a number of other similarities: for example their pyroxene composition, rare-earth element concentrations, and oxygen isotope ratios. However, there are also indicators against the grouping of these two meteorites: for example the texture and occurrence of cohenite in the Vermillion meteorite and the differing siderophile trace\",\n \"into a circumstellar disk, and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun. A nebula contains gas, ice grains, and dust (including primordial nuclides). According to nebular theory, planetesimals formed by accretion, with the primordial Earth taking 10– (Mys) to form. A subject of research is the formation of the Moon, some 4.53 Bya. A leading hypothesis is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a Mars-sized object, named Theia, hit Earth. In this view, the mass of Theia was approximately 10 percent of Earth, it hit Earth with a glancing blow\",\n \"Pretty Things were preceded by Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys, which consisted of Dick Taylor, fellow Sidcup Art College student Keith Richards, and Mick Jagger, among others. When Brian Jones was recruiting for his own band, all three joined Brian and Ian Stewart and were dubbed \\\"Rollin' Stones\\\" by Jones in June 1962. Because there were too many guitar players in the band, Taylor switched to bass. He quit the Stones five months later, when he was accepted at the Central School of Art and Design in London. Phil May, another Sidcup student, convinced him to form a\",\n \"was the magazine's associated book publishing imprint, Straight Arrow Publishing Co., Inc. was the publishing company that published the Rolling Stone. \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a cover date of November 9, 1967, and was in newspaper format with a lead article on the Monterey Pop Festival. The cover price was 25¢ (equivalent to $ in 2016). In the first issue, Wenner\",\n \"those objects. On other planets and moons with active surface geological processes, such as Earth, Venus, Mars, Europa, Io, and Titan, visible impact craters may become eroded, buried, or transformed by tectonics over time. In early literature, before the significance of impact cratering was widely recognised, the terms cryptoexplosion or cryptovolcanic structure were often used to describe what are now recognised as impact-related features on Earth. Molten terrestrial material ejected from a meteorite impact crater can cool and solidify into an object known as a tektite. These are often mistaken for meteorites. Meteoroid A meteoroid () is a small rocky\",\n \"Foo Fighters Foo Fighters is an American rock band, formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1994. It was founded by Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl as a one-man project following the dissolution of Nirvana after the suicide of Kurt Cobain. The group got its name from the UFOs and various aerial phenomena that were reported by Allied aircraft pilots in World War II, which were known collectively as \\\"foo fighters\\\". Prior to the release of Foo Fighters' 1995 debut album \\\"Foo Fighters\\\", which featured Grohl as the only official member, Grohl recruited bassist Nate Mendel and drummer William Goldsmith, both formerly of\",\n \"(505657) 2014 SR339 , provisional designation , is a dark and elongated asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 30 September 2014, by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer telescope (WISE) in Earth's orbit. Closely observed at Goldstone and Arecibo in February 2018, it has a rotation period of 8.7 hours. is a member of the Apollo asteroids, which cross the orbit of Earth. Apollo's are the largest group of near-Earth objects with nearly 10 thousand known objects. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.90–1.70 AU\",\n \"2 Pallas more asteroids after 1845 eventually led to their reclassification. Pallas's surface is most likely composed of a silicate material; its spectrum and estimated density resemble carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. With an orbital inclination of 34.8°, Pallas's orbit is unusually highly inclined to the plane of the asteroid belt, and its orbital eccentricity is nearly as large as that of Pluto, making Pallas relatively inaccessible to spacecraft. It was formerly considered a possible dwarf planet for its size, but it is no longer considered such because its shape departs significantly from an ellipsoid. On the night of April 5, 1779, Charles Messier\",\n \"Astronomical symbols to name the new asteroid for the goddess Vesta, and also designed the symbol (): the altar of the goddess, with the sacred fire burning on it. Other contemporaneous writers use a more elaborate symbol () instead. Karl Ludwig Hencke, a German amateur astronomer, discovered the next two asteroids, 5 Astraea (in 1845) and 6 Hebe (in 1847). Hencke requested that the symbol for 5 Astraea be an upside-down anchor; however, a pair of balances was sometimes used instead. Gauss named 6 Hebe at Hencke's request, and chose a wineglass as the symbol. As more new asteroids were discovered, astronomers\",\n \"Asteroid belt 16 July 1972. At the time there was some concern that the debris in the belt would pose a hazard to the spacecraft, but it has since been safely traversed by 12 spacecraft without incident. \\\"Pioneer 11\\\", \\\"Voyagers 1\\\" and \\\"2\\\" and \\\"Ulysses\\\" passed through the belt without imaging any asteroids. \\\"Galileo\\\" imaged 951 Gaspra in 1991 and 243 Ida in 1993, NEAR imaged 253 Mathilde in 1997 and landed on 433 Eros in February of 2001, \\\"Cassini\\\" imaged 2685 Masursky in 2000, \\\"Stardust\\\" imaged 5535 Annefrank in 2002, \\\"New Horizons\\\" imaged 132524 APL in 2006, \\\"Rosetta\\\" imaged 2867 Šteins\",\n \"were joined in this lineup by Mike Garson, Dave Black, and Pete McDonald. Their self-titled album, released in 1976, was their only album before the group disbanded. The name came from the famous UFO sighting where a stadium crowd thought they had witnessed Martian spacecraft which turned out to be migrating spiders and not from the Martian areographic features often labelled as 'spiders' and 'baby spiders.' The Spiders from Mars The Spiders from Mars were rock singer David Bowie's backing band in the early 1970s, and consisted of Mick Ronson on guitars, Trevor Bolder on bass guitar, and Mick Woodmansey\",\n \"Phaeton (hypothetical planet) Phaeton (or Phaëton) was the hypothetical planet theorized by the Titius–Bode law to have existed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, the destruction of which supposedly led to the formation of the asteroid belt (including the dwarf planet Ceres). The hypothetical planet was named for Phaethon, the son of the sun god Helios in Greek mythology, who attempted to drive his father's solar chariot for a day with disastrous results and was ultimately destroyed by Zeus. According to the discredited Titius–Bode law, a planet was believed to exist between Mars and Jupiter. After observing the discoveries\",\n \"a primitive achondrite. Notable for its green fusion crust and high-magnesium/low-iron composition, NWA 7325 is estimated to be 4.56 billion years old and was likely ejected from Mercury on an Earth-intersecting trajectory by an impact. Northwest Africa 7325 Northwest Africa 7325, also known as NWA 7325 is the first meteorite believed to have originated from Mercury. Found in a marketplace in Erfoud, Morocco in April 2012, the meteorite is composed of 35 fragments with a combined weight of approximately . Investigation of the meteorite by Anthony Irving at the University of Washington determined that the meteorite's composition is consistent with\",\n \"was not discovered by a member of the group, but rather by accident in 1801 by Giuseppe Piazzi, director of the observatory of Palermo in Sicily. He discovered a new star-like object in Taurus and followed the displacement of this object during several nights. Later that year, Carl Friedrich Gauss used these observations to calculate the orbit of this unknown object, which was found to be between the planets Mars and Jupiter. Piazzi named it after Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture. Three other asteroids (2 Pallas, 3 Juno, and 4 Vesta) were discovered over the next few years, with\",\n \"to be a member of the group, but may not be, according to research in 2003 by Jeremy King et al. at Clemson University. This research seems to indicate that it is too young to be a member. Our Solar System is in the outskirts of this stream, but is not a member, being about 10 times older. Our Sun merely drifted in along its 250-million-year galactic orbit, and 40 million years ago was nowhere near the Ursa Major group. Ursa Major Moving Group The Ursa Major Moving Group, also known as Collinder 285 and the Ursa Major association, is\",\n \"Retrograde and prograde motion relative to the Sun except those of Uranus. If there is a collision, material could be ejected in any direction and coalesce into either prograde or retrograde moons, which may be the case for the moons of dwarf planet Haumea, although Haumea's rotation direction is not known. Asteroids usually have a prograde orbit around the Sun. Only a few dozen asteroids in retrograde orbits are known. Some asteroids with retrograde orbits may be burnt-out comets, but some may acquire their retrograde orbit due to gravitational interactions with Jupiter. Due to their small size and their large distance from Earth it\",\n \"that a more \\\"beneficial organization\\\" was needed. The only known method to successfully contact the Seven Society is to place a letter at the Thomas Jefferson statue inside the University's historic Rotunda (accounts differ on the exact placement of the letter, either on the base or in the crook of the statue's arm). The group contributes financially to the University, announcing donations with letters signed only with seven astronomical symbols in the order: Earth, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Neptune, Uranus, and Venus. The Society gives large monetary donations and scholarships to the University each year in quantities that include the number\",\n \"rattleback may also be known as a \\\"anagyre\\\", \\\"celt\\\", \\\"Celtic stone\\\", \\\"rebellious celt\\\", \\\"rattlerock\\\", \\\"spin bar\\\", \\\"Robinson Reverser\\\", \\\"wobble stone\\\" (or \\\"wobblestone\\\") and by the product names \\\"ARK\\\", \\\"Bizzaro Swirl\\\", \\\"RATTLEBACK\\\", \\\"Space Pet\\\" and \\\"Space Toy\\\". Archeologists who investigated ancient Celtic and Egyptian sites in the 19th century found celts which exhibited the spin-reversal motion. The antiquarian word \\\"celt\\\" (the \\\"c\\\" is pronounced as \\\"s\\\") describes adze-, axe-, chisel- and hoe-shaped lithic tools and weapons. The first modern descriptions of these celts were published in the 1890s when Gilbert Walker wrote his \\\"On a curious dynamical property of celts\\\" for\",\n \"December 3, 2014. In February 2014, Brian May, astrophysicist and guitarist for the rock band Queen, began working with Grigorij Richters, director of the film 51 Degrees North, the story of a fictional asteroid impact on London and the human condition resulting from such an event. May composed the music for the film. After screening the film at the 2014 Starmus Festival, Richters and May co-founded Asteroid Day in October 2014 which they officially announced during a press conference with Lord Martin Rees, Rusty Schweickart, Ed Lu, Thomas Jones, Ryan Watt and Bill Nye. The event was live streamed from\",\n \"Diogenite Diogenites are a group of the HED meteorite clan, a type of achondritic stony meteorites. Diogenites are currently believed to originate from deep within the crust of the asteroid 4 Vesta, and as such are part of the HED meteorite clan. There are about 40 distinct members known. Diogenites are composed of igneous rocks of plutonic origin, having solidified slowly enough deep within Vesta's crust to form crystals which are larger than in the eucrites. These crystals are primarily magnesium-rich orthopyroxene, with small amounts of plagioclase and olivine. Diogenites are named for Diogenes of Apollonia, an ancient Greek philosopher\",\n \"Joh Hyun Joh Hyun (The romanization preferred by the author according to LTI Korea.) (Hangul 조현; born 1969) is a South Korean novelist. He follows the example of some artists known to adopt alien alter-egos (notably the British musician David Bowie, who invented the bisexual rockstar Ziggy Stardust persona) and describes himself as a \\\"special correspondent in Earth for the planet of Klaatu.\\\" Klaatu is also the name of a fictional alien in the 1951 film \\\"The Day the Earth Stood Still\\\" directed by Robert Wise, based on the short story \\\"Farewell to the Master\\\" by Harry Bates. A Canadian\",\n \"Hypatia (stone) Hypatia is a small stone, thought to be the first known specimen of a comet nucleus. Hypatia was discovered in December 1996 by Aly A. Barakat at , in the same area where Libyan desert glass is found. The rock has been named after Hypatia of Alexandria ( 350–370 AD – 415 AD) – the outstanding philosopher, astronomer, mathematician, and inventor. Tests done in South Africa show that Hypatia contains microscopic diamonds and that it is of extraterrestrial origin. It is thought to have been part of the body whose impact caused the creation of Libyan desert glass.\",\n \"in Gozo, Malta. Malta lunar sample displays The Malta lunar sample displays are two commemorative plaques consisting of small fragments of moon specimen brought back with the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 lunar missions and were given to the people of Malta by United States President Richard Nixon as goodwill gifts. The Malta Apollo 11 lunar sample display commemorative podium style plaque consists of four \\\"moon rock\\\" rice-size particle specimens that were collected by Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin in 1969 and a small Maltese flag that was taken to the moon and back on Apollo 11.\",\n \"in various systems of modern witchcraft, Wicca and Neopaganism, in some cases associated with the Wild Hunt of Germanic tradition, in others as part of a reconstruction of specifically Greek polytheism, in English also known as \\\"Hellenismos\\\". In Wicca, Hecate has in some cases become identified with the \\\"Crone\\\" aspect of the \\\"Triple Goddess\\\". Hecate is also the namesake of the hundredth numbered asteroid, which was discovered by American astronomer James Craig Watson on July 11, 1868. Its adopted name alludes to it as being the hundredth named asteroid ('hekaton' being the Greek for 'hundred'). Hecate Hecate or Hekate (;\",\n \"song “RPG,” by Japanese band Sekai no Owari, the narrator mentions watching the Perseid meteor shower on the night something “precious to them fell apart.” Perseids The Perseids are a prolific meteor shower associated with the comet Swift–Tuttle. The meteors are called the Perseids because the point from which they appear to hail (called the radiant) lies in the constellation Perseus. The name is derived from the word Perseidai (Greek : Περσείδαι), the sons of Perseus in Greek mythology. The stream of debris is called the Perseid cloud and stretches along the orbit of the comet Swift–Tuttle. The cloud consists\",\n \"by astronomers as a type of shorthand notation. Psyche was given an iconic symbol, as were several other asteroids discovered over the next few years. The symbol , a semicircle topped by a star, represents a butterfly's wing, symbol of the soul (\\\"psyche\\\" is the Greek word for 'soul'), and a star. In 1851, German astronomer J. F. Encke suggested using a circled number, and 16 Psyche was the first new asteroid to be discovered that was designated using this scheme when American astronomer James Ferguson published his observations in 1852. Psyche is massive enough that its gravitational perturbations on\",\n \"its mission, Rosetta was crashed into the comet′s surface in 2016. Near-Earth object A near-Earth object (NEO) is any small Solar System body whose orbit brings it to proximity with Earth. By convention, a Solar System body is a NEO if its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) is less than 1.3 astronomical units (AU). If a NEO's orbit crosses the Earth's and the object is larger than across, it is considered a potentially hazardous object (PHO). Most known PHOs and NEOs are asteroids, but a small fraction are comets. There are over 19,000 known near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), over a\",\n \"Meteoroid A meteoroid () is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space. Meteoroids are significantly smaller than asteroids, and range in size from small grains to one-meter-wide objects. Objects smaller than this are classified as micrometeoroids or space dust. Most are fragments from comets or asteroids, whereas others are collision impact debris ejected from bodies such as the Moon or Mars. When a meteoroid, comet, or asteroid enters Earth's atmosphere at a speed typically in excess of , aerodynamic heating of that object produces a streak of light, both from the glowing object and the trail of glowing\",\n \"of the darkly-colored portions of the non-carbonaceous Chelyabinsk meteorite closely matched the color of members of the Baptistina family, showing that a low albedo does not necessarily indicate the composition of the family. In 2007, it was proposed that chromium concentrations in 66-million-year-old sediment layers at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary) on Earth suggested that the impactor that gouged out Chicxulub Crater and caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event belonged to the Baptistina family. Concerns were raised regarding the reputed link, in part because very few solid observational constraints existed of the asteroid or family. One year later, it was discovered\",\n \"in a catastrophic collision (destroying the parent body), with an estimated age of 5.72 million years. The Koronis(2) family () with 246 members is the other. It formed 15 million years ago by a non-catastrophic collision with 158 Koronis. On August 28, 1993, the Galileo spacecraft visited a member of this family, 243 Ida. A photo of Ida (and its tiny moon Dactyl) is part of the composite image at right (numbered 243). Koronis family ] The Koronis or Koronian family (), also known as the Lacrimosa family, is a very large asteroid family of stony asteroids, located in the\",\n \"19383 Rolling Stones 19383 Rolling Stones, provisional designation , is a bright Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. The V-type asteroid was discovered on 29 January 1998, by astronomers with the OCA–DLR Asteroid Survey at Caussols in southern France and named for the rock band The Rolling Stones. \\\"Rolling Stones\\\" a core member of the Vesta family (), one of the largest asteroid families in the main belt. Vestian asteroids have a composition akin to cumulate eucrites (HED meteorites) and are thought to have originated deep within 4 Vesta's crust, possibly from the\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":287,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the name of the white star in leo minor"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["Leo Minor apparent magnitude of 4.4. It has around double the mass, 7.8 times the radius and 36 times the luminosity of the Earth's Sun. Separated by 11 seconds of arc from the primary, the secondary is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F8. The two orbit around a common centre of gravity every 38.62 years, and lie away from the Solar System. Around away and around 10 times as luminous as the Sun, 21 Leonis Minoris is a rapidly rotating white main-sequence star, spinning on its axis in less than 12 hours and very likely flattened in shape. Of"],"string":"[\n \"Leo Minor apparent magnitude of 4.4. It has around double the mass, 7.8 times the radius and 36 times the luminosity of the Earth's Sun. Separated by 11 seconds of arc from the primary, the secondary is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F8. The two orbit around a common centre of gravity every 38.62 years, and lie away from the Solar System. Around away and around 10 times as luminous as the Sun, 21 Leonis Minoris is a rapidly rotating white main-sequence star, spinning on its axis in less than 12 hours and very likely flattened in shape. Of\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["Proper names (astronomy) a handful of stars were given individual names. Examples include Chinese Koo She (\"bow and arrow\") and Sanskrit Chitra \"the bright one\". There are also contemporary proper names given to some stars, many of which refer to accomplished astronomers, deceased astronauts and English titles. For example, Gamma Velorum is named \"Regor\", which is \"Roger\" spelled backwards; the name honors Astronaut Roger B. Chaffee, who died in the Apollo I tragedy. Other contemporary names include \"The Persian\" (Alpha Indi) and \"The Head of Hydrus\" (Alpha Hydri), \"Herschel's Garnet Star\" (Mu Cephei), Barnard's Star, etc. Some independent astronomical and astrological businesses or","Pleiades (Greek mythology) The Pleiades (; ), companions of Artemis, were the seven daughters of the titan Atlas and the sea-nymph Pleione born on Mount Cyllene. They were the sisters of Calypso, Hyas, the Hyades, and the Hesperides. The Pleiades were nymphs in the train of Artemis, and together with the seven Hyades were called the Atlantides, Dodonides, or Nysiades, nursemaids and teachers to the infant Dionysus. They were thought to have been translated to the night sky as a cluster of stars, the Pleiades, and were associated with rain. Classicists debate the origin of the name \"Pleiades\". It ostensibly","\"Northern Dipper\", refers to an asterism consisting of Beta Ursae Majoris, Alpha Ursae Majoris, Gamma Ursae Majoris, Delta Ursae Majoris, Epsilon Ursae Majoris, Zeta Ursae Majoris and Eta Ursae Majoris. Consequently, Beta Ursae Majoris itself is known as (, ) and (, ). USS Merak (1918) and USS Merak (AF-21), both of United States navy ship. In the original \"Star Trek\" series episode The Cloud Minders, the planet \"Merak II\" is said to be suffering from a botanical plague that can only be treated by the use of the mineral zenite. The video game \"Devil Survivor 2\" features Merak, alongside","Taurus (constellation) constellation. Among the arctic people known as the Inuit, the constellation is called Sakiattiat and the Hyades is Nanurjuk, with the latter representing the spirit of the polar bear. Aldebaran represents the bear, with the remainder of the stars in the Hyades being dogs that are holding the beast at bay. In Buddhism, legends hold that Gautama Buddha was born when the Full Moon was in Vaisakha, or Taurus. Buddha's birthday is celebrated with the Wesak Festival, or Vesākha, which occurs on the first or second Full Moon when the Sun is in Taurus. , the Sun appears in the","the Millennium Star. The largest cut white (D) diamond by weight is the 1991 modified heart-shaped Centenary Diamond. Millennium Star The Millennium Star is a diamond owned by De Beers. At 203.04 carats (40.608 g), it is the world's second largest known top-color (grade D, i.e. colourless), internally and externally flawless, pear-shaped diamond. The diamond was discovered in the Mbuji-Mayi district of Zaire in 1990 in alluvial deposits; uncut, it was 777 carats (155.4 g). It was purchased by De Beers during the height of the country's Civil War that took place in the early to mid-nineties. It took over","QZ Carinae times the Sun's mass and 8.9 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 32,463 K, it is around 80,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Star B1 is less massive than B2 and is assumed to have undergone significant mass loss or mass transfer to B2. Together, all four stars have a combined mass 94 times that of the Sun. Star B is a Beta Lyrae variable eclipsing system. It causes the apparent magnitude of the system to vary regularly every 5.999 days from +6.16 at maximum to +6.49 at the primary minimum and +6.43 at the secondary minimum.","Delta1 Tauri rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name \"Secunda Hyadum\" for the component Delta¹ Tauri Aa on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, (), meaning \"Net\", refers to an asterism consisting of δ¹ Tauri, Epsilon Tauri, Delta³ Tauri, Gamma Tauri, Alpha Tauri (Aldebaran), 71 Tauri and Lambda Tauri. Consequently, Delta¹ Tauri itself is known as (), \"the Third Star of Net\". Delta¹ Tauri A is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 529.8 days and an eccentricity of 0.42. The visible member, component Aa, is","Cancer (astrology) lobster, the sign is most often represented by the crab, also a woman by the ocean has been depicted near based on the Karkinos, a giant crab that harassed Hercules, during his fight with the Hydra. Those who are born from approximately June 22 to July 22 are born under Cancer. Individuals born during these dates, depending on which of the astrological signs they are born under to, may be called \"Cancerians.\" Cancer is a northern sign and its opposite sign is Capricorn. Cancer is a cardinal sign. Along with Scorpio and Pisces, Cancer forms the Water Trigon. The Water","where stars are unable to maintain their gas long enough to properly form. There appears to be a number of subpopulations within the Leo Cluster. The first consists of elliptical galaxies that seem to be roughly as old as the universe. The second subpopulation contains red-sequence lenticular (lens shaped) galaxies whose ages are directly tied to their mass. The third and final subpopulation is of galaxies where star formation is still taking place,and are morphologically distributed. Leo Cluster The Leo Cluster (Abell 1367) is a galaxy cluster about 330 million light-years distant (z = 0.022) in the constellation Leo, with","Omicron Velorum Omicron Velorum (ο Vel, ο Velorum) is a star in the constellation Vela. It is the brightest member of the loose naked eye open cluster IC 2391, also known as the ο Velorum Cluster. Omicron Velorum is a blue-white B-type subgiant with a mean apparent magnitude of +3.60. It is approximately 495 light years from Earth. A slowly pulsating B star, it ranges between magnitudes 3.57 and 3.63 over 2.8 days. The correct Bayer designation for ο Velorum has been debated. Lacaille assigned one Greek letter sequence for the bright stars of Argo Navis. These Lacaille designations are","Cross. Around 14,000 AD, when Vega is only 4° from the North Pole, Canopus will be only 8° from the South Pole and thus circumpolar on the latitude of Bali (8°S). Sirius will take its turn as the South Pole Star in the year 66,270 AD. In fact, Sirius will come to within 1.6 degree of the south celestial pole in 66,270 AD. Later, in the year 93,830 AD, Sirius will miss aligning with the south celestial pole by only 2.3 degrees. Pole stars of other planets are defined analogously: they are stars (brighter than 6th magnitude, \"i.e.\", visible to","Five Chariots known today as Mercury is associated with the Northern Emperor. Lastly the Emperor of the Center is represented by the \"Earth star\" also known as Saturn. Another distinction that can be attributed to each of the emperors is a specific color. The emperor of the East is represented by green, the South red, the Center yellow, the West white, and the North black. Each of the colors that are associated with the Celestial emperors have their own meaning in Chinese culture. The color green is representative of spring, wood, and things that taste sour. White represents metal, as well as","of the Sun. The star is spinning relatively rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of 161 km/s. It is radiating around 4.3 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 7,079 K. Nu1 Columbae Nu Columbae, Latinized from ν Columbae, is a star in the southern constellation of Columba. It is visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.14. According to the Bortle scale, stars with this magnitude are faintly visible from dark rural skies. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.40 mas, this star is about 128 light years","Lynx (constellation) stars, though several lie across the boundary in Ursa Major. Overall, there are 97 stars within the constellation's borders brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. The brightest star in this constellation is Alpha Lyncis, with an apparent (visual) magnitude of 3.14. It is an orange giant of spectral type K7III located 203 ± 2 light-years distant from Earth. Around twice as massive as the Sun, it has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and has evolved away from the main sequence. The star has swollen to about 55 times the Sun's radius and is emitting roughly 673 times","Cassiopeia (constellation) W appears inverted. Alpha Cassiopeiae, traditionally called Schedar (from the Arabic \"Al Sadr\", \"the breast\"), is a multiple star. The primary is an orange-hued giant of magnitude 2.2, 228 ± 2 light-years from Earth. With a luminosity of around 771 times that of the Sun, it has swollen and cooled after exhausting its core hydrogen over its 100 to 200 million-year lifespan, spending much of it as a blue-white B-type main-sequence star. The brightest companion is a magnitude 8.9 yellow dwarf widely separated from the primary, while two other companions are closer and magnitudes 13 and 14 respectively. Beta Cassiopeiae,","person from the perspective of their soul and a whole person overall as Sage Parashara have mentioned that the Lagna is the Kalapurusha. Kalapurusha's Head to Feet (Exterior Body Parts) represents the 12 zodiacs that begin with: 1. Aries stands for his head 2. Taurus for His face 3. Gemini for the Neck and shoulders 4. Cancer for chest and heart 5. Leo for his stomach and its organs 6. Virgo for his Hips 7. Libra represents the lower abdominal and spinal region 8. Scorpio for the reproductive organs and kidney etc 9. Sagittarius is the thigh 10. Capricorn is","Alpha Circini Alpha Circini (α Cir, α Circini) is a variable star in the faint, southern, circumpolar constellation of Circinus. At an apparent visual magnitude of 3.19, it is the brightest star in the constellation and can be readily seen with the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements of this star yield an estimated distance of from the Earth. This star belongs to a class of variables known as rapidly oscillating Ap stars. It oscillates with multiple, non-radial pulsation cycles and a dominant cycle of 6.8 minutes. The spectrum shows peculiar features caused by chemical stratification of the","Zeta Circini Zeta Circini, Latinized from ζ Circini, is the Bayer designation for a star located in the southern constellation of Circinus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 6.08, it is barely visible to the naked eye on a dark night. (According to the Bortle scale, it requires the lighting level of suburban skies or darker to be seen.) The distance to this star, as estimated using an annual parallax shift of 2.56 mas, is around 1,300 light years. This is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B2/3 Vn, where the 'n' suffix indicates broad (\"nebulous\")","K2-239 K2-239 (also designated EPIC 248545986) is a small red dwarf star in the constellation Sextans about 49 parsecs (160 light-years) away from Earth. Observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during Campaign 14 of its K2 \"Second Light\" mission, it was found to have three hot, likely rocky Earth-sized planets in orbit around it. K2-239 is a small red dwarf star of spectral class M3V. It is 40% the mass and 36% the radius of the Sun with just 0.016 times the luminosity. It has a temperature of 3420 K and its age is unknown. For comparison, the Sun has","light years from Earth, and PSR J0108-1431 at about 424 light years. RX J1856.5-3754 is a member of a close group of neutron stars called The Magnificent Seven. Another nearby neutron star that was detected transiting the backdrop of the constellation Ursa Minor has been nicknamed Calvera by its Canadian and American discoverers, after the villain in the 1960 film \"The Magnificent Seven\". This rapidly moving object was discovered using the ROSAT/Bright Source Catalog. About 5% of all known neutron stars are members of a binary system. The formation and evolution of binary neutron stars can be a complex process.","most part, the stars with inhabitable planets in the CoDominium are obscure and unnamed on current star charts. For instance, the world of New Washington and its sister planet Franklin orbit a red dwarf at some distance from the Solar System. Such stars are very common in the galaxy but even the closest ones are too dim to observe without equipment, Proxima Centauri being the obvious example. Other habitable systems in the CoDominium have stars in the stellar classes F, G and K, which are common but dim compared to the named stars in the night sky. One of the","Gamma Ophiuchi Gamma Ophiuchi, Latinized from γ Ophiuchi, is a fourth-magnitude star in the constellation Ophiuchus. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 31.73 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 103 light years from the Sun. The system has an age of roughly 184 million years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −7.6 km/s. It is known also as Muliphen, although at least two more stars are known with this name: Gamma Canis Majoris (often spelled as Muliphein) and Gamma Centauri (often spelled as Muhlifain). This is an A-type main sequence star","57.5 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,876 K. It is catalogued as a suspected variable star. \\end{align}</math></ref> Kappa Columbae Kappa Columbae, Latinized from κ Columbae, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Columba. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.37, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.87 mas, it is located at a distance of 183 light years from the Sun. It has a peculiar velocity of , making it a candidate runaway star. For ancient Arabian","late Antiquity, by which time Ptolemy's influence was widely established. Ptolemy clearly explained the theoretical basis of the western zodiac as being a tropical coordinate system, by which the zodiac is aligned to the equinoxes and solstices, rather than the visible constellations that bear the same names as the zodiac signs. The Hindu zodiac uses the sidereal coordinate system, which makes reference to the fixed stars. The Tropical zodiac (of Mesopotamian origin) is divided by the intersections of the ecliptic and equator, which shifts in relation to the backdrop of fixed stars at a rate of 1° every 72 years,","Gamma Lyrae Gamma Lyrae (Latinized from γ Lyrae, abbreviated Gamma Lyr, γ Lyr), also named Sulafat, is the second-brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.3, it is readily visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements yield an estimated distance of from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of due to interstellar dust. \"γ Lyrae\" (Latinised to \"Gamma Lyrae\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \"Sulafat\" (\"Sulaphat\"), from the Arabic \"al-sulḥafāt\" \"turtle\", and \"Jugum\", from the Latin \"yoke\".","Bayer designation magnitude (those between magnitudes 1.51 and 2.5), labeling them from \"gamma\" through \"zeta\" in \"top-down\" (north-to-south) order. The \"First to Rise in the East\" order is used in a number of instances. Castor and Pollux of Gemini may be an example of this: Pollux is brighter than Castor, but the latter rises earlier and was assigned \"alpha\". In this case, Bayer may also have been influenced by the traditional order of the mythological names \"Castor and Pollux\": Castor is generally named first whenever the twins are mentioned. Although the brightest star in Draco is Eltanin (Gamma Draconis), Thuban was assigned","De sphaera mundi nine parts: the \"first moved\" (\"primum mobile\"), the sphere of the fixed stars (the firmament), and the seven planets, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the sun, Venus, Mercury and the moon. There is a 'right' sphere and an oblique sphere: the right sphere is only observed by those at the equator (if there are such people), everyone else sees the oblique sphere. There are two movements: one of the heavens from east to west on its axis through the Arctic and Antarctic poles, the other of the inferior spheres at 23° in the opposite direction on their own axes. The world, or","and cooled off the main sequence after consuming the hydrogen at its core. It is an estimated 1.5 billion years old with 1.74 times the mass of the Sun. Zeta Normae is radiating approximately 16 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,691 K. Zeta Normae Zeta Normae, Latinised from ζ Normae, is a solitary, yellow-white hued star in the southern constellation of Norma. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.81, it is a dim star near the lower limit of visibility for the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 14.98 mas","International Astronomical Union), 6000 United Nations (for the United Nations), 7000 Curie (for the pioneers on radioactivity, Marie and Pierre Curie), and (for Isaac Newton), while 9000 Hal (after HAL 9000 from \"\") and 10000 Myriostos (after the Greek word for ten-thousandth, which is meant to honor all astronomers) were named based on their direct numeric accordance. By 2001, 3000 Leonardo was one of 32 named minor planets named after painters and sculptors, and some other examples in this category include 3001 Michelangelo (the next named asteroid numerically), 4221 Picasso, and 4457 van Gogh. Although these were classically named, the","that a more \"beneficial organization\" was needed. The only known method to successfully contact the Seven Society is to place a letter at the Thomas Jefferson statue inside the University's historic Rotunda (accounts differ on the exact placement of the letter, either on the base or in the crook of the statue's arm). The group contributes financially to the University, announcing donations with letters signed only with seven astronomical symbols in the order: Earth, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Neptune, Uranus, and Venus. The Society gives large monetary donations and scholarships to the University each year in quantities that include the number","July 2047. The second message, Cosmic Call 2, was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at 47 Ursae Majoris in May 2049. Because of its planetary system, 47 Ursae Majoris was listed as one of the top 100 target stars for NASA's former Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. 47 Ursae Majoris 47 Ursae Majoris (abbreviated 47 UMa), also named Chalawan (, ), is a yellow dwarf star approximately 46 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. , three extrasolar planets (designated 47 Ursae Majoris b, c and d; the first two later named Taphao Thong and","Eta Canis Majoris Eta Canis Majoris (η Canis Majoris, abbreviated Eta CMa, η CMa), also named Aludra, is a star in the constellation of Canis Major. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. \"η Canis Majoris\" (Latinised to \"Eta Canis Majoris\") is the star's Bayer designation. The traditional name \"Aludra\" originates from the Arabic: \"العذراء\" \"al-adhraa\" 'the virgin'. This star, along with Epsilon Canis Majoris (Adhara), Delta Canis Majoris (Wezen) and Omicron Canis Majoris (Thanih al Adzari), were \"Al ʽAdhārā\" (\"العذاري\"), 'the Virgins'. In 2016,","is the name of a constellation comprising stars from the head and forelegs of Ursa Major; \"pucwan\" (ပုဇွန်) is a general term for a crustacean, such as prawn, shrimp, crab, lobster, etc. In Roman mythology, Jupiter (the king of the gods) lusts after a young woman named Callisto, a nymph of Diana. Juno, Jupiter's jealous wife, discovers that Callisto has a son named Arcas, and believes it is by Jupiter. Juno then transforms the beautiful Callisto into a bear so she no longer attracts Jupiter. Callisto, while in bear form, later encounters her son Arcas. Arcas almost shoots the bear,","in excess of 5 kilograms. Crystallization of the material of a white dwarf of this type is thought to result in a body-centered cubic lattice of carbon and/or oxygen nuclei, which are surrounded by a Fermi sea of electrons. BPM 37093 BPM 37093 (V886 Centauri) is a variable white dwarf star of the DAV, or ZZ Ceti, type, with a hydrogen atmosphere and an unusually high mass of approximately 1.1 times the Sun's. It is about 50 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Centaurus, and vibrates; these pulsations cause its luminosity to vary. Like other white dwarfs, BPM 37093 is","mid-February. The planet Neptune was discovered by German astronomer Johann Galle, near Deneb Algedi (δ Capricorni) on September 23, 1846, which is appropriate as Capricornus can be seen best from Europe at 4:00am in September (although, by modern constellation boundaries established in the early 20th Century, Neptune lay within the confines of Aquarius at the time of its discovery). Capricornus's brighter stars are found on a triangle whose vertices are α Capricorni (Giedi), δ Capricorni (Deneb Algiedi), and ω Capricorni. Ptolemy's method of connecting the stars of Capricornus has been influential. Capricornus is usually drawn as a goat with the","Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right","Honores, that occupied the chain end of Andromeda, is unclear, except that both represent a regal spire attributed to varying regents. Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae (Latin for \"scepter and hand of justice\") was a constellation created by Augustin Royer in 1679 to honor king Louis XIV of France. It was formed from stars of what is today the constellations Lacerta and western Andromeda. Due to the awkward name the constellation was modified and name changed a couple of times, for example some old star maps show \"Sceptrum Imperiale\", \"Stellio\" and \"Scettro\", and Johannes Hevelius's star map","Lambda Arietis Lambda Arietis (λ Ari, λ Arietis) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the northern constellation of Aries. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.32 arcseconds, this system is approximately distant from Earth. The pair have a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.79, which is bright enough to be viewed with the naked eye. Because the yellow secondary is nearly three magnitudes fainter than the white primary, they are a challenge to split with quality 7× binoculars and are readily resolvable at 10×. The brighter component is an F-type main sequence star with a visual","is not known to host planets. Beta Canum Venaticorum Beta Canum Venaticorum (β Canum Venaticorum, abbreviated Beta CVn, β CVn), also named Chara, is a G-type main-sequence star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. At an apparent visual magnitude of 4.26, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 118.49 mas, this star is distant from the Sun. Along with the brighter star Cor Caroli, the pair form the \"southern dog\" in this constellation that represents hunting dogs. \"β Canum Venaticorum\" (Latinised to \"Beta Canum Venaticorum\") is the star's Bayer designation. The","be skipped until 2100. February meteor showers include the Alpha Centaurids (appearing in early February), the Beta Leonids, also known as the March Virginids (lasting from February 14 to April 25, peaking around March 20), the Delta Cancrids (appearing December 14 to February 14, peaking on January 17), the Omicron Centaurids (late January through February, peaking in mid-February), Theta Centaurids (January 23 – March 12, only visible in the southern hemisphere), Eta Virginids (February 24 and March 27, peaking around March 18), and Pi Virginids (February 13 and April 8, peaking between March 3 and March 9). The western zodiac","camps. The stars of Musca, along with Fomalhaut, Alpha Pavonis, and Alpha and Beta Gruis, were all claimed by the Arrernte. Musca is bordered by Crux to the north, Carina to the west, Chamaeleon to the south, Apus and Circinus to the east, and Centaurus to the northeast. Covering 138 square degrees and 0.335% of the night sky, it ranks 77th of the 88 constellations in size. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Mus'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon","Imum coeli In astrology, the Imum Coeli (Latin for \"bottom of the sky\"), IC, is the point in space where the ecliptic crosses the meridian in the north, exactly opposite the Midheaven. It marks the fourth house cusp in most house systems (this is reversed in the southern hemisphere). The Imum Coeli is said to refer to our roots and also to the least conscious part of ourselves. It symbolizes foundations, beginnings in life, what may have been experienced through parental inheritance and homeland influences, need for security and relationships with the home and family life. It also may describe","Mu Virginis Mu Virginis (μ Vir, μ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It was listed in the \"Calendarium\" of Al Achsasi al Mouakket as \"rijl al-‘awwa’\", Arabic رجل العوى, meaning \"The foot of the barking (dog)\". With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.88, it is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. The position of the star near the celestial equator means it is visible from most of the Earth. Based upon parallax measurements, Mu Virginis is located some 59.6 light years from the Sun. Rijl al Awwa is an F-type main sequence","Omega2 Cygni Omega Cygni, Latinized from ω Cygni, is the Bayer designation for a solitary star in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.5, which is faintly visible to the naked eye on a dark night. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.17 mas, it is located roughly 399 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is a red giant star on the asymptotic giant branch, with a stellar classification of M2 III. It is a","du Navire in the French edition), while ο Velorum is labelled ο (omicron) Argus (du Navire in the French edition). In Chinese, (), meaning \"Bow and Arrow\", refers to an asterism consisting of ο Puppis, δ Canis Majoris, η Canis Majoris, HD 63032, HD 65456, k Puppis, ε Canis Majoris, κ Canis Majoris and π Puppis. Consequently, ο Puppis itself is known as (, .) Omicron Puppis Omicron Puppis (ο Puppis) is candidate binary star system in the southern constellation of Puppis. It is visible to the naked eye, having a combined apparent visual magnitude of +4.48. Based upon an","Norma (constellation) Règle\" to \"le Niveau\", \"the level\". In any case, the constellation's name had been shortened and Latinised by Lacaille to \"Norma\" by 1763. Norma is bordered by Scorpius to the north, Lupus to the northwest, Circinus to the west, Triangulum Australe to the south and Ara to the east. Covering 165.3 square degrees and 0.401% of the night sky, it ranks 74th of the 88 constellations in size. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Nor'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a","Boötes trap is known as \"Ilulirat.\" Boötes is a constellation bordered by Virgo to the south, Coma Berenices and Canes Venatici to the west, Ursa Major to the northwest, Draco to the northeast, and Hercules, Corona Borealis and Serpens Caput to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Boo'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 16 segments. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates stretch from","When subsequent planets were discovered in the 18th and 19th centuries, the naming practice was retained with \"Neptūnus\" (Poseidon). Uranus is unique in that it is named for a Greek deity rather than his Roman counterpart. Some Romans, following a belief possibly originating in Mesopotamia but developed in Hellenistic Egypt, believed that the seven gods after whom the planets were named took hourly shifts in looking after affairs on Earth. The order of shifts went Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon (from the farthest to the closest planet). Therefore, the first day was started by Saturn (1st hour), second","darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,","V Centauri V Centauri (V Cen) is a Classical Cepheid variable, a type of variable star, in the constellation Centaurus. Its apparent magnitude is 6.72, and it is approximately 2,500 light-years (800 parsecs) away based on parallax. According to the South African Astronomical Observatory, the chemical composition was derived as being high in sodium (Na) and aluminium (Al) and low in magnesium (Mg). Following a normal composition for a Cepheid star, V Cen does not have any unusual characteristics. V Centauri's composition was observed alongside six other Classical Cepheid variable stars with the support of Russian, Chilean, and Ukrainian observatories.","Orion (constellation) π Ori and π Ori) which make up Orion's shield. Around 20 October each year the Orionid meteor shower (Orionids) reaches its peak. Coming from the border with the constellation Gemini as many as 20 meteors per hour can be seen. The shower's parent body is Halley's Comet. Hanging from Orion's belt is his sword, consisting of the multiple stars θ1 and θ2 Orionis, called the Trapezium and the Orion Nebula (M42). This is a spectacular object that can be clearly identified with the naked eye as something other than a star. Using binoculars, its clouds of nascent stars, luminous","Omicron2 Orionis Omicron Orionis (ο Ori) is a solitary star in the constellation Orion. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.06, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.54 mas, it is around 186 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.09 due to intervening dust. This is a red clump giant star with a stellar classification of K2 IIIb. It is around 5.4 billion years old with a projected rotational velocity that","Lambda Cephei Lambda Cephei (λ Cephei) is a fifth magnitude blue supergiant star in the constellation Cepheus, one of the hottest and most luminous visible to the naked eye. It is a hot O6.5 supergiant star at a distance of approximately 1,980 light years, whose absolute brightness around half a million times the Sun. Its radius is around 20 times that of the latter, with a mass that has been estimated to be between 45 and 60 solar masses. Lambda Cephei turns around its axis in less than three days compared to the 24.47 days that the Sun needs to","Gliese 436 Gliese 436 is a red dwarf approximately away in the zodiac constellation of Leo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 10.67, which is much too faint to be seen with the naked eye. However, it can be viewed with even a modest telescope of aperture. In 2004, the existence of an extrasolar planet, Gliese 436b, was verified as orbiting the star. This planet was later discovered to transit its host star. Gliese 436 is a M2.5V star, which means it is a red dwarf. Stellar models give an estimated size of about 42% of the Sun's radius.","within the Vermilion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, \"Nán Fāng Zhū Què\"). Cancer (constellation) Cancer is one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for crab and it is commonly represented as one. Its astrological symbol is (Unicode ♋). Cancer is a medium-size constellation with an area of 506 square degrees and its stars are rather faint, its brightest star Beta Cancri having an apparent magnitude of 3.5. It contains two stars with known planets, including 55 Cancri, which has five: one super-earth and four gas giants, one of which is in the habitable zone and","Gemini (constellation) η Gem. In 1930 Clyde Tombaugh exposed a series of photographic plates centred on δ Gem and discovered Pluto. In Chinese astronomy, the stars that correspond to Gemini are located in two areas: the White Tiger of the West (西方白虎, \"Xī Fāng Bái Hǔ\") and the Vermillion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, \"Nán Fāng Zhū Què\"). , the Sun appears in the constellation Gemini from June 20 to July 20. In tropical astrology, the Sun is considered to be in the sign Gemini from May 21 to June 22, and in sidereal astrology, from June 16 to July 15. Gemini","at the average distance of 2.08 AU (312 Gm). The two planets are in a 2:1 resonance, meaning that the outer planet orbits the star once every time when the inner planet orbits the star twice. These two jovian planets are dancing around each other gravitationally. 24 Sextantis 24 Sextantis, often abbreviated as 24 Sex, is the Flamsteed designation of a 7th-magnitude star located approximately 253 light years away in the constellation of Sextans. At an apparent visual magnitude of 6.61, this star can only be viewed from rural skies under good seeing conditions. At the age of 2.8 billion","the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Eta Draconis, together with Zeta Draconis, bore the traditional name \"Al Dhīʼbain\", the Duo Lupi in Arabic, the Two Hyaenas or Wolves, lying in wait for the Camel's Foal, the little star Al Rubaʽ, protected by the Mother Camels. In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name \"Athebyne\"","Great White Spot The Great White Spot, also known as Great White Oval, on Saturn, named by analogy to Jupiter's Great Red Spot, are periodic storms that are large enough to be visible by telescope from Earth by their characteristic white appearance. The spots can be several thousands of kilometers wide. The \"Cassini\" orbiter was able to track the 2010-2011 instance of the storm, also known as the Northern Electrostatic Disturbance because of an increase in radio and plasma interference, or the Great Springtime Storm. Cassini data has revealed a loss of acetylene in the white clouds, an increase of","Omega Geminorum Omega Geminorum, Latinized from ω Geminorum, is a star located in the middle of the northern zodiac constellation of Gemini. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.18, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. According to the Bortle scale, it can be viewed from dark suburban skies. With an annual parallax shift of just 2.19 mas, it is located about 1,500 light years from the Sun. This is an evolved bright giant star with a stellar classification of G5 II. It is positioned near the instability strip and in 1977 was listed as a candidate cepheid variable","(), meaning \"Cross\", refers to an asterism consisting of Beta Crucis, Gamma Crucis, Alpha Crucis and Delta Crucis. Consequently, Beta Crucis itself is known as (, .). Based on parallax measurements, β Crucis is located at a distance of from the Earth. In 1957, German astronomer Wulff-Dieter Heintz discovered that it is a spectroscopic binary with components that are too close together to resolve with a telescope. The pair orbit each other every 5 years with an estimated separation that varies from 5.4 to 12.0 Astronomical Units. The system is only 8 to 11 million years old. The primary, Beta","Scorpius–Centaurus Association and Lower Centaurus–Crux). Many of the bright stars in the constellations Scorpius, Lupus, Centaurus, and Crux are members of the Sco–Cen association, including Antares (the most massive member of Upper Scorpius), and most of the stars in the Southern Cross. Hundreds of stars have been identified as members of Sco-Cen, with masses ranging from roughly 15 solar masses (Antares) down to below the hydrogen-burning limit (i.e. brown dwarfs), and the total stellar population in each of the three subgroups is probably of the order 1000–2000. The Sco–Cen OB association appears to be the most pronounced part of a large complex","Beta Gruis Beta Gruis (β Gruis, abbreviated Bet Gru, β Gru), also named Tiaki, is the second brightest star in the southern constellation of Grus. It was once considered the rear star in the tail of the constellation of the (Southern) Fish, Piscis Austrinus: it, with Alpha, Delta, Theta, Iota, and Lambda Gruis, belonged to Piscis Austrinus in medieval Arabic astronomy. \"β Gruis\" (Latinised to \"Beta Gruis\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional Tuamotuan name of \"Tiaki\". In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars.","Cadent house are smaller because the sixth is the lesser of the two houses of misfortune. The planet Mars rejoices in the sixth house. He is dignified when located in this house. Mars is considered a malefic planet, whose influence is often unfortunate and aggressive. Mars's joy in the sixth may have to do with his long connection with fevers and acute illness, but it is also true that Mars is the \"lesser infortune\" (Saturn is the \"greater\") and hence joys in the lesser house of misfortune. It seems (according to this page) it is not sure in which category the philosophy","Lynx (constellation) In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , and the declination coordinates are between +32.97° and +61.96°. On dark nights, the brighter stars can be seen as a crooked line extending roughly between Camelopardalis and Leo, and north of the bright star Castor. Lynx is most readily observed from the late winter to late summer to northern hemisphere observers, with midnight culmination occurring on 20 January. The whole constellation is visible to observers north of latitude 28°S. English astronomer Francis Baily gave a single star a Bayer designation—Alpha Lyncis—while Flamsteed numbered 44","Star of Ishtar The Star of Ishtar or Star of Inanna is a symbol of the ancient Sumerian goddess Inanna and her East Semitic counterpart Ishtar. Alongside the lion, it was one of Ishtar's primary symbols. Because Ishtar was associated with the planet Venus, the star is also known as the Star of Venus. The star of Inanna usually had eight points, though the exact number of points sometimes varies. Six-pointed stars also occur frequently, but their symbolic meaning is unknown. It was Inanna's most common symbol and, in later times, it became the most common symbol of the goddess","of Jupiter and orbits every 500 days. Explanatory notes Citations Bibliography Online sources \"SIMBAD\" Aries (constellation) Aries is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is located in the northern celestial hemisphere between Pisces to the west and Taurus to the east. The name Aries is Latin for ram, and its symbol is (Unicode ♈), representing a ram's horns. It is one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is a mid-sized constellation, ranking 39th overall size, with an area of 441 square degrees (1.1% of","slightly smaller than Saturn at 0.7538 Jupiter radii, but is more dense. Kepler-16b completes a nearly circular orbit every 228.776 days. Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is","Mensa (constellation) Mensa is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere near the south celestial pole, one of twelve constellations drawn up in the 18th century by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille. Its name is Latin for table, though it originally commemorated Table Mountain and was known as Mons Mensae. One of the 88 modern constellations, it covers a keystone-shaped wedge of sky approximately 153.5 square degrees by area. Other than the south polar constellation of Octans, it is the most southerly of constellations and is only observable south of the 5th parallel of the Northern Hemisphere. One of","Callisto (mythology) Callisto, still a bear, encountered her son Arcas hunting in the forest. Just as Arcas was about to kill his own mother with his javelin, Jupiter averted the tragedy by placing mother and son amongst the stars as Ursa Major and Minor, respectively. Juno, enraged that her attempt at revenge had been frustrated, appealed to Tethys that the two might never meet her waters, thus providing a poetic explanation for their circumpolar positions in ancient times (see below). Callisto's story was sometimes depicted in classical art, where the moment of transformation into a bear was the most popular. From the","Eta Ursae Majoris Eta Ursae Majoris (η Ursae Majoris, abbreviated Eta UMa, η UMa), also named Alkaid, is a star in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is the most eastern (leftmost) star in the Big Dipper (Plough) asterism. However, unlike most stars of the Big Dipper, it is not a member of the Ursa Major moving group. With an apparent visual magnitude of +1.84, it is the third-brightest star in the constellation and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Eta Ursae Majoris is a 10-million-year-old B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B3 V.","astronomers term metallicity, is similar to the proportions in the Sun. This is a variable star that ranges in apparent visual magnitude from a low of 2.66 to a high of 2.60. \\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Corvi Beta Corvi (β Corvi, abbreviated Beta Crv, β Crv), also named Kraz, is the second-brightest star in the southern constellation of Corvus with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.647. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is about distant from the Sun. \"β Corvi\" (Latinised to \"Beta Corvi\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional name of \"Kraz\", whose origin","known as (, .) \\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Apodis Beta Apodis (β Aps, β Apodis) is the Bayer designation for a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Apus. It is located approximately from Earth, as determined by parallax measurements. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +4.24, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye The spectrum of this star matches the characteristics of a K0 III, which, according to models of stellar evolution, indicates that it is in the giant star stage, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. The measured angular diameter of","star is in the process of evolving into a giant star as the supply of hydrogen at its core becomes exhausted. Compared to the Sun it has 240% of the mass and 230% of the Sun's radius, but is radiating 37 times as much luminosity. This energy is being emitted from the star's outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 9,280 K, giving it the characteristic white-hot glow of an A-type star. \"λ Ursae Majoris\" (Latinised to \"Lambda Ursae Majoris\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \"Tania\" (shared with Mu Ursae Majoris) and \"Tania Borealis\". \"Tania\"","Lupus (constellation) association with the sun god and another mythical being called the Bison-man, which is supposedly related to the Greek constellation of Centaurus. Lupus is bordered by six different constellations, although one of them (Hydra) merely touches at the corner. The other five are Scorpius (the scorpion), Norma (the right angle), Circinus (the compass), Libra (the balance scale), and Centaurus (the centaur). Covering 333.7 square degrees and 0.809% of the night sky, it ranks 46th of the 88 modern constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is \"Lup\". The official constellation boundaries","Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is (Unicode U+2650 ♐), a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur pulling back a bow. It lies between Scorpius and Ophiuchus to the west and Capricornus and Microscopium to the east. The center of the Milky Way lies in the westernmost part of Sagittarius (see Sagittarius A). As seen from the northern hemisphere, the constellation's","The parivritti drekkana goes in order of the signs; the first decan is Aries, the second is Taurus, the third is Gemini, the fourth is Cancer, etc. Then there is the trinal calculation which utilizes the elemental trines to each sign; In Aries there is Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius, while in Taurus there is Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn. There are in total four variations of drekkana calculations. Indian astrologers will calculate these signs (varga) and create a new chart based upon the sign placement for predictive purposes. Decan The decans (; Egyptian \"bakiu\") are 36 groups of stars (small constellations)","Corona Borealis respectively. Chinese astronomers deemed nine stars to make up the asterism, adding Pi and Rho Coronae Borealis. Within the constellation's borders, there are 37 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Alpha Coronae Borealis (officially named Alphecca by the IAU, but sometimes also known as Gemma) appears as a blue-white star of magnitude 2.2. In fact, it is an Algol-type eclipsing binary that varies by 0.1 magnitude with a period of 17.4 days. The primary is a white main-sequence star of spectral type A0V that is 2.91 times the mass of the Sun () and 57 times as","Over 2 nights, 90 minutes of exposures were taken and 82,252 stars were detected down to a visible magnitude of 26. They found that Leo II consists largely of metal-poor older stars, a sign that it has survived the galactic cannibalism under which massive galaxies (e.g., the Milky Way) consume smaller galaxies to attain their extensive size. Observation at ESO estimates Leo II's mass to be (2.7 ± 0.5)×10 M. Leo II (dwarf galaxy) Leo II (or Leo B) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 690,000 light-years away in the constellation Leo. It is one of 24 known satellite galaxies","Stars in astrology It is also one of fifteen Behenian stars, associated with agate and water crowfoot. According to Cornelius Agrippa, its kabbalistic symbol is . In the astrology of the Middle Ages, Sirius was a Behenian fixed star, associated with beryl and juniper. Its kabbalistic symbol was listed by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa. Its celestial longitude was 14 Can. 05 as of 2006. Vega (or Wega) takes its name from a loose transliteration of the Arabic word \"\" meaning \"falling\". Its constellation (Lyre) was represented as a vulture or eagle so that Vega was referred to as the 'falling vulture/eagle'. This is a","Zodiac The zodiac is an area of the sky that extends approximately 8° north or south (as measured in celestial latitude) of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year. The paths of the Moon and visible planets are also within the belt of the zodiac. In Western astrology, and formerly astronomy, the zodiac is divided into twelve signs, each occupying 30° of celestial longitude and roughly corresponding to the constellations Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. The twelve astrological signs form a","Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\"illustrated in infobox\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates","Perseus (constellation) in Perseus. Representing the head of the Gorgon Medusa in Greek mythology, it was called Horus in Egyptian mythology and \"Rosh ha Satan\" (\"Satan's Head\") in Hebrew. Located 92.8 light-years from Earth, it varies in apparent magnitude from a minimum of 3.5 to a maximum of 2.3 over a period of 2.867 days. The star system is the prototype of a group of eclipsing binary stars named Algol variables, though it has a third member to make up what is actually a triple star system. The brightest component is a blue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B8V, which is 3.5","Lynx (constellation) complete the quartette of feet.\" Lynx is bordered by Camelopardalis to the north, Auriga to the west, Gemini to the southwest, Cancer to the south, Leo to the east and Ursa Major to the northeast. Covering 545.4 square degrees and 1.322% of the night sky, it ranks 28th of the 88 constellations in size, surpassing better known constellations such as Gemini. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Lyn'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 20 segments (\"illustrated in infobox\").","Astrological sign sun as they occur in the natural solar system. The Lights ruling Leo and Cancer, Mercury ruling Virgo and Gemini, Venus ruling Libra and Taurus, Mars ruling Scorpio and Aries, Jupiter ruling Sagittarius and Pisces, Saturn ruling Capricorn and Aquarius. The result is a symmetry of traditional rulerships across the 0° Leo/Aquarius axis. Note that modern rulerships, which attribute Pluto as ruler of Scorpio, break this symmetry. The following table shows both, traditional and modern, rulerships. Signs can also be listed by opposite, resulting in six couples who are: To note that Fire and Air (light elements) signs are opposited","the second member is a B9.5 V star with a magnitude of 6.46. The pair have an angular separation of 0.091 arcseconds with an estimated orbital period of 59.32 years. They are about 3.89 and 3.45 times as massive as the Sun. In Chinese caused by adaptation of the European southern hemisphere constellations into the Chinese system, (), meaning \"Exotic Bird\", refers to an asterism consisting of ι Apodis, ζ Apodis, β Apodis, γ Apodis, δ Octantis, δ Apodis, η Apodis, α Apodis and ε Apodis. Consequently, ι Apodis itself is known as (, .) Iota Apodis Iota Apodis (ι","River) and \"Yue\" (越) (in Zhejiang province). In the catalogue of stars in the \"Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket\", Zeta Aquilae was designated \"Dzeneb al Tair\" (from the Arabic ذنب الطائر \"ðanab aṭ-ṭā’ir\"), which was translated into Latin as \"Cauda (Vulturis) Volantis\", meaning \"the eagle's tail\". In Chinese, (), meaning \"Left Wall of Heavenly Market Enclosure\", refers to an asterism which represents eleven old states in China and is marking the left borderline of the enclosure, consisting of Zeta Aquilae; Delta, Lambda, Mu, Omicron and 112 Herculis; Theta¹ and Eta Serpentis; Nu Ophiuchi, Xi Serpentis and Eta Ophiuchi. Consequently,","Thema Mundi signs that correspond to the brightest and warmest times of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, Cancer and Leo. The other planets are assigned to signs by halving the zodiac between Cancer and Leo and assigning each planet to one sign on the solar half and each on the lunar half. Mercury is assigned to the two signs next to the luminaries, Gemini and Virgo, because it never travels more than one sign away from the Sun. Venus is assigned to the next two signs, Taurus and Libra, because it never gets more than two signs away. Jupiter and Mars","Lambda Piscium Lambda Piscium, Latinized from λ Piscium, is a solitary, white-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49, it is visible to the naked eye, forming the southeast corner of the \"Circlet\" asterism in Pisces. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 30.59 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 107 light years distant from the Sun. Lambda Piscium is a member of the Ursa Major Stream, lying among the outer parts, or corona, of this moving group of stars that roughly follow a common heading through space. This well-studied","Pole star that the entire constellation of Ursa Minor, in antiquity known as \"Cynosura\" (Greek Κυνοσούρα \"dog's tail\") was used as indicating the northern direction for the purposes of navigation by the Phoenicians. The ancient name of Ursa Minor, anglicized as \"cynosure\", has since itself become a term for \"guiding principle\" after the constellation's use in navigation. Alpha Ursae Minoris (Polaris) was described as ἀειφανής \"always visible\" by Stobaeus in the 5th century, when it was still removed from the celestial pole by about 8°. It was known as \"scip-steorra\" (\"ship-star\") in 10th-century Anglo-Saxon England, reflecting its use in navigation. In the","Ursa Minor has had its mass estimated at 1.3 times that of the Sun via measurement of these oscillations. Kochab is 450 times more luminous than the Sun and has 42 times its diameter, with a surface temperature of approximately 4,130 K. Estimated to be around 2.95 billion years old, give or take 1 billion years, Kochab was announced to have a planetary companion around 6.1 times as massive as Jupiter with an orbit of 522 days. Traditionally known as Pherkad, Gamma Ursae Minoris has an apparent magnitude that varies between 3.04 and 3.09 roughly every 3.4 hours. It and Kochab have","Crux Crux is a constellation located in the southern sky in a bright portion of the Milky Way. It is among the most easily distinguished constellations, as all of its four main stars have an apparent visual magnitude brighter than +2.8, even though it is the smallest of all 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for cross, and it is dominated by a cross-shaped or kite-like asterism that is commonly known as the Southern Cross. Predominating is the first-magnitude blue-white star of Alpha Crucis or Acrux, being the constellation's brightest and most southerly member. Crux is followed by four","Lepus (constellation) Lepus (, ) is a constellation lying just south of the celestial equator. Its name is Latin for hare. It is located below—immediately south—of Orion (the hunter), and is sometimes represented as a hare being chased by Orion or, alternatively, by Orion's hunting dogs. Although the hare does not represent any particular figure in Greek mythology, Lepus was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. This constellation should not be confused with Lupus, the wolf. Lepus is most often represented as a hare being hunted","name \"Pherkad\" for Gamma Ursae Minoris on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, (), meaning \"North Pole\", refers to an asterism consisting of Gamma Ursae Minoris, Beta Ursae Minoris, 5 Ursae Minoris, 4 Ursae Minoris and Σ 1694. Consequently, Gamma Ursae Minoris itself is known as (, ), representing (), meaning \"Crown Prince\". Gamma Ursae Minoris has apparent magnitude +3.05 and can be readily observed with the naked eye even in a city-lit night sky. It has an absolute magnitude of –2.84. Measurement of the star's spectrum resulted","Virgo (constellation) Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for virgin, and its symbol is ♍. Lying between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, it is the second-largest constellation in the sky (after Hydra) and the largest constellation in the zodiac. It can be easily found through its brightest star, Spica. The bright star Spica makes it easy to locate Virgo, as it can be found by following the curve of the Big Dipper/Plough to Arcturus in Boötes and continuing from there in the same curve (\"follow the arc to Arcturus","Ursa Minor Ursa Minor (Latin: \"Lesser Bear\", contrasting with Ursa Major), also known as the Little Bear, is a constellation in the Northern Sky. Like the Great Bear, the tail of the Little Bear may also be seen as the handle of a ladle, hence the North American name, Little Dipper: seven stars with four in its bowl like its partner the Big Dipper. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Ursa Minor has traditionally been important for navigation, particularly by mariners, because of Polaris being","Ursa Minor remain in use, likely because of their proximity to the north celestial pole. Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Marking the Little Bear's tail, Polaris, or Alpha Ursae Minoris, is the brightest star in the constellation, varying between apparent magnitude 1.97 and 2.00 over a period of 3.97 days. Located around 432 light-years away from Earth, it is a yellow-white supergiant that varies between spectral types F7Ib and F8Ib, and has around 6 times the Sun's mass, 2,500 times its luminosity and 45 times its radius. Polaris is the brightest","Leo Minor apparent magnitude of 4.4. It has around double the mass, 7.8 times the radius and 36 times the luminosity of the Earth's Sun. Separated by 11 seconds of arc from the primary, the secondary is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F8. The two orbit around a common centre of gravity every 38.62 years, and lie away from the Solar System. Around away and around 10 times as luminous as the Sun, 21 Leonis Minoris is a rapidly rotating white main-sequence star, spinning on its axis in less than 12 hours and very likely flattened in shape. Of"],"string":"[\n \"Proper names (astronomy) a handful of stars were given individual names. Examples include Chinese Koo She (\\\"bow and arrow\\\") and Sanskrit Chitra \\\"the bright one\\\". There are also contemporary proper names given to some stars, many of which refer to accomplished astronomers, deceased astronauts and English titles. For example, Gamma Velorum is named \\\"Regor\\\", which is \\\"Roger\\\" spelled backwards; the name honors Astronaut Roger B. Chaffee, who died in the Apollo I tragedy. Other contemporary names include \\\"The Persian\\\" (Alpha Indi) and \\\"The Head of Hydrus\\\" (Alpha Hydri), \\\"Herschel's Garnet Star\\\" (Mu Cephei), Barnard's Star, etc. Some independent astronomical and astrological businesses or\",\n \"Pleiades (Greek mythology) The Pleiades (; ), companions of Artemis, were the seven daughters of the titan Atlas and the sea-nymph Pleione born on Mount Cyllene. They were the sisters of Calypso, Hyas, the Hyades, and the Hesperides. The Pleiades were nymphs in the train of Artemis, and together with the seven Hyades were called the Atlantides, Dodonides, or Nysiades, nursemaids and teachers to the infant Dionysus. They were thought to have been translated to the night sky as a cluster of stars, the Pleiades, and were associated with rain. Classicists debate the origin of the name \\\"Pleiades\\\". It ostensibly\",\n \"\\\"Northern Dipper\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of Beta Ursae Majoris, Alpha Ursae Majoris, Gamma Ursae Majoris, Delta Ursae Majoris, Epsilon Ursae Majoris, Zeta Ursae Majoris and Eta Ursae Majoris. Consequently, Beta Ursae Majoris itself is known as (, ) and (, ). USS Merak (1918) and USS Merak (AF-21), both of United States navy ship. In the original \\\"Star Trek\\\" series episode The Cloud Minders, the planet \\\"Merak II\\\" is said to be suffering from a botanical plague that can only be treated by the use of the mineral zenite. The video game \\\"Devil Survivor 2\\\" features Merak, alongside\",\n \"Taurus (constellation) constellation. Among the arctic people known as the Inuit, the constellation is called Sakiattiat and the Hyades is Nanurjuk, with the latter representing the spirit of the polar bear. Aldebaran represents the bear, with the remainder of the stars in the Hyades being dogs that are holding the beast at bay. In Buddhism, legends hold that Gautama Buddha was born when the Full Moon was in Vaisakha, or Taurus. Buddha's birthday is celebrated with the Wesak Festival, or Vesākha, which occurs on the first or second Full Moon when the Sun is in Taurus. , the Sun appears in the\",\n \"the Millennium Star. The largest cut white (D) diamond by weight is the 1991 modified heart-shaped Centenary Diamond. Millennium Star The Millennium Star is a diamond owned by De Beers. At 203.04 carats (40.608 g), it is the world's second largest known top-color (grade D, i.e. colourless), internally and externally flawless, pear-shaped diamond. The diamond was discovered in the Mbuji-Mayi district of Zaire in 1990 in alluvial deposits; uncut, it was 777 carats (155.4 g). It was purchased by De Beers during the height of the country's Civil War that took place in the early to mid-nineties. It took over\",\n \"QZ Carinae times the Sun's mass and 8.9 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 32,463 K, it is around 80,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Star B1 is less massive than B2 and is assumed to have undergone significant mass loss or mass transfer to B2. Together, all four stars have a combined mass 94 times that of the Sun. Star B is a Beta Lyrae variable eclipsing system. It causes the apparent magnitude of the system to vary regularly every 5.999 days from +6.16 at maximum to +6.49 at the primary minimum and +6.43 at the secondary minimum.\",\n \"Delta1 Tauri rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name \\\"Secunda Hyadum\\\" for the component Delta¹ Tauri Aa on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Net\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of δ¹ Tauri, Epsilon Tauri, Delta³ Tauri, Gamma Tauri, Alpha Tauri (Aldebaran), 71 Tauri and Lambda Tauri. Consequently, Delta¹ Tauri itself is known as (), \\\"the Third Star of Net\\\". Delta¹ Tauri A is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 529.8 days and an eccentricity of 0.42. The visible member, component Aa, is\",\n \"Cancer (astrology) lobster, the sign is most often represented by the crab, also a woman by the ocean has been depicted near based on the Karkinos, a giant crab that harassed Hercules, during his fight with the Hydra. Those who are born from approximately June 22 to July 22 are born under Cancer. Individuals born during these dates, depending on which of the astrological signs they are born under to, may be called \\\"Cancerians.\\\" Cancer is a northern sign and its opposite sign is Capricorn. Cancer is a cardinal sign. Along with Scorpio and Pisces, Cancer forms the Water Trigon. The Water\",\n \"where stars are unable to maintain their gas long enough to properly form. There appears to be a number of subpopulations within the Leo Cluster. The first consists of elliptical galaxies that seem to be roughly as old as the universe. The second subpopulation contains red-sequence lenticular (lens shaped) galaxies whose ages are directly tied to their mass. The third and final subpopulation is of galaxies where star formation is still taking place,and are morphologically distributed. Leo Cluster The Leo Cluster (Abell 1367) is a galaxy cluster about 330 million light-years distant (z = 0.022) in the constellation Leo, with\",\n \"Omicron Velorum Omicron Velorum (ο Vel, ο Velorum) is a star in the constellation Vela. It is the brightest member of the loose naked eye open cluster IC 2391, also known as the ο Velorum Cluster. Omicron Velorum is a blue-white B-type subgiant with a mean apparent magnitude of +3.60. It is approximately 495 light years from Earth. A slowly pulsating B star, it ranges between magnitudes 3.57 and 3.63 over 2.8 days. The correct Bayer designation for ο Velorum has been debated. Lacaille assigned one Greek letter sequence for the bright stars of Argo Navis. These Lacaille designations are\",\n \"Cross. Around 14,000 AD, when Vega is only 4° from the North Pole, Canopus will be only 8° from the South Pole and thus circumpolar on the latitude of Bali (8°S). Sirius will take its turn as the South Pole Star in the year 66,270 AD. In fact, Sirius will come to within 1.6 degree of the south celestial pole in 66,270 AD. Later, in the year 93,830 AD, Sirius will miss aligning with the south celestial pole by only 2.3 degrees. Pole stars of other planets are defined analogously: they are stars (brighter than 6th magnitude, \\\"i.e.\\\", visible to\",\n \"Five Chariots known today as Mercury is associated with the Northern Emperor. Lastly the Emperor of the Center is represented by the \\\"Earth star\\\" also known as Saturn. Another distinction that can be attributed to each of the emperors is a specific color. The emperor of the East is represented by green, the South red, the Center yellow, the West white, and the North black. Each of the colors that are associated with the Celestial emperors have their own meaning in Chinese culture. The color green is representative of spring, wood, and things that taste sour. White represents metal, as well as\",\n \"of the Sun. The star is spinning relatively rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of 161 km/s. It is radiating around 4.3 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 7,079 K. Nu1 Columbae Nu Columbae, Latinized from ν Columbae, is a star in the southern constellation of Columba. It is visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.14. According to the Bortle scale, stars with this magnitude are faintly visible from dark rural skies. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.40 mas, this star is about 128 light years\",\n \"Lynx (constellation) stars, though several lie across the boundary in Ursa Major. Overall, there are 97 stars within the constellation's borders brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. The brightest star in this constellation is Alpha Lyncis, with an apparent (visual) magnitude of 3.14. It is an orange giant of spectral type K7III located 203 ± 2 light-years distant from Earth. Around twice as massive as the Sun, it has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and has evolved away from the main sequence. The star has swollen to about 55 times the Sun's radius and is emitting roughly 673 times\",\n \"Cassiopeia (constellation) W appears inverted. Alpha Cassiopeiae, traditionally called Schedar (from the Arabic \\\"Al Sadr\\\", \\\"the breast\\\"), is a multiple star. The primary is an orange-hued giant of magnitude 2.2, 228 ± 2 light-years from Earth. With a luminosity of around 771 times that of the Sun, it has swollen and cooled after exhausting its core hydrogen over its 100 to 200 million-year lifespan, spending much of it as a blue-white B-type main-sequence star. The brightest companion is a magnitude 8.9 yellow dwarf widely separated from the primary, while two other companions are closer and magnitudes 13 and 14 respectively. Beta Cassiopeiae,\",\n \"person from the perspective of their soul and a whole person overall as Sage Parashara have mentioned that the Lagna is the Kalapurusha. Kalapurusha's Head to Feet (Exterior Body Parts) represents the 12 zodiacs that begin with: 1. Aries stands for his head 2. Taurus for His face 3. Gemini for the Neck and shoulders 4. Cancer for chest and heart 5. Leo for his stomach and its organs 6. Virgo for his Hips 7. Libra represents the lower abdominal and spinal region 8. Scorpio for the reproductive organs and kidney etc 9. Sagittarius is the thigh 10. Capricorn is\",\n \"Alpha Circini Alpha Circini (α Cir, α Circini) is a variable star in the faint, southern, circumpolar constellation of Circinus. At an apparent visual magnitude of 3.19, it is the brightest star in the constellation and can be readily seen with the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements of this star yield an estimated distance of from the Earth. This star belongs to a class of variables known as rapidly oscillating Ap stars. It oscillates with multiple, non-radial pulsation cycles and a dominant cycle of 6.8 minutes. The spectrum shows peculiar features caused by chemical stratification of the\",\n \"Zeta Circini Zeta Circini, Latinized from ζ Circini, is the Bayer designation for a star located in the southern constellation of Circinus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 6.08, it is barely visible to the naked eye on a dark night. (According to the Bortle scale, it requires the lighting level of suburban skies or darker to be seen.) The distance to this star, as estimated using an annual parallax shift of 2.56 mas, is around 1,300 light years. This is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B2/3 Vn, where the 'n' suffix indicates broad (\\\"nebulous\\\")\",\n \"K2-239 K2-239 (also designated EPIC 248545986) is a small red dwarf star in the constellation Sextans about 49 parsecs (160 light-years) away from Earth. Observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during Campaign 14 of its K2 \\\"Second Light\\\" mission, it was found to have three hot, likely rocky Earth-sized planets in orbit around it. K2-239 is a small red dwarf star of spectral class M3V. It is 40% the mass and 36% the radius of the Sun with just 0.016 times the luminosity. It has a temperature of 3420 K and its age is unknown. For comparison, the Sun has\",\n \"light years from Earth, and PSR J0108-1431 at about 424 light years. RX J1856.5-3754 is a member of a close group of neutron stars called The Magnificent Seven. Another nearby neutron star that was detected transiting the backdrop of the constellation Ursa Minor has been nicknamed Calvera by its Canadian and American discoverers, after the villain in the 1960 film \\\"The Magnificent Seven\\\". This rapidly moving object was discovered using the ROSAT/Bright Source Catalog. About 5% of all known neutron stars are members of a binary system. The formation and evolution of binary neutron stars can be a complex process.\",\n \"most part, the stars with inhabitable planets in the CoDominium are obscure and unnamed on current star charts. For instance, the world of New Washington and its sister planet Franklin orbit a red dwarf at some distance from the Solar System. Such stars are very common in the galaxy but even the closest ones are too dim to observe without equipment, Proxima Centauri being the obvious example. Other habitable systems in the CoDominium have stars in the stellar classes F, G and K, which are common but dim compared to the named stars in the night sky. One of the\",\n \"Gamma Ophiuchi Gamma Ophiuchi, Latinized from γ Ophiuchi, is a fourth-magnitude star in the constellation Ophiuchus. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 31.73 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 103 light years from the Sun. The system has an age of roughly 184 million years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −7.6 km/s. It is known also as Muliphen, although at least two more stars are known with this name: Gamma Canis Majoris (often spelled as Muliphein) and Gamma Centauri (often spelled as Muhlifain). This is an A-type main sequence star\",\n \"57.5 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,876 K. It is catalogued as a suspected variable star. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Kappa Columbae Kappa Columbae, Latinized from κ Columbae, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Columba. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.37, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.87 mas, it is located at a distance of 183 light years from the Sun. It has a peculiar velocity of , making it a candidate runaway star. For ancient Arabian\",\n \"late Antiquity, by which time Ptolemy's influence was widely established. Ptolemy clearly explained the theoretical basis of the western zodiac as being a tropical coordinate system, by which the zodiac is aligned to the equinoxes and solstices, rather than the visible constellations that bear the same names as the zodiac signs. The Hindu zodiac uses the sidereal coordinate system, which makes reference to the fixed stars. The Tropical zodiac (of Mesopotamian origin) is divided by the intersections of the ecliptic and equator, which shifts in relation to the backdrop of fixed stars at a rate of 1° every 72 years,\",\n \"Gamma Lyrae Gamma Lyrae (Latinized from γ Lyrae, abbreviated Gamma Lyr, γ Lyr), also named Sulafat, is the second-brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.3, it is readily visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements yield an estimated distance of from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of due to interstellar dust. \\\"γ Lyrae\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Gamma Lyrae\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \\\"Sulafat\\\" (\\\"Sulaphat\\\"), from the Arabic \\\"al-sulḥafāt\\\" \\\"turtle\\\", and \\\"Jugum\\\", from the Latin \\\"yoke\\\".\",\n \"Bayer designation magnitude (those between magnitudes 1.51 and 2.5), labeling them from \\\"gamma\\\" through \\\"zeta\\\" in \\\"top-down\\\" (north-to-south) order. The \\\"First to Rise in the East\\\" order is used in a number of instances. Castor and Pollux of Gemini may be an example of this: Pollux is brighter than Castor, but the latter rises earlier and was assigned \\\"alpha\\\". In this case, Bayer may also have been influenced by the traditional order of the mythological names \\\"Castor and Pollux\\\": Castor is generally named first whenever the twins are mentioned. Although the brightest star in Draco is Eltanin (Gamma Draconis), Thuban was assigned\",\n \"De sphaera mundi nine parts: the \\\"first moved\\\" (\\\"primum mobile\\\"), the sphere of the fixed stars (the firmament), and the seven planets, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the sun, Venus, Mercury and the moon. There is a 'right' sphere and an oblique sphere: the right sphere is only observed by those at the equator (if there are such people), everyone else sees the oblique sphere. There are two movements: one of the heavens from east to west on its axis through the Arctic and Antarctic poles, the other of the inferior spheres at 23° in the opposite direction on their own axes. The world, or\",\n \"and cooled off the main sequence after consuming the hydrogen at its core. It is an estimated 1.5 billion years old with 1.74 times the mass of the Sun. Zeta Normae is radiating approximately 16 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,691 K. Zeta Normae Zeta Normae, Latinised from ζ Normae, is a solitary, yellow-white hued star in the southern constellation of Norma. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.81, it is a dim star near the lower limit of visibility for the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 14.98 mas\",\n \"International Astronomical Union), 6000 United Nations (for the United Nations), 7000 Curie (for the pioneers on radioactivity, Marie and Pierre Curie), and (for Isaac Newton), while 9000 Hal (after HAL 9000 from \\\"\\\") and 10000 Myriostos (after the Greek word for ten-thousandth, which is meant to honor all astronomers) were named based on their direct numeric accordance. By 2001, 3000 Leonardo was one of 32 named minor planets named after painters and sculptors, and some other examples in this category include 3001 Michelangelo (the next named asteroid numerically), 4221 Picasso, and 4457 van Gogh. Although these were classically named, the\",\n \"that a more \\\"beneficial organization\\\" was needed. The only known method to successfully contact the Seven Society is to place a letter at the Thomas Jefferson statue inside the University's historic Rotunda (accounts differ on the exact placement of the letter, either on the base or in the crook of the statue's arm). The group contributes financially to the University, announcing donations with letters signed only with seven astronomical symbols in the order: Earth, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Neptune, Uranus, and Venus. The Society gives large monetary donations and scholarships to the University each year in quantities that include the number\",\n \"July 2047. The second message, Cosmic Call 2, was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at 47 Ursae Majoris in May 2049. Because of its planetary system, 47 Ursae Majoris was listed as one of the top 100 target stars for NASA's former Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. 47 Ursae Majoris 47 Ursae Majoris (abbreviated 47 UMa), also named Chalawan (, ), is a yellow dwarf star approximately 46 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. , three extrasolar planets (designated 47 Ursae Majoris b, c and d; the first two later named Taphao Thong and\",\n \"Eta Canis Majoris Eta Canis Majoris (η Canis Majoris, abbreviated Eta CMa, η CMa), also named Aludra, is a star in the constellation of Canis Major. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. \\\"η Canis Majoris\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Eta Canis Majoris\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. The traditional name \\\"Aludra\\\" originates from the Arabic: \\\"العذراء\\\" \\\"al-adhraa\\\" 'the virgin'. This star, along with Epsilon Canis Majoris (Adhara), Delta Canis Majoris (Wezen) and Omicron Canis Majoris (Thanih al Adzari), were \\\"Al ʽAdhārā\\\" (\\\"العذاري\\\"), 'the Virgins'. In 2016,\",\n \"is the name of a constellation comprising stars from the head and forelegs of Ursa Major; \\\"pucwan\\\" (ပုဇွန်) is a general term for a crustacean, such as prawn, shrimp, crab, lobster, etc. In Roman mythology, Jupiter (the king of the gods) lusts after a young woman named Callisto, a nymph of Diana. Juno, Jupiter's jealous wife, discovers that Callisto has a son named Arcas, and believes it is by Jupiter. Juno then transforms the beautiful Callisto into a bear so she no longer attracts Jupiter. Callisto, while in bear form, later encounters her son Arcas. Arcas almost shoots the bear,\",\n \"in excess of 5 kilograms. Crystallization of the material of a white dwarf of this type is thought to result in a body-centered cubic lattice of carbon and/or oxygen nuclei, which are surrounded by a Fermi sea of electrons. BPM 37093 BPM 37093 (V886 Centauri) is a variable white dwarf star of the DAV, or ZZ Ceti, type, with a hydrogen atmosphere and an unusually high mass of approximately 1.1 times the Sun's. It is about 50 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Centaurus, and vibrates; these pulsations cause its luminosity to vary. Like other white dwarfs, BPM 37093 is\",\n \"mid-February. The planet Neptune was discovered by German astronomer Johann Galle, near Deneb Algedi (δ Capricorni) on September 23, 1846, which is appropriate as Capricornus can be seen best from Europe at 4:00am in September (although, by modern constellation boundaries established in the early 20th Century, Neptune lay within the confines of Aquarius at the time of its discovery). Capricornus's brighter stars are found on a triangle whose vertices are α Capricorni (Giedi), δ Capricorni (Deneb Algiedi), and ω Capricorni. Ptolemy's method of connecting the stars of Capricornus has been influential. Capricornus is usually drawn as a goat with the\",\n \"Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right\",\n \"Honores, that occupied the chain end of Andromeda, is unclear, except that both represent a regal spire attributed to varying regents. Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae (Latin for \\\"scepter and hand of justice\\\") was a constellation created by Augustin Royer in 1679 to honor king Louis XIV of France. It was formed from stars of what is today the constellations Lacerta and western Andromeda. Due to the awkward name the constellation was modified and name changed a couple of times, for example some old star maps show \\\"Sceptrum Imperiale\\\", \\\"Stellio\\\" and \\\"Scettro\\\", and Johannes Hevelius's star map\",\n \"Lambda Arietis Lambda Arietis (λ Ari, λ Arietis) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the northern constellation of Aries. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.32 arcseconds, this system is approximately distant from Earth. The pair have a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.79, which is bright enough to be viewed with the naked eye. Because the yellow secondary is nearly three magnitudes fainter than the white primary, they are a challenge to split with quality 7× binoculars and are readily resolvable at 10×. The brighter component is an F-type main sequence star with a visual\",\n \"is not known to host planets. Beta Canum Venaticorum Beta Canum Venaticorum (β Canum Venaticorum, abbreviated Beta CVn, β CVn), also named Chara, is a G-type main-sequence star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. At an apparent visual magnitude of 4.26, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 118.49 mas, this star is distant from the Sun. Along with the brighter star Cor Caroli, the pair form the \\\"southern dog\\\" in this constellation that represents hunting dogs. \\\"β Canum Venaticorum\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Beta Canum Venaticorum\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. The\",\n \"be skipped until 2100. February meteor showers include the Alpha Centaurids (appearing in early February), the Beta Leonids, also known as the March Virginids (lasting from February 14 to April 25, peaking around March 20), the Delta Cancrids (appearing December 14 to February 14, peaking on January 17), the Omicron Centaurids (late January through February, peaking in mid-February), Theta Centaurids (January 23 – March 12, only visible in the southern hemisphere), Eta Virginids (February 24 and March 27, peaking around March 18), and Pi Virginids (February 13 and April 8, peaking between March 3 and March 9). The western zodiac\",\n \"camps. The stars of Musca, along with Fomalhaut, Alpha Pavonis, and Alpha and Beta Gruis, were all claimed by the Arrernte. Musca is bordered by Crux to the north, Carina to the west, Chamaeleon to the south, Apus and Circinus to the east, and Centaurus to the northeast. Covering 138 square degrees and 0.335% of the night sky, it ranks 77th of the 88 constellations in size. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Mus'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon\",\n \"Imum coeli In astrology, the Imum Coeli (Latin for \\\"bottom of the sky\\\"), IC, is the point in space where the ecliptic crosses the meridian in the north, exactly opposite the Midheaven. It marks the fourth house cusp in most house systems (this is reversed in the southern hemisphere). The Imum Coeli is said to refer to our roots and also to the least conscious part of ourselves. It symbolizes foundations, beginnings in life, what may have been experienced through parental inheritance and homeland influences, need for security and relationships with the home and family life. It also may describe\",\n \"Mu Virginis Mu Virginis (μ Vir, μ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It was listed in the \\\"Calendarium\\\" of Al Achsasi al Mouakket as \\\"rijl al-‘awwa’\\\", Arabic رجل العوى, meaning \\\"The foot of the barking (dog)\\\". With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.88, it is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. The position of the star near the celestial equator means it is visible from most of the Earth. Based upon parallax measurements, Mu Virginis is located some 59.6 light years from the Sun. Rijl al Awwa is an F-type main sequence\",\n \"Omega2 Cygni Omega Cygni, Latinized from ω Cygni, is the Bayer designation for a solitary star in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.5, which is faintly visible to the naked eye on a dark night. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.17 mas, it is located roughly 399 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is a red giant star on the asymptotic giant branch, with a stellar classification of M2 III. It is a\",\n \"du Navire in the French edition), while ο Velorum is labelled ο (omicron) Argus (du Navire in the French edition). In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Bow and Arrow\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of ο Puppis, δ Canis Majoris, η Canis Majoris, HD 63032, HD 65456, k Puppis, ε Canis Majoris, κ Canis Majoris and π Puppis. Consequently, ο Puppis itself is known as (, .) Omicron Puppis Omicron Puppis (ο Puppis) is candidate binary star system in the southern constellation of Puppis. It is visible to the naked eye, having a combined apparent visual magnitude of +4.48. Based upon an\",\n \"Norma (constellation) Règle\\\" to \\\"le Niveau\\\", \\\"the level\\\". In any case, the constellation's name had been shortened and Latinised by Lacaille to \\\"Norma\\\" by 1763. Norma is bordered by Scorpius to the north, Lupus to the northwest, Circinus to the west, Triangulum Australe to the south and Ara to the east. Covering 165.3 square degrees and 0.401% of the night sky, it ranks 74th of the 88 constellations in size. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Nor'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a\",\n \"Boötes trap is known as \\\"Ilulirat.\\\" Boötes is a constellation bordered by Virgo to the south, Coma Berenices and Canes Venatici to the west, Ursa Major to the northwest, Draco to the northeast, and Hercules, Corona Borealis and Serpens Caput to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Boo'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 16 segments. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates stretch from\",\n \"When subsequent planets were discovered in the 18th and 19th centuries, the naming practice was retained with \\\"Neptūnus\\\" (Poseidon). Uranus is unique in that it is named for a Greek deity rather than his Roman counterpart. Some Romans, following a belief possibly originating in Mesopotamia but developed in Hellenistic Egypt, believed that the seven gods after whom the planets were named took hourly shifts in looking after affairs on Earth. The order of shifts went Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon (from the farthest to the closest planet). Therefore, the first day was started by Saturn (1st hour), second\",\n \"darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,\",\n \"V Centauri V Centauri (V Cen) is a Classical Cepheid variable, a type of variable star, in the constellation Centaurus. Its apparent magnitude is 6.72, and it is approximately 2,500 light-years (800 parsecs) away based on parallax. According to the South African Astronomical Observatory, the chemical composition was derived as being high in sodium (Na) and aluminium (Al) and low in magnesium (Mg). Following a normal composition for a Cepheid star, V Cen does not have any unusual characteristics. V Centauri's composition was observed alongside six other Classical Cepheid variable stars with the support of Russian, Chilean, and Ukrainian observatories.\",\n \"Orion (constellation) π Ori and π Ori) which make up Orion's shield. Around 20 October each year the Orionid meteor shower (Orionids) reaches its peak. Coming from the border with the constellation Gemini as many as 20 meteors per hour can be seen. The shower's parent body is Halley's Comet. Hanging from Orion's belt is his sword, consisting of the multiple stars θ1 and θ2 Orionis, called the Trapezium and the Orion Nebula (M42). This is a spectacular object that can be clearly identified with the naked eye as something other than a star. Using binoculars, its clouds of nascent stars, luminous\",\n \"Omicron2 Orionis Omicron Orionis (ο Ori) is a solitary star in the constellation Orion. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.06, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.54 mas, it is around 186 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.09 due to intervening dust. This is a red clump giant star with a stellar classification of K2 IIIb. It is around 5.4 billion years old with a projected rotational velocity that\",\n \"Lambda Cephei Lambda Cephei (λ Cephei) is a fifth magnitude blue supergiant star in the constellation Cepheus, one of the hottest and most luminous visible to the naked eye. It is a hot O6.5 supergiant star at a distance of approximately 1,980 light years, whose absolute brightness around half a million times the Sun. Its radius is around 20 times that of the latter, with a mass that has been estimated to be between 45 and 60 solar masses. Lambda Cephei turns around its axis in less than three days compared to the 24.47 days that the Sun needs to\",\n \"Gliese 436 Gliese 436 is a red dwarf approximately away in the zodiac constellation of Leo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 10.67, which is much too faint to be seen with the naked eye. However, it can be viewed with even a modest telescope of aperture. In 2004, the existence of an extrasolar planet, Gliese 436b, was verified as orbiting the star. This planet was later discovered to transit its host star. Gliese 436 is a M2.5V star, which means it is a red dwarf. Stellar models give an estimated size of about 42% of the Sun's radius.\",\n \"within the Vermilion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, \\\"Nán Fāng Zhū Què\\\"). Cancer (constellation) Cancer is one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for crab and it is commonly represented as one. Its astrological symbol is (Unicode ♋). Cancer is a medium-size constellation with an area of 506 square degrees and its stars are rather faint, its brightest star Beta Cancri having an apparent magnitude of 3.5. It contains two stars with known planets, including 55 Cancri, which has five: one super-earth and four gas giants, one of which is in the habitable zone and\",\n \"Gemini (constellation) η Gem. In 1930 Clyde Tombaugh exposed a series of photographic plates centred on δ Gem and discovered Pluto. In Chinese astronomy, the stars that correspond to Gemini are located in two areas: the White Tiger of the West (西方白虎, \\\"Xī Fāng Bái Hǔ\\\") and the Vermillion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, \\\"Nán Fāng Zhū Què\\\"). , the Sun appears in the constellation Gemini from June 20 to July 20. In tropical astrology, the Sun is considered to be in the sign Gemini from May 21 to June 22, and in sidereal astrology, from June 16 to July 15. Gemini\",\n \"at the average distance of 2.08 AU (312 Gm). The two planets are in a 2:1 resonance, meaning that the outer planet orbits the star once every time when the inner planet orbits the star twice. These two jovian planets are dancing around each other gravitationally. 24 Sextantis 24 Sextantis, often abbreviated as 24 Sex, is the Flamsteed designation of a 7th-magnitude star located approximately 253 light years away in the constellation of Sextans. At an apparent visual magnitude of 6.61, this star can only be viewed from rural skies under good seeing conditions. At the age of 2.8 billion\",\n \"the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Eta Draconis, together with Zeta Draconis, bore the traditional name \\\"Al Dhīʼbain\\\", the Duo Lupi in Arabic, the Two Hyaenas or Wolves, lying in wait for the Camel's Foal, the little star Al Rubaʽ, protected by the Mother Camels. In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name \\\"Athebyne\\\"\",\n \"Great White Spot The Great White Spot, also known as Great White Oval, on Saturn, named by analogy to Jupiter's Great Red Spot, are periodic storms that are large enough to be visible by telescope from Earth by their characteristic white appearance. The spots can be several thousands of kilometers wide. The \\\"Cassini\\\" orbiter was able to track the 2010-2011 instance of the storm, also known as the Northern Electrostatic Disturbance because of an increase in radio and plasma interference, or the Great Springtime Storm. Cassini data has revealed a loss of acetylene in the white clouds, an increase of\",\n \"Omega Geminorum Omega Geminorum, Latinized from ω Geminorum, is a star located in the middle of the northern zodiac constellation of Gemini. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.18, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. According to the Bortle scale, it can be viewed from dark suburban skies. With an annual parallax shift of just 2.19 mas, it is located about 1,500 light years from the Sun. This is an evolved bright giant star with a stellar classification of G5 II. It is positioned near the instability strip and in 1977 was listed as a candidate cepheid variable\",\n \"(), meaning \\\"Cross\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of Beta Crucis, Gamma Crucis, Alpha Crucis and Delta Crucis. Consequently, Beta Crucis itself is known as (, .). Based on parallax measurements, β Crucis is located at a distance of from the Earth. In 1957, German astronomer Wulff-Dieter Heintz discovered that it is a spectroscopic binary with components that are too close together to resolve with a telescope. The pair orbit each other every 5 years with an estimated separation that varies from 5.4 to 12.0 Astronomical Units. The system is only 8 to 11 million years old. The primary, Beta\",\n \"Scorpius–Centaurus Association and Lower Centaurus–Crux). Many of the bright stars in the constellations Scorpius, Lupus, Centaurus, and Crux are members of the Sco–Cen association, including Antares (the most massive member of Upper Scorpius), and most of the stars in the Southern Cross. Hundreds of stars have been identified as members of Sco-Cen, with masses ranging from roughly 15 solar masses (Antares) down to below the hydrogen-burning limit (i.e. brown dwarfs), and the total stellar population in each of the three subgroups is probably of the order 1000–2000. The Sco–Cen OB association appears to be the most pronounced part of a large complex\",\n \"Beta Gruis Beta Gruis (β Gruis, abbreviated Bet Gru, β Gru), also named Tiaki, is the second brightest star in the southern constellation of Grus. It was once considered the rear star in the tail of the constellation of the (Southern) Fish, Piscis Austrinus: it, with Alpha, Delta, Theta, Iota, and Lambda Gruis, belonged to Piscis Austrinus in medieval Arabic astronomy. \\\"β Gruis\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Beta Gruis\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional Tuamotuan name of \\\"Tiaki\\\". In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars.\",\n \"Cadent house are smaller because the sixth is the lesser of the two houses of misfortune. The planet Mars rejoices in the sixth house. He is dignified when located in this house. Mars is considered a malefic planet, whose influence is often unfortunate and aggressive. Mars's joy in the sixth may have to do with his long connection with fevers and acute illness, but it is also true that Mars is the \\\"lesser infortune\\\" (Saturn is the \\\"greater\\\") and hence joys in the lesser house of misfortune. It seems (according to this page) it is not sure in which category the philosophy\",\n \"Lynx (constellation) In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , and the declination coordinates are between +32.97° and +61.96°. On dark nights, the brighter stars can be seen as a crooked line extending roughly between Camelopardalis and Leo, and north of the bright star Castor. Lynx is most readily observed from the late winter to late summer to northern hemisphere observers, with midnight culmination occurring on 20 January. The whole constellation is visible to observers north of latitude 28°S. English astronomer Francis Baily gave a single star a Bayer designation—Alpha Lyncis—while Flamsteed numbered 44\",\n \"Star of Ishtar The Star of Ishtar or Star of Inanna is a symbol of the ancient Sumerian goddess Inanna and her East Semitic counterpart Ishtar. Alongside the lion, it was one of Ishtar's primary symbols. Because Ishtar was associated with the planet Venus, the star is also known as the Star of Venus. The star of Inanna usually had eight points, though the exact number of points sometimes varies. Six-pointed stars also occur frequently, but their symbolic meaning is unknown. It was Inanna's most common symbol and, in later times, it became the most common symbol of the goddess\",\n \"of Jupiter and orbits every 500 days. Explanatory notes Citations Bibliography Online sources \\\"SIMBAD\\\" Aries (constellation) Aries is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is located in the northern celestial hemisphere between Pisces to the west and Taurus to the east. The name Aries is Latin for ram, and its symbol is (Unicode ♈), representing a ram's horns. It is one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is a mid-sized constellation, ranking 39th overall size, with an area of 441 square degrees (1.1% of\",\n \"slightly smaller than Saturn at 0.7538 Jupiter radii, but is more dense. Kepler-16b completes a nearly circular orbit every 228.776 days. Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is\",\n \"Mensa (constellation) Mensa is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere near the south celestial pole, one of twelve constellations drawn up in the 18th century by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille. Its name is Latin for table, though it originally commemorated Table Mountain and was known as Mons Mensae. One of the 88 modern constellations, it covers a keystone-shaped wedge of sky approximately 153.5 square degrees by area. Other than the south polar constellation of Octans, it is the most southerly of constellations and is only observable south of the 5th parallel of the Northern Hemisphere. One of\",\n \"Callisto (mythology) Callisto, still a bear, encountered her son Arcas hunting in the forest. Just as Arcas was about to kill his own mother with his javelin, Jupiter averted the tragedy by placing mother and son amongst the stars as Ursa Major and Minor, respectively. Juno, enraged that her attempt at revenge had been frustrated, appealed to Tethys that the two might never meet her waters, thus providing a poetic explanation for their circumpolar positions in ancient times (see below). Callisto's story was sometimes depicted in classical art, where the moment of transformation into a bear was the most popular. From the\",\n \"Eta Ursae Majoris Eta Ursae Majoris (η Ursae Majoris, abbreviated Eta UMa, η UMa), also named Alkaid, is a star in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is the most eastern (leftmost) star in the Big Dipper (Plough) asterism. However, unlike most stars of the Big Dipper, it is not a member of the Ursa Major moving group. With an apparent visual magnitude of +1.84, it is the third-brightest star in the constellation and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Eta Ursae Majoris is a 10-million-year-old B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B3 V.\",\n \"astronomers term metallicity, is similar to the proportions in the Sun. This is a variable star that ranges in apparent visual magnitude from a low of 2.66 to a high of 2.60. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Corvi Beta Corvi (β Corvi, abbreviated Beta Crv, β Crv), also named Kraz, is the second-brightest star in the southern constellation of Corvus with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.647. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is about distant from the Sun. \\\"β Corvi\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Beta Corvi\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional name of \\\"Kraz\\\", whose origin\",\n \"known as (, .) \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Apodis Beta Apodis (β Aps, β Apodis) is the Bayer designation for a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Apus. It is located approximately from Earth, as determined by parallax measurements. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +4.24, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye The spectrum of this star matches the characteristics of a K0 III, which, according to models of stellar evolution, indicates that it is in the giant star stage, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. The measured angular diameter of\",\n \"star is in the process of evolving into a giant star as the supply of hydrogen at its core becomes exhausted. Compared to the Sun it has 240% of the mass and 230% of the Sun's radius, but is radiating 37 times as much luminosity. This energy is being emitted from the star's outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 9,280 K, giving it the characteristic white-hot glow of an A-type star. \\\"λ Ursae Majoris\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Lambda Ursae Majoris\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \\\"Tania\\\" (shared with Mu Ursae Majoris) and \\\"Tania Borealis\\\". \\\"Tania\\\"\",\n \"Lupus (constellation) association with the sun god and another mythical being called the Bison-man, which is supposedly related to the Greek constellation of Centaurus. Lupus is bordered by six different constellations, although one of them (Hydra) merely touches at the corner. The other five are Scorpius (the scorpion), Norma (the right angle), Circinus (the compass), Libra (the balance scale), and Centaurus (the centaur). Covering 333.7 square degrees and 0.809% of the night sky, it ranks 46th of the 88 modern constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is \\\"Lup\\\". The official constellation boundaries\",\n \"Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is (Unicode U+2650 ♐), a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur pulling back a bow. It lies between Scorpius and Ophiuchus to the west and Capricornus and Microscopium to the east. The center of the Milky Way lies in the westernmost part of Sagittarius (see Sagittarius A). As seen from the northern hemisphere, the constellation's\",\n \"The parivritti drekkana goes in order of the signs; the first decan is Aries, the second is Taurus, the third is Gemini, the fourth is Cancer, etc. Then there is the trinal calculation which utilizes the elemental trines to each sign; In Aries there is Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius, while in Taurus there is Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn. There are in total four variations of drekkana calculations. Indian astrologers will calculate these signs (varga) and create a new chart based upon the sign placement for predictive purposes. Decan The decans (; Egyptian \\\"bakiu\\\") are 36 groups of stars (small constellations)\",\n \"Corona Borealis respectively. Chinese astronomers deemed nine stars to make up the asterism, adding Pi and Rho Coronae Borealis. Within the constellation's borders, there are 37 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Alpha Coronae Borealis (officially named Alphecca by the IAU, but sometimes also known as Gemma) appears as a blue-white star of magnitude 2.2. In fact, it is an Algol-type eclipsing binary that varies by 0.1 magnitude with a period of 17.4 days. The primary is a white main-sequence star of spectral type A0V that is 2.91 times the mass of the Sun () and 57 times as\",\n \"Over 2 nights, 90 minutes of exposures were taken and 82,252 stars were detected down to a visible magnitude of 26. They found that Leo II consists largely of metal-poor older stars, a sign that it has survived the galactic cannibalism under which massive galaxies (e.g., the Milky Way) consume smaller galaxies to attain their extensive size. Observation at ESO estimates Leo II's mass to be (2.7 ± 0.5)×10 M. Leo II (dwarf galaxy) Leo II (or Leo B) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 690,000 light-years away in the constellation Leo. It is one of 24 known satellite galaxies\",\n \"Stars in astrology It is also one of fifteen Behenian stars, associated with agate and water crowfoot. According to Cornelius Agrippa, its kabbalistic symbol is . In the astrology of the Middle Ages, Sirius was a Behenian fixed star, associated with beryl and juniper. Its kabbalistic symbol was listed by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa. Its celestial longitude was 14 Can. 05 as of 2006. Vega (or Wega) takes its name from a loose transliteration of the Arabic word \\\"\\\" meaning \\\"falling\\\". Its constellation (Lyre) was represented as a vulture or eagle so that Vega was referred to as the 'falling vulture/eagle'. This is a\",\n \"Zodiac The zodiac is an area of the sky that extends approximately 8° north or south (as measured in celestial latitude) of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year. The paths of the Moon and visible planets are also within the belt of the zodiac. In Western astrology, and formerly astronomy, the zodiac is divided into twelve signs, each occupying 30° of celestial longitude and roughly corresponding to the constellations Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. The twelve astrological signs form a\",\n \"Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \\\"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\\\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\\\"illustrated in infobox\\\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates\",\n \"Perseus (constellation) in Perseus. Representing the head of the Gorgon Medusa in Greek mythology, it was called Horus in Egyptian mythology and \\\"Rosh ha Satan\\\" (\\\"Satan's Head\\\") in Hebrew. Located 92.8 light-years from Earth, it varies in apparent magnitude from a minimum of 3.5 to a maximum of 2.3 over a period of 2.867 days. The star system is the prototype of a group of eclipsing binary stars named Algol variables, though it has a third member to make up what is actually a triple star system. The brightest component is a blue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B8V, which is 3.5\",\n \"Lynx (constellation) complete the quartette of feet.\\\" Lynx is bordered by Camelopardalis to the north, Auriga to the west, Gemini to the southwest, Cancer to the south, Leo to the east and Ursa Major to the northeast. Covering 545.4 square degrees and 1.322% of the night sky, it ranks 28th of the 88 constellations in size, surpassing better known constellations such as Gemini. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Lyn'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 20 segments (\\\"illustrated in infobox\\\").\",\n \"Astrological sign sun as they occur in the natural solar system. The Lights ruling Leo and Cancer, Mercury ruling Virgo and Gemini, Venus ruling Libra and Taurus, Mars ruling Scorpio and Aries, Jupiter ruling Sagittarius and Pisces, Saturn ruling Capricorn and Aquarius. The result is a symmetry of traditional rulerships across the 0° Leo/Aquarius axis. Note that modern rulerships, which attribute Pluto as ruler of Scorpio, break this symmetry. The following table shows both, traditional and modern, rulerships. Signs can also be listed by opposite, resulting in six couples who are: To note that Fire and Air (light elements) signs are opposited\",\n \"the second member is a B9.5 V star with a magnitude of 6.46. The pair have an angular separation of 0.091 arcseconds with an estimated orbital period of 59.32 years. They are about 3.89 and 3.45 times as massive as the Sun. In Chinese caused by adaptation of the European southern hemisphere constellations into the Chinese system, (), meaning \\\"Exotic Bird\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of ι Apodis, ζ Apodis, β Apodis, γ Apodis, δ Octantis, δ Apodis, η Apodis, α Apodis and ε Apodis. Consequently, ι Apodis itself is known as (, .) Iota Apodis Iota Apodis (ι\",\n \"River) and \\\"Yue\\\" (越) (in Zhejiang province). In the catalogue of stars in the \\\"Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket\\\", Zeta Aquilae was designated \\\"Dzeneb al Tair\\\" (from the Arabic ذنب الطائر \\\"ðanab aṭ-ṭā’ir\\\"), which was translated into Latin as \\\"Cauda (Vulturis) Volantis\\\", meaning \\\"the eagle's tail\\\". In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Left Wall of Heavenly Market Enclosure\\\", refers to an asterism which represents eleven old states in China and is marking the left borderline of the enclosure, consisting of Zeta Aquilae; Delta, Lambda, Mu, Omicron and 112 Herculis; Theta¹ and Eta Serpentis; Nu Ophiuchi, Xi Serpentis and Eta Ophiuchi. Consequently,\",\n \"Thema Mundi signs that correspond to the brightest and warmest times of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, Cancer and Leo. The other planets are assigned to signs by halving the zodiac between Cancer and Leo and assigning each planet to one sign on the solar half and each on the lunar half. Mercury is assigned to the two signs next to the luminaries, Gemini and Virgo, because it never travels more than one sign away from the Sun. Venus is assigned to the next two signs, Taurus and Libra, because it never gets more than two signs away. Jupiter and Mars\",\n \"Lambda Piscium Lambda Piscium, Latinized from λ Piscium, is a solitary, white-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49, it is visible to the naked eye, forming the southeast corner of the \\\"Circlet\\\" asterism in Pisces. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 30.59 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 107 light years distant from the Sun. Lambda Piscium is a member of the Ursa Major Stream, lying among the outer parts, or corona, of this moving group of stars that roughly follow a common heading through space. This well-studied\",\n \"Pole star that the entire constellation of Ursa Minor, in antiquity known as \\\"Cynosura\\\" (Greek Κυνοσούρα \\\"dog's tail\\\") was used as indicating the northern direction for the purposes of navigation by the Phoenicians. The ancient name of Ursa Minor, anglicized as \\\"cynosure\\\", has since itself become a term for \\\"guiding principle\\\" after the constellation's use in navigation. Alpha Ursae Minoris (Polaris) was described as ἀειφανής \\\"always visible\\\" by Stobaeus in the 5th century, when it was still removed from the celestial pole by about 8°. It was known as \\\"scip-steorra\\\" (\\\"ship-star\\\") in 10th-century Anglo-Saxon England, reflecting its use in navigation. In the\",\n \"Ursa Minor has had its mass estimated at 1.3 times that of the Sun via measurement of these oscillations. Kochab is 450 times more luminous than the Sun and has 42 times its diameter, with a surface temperature of approximately 4,130 K. Estimated to be around 2.95 billion years old, give or take 1 billion years, Kochab was announced to have a planetary companion around 6.1 times as massive as Jupiter with an orbit of 522 days. Traditionally known as Pherkad, Gamma Ursae Minoris has an apparent magnitude that varies between 3.04 and 3.09 roughly every 3.4 hours. It and Kochab have\",\n \"Crux Crux is a constellation located in the southern sky in a bright portion of the Milky Way. It is among the most easily distinguished constellations, as all of its four main stars have an apparent visual magnitude brighter than +2.8, even though it is the smallest of all 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for cross, and it is dominated by a cross-shaped or kite-like asterism that is commonly known as the Southern Cross. Predominating is the first-magnitude blue-white star of Alpha Crucis or Acrux, being the constellation's brightest and most southerly member. Crux is followed by four\",\n \"Lepus (constellation) Lepus (, ) is a constellation lying just south of the celestial equator. Its name is Latin for hare. It is located below—immediately south—of Orion (the hunter), and is sometimes represented as a hare being chased by Orion or, alternatively, by Orion's hunting dogs. Although the hare does not represent any particular figure in Greek mythology, Lepus was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. This constellation should not be confused with Lupus, the wolf. Lepus is most often represented as a hare being hunted\",\n \"name \\\"Pherkad\\\" for Gamma Ursae Minoris on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"North Pole\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of Gamma Ursae Minoris, Beta Ursae Minoris, 5 Ursae Minoris, 4 Ursae Minoris and Σ 1694. Consequently, Gamma Ursae Minoris itself is known as (, ), representing (), meaning \\\"Crown Prince\\\". Gamma Ursae Minoris has apparent magnitude +3.05 and can be readily observed with the naked eye even in a city-lit night sky. It has an absolute magnitude of –2.84. Measurement of the star's spectrum resulted\",\n \"Virgo (constellation) Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for virgin, and its symbol is ♍. Lying between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, it is the second-largest constellation in the sky (after Hydra) and the largest constellation in the zodiac. It can be easily found through its brightest star, Spica. The bright star Spica makes it easy to locate Virgo, as it can be found by following the curve of the Big Dipper/Plough to Arcturus in Boötes and continuing from there in the same curve (\\\"follow the arc to Arcturus\",\n \"Ursa Minor Ursa Minor (Latin: \\\"Lesser Bear\\\", contrasting with Ursa Major), also known as the Little Bear, is a constellation in the Northern Sky. Like the Great Bear, the tail of the Little Bear may also be seen as the handle of a ladle, hence the North American name, Little Dipper: seven stars with four in its bowl like its partner the Big Dipper. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Ursa Minor has traditionally been important for navigation, particularly by mariners, because of Polaris being\",\n \"Ursa Minor remain in use, likely because of their proximity to the north celestial pole. Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Marking the Little Bear's tail, Polaris, or Alpha Ursae Minoris, is the brightest star in the constellation, varying between apparent magnitude 1.97 and 2.00 over a period of 3.97 days. Located around 432 light-years away from Earth, it is a yellow-white supergiant that varies between spectral types F7Ib and F8Ib, and has around 6 times the Sun's mass, 2,500 times its luminosity and 45 times its radius. Polaris is the brightest\",\n \"Leo Minor apparent magnitude of 4.4. It has around double the mass, 7.8 times the radius and 36 times the luminosity of the Earth's Sun. Separated by 11 seconds of arc from the primary, the secondary is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F8. The two orbit around a common centre of gravity every 38.62 years, and lie away from the Solar System. Around away and around 10 times as luminous as the Sun, 21 Leonis Minoris is a rapidly rotating white main-sequence star, spinning on its axis in less than 12 hours and very likely flattened in shape. Of\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":288,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"the asteroid aristophanes is a member of which family of carbonaceous asteroids"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["2934 Aristophanes Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of . \"Aristophanes\" is a member of the Veritas family (), a young family of carbonaceous asteroids, that formed approximately million years ago. The family is named after 490 Veritas and consists of nearly 1,300 members. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,062 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity"],"string":"[\n \"2934 Aristophanes Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of . \\\"Aristophanes\\\" is a member of the Veritas family (), a young family of carbonaceous asteroids, that formed approximately million years ago. The family is named after 490 Veritas and consists of nearly 1,300 members. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,062 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["90 Antiope and the eccentricity below 0.006. Every several years, a period of mutual occultations occurs when the asteroid is viewed from Earth. Using Kepler's third law, the mass and density of the components can be derived from the orbital period and component sizes. The axis of the mutual orbit of the two components points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (200°, 38°) with 2 degrees uncertainty. This is tilted about 63° to the circumsolar orbit of the system. Antiope itself has an average diameter of about 88 km, while its twin, S/2000 (90) 1, has an average diameter of 84 km.","1566 Icarus closest to the Sun. Since then hundreds of Mercury-crossers have been found, the closest ones are now being and \"(also see )\". \"Icarus\" is thought to be the source of the Arietids, a strong daylight meteor shower. However other objects such as the short-period sun-grazing comet 96P/Machholz are also possible candidates for the shower's origin. \"Icarus\" has an \"Earth minimum orbital intersection distance\" of , which translates into 13.7 lunar distances (LD). This near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid makes close approaches to Earth in June at intervals of 9, 19, or 28 years. In 14 June 1968, it came","of Argus Panoptes to whom she bore Iasus, the father of Io. We find first in Pindar's odes the sisters, Aegina and Thebe, here the youngest daughters of Boeotian Asopus by Metope who came from Stymphalia in Arcadia. Both are abducted by the god Zeus, one carried to the island of Oenone later to be named \"Aegina\" and the other to Dirce's water to be queen there. Corinna, Pindar's contemporary, in a damaged fragment, mentions nine daughters of Boeotian Asopus: Aegina, Thebe, and Plataea abducted by Zeus; Corcyra, Salamis, and Euboea abducted by Poseidon; Sinope and Thespia (who has been","Sagittarius (constellation) identify Chiron with the other constellation, known as Centaurus. Or, as an alternative tradition holds, that Chiron devised the constellations Sagittarius and Centaurus to help guide the Argonauts in their quest for the Golden Fleece. A competing mythological tradition, as espoused by Eratosthenes, identified the Archer not as a centaur but as the satyr Crotus, son of Pan, who Greeks credited with the invention of archery. According to myth, Crotus often went hunting on horseback and lived among the Muses, who requested that Zeus place him in the sky, where he is seen demonstrating archery. The arrow of this constellation","and an orbital period of 605 days. Beta Cancri Beta Cancri (β Cancri, abbreviated Beta Cnc, β Cnc), also named Tarf, is the brightest star in the zodiacal constellation of Cancer. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +3.5 and an absolute magnitude of −1.2. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is approximately 290 light-years distant from the Sun. An exoplanet, designated Beta Cancri b, is believed to be orbiting the star. Beta Cancri has a companion listed and together they are designated WDS J08165+0911. As the primary, Beta Cancri bears the designation WDS J08165+0911A. The","Aries (constellation) appear to radiate from Aries, including the Daytime Arietids and the Epsilon Arietids. Aries is now recognized as an official constellation, albeit as a specific region of the sky, by the International Astronomical Union. It was originally defined in ancient texts as a specific pattern of stars, and has remained a constellation since ancient times; it now includes the ancient pattern as well as the surrounding stars. In the description of the Babylonian zodiac given in the clay tablets known as the MUL.APIN, the constellation now known as Aries was the final station along the ecliptic. The MUL.APIN was a","Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is (Unicode U+2650 ♐), a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur pulling back a bow. It lies between Scorpius and Ophiuchus to the west and Capricornus and Microscopium to the east. The center of the Milky Way lies in the westernmost part of Sagittarius (see Sagittarius A). As seen from the northern hemisphere, the constellation's","dwarf or a red dwarf, in an elliptical orbit within the Oort cloud. This object, known as Nemesis, was hypothesized to pass through a portion of the Oort cloud approximately every 26 million years, bombarding the inner Solar System with comets. However, to date no evidence of Nemesis or the Oort cloud have been found, and many lines of evidence (such as crater counts), have thrown their existence into doubt. Recent scientific analysis no longer supports the idea that extinctions on Earth happen at regular, repeating intervals. Thus, the Nemesis hypothesis is no longer needed to explain current assumptions. A","Cecrops I Cecrops (; , \"Kékrops\"; \"gen\".: Κέκροπος) was a mythical king of Attica which derived from him its name Cecropia, having previously borne the name of Acte or Actice (from Actaeus). He was the founder and the first king of Athens itself though preceded in the region by the earth-born king Actaeus of Attica. Cecrops was a culture hero, teaching the Athenians marriage, reading and writing, and ceremonial burial. The name of Cecrops was not of Greek origin according to Strabo, or it might mean 'tail-face' (cerc-ops): it was said that, born from the earth itself (an autochthon) and","Athos (mythology) \"Ouranos\" (Uranus) was castrated by his son, Cronus, when his blood fell to the earth. Where another myth says that they were born from Gaia, with Tartaros as their father. They waged war on the gods during the Gigantomachy. The Gigantes were spurred on and encouraged by Gaia, the mother of the titans, to wage war against the gods to avenge Cronus's death. During the Gigantomachy there were many battles between the Gods and Gigantes, to which the Gigantes eventually lost. None of the Gigantes survived, except for Aristatios, who survived because Gaia transformed him into a dung beetle. The","common ancestor. The term \"trochophore\" derives from the ancient greek (), meaning \"wheel\", and (), meaning 'to bear, to carry', because the larva is bearing a wheel-shaped band of cilia. Trochophore larvae are often planktotrophic; that is, they feed on other plankton species. The example of the development of the annelid \"Pomatoceros lamarckii\" (family Serpulidae) shows various trochophore stages (image: D-F):<br> D - early trochophore ;<br> E - complete trochophore ;<br> F - late trochophore ;<br> G - metatrochophore. Trochophore A trochophore (; also spelled trocophore) is a type of free-swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia. By","Comet of 1729 The Comet of 1729, also known as C/1729 P1 or Comet Sarabat, was a non-periodic comet with an absolute magnitude of −3, the brightest ever observed for a comet; it is therefore considered to be potentially the largest comet ever seen. The comet was discovered in the constellation of Equuleus by Father Nicolas Sarabat, a professor of mathematics, at Nîmes in the early morning of August 1, 1729. Observing with the naked eye, he saw an object resembling a faint, nebulous star: he was at first unsure if it was a comet or part of the Milky","Orion (constellation) π Ori and π Ori) which make up Orion's shield. Around 20 October each year the Orionid meteor shower (Orionids) reaches its peak. Coming from the border with the constellation Gemini as many as 20 meteors per hour can be seen. The shower's parent body is Halley's Comet. Hanging from Orion's belt is his sword, consisting of the multiple stars θ1 and θ2 Orionis, called the Trapezium and the Orion Nebula (M42). This is a spectacular object that can be clearly identified with the naked eye as something other than a star. Using binoculars, its clouds of nascent stars, luminous","Dawn (spacecraft) near-Earth asteroids, and some outer main-belt asteroids, have spectra similar to Vesta, and are thus known as \"vestoids\". Five percent of the meteoritic samples found on Earth, the howardite–eucrite–diogenite (HED) meteorites, are thought to be the result of a collision or collisions with Vesta. It is thought that Ceres may have a differentiated interior; its oblateness appears too small for an undifferentiated body, which indicates that it consists of a rocky core overlain with an icy mantle. There is a large collection of potential samples from Vesta accessible to scientists, in the form of over 1,400 HED meteorites, giving insight","Meteoroid A meteoroid () is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space. Meteoroids are significantly smaller than asteroids, and range in size from small grains to one-meter-wide objects. Objects smaller than this are classified as micrometeoroids or space dust. Most are fragments from comets or asteroids, whereas others are collision impact debris ejected from bodies such as the Moon or Mars. When a meteoroid, comet, or asteroid enters Earth's atmosphere at a speed typically in excess of , aerodynamic heating of that object produces a streak of light, both from the glowing object and the trail of glowing","Pitcher plant Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be \"true\" pitcher plants are formed by specialized leaves. The plants attract and drown their prey with nectar. The term \"pitcher plant\" generally refers to members of the Nepenthaceae and Sarraceniaceae families, but similar pitfall traps are employed by the monotypic Cephalotaceae and some members of the Bromeliaceae. The families Nepenthaceae and Sarraceniaceae are the most species-rich families of pitcher plants. The Nepenthaceae contains a single","Dennis di Cicco Dennis di Cicco (born 1950) is an American amateur astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets, who lives in New England. He has discovered 60 numbered asteroids from his backyard observatory in Sudbury, Massachusetts (IAU code: 817). He was a member of the editorial staff of \"Sky and Telescope\" magazine from 1974 until his resignation as senior editor in June 2014. His special interests include astronomical photography and the history of astronomical photography, telescope making, and astronomical observing. During 1978 and 1979 he was the first person to successfully photograph the analemma, making 48 separate exposures on","Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\"illustrated in infobox\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates","by the toxin, which then offers the adult butterfly protection against predators. Aristolochiaceae The Aristolochiaceae () are a family, the birthwort family, of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 known species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is \"Aristolochia\" L. They are mostly perennial, herbaceous plants, shrubs, or lianas. The membranous, cordate simple leaves are spread out, growing alternately along the stem on leaf stalks. The margins are commonly entire. No stipules are present. The bizarre flowers are large to medium-sized, growing in the leaf axils. They are bilaterally or radially symmetrical. Aristolochiaceae are magnoliids, a","Prometheia The Prometheia () is a trilogy of plays about the titan Prometheus. It was attributed in Antiquity to the 5th-century BC Greek tragedian Aeschylus. Though an Alexandrian catalogue of Aeschylean play titles designates the trilogy \"Hoi Prometheis\" (\"the Prometheuses\"), in modern scholarship the trilogy has been designated the \"Prometheia\" to mirror the title of Aeschylus' only extant trilogy, the \"Oresteia\". Unlike the \"Oresteia\", only one play from this trilogy—\"Prometheus Bound\"—survives. Inasmuch as the authorship of \"Prometheus Bound\" continues to be debated, the very existence of a Prometheus trilogy is uncertain. To the extent that modern scholars postulate the existence","the Carme group, made up of irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23 and 24 Gm and at an inclination of about 165°. Kallichore (moon) Kallichore ( ; Greek: \"Καλλιχόρη\"), also known as ', is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2003. It received the temporary designation '. Kallichore is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,112 Mm in 717.806 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic","Turbinaria (coral) Turbinaria is a genus of colonial stony corals in the family Dendrophylliidae. Common names for this genus include disc coral, scroll coral, cup coral, vase coral, pagoda coral and ruffled ridge coral. These corals are native to the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Japan and the south Central Pacific Ocean. Members of this genus may be massive, laminar, columnar or foliaceous, but foliaceous is the most common form. They may form plates, discs or tiered structures, usually with the corallites (skeletal cups in which the polyps sit) only on one surface. The coralites have porous walls and may be","Actinophryid The actinophryids are an order of heliozoa. They are the most common heliozoa in fresh water and can also be found in marine and soil habitats. Actinophryids are unicellular and roughly spherical in shape, with many axopodia that radiate outward from the cell body. Axopodia are a type of pseudopodia that are supported by hundreds of microtubules arranged in a needle-like internal structure. These axopods adhere to passing prey and assist with cell movement, as well as playing a part in cell division and cell fusion. Actinophryids are largely aquatic protozoa with a spherical cell body and many needle-like","10370 Hylonome giant planets. Currently, Uranus controls \"Hylonome\"s perihelion and Neptune its aphelion. \"Hylonome\" is a carbonaceous C-type body that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 18.9–31.4 AU once every 126 years and 2 months (46,073 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. It is a Neptune-crosser, and an outer-grazer of the orbit of Uranus, which it hence does not cross. Its minimum orbital intersection distance with Neptune and Uranus is 0.35854 and 0.52875 AU, respectively. It is estimated to have a relatively long orbital half-life","to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of its members. In 1997, benzene was detected in deep space. The empirical formula for benzene was long known, but its highly polyunsaturated structure, with just one hydrogen atom for each carbon atom, was challenging to determine. Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Joseph Loschmidt in 1861 suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure. In 1865, the German chemist Friedrich August Kekulé published a paper in French (for he was","Chiron In Greek mythology, Chiron ( ; also Cheiron or Kheiron; \"hand\") was held to be the superlative centaur amongst his brethren, as he was called as the \"wisest and justest of all the centaurs\". Chiron was notable throughout Greek mythology for his youth-nurturing nature. His personal skills tend to match those of his foster father Apollo, who taught the young centaur the art of medicine, herbs, music, archery, hunting, gymnastics and prophecy, and made him rise above his beastly nature. Chiron was known for his knowledge and skill with medicine, and thus was credited with the discovery of botany","Archaeocyatha Archaeocyatha (or archaeocyathids “ancient cups” ) is a taxon of extinct, sessile, reef-building marine organisms of warm tropical and subtropical waters that lived during the early (lower) Cambrian Period. It is believed that the centre of the Archaeocyatha origin are now located in East Siberia, where they are first known from the beginning of the Tommotian Age of the Cambrian, 525 million years ago (mya). In other regions of the world, they appeared much later, during the Atdabanian, and quickly diversified into over a hundred families. They became the planet's very first reef-building animals and are an index fossil","Great Comet of 1811 The Great Comet of 1811, formally designated C/1811 F1, is a comet that was visible to the naked eye for around 260 days, a record it held until the appearance of Comet Hale–Bopp in 1997. In October 1811, at its brightest, it displayed an apparent magnitude of 0, with an easily visible coma. The comet was discovered March 25, 1811 by Honoré Flaugergues at 2.7 AU from the Sun in the now-defunct constellation of Argo Navis. After being obscured for several days by moonlight, it was also found by Jean-Louis Pons on April 11, while Franz","Goniatite Goniatids, informally Goniatites, are ammonoid cephalopods that form the order Goniatitida, derived from the more primitive Agoniatitida during the Middle Devonian some 390 million years ago. Goniatites (goniatitida) survived the Late Devonian extinction to flourish during the Carboniferous and Permian only to become extinct at the end of the Permian some 139 million years later. All goniatites possessed an external shell, which is divided internally into chambers filled with gas giving it buoyancy during the life of the animal. An open chamber at the front of the shell provided living space for the goniatitid animal, with access to open","2867 Šteins 2867 Šteins 2867 Šteins, provisional designation \"\", is an irregular, diamond-shaped background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 4 November 1969, by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnij on the Crimean peninsula. In September 2008, ESA's \"Rosetta\" probe flew by \"Šteins\", making it one of few minor planets ever visited by a spacecraft. The bright E-type asteroid features 23 named craters and has a rotation period of 6.05 hours. It was named for Soviet astronomer Kārlis Šteins. \"Šteins\" is a non-family asteroid from the main","is the name of a constellation comprising stars from the head and forelegs of Ursa Major; \"pucwan\" (ပုဇွန်) is a general term for a crustacean, such as prawn, shrimp, crab, lobster, etc. In Roman mythology, Jupiter (the king of the gods) lusts after a young woman named Callisto, a nymph of Diana. Juno, Jupiter's jealous wife, discovers that Callisto has a son named Arcas, and believes it is by Jupiter. Juno then transforms the beautiful Callisto into a bear so she no longer attracts Jupiter. Callisto, while in bear form, later encounters her son Arcas. Arcas almost shoots the bear,","Gorgonian Gorgonians are sessile colonial cnidarians found throughout the oceans of the world, especially in the tropics and subtropics. The name \"Gorgonacea\" is no longer considered valid and Alcyonacea is now the accepted name for the order. Gorgonians are also known as sea fans and sea whips and are similar to the sea pen, a soft coral. Gorgonians are closely related to coral. Individual tiny polyps form colonies that are normally erect, flattened, branching, and reminiscent of a fan. Others may be whiplike, bushy, or even encrusting. A colony can be several feet high and across but only a few","on the structure of the Kuiper belt. Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune, and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal. Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System, Triton has a retrograde orbit, indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place; it was probably once a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt. It is close enough to Neptune to be locked","the scattered disk and the detached population. At least nine such bodies have been securely identified, of which the largest, most distant, and best known is Sedna. Those with perihelia greater than 50 AU are termed sednoids. As of 2018, there are three known sednoids, Sedna, , and . Detached objects have perihelia much larger than Neptune's aphelion. They often have highly elliptical, very large orbits with semi-major axes of up to a few hundred astronomical units (AU, the radius of Earth's orbit). Such orbits cannot have been created by gravitational scattering by the giant planets, not even Neptune. Instead,","Lowell Observatory Lowell Observatory is an astronomical observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, United States. Lowell Observatory was established in 1894, placing it among the oldest observatories in the United States, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965. In 2011, the Observatory was named one of \"The World's 100 Most Important Places\" by TIME. It was at the Lowell Observatory that the dwarf planet Pluto was discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh. The observatory was founded by astronomer Percival Lowell of Boston's Lowell family and is overseen by a sole trustee, a position historically handed down through the family. The","Frank Asaro Frank Asaro (born Francesco Asaro, July 31, 1927 – June 10, 2014) was an Emeritus Senior Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory associated with the University of California at Berkeley. He is best known as the chemist who discovered the iridium anomaly in the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary layer that led the team of Luis Alvarez, Walter Alvarez, Frank Asaro, and Helen Michel to propose the Asteroid-Impact Theory, which postulates that an asteroid hit the Earth sixty-five million years ago and caused mass extinction during the age of the dinosaurs. Asaro went to college at age sixteen during World","spans over 80 days. The object has not been observed since November 2002 about 2 months before it came to perihelion 2.7 AU from the Sun. During perihelion passage the object was 2.9 AU from Earth. \" belongs to the dynamical group of damocloids due to its low Tisserand parameter (T of 1.0820). It is also a Jupiter-, Saturn-, Uranus-, and Neptune-crosser. The object has the seventh-largest heliocentric semi-major axis and aphelion of all known minor planets, while its extreme eccentricity brings it well within the orbit of Jupiter when at perihelion. 2002 RN109 \" may be a dormant comet","Great Comet of 1577 The Great Comet of 1577 (official designation: C/1577 V1) is a non-periodic comet that passed close to Earth during the year 1577 AD. Having an official designation beginning with \"C\" classes it as a non-periodic comet, and so it is not expected to return. In 1577, the comet was viewed by people all over Europe, including the famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe and Turkish astronomer Taqi ad-Din. From his observations of the comet, Brahe was able to discover that comets and similar objects travel above the Earth's atmosphere. The best fit using JPL Horizons suggests that","C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS) C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS) is a comet, discovered using the Pan-STARRS telescopes on September 7, 2016. The comet has recently attracted attention from many astronomers as it approaches its closest point to the sun in May 2018. It has been observed to have a very complex tail, which has been suggested to be due to a fast rotation period of the nucleus. The comet orbits the Sun on a 20,000 year orbit, which takes it out about 740 AU (Sun-Earth distances). It was found to differ from typical comets, and was found to be rich in carbon monixide","Copernicium Copernicium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112. It is an extremely radioactive element, and can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 29 seconds. Copernicium was first created in 1996 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. It is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. In the periodic table of the elements, copernicium is a d-block transactinide element and a group 12 element. During reactions with gold, it has been shown to be an extremely volatile metal, so","on the Moon is named after him. Names for the Moon's features are chosen based on scientific contributions and important astronauts of the world. The International Astronomical Union. IAU. Cleostratus Cleostratus (; b. c. 520 BC; d. possibly 432 BC) was an astronomer of ancient Greece. He was a native of Tenedos. He is believed by ancient historians to have introduced the zodiac (beginning with Aries and Sagittarius) and the solar calendar. According to J. Webb, Cleostratus took his ideas from the Babylonians. There is little primary material to credit any person with the creation or design of the Zodiac.","in various systems of modern witchcraft, Wicca and Neopaganism, in some cases associated with the Wild Hunt of Germanic tradition, in others as part of a reconstruction of specifically Greek polytheism, in English also known as \"Hellenismos\". In Wicca, Hecate has in some cases become identified with the \"Crone\" aspect of the \"Triple Goddess\". Hecate is also the namesake of the hundredth numbered asteroid, which was discovered by American astronomer James Craig Watson on July 11, 1868. Its adopted name alludes to it as being the hundredth named asteroid ('hekaton' being the Greek for 'hundred'). Hecate Hecate or Hekate (;","Galilean moons The Galilean moons are the four largest moons of Jupiter—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. They were first seen by Galileo Galilei in January 1610, and recognized by him as satellites of Jupiter in March 1610. They were the first objects found to orbit another planet. Their names derive from the lovers of Zeus. They are among the largest objects in the Solar System with the exception of the Sun and the eight planets, with a radius larger than any of the dwarf planets. Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System, and is even bigger than the","Centaur (minor planet) elements: The collection \"The Solar System Beyond Neptune\" (2008) defines objects with a semi-major axis between those of Jupiter and Neptune and a Jupiter – Tisserand's parameter above 3.05 – as centaurs, classifying the objects with a Jupiter Tisserand's parameter below this and, to exclude Kuiper belt objects, an arbitrary perihelion cut-off half-way to Saturn (\"q\" < 7.35 AU) as Jupiter-family comets and classifying those objects on unstable orbits with a semi-major axis larger than Neptune's as members of the scattered disc. Other astronomers prefer to define centaurs as objects that are non-resonant with a perihelion inside the orbit of","86P/Wild 86P/Wild (pronounced \"86P/Vilt\") is a periodic comet in the Solar System with a current orbital period of 6.84 years. It was discovered on photographic plates exposed on 11/12 April 1980 by Paul Wild of the Astronomical Institute of University of Bern, Switzerland at the nearby Zimmerwald Observatory. He reported the brightness at a magnitude of 15.5 and that the comet was diffuse. He rediscovered it on 7 May 1980 and calculations by Brian G. Marsden estimated that perihelion would take place on 6 October 1980. Syuichi Nakano calculated the next perihelion would be 31 August 1987 and the comet","song “RPG,” by Japanese band Sekai no Owari, the narrator mentions watching the Perseid meteor shower on the night something “precious to them fell apart.” Perseids The Perseids are a prolific meteor shower associated with the comet Swift–Tuttle. The meteors are called the Perseids because the point from which they appear to hail (called the radiant) lies in the constellation Perseus. The name is derived from the word Perseidai (Greek : Περσείδαι), the sons of Perseus in Greek mythology. The stream of debris is called the Perseid cloud and stretches along the orbit of the comet Swift–Tuttle. The cloud consists","4015 Wilson–Harrington and with a name length of 17 characters it is currently the asteroid with the longest name, having one more character than the 16-character limit imposed by the IAU. The comet was discovered on November 19, 1949, by Albert G. Wilson and Robert G. Harrington at Palomar Observatory. Only three photographic observations were obtained and the comet was lost (insufficient observations to determine a precise enough orbit to know where to look for future appearances of the comet, see Lost comet). On November 15, 1979, an apparent Mars-crosser asteroid was found by Eleanor F. Helin, also of Palomar Observatory. It","2 Pallas more asteroids after 1845 eventually led to their reclassification. Pallas's surface is most likely composed of a silicate material; its spectrum and estimated density resemble carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. With an orbital inclination of 34.8°, Pallas's orbit is unusually highly inclined to the plane of the asteroid belt, and its orbital eccentricity is nearly as large as that of Pluto, making Pallas relatively inaccessible to spacecraft. It was formerly considered a possible dwarf planet for its size, but it is no longer considered such because its shape departs significantly from an ellipsoid. On the night of April 5, 1779, Charles Messier","impact or from long-term viscous relaxation of the surface subsequent to impact. Absolute ages derived from crater frequency measurements are model-dependent. In one crater chronology model, based on impacts dominated by asteroids, Neith may be old and very likely was formed during a period of more intense bombardment than today, about 3.9 billion years ago. In a different model, based on impacts preferentially by comets with a more or less constant impact rate, Neith may be only about 1 billion years old. Neith (crater) Neith crater is a crater on Jupiter's moon Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system.","Aubrite Aubrites are a group of meteorites named for Aubres, a small achondrite meteorite that fell near Nyons, France, in 1836. They are primarily composed of the orthopyroxene enstatite, and are often called enstatite achondrites. Their igneous origin separates them from primitive enstatite achondrites and means they originated in an asteroid. Aubrites are typically light-colored, and with a brownish fusion crust. Most aubrites are heavily brecciated. It's often said that they look \"lunar\" in origin. Aubrites are primarily composed of large white crystals of the Fe-poor, Mg-rich orthopyroxene, or enstatite. Around this matrix, they have minor phases of olivine, nickel-iron","Flora family pieces. 43 Ariadne makes up much of the remaining mass (about a further 9%). Because of the family's poorly defined boundaries, and the location of Flora itself near the edge, it has also been called the \"Ariadne family\", when Flora did not make it into the group during an analysis (e.g. the WAM analysis by Zappalà, 1995). The remaining family members being fairly small, below 30 km in diameter. A noticeable fraction of the parent body has been lost from the family since the original impact, presumably due to later processes such as e.g. secondary collisions. For example, it has","Their land was fertile ; their population was rough and warlike; and they furnished at the commencement of the Peloponnesian War 3,000 hoplites, or a tenth of the whole infantry of the republic. They possessed sanctuaries or altars of Apollo Aguieus, of Heracles, of Athena Hygieia, of Athena Hippia, of Dionysus Melpomenus, and of Dionysus Cissus, so called, because the Acharnians said that the ivy first grew in this deme. One of the plays of Aristophanes bears the name of the Acharnians. The Acharnians chiefly grew cereals, grapes, and olives. Acharnae was the centre of the Athenian charcoal-burning industry, and","was not discovered by a member of the group, but rather by accident in 1801 by Giuseppe Piazzi, director of the observatory of Palermo in Sicily. He discovered a new star-like object in Taurus and followed the displacement of this object during several nights. Later that year, Carl Friedrich Gauss used these observations to calculate the orbit of this unknown object, which was found to be between the planets Mars and Jupiter. Piazzi named it after Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture. Three other asteroids (2 Pallas, 3 Juno, and 4 Vesta) were discovered over the next few years, with","1112 Polonia Simeis, it was independently discovered by her college Grigory Neujmin. The Minor Planet Center only recognized the first discoverer. \"Polonia\" was Shajn's first discovery; and the first asteroid discovery made by a woman, bringing a long-standing tradition – which began with the discovery of 1 Ceres in 1801 – of more than a exclusively made by male astronomers, to an end. \"Polonia\" is a core member of the Eos family (), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and","It is the largest Solar System object that makes repeated close approaches to Earth. With a relative velocity of 60 km/s, an Earth impact would have an estimated energy of ~27 times that of the Cretaceous–Paleogene impactor. Comet Swift–Tuttle has been described as \"the single most dangerous object known to humanity\". In 1996, the long-term possibility of Comet Swift–Tuttle impacting Earth was compared to 433 Eros, and they were compared to about 3000 other kilometer sized objects as objects of concern. Comet Swift–Tuttle Comet Swift–Tuttle (formally designated 109P/Swift–Tuttle) is a periodic comet with a current (osculating) orbital period of 133","Ophiuroidea (brittle stars, 2,300 species), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars, 900 species) and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers, 1,430 species); and the Pelmatozoa, some of which are sessile while others move around. These consist of the Crinoidea (feather stars and sea lilies, 580 species) and the extinct blastoids and Paracrinoids. A fifth class of Eleutherozoa consisting of just three species, the Concentricycloidea (sea daisies), were recently merged into the Asteroidea. The fossil record includes a large number of other classes which do not appear to fall into any extant crown group. All echinoderms are marine and nearly all are benthic. The","Tollmann's hypothetical bolide Alexander Tollmann's bolide, proposed by Edith Kristan-Tollmann and Alexander Tollmann in 1994, is a hypothesis presented by Austrian geologist Alexander Tollmann and paleontologist Edith Kristan-Tollmann, suggesting that one or several bolides (asteroids or comets) struck the Earth at 7640 BCE (±200), with a much smaller one at 3150 BCE (±200). If true, this hypothesis explains early Holocene extinctions and possibly legends of the Universal Deluge. The claimed evidence for the event includes stratigraphic studies of tektites, dendrochronology, and ice cores (from Camp Century, Greenland) containing hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid (indicating an energetic ocean strike) as well","Aristodemus In Greek mythology, Aristodemus (Ancient Greek: Ἀριστόδημος) was a Heracleidae, son of Aristomachus and brother of Cresphontes and Temenus. He was a great-great-grandson of Heracles and helped lead the fifth and final attack on Mycenae in the Peloponnesus. Aristodemus and his brothers complained to the Oracle that its instructions had proved fatal to those who had followed them (the Oracle had told Hyllas to attack through the narrow passage when the third fruit was ripe). They received the answer that by the \"third fruit\" the \"third generation\" was meant, and that the \"narrow passage\" was not the isthmus of","are currently 155 damocloid candidates. Of these objects, 122 have orbital observation arcs greater than 30 days providing reasonably decent orbits. Their average radius is eight kilometers assuming an albedo of 0.04. The albedos of four damocloids have been measured, and they are among the darkest objects known in the Solar System. Damocloids are reddish in color, but not as red as many Kuiper-belt objects or centaurs. Other damocloids include: , , , , and 20461 Dioretsa. Retrograde objects such as Halley's Comet and damocloid can have relative velocities to Earth of . Damocloids are thought to be nuclei of","Murchison meteorite found over an area larger than , with individual mass up to ; one, weighing , broke through a roof and fell in hay. The total collected mass exceeds . The meteorite belongs to the CM group of carbonaceous chondrites (see meteorite classification). Like most CM chondrites, Murchison is petrologic type 2, which means that it experienced extensive alteration by water-rich fluids on its parent body before falling to Earth. CM chondrites, together with the CI group, are rich in carbon and are among the most chemically primitive meteorites. Like other CM chondrites, Murchison contains abundant CAIs. Over 15 amino","been found . By convention, they are each named from Greek mythology after a figure of the Trojan War, hence the name \"Trojan\". The total number of Jupiter trojans larger than 1 km in diameter is believed to be about , approximately equal to the number of asteroids larger than 1 km in the asteroid belt. Like main-belt asteroids, Jupiter trojans form families. Jupiter trojans are dark bodies with reddish, featureless spectra. No firm evidence of the presence of water, or any other specific compound on their surface has been obtained, but it is thought that they are coated in","to starfish by the French zoologist de Blainville in 1830. It is derived from the Greek \"aster\", ἀστήρ (a star) and the Greek \"eidos\", εἶδος (form, likeness, appearance). The class Asteroidea belongs to the phylum Echinodermata. As well as the starfish, the echinoderms include sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle and basket stars, sea cucumbers and crinoids. The larvae of echinoderms have bilateral symmetry, but during metamorphosis this is replaced with radial symmetry, typically pentameric. Adult echinoderms are characterized by having a water vascular system with external tube feet and a calcareous endoskeleton consisting of ossicles connected by a mesh of","3709 Polypoites 3709 Polypoites ( ), provisional designation \"\", is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately in diameter. The Trojan asteroid was discovered on 14 October 1985, by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States, and named after Polypoites from Greek mythology. The dark D-type asteroid belongs to the 50 largest Jupiter trojans. It has a rotation period of 10 hours and possibly a spherical shape. \"Polypoites\" is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1","equilibrium, whereas those smaller than that are not. Icy objects need less mass for hydrostatic equilibrium than rocky objects. The smallest object that is known to have an equilibrium shape is the icy moon Mimas at 397 km, whereas the largest object known to have an obviously non-equilibrium shape is the rocky asteroid Pallas at 532 km (582 × 556 × 500 ± 18 km). However, Mimas is not actually in hydrostatic equilibrium for its current rotation. The smallest body confirmed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium is the dwarf planet Ceres, at 945 km, whereas the largest body known to","accelerating rate. Counting them among the planets became increasingly cumbersome. Eventually, they were dropped from the planet list (as first suggested by Alexander von Humboldt in the early 1850s) and Herschel's choice of nomenclature, \"asteroids\", gradually came into common use. The discovery of Neptune in 1846 led to the discrediting of the Titius–Bode law in the eyes of scientists because its orbit was nowhere near the predicted position. To date, there is no scientific explanation for the law, and astronomers' consensus regards it as a coincidence. The expression \"asteroid belt\" came into use in the very early 1850s, although it","Retrograde and prograde motion than asteroids to be retrograde. Halley's Comet has a retrograde orbit around the Sun. Most Kuiper belt objects have prograde orbits around the Sun. The first Kuiper belt object discovered to have a retrograde orbit was . Other Kuiper belt objects with retrograde orbits are (471325) 2011 KT, , and 2011 MM. All of these orbits are highly tilted, with inclinations in the 100° - 125° range. Meteoroids in a retrograde orbit around the Sun hit the Earth with a faster relative speed than prograde meteoroids and tend to burn up in the atmosphere and are more likely to hit","Acanthus (plant) Acanthus is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, native to tropical and warm temperate regions, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean Basin and Asia. This flowering plant is nectar producing and is susceptible to predation by butterflies, such as \"Anartia fatima\", and other nectar feeding organisms. Common names include Acanthus and Bear's breeches. The generic name derives from the Greek term (\"akanthos\") for \"Acanthus mollis\", a plant that was commonly imitated in Corinthian capitals. The genus comprises herbaceous perennial plants, rarely subshrubs, with spiny leaves and flower spikes bearing","Ceres (dwarf planet) all dwarf planets\", and describes it elsewhere as \"the dwarf planet–asteroid 1 Ceres\". NASA continues to refer to Ceres as an asteroid, as do various academic textbooks. Ceres follows an orbit between Mars and Jupiter, within the asteroid belt, with a period of 4.6 Earth years. The orbit is moderately inclined (\"i\" = 10.6° compared to 7° for Mercury and 17° for Pluto) and moderately eccentric (\"e\" = 0.08 compared to 0.09 for Mars). The diagram illustrates the orbits of Ceres (blue) and several planets (white and gray). The segments of orbits below the ecliptic are plotted in darker colors,","Retrograde and prograde motion relative to the Sun except those of Uranus. If there is a collision, material could be ejected in any direction and coalesce into either prograde or retrograde moons, which may be the case for the moons of dwarf planet Haumea, although Haumea's rotation direction is not known. Asteroids usually have a prograde orbit around the Sun. Only a few dozen asteroids in retrograde orbits are known. Some asteroids with retrograde orbits may be burnt-out comets, but some may acquire their retrograde orbit due to gravitational interactions with Jupiter. Due to their small size and their large distance from Earth it","the University of Arizona successfully relocated the comet with the 154-cm reflector at Catalina. It was also observed in 1978, 1985, 1991-1992, and 1998-1999. The comet peaked at about apparent magnitude 16.3 in 2012. On 29 December 2077 the comet will pass from Mars. 60P/Tsuchinshan 60P/Tsuchinshan, also known as Tsuchinshan 2, is a periodic comet in the solar system with an orbital period of 6.79 years. Tsuchinshan is the Wade-Giles transliteration corresponding to the pinyin \"Zĭjīn Shān\", which is Mandarin Chinese for \"Purple Mountain\". It was discovered at the Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanking, China on 11 January 1965 with a","had been delivered as a result of the collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 in 1994. On 22 January 2014, ESA scientists reported the detection, for the first definitive time, of water vapor on the dwarf planet, Ceres, largest object in the asteroid belt. The detection was made by using the far-infrared abilities of the \"Herschel Space Observatory\". The finding is unexpected because comets, not asteroids, are typically considered to \"sprout jets and plumes\". According to one of the scientists, \"The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids.\" On 29 April 2013, ESA announced that \"Herschel\" supply","Plutino In astronomy, the plutinos are a dynamical group of trans-Neptunian objects in the outermost region of the Solar System that orbit in 2:3 mean-motion resonance with Neptune. This means that for every two orbits a plutino makes, Neptune orbits three times. The dwarf planet Pluto is the largest member and namesake of this group. Plutinos are named after mythological creatures associated with the underworld. Plutinos form the inner part of the Kuiper belt and represent about a quarter of the known Kuiper belt objects. They are the largest class of the resonant trans-Neptunian objects \"(also see adjunct box with","Ananke (moon) Ananke ( ; ) is a retrograde irregular moon of Jupiter. It was discovered by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Mount Wilson Observatory in 1951 and is named after the mythological Ananke, the personification of Necessity, and the mother of the Moirai (Fates) by Zeus. The adjectival form of the name is \"Anankean\". Ananke did not receive its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as . It was sometimes called \"Adrastea\" between 1955 and 1975 (Adrastea is now the name of another satellite of Jupiter). Ananke gives its name to the Ananke group, retrograde irregular","243 Ida Ida (; minor planet designation: 243 Ida) is an asteroid in the Koronis family of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 29 September 1884 by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at Vienna Observatory and named after a nymph from Greek mythology. Later telescopic observations categorized Ida as an S-type asteroid, the most numerous type in the inner asteroid belt. On 28 August 1993, Ida was visited by the unmanned \"Galileo\" spacecraft while en route to Jupiter. It was the second asteroid visited by a spacecraft and the first found to have a natural satellite. Ida's orbit lies between","3552 Don Quixote 3552 Don Quixote, provisionally designated , is an exceptionally eccentric asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object of the Amor group, Mars-crosser and Jupiter-crosser, as well as centaur and extinct comet. The asteroid was discovered on 26 September 1983, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. It was named after the comic knight who is the eponymous hero of Cervantes Spanish novel \"Don Quixote\" (1605). The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 December 1990 (). \"Don Quixote\" is characterized as a dark D-type asteroid in the Tholen and","of Jupiter and orbits every 500 days. Explanatory notes Citations Bibliography Online sources \"SIMBAD\" Aries (constellation) Aries is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is located in the northern celestial hemisphere between Pisces to the west and Taurus to the east. The name Aries is Latin for ram, and its symbol is (Unicode ♈), representing a ram's horns. It is one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is a mid-sized constellation, ranking 39th overall size, with an area of 441 square degrees (1.1% of","1874 the comet reached perihelion at about .6758 AU from the Sun. On 23 July the comet made its closest approach to planet Earth at about .29 AU. Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote on 13 July 1874 a journal entry concerning Coggia’s comet. The public scare regarding the comet was satirized by Mark Twain in his short story \"A Curious Pleasure Excursion.\" C/1874 H1 C/1874 H1 (Coggia) is a famous non-periodic comet, which in the summer of 1874 could be seen by naked eye observation. On the basis of its brightness, the comet has been called the Great Comet of 1874;","Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld (; 21 October 1921 – 30 March 2015) was a Dutch astronomer. In a jointly credited trio with Tom Gehrels and her husband Cornelis Johannes van Houten, she was the discoverer of many thousands of asteroids (credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 4,625 numbered minor planets). In the Palomar–Leiden survey, Gehrels took the images using the 48-inch Schmidt telescope at Palomar Observatory and shipped the photographic plates to the van Houtens at Leiden Observatory, who analyzed them for new asteroids. The trio are jointly credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries.","15760 Albion 15760 Albion, provisional designation , was the first trans-Neptunian object to be discovered after Pluto and Charon. It was discovered in 1992 by David C. Jewitt and Jane X. Luu at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii. It is a \"cold\" classical Kuiper belt object and gave rise to the name \"cubewano\" for this kind of object, after the portion of its designation. Decoding its provisional designation, \"QB\" reveals that it was the 27th object found in the second half of August of that year. As of January 2018, over 2,400 further objects have been found beyond Neptune, a","Asteroid belt 16 July 1972. At the time there was some concern that the debris in the belt would pose a hazard to the spacecraft, but it has since been safely traversed by 12 spacecraft without incident. \"Pioneer 11\", \"Voyagers 1\" and \"2\" and \"Ulysses\" passed through the belt without imaging any asteroids. \"Galileo\" imaged 951 Gaspra in 1991 and 243 Ida in 1993, NEAR imaged 253 Mathilde in 1997 and landed on 433 Eros in February of 2001, \"Cassini\" imaged 2685 Masursky in 2000, \"Stardust\" imaged 5535 Annefrank in 2002, \"New Horizons\" imaged 132524 APL in 2006, \"Rosetta\" imaged 2867 Šteins","and when disposing of particles. \"Argyrotheca\" is known from the Upper Cretaceous in Europe and North America, from the Eocene in Europe, North and Latin America and the West Indies, from the Oligocene in Europe and Mexico, from the Miocene in Europe, the Russian Federation, North America, the West Indies and New Zealand, and from the Pliocene in England and Italy. It can currently be found in the Atlantic (60-1280m), Pacific (160m), Mediterranean (6-400m), the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. \"A. cistellula\", \"A. cordata\" and \"A. cuneata\" are the only species present in the Mediterranean. \"A. ageriana\", has been","its mission, Rosetta was crashed into the comet′s surface in 2016. Near-Earth object A near-Earth object (NEO) is any small Solar System body whose orbit brings it to proximity with Earth. By convention, a Solar System body is a NEO if its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) is less than 1.3 astronomical units (AU). If a NEO's orbit crosses the Earth's and the object is larger than across, it is considered a potentially hazardous object (PHO). Most known PHOs and NEOs are asteroids, but a small fraction are comets. There are over 19,000 known near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), over a","Phaeton (hypothetical planet) Phaeton (or Phaëton) was the hypothetical planet theorized by the Titius–Bode law to have existed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, the destruction of which supposedly led to the formation of the asteroid belt (including the dwarf planet Ceres). The hypothetical planet was named for Phaethon, the son of the sun god Helios in Greek mythology, who attempted to drive his father's solar chariot for a day with disastrous results and was ultimately destroyed by Zeus. According to the discredited Titius–Bode law, a planet was believed to exist between Mars and Jupiter. After observing the discoveries","Callisto (mythology) Callisto, still a bear, encountered her son Arcas hunting in the forest. Just as Arcas was about to kill his own mother with his javelin, Jupiter averted the tragedy by placing mother and son amongst the stars as Ursa Major and Minor, respectively. Juno, enraged that her attempt at revenge had been frustrated, appealed to Tethys that the two might never meet her waters, thus providing a poetic explanation for their circumpolar positions in ancient times (see below). Callisto's story was sometimes depicted in classical art, where the moment of transformation into a bear was the most popular. From the","and an aphelion of 5.6 AU (past the orbit of Jupiter). It passed within 6 million km (0.04 AU) of Earth in June 1927, and 16 million km (0.1 AU) in 1939; but it will not come as close in the 21st century. The comet nucleus is estimated at about 5.2 km in diameter. 7P/Pons–Winnecke 7P/Pons–Winnecke (also known as Comet Pons–Winnecke) is a periodic Jupiter-family comet in the solar system. The comet most recently came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on January 30, 2015, and at perihelion passage it had a solar elongation of 24 degrees. Jean Louis","garment folds or women's hair leads to a somewhat artificial impression. Aristophanes (vase painter) Aristophanes (; active between 430 and 400 BC in Athens) was an ancient Greek vase painter of the Attic red-figure style. Three pieces signed by him are known. Two of them are bowls made by the potter Erginos, now in Berlin (Antikensammlung Berlin) and Boston (Museum of Fine Arts), the third is the fragment of a \"krater\" in Agrigento (Museo Archeologico Regionale). A number of further works are attributed to him. Aristophanes strove to make his figures appear as lively as possible. His paintings are characterised","Astronomical symbols to name the new asteroid for the goddess Vesta, and also designed the symbol (): the altar of the goddess, with the sacred fire burning on it. Other contemporaneous writers use a more elaborate symbol () instead. Karl Ludwig Hencke, a German amateur astronomer, discovered the next two asteroids, 5 Astraea (in 1845) and 6 Hebe (in 1847). Hencke requested that the symbol for 5 Astraea be an upside-down anchor; however, a pair of balances was sometimes used instead. Gauss named 6 Hebe at Hencke's request, and chose a wineglass as the symbol. As more new asteroids were discovered, astronomers","19P/Borrelly Comet Borrelly or Borrelly's Comet (official designation: 19P/Borrelly) is a periodic comet, which was visited by the spacecraft Deep Space 1 in 2001. The comet last came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on May 28, 2015. The comet's nucleus, seen in the adjacent image, is particularly notable for being shaped like a bowling pin. The comet was discovered by Alphonse Borrelly during a routine search for comets at Marseilles, France on December 28, 1904. On September 21, 2001 the spacecraft Deep Space 1, which was launched to test new equipment in space, performed a flyby of Borrelly.","Hypatia (stone) Hypatia is a small stone, thought to be the first known specimen of a comet nucleus. Hypatia was discovered in December 1996 by Aly A. Barakat at , in the same area where Libyan desert glass is found. The rock has been named after Hypatia of Alexandria ( 350–370 AD – 415 AD) – the outstanding philosopher, astronomer, mathematician, and inventor. Tests done in South Africa show that Hypatia contains microscopic diamonds and that it is of extraterrestrial origin. It is thought to have been part of the body whose impact caused the creation of Libyan desert glass.","by astronomers as a type of shorthand notation. Psyche was given an iconic symbol, as were several other asteroids discovered over the next few years. The symbol , a semicircle topped by a star, represents a butterfly's wing, symbol of the soul (\"psyche\" is the Greek word for 'soul'), and a star. In 1851, German astronomer J. F. Encke suggested using a circled number, and 16 Psyche was the first new asteroid to be discovered that was designated using this scheme when American astronomer James Ferguson published his observations in 1852. Psyche is massive enough that its gravitational perturbations on","in several copies including one for John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford. Joshua Reynolds painted Mrs. Mary Hale, wife of General John Hale, as Euphrosyne in 1766. John Milton invoked her in the poem \"L'Allegro\". Euphrosyne and her sisters' main cult was located in Athens, Sparta, or Boetia. The asteroid 31 Euphrosyne is named after the goddess, as is the Euphrosinidae family of marine worms. Euphrosyne Euphrosyne (; Εὐφροσύνη), in ancient Greek religion, was one of the Charites, known in English as the \"Three Graces\". She was usually called Euthymia (Εὐθυμία). According to Greek myth, Euphrosyne and the two other","Aristocles (sculptors) Aristocles () is a name attributed to two sculptors in Ancient Greece, as well as a nominal hereditary school of sculpture, started by the elder Aristocles, known to us primarily through different passages in Pausanias. From these passages we infer that these artists founded a school of sculpture at Sicyon, which secured a hereditary reputation, and of which we have the heads for seven generations, namely, Aristocles the elder, Cleoetas, Aristocles the younger and Canachus, Synnoön, Ptolichus, Sostratus, and Pantias. There is some difficulty in determining the age of these artists; but, supposing the date of Canachus to","of the darkly-colored portions of the non-carbonaceous Chelyabinsk meteorite closely matched the color of members of the Baptistina family, showing that a low albedo does not necessarily indicate the composition of the family. In 2007, it was proposed that chromium concentrations in 66-million-year-old sediment layers at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary) on Earth suggested that the impactor that gouged out Chicxulub Crater and caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event belonged to the Baptistina family. Concerns were raised regarding the reputed link, in part because very few solid observational constraints existed of the asteroid or family. One year later, it was discovered","588 Achilles semi-major axis of 5.21 AU). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 10 degrees from the plane of the ecliptic. \"Achilles\" is the first known example of the stable solution of the three-body problem worked out by French mathematician Joseph Lagrange in 1772, after whom the minor planet 1006 Lagrangea is named. After the discovery of other asteroids with similar orbital characteristics, which were also named after heroes from the Trojan War \"(see below)\", the term \"Trojan asteroids\" or \"Jupiter trojans\" became commonly used. In addition, a rule was established that the point was the \"Greek","Diogenite Diogenites are a group of the HED meteorite clan, a type of achondritic stony meteorites. Diogenites are currently believed to originate from deep within the crust of the asteroid 4 Vesta, and as such are part of the HED meteorite clan. There are about 40 distinct members known. Diogenites are composed of igneous rocks of plutonic origin, having solidified slowly enough deep within Vesta's crust to form crystals which are larger than in the eucrites. These crystals are primarily magnesium-rich orthopyroxene, with small amounts of plagioclase and olivine. Diogenites are named for Diogenes of Apollonia, an ancient Greek philosopher","in a catastrophic collision (destroying the parent body), with an estimated age of 5.72 million years. The Koronis(2) family () with 246 members is the other. It formed 15 million years ago by a non-catastrophic collision with 158 Koronis. On August 28, 1993, the Galileo spacecraft visited a member of this family, 243 Ida. A photo of Ida (and its tiny moon Dactyl) is part of the composite image at right (numbered 243). Koronis family ] The Koronis or Koronian family (), also known as the Lacrimosa family, is a very large asteroid family of stony asteroids, located in the","C-type asteroid C-type (carbonaceous) asteroids are the most common variety, forming around 75% of known asteroids. They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon, in addition to rocks and minerals. They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt, 3.5 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, where 80% of the asteroids are of this type, whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type. The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this, because C-types are much darker (and therefore less detectable) than","2934 Aristophanes Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of . \"Aristophanes\" is a member of the Veritas family (), a young family of carbonaceous asteroids, that formed approximately million years ago. The family is named after 490 Veritas and consists of nearly 1,300 members. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,062 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity"],"string":"[\n \"90 Antiope and the eccentricity below 0.006. Every several years, a period of mutual occultations occurs when the asteroid is viewed from Earth. Using Kepler's third law, the mass and density of the components can be derived from the orbital period and component sizes. The axis of the mutual orbit of the two components points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (200°, 38°) with 2 degrees uncertainty. This is tilted about 63° to the circumsolar orbit of the system. Antiope itself has an average diameter of about 88 km, while its twin, S/2000 (90) 1, has an average diameter of 84 km.\",\n \"1566 Icarus closest to the Sun. Since then hundreds of Mercury-crossers have been found, the closest ones are now being and \\\"(also see )\\\". \\\"Icarus\\\" is thought to be the source of the Arietids, a strong daylight meteor shower. However other objects such as the short-period sun-grazing comet 96P/Machholz are also possible candidates for the shower's origin. \\\"Icarus\\\" has an \\\"Earth minimum orbital intersection distance\\\" of , which translates into 13.7 lunar distances (LD). This near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid makes close approaches to Earth in June at intervals of 9, 19, or 28 years. In 14 June 1968, it came\",\n \"of Argus Panoptes to whom she bore Iasus, the father of Io. We find first in Pindar's odes the sisters, Aegina and Thebe, here the youngest daughters of Boeotian Asopus by Metope who came from Stymphalia in Arcadia. Both are abducted by the god Zeus, one carried to the island of Oenone later to be named \\\"Aegina\\\" and the other to Dirce's water to be queen there. Corinna, Pindar's contemporary, in a damaged fragment, mentions nine daughters of Boeotian Asopus: Aegina, Thebe, and Plataea abducted by Zeus; Corcyra, Salamis, and Euboea abducted by Poseidon; Sinope and Thespia (who has been\",\n \"Sagittarius (constellation) identify Chiron with the other constellation, known as Centaurus. Or, as an alternative tradition holds, that Chiron devised the constellations Sagittarius and Centaurus to help guide the Argonauts in their quest for the Golden Fleece. A competing mythological tradition, as espoused by Eratosthenes, identified the Archer not as a centaur but as the satyr Crotus, son of Pan, who Greeks credited with the invention of archery. According to myth, Crotus often went hunting on horseback and lived among the Muses, who requested that Zeus place him in the sky, where he is seen demonstrating archery. The arrow of this constellation\",\n \"and an orbital period of 605 days. Beta Cancri Beta Cancri (β Cancri, abbreviated Beta Cnc, β Cnc), also named Tarf, is the brightest star in the zodiacal constellation of Cancer. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +3.5 and an absolute magnitude of −1.2. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is approximately 290 light-years distant from the Sun. An exoplanet, designated Beta Cancri b, is believed to be orbiting the star. Beta Cancri has a companion listed and together they are designated WDS J08165+0911. As the primary, Beta Cancri bears the designation WDS J08165+0911A. The\",\n \"Aries (constellation) appear to radiate from Aries, including the Daytime Arietids and the Epsilon Arietids. Aries is now recognized as an official constellation, albeit as a specific region of the sky, by the International Astronomical Union. It was originally defined in ancient texts as a specific pattern of stars, and has remained a constellation since ancient times; it now includes the ancient pattern as well as the surrounding stars. In the description of the Babylonian zodiac given in the clay tablets known as the MUL.APIN, the constellation now known as Aries was the final station along the ecliptic. The MUL.APIN was a\",\n \"Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is (Unicode U+2650 ♐), a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur pulling back a bow. It lies between Scorpius and Ophiuchus to the west and Capricornus and Microscopium to the east. The center of the Milky Way lies in the westernmost part of Sagittarius (see Sagittarius A). As seen from the northern hemisphere, the constellation's\",\n \"dwarf or a red dwarf, in an elliptical orbit within the Oort cloud. This object, known as Nemesis, was hypothesized to pass through a portion of the Oort cloud approximately every 26 million years, bombarding the inner Solar System with comets. However, to date no evidence of Nemesis or the Oort cloud have been found, and many lines of evidence (such as crater counts), have thrown their existence into doubt. Recent scientific analysis no longer supports the idea that extinctions on Earth happen at regular, repeating intervals. Thus, the Nemesis hypothesis is no longer needed to explain current assumptions. A\",\n \"Cecrops I Cecrops (; , \\\"Kékrops\\\"; \\\"gen\\\".: Κέκροπος) was a mythical king of Attica which derived from him its name Cecropia, having previously borne the name of Acte or Actice (from Actaeus). He was the founder and the first king of Athens itself though preceded in the region by the earth-born king Actaeus of Attica. Cecrops was a culture hero, teaching the Athenians marriage, reading and writing, and ceremonial burial. The name of Cecrops was not of Greek origin according to Strabo, or it might mean 'tail-face' (cerc-ops): it was said that, born from the earth itself (an autochthon) and\",\n \"Athos (mythology) \\\"Ouranos\\\" (Uranus) was castrated by his son, Cronus, when his blood fell to the earth. Where another myth says that they were born from Gaia, with Tartaros as their father. They waged war on the gods during the Gigantomachy. The Gigantes were spurred on and encouraged by Gaia, the mother of the titans, to wage war against the gods to avenge Cronus's death. During the Gigantomachy there were many battles between the Gods and Gigantes, to which the Gigantes eventually lost. None of the Gigantes survived, except for Aristatios, who survived because Gaia transformed him into a dung beetle. The\",\n \"common ancestor. The term \\\"trochophore\\\" derives from the ancient greek (), meaning \\\"wheel\\\", and (), meaning 'to bear, to carry', because the larva is bearing a wheel-shaped band of cilia. Trochophore larvae are often planktotrophic; that is, they feed on other plankton species. The example of the development of the annelid \\\"Pomatoceros lamarckii\\\" (family Serpulidae) shows various trochophore stages (image: D-F):<br> D - early trochophore ;<br> E - complete trochophore ;<br> F - late trochophore ;<br> G - metatrochophore. Trochophore A trochophore (; also spelled trocophore) is a type of free-swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia. By\",\n \"Comet of 1729 The Comet of 1729, also known as C/1729 P1 or Comet Sarabat, was a non-periodic comet with an absolute magnitude of −3, the brightest ever observed for a comet; it is therefore considered to be potentially the largest comet ever seen. The comet was discovered in the constellation of Equuleus by Father Nicolas Sarabat, a professor of mathematics, at Nîmes in the early morning of August 1, 1729. Observing with the naked eye, he saw an object resembling a faint, nebulous star: he was at first unsure if it was a comet or part of the Milky\",\n \"Orion (constellation) π Ori and π Ori) which make up Orion's shield. Around 20 October each year the Orionid meteor shower (Orionids) reaches its peak. Coming from the border with the constellation Gemini as many as 20 meteors per hour can be seen. The shower's parent body is Halley's Comet. Hanging from Orion's belt is his sword, consisting of the multiple stars θ1 and θ2 Orionis, called the Trapezium and the Orion Nebula (M42). This is a spectacular object that can be clearly identified with the naked eye as something other than a star. Using binoculars, its clouds of nascent stars, luminous\",\n \"Dawn (spacecraft) near-Earth asteroids, and some outer main-belt asteroids, have spectra similar to Vesta, and are thus known as \\\"vestoids\\\". Five percent of the meteoritic samples found on Earth, the howardite–eucrite–diogenite (HED) meteorites, are thought to be the result of a collision or collisions with Vesta. It is thought that Ceres may have a differentiated interior; its oblateness appears too small for an undifferentiated body, which indicates that it consists of a rocky core overlain with an icy mantle. There is a large collection of potential samples from Vesta accessible to scientists, in the form of over 1,400 HED meteorites, giving insight\",\n \"Meteoroid A meteoroid () is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space. Meteoroids are significantly smaller than asteroids, and range in size from small grains to one-meter-wide objects. Objects smaller than this are classified as micrometeoroids or space dust. Most are fragments from comets or asteroids, whereas others are collision impact debris ejected from bodies such as the Moon or Mars. When a meteoroid, comet, or asteroid enters Earth's atmosphere at a speed typically in excess of , aerodynamic heating of that object produces a streak of light, both from the glowing object and the trail of glowing\",\n \"Pitcher plant Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be \\\"true\\\" pitcher plants are formed by specialized leaves. The plants attract and drown their prey with nectar. The term \\\"pitcher plant\\\" generally refers to members of the Nepenthaceae and Sarraceniaceae families, but similar pitfall traps are employed by the monotypic Cephalotaceae and some members of the Bromeliaceae. The families Nepenthaceae and Sarraceniaceae are the most species-rich families of pitcher plants. The Nepenthaceae contains a single\",\n \"Dennis di Cicco Dennis di Cicco (born 1950) is an American amateur astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets, who lives in New England. He has discovered 60 numbered asteroids from his backyard observatory in Sudbury, Massachusetts (IAU code: 817). He was a member of the editorial staff of \\\"Sky and Telescope\\\" magazine from 1974 until his resignation as senior editor in June 2014. His special interests include astronomical photography and the history of astronomical photography, telescope making, and astronomical observing. During 1978 and 1979 he was the first person to successfully photograph the analemma, making 48 separate exposures on\",\n \"Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \\\"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\\\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\\\"illustrated in infobox\\\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates\",\n \"by the toxin, which then offers the adult butterfly protection against predators. Aristolochiaceae The Aristolochiaceae () are a family, the birthwort family, of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 known species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is \\\"Aristolochia\\\" L. They are mostly perennial, herbaceous plants, shrubs, or lianas. The membranous, cordate simple leaves are spread out, growing alternately along the stem on leaf stalks. The margins are commonly entire. No stipules are present. The bizarre flowers are large to medium-sized, growing in the leaf axils. They are bilaterally or radially symmetrical. Aristolochiaceae are magnoliids, a\",\n \"Prometheia The Prometheia () is a trilogy of plays about the titan Prometheus. It was attributed in Antiquity to the 5th-century BC Greek tragedian Aeschylus. Though an Alexandrian catalogue of Aeschylean play titles designates the trilogy \\\"Hoi Prometheis\\\" (\\\"the Prometheuses\\\"), in modern scholarship the trilogy has been designated the \\\"Prometheia\\\" to mirror the title of Aeschylus' only extant trilogy, the \\\"Oresteia\\\". Unlike the \\\"Oresteia\\\", only one play from this trilogy—\\\"Prometheus Bound\\\"—survives. Inasmuch as the authorship of \\\"Prometheus Bound\\\" continues to be debated, the very existence of a Prometheus trilogy is uncertain. To the extent that modern scholars postulate the existence\",\n \"the Carme group, made up of irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23 and 24 Gm and at an inclination of about 165°. Kallichore (moon) Kallichore ( ; Greek: \\\"Καλλιχόρη\\\"), also known as ', is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2003. It received the temporary designation '. Kallichore is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,112 Mm in 717.806 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic\",\n \"Turbinaria (coral) Turbinaria is a genus of colonial stony corals in the family Dendrophylliidae. Common names for this genus include disc coral, scroll coral, cup coral, vase coral, pagoda coral and ruffled ridge coral. These corals are native to the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Japan and the south Central Pacific Ocean. Members of this genus may be massive, laminar, columnar or foliaceous, but foliaceous is the most common form. They may form plates, discs or tiered structures, usually with the corallites (skeletal cups in which the polyps sit) only on one surface. The coralites have porous walls and may be\",\n \"Actinophryid The actinophryids are an order of heliozoa. They are the most common heliozoa in fresh water and can also be found in marine and soil habitats. Actinophryids are unicellular and roughly spherical in shape, with many axopodia that radiate outward from the cell body. Axopodia are a type of pseudopodia that are supported by hundreds of microtubules arranged in a needle-like internal structure. These axopods adhere to passing prey and assist with cell movement, as well as playing a part in cell division and cell fusion. Actinophryids are largely aquatic protozoa with a spherical cell body and many needle-like\",\n \"10370 Hylonome giant planets. Currently, Uranus controls \\\"Hylonome\\\"s perihelion and Neptune its aphelion. \\\"Hylonome\\\" is a carbonaceous C-type body that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 18.9–31.4 AU once every 126 years and 2 months (46,073 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. It is a Neptune-crosser, and an outer-grazer of the orbit of Uranus, which it hence does not cross. Its minimum orbital intersection distance with Neptune and Uranus is 0.35854 and 0.52875 AU, respectively. It is estimated to have a relatively long orbital half-life\",\n \"to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of its members. In 1997, benzene was detected in deep space. The empirical formula for benzene was long known, but its highly polyunsaturated structure, with just one hydrogen atom for each carbon atom, was challenging to determine. Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Joseph Loschmidt in 1861 suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure. In 1865, the German chemist Friedrich August Kekulé published a paper in French (for he was\",\n \"Chiron In Greek mythology, Chiron ( ; also Cheiron or Kheiron; \\\"hand\\\") was held to be the superlative centaur amongst his brethren, as he was called as the \\\"wisest and justest of all the centaurs\\\". Chiron was notable throughout Greek mythology for his youth-nurturing nature. His personal skills tend to match those of his foster father Apollo, who taught the young centaur the art of medicine, herbs, music, archery, hunting, gymnastics and prophecy, and made him rise above his beastly nature. Chiron was known for his knowledge and skill with medicine, and thus was credited with the discovery of botany\",\n \"Archaeocyatha Archaeocyatha (or archaeocyathids “ancient cups” ) is a taxon of extinct, sessile, reef-building marine organisms of warm tropical and subtropical waters that lived during the early (lower) Cambrian Period. It is believed that the centre of the Archaeocyatha origin are now located in East Siberia, where they are first known from the beginning of the Tommotian Age of the Cambrian, 525 million years ago (mya). In other regions of the world, they appeared much later, during the Atdabanian, and quickly diversified into over a hundred families. They became the planet's very first reef-building animals and are an index fossil\",\n \"Great Comet of 1811 The Great Comet of 1811, formally designated C/1811 F1, is a comet that was visible to the naked eye for around 260 days, a record it held until the appearance of Comet Hale–Bopp in 1997. In October 1811, at its brightest, it displayed an apparent magnitude of 0, with an easily visible coma. The comet was discovered March 25, 1811 by Honoré Flaugergues at 2.7 AU from the Sun in the now-defunct constellation of Argo Navis. After being obscured for several days by moonlight, it was also found by Jean-Louis Pons on April 11, while Franz\",\n \"Goniatite Goniatids, informally Goniatites, are ammonoid cephalopods that form the order Goniatitida, derived from the more primitive Agoniatitida during the Middle Devonian some 390 million years ago. Goniatites (goniatitida) survived the Late Devonian extinction to flourish during the Carboniferous and Permian only to become extinct at the end of the Permian some 139 million years later. All goniatites possessed an external shell, which is divided internally into chambers filled with gas giving it buoyancy during the life of the animal. An open chamber at the front of the shell provided living space for the goniatitid animal, with access to open\",\n \"2867 Šteins 2867 Šteins 2867 Šteins, provisional designation \\\"\\\", is an irregular, diamond-shaped background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 4 November 1969, by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnij on the Crimean peninsula. In September 2008, ESA's \\\"Rosetta\\\" probe flew by \\\"Šteins\\\", making it one of few minor planets ever visited by a spacecraft. The bright E-type asteroid features 23 named craters and has a rotation period of 6.05 hours. It was named for Soviet astronomer Kārlis Šteins. \\\"Šteins\\\" is a non-family asteroid from the main\",\n \"is the name of a constellation comprising stars from the head and forelegs of Ursa Major; \\\"pucwan\\\" (ပုဇွန်) is a general term for a crustacean, such as prawn, shrimp, crab, lobster, etc. In Roman mythology, Jupiter (the king of the gods) lusts after a young woman named Callisto, a nymph of Diana. Juno, Jupiter's jealous wife, discovers that Callisto has a son named Arcas, and believes it is by Jupiter. Juno then transforms the beautiful Callisto into a bear so she no longer attracts Jupiter. Callisto, while in bear form, later encounters her son Arcas. Arcas almost shoots the bear,\",\n \"Gorgonian Gorgonians are sessile colonial cnidarians found throughout the oceans of the world, especially in the tropics and subtropics. The name \\\"Gorgonacea\\\" is no longer considered valid and Alcyonacea is now the accepted name for the order. Gorgonians are also known as sea fans and sea whips and are similar to the sea pen, a soft coral. Gorgonians are closely related to coral. Individual tiny polyps form colonies that are normally erect, flattened, branching, and reminiscent of a fan. Others may be whiplike, bushy, or even encrusting. A colony can be several feet high and across but only a few\",\n \"on the structure of the Kuiper belt. Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune, and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal. Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System, Triton has a retrograde orbit, indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place; it was probably once a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt. It is close enough to Neptune to be locked\",\n \"the scattered disk and the detached population. At least nine such bodies have been securely identified, of which the largest, most distant, and best known is Sedna. Those with perihelia greater than 50 AU are termed sednoids. As of 2018, there are three known sednoids, Sedna, , and . Detached objects have perihelia much larger than Neptune's aphelion. They often have highly elliptical, very large orbits with semi-major axes of up to a few hundred astronomical units (AU, the radius of Earth's orbit). Such orbits cannot have been created by gravitational scattering by the giant planets, not even Neptune. Instead,\",\n \"Lowell Observatory Lowell Observatory is an astronomical observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, United States. Lowell Observatory was established in 1894, placing it among the oldest observatories in the United States, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965. In 2011, the Observatory was named one of \\\"The World's 100 Most Important Places\\\" by TIME. It was at the Lowell Observatory that the dwarf planet Pluto was discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh. The observatory was founded by astronomer Percival Lowell of Boston's Lowell family and is overseen by a sole trustee, a position historically handed down through the family. The\",\n \"Frank Asaro Frank Asaro (born Francesco Asaro, July 31, 1927 – June 10, 2014) was an Emeritus Senior Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory associated with the University of California at Berkeley. He is best known as the chemist who discovered the iridium anomaly in the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary layer that led the team of Luis Alvarez, Walter Alvarez, Frank Asaro, and Helen Michel to propose the Asteroid-Impact Theory, which postulates that an asteroid hit the Earth sixty-five million years ago and caused mass extinction during the age of the dinosaurs. Asaro went to college at age sixteen during World\",\n \"spans over 80 days. The object has not been observed since November 2002 about 2 months before it came to perihelion 2.7 AU from the Sun. During perihelion passage the object was 2.9 AU from Earth. \\\" belongs to the dynamical group of damocloids due to its low Tisserand parameter (T of 1.0820). It is also a Jupiter-, Saturn-, Uranus-, and Neptune-crosser. The object has the seventh-largest heliocentric semi-major axis and aphelion of all known minor planets, while its extreme eccentricity brings it well within the orbit of Jupiter when at perihelion. 2002 RN109 \\\" may be a dormant comet\",\n \"Great Comet of 1577 The Great Comet of 1577 (official designation: C/1577 V1) is a non-periodic comet that passed close to Earth during the year 1577 AD. Having an official designation beginning with \\\"C\\\" classes it as a non-periodic comet, and so it is not expected to return. In 1577, the comet was viewed by people all over Europe, including the famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe and Turkish astronomer Taqi ad-Din. From his observations of the comet, Brahe was able to discover that comets and similar objects travel above the Earth's atmosphere. The best fit using JPL Horizons suggests that\",\n \"C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS) C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS) is a comet, discovered using the Pan-STARRS telescopes on September 7, 2016. The comet has recently attracted attention from many astronomers as it approaches its closest point to the sun in May 2018. It has been observed to have a very complex tail, which has been suggested to be due to a fast rotation period of the nucleus. The comet orbits the Sun on a 20,000 year orbit, which takes it out about 740 AU (Sun-Earth distances). It was found to differ from typical comets, and was found to be rich in carbon monixide\",\n \"Copernicium Copernicium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112. It is an extremely radioactive element, and can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 29 seconds. Copernicium was first created in 1996 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. It is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. In the periodic table of the elements, copernicium is a d-block transactinide element and a group 12 element. During reactions with gold, it has been shown to be an extremely volatile metal, so\",\n \"on the Moon is named after him. Names for the Moon's features are chosen based on scientific contributions and important astronauts of the world. The International Astronomical Union. IAU. Cleostratus Cleostratus (; b. c. 520 BC; d. possibly 432 BC) was an astronomer of ancient Greece. He was a native of Tenedos. He is believed by ancient historians to have introduced the zodiac (beginning with Aries and Sagittarius) and the solar calendar. According to J. Webb, Cleostratus took his ideas from the Babylonians. There is little primary material to credit any person with the creation or design of the Zodiac.\",\n \"in various systems of modern witchcraft, Wicca and Neopaganism, in some cases associated with the Wild Hunt of Germanic tradition, in others as part of a reconstruction of specifically Greek polytheism, in English also known as \\\"Hellenismos\\\". In Wicca, Hecate has in some cases become identified with the \\\"Crone\\\" aspect of the \\\"Triple Goddess\\\". Hecate is also the namesake of the hundredth numbered asteroid, which was discovered by American astronomer James Craig Watson on July 11, 1868. Its adopted name alludes to it as being the hundredth named asteroid ('hekaton' being the Greek for 'hundred'). Hecate Hecate or Hekate (;\",\n \"Galilean moons The Galilean moons are the four largest moons of Jupiter—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. They were first seen by Galileo Galilei in January 1610, and recognized by him as satellites of Jupiter in March 1610. They were the first objects found to orbit another planet. Their names derive from the lovers of Zeus. They are among the largest objects in the Solar System with the exception of the Sun and the eight planets, with a radius larger than any of the dwarf planets. Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System, and is even bigger than the\",\n \"Centaur (minor planet) elements: The collection \\\"The Solar System Beyond Neptune\\\" (2008) defines objects with a semi-major axis between those of Jupiter and Neptune and a Jupiter – Tisserand's parameter above 3.05 – as centaurs, classifying the objects with a Jupiter Tisserand's parameter below this and, to exclude Kuiper belt objects, an arbitrary perihelion cut-off half-way to Saturn (\\\"q\\\" < 7.35 AU) as Jupiter-family comets and classifying those objects on unstable orbits with a semi-major axis larger than Neptune's as members of the scattered disc. Other astronomers prefer to define centaurs as objects that are non-resonant with a perihelion inside the orbit of\",\n \"86P/Wild 86P/Wild (pronounced \\\"86P/Vilt\\\") is a periodic comet in the Solar System with a current orbital period of 6.84 years. It was discovered on photographic plates exposed on 11/12 April 1980 by Paul Wild of the Astronomical Institute of University of Bern, Switzerland at the nearby Zimmerwald Observatory. He reported the brightness at a magnitude of 15.5 and that the comet was diffuse. He rediscovered it on 7 May 1980 and calculations by Brian G. Marsden estimated that perihelion would take place on 6 October 1980. Syuichi Nakano calculated the next perihelion would be 31 August 1987 and the comet\",\n \"song “RPG,” by Japanese band Sekai no Owari, the narrator mentions watching the Perseid meteor shower on the night something “precious to them fell apart.” Perseids The Perseids are a prolific meteor shower associated with the comet Swift–Tuttle. The meteors are called the Perseids because the point from which they appear to hail (called the radiant) lies in the constellation Perseus. The name is derived from the word Perseidai (Greek : Περσείδαι), the sons of Perseus in Greek mythology. The stream of debris is called the Perseid cloud and stretches along the orbit of the comet Swift–Tuttle. The cloud consists\",\n \"4015 Wilson–Harrington and with a name length of 17 characters it is currently the asteroid with the longest name, having one more character than the 16-character limit imposed by the IAU. The comet was discovered on November 19, 1949, by Albert G. Wilson and Robert G. Harrington at Palomar Observatory. Only three photographic observations were obtained and the comet was lost (insufficient observations to determine a precise enough orbit to know where to look for future appearances of the comet, see Lost comet). On November 15, 1979, an apparent Mars-crosser asteroid was found by Eleanor F. Helin, also of Palomar Observatory. It\",\n \"2 Pallas more asteroids after 1845 eventually led to their reclassification. Pallas's surface is most likely composed of a silicate material; its spectrum and estimated density resemble carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. With an orbital inclination of 34.8°, Pallas's orbit is unusually highly inclined to the plane of the asteroid belt, and its orbital eccentricity is nearly as large as that of Pluto, making Pallas relatively inaccessible to spacecraft. It was formerly considered a possible dwarf planet for its size, but it is no longer considered such because its shape departs significantly from an ellipsoid. On the night of April 5, 1779, Charles Messier\",\n \"impact or from long-term viscous relaxation of the surface subsequent to impact. Absolute ages derived from crater frequency measurements are model-dependent. In one crater chronology model, based on impacts dominated by asteroids, Neith may be old and very likely was formed during a period of more intense bombardment than today, about 3.9 billion years ago. In a different model, based on impacts preferentially by comets with a more or less constant impact rate, Neith may be only about 1 billion years old. Neith (crater) Neith crater is a crater on Jupiter's moon Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system.\",\n \"Aubrite Aubrites are a group of meteorites named for Aubres, a small achondrite meteorite that fell near Nyons, France, in 1836. They are primarily composed of the orthopyroxene enstatite, and are often called enstatite achondrites. Their igneous origin separates them from primitive enstatite achondrites and means they originated in an asteroid. Aubrites are typically light-colored, and with a brownish fusion crust. Most aubrites are heavily brecciated. It's often said that they look \\\"lunar\\\" in origin. Aubrites are primarily composed of large white crystals of the Fe-poor, Mg-rich orthopyroxene, or enstatite. Around this matrix, they have minor phases of olivine, nickel-iron\",\n \"Flora family pieces. 43 Ariadne makes up much of the remaining mass (about a further 9%). Because of the family's poorly defined boundaries, and the location of Flora itself near the edge, it has also been called the \\\"Ariadne family\\\", when Flora did not make it into the group during an analysis (e.g. the WAM analysis by Zappalà, 1995). The remaining family members being fairly small, below 30 km in diameter. A noticeable fraction of the parent body has been lost from the family since the original impact, presumably due to later processes such as e.g. secondary collisions. For example, it has\",\n \"Their land was fertile ; their population was rough and warlike; and they furnished at the commencement of the Peloponnesian War 3,000 hoplites, or a tenth of the whole infantry of the republic. They possessed sanctuaries or altars of Apollo Aguieus, of Heracles, of Athena Hygieia, of Athena Hippia, of Dionysus Melpomenus, and of Dionysus Cissus, so called, because the Acharnians said that the ivy first grew in this deme. One of the plays of Aristophanes bears the name of the Acharnians. The Acharnians chiefly grew cereals, grapes, and olives. Acharnae was the centre of the Athenian charcoal-burning industry, and\",\n \"was not discovered by a member of the group, but rather by accident in 1801 by Giuseppe Piazzi, director of the observatory of Palermo in Sicily. He discovered a new star-like object in Taurus and followed the displacement of this object during several nights. Later that year, Carl Friedrich Gauss used these observations to calculate the orbit of this unknown object, which was found to be between the planets Mars and Jupiter. Piazzi named it after Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture. Three other asteroids (2 Pallas, 3 Juno, and 4 Vesta) were discovered over the next few years, with\",\n \"1112 Polonia Simeis, it was independently discovered by her college Grigory Neujmin. The Minor Planet Center only recognized the first discoverer. \\\"Polonia\\\" was Shajn's first discovery; and the first asteroid discovery made by a woman, bringing a long-standing tradition – which began with the discovery of 1 Ceres in 1801 – of more than a exclusively made by male astronomers, to an end. \\\"Polonia\\\" is a core member of the Eos family (), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and\",\n \"It is the largest Solar System object that makes repeated close approaches to Earth. With a relative velocity of 60 km/s, an Earth impact would have an estimated energy of ~27 times that of the Cretaceous–Paleogene impactor. Comet Swift–Tuttle has been described as \\\"the single most dangerous object known to humanity\\\". In 1996, the long-term possibility of Comet Swift–Tuttle impacting Earth was compared to 433 Eros, and they were compared to about 3000 other kilometer sized objects as objects of concern. Comet Swift–Tuttle Comet Swift–Tuttle (formally designated 109P/Swift–Tuttle) is a periodic comet with a current (osculating) orbital period of 133\",\n \"Ophiuroidea (brittle stars, 2,300 species), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars, 900 species) and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers, 1,430 species); and the Pelmatozoa, some of which are sessile while others move around. These consist of the Crinoidea (feather stars and sea lilies, 580 species) and the extinct blastoids and Paracrinoids. A fifth class of Eleutherozoa consisting of just three species, the Concentricycloidea (sea daisies), were recently merged into the Asteroidea. The fossil record includes a large number of other classes which do not appear to fall into any extant crown group. All echinoderms are marine and nearly all are benthic. The\",\n \"Tollmann's hypothetical bolide Alexander Tollmann's bolide, proposed by Edith Kristan-Tollmann and Alexander Tollmann in 1994, is a hypothesis presented by Austrian geologist Alexander Tollmann and paleontologist Edith Kristan-Tollmann, suggesting that one or several bolides (asteroids or comets) struck the Earth at 7640 BCE (±200), with a much smaller one at 3150 BCE (±200). If true, this hypothesis explains early Holocene extinctions and possibly legends of the Universal Deluge. The claimed evidence for the event includes stratigraphic studies of tektites, dendrochronology, and ice cores (from Camp Century, Greenland) containing hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid (indicating an energetic ocean strike) as well\",\n \"Aristodemus In Greek mythology, Aristodemus (Ancient Greek: Ἀριστόδημος) was a Heracleidae, son of Aristomachus and brother of Cresphontes and Temenus. He was a great-great-grandson of Heracles and helped lead the fifth and final attack on Mycenae in the Peloponnesus. Aristodemus and his brothers complained to the Oracle that its instructions had proved fatal to those who had followed them (the Oracle had told Hyllas to attack through the narrow passage when the third fruit was ripe). They received the answer that by the \\\"third fruit\\\" the \\\"third generation\\\" was meant, and that the \\\"narrow passage\\\" was not the isthmus of\",\n \"are currently 155 damocloid candidates. Of these objects, 122 have orbital observation arcs greater than 30 days providing reasonably decent orbits. Their average radius is eight kilometers assuming an albedo of 0.04. The albedos of four damocloids have been measured, and they are among the darkest objects known in the Solar System. Damocloids are reddish in color, but not as red as many Kuiper-belt objects or centaurs. Other damocloids include: , , , , and 20461 Dioretsa. Retrograde objects such as Halley's Comet and damocloid can have relative velocities to Earth of . Damocloids are thought to be nuclei of\",\n \"Murchison meteorite found over an area larger than , with individual mass up to ; one, weighing , broke through a roof and fell in hay. The total collected mass exceeds . The meteorite belongs to the CM group of carbonaceous chondrites (see meteorite classification). Like most CM chondrites, Murchison is petrologic type 2, which means that it experienced extensive alteration by water-rich fluids on its parent body before falling to Earth. CM chondrites, together with the CI group, are rich in carbon and are among the most chemically primitive meteorites. Like other CM chondrites, Murchison contains abundant CAIs. Over 15 amino\",\n \"been found . By convention, they are each named from Greek mythology after a figure of the Trojan War, hence the name \\\"Trojan\\\". The total number of Jupiter trojans larger than 1 km in diameter is believed to be about , approximately equal to the number of asteroids larger than 1 km in the asteroid belt. Like main-belt asteroids, Jupiter trojans form families. Jupiter trojans are dark bodies with reddish, featureless spectra. No firm evidence of the presence of water, or any other specific compound on their surface has been obtained, but it is thought that they are coated in\",\n \"to starfish by the French zoologist de Blainville in 1830. It is derived from the Greek \\\"aster\\\", ἀστήρ (a star) and the Greek \\\"eidos\\\", εἶδος (form, likeness, appearance). The class Asteroidea belongs to the phylum Echinodermata. As well as the starfish, the echinoderms include sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle and basket stars, sea cucumbers and crinoids. The larvae of echinoderms have bilateral symmetry, but during metamorphosis this is replaced with radial symmetry, typically pentameric. Adult echinoderms are characterized by having a water vascular system with external tube feet and a calcareous endoskeleton consisting of ossicles connected by a mesh of\",\n \"3709 Polypoites 3709 Polypoites ( ), provisional designation \\\"\\\", is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately in diameter. The Trojan asteroid was discovered on 14 October 1985, by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States, and named after Polypoites from Greek mythology. The dark D-type asteroid belongs to the 50 largest Jupiter trojans. It has a rotation period of 10 hours and possibly a spherical shape. \\\"Polypoites\\\" is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1\",\n \"equilibrium, whereas those smaller than that are not. Icy objects need less mass for hydrostatic equilibrium than rocky objects. The smallest object that is known to have an equilibrium shape is the icy moon Mimas at 397 km, whereas the largest object known to have an obviously non-equilibrium shape is the rocky asteroid Pallas at 532 km (582 × 556 × 500 ± 18 km). However, Mimas is not actually in hydrostatic equilibrium for its current rotation. The smallest body confirmed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium is the dwarf planet Ceres, at 945 km, whereas the largest body known to\",\n \"accelerating rate. Counting them among the planets became increasingly cumbersome. Eventually, they were dropped from the planet list (as first suggested by Alexander von Humboldt in the early 1850s) and Herschel's choice of nomenclature, \\\"asteroids\\\", gradually came into common use. The discovery of Neptune in 1846 led to the discrediting of the Titius–Bode law in the eyes of scientists because its orbit was nowhere near the predicted position. To date, there is no scientific explanation for the law, and astronomers' consensus regards it as a coincidence. The expression \\\"asteroid belt\\\" came into use in the very early 1850s, although it\",\n \"Retrograde and prograde motion than asteroids to be retrograde. Halley's Comet has a retrograde orbit around the Sun. Most Kuiper belt objects have prograde orbits around the Sun. The first Kuiper belt object discovered to have a retrograde orbit was . Other Kuiper belt objects with retrograde orbits are (471325) 2011 KT, , and 2011 MM. All of these orbits are highly tilted, with inclinations in the 100° - 125° range. Meteoroids in a retrograde orbit around the Sun hit the Earth with a faster relative speed than prograde meteoroids and tend to burn up in the atmosphere and are more likely to hit\",\n \"Acanthus (plant) Acanthus is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, native to tropical and warm temperate regions, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean Basin and Asia. This flowering plant is nectar producing and is susceptible to predation by butterflies, such as \\\"Anartia fatima\\\", and other nectar feeding organisms. Common names include Acanthus and Bear's breeches. The generic name derives from the Greek term (\\\"akanthos\\\") for \\\"Acanthus mollis\\\", a plant that was commonly imitated in Corinthian capitals. The genus comprises herbaceous perennial plants, rarely subshrubs, with spiny leaves and flower spikes bearing\",\n \"Ceres (dwarf planet) all dwarf planets\\\", and describes it elsewhere as \\\"the dwarf planet–asteroid 1 Ceres\\\". NASA continues to refer to Ceres as an asteroid, as do various academic textbooks. Ceres follows an orbit between Mars and Jupiter, within the asteroid belt, with a period of 4.6 Earth years. The orbit is moderately inclined (\\\"i\\\" = 10.6° compared to 7° for Mercury and 17° for Pluto) and moderately eccentric (\\\"e\\\" = 0.08 compared to 0.09 for Mars). The diagram illustrates the orbits of Ceres (blue) and several planets (white and gray). The segments of orbits below the ecliptic are plotted in darker colors,\",\n \"Retrograde and prograde motion relative to the Sun except those of Uranus. If there is a collision, material could be ejected in any direction and coalesce into either prograde or retrograde moons, which may be the case for the moons of dwarf planet Haumea, although Haumea's rotation direction is not known. Asteroids usually have a prograde orbit around the Sun. Only a few dozen asteroids in retrograde orbits are known. Some asteroids with retrograde orbits may be burnt-out comets, but some may acquire their retrograde orbit due to gravitational interactions with Jupiter. Due to their small size and their large distance from Earth it\",\n \"the University of Arizona successfully relocated the comet with the 154-cm reflector at Catalina. It was also observed in 1978, 1985, 1991-1992, and 1998-1999. The comet peaked at about apparent magnitude 16.3 in 2012. On 29 December 2077 the comet will pass from Mars. 60P/Tsuchinshan 60P/Tsuchinshan, also known as Tsuchinshan 2, is a periodic comet in the solar system with an orbital period of 6.79 years. Tsuchinshan is the Wade-Giles transliteration corresponding to the pinyin \\\"Zĭjīn Shān\\\", which is Mandarin Chinese for \\\"Purple Mountain\\\". It was discovered at the Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanking, China on 11 January 1965 with a\",\n \"had been delivered as a result of the collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 in 1994. On 22 January 2014, ESA scientists reported the detection, for the first definitive time, of water vapor on the dwarf planet, Ceres, largest object in the asteroid belt. The detection was made by using the far-infrared abilities of the \\\"Herschel Space Observatory\\\". The finding is unexpected because comets, not asteroids, are typically considered to \\\"sprout jets and plumes\\\". According to one of the scientists, \\\"The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids.\\\" On 29 April 2013, ESA announced that \\\"Herschel\\\" supply\",\n \"Plutino In astronomy, the plutinos are a dynamical group of trans-Neptunian objects in the outermost region of the Solar System that orbit in 2:3 mean-motion resonance with Neptune. This means that for every two orbits a plutino makes, Neptune orbits three times. The dwarf planet Pluto is the largest member and namesake of this group. Plutinos are named after mythological creatures associated with the underworld. Plutinos form the inner part of the Kuiper belt and represent about a quarter of the known Kuiper belt objects. They are the largest class of the resonant trans-Neptunian objects \\\"(also see adjunct box with\",\n \"Ananke (moon) Ananke ( ; ) is a retrograde irregular moon of Jupiter. It was discovered by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Mount Wilson Observatory in 1951 and is named after the mythological Ananke, the personification of Necessity, and the mother of the Moirai (Fates) by Zeus. The adjectival form of the name is \\\"Anankean\\\". Ananke did not receive its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as . It was sometimes called \\\"Adrastea\\\" between 1955 and 1975 (Adrastea is now the name of another satellite of Jupiter). Ananke gives its name to the Ananke group, retrograde irregular\",\n \"243 Ida Ida (; minor planet designation: 243 Ida) is an asteroid in the Koronis family of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 29 September 1884 by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at Vienna Observatory and named after a nymph from Greek mythology. Later telescopic observations categorized Ida as an S-type asteroid, the most numerous type in the inner asteroid belt. On 28 August 1993, Ida was visited by the unmanned \\\"Galileo\\\" spacecraft while en route to Jupiter. It was the second asteroid visited by a spacecraft and the first found to have a natural satellite. Ida's orbit lies between\",\n \"3552 Don Quixote 3552 Don Quixote, provisionally designated , is an exceptionally eccentric asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object of the Amor group, Mars-crosser and Jupiter-crosser, as well as centaur and extinct comet. The asteroid was discovered on 26 September 1983, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. It was named after the comic knight who is the eponymous hero of Cervantes Spanish novel \\\"Don Quixote\\\" (1605). The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 December 1990 (). \\\"Don Quixote\\\" is characterized as a dark D-type asteroid in the Tholen and\",\n \"of Jupiter and orbits every 500 days. Explanatory notes Citations Bibliography Online sources \\\"SIMBAD\\\" Aries (constellation) Aries is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is located in the northern celestial hemisphere between Pisces to the west and Taurus to the east. The name Aries is Latin for ram, and its symbol is (Unicode ♈), representing a ram's horns. It is one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is a mid-sized constellation, ranking 39th overall size, with an area of 441 square degrees (1.1% of\",\n \"1874 the comet reached perihelion at about .6758 AU from the Sun. On 23 July the comet made its closest approach to planet Earth at about .29 AU. Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote on 13 July 1874 a journal entry concerning Coggia’s comet. The public scare regarding the comet was satirized by Mark Twain in his short story \\\"A Curious Pleasure Excursion.\\\" C/1874 H1 C/1874 H1 (Coggia) is a famous non-periodic comet, which in the summer of 1874 could be seen by naked eye observation. On the basis of its brightness, the comet has been called the Great Comet of 1874;\",\n \"Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld (; 21 October 1921 – 30 March 2015) was a Dutch astronomer. In a jointly credited trio with Tom Gehrels and her husband Cornelis Johannes van Houten, she was the discoverer of many thousands of asteroids (credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 4,625 numbered minor planets). In the Palomar–Leiden survey, Gehrels took the images using the 48-inch Schmidt telescope at Palomar Observatory and shipped the photographic plates to the van Houtens at Leiden Observatory, who analyzed them for new asteroids. The trio are jointly credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries.\",\n \"15760 Albion 15760 Albion, provisional designation , was the first trans-Neptunian object to be discovered after Pluto and Charon. It was discovered in 1992 by David C. Jewitt and Jane X. Luu at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii. It is a \\\"cold\\\" classical Kuiper belt object and gave rise to the name \\\"cubewano\\\" for this kind of object, after the portion of its designation. Decoding its provisional designation, \\\"QB\\\" reveals that it was the 27th object found in the second half of August of that year. As of January 2018, over 2,400 further objects have been found beyond Neptune, a\",\n \"Asteroid belt 16 July 1972. At the time there was some concern that the debris in the belt would pose a hazard to the spacecraft, but it has since been safely traversed by 12 spacecraft without incident. \\\"Pioneer 11\\\", \\\"Voyagers 1\\\" and \\\"2\\\" and \\\"Ulysses\\\" passed through the belt without imaging any asteroids. \\\"Galileo\\\" imaged 951 Gaspra in 1991 and 243 Ida in 1993, NEAR imaged 253 Mathilde in 1997 and landed on 433 Eros in February of 2001, \\\"Cassini\\\" imaged 2685 Masursky in 2000, \\\"Stardust\\\" imaged 5535 Annefrank in 2002, \\\"New Horizons\\\" imaged 132524 APL in 2006, \\\"Rosetta\\\" imaged 2867 Šteins\",\n \"and when disposing of particles. \\\"Argyrotheca\\\" is known from the Upper Cretaceous in Europe and North America, from the Eocene in Europe, North and Latin America and the West Indies, from the Oligocene in Europe and Mexico, from the Miocene in Europe, the Russian Federation, North America, the West Indies and New Zealand, and from the Pliocene in England and Italy. It can currently be found in the Atlantic (60-1280m), Pacific (160m), Mediterranean (6-400m), the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. \\\"A. cistellula\\\", \\\"A. cordata\\\" and \\\"A. cuneata\\\" are the only species present in the Mediterranean. \\\"A. ageriana\\\", has been\",\n \"its mission, Rosetta was crashed into the comet′s surface in 2016. Near-Earth object A near-Earth object (NEO) is any small Solar System body whose orbit brings it to proximity with Earth. By convention, a Solar System body is a NEO if its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) is less than 1.3 astronomical units (AU). If a NEO's orbit crosses the Earth's and the object is larger than across, it is considered a potentially hazardous object (PHO). Most known PHOs and NEOs are asteroids, but a small fraction are comets. There are over 19,000 known near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), over a\",\n \"Phaeton (hypothetical planet) Phaeton (or Phaëton) was the hypothetical planet theorized by the Titius–Bode law to have existed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, the destruction of which supposedly led to the formation of the asteroid belt (including the dwarf planet Ceres). The hypothetical planet was named for Phaethon, the son of the sun god Helios in Greek mythology, who attempted to drive his father's solar chariot for a day with disastrous results and was ultimately destroyed by Zeus. According to the discredited Titius–Bode law, a planet was believed to exist between Mars and Jupiter. After observing the discoveries\",\n \"Callisto (mythology) Callisto, still a bear, encountered her son Arcas hunting in the forest. Just as Arcas was about to kill his own mother with his javelin, Jupiter averted the tragedy by placing mother and son amongst the stars as Ursa Major and Minor, respectively. Juno, enraged that her attempt at revenge had been frustrated, appealed to Tethys that the two might never meet her waters, thus providing a poetic explanation for their circumpolar positions in ancient times (see below). Callisto's story was sometimes depicted in classical art, where the moment of transformation into a bear was the most popular. From the\",\n \"and an aphelion of 5.6 AU (past the orbit of Jupiter). It passed within 6 million km (0.04 AU) of Earth in June 1927, and 16 million km (0.1 AU) in 1939; but it will not come as close in the 21st century. The comet nucleus is estimated at about 5.2 km in diameter. 7P/Pons–Winnecke 7P/Pons–Winnecke (also known as Comet Pons–Winnecke) is a periodic Jupiter-family comet in the solar system. The comet most recently came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on January 30, 2015, and at perihelion passage it had a solar elongation of 24 degrees. Jean Louis\",\n \"garment folds or women's hair leads to a somewhat artificial impression. Aristophanes (vase painter) Aristophanes (; active between 430 and 400 BC in Athens) was an ancient Greek vase painter of the Attic red-figure style. Three pieces signed by him are known. Two of them are bowls made by the potter Erginos, now in Berlin (Antikensammlung Berlin) and Boston (Museum of Fine Arts), the third is the fragment of a \\\"krater\\\" in Agrigento (Museo Archeologico Regionale). A number of further works are attributed to him. Aristophanes strove to make his figures appear as lively as possible. His paintings are characterised\",\n \"Astronomical symbols to name the new asteroid for the goddess Vesta, and also designed the symbol (): the altar of the goddess, with the sacred fire burning on it. Other contemporaneous writers use a more elaborate symbol () instead. Karl Ludwig Hencke, a German amateur astronomer, discovered the next two asteroids, 5 Astraea (in 1845) and 6 Hebe (in 1847). Hencke requested that the symbol for 5 Astraea be an upside-down anchor; however, a pair of balances was sometimes used instead. Gauss named 6 Hebe at Hencke's request, and chose a wineglass as the symbol. As more new asteroids were discovered, astronomers\",\n \"19P/Borrelly Comet Borrelly or Borrelly's Comet (official designation: 19P/Borrelly) is a periodic comet, which was visited by the spacecraft Deep Space 1 in 2001. The comet last came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on May 28, 2015. The comet's nucleus, seen in the adjacent image, is particularly notable for being shaped like a bowling pin. The comet was discovered by Alphonse Borrelly during a routine search for comets at Marseilles, France on December 28, 1904. On September 21, 2001 the spacecraft Deep Space 1, which was launched to test new equipment in space, performed a flyby of Borrelly.\",\n \"Hypatia (stone) Hypatia is a small stone, thought to be the first known specimen of a comet nucleus. Hypatia was discovered in December 1996 by Aly A. Barakat at , in the same area where Libyan desert glass is found. The rock has been named after Hypatia of Alexandria ( 350–370 AD – 415 AD) – the outstanding philosopher, astronomer, mathematician, and inventor. Tests done in South Africa show that Hypatia contains microscopic diamonds and that it is of extraterrestrial origin. It is thought to have been part of the body whose impact caused the creation of Libyan desert glass.\",\n \"by astronomers as a type of shorthand notation. Psyche was given an iconic symbol, as were several other asteroids discovered over the next few years. The symbol , a semicircle topped by a star, represents a butterfly's wing, symbol of the soul (\\\"psyche\\\" is the Greek word for 'soul'), and a star. In 1851, German astronomer J. F. Encke suggested using a circled number, and 16 Psyche was the first new asteroid to be discovered that was designated using this scheme when American astronomer James Ferguson published his observations in 1852. Psyche is massive enough that its gravitational perturbations on\",\n \"in several copies including one for John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford. Joshua Reynolds painted Mrs. Mary Hale, wife of General John Hale, as Euphrosyne in 1766. John Milton invoked her in the poem \\\"L'Allegro\\\". Euphrosyne and her sisters' main cult was located in Athens, Sparta, or Boetia. The asteroid 31 Euphrosyne is named after the goddess, as is the Euphrosinidae family of marine worms. Euphrosyne Euphrosyne (; Εὐφροσύνη), in ancient Greek religion, was one of the Charites, known in English as the \\\"Three Graces\\\". She was usually called Euthymia (Εὐθυμία). According to Greek myth, Euphrosyne and the two other\",\n \"Aristocles (sculptors) Aristocles () is a name attributed to two sculptors in Ancient Greece, as well as a nominal hereditary school of sculpture, started by the elder Aristocles, known to us primarily through different passages in Pausanias. From these passages we infer that these artists founded a school of sculpture at Sicyon, which secured a hereditary reputation, and of which we have the heads for seven generations, namely, Aristocles the elder, Cleoetas, Aristocles the younger and Canachus, Synnoön, Ptolichus, Sostratus, and Pantias. There is some difficulty in determining the age of these artists; but, supposing the date of Canachus to\",\n \"of the darkly-colored portions of the non-carbonaceous Chelyabinsk meteorite closely matched the color of members of the Baptistina family, showing that a low albedo does not necessarily indicate the composition of the family. In 2007, it was proposed that chromium concentrations in 66-million-year-old sediment layers at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary) on Earth suggested that the impactor that gouged out Chicxulub Crater and caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event belonged to the Baptistina family. Concerns were raised regarding the reputed link, in part because very few solid observational constraints existed of the asteroid or family. One year later, it was discovered\",\n \"588 Achilles semi-major axis of 5.21 AU). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 10 degrees from the plane of the ecliptic. \\\"Achilles\\\" is the first known example of the stable solution of the three-body problem worked out by French mathematician Joseph Lagrange in 1772, after whom the minor planet 1006 Lagrangea is named. After the discovery of other asteroids with similar orbital characteristics, which were also named after heroes from the Trojan War \\\"(see below)\\\", the term \\\"Trojan asteroids\\\" or \\\"Jupiter trojans\\\" became commonly used. In addition, a rule was established that the point was the \\\"Greek\",\n \"Diogenite Diogenites are a group of the HED meteorite clan, a type of achondritic stony meteorites. Diogenites are currently believed to originate from deep within the crust of the asteroid 4 Vesta, and as such are part of the HED meteorite clan. There are about 40 distinct members known. Diogenites are composed of igneous rocks of plutonic origin, having solidified slowly enough deep within Vesta's crust to form crystals which are larger than in the eucrites. These crystals are primarily magnesium-rich orthopyroxene, with small amounts of plagioclase and olivine. Diogenites are named for Diogenes of Apollonia, an ancient Greek philosopher\",\n \"in a catastrophic collision (destroying the parent body), with an estimated age of 5.72 million years. The Koronis(2) family () with 246 members is the other. It formed 15 million years ago by a non-catastrophic collision with 158 Koronis. On August 28, 1993, the Galileo spacecraft visited a member of this family, 243 Ida. A photo of Ida (and its tiny moon Dactyl) is part of the composite image at right (numbered 243). Koronis family ] The Koronis or Koronian family (), also known as the Lacrimosa family, is a very large asteroid family of stony asteroids, located in the\",\n \"C-type asteroid C-type (carbonaceous) asteroids are the most common variety, forming around 75% of known asteroids. They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon, in addition to rocks and minerals. They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt, 3.5 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, where 80% of the asteroids are of this type, whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type. The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this, because C-types are much darker (and therefore less detectable) than\",\n \"2934 Aristophanes Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of . \\\"Aristophanes\\\" is a member of the Veritas family (), a young family of carbonaceous asteroids, that formed approximately million years ago. The family is named after 490 Veritas and consists of nearly 1,300 members. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,062 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":289,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the magnitude of theta scorpii"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["Theta Scorpii Theta Scorpii (θ Scorpii, abbreviated Theta Sco, θ Sco) is a binary star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +1.87, making it readily visible to the naked eye and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It is sufficiently near that the distance can be measured directly using the parallax technique and such measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission yield an estimate of approximately 300 light-years (90 parsecs) from the Sun. The two components are designated Theta Scorpii A (also named Sargas) and B. \"θ Scorpii\" (Latinised"],"string":"[\n \"Theta Scorpii Theta Scorpii (θ Scorpii, abbreviated Theta Sco, θ Sco) is a binary star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +1.87, making it readily visible to the naked eye and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It is sufficiently near that the distance can be measured directly using the parallax technique and such measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission yield an estimate of approximately 300 light-years (90 parsecs) from the Sun. The two components are designated Theta Scorpii A (also named Sargas) and B. \\\"θ Scorpii\\\" (Latinised\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["K2-239 K2-239 (also designated EPIC 248545986) is a small red dwarf star in the constellation Sextans about 49 parsecs (160 light-years) away from Earth. Observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during Campaign 14 of its K2 \"Second Light\" mission, it was found to have three hot, likely rocky Earth-sized planets in orbit around it. K2-239 is a small red dwarf star of spectral class M3V. It is 40% the mass and 36% the radius of the Sun with just 0.016 times the luminosity. It has a temperature of 3420 K and its age is unknown. For comparison, the Sun has","within the Vermilion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, \"Nán Fāng Zhū Què\"). Cancer (constellation) Cancer is one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for crab and it is commonly represented as one. Its astrological symbol is (Unicode ♋). Cancer is a medium-size constellation with an area of 506 square degrees and its stars are rather faint, its brightest star Beta Cancri having an apparent magnitude of 3.5. It contains two stars with known planets, including 55 Cancri, which has five: one super-earth and four gas giants, one of which is in the habitable zone and","Crater (constellation) stars—Delta, Alpha and Gamma Crateris—from a triangle nearby the brighter star Nu Hydrae in Hydra. Within the constellation's borders, there are 33 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Delta Crateris is the brightest star in Crater at magnitude 3.6. Located 163 ± 4 light-years away, It is an orange giant star of spectral type K0III that is 1.0–1.4 times as massive as the Sun. An ageing star, it has cooled and expanded to times the Sun's radius. It is radiating as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of . Traditionally","of its mass and age, showing a projected rotational velocity of 10 km/s. 114 Tauri 114 Tauri, or o Tauri, is a single, blue-white hued star in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It is a faint star but visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.88. The distance to this star, as determined from its annual parallax shift of , is roughly 620 light years. It is moving further from the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of 16.5 km/s, having come as close as some 9.6 million years ago. It is a member of the","Piscium itself is known as (, .) Delta Piscium Delta Piscium (δ Piscium) is a solitary, orange-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +4.4, so it is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.5 mas, it is around from the Sun. The visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K4 IIIb. It has around 1.65 times the mass","of 2.4 billion years it has become a red clump giant, meaning it is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. It has an estimated 1.94 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 44.7 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,017 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \"Twelve States\", refers to an asterism which is represent twelve ancient states in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, consisting of 36 Capricorni, φ Capricorni, ι Capricorni, 37 Capricorni, 35 Capricorni, χ Capricorni, θ Capricorni, 30 Capricorni, 33 Capricorni, ζ Capricorni,","Delta Velorum smaller than their equatorial radii. Gravity darkening results in their effective temperatures at the pole being higher. For component Aa, the polar radius and temperature are and 10,100 K respectively, while the equatorial radius and temperature are and 9,700 K respectively. For component Ab, the corresponding polar values are and 10,120 K, and the equatorial values are and 9,560 K. This results in the star being brighter when seen along their axes of rotation and less bright when observed at their equators. From Earth, the pair is observed nearly equatorially and the absolute visual magnitude is +0.02; from a different","feature of this class of stars is the high mass loss; in the case of S Cassiopeiae it is estimated at per year. S Cassiopeiae has a radius of 930 solar radii; if placed at the center of the Solar System, it would extend past the orbit of Mars and the Asteroid Belt. Its effective temperature is 1,800 K and its bolometric luminosity is 8,000 times that of the sun. S Cassiopeiae is a variable Mira, a pulsating variable star whose visual brightness varies over several magnitudes with a somewhat regular period and amplitude. Its visual magnitude varies between +7.9","Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is (Unicode U+2650 ♐), a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur pulling back a bow. It lies between Scorpius and Ophiuchus to the west and Capricornus and Microscopium to the east. The center of the Milky Way lies in the westernmost part of Sagittarius (see Sagittarius A). As seen from the northern hemisphere, the constellation's","90 Antiope and the eccentricity below 0.006. Every several years, a period of mutual occultations occurs when the asteroid is viewed from Earth. Using Kepler's third law, the mass and density of the components can be derived from the orbital period and component sizes. The axis of the mutual orbit of the two components points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (200°, 38°) with 2 degrees uncertainty. This is tilted about 63° to the circumsolar orbit of the system. Antiope itself has an average diameter of about 88 km, while its twin, S/2000 (90) 1, has an average diameter of 84 km.","Iota Hydrae Iota Hydrae (ι Hydrae, abbreviated Iota Hya, ι Hya), also named Ukdah, is a star in the constellation of Hydra, about 8° to the north-northwest of Alphard (Alpha Hydrae) and just to the south of the celestial equator. Visible to the naked eye, it is a suspected variable star with an apparent visual magnitude that ranges between 3.87 and 3.91. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 12.39 mas measured during the Hipparcos mission, it is located around 263 light-years from the Sun. \"ι Hydrae\" (Latinised to \"Iota Hydrae\") is the star's Bayer designation. This star along with","varies in a sinusoidal pattern that matches this period. The primary has around 2.9 times the mass of the Sun, 3.5 times the Sun's radius, and is emitting 190 the luminosity of the Sun. The effective temperature of the star's photosphere is 12,600 K, giving it the blue-white hue of a B-type star. 41 Tauri 41 Tauri is the Flamsteed designation for a single-lined spectroscopic binary system in the zodiacal constellation of Taurus. The star has a visual magnitude of 5.19, making it visible to the naked eye from brighter suburban skies (according to the Bortle scale). Parallax measurements with","Mortar\", refers to an asterism consisting of refers to an asterism consisting of γ Piscis Austrini, γ Gruis, λ Gruis and 19 Piscis Austrini. Consequently, γ Piscis Austrini itself is known as (, .) Gamma Piscis Austrini Gamma Piscis Austrini (γ Piscis Austrini) is binary star system in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus. It is visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of +4.448. As of 2010, the pair had an angular separation of 4 arc seconds along a position angle of 255°. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 15.14 mas as seen from","Omega2 Cygni Omega Cygni, Latinized from ω Cygni, is the Bayer designation for a solitary star in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.5, which is faintly visible to the naked eye on a dark night. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.17 mas, it is located roughly 399 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is a red giant star on the asymptotic giant branch, with a stellar classification of M2 III. It is a","2.63 times the mass of the Sun, and radiates 447 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,490 K. Phi Capricorni is around 1.24 billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 3.8 km/s. In Chinese, (), meaning \"Twelve States\", refers to an asterism which is represent twelve ancient states in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, consisting of φ Capricorni, ι Capricorni, 38 Capricorni, 35 Capricorni, 36 Capricorni, χ Capricorni, θ Capricorni, 30 Capricorni, 33 Capricorni, ζ Capricorni, 19 Capricorni, 26 Capricorni, 27 Capricorni, 20 Capricorni,","Corvus (constellation) Corvus at magnitude 2.59. Its traditional name means \"wing\", the star marking the left wing in Bayer's \"Uranometria\". 154±1 light-years from Earth, it is a blue-white hued giant star of spectral type B8III that is times as massive, and 355 times as luminous as the Sun. Around million years old, it has largely exhausted its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling as it moves away from the main sequence. A binary star, it has a companion orange or red dwarf star of spectral type K5V to M5V that is about 0.8 times as massive as the Sun. Around 50","gravitational acceleration at the poles is greater than at the equator, so, by the Von Zeipel theorem, the local luminosity is also higher at the poles. This is seen as a variation in effective temperature over the star: the polar temperature is near 10,000 K, while the equatorial temperature is 7,600 K. As a result, if Vega were viewed along the plane of its equator, then the luminosity would be about half the apparent luminosity as viewed from the pole. This large temperature difference between the poles and the equator produces a strong \"gravity darkening\" effect. As viewed from the","Mensa (constellation) Mensa is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere near the south celestial pole, one of twelve constellations drawn up in the 18th century by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille. Its name is Latin for table, though it originally commemorated Table Mountain and was known as Mons Mensae. One of the 88 modern constellations, it covers a keystone-shaped wedge of sky approximately 153.5 square degrees by area. Other than the south polar constellation of Octans, it is the most southerly of constellations and is only observable south of the 5th parallel of the Northern Hemisphere. One of","Leadiant Biosciences it increased the price of chenodeoxycholic acid from €0.28 per capsule to €140 per capsule in 2018. They said “This may be legal but it’s not socially acceptable.” They said they would make a referral to the Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets. Sigma and Tau are the two stars that flank Antares at the centre of the Scorpius constellation. Arabs considered the red Antares the heart of the constellation and therefore regarded the bright stars positioned beside it – Sigma Scorpii and Tau Scorpii – as the arteries leading away from the heart, as indicated by the term that","57.5 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,876 K. It is catalogued as a suspected variable star. \\end{align}</math></ref> Kappa Columbae Kappa Columbae, Latinized from κ Columbae, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Columba. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.37, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.87 mas, it is located at a distance of 183 light years from the Sun. It has a peculiar velocity of , making it a candidate runaway star. For ancient Arabian",", which is considered unusual since A-type stars are not expected to display magnetic activity. Pi2 Columbae Pi Columbae is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Columba. It is a dim but visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.50. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 13.43 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located about 243 light years from the Sun. The pair have an angular separation of 0.1 arc seconds with the primary being an A-type main-sequence star of spectral class A0 V, while the secondary component is a","Orders of magnitude (length) am and 100 am). To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (100 am and 1 fm). The femtometre (symbol fm) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to 10 metres. In particle physics, this unit is more commonly called a fermi, also with abbreviation \"fm\". To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10 metres and 10 metres (1 femtometre (fm) and 10 fm). To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (10 fm","a cyanide in its spectrum. 1 Ceti 1 Ceti is a star in the constellation of Cetus. With an apparent magnitude of about 6.2, the star is barely visible to the naked eye (see Bortle scale). Parallax estimates made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 620 light years (190 parsecs) away from the Earth. 1 Ceti has a spectral type of K1III, implying a K-type giant. These types of stars are generally reddish-colored stars with spectral types from K to M, with radii that are 10 to 100 times larger than the Sun. The \"CNII\"","times brighter than a second magnitude (+2.00) star, and about 100 times brighter than a sixth magnitude star (+6.00). The faintest stars visible to the naked eye under good seeing conditions are about magnitude +6. On both apparent and absolute magnitude scales, the smaller the magnitude number, the brighter the star; the larger the magnitude number, the fainter the star. The brightest stars, on either scale, have negative magnitude numbers. The variation in brightness (Δ\"L\") between two stars is calculated by subtracting the magnitude number of the brighter star (\"m\") from the magnitude number of the fainter star (\"m\"), then","66 Tauri 66 Tauri, also known as r Tauri, is a binary star in the constellation of Taurus. The combined apparent magnitude of the system is 5.098, with the magnitudes of the two components being 5.8 and 5.9, respectively. Parallax measurements by Hipparcos put 66 Tauri at some 400 light-years (121 parsecs) away. This is a visual binary where the positions of the two stars are tracked over time, and used to calculate an orbit. The two stars orbit each other every 55 years. Their orbit is fairly eccentric, at 0.720, and the two stars are separated by 0.188″ on","Mu2 Cancri Mu Cancri is a solitary, yellow-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.30. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 42.94 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located around 76.0 light years from the Sun. Mu Cancri will make its closest approach in about 600,000 years when it passes at a distance of . At the estimated age of 5.6 billion years, it is an evolving G-type subgiant star with a stellar classification of G2 IV. It has 1.2 times the mass","Corona Borealis respectively. Chinese astronomers deemed nine stars to make up the asterism, adding Pi and Rho Coronae Borealis. Within the constellation's borders, there are 37 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Alpha Coronae Borealis (officially named Alphecca by the IAU, but sometimes also known as Gemma) appears as a blue-white star of magnitude 2.2. In fact, it is an Algol-type eclipsing binary that varies by 0.1 magnitude with a period of 17.4 days. The primary is a white main-sequence star of spectral type A0V that is 2.91 times the mass of the Sun () and 57 times as","5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 9.63. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye, but can be seen with good binoculars. The star is known to host one planet, BD+14 4559 b, and is 47% more massive than Jupiter. It orbits within the habitable zone of its parent star at a distance of 0.77 AU, somewhat close to the orbital distance of Venus. Based on observations, there may be an undetected second planet orbiting the star, however this is unconfirmed. BD+14 4559 BD+14 4559 is a","appears dark but can look quite blue when reflecting the light of energetic nearby stars. Since it is near the ecliptic, Nu Scorpii can be occulted by the Moon and, very rarely, by planets. Mercury occulted it on 14 December 1821, but will not occult it again until 2 December 2031. The last occultation by Venus took place on 27 December 1852 and the next will take place on 30 December 2095. On 29 July 1808 there was an occultation by Neptune. \"ν Scorpii\" (Latinised to \"Nu Scorpii\") is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of its two constituent groups","star to be identified has about 8% of the Sun’s mass and glows feebly at absolute magnitude +19. Compared to the Sun, which has an absolute of +4.8, this faint star is 14 magnitudes or 400,000 times dimmer than our Sun. Our galaxy's most massive stars begin their lives with masses of roughly 100 times solar, radiating at upwards of absolute magnitude –8, over 160,000 times the solar luminosity. The total range of stellar luminosities, then, occupies a range of 27 magnitudes, or a factor of 60 billion. In measuring star brightnesses, absolute magnitude, apparent magnitude, and distance are interrelated","Eta Cygni Eta Cygni (η Cygni) is a star in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 3.889. The star lies along the main body of the constellation, about midway between Gamma Cygni and Albireo. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 24.17 mas, it is located 135 light years from the Sun. At an age of about 3.3 billion years, this is an evolved red clump giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III. It is presently on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through the","Delta Pavonis Delta Pavonis (δ Pav, δ Pavonis) is a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Pavo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.56, making it a fourth-magnitude star that is visible to the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements from the Hipparcos satellite yield an estimated distance of from Earth. This makes it one of the nearest bright stars to the Solar System. It is a subgiant of spectral type G8 IV; it will stop fusing hydrogen relatively soon, starting the process of becoming a red giant. Hence, Delta Pavonis is 22% brighter than the","Eta Canis Majoris spite of a large distance from Earth due to being intrinsically many times brighter (absolute magnitude) than the Sun. A blue-white supergiant of spectral type B5Ia, Aludra has a luminosity 176,000 times and a diameter around 80 times that of the Sun. Hohle and colleagues, using the parallax, extinction and analysis of spectrum, came up with a mass 19.19 times that and luminosity 105,442 times that of the Sun. It has only been around a fraction of the time the Sun has, yet is already in the last stages of its life. It is still expanding and may become a","Omega1 Cancri Omega Cancri (ω Cancri) is a yellow-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. It is a faint star near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.85. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 4.92 mas as seen from Earth, this system is roughly 660 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.10 due to interstellar dust. At an estimated age of 270 million years, this is an evolved G-type giant with a stellar classification","Omicron Tauri Omicron Tauri (ο Tau, ο Tauri) is a star in the constellation Taurus. Omicron Tauri is a yellow G-type giant with an apparent magnitude of +3.61. This star has three times the mass of the Sun and fifteen to eighteen times the Sun's radius. Based on the latter, interferometry-measured radius, it is rotating once every 533 days. It is approximately 212 light years from Earth and is radiating 155 times the luminosity of the Sun. This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary system with the two components orbiting each other over a period of 1,655 days with an eccentricity","they have already become giants. In 2000, the pair had an angular separation of 1.217 arcseconds with a position angle of 351.9°. Their positions have been observed since 1897, which is long enough to estimate an orbital period of 84.5 years and a semimajor axis of 0.93 arcseconds. At the distance of this system, this is equivalent to a linear distance of about 93 Astronomical Units. The star Tau Centauri is relatively close to Gamma Centauri, with an estimated separation of . In Chinese, (), meaning \"Arsenal\", refers to an asterism consisting of γ Centauri, ζ Centauri, η Centauri, θ","Z Canis Majoris Z Canis Majoris (Z CMa) is a B-type star in the constellation of Canis Major. It has an average apparent visual magnitude of approximately 9.85, though has brightened by 1-2 magnitudes in irregular outbursts in 1987, 2000, 2004 and 2008. The star is a complex binary system only 300,000 years old with two main components separated by an estimated 100 astronomical units (AU) or 0.1\" as seen from Earth. The southeast component is an FU Orionis star (a type of pre-main-sequence star) that is 1300 times as luminous as the Sun, has 3 times its mass and","name \"Pherkad\" for Gamma Ursae Minoris on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, (), meaning \"North Pole\", refers to an asterism consisting of Gamma Ursae Minoris, Beta Ursae Minoris, 5 Ursae Minoris, 4 Ursae Minoris and Σ 1694. Consequently, Gamma Ursae Minoris itself is known as (, ), representing (), meaning \"Crown Prince\". Gamma Ursae Minoris has apparent magnitude +3.05 and can be readily observed with the naked eye even in a city-lit night sky. It has an absolute magnitude of –2.84. Measurement of the star's spectrum resulted","of the Sun. The star is spinning relatively rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of 161 km/s. It is radiating around 4.3 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 7,079 K. Nu1 Columbae Nu Columbae, Latinized from ν Columbae, is a star in the southern constellation of Columba. It is visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.14. According to the Bortle scale, stars with this magnitude are faintly visible from dark rural skies. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.40 mas, this star is about 128 light years","Crux Crux is a constellation located in the southern sky in a bright portion of the Milky Way. It is among the most easily distinguished constellations, as all of its four main stars have an apparent visual magnitude brighter than +2.8, even though it is the smallest of all 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for cross, and it is dominated by a cross-shaped or kite-like asterism that is commonly known as the Southern Cross. Predominating is the first-magnitude blue-white star of Alpha Crucis or Acrux, being the constellation's brightest and most southerly member. Crux is followed by four","Cepheus (constellation) and is paired with a blue main sequence star called VV Cephei B. One of the largest stars in the galaxy, it has a diameter 1,400 times that of the Sun. VV Cephei is also an unusually long-period eclipsing binary, but the eclipses, which occur every 20.3 years, are too faint to be observed with the unaided eye. T Cephei, also a red giant, is a Mira variable with a minimum magnitude of 11.3 and a maximum magnitude of 5.2, 685 light-years from Earth. It has a period of 13 months and a diameter of between 329 to 500 solar","Omega Geminorum Omega Geminorum, Latinized from ω Geminorum, is a star located in the middle of the northern zodiac constellation of Gemini. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.18, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. According to the Bortle scale, it can be viewed from dark suburban skies. With an annual parallax shift of just 2.19 mas, it is located about 1,500 light years from the Sun. This is an evolved bright giant star with a stellar classification of G5 II. It is positioned near the instability strip and in 1977 was listed as a candidate cepheid variable","X2 Centauri x Centauri is a star located in the constellation Centaurus. It is also known by its designations HD 108114 and HR 4724. The apparent magnitude of the star is about 5.7, meaning it is only visible to the naked eye under excellent viewing conditions. Its distance is about 440 light-years (140 parsecs), based on its parallax measured by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite. x Centauri's spectral type is B9IV/V, meaning it is a late B-type main sequence star or subgiant. These types of stars are a few times more massive than the Sun, and have effective temperatures of about","Gamma Circini a large eccentricity of 0.931. As of 2014, the visible components have an angular separation of 0.80 arc seconds along a position angle of 359°. The primary star, component A, is a B-type subgiant star with a stellar classification of B5 VI. Based upon isochrone curve fitting it is hypothesized to be a pair of matching B5 stars, and is a Be variable with an uncertain maximum. It has an effective temperature of 15,135 K and an estimated mass six times that of the Sun. The companion, component B, is an F-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of","Kepler-62d on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65.","with its outer envelope cooling and expanding in the process. Alpha Horologii has an estimated 1.55 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 38 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,028 K. Alpha Horologii Alpha Horologii (α Horologii) is a solitary orange-hued giant star in the constellation Horologium. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +3.85. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 28.36 mas as seen from the Earth, it is located from the Sun. The star is moving away from the Sun with a","parallax and proper motion as Gamma Normae. γ Nor is a yellow supergiant located nearby on the celestial sphere, but is much further away from Earth and nearly a magnitude fainter. Gamma2 Normae Gamma Normae, Latinized from γ Nor, is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Norma. Its apparent magnitude is 4.02 – making it a faint star but visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.33 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located roughly 129 light years from the Sun. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial","Celaeno (star) Celaeno, also designated 16 Tauri, is a star in the constellation of Taurus and a member of the Pleiades open star cluster (M45) of stars. 16 Tauri is a blue-white B-type subgiant with an apparent magnitude of +5.45. It is approximately 430 light years from the Sun; about the same distance as the Pleiades. The interstellar extinction of this star is fairly small at 0.05 magnitudes. The projected rotational velocity of the equator is 185 km/s. It is over four times the radius of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 12,800 K. \"16 Tauri\" is the","but was still listed at NEODyS with odds of 1 in 3 million for 27 November 2015 during the approach window. With an absolute magnitude of 23.6, is about 50–110 meters in diameter. 2007 VE191 It is estimated to be roughly 63 meters in diameter. In 2015 it was known to have a 1 in 63,000 chance of impacting Earth on 27 November 2015. However, the nominal best-fit orbit showed that would be roughly from Earth on 27 November 2015 with an apparent magnitude of roughly +25 in the constellation of Virgo about 50 degrees from the Sun, and the","Lambda Piscium Lambda Piscium, Latinized from λ Piscium, is a solitary, white-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49, it is visible to the naked eye, forming the southeast corner of the \"Circlet\" asterism in Pisces. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 30.59 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 107 light years distant from the Sun. Lambda Piscium is a member of the Ursa Major Stream, lying among the outer parts, or corona, of this moving group of stars that roughly follow a common heading through space. This well-studied","known as (, .) \\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Apodis Beta Apodis (β Aps, β Apodis) is the Bayer designation for a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Apus. It is located approximately from Earth, as determined by parallax measurements. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +4.24, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye The spectrum of this star matches the characteristics of a K0 III, which, according to models of stellar evolution, indicates that it is in the giant star stage, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. The measured angular diameter of","darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,","14 Cancri 14 Cancri is a star in the northern zodiac constellation of Cancer. It can be referred to as ψ Cancri, very occasionally as ψ Cancri, to distinguish it from 13 Cancri which is sometimes called ψ Cancri. It is just barely visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +5.73. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 24.18 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 135 light years from the Sun. It may be a member of the Wolf 630 moving group of stars. This object has a stellar classification of G7 V, which","is not known to host planets. Beta Canum Venaticorum Beta Canum Venaticorum (β Canum Venaticorum, abbreviated Beta CVn, β CVn), also named Chara, is a G-type main-sequence star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. At an apparent visual magnitude of 4.26, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 118.49 mas, this star is distant from the Sun. Along with the brighter star Cor Caroli, the pair form the \"southern dog\" in this constellation that represents hunting dogs. \"β Canum Venaticorum\" (Latinised to \"Beta Canum Venaticorum\") is the star's Bayer designation. The","Phase curve (astronomy) a lunar opposition surge. The Moon's apparent magnitude at full phase is −12.7 while at quarter phase it is 21 percent as bright. The phase curves of many natural satellites of other planets have been observed and interpreted. The icy moons often exhibit opposition brightness surges. This behavior has been used to model their surfaces. The phase curves of many asteroids have also been observed and they too may exhibit opposition surges. Asteroids can be physically classified in this way. The effects of rotation can be very large and have to be factored in before the phase curve is computed.","Lambda1 Sculptoris Lambda Sculptoris, Latinized from λ Sculptoris, is a double star system in the southern constellation of Sculptor. It is close to the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye, with a combined apparent visual magnitude of +6.05. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 6.89 mas as measured from Earth, it is located roughly 470 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.026 due to interstellar dust. The brighter star, component A, has a visual magnitude of 6.6, while the secondary, component B, is magnitude 7.0.","Omicron Velorum Omicron Velorum (ο Vel, ο Velorum) is a star in the constellation Vela. It is the brightest member of the loose naked eye open cluster IC 2391, also known as the ο Velorum Cluster. Omicron Velorum is a blue-white B-type subgiant with a mean apparent magnitude of +3.60. It is approximately 495 light years from Earth. A slowly pulsating B star, it ranges between magnitudes 3.57 and 3.63 over 2.8 days. The correct Bayer designation for ο Velorum has been debated. Lacaille assigned one Greek letter sequence for the bright stars of Argo Navis. These Lacaille designations are","Gamma Pictoris Gamma Pictoris, Latinized from γ Pictoris, is a single, orange-hued star in the southern constellation of Pictor. It is a faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.50. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 18.45 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located about 177 light years from the Sun. It is moving away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +15.7 km/s. This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K1 III. It has 1.59 times the mass of the Sun, while its diameter has","Magnitude (astronomy) reckoned among these six Orders. Altho' the Distinction of \"Stars\" into six Degrees of Magnitude is commonly received by \"Astronomers\"; yet we are not to judge, that every particular \"Star\" is exactly to be ranked according to a certain Bigness, which is one of the Six; but rather in reality there are almost as many Orders of \"Stars\", as there are \"Stars\", few of them being exactly of the same Bigness and Lustre. And even among those \"Stars\" which are reckoned of the brightest Class, there appears a Variety of Magnitude; for \"Sirius\" or \"Arcturus\" are each of them brighter","Beta Pictoris b star named Beta Pictoris. The star has a mass of 1.75 and a radius of 1.8 . It has a surface temperature of 8056 K and is 12 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.06, or 112% of that found in the Sun. Its luminosity () is 8.7 times that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 3. Therefore, it can be seen with the naked eye.","the second member is a B9.5 V star with a magnitude of 6.46. The pair have an angular separation of 0.091 arcseconds with an estimated orbital period of 59.32 years. They are about 3.89 and 3.45 times as massive as the Sun. In Chinese caused by adaptation of the European southern hemisphere constellations into the Chinese system, (), meaning \"Exotic Bird\", refers to an asterism consisting of ι Apodis, ζ Apodis, β Apodis, γ Apodis, δ Octantis, δ Apodis, η Apodis, α Apodis and ε Apodis. Consequently, ι Apodis itself is known as (, .) Iota Apodis Iota Apodis (ι","Telescopium Herschelii Telescopium Herschelii (Latin for \"Herschel's telescope\"), also formerly known as Tubus Hershelli Major, is a former constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. Maximilian Hell established it in 1789 to honour Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. It fell out of use by the end of the 19th century. Psi Aurigae at apparent magnitude 4.8 was the constellation's brightest star. It was one of two constellations created by Maximilian Hell in 1789 to honour the famous English astronomer Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. Named \"Tubus Hershelli Major\" by Hell, it was located in the","0.04, or 109% the solar amount. This is particularly odd as such low-mass stars near the boundary between brown dwarfs and hydrogen-fusing stars should be expected to have considerably less metal content than the Sun. Its luminosity (\"L\") is 0.05% of that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 18.8, too dim to be seen with the naked eye. TRAPPIST-1g orbits its host star with an orbital period of about 12.353 days and an orbital radius of about 0.0451 times that of Earth's (compared to the distance of Mercury from the","Perseus (constellation) in Perseus. Representing the head of the Gorgon Medusa in Greek mythology, it was called Horus in Egyptian mythology and \"Rosh ha Satan\" (\"Satan's Head\") in Hebrew. Located 92.8 light-years from Earth, it varies in apparent magnitude from a minimum of 3.5 to a maximum of 2.3 over a period of 2.867 days. The star system is the prototype of a group of eclipsing binary stars named Algol variables, though it has a third member to make up what is actually a triple star system. The brightest component is a blue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B8V, which is 3.5","Mu Virginis Mu Virginis (μ Vir, μ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It was listed in the \"Calendarium\" of Al Achsasi al Mouakket as \"rijl al-‘awwa’\", Arabic رجل العوى, meaning \"The foot of the barking (dog)\". With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.88, it is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. The position of the star near the celestial equator means it is visible from most of the Earth. Based upon parallax measurements, Mu Virginis is located some 59.6 light years from the Sun. Rijl al Awwa is an F-type main sequence","Lupus (constellation) association with the sun god and another mythical being called the Bison-man, which is supposedly related to the Greek constellation of Centaurus. Lupus is bordered by six different constellations, although one of them (Hydra) merely touches at the corner. The other five are Scorpius (the scorpion), Norma (the right angle), Circinus (the compass), Libra (the balance scale), and Centaurus (the centaur). Covering 333.7 square degrees and 0.809% of the night sky, it ranks 46th of the 88 modern constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is \"Lup\". The official constellation boundaries","Lambda Cephei Lambda Cephei (λ Cephei) is a fifth magnitude blue supergiant star in the constellation Cepheus, one of the hottest and most luminous visible to the naked eye. It is a hot O6.5 supergiant star at a distance of approximately 1,980 light years, whose absolute brightness around half a million times the Sun. Its radius is around 20 times that of the latter, with a mass that has been estimated to be between 45 and 60 solar masses. Lambda Cephei turns around its axis in less than three days compared to the 24.47 days that the Sun needs to","Eta Ursae Majoris Eta Ursae Majoris (η Ursae Majoris, abbreviated Eta UMa, η UMa), also named Alkaid, is a star in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is the most eastern (leftmost) star in the Big Dipper (Plough) asterism. However, unlike most stars of the Big Dipper, it is not a member of the Ursa Major moving group. With an apparent visual magnitude of +1.84, it is the third-brightest star in the constellation and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Eta Ursae Majoris is a 10-million-year-old B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B3 V.","K, and it shines with 1,734 times the luminosity of the Sun. Sigma Virginis Sigma Virginis (σ Vir, σ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It can be faintly seen with the naked eye with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.86. Based upon parallax measurements, the distance to this star is roughly 680 light years. This is an evolved red giant star with a stellar classification of M1 III. It is a suspected variable star with a brightness that ranges from magnitude +4.77 to +4.86. This variation has pulsation periods of 23.4, 24.3, 27.9, and","Leo Minor apparent magnitude of 4.4. It has around double the mass, 7.8 times the radius and 36 times the luminosity of the Earth's Sun. Separated by 11 seconds of arc from the primary, the secondary is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F8. The two orbit around a common centre of gravity every 38.62 years, and lie away from the Solar System. Around away and around 10 times as luminous as the Sun, 21 Leonis Minoris is a rapidly rotating white main-sequence star, spinning on its axis in less than 12 hours and very likely flattened in shape. Of","Chi Tauri Chi Tauri (χ Tau, χ Tau) is a star system in the constellation of Taurus. Parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 291 light years (89 parsecs) from Earth. The primary component has an apparent magnitude of about 5.4, meaning it is visible with the naked eye. The main component of the system is Chi Tauri A. It is a B-type main-sequence star. Its mass is 2.6 times that of the Sun and its surface glows with an effective temperature of 10,300 K. It may be a binary star itself, as","Gamma Ophiuchi Gamma Ophiuchi, Latinized from γ Ophiuchi, is a fourth-magnitude star in the constellation Ophiuchus. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 31.73 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 103 light years from the Sun. The system has an age of roughly 184 million years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −7.6 km/s. It is known also as Muliphen, although at least two more stars are known with this name: Gamma Canis Majoris (often spelled as Muliphein) and Gamma Centauri (often spelled as Muhlifain). This is an A-type main sequence star","variable, varying by an amplitude of 0.025 in B magnitude with a period of 118 minutes. At the age of 786 million years, it has a high rate of spin with a projected rotational velocity of 103 km/s. The star has 1.45 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 12.6 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,132 K. TU Corvi TU Corvi is a yellow-white hued star in the southern constellation of Corvus. It is a dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.20. The distance to","Cancer (constellation) 0.005 magnitude over a period of 6 days. An aging star, it has expanded to around 50 times the Sun's diameter and shines with 660 times its luminosity. It has a faint magnitude 14 red dwarf companion located 29 arcseconds away that takes 76,000 years to complete an orbit. Altarf represents a part of Cancer's body. At magnitude 3.9 is Delta Cancri, also known as Asellus Australis. Located 131±1 light-years from Earth, it is an orange-hued giant star that has swollen and cooled off the main sequence to become an orange giant with a radius 11 times and luminosity 53","that metal-rich stars tend to have orbiting planets more often than metal-poor stars. Kepler-4 is also about 6.7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. In addition, Kepler-4 has an effective temperature of 5781 (± 76) K, which is almost identical, within the errors, to that of the Sun, which is 5778 K. As seen from Earth, Kepler-4 has an apparent magnitude of 12.7. It is, as a result, not visible with the naked eye. Kepler-4b's discovery was announced on January 4, 2010. It is the size of planet Neptune, at 0.077 M (7% the","TV Pictoris TV Pictoris is a rotating ellipsoidal variable star in the constellation Pictor. It ranges between apparent magnitude 7.37 - 7.53 over a period of 0.85 days. It was first discovered to be variable in 1987. The system is inclined at an angle of 54 degrees to observers on Earth. It is composed of a primary star that has a radius 4.3 times that of the sun and 1.2 times its mass, and an effective (surface) temperature of 8300 K, and a secondary star with a radius 2.1 times that of the sun and 40% of its mass, and","the ancient Greek astronomer Timocharis observed a conjunction of the star with Venus. The last occultation by a planet took place on September 27, 1843, also by Venus, which will occult it again on November 19, 2445. Eta Virginis Eta Virginis (η Virginis, abbreviated Eta Vir, η Vir) is a triple star system in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. From parallax measurements taken during the Hipparcos mission it is approximately from the Sun. It has a combined apparent visual magnitude of 3.89, which is bright enough for the system to be seen with the naked eye in dark skies. The","QZ Carinae times the Sun's mass and 8.9 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 32,463 K, it is around 80,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Star B1 is less massive than B2 and is assumed to have undergone significant mass loss or mass transfer to B2. Together, all four stars have a combined mass 94 times that of the Sun. Star B is a Beta Lyrae variable eclipsing system. It causes the apparent magnitude of the system to vary regularly every 5.999 days from +6.16 at maximum to +6.49 at the primary minimum and +6.43 at the secondary minimum.","astronomers term metallicity, is similar to the proportions in the Sun. This is a variable star that ranges in apparent visual magnitude from a low of 2.66 to a high of 2.60. \\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Corvi Beta Corvi (β Corvi, abbreviated Beta Crv, β Crv), also named Kraz, is the second-brightest star in the southern constellation of Corvus with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.647. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is about distant from the Sun. \"β Corvi\" (Latinised to \"Beta Corvi\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional name of \"Kraz\", whose origin","as much as 50,000 AU where the temperature drops to 40 K. This optically thin dust is not related to the pulsational behavior of the star. Tau1 Lupi Tau Lupi, Latinized from τ Lupi, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Lupus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.5. Based upon an annual parallax shift of only 2.99 mas as seen from Earth, it is located about 1,090 light years from the Sun. Tau Lupi may be a runaway star having a peculiar velocity of . It is a member of","Ursa Minor has had its mass estimated at 1.3 times that of the Sun via measurement of these oscillations. Kochab is 450 times more luminous than the Sun and has 42 times its diameter, with a surface temperature of approximately 4,130 K. Estimated to be around 2.95 billion years old, give or take 1 billion years, Kochab was announced to have a planetary companion around 6.1 times as massive as Jupiter with an orbit of 522 days. Traditionally known as Pherkad, Gamma Ursae Minoris has an apparent magnitude that varies between 3.04 and 3.09 roughly every 3.4 hours. It and Kochab have","Scorpius–Centaurus Association The Scorpius–Centaurus Association (sometimes called Sco–Cen or Sco OB2) is the nearest OB association to the Sun. This stellar association is composed of three subgroups (Upper Scorpius, Upper Centaurus–Lupus, and Lower Centaurus–Crux), whose mean distances range from 380 to 470 light years. Using improved Hipparcos data, Rizzuto and colleagues analysed nearby stars more closely, bringing the number of known members to 436. They doubt the need to add a subclassification because they found a more continuous spread of stars. The Sco–Cen subgroups range in age from 11 million years (Upper Scorpius) to roughly 15 million years (Upper Centaurus–Lupus","4 magnitudes dimmer located 1.90 arcseconds away, whether this a gravitationally bound companion star or a chance optical alignment is unknown. Kepler-7b is the only planet that has been discovered in Kepler-7's orbit. It is .433 M and 1.478 R, meaning it is 43% the mass of planet Jupiter, but is nearly three halves its size. With a density of .166 grams/cc, the planet is approximately 17% the density of water. This is comparable to styrofoam. At a distance of .06224 AU from its host star, Kepler-7b completes an orbit around Kepler-7 every 4.8855 days. Planet Mercury, however, orbits the","Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right","Ursa Minor remain in use, likely because of their proximity to the north celestial pole. Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Marking the Little Bear's tail, Polaris, or Alpha Ursae Minoris, is the brightest star in the constellation, varying between apparent magnitude 1.97 and 2.00 over a period of 3.97 days. Located around 432 light-years away from Earth, it is a yellow-white supergiant that varies between spectral types F7Ib and F8Ib, and has around 6 times the Sun's mass, 2,500 times its luminosity and 45 times its radius. Polaris is the brightest","Psi2 Lupi Psi Lupi (ψ Lup) is a triple star system in the constellation Lupus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude of 4.75. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.97 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 360 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of due to interstellar dust. This system is a member of the Upper Centaurus-Lupus subgroup of the Scorpius–Centaurus Association. The inner pair of stars in this system form a double-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of","and an orbital period of 605 days. Beta Cancri Beta Cancri (β Cancri, abbreviated Beta Cnc, β Cnc), also named Tarf, is the brightest star in the zodiacal constellation of Cancer. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +3.5 and an absolute magnitude of −1.2. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is approximately 290 light-years distant from the Sun. An exoplanet, designated Beta Cancri b, is believed to be orbiting the star. Beta Cancri has a companion listed and together they are designated WDS J08165+0911. As the primary, Beta Cancri bears the designation WDS J08165+0911A. The","Norma (constellation) magnitude of 5.4. It lies in the southeastern corner of the constellation between Alpha Centauri and Zeta Arae. Thought to be around 100 million years old, it is about 3300 light-years away and is around 14 light-years in diameter. Its brightest member is the Cepheid variable S Normae. A rich background star field makes it less distinct, though around 36 member stars are visible though a 10 cm telescope at 150x magnification. Located 0.4° north of Kappa Normae is NGC 6067, which has an integrated magnitude of 5.6 though it is indistinct as it lies in a rich star field.","branch, and started helium fusion in its core. τ Sagittarii is the closest constellational star (a star that is part of the traditional outline of a constellation) to the origin of the 1977 Wow! signal. \\end{align}</math></ref> Tau Sagittarii Tau Sagittarii (Tau Sgr, τ Sagittarii, τ Sgr) is a star in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. With an apparent visual magnitude of +3.3, this is one of the brighter members of the constellation. The distance of this star from Earth is roughly , based upon parallax measurements. This is a spectral type K1 giant star with about . The stellar","Cassiopeia (constellation) W appears inverted. Alpha Cassiopeiae, traditionally called Schedar (from the Arabic \"Al Sadr\", \"the breast\"), is a multiple star. The primary is an orange-hued giant of magnitude 2.2, 228 ± 2 light-years from Earth. With a luminosity of around 771 times that of the Sun, it has swollen and cooled after exhausting its core hydrogen over its 100 to 200 million-year lifespan, spending much of it as a blue-white B-type main-sequence star. The brightest companion is a magnitude 8.9 yellow dwarf widely separated from the primary, while two other companions are closer and magnitudes 13 and 14 respectively. Beta Cassiopeiae,","has a slightly warmer temperature of 5778 K. Kepler-6 has a metallicity of [Fe/H] = +0.34, making it 2.2 times more metallic than the Sun. On average, metal-rich stars tend to be more likely to have planets and planetary systems. The star, as seen from Earth, has an apparent magnitude of 13.8. It is not visible with the naked eye. In comparison, Pluto's apparent magnitude at its brightest is slightly brighter, at 13.65. Kepler-6 has one confirmed extrasolar planet; it is a gas giant named Kepler-6b. The planet is approximately .669 M, or some two-thirds the mass of planet Jupiter.","Gamma Lyrae Gamma Lyrae (Latinized from γ Lyrae, abbreviated Gamma Lyr, γ Lyr), also named Sulafat, is the second-brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.3, it is readily visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements yield an estimated distance of from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of due to interstellar dust. \"γ Lyrae\" (Latinised to \"Gamma Lyrae\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \"Sulafat\" (\"Sulaphat\"), from the Arabic \"al-sulḥafāt\" \"turtle\", and \"Jugum\", from the Latin \"yoke\".","Scorpius–Centaurus Association and Lower Centaurus–Crux). Many of the bright stars in the constellations Scorpius, Lupus, Centaurus, and Crux are members of the Sco–Cen association, including Antares (the most massive member of Upper Scorpius), and most of the stars in the Southern Cross. Hundreds of stars have been identified as members of Sco-Cen, with masses ranging from roughly 15 solar masses (Antares) down to below the hydrogen-burning limit (i.e. brown dwarfs), and the total stellar population in each of the three subgroups is probably of the order 1000–2000. The Sco–Cen OB association appears to be the most pronounced part of a large complex","Alpha Circini Alpha Circini (α Cir, α Circini) is a variable star in the faint, southern, circumpolar constellation of Circinus. At an apparent visual magnitude of 3.19, it is the brightest star in the constellation and can be readily seen with the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements of this star yield an estimated distance of from the Earth. This star belongs to a class of variables known as rapidly oscillating Ap stars. It oscillates with multiple, non-radial pulsation cycles and a dominant cycle of 6.8 minutes. The spectrum shows peculiar features caused by chemical stratification of the","V Centauri V Centauri (V Cen) is a Classical Cepheid variable, a type of variable star, in the constellation Centaurus. Its apparent magnitude is 6.72, and it is approximately 2,500 light-years (800 parsecs) away based on parallax. According to the South African Astronomical Observatory, the chemical composition was derived as being high in sodium (Na) and aluminium (Al) and low in magnesium (Mg). Following a normal composition for a Cepheid star, V Cen does not have any unusual characteristics. V Centauri's composition was observed alongside six other Classical Cepheid variable stars with the support of Russian, Chilean, and Ukrainian observatories.","Zeta Circini Zeta Circini, Latinized from ζ Circini, is the Bayer designation for a star located in the southern constellation of Circinus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 6.08, it is barely visible to the naked eye on a dark night. (According to the Bortle scale, it requires the lighting level of suburban skies or darker to be seen.) The distance to this star, as estimated using an annual parallax shift of 2.56 mas, is around 1,300 light years. This is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B2/3 Vn, where the 'n' suffix indicates broad (\"nebulous\")","the surface of the Sun. At this heat, the star shines with the characteristic blue-white hue of a B-type star. Theta Arae Theta Arae, Latinized from θ Arae, is the Bayer designation for a star in the constellation Ara. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +3.67, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 4.01 mas, Theta Arae is distant from the Earth. This is a supergiant star with a stellar classification of B2 Ib. It has nearly nine times the mass of the Sun and is over 20","Theta Scorpii Theta Scorpii (θ Scorpii, abbreviated Theta Sco, θ Sco) is a binary star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +1.87, making it readily visible to the naked eye and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It is sufficiently near that the distance can be measured directly using the parallax technique and such measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission yield an estimate of approximately 300 light-years (90 parsecs) from the Sun. The two components are designated Theta Scorpii A (also named Sargas) and B. \"θ Scorpii\" (Latinised"],"string":"[\n \"K2-239 K2-239 (also designated EPIC 248545986) is a small red dwarf star in the constellation Sextans about 49 parsecs (160 light-years) away from Earth. Observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during Campaign 14 of its K2 \\\"Second Light\\\" mission, it was found to have three hot, likely rocky Earth-sized planets in orbit around it. K2-239 is a small red dwarf star of spectral class M3V. It is 40% the mass and 36% the radius of the Sun with just 0.016 times the luminosity. It has a temperature of 3420 K and its age is unknown. For comparison, the Sun has\",\n \"within the Vermilion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, \\\"Nán Fāng Zhū Què\\\"). Cancer (constellation) Cancer is one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for crab and it is commonly represented as one. Its astrological symbol is (Unicode ♋). Cancer is a medium-size constellation with an area of 506 square degrees and its stars are rather faint, its brightest star Beta Cancri having an apparent magnitude of 3.5. It contains two stars with known planets, including 55 Cancri, which has five: one super-earth and four gas giants, one of which is in the habitable zone and\",\n \"Crater (constellation) stars—Delta, Alpha and Gamma Crateris—from a triangle nearby the brighter star Nu Hydrae in Hydra. Within the constellation's borders, there are 33 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Delta Crateris is the brightest star in Crater at magnitude 3.6. Located 163 ± 4 light-years away, It is an orange giant star of spectral type K0III that is 1.0–1.4 times as massive as the Sun. An ageing star, it has cooled and expanded to times the Sun's radius. It is radiating as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of . Traditionally\",\n \"of its mass and age, showing a projected rotational velocity of 10 km/s. 114 Tauri 114 Tauri, or o Tauri, is a single, blue-white hued star in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It is a faint star but visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.88. The distance to this star, as determined from its annual parallax shift of , is roughly 620 light years. It is moving further from the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of 16.5 km/s, having come as close as some 9.6 million years ago. It is a member of the\",\n \"Piscium itself is known as (, .) Delta Piscium Delta Piscium (δ Piscium) is a solitary, orange-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +4.4, so it is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.5 mas, it is around from the Sun. The visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K4 IIIb. It has around 1.65 times the mass\",\n \"of 2.4 billion years it has become a red clump giant, meaning it is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. It has an estimated 1.94 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 44.7 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,017 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Twelve States\\\", refers to an asterism which is represent twelve ancient states in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, consisting of 36 Capricorni, φ Capricorni, ι Capricorni, 37 Capricorni, 35 Capricorni, χ Capricorni, θ Capricorni, 30 Capricorni, 33 Capricorni, ζ Capricorni,\",\n \"Delta Velorum smaller than their equatorial radii. Gravity darkening results in their effective temperatures at the pole being higher. For component Aa, the polar radius and temperature are and 10,100 K respectively, while the equatorial radius and temperature are and 9,700 K respectively. For component Ab, the corresponding polar values are and 10,120 K, and the equatorial values are and 9,560 K. This results in the star being brighter when seen along their axes of rotation and less bright when observed at their equators. From Earth, the pair is observed nearly equatorially and the absolute visual magnitude is +0.02; from a different\",\n \"feature of this class of stars is the high mass loss; in the case of S Cassiopeiae it is estimated at per year. S Cassiopeiae has a radius of 930 solar radii; if placed at the center of the Solar System, it would extend past the orbit of Mars and the Asteroid Belt. Its effective temperature is 1,800 K and its bolometric luminosity is 8,000 times that of the sun. S Cassiopeiae is a variable Mira, a pulsating variable star whose visual brightness varies over several magnitudes with a somewhat regular period and amplitude. Its visual magnitude varies between +7.9\",\n \"Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is (Unicode U+2650 ♐), a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur pulling back a bow. It lies between Scorpius and Ophiuchus to the west and Capricornus and Microscopium to the east. The center of the Milky Way lies in the westernmost part of Sagittarius (see Sagittarius A). As seen from the northern hemisphere, the constellation's\",\n \"90 Antiope and the eccentricity below 0.006. Every several years, a period of mutual occultations occurs when the asteroid is viewed from Earth. Using Kepler's third law, the mass and density of the components can be derived from the orbital period and component sizes. The axis of the mutual orbit of the two components points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (200°, 38°) with 2 degrees uncertainty. This is tilted about 63° to the circumsolar orbit of the system. Antiope itself has an average diameter of about 88 km, while its twin, S/2000 (90) 1, has an average diameter of 84 km.\",\n \"Iota Hydrae Iota Hydrae (ι Hydrae, abbreviated Iota Hya, ι Hya), also named Ukdah, is a star in the constellation of Hydra, about 8° to the north-northwest of Alphard (Alpha Hydrae) and just to the south of the celestial equator. Visible to the naked eye, it is a suspected variable star with an apparent visual magnitude that ranges between 3.87 and 3.91. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 12.39 mas measured during the Hipparcos mission, it is located around 263 light-years from the Sun. \\\"ι Hydrae\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Iota Hydrae\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. This star along with\",\n \"varies in a sinusoidal pattern that matches this period. The primary has around 2.9 times the mass of the Sun, 3.5 times the Sun's radius, and is emitting 190 the luminosity of the Sun. The effective temperature of the star's photosphere is 12,600 K, giving it the blue-white hue of a B-type star. 41 Tauri 41 Tauri is the Flamsteed designation for a single-lined spectroscopic binary system in the zodiacal constellation of Taurus. The star has a visual magnitude of 5.19, making it visible to the naked eye from brighter suburban skies (according to the Bortle scale). Parallax measurements with\",\n \"Mortar\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of refers to an asterism consisting of γ Piscis Austrini, γ Gruis, λ Gruis and 19 Piscis Austrini. Consequently, γ Piscis Austrini itself is known as (, .) Gamma Piscis Austrini Gamma Piscis Austrini (γ Piscis Austrini) is binary star system in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus. It is visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of +4.448. As of 2010, the pair had an angular separation of 4 arc seconds along a position angle of 255°. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 15.14 mas as seen from\",\n \"Omega2 Cygni Omega Cygni, Latinized from ω Cygni, is the Bayer designation for a solitary star in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.5, which is faintly visible to the naked eye on a dark night. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.17 mas, it is located roughly 399 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is a red giant star on the asymptotic giant branch, with a stellar classification of M2 III. It is a\",\n \"2.63 times the mass of the Sun, and radiates 447 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,490 K. Phi Capricorni is around 1.24 billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 3.8 km/s. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Twelve States\\\", refers to an asterism which is represent twelve ancient states in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, consisting of φ Capricorni, ι Capricorni, 38 Capricorni, 35 Capricorni, 36 Capricorni, χ Capricorni, θ Capricorni, 30 Capricorni, 33 Capricorni, ζ Capricorni, 19 Capricorni, 26 Capricorni, 27 Capricorni, 20 Capricorni,\",\n \"Corvus (constellation) Corvus at magnitude 2.59. Its traditional name means \\\"wing\\\", the star marking the left wing in Bayer's \\\"Uranometria\\\". 154±1 light-years from Earth, it is a blue-white hued giant star of spectral type B8III that is times as massive, and 355 times as luminous as the Sun. Around million years old, it has largely exhausted its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling as it moves away from the main sequence. A binary star, it has a companion orange or red dwarf star of spectral type K5V to M5V that is about 0.8 times as massive as the Sun. Around 50\",\n \"gravitational acceleration at the poles is greater than at the equator, so, by the Von Zeipel theorem, the local luminosity is also higher at the poles. This is seen as a variation in effective temperature over the star: the polar temperature is near 10,000 K, while the equatorial temperature is 7,600 K. As a result, if Vega were viewed along the plane of its equator, then the luminosity would be about half the apparent luminosity as viewed from the pole. This large temperature difference between the poles and the equator produces a strong \\\"gravity darkening\\\" effect. As viewed from the\",\n \"Mensa (constellation) Mensa is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere near the south celestial pole, one of twelve constellations drawn up in the 18th century by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille. Its name is Latin for table, though it originally commemorated Table Mountain and was known as Mons Mensae. One of the 88 modern constellations, it covers a keystone-shaped wedge of sky approximately 153.5 square degrees by area. Other than the south polar constellation of Octans, it is the most southerly of constellations and is only observable south of the 5th parallel of the Northern Hemisphere. One of\",\n \"Leadiant Biosciences it increased the price of chenodeoxycholic acid from €0.28 per capsule to €140 per capsule in 2018. They said “This may be legal but it’s not socially acceptable.” They said they would make a referral to the Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets. Sigma and Tau are the two stars that flank Antares at the centre of the Scorpius constellation. Arabs considered the red Antares the heart of the constellation and therefore regarded the bright stars positioned beside it – Sigma Scorpii and Tau Scorpii – as the arteries leading away from the heart, as indicated by the term that\",\n \"57.5 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,876 K. It is catalogued as a suspected variable star. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Kappa Columbae Kappa Columbae, Latinized from κ Columbae, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Columba. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.37, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.87 mas, it is located at a distance of 183 light years from the Sun. It has a peculiar velocity of , making it a candidate runaway star. For ancient Arabian\",\n \", which is considered unusual since A-type stars are not expected to display magnetic activity. Pi2 Columbae Pi Columbae is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Columba. It is a dim but visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.50. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 13.43 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located about 243 light years from the Sun. The pair have an angular separation of 0.1 arc seconds with the primary being an A-type main-sequence star of spectral class A0 V, while the secondary component is a\",\n \"Orders of magnitude (length) am and 100 am). To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (100 am and 1 fm). The femtometre (symbol fm) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to 10 metres. In particle physics, this unit is more commonly called a fermi, also with abbreviation \\\"fm\\\". To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10 metres and 10 metres (1 femtometre (fm) and 10 fm). To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (10 fm\",\n \"a cyanide in its spectrum. 1 Ceti 1 Ceti is a star in the constellation of Cetus. With an apparent magnitude of about 6.2, the star is barely visible to the naked eye (see Bortle scale). Parallax estimates made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 620 light years (190 parsecs) away from the Earth. 1 Ceti has a spectral type of K1III, implying a K-type giant. These types of stars are generally reddish-colored stars with spectral types from K to M, with radii that are 10 to 100 times larger than the Sun. The \\\"CNII\\\"\",\n \"times brighter than a second magnitude (+2.00) star, and about 100 times brighter than a sixth magnitude star (+6.00). The faintest stars visible to the naked eye under good seeing conditions are about magnitude +6. On both apparent and absolute magnitude scales, the smaller the magnitude number, the brighter the star; the larger the magnitude number, the fainter the star. The brightest stars, on either scale, have negative magnitude numbers. The variation in brightness (Δ\\\"L\\\") between two stars is calculated by subtracting the magnitude number of the brighter star (\\\"m\\\") from the magnitude number of the fainter star (\\\"m\\\"), then\",\n \"66 Tauri 66 Tauri, also known as r Tauri, is a binary star in the constellation of Taurus. The combined apparent magnitude of the system is 5.098, with the magnitudes of the two components being 5.8 and 5.9, respectively. Parallax measurements by Hipparcos put 66 Tauri at some 400 light-years (121 parsecs) away. This is a visual binary where the positions of the two stars are tracked over time, and used to calculate an orbit. The two stars orbit each other every 55 years. Their orbit is fairly eccentric, at 0.720, and the two stars are separated by 0.188″ on\",\n \"Mu2 Cancri Mu Cancri is a solitary, yellow-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.30. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 42.94 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located around 76.0 light years from the Sun. Mu Cancri will make its closest approach in about 600,000 years when it passes at a distance of . At the estimated age of 5.6 billion years, it is an evolving G-type subgiant star with a stellar classification of G2 IV. It has 1.2 times the mass\",\n \"Corona Borealis respectively. Chinese astronomers deemed nine stars to make up the asterism, adding Pi and Rho Coronae Borealis. Within the constellation's borders, there are 37 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Alpha Coronae Borealis (officially named Alphecca by the IAU, but sometimes also known as Gemma) appears as a blue-white star of magnitude 2.2. In fact, it is an Algol-type eclipsing binary that varies by 0.1 magnitude with a period of 17.4 days. The primary is a white main-sequence star of spectral type A0V that is 2.91 times the mass of the Sun () and 57 times as\",\n \"5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 9.63. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye, but can be seen with good binoculars. The star is known to host one planet, BD+14 4559 b, and is 47% more massive than Jupiter. It orbits within the habitable zone of its parent star at a distance of 0.77 AU, somewhat close to the orbital distance of Venus. Based on observations, there may be an undetected second planet orbiting the star, however this is unconfirmed. BD+14 4559 BD+14 4559 is a\",\n \"appears dark but can look quite blue when reflecting the light of energetic nearby stars. Since it is near the ecliptic, Nu Scorpii can be occulted by the Moon and, very rarely, by planets. Mercury occulted it on 14 December 1821, but will not occult it again until 2 December 2031. The last occultation by Venus took place on 27 December 1852 and the next will take place on 30 December 2095. On 29 July 1808 there was an occultation by Neptune. \\\"ν Scorpii\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Nu Scorpii\\\") is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of its two constituent groups\",\n \"star to be identified has about 8% of the Sun’s mass and glows feebly at absolute magnitude +19. Compared to the Sun, which has an absolute of +4.8, this faint star is 14 magnitudes or 400,000 times dimmer than our Sun. Our galaxy's most massive stars begin their lives with masses of roughly 100 times solar, radiating at upwards of absolute magnitude –8, over 160,000 times the solar luminosity. The total range of stellar luminosities, then, occupies a range of 27 magnitudes, or a factor of 60 billion. In measuring star brightnesses, absolute magnitude, apparent magnitude, and distance are interrelated\",\n \"Eta Cygni Eta Cygni (η Cygni) is a star in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 3.889. The star lies along the main body of the constellation, about midway between Gamma Cygni and Albireo. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 24.17 mas, it is located 135 light years from the Sun. At an age of about 3.3 billion years, this is an evolved red clump giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III. It is presently on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through the\",\n \"Delta Pavonis Delta Pavonis (δ Pav, δ Pavonis) is a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Pavo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.56, making it a fourth-magnitude star that is visible to the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements from the Hipparcos satellite yield an estimated distance of from Earth. This makes it one of the nearest bright stars to the Solar System. It is a subgiant of spectral type G8 IV; it will stop fusing hydrogen relatively soon, starting the process of becoming a red giant. Hence, Delta Pavonis is 22% brighter than the\",\n \"Eta Canis Majoris spite of a large distance from Earth due to being intrinsically many times brighter (absolute magnitude) than the Sun. A blue-white supergiant of spectral type B5Ia, Aludra has a luminosity 176,000 times and a diameter around 80 times that of the Sun. Hohle and colleagues, using the parallax, extinction and analysis of spectrum, came up with a mass 19.19 times that and luminosity 105,442 times that of the Sun. It has only been around a fraction of the time the Sun has, yet is already in the last stages of its life. It is still expanding and may become a\",\n \"Omega1 Cancri Omega Cancri (ω Cancri) is a yellow-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Cancer. It is a faint star near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.85. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 4.92 mas as seen from Earth, this system is roughly 660 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.10 due to interstellar dust. At an estimated age of 270 million years, this is an evolved G-type giant with a stellar classification\",\n \"Omicron Tauri Omicron Tauri (ο Tau, ο Tauri) is a star in the constellation Taurus. Omicron Tauri is a yellow G-type giant with an apparent magnitude of +3.61. This star has three times the mass of the Sun and fifteen to eighteen times the Sun's radius. Based on the latter, interferometry-measured radius, it is rotating once every 533 days. It is approximately 212 light years from Earth and is radiating 155 times the luminosity of the Sun. This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary system with the two components orbiting each other over a period of 1,655 days with an eccentricity\",\n \"they have already become giants. In 2000, the pair had an angular separation of 1.217 arcseconds with a position angle of 351.9°. Their positions have been observed since 1897, which is long enough to estimate an orbital period of 84.5 years and a semimajor axis of 0.93 arcseconds. At the distance of this system, this is equivalent to a linear distance of about 93 Astronomical Units. The star Tau Centauri is relatively close to Gamma Centauri, with an estimated separation of . In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Arsenal\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of γ Centauri, ζ Centauri, η Centauri, θ\",\n \"Z Canis Majoris Z Canis Majoris (Z CMa) is a B-type star in the constellation of Canis Major. It has an average apparent visual magnitude of approximately 9.85, though has brightened by 1-2 magnitudes in irregular outbursts in 1987, 2000, 2004 and 2008. The star is a complex binary system only 300,000 years old with two main components separated by an estimated 100 astronomical units (AU) or 0.1\\\" as seen from Earth. The southeast component is an FU Orionis star (a type of pre-main-sequence star) that is 1300 times as luminous as the Sun, has 3 times its mass and\",\n \"name \\\"Pherkad\\\" for Gamma Ursae Minoris on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"North Pole\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of Gamma Ursae Minoris, Beta Ursae Minoris, 5 Ursae Minoris, 4 Ursae Minoris and Σ 1694. Consequently, Gamma Ursae Minoris itself is known as (, ), representing (), meaning \\\"Crown Prince\\\". Gamma Ursae Minoris has apparent magnitude +3.05 and can be readily observed with the naked eye even in a city-lit night sky. It has an absolute magnitude of –2.84. Measurement of the star's spectrum resulted\",\n \"of the Sun. The star is spinning relatively rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of 161 km/s. It is radiating around 4.3 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 7,079 K. Nu1 Columbae Nu Columbae, Latinized from ν Columbae, is a star in the southern constellation of Columba. It is visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.14. According to the Bortle scale, stars with this magnitude are faintly visible from dark rural skies. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.40 mas, this star is about 128 light years\",\n \"Crux Crux is a constellation located in the southern sky in a bright portion of the Milky Way. It is among the most easily distinguished constellations, as all of its four main stars have an apparent visual magnitude brighter than +2.8, even though it is the smallest of all 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for cross, and it is dominated by a cross-shaped or kite-like asterism that is commonly known as the Southern Cross. Predominating is the first-magnitude blue-white star of Alpha Crucis or Acrux, being the constellation's brightest and most southerly member. Crux is followed by four\",\n \"Cepheus (constellation) and is paired with a blue main sequence star called VV Cephei B. One of the largest stars in the galaxy, it has a diameter 1,400 times that of the Sun. VV Cephei is also an unusually long-period eclipsing binary, but the eclipses, which occur every 20.3 years, are too faint to be observed with the unaided eye. T Cephei, also a red giant, is a Mira variable with a minimum magnitude of 11.3 and a maximum magnitude of 5.2, 685 light-years from Earth. It has a period of 13 months and a diameter of between 329 to 500 solar\",\n \"Omega Geminorum Omega Geminorum, Latinized from ω Geminorum, is a star located in the middle of the northern zodiac constellation of Gemini. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.18, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. According to the Bortle scale, it can be viewed from dark suburban skies. With an annual parallax shift of just 2.19 mas, it is located about 1,500 light years from the Sun. This is an evolved bright giant star with a stellar classification of G5 II. It is positioned near the instability strip and in 1977 was listed as a candidate cepheid variable\",\n \"X2 Centauri x Centauri is a star located in the constellation Centaurus. It is also known by its designations HD 108114 and HR 4724. The apparent magnitude of the star is about 5.7, meaning it is only visible to the naked eye under excellent viewing conditions. Its distance is about 440 light-years (140 parsecs), based on its parallax measured by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite. x Centauri's spectral type is B9IV/V, meaning it is a late B-type main sequence star or subgiant. These types of stars are a few times more massive than the Sun, and have effective temperatures of about\",\n \"Gamma Circini a large eccentricity of 0.931. As of 2014, the visible components have an angular separation of 0.80 arc seconds along a position angle of 359°. The primary star, component A, is a B-type subgiant star with a stellar classification of B5 VI. Based upon isochrone curve fitting it is hypothesized to be a pair of matching B5 stars, and is a Be variable with an uncertain maximum. It has an effective temperature of 15,135 K and an estimated mass six times that of the Sun. The companion, component B, is an F-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of\",\n \"Kepler-62d on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65.\",\n \"with its outer envelope cooling and expanding in the process. Alpha Horologii has an estimated 1.55 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 38 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,028 K. Alpha Horologii Alpha Horologii (α Horologii) is a solitary orange-hued giant star in the constellation Horologium. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +3.85. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 28.36 mas as seen from the Earth, it is located from the Sun. The star is moving away from the Sun with a\",\n \"parallax and proper motion as Gamma Normae. γ Nor is a yellow supergiant located nearby on the celestial sphere, but is much further away from Earth and nearly a magnitude fainter. Gamma2 Normae Gamma Normae, Latinized from γ Nor, is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Norma. Its apparent magnitude is 4.02 – making it a faint star but visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.33 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located roughly 129 light years from the Sun. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial\",\n \"Celaeno (star) Celaeno, also designated 16 Tauri, is a star in the constellation of Taurus and a member of the Pleiades open star cluster (M45) of stars. 16 Tauri is a blue-white B-type subgiant with an apparent magnitude of +5.45. It is approximately 430 light years from the Sun; about the same distance as the Pleiades. The interstellar extinction of this star is fairly small at 0.05 magnitudes. The projected rotational velocity of the equator is 185 km/s. It is over four times the radius of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 12,800 K. \\\"16 Tauri\\\" is the\",\n \"but was still listed at NEODyS with odds of 1 in 3 million for 27 November 2015 during the approach window. With an absolute magnitude of 23.6, is about 50–110 meters in diameter. 2007 VE191 It is estimated to be roughly 63 meters in diameter. In 2015 it was known to have a 1 in 63,000 chance of impacting Earth on 27 November 2015. However, the nominal best-fit orbit showed that would be roughly from Earth on 27 November 2015 with an apparent magnitude of roughly +25 in the constellation of Virgo about 50 degrees from the Sun, and the\",\n \"Lambda Piscium Lambda Piscium, Latinized from λ Piscium, is a solitary, white-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49, it is visible to the naked eye, forming the southeast corner of the \\\"Circlet\\\" asterism in Pisces. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 30.59 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 107 light years distant from the Sun. Lambda Piscium is a member of the Ursa Major Stream, lying among the outer parts, or corona, of this moving group of stars that roughly follow a common heading through space. This well-studied\",\n \"known as (, .) \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Apodis Beta Apodis (β Aps, β Apodis) is the Bayer designation for a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Apus. It is located approximately from Earth, as determined by parallax measurements. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +4.24, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye The spectrum of this star matches the characteristics of a K0 III, which, according to models of stellar evolution, indicates that it is in the giant star stage, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. The measured angular diameter of\",\n \"darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,\",\n \"14 Cancri 14 Cancri is a star in the northern zodiac constellation of Cancer. It can be referred to as ψ Cancri, very occasionally as ψ Cancri, to distinguish it from 13 Cancri which is sometimes called ψ Cancri. It is just barely visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +5.73. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 24.18 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 135 light years from the Sun. It may be a member of the Wolf 630 moving group of stars. This object has a stellar classification of G7 V, which\",\n \"is not known to host planets. Beta Canum Venaticorum Beta Canum Venaticorum (β Canum Venaticorum, abbreviated Beta CVn, β CVn), also named Chara, is a G-type main-sequence star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. At an apparent visual magnitude of 4.26, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 118.49 mas, this star is distant from the Sun. Along with the brighter star Cor Caroli, the pair form the \\\"southern dog\\\" in this constellation that represents hunting dogs. \\\"β Canum Venaticorum\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Beta Canum Venaticorum\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. The\",\n \"Phase curve (astronomy) a lunar opposition surge. The Moon's apparent magnitude at full phase is −12.7 while at quarter phase it is 21 percent as bright. The phase curves of many natural satellites of other planets have been observed and interpreted. The icy moons often exhibit opposition brightness surges. This behavior has been used to model their surfaces. The phase curves of many asteroids have also been observed and they too may exhibit opposition surges. Asteroids can be physically classified in this way. The effects of rotation can be very large and have to be factored in before the phase curve is computed.\",\n \"Lambda1 Sculptoris Lambda Sculptoris, Latinized from λ Sculptoris, is a double star system in the southern constellation of Sculptor. It is close to the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye, with a combined apparent visual magnitude of +6.05. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 6.89 mas as measured from Earth, it is located roughly 470 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.026 due to interstellar dust. The brighter star, component A, has a visual magnitude of 6.6, while the secondary, component B, is magnitude 7.0.\",\n \"Omicron Velorum Omicron Velorum (ο Vel, ο Velorum) is a star in the constellation Vela. It is the brightest member of the loose naked eye open cluster IC 2391, also known as the ο Velorum Cluster. Omicron Velorum is a blue-white B-type subgiant with a mean apparent magnitude of +3.60. It is approximately 495 light years from Earth. A slowly pulsating B star, it ranges between magnitudes 3.57 and 3.63 over 2.8 days. The correct Bayer designation for ο Velorum has been debated. Lacaille assigned one Greek letter sequence for the bright stars of Argo Navis. These Lacaille designations are\",\n \"Gamma Pictoris Gamma Pictoris, Latinized from γ Pictoris, is a single, orange-hued star in the southern constellation of Pictor. It is a faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.50. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 18.45 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located about 177 light years from the Sun. It is moving away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +15.7 km/s. This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K1 III. It has 1.59 times the mass of the Sun, while its diameter has\",\n \"Magnitude (astronomy) reckoned among these six Orders. Altho' the Distinction of \\\"Stars\\\" into six Degrees of Magnitude is commonly received by \\\"Astronomers\\\"; yet we are not to judge, that every particular \\\"Star\\\" is exactly to be ranked according to a certain Bigness, which is one of the Six; but rather in reality there are almost as many Orders of \\\"Stars\\\", as there are \\\"Stars\\\", few of them being exactly of the same Bigness and Lustre. And even among those \\\"Stars\\\" which are reckoned of the brightest Class, there appears a Variety of Magnitude; for \\\"Sirius\\\" or \\\"Arcturus\\\" are each of them brighter\",\n \"Beta Pictoris b star named Beta Pictoris. The star has a mass of 1.75 and a radius of 1.8 . It has a surface temperature of 8056 K and is 12 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.06, or 112% of that found in the Sun. Its luminosity () is 8.7 times that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 3. Therefore, it can be seen with the naked eye.\",\n \"the second member is a B9.5 V star with a magnitude of 6.46. The pair have an angular separation of 0.091 arcseconds with an estimated orbital period of 59.32 years. They are about 3.89 and 3.45 times as massive as the Sun. In Chinese caused by adaptation of the European southern hemisphere constellations into the Chinese system, (), meaning \\\"Exotic Bird\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of ι Apodis, ζ Apodis, β Apodis, γ Apodis, δ Octantis, δ Apodis, η Apodis, α Apodis and ε Apodis. Consequently, ι Apodis itself is known as (, .) Iota Apodis Iota Apodis (ι\",\n \"Telescopium Herschelii Telescopium Herschelii (Latin for \\\"Herschel's telescope\\\"), also formerly known as Tubus Hershelli Major, is a former constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. Maximilian Hell established it in 1789 to honour Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. It fell out of use by the end of the 19th century. Psi Aurigae at apparent magnitude 4.8 was the constellation's brightest star. It was one of two constellations created by Maximilian Hell in 1789 to honour the famous English astronomer Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. Named \\\"Tubus Hershelli Major\\\" by Hell, it was located in the\",\n \"0.04, or 109% the solar amount. This is particularly odd as such low-mass stars near the boundary between brown dwarfs and hydrogen-fusing stars should be expected to have considerably less metal content than the Sun. Its luminosity (\\\"L\\\") is 0.05% of that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 18.8, too dim to be seen with the naked eye. TRAPPIST-1g orbits its host star with an orbital period of about 12.353 days and an orbital radius of about 0.0451 times that of Earth's (compared to the distance of Mercury from the\",\n \"Perseus (constellation) in Perseus. Representing the head of the Gorgon Medusa in Greek mythology, it was called Horus in Egyptian mythology and \\\"Rosh ha Satan\\\" (\\\"Satan's Head\\\") in Hebrew. Located 92.8 light-years from Earth, it varies in apparent magnitude from a minimum of 3.5 to a maximum of 2.3 over a period of 2.867 days. The star system is the prototype of a group of eclipsing binary stars named Algol variables, though it has a third member to make up what is actually a triple star system. The brightest component is a blue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B8V, which is 3.5\",\n \"Mu Virginis Mu Virginis (μ Vir, μ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It was listed in the \\\"Calendarium\\\" of Al Achsasi al Mouakket as \\\"rijl al-‘awwa’\\\", Arabic رجل العوى, meaning \\\"The foot of the barking (dog)\\\". With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.88, it is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. The position of the star near the celestial equator means it is visible from most of the Earth. Based upon parallax measurements, Mu Virginis is located some 59.6 light years from the Sun. Rijl al Awwa is an F-type main sequence\",\n \"Lupus (constellation) association with the sun god and another mythical being called the Bison-man, which is supposedly related to the Greek constellation of Centaurus. Lupus is bordered by six different constellations, although one of them (Hydra) merely touches at the corner. The other five are Scorpius (the scorpion), Norma (the right angle), Circinus (the compass), Libra (the balance scale), and Centaurus (the centaur). Covering 333.7 square degrees and 0.809% of the night sky, it ranks 46th of the 88 modern constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is \\\"Lup\\\". The official constellation boundaries\",\n \"Lambda Cephei Lambda Cephei (λ Cephei) is a fifth magnitude blue supergiant star in the constellation Cepheus, one of the hottest and most luminous visible to the naked eye. It is a hot O6.5 supergiant star at a distance of approximately 1,980 light years, whose absolute brightness around half a million times the Sun. Its radius is around 20 times that of the latter, with a mass that has been estimated to be between 45 and 60 solar masses. Lambda Cephei turns around its axis in less than three days compared to the 24.47 days that the Sun needs to\",\n \"Eta Ursae Majoris Eta Ursae Majoris (η Ursae Majoris, abbreviated Eta UMa, η UMa), also named Alkaid, is a star in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is the most eastern (leftmost) star in the Big Dipper (Plough) asterism. However, unlike most stars of the Big Dipper, it is not a member of the Ursa Major moving group. With an apparent visual magnitude of +1.84, it is the third-brightest star in the constellation and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Eta Ursae Majoris is a 10-million-year-old B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B3 V.\",\n \"K, and it shines with 1,734 times the luminosity of the Sun. Sigma Virginis Sigma Virginis (σ Vir, σ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It can be faintly seen with the naked eye with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.86. Based upon parallax measurements, the distance to this star is roughly 680 light years. This is an evolved red giant star with a stellar classification of M1 III. It is a suspected variable star with a brightness that ranges from magnitude +4.77 to +4.86. This variation has pulsation periods of 23.4, 24.3, 27.9, and\",\n \"Leo Minor apparent magnitude of 4.4. It has around double the mass, 7.8 times the radius and 36 times the luminosity of the Earth's Sun. Separated by 11 seconds of arc from the primary, the secondary is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F8. The two orbit around a common centre of gravity every 38.62 years, and lie away from the Solar System. Around away and around 10 times as luminous as the Sun, 21 Leonis Minoris is a rapidly rotating white main-sequence star, spinning on its axis in less than 12 hours and very likely flattened in shape. Of\",\n \"Chi Tauri Chi Tauri (χ Tau, χ Tau) is a star system in the constellation of Taurus. Parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 291 light years (89 parsecs) from Earth. The primary component has an apparent magnitude of about 5.4, meaning it is visible with the naked eye. The main component of the system is Chi Tauri A. It is a B-type main-sequence star. Its mass is 2.6 times that of the Sun and its surface glows with an effective temperature of 10,300 K. It may be a binary star itself, as\",\n \"Gamma Ophiuchi Gamma Ophiuchi, Latinized from γ Ophiuchi, is a fourth-magnitude star in the constellation Ophiuchus. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 31.73 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 103 light years from the Sun. The system has an age of roughly 184 million years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −7.6 km/s. It is known also as Muliphen, although at least two more stars are known with this name: Gamma Canis Majoris (often spelled as Muliphein) and Gamma Centauri (often spelled as Muhlifain). This is an A-type main sequence star\",\n \"variable, varying by an amplitude of 0.025 in B magnitude with a period of 118 minutes. At the age of 786 million years, it has a high rate of spin with a projected rotational velocity of 103 km/s. The star has 1.45 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 12.6 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,132 K. TU Corvi TU Corvi is a yellow-white hued star in the southern constellation of Corvus. It is a dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.20. The distance to\",\n \"Cancer (constellation) 0.005 magnitude over a period of 6 days. An aging star, it has expanded to around 50 times the Sun's diameter and shines with 660 times its luminosity. It has a faint magnitude 14 red dwarf companion located 29 arcseconds away that takes 76,000 years to complete an orbit. Altarf represents a part of Cancer's body. At magnitude 3.9 is Delta Cancri, also known as Asellus Australis. Located 131±1 light-years from Earth, it is an orange-hued giant star that has swollen and cooled off the main sequence to become an orange giant with a radius 11 times and luminosity 53\",\n \"that metal-rich stars tend to have orbiting planets more often than metal-poor stars. Kepler-4 is also about 6.7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. In addition, Kepler-4 has an effective temperature of 5781 (± 76) K, which is almost identical, within the errors, to that of the Sun, which is 5778 K. As seen from Earth, Kepler-4 has an apparent magnitude of 12.7. It is, as a result, not visible with the naked eye. Kepler-4b's discovery was announced on January 4, 2010. It is the size of planet Neptune, at 0.077 M (7% the\",\n \"TV Pictoris TV Pictoris is a rotating ellipsoidal variable star in the constellation Pictor. It ranges between apparent magnitude 7.37 - 7.53 over a period of 0.85 days. It was first discovered to be variable in 1987. The system is inclined at an angle of 54 degrees to observers on Earth. It is composed of a primary star that has a radius 4.3 times that of the sun and 1.2 times its mass, and an effective (surface) temperature of 8300 K, and a secondary star with a radius 2.1 times that of the sun and 40% of its mass, and\",\n \"the ancient Greek astronomer Timocharis observed a conjunction of the star with Venus. The last occultation by a planet took place on September 27, 1843, also by Venus, which will occult it again on November 19, 2445. Eta Virginis Eta Virginis (η Virginis, abbreviated Eta Vir, η Vir) is a triple star system in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. From parallax measurements taken during the Hipparcos mission it is approximately from the Sun. It has a combined apparent visual magnitude of 3.89, which is bright enough for the system to be seen with the naked eye in dark skies. The\",\n \"QZ Carinae times the Sun's mass and 8.9 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 32,463 K, it is around 80,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Star B1 is less massive than B2 and is assumed to have undergone significant mass loss or mass transfer to B2. Together, all four stars have a combined mass 94 times that of the Sun. Star B is a Beta Lyrae variable eclipsing system. It causes the apparent magnitude of the system to vary regularly every 5.999 days from +6.16 at maximum to +6.49 at the primary minimum and +6.43 at the secondary minimum.\",\n \"astronomers term metallicity, is similar to the proportions in the Sun. This is a variable star that ranges in apparent visual magnitude from a low of 2.66 to a high of 2.60. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Corvi Beta Corvi (β Corvi, abbreviated Beta Crv, β Crv), also named Kraz, is the second-brightest star in the southern constellation of Corvus with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.647. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is about distant from the Sun. \\\"β Corvi\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Beta Corvi\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional name of \\\"Kraz\\\", whose origin\",\n \"as much as 50,000 AU where the temperature drops to 40 K. This optically thin dust is not related to the pulsational behavior of the star. Tau1 Lupi Tau Lupi, Latinized from τ Lupi, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Lupus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.5. Based upon an annual parallax shift of only 2.99 mas as seen from Earth, it is located about 1,090 light years from the Sun. Tau Lupi may be a runaway star having a peculiar velocity of . It is a member of\",\n \"Ursa Minor has had its mass estimated at 1.3 times that of the Sun via measurement of these oscillations. Kochab is 450 times more luminous than the Sun and has 42 times its diameter, with a surface temperature of approximately 4,130 K. Estimated to be around 2.95 billion years old, give or take 1 billion years, Kochab was announced to have a planetary companion around 6.1 times as massive as Jupiter with an orbit of 522 days. Traditionally known as Pherkad, Gamma Ursae Minoris has an apparent magnitude that varies between 3.04 and 3.09 roughly every 3.4 hours. It and Kochab have\",\n \"Scorpius–Centaurus Association The Scorpius–Centaurus Association (sometimes called Sco–Cen or Sco OB2) is the nearest OB association to the Sun. This stellar association is composed of three subgroups (Upper Scorpius, Upper Centaurus–Lupus, and Lower Centaurus–Crux), whose mean distances range from 380 to 470 light years. Using improved Hipparcos data, Rizzuto and colleagues analysed nearby stars more closely, bringing the number of known members to 436. They doubt the need to add a subclassification because they found a more continuous spread of stars. The Sco–Cen subgroups range in age from 11 million years (Upper Scorpius) to roughly 15 million years (Upper Centaurus–Lupus\",\n \"4 magnitudes dimmer located 1.90 arcseconds away, whether this a gravitationally bound companion star or a chance optical alignment is unknown. Kepler-7b is the only planet that has been discovered in Kepler-7's orbit. It is .433 M and 1.478 R, meaning it is 43% the mass of planet Jupiter, but is nearly three halves its size. With a density of .166 grams/cc, the planet is approximately 17% the density of water. This is comparable to styrofoam. At a distance of .06224 AU from its host star, Kepler-7b completes an orbit around Kepler-7 every 4.8855 days. Planet Mercury, however, orbits the\",\n \"Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right\",\n \"Ursa Minor remain in use, likely because of their proximity to the north celestial pole. Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Marking the Little Bear's tail, Polaris, or Alpha Ursae Minoris, is the brightest star in the constellation, varying between apparent magnitude 1.97 and 2.00 over a period of 3.97 days. Located around 432 light-years away from Earth, it is a yellow-white supergiant that varies between spectral types F7Ib and F8Ib, and has around 6 times the Sun's mass, 2,500 times its luminosity and 45 times its radius. Polaris is the brightest\",\n \"Psi2 Lupi Psi Lupi (ψ Lup) is a triple star system in the constellation Lupus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude of 4.75. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.97 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 360 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of due to interstellar dust. This system is a member of the Upper Centaurus-Lupus subgroup of the Scorpius–Centaurus Association. The inner pair of stars in this system form a double-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of\",\n \"and an orbital period of 605 days. Beta Cancri Beta Cancri (β Cancri, abbreviated Beta Cnc, β Cnc), also named Tarf, is the brightest star in the zodiacal constellation of Cancer. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +3.5 and an absolute magnitude of −1.2. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is approximately 290 light-years distant from the Sun. An exoplanet, designated Beta Cancri b, is believed to be orbiting the star. Beta Cancri has a companion listed and together they are designated WDS J08165+0911. As the primary, Beta Cancri bears the designation WDS J08165+0911A. The\",\n \"Norma (constellation) magnitude of 5.4. It lies in the southeastern corner of the constellation between Alpha Centauri and Zeta Arae. Thought to be around 100 million years old, it is about 3300 light-years away and is around 14 light-years in diameter. Its brightest member is the Cepheid variable S Normae. A rich background star field makes it less distinct, though around 36 member stars are visible though a 10 cm telescope at 150x magnification. Located 0.4° north of Kappa Normae is NGC 6067, which has an integrated magnitude of 5.6 though it is indistinct as it lies in a rich star field.\",\n \"branch, and started helium fusion in its core. τ Sagittarii is the closest constellational star (a star that is part of the traditional outline of a constellation) to the origin of the 1977 Wow! signal. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Tau Sagittarii Tau Sagittarii (Tau Sgr, τ Sagittarii, τ Sgr) is a star in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. With an apparent visual magnitude of +3.3, this is one of the brighter members of the constellation. The distance of this star from Earth is roughly , based upon parallax measurements. This is a spectral type K1 giant star with about . The stellar\",\n \"Cassiopeia (constellation) W appears inverted. Alpha Cassiopeiae, traditionally called Schedar (from the Arabic \\\"Al Sadr\\\", \\\"the breast\\\"), is a multiple star. The primary is an orange-hued giant of magnitude 2.2, 228 ± 2 light-years from Earth. With a luminosity of around 771 times that of the Sun, it has swollen and cooled after exhausting its core hydrogen over its 100 to 200 million-year lifespan, spending much of it as a blue-white B-type main-sequence star. The brightest companion is a magnitude 8.9 yellow dwarf widely separated from the primary, while two other companions are closer and magnitudes 13 and 14 respectively. Beta Cassiopeiae,\",\n \"has a slightly warmer temperature of 5778 K. Kepler-6 has a metallicity of [Fe/H] = +0.34, making it 2.2 times more metallic than the Sun. On average, metal-rich stars tend to be more likely to have planets and planetary systems. The star, as seen from Earth, has an apparent magnitude of 13.8. It is not visible with the naked eye. In comparison, Pluto's apparent magnitude at its brightest is slightly brighter, at 13.65. Kepler-6 has one confirmed extrasolar planet; it is a gas giant named Kepler-6b. The planet is approximately .669 M, or some two-thirds the mass of planet Jupiter.\",\n \"Gamma Lyrae Gamma Lyrae (Latinized from γ Lyrae, abbreviated Gamma Lyr, γ Lyr), also named Sulafat, is the second-brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.3, it is readily visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements yield an estimated distance of from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of due to interstellar dust. \\\"γ Lyrae\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Gamma Lyrae\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \\\"Sulafat\\\" (\\\"Sulaphat\\\"), from the Arabic \\\"al-sulḥafāt\\\" \\\"turtle\\\", and \\\"Jugum\\\", from the Latin \\\"yoke\\\".\",\n \"Scorpius–Centaurus Association and Lower Centaurus–Crux). Many of the bright stars in the constellations Scorpius, Lupus, Centaurus, and Crux are members of the Sco–Cen association, including Antares (the most massive member of Upper Scorpius), and most of the stars in the Southern Cross. Hundreds of stars have been identified as members of Sco-Cen, with masses ranging from roughly 15 solar masses (Antares) down to below the hydrogen-burning limit (i.e. brown dwarfs), and the total stellar population in each of the three subgroups is probably of the order 1000–2000. The Sco–Cen OB association appears to be the most pronounced part of a large complex\",\n \"Alpha Circini Alpha Circini (α Cir, α Circini) is a variable star in the faint, southern, circumpolar constellation of Circinus. At an apparent visual magnitude of 3.19, it is the brightest star in the constellation and can be readily seen with the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements of this star yield an estimated distance of from the Earth. This star belongs to a class of variables known as rapidly oscillating Ap stars. It oscillates with multiple, non-radial pulsation cycles and a dominant cycle of 6.8 minutes. The spectrum shows peculiar features caused by chemical stratification of the\",\n \"V Centauri V Centauri (V Cen) is a Classical Cepheid variable, a type of variable star, in the constellation Centaurus. Its apparent magnitude is 6.72, and it is approximately 2,500 light-years (800 parsecs) away based on parallax. According to the South African Astronomical Observatory, the chemical composition was derived as being high in sodium (Na) and aluminium (Al) and low in magnesium (Mg). Following a normal composition for a Cepheid star, V Cen does not have any unusual characteristics. V Centauri's composition was observed alongside six other Classical Cepheid variable stars with the support of Russian, Chilean, and Ukrainian observatories.\",\n \"Zeta Circini Zeta Circini, Latinized from ζ Circini, is the Bayer designation for a star located in the southern constellation of Circinus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 6.08, it is barely visible to the naked eye on a dark night. (According to the Bortle scale, it requires the lighting level of suburban skies or darker to be seen.) The distance to this star, as estimated using an annual parallax shift of 2.56 mas, is around 1,300 light years. This is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B2/3 Vn, where the 'n' suffix indicates broad (\\\"nebulous\\\")\",\n \"the surface of the Sun. At this heat, the star shines with the characteristic blue-white hue of a B-type star. Theta Arae Theta Arae, Latinized from θ Arae, is the Bayer designation for a star in the constellation Ara. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +3.67, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 4.01 mas, Theta Arae is distant from the Earth. This is a supergiant star with a stellar classification of B2 Ib. It has nearly nine times the mass of the Sun and is over 20\",\n \"Theta Scorpii Theta Scorpii (θ Scorpii, abbreviated Theta Sco, θ Sco) is a binary star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +1.87, making it readily visible to the naked eye and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It is sufficiently near that the distance can be measured directly using the parallax technique and such measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission yield an estimate of approximately 300 light-years (90 parsecs) from the Sun. The two components are designated Theta Scorpii A (also named Sargas) and B. \\\"θ Scorpii\\\" (Latinised\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":290,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"how often do planets orbit the star 54 piscium b"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["year or less; which still allows for Earth-sized planets at 0.6 AU or more. 54 Piscium b 54 Piscium b (HD 3651 b), occasionally catalogued as 54 Piscium Ab in order to differentiate from the brown dwarf in the system, is an extrasolar planet approximately 36 light-years away in the constellation of Pisces. The planet was discovered orbiting the orange dwarf star 54 Piscium. The planet's minimum mass is one fifth that of Jupiter, and it orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit about every two months. On January 16, 2002, a team of astronomers (led by Geoff Marcy)"],"string":"[\n \"year or less; which still allows for Earth-sized planets at 0.6 AU or more. 54 Piscium b 54 Piscium b (HD 3651 b), occasionally catalogued as 54 Piscium Ab in order to differentiate from the brown dwarf in the system, is an extrasolar planet approximately 36 light-years away in the constellation of Pisces. The planet was discovered orbiting the orange dwarf star 54 Piscium. The planet's minimum mass is one fifth that of Jupiter, and it orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit about every two months. On January 16, 2002, a team of astronomers (led by Geoff Marcy)\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["dwarf or a red dwarf, in an elliptical orbit within the Oort cloud. This object, known as Nemesis, was hypothesized to pass through a portion of the Oort cloud approximately every 26 million years, bombarding the inner Solar System with comets. However, to date no evidence of Nemesis or the Oort cloud have been found, and many lines of evidence (such as crater counts), have thrown their existence into doubt. Recent scientific analysis no longer supports the idea that extinctions on Earth happen at regular, repeating intervals. Thus, the Nemesis hypothesis is no longer needed to explain current assumptions. A","occurred on 9 July 2012, when Venus passed Aldebaran 56' northward. However, in far past and future, occultations of Aldebaran by Mercury and Venus have and will occur as result of wandering nodes. The next occultation of Aldebaran by a planet, Venus, will occur on 27 August 5366. Five faint stars are positioned so that they appear close to Aldebaran. These double stars were given alphabetic secondary star designations more or less in the order of their discovery, with the letter A reserved for the primary star. Some of the characteristics of these components, including their position relative to Aldebaran,","in excess of 5 kilograms. Crystallization of the material of a white dwarf of this type is thought to result in a body-centered cubic lattice of carbon and/or oxygen nuclei, which are surrounded by a Fermi sea of electrons. BPM 37093 BPM 37093 (V886 Centauri) is a variable white dwarf star of the DAV, or ZZ Ceti, type, with a hydrogen atmosphere and an unusually high mass of approximately 1.1 times the Sun's. It is about 50 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Centaurus, and vibrates; these pulsations cause its luminosity to vary. Like other white dwarfs, BPM 37093 is","TV Pictoris TV Pictoris is a rotating ellipsoidal variable star in the constellation Pictor. It ranges between apparent magnitude 7.37 - 7.53 over a period of 0.85 days. It was first discovered to be variable in 1987. The system is inclined at an angle of 54 degrees to observers on Earth. It is composed of a primary star that has a radius 4.3 times that of the sun and 1.2 times its mass, and an effective (surface) temperature of 8300 K, and a secondary star with a radius 2.1 times that of the sun and 40% of its mass, and","Circumstellar habitable zone to at which water can only exist as vapour. The entire orbits of the Moon, Mars, and numerous asteroids also lie within various estimates of the habitable zone. Only at Mars' lowest elevations (less than 30% of the planet's surface) is atmospheric pressure and temperature sufficient for water to, if present, exist in liquid form for short periods. At Hellas Basin, for example, atmospheric pressures can reach 1,115 Pa and temperatures above zero Celsius (about the triple point for water) for 70 days in the Martian year. Despite indirect evidence in the form of seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes,","but was still listed at NEODyS with odds of 1 in 3 million for 27 November 2015 during the approach window. With an absolute magnitude of 23.6, is about 50–110 meters in diameter. 2007 VE191 It is estimated to be roughly 63 meters in diameter. In 2015 it was known to have a 1 in 63,000 chance of impacting Earth on 27 November 2015. However, the nominal best-fit orbit showed that would be roughly from Earth on 27 November 2015 with an apparent magnitude of roughly +25 in the constellation of Virgo about 50 degrees from the Sun, and the","Moon. Due to its small size, it is very likely Kepler-37b is a rocky planet with a solid surface. Furthermore, it is too hot to support liquid water on its surface. The planet orbits a (G-type) star similar to the Sun, named Kepler-37, orbited by a total of four planets. The star has a mass of 0.80 and a radius of 0.79 . It has a temperature of 5417 K and is 5.66 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it","heliacal rising of Regulus occurs in the first week of September. Every 8 years, Venus passes Regulus around the time of the star's heliacal rising, as on 5 September 2014. Regulus is a multiple star system consisting of at least four stars. Regulus A is the dominant star, with a binary companion 177\" distant that is thought to be physically related. Regulus D is a 12th magnitude companion at 212\", but is apparently an unrelated background object. Regulus A is a binary star consisting of a blue-white main sequence star of spectral type B7V, which is orbited by a star","the higher density due to the higher average pressure compared to Earth. The estimated equilibrium temperature for Kepler-186f, which is the surface temperature without an atmosphere, is said to be around , somewhat colder than the equilibrium temperature of Mars. The planet orbits a (M-type) star named Kepler-186, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.54 and a radius of 0.52 . It has a temperature of 3755 K and is about 4 billion years old, about 600 million years younger than the Sun, which is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature","TRAPPIST-1e ([Fe/H]) of 0.04, or 109% the solar amount. This is particularly odd as such low-mass stars near the boundary between brown dwarfs and hydrogen-fusing stars should be expected to have considerably less metal content than the Sun. Its luminosity () is 0.0522% of that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 18.8. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. The exoplanet was announced to be orbiting within the habitable zone of its parent star, the region where, with the correct conditions and atmospheric properties, liquid water","Stars and planetary systems in fiction galaxy. At least one of the Ross stars has been confirmed to possess multiple extrasolar planets as of 2013. Item(s) in this section refer to the star as Ross 780. For references to Gliese 876, see the separate section in this article. As of 2013, it has been confirmed that four (nonfictional) extrasolar planets orbit the star. Beta Lyrae is an eclipsing binary system (see animation) in which mass is being transferred from the brighter primary to the more massive secondary star in a presumably spectacular accretion disc. Because of this, it has inspired the imaginations of artists and authors","Gliese 667 Cc a mass of 0.31 and a radius of 0.42 . It has a temperature of 3700 K, but its age is poorly constrained, estimates place it greater than 2 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. This star is radiating only 1.4% of the Sun's luminosity from its outer atmosphere. It is known to have a system of two planets: claims have been made for up to seven, but these may be in error due to failure to account for correlated noise in the radial velocity data.","the University of Arizona successfully relocated the comet with the 154-cm reflector at Catalina. It was also observed in 1978, 1985, 1991-1992, and 1998-1999. The comet peaked at about apparent magnitude 16.3 in 2012. On 29 December 2077 the comet will pass from Mars. 60P/Tsuchinshan 60P/Tsuchinshan, also known as Tsuchinshan 2, is a periodic comet in the solar system with an orbital period of 6.79 years. Tsuchinshan is the Wade-Giles transliteration corresponding to the pinyin \"Zĭjīn Shān\", which is Mandarin Chinese for \"Purple Mountain\". It was discovered at the Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanking, China on 11 January 1965 with a","5145 Pholus trans-Neptunian populations of the Solar System – that is, beyond Jupiter's and within Neptune's orbit – which behave with characteristics of both asteroids and comets. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 8.8–32.0 AU once every 92 years and 1 month (33,637 days; semi-major axis of 20.39 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.57 and an inclination of 25° with respect to the ecliptic. It is a Saturn-, Uranus- and Neptune-crosser, crossing the orbits of these giant planets at a mean-distance of 9.6, 11.9 and 30.1 AU from the Sun, respectively. \"Pholus\" has not come within one astronomical","HD 104985 b HD 104985 b, also named Meztli, is an extrasolar planet approximately 97 parsecs (317 lys) from the Sun in the constellation of Camelopardalis. The 198-day period planet orbits the yellow giant star HD 104985 (Tonatiuh) at a distance of 0.78 AU. With a mass 6/ times Jupiter it is a gas giant. Following its discovery in 2003 the planet was designated HD 104985 b. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In","2013, transit-timing variation analysis confirmed 3 other planets to be in the system. However, only very loose constraints of the maximum mass of the planets could be determined. Kepler-32 Kepler-32 is an M-type main sequence star located about 1070 light years from Earth, in the constellation of Cygnus. Discovered in January 2012 by the Kepler spacecraft, it shows a 0.58 ± 0.05 solar mass (), a 0.53 ± 0.04 solar radius (), and temperature of 3900.0 K, making it half the mass and radius of the Sun, two-thirds its temperature and 5% its luminosity. It initially was known to have","Ceres (dwarf planet) all dwarf planets\", and describes it elsewhere as \"the dwarf planet–asteroid 1 Ceres\". NASA continues to refer to Ceres as an asteroid, as do various academic textbooks. Ceres follows an orbit between Mars and Jupiter, within the asteroid belt, with a period of 4.6 Earth years. The orbit is moderately inclined (\"i\" = 10.6° compared to 7° for Mercury and 17° for Pluto) and moderately eccentric (\"e\" = 0.08 compared to 0.09 for Mars). The diagram illustrates the orbits of Ceres (blue) and several planets (white and gray). The segments of orbits below the ecliptic are plotted in darker colors,","Gliese 649 Gliese 649 is a red dwarf star in the constellation of Hercules, located roughly 34 light years from the Sun. The star has been found to host an extrasolar planet. According to Johnson et al. (2010) a Saturn-mass planet has been detected around the red dwarf star. It yields 32.8% of Jupiter's mass and is located 1.15 astronomical units from its star in eccentric orbit (e=0.3). Assuming a luminosity of 4.5% that of the Sun, the habitable zone is located at 0.21 AUs, thus the planet should be as cold as if it were located at 5.5 AUs","observing time is less a year, for example, the orbits of the detectable planets will be significantly smaller than that of the Earth. So, for Corot, due to the maximum duration of 6 months of observation for each star field, only planets closer to their stars than 0.3 Astronomical Units (less than the distance between the Sun and Mercury) can be detected, therefore generally not in the so-called habitable zone. The Kepler mission (NASA) has continuously observed the same field for many years and thus had the ability to detect Earth sized planets located farther from their stars. The moderate","LHS 1140 LHS 1140 is a red dwarf in the constellation of Cetus. Based on its stellar properties, it is thought to be about 41 light-years away from the Sun. 'LHS' refers to the Luyten Half-Second Catalogue of stars with proper motions exceeding half a second of arc annually. The star is over 5 billion years old and has 15% of the mass of the Sun. LHS 1140's rotational period is 130 days. No flares have been observed. LHS 1140 has a rocky planet, LHS 1140 b, orbiting it. The planet is a super-Earth in a habitable zone and transits","Astronomy on Mars those of Earth — after all, the two ecliptic planes only have a mutual inclination of 1.85° — but on Mars, the Sun spends 6 days in the constellation Cetus, leaving and re-entering Pisces as it does so, making a total of 14 zodiacal constellations. The equinoxes and solstices are different as well: for the northern hemisphere, vernal equinox is in Ophiuchus (compared to Pisces on Earth), summer solstice is at the border of Aquarius and Pisces, autumnal equinox is in Taurus, and winter solstice is in Virgo. As on Earth, precession will cause the solstices and equinoxes to cycle","Saturn is occulted by the Moon (that is, the Moon covers up Saturn in the sky). As with all the planets in the Solar System, occultations of Saturn occur in \"seasons\". Saturnian occultations will take place 12 or more times over a 12-month period, followed by about a five-year period in which no such activity is registered. Australian astronomy experts Hill and Horner explain the seasonal nature of Saturnian occultations: This is the result of the fact that the moon’s orbit around the Earth is tilted to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun – and so most of","Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite telescopes have mainly detected giant exoplanets, TESS will find a large number of small planets around the nearest stars in the sky. TESS records the nearest and brightest main sequence stars hosting transiting exoplanets, which are the most favorable targets for detailed investigations. TESS uses a novel highly-elliptical orbit around the Earth with an apogee approximately at the distance of the Moon and a perigee of 108,000 km. TESS orbits Earth twice during the time the Moon orbits once, a 2:1 resonance with the Moon. The orbit is expected to remain stable for a minimum of 10 years. Led by","September. It will not be 50 AU from the Sun until 2045. After leaving the planetary region of the Solar System, will have a barycentric aphelion of 1920 AU with an orbital period of 29900 years. The orbit of currently comes closer to Saturn than any of the other giant planets. In a 10 million year integration of the orbit, the nominal (best-fit) orbit acquires a perihelion point of 0.5 AU (inside the orbit of Venus), and one of the 3-sigma clones acquires a perihelion point of only . 2013 BL76 Using an epoch of February 2017, it is the","61 Virginis b 61 Virginis b (abbreviated 61 Vir b) is an extrasolar planet, orbiting the 5th magnitude G-type star 61 Virginis, in Virgo. This planet has a minimum mass of 5.1 times that of Earth and is an example of a super-Earth planet. It orbits very close to the star, at a distance of 0.050201 AU with an eccentricity of 0.12. This planet was discovered on 14 December 2009 using the radial velocity method taken at Keck and Anglo-Australian Observatories. 61 Virginis b is a super-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than","Beta Pictoris b star named Beta Pictoris. The star has a mass of 1.75 and a radius of 1.8 . It has a surface temperature of 8056 K and is 12 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.06, or 112% of that found in the Sun. Its luminosity () is 8.7 times that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 3. Therefore, it can be seen with the naked eye.","Jupiter's, making its atmosphere fluffy, and coupled with transiting a moderately bright K star makes it a target for atmosphere characterization. It is eight times nearer its star than Mercury is to the Sun and orbits its star every 5.7 days. With a temperature of , its atmosphere makes it one of the hottest known exoplanets. WASP-107b WASP-107b is a super-Neptune exoplanet that lies 200 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Virgo. Its discovery was announced in 2017 and led by D. R. Anderson and a team of colleagues via the WASP-South. Helium was discovered in the planet's atmosphere","Cepheus (constellation) and is paired with a blue main sequence star called VV Cephei B. One of the largest stars in the galaxy, it has a diameter 1,400 times that of the Sun. VV Cephei is also an unusually long-period eclipsing binary, but the eclipses, which occur every 20.3 years, are too faint to be observed with the unaided eye. T Cephei, also a red giant, is a Mira variable with a minimum magnitude of 11.3 and a maximum magnitude of 5.2, 685 light-years from Earth. It has a period of 13 months and a diameter of between 329 to 500 solar","was also detected, with a minimum mass of about 8.4 and a low equilibrium temperature of . It has been designated Gliese 1132 (d) with parenthesis because it has not been accepted as a confirmed planet. Despite the signal having a false alarm probability of less than 0.01%, comparable to Gliese 1132 b and c, it is close to the period of the star’s magnetic cycle. Gliese 1132 Gliese 1132 (often shortened to GJ 1132) is a small red dwarf star about 39 light-years (12 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Vela. In 2015, it was revealed to have","has a slightly warmer temperature of 5778 K. Kepler-6 has a metallicity of [Fe/H] = +0.34, making it 2.2 times more metallic than the Sun. On average, metal-rich stars tend to be more likely to have planets and planetary systems. The star, as seen from Earth, has an apparent magnitude of 13.8. It is not visible with the naked eye. In comparison, Pluto's apparent magnitude at its brightest is slightly brighter, at 13.65. Kepler-6 has one confirmed extrasolar planet; it is a gas giant named Kepler-6b. The planet is approximately .669 M, or some two-thirds the mass of planet Jupiter.","July 2047. The second message, Cosmic Call 2, was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at 47 Ursae Majoris in May 2049. Because of its planetary system, 47 Ursae Majoris was listed as one of the top 100 target stars for NASA's former Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. 47 Ursae Majoris 47 Ursae Majoris (abbreviated 47 UMa), also named Chalawan (, ), is a yellow dwarf star approximately 46 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. , three extrasolar planets (designated 47 Ursae Majoris b, c and d; the first two later named Taphao Thong and","further distance. Kepler-11e, which formed within the first few million years of the star system's formation, has a mass 8.4 times that of Earth's, and radius 4.52 times that of Earth's. With a density of 0.5 grams/cm, Kepler-11e has a density that is half of that of pure water at standard temperature and pressure and slightly less than the density of Saturn. Kepler-11e has a surface equilibrium temperature of 617 K, and is thus has an equilibrium temperature approximately 2.4 times hotter than Earth's. Kepler-11e orbits its star at a mean distance of .194 AU, making it the fourth planet","Kepler-86 Kepler-86, PH2 or KIC 12735740 (2MASS 19190326+5157453), is a G-type star distant within the constellation Cygnus. Roughly the size and temperature of the Sun, PH2 gained prominence when it was known to be the host of one of 42 planet candidates detected by the Planet Hunters citizen science project in its second data release. The candidate orbiting around PH2, known as PH2 b, had been determined to have a spurious detection probability of only 0.08%, thus effectively confirming its existence as a planet. Located in its parent star's habitable zone, PH2 b (or Kepler-86b) is a \"Jupiter-size\" gas giant","with a stable stellar activity. Many red dwarfs like Proxima Centauri and TRAPPIST-1 are prone to releasing potentially deadly flares caused by powerful magnetic fields. Billions of years of exposure to these flares can potentially strip a planet of its atmosphere and render it sterile with possibly dangerous amounts of radiation. While Ross 128 is known to produce such flares, they are currently much less common and less powerful than those of the previously mentioned stars. This reduces the odds of atmospheric erosion (if Ross 128 b has one) and would increase the odds of its retention over geological timescales.","Kepler-5 Kepler-5 is a star located in the constellation Cygnus in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA project aimed at detecting planets in transit of, or passing in front of, their host stars as seen from Earth. One closely orbiting, Jupiter-like planet, named Kepler-5b, has been detected around Kepler-5. Kepler-5's planet was one of the first five planets to be discovered by the Kepler spacecraft; its discovery was announced on January 4, 2010 at the 215th meeting of the American Astronomical Society after being verified by a variety of observatories. Kepler-5 is larger and more massive","Alpha Crucis 25,000 and 16,000 times that of the Sun. α and α orbit over such a long period that motion is only barely seen. From their minimum separation of 430 astronomical units, the period is estimated to be around 1,500 years. α is itself a spectroscopic binary star, with its components thought to be around 14 and 10 times the mass of the Sun and orbiting in only 76 days at a separation of about 1 AU. The masses of α and the brighter component α suggest that the stars will someday explode as supernovae. The unseen fainter component of α","Milankovitch cycles circular (with the lowest eccentricity of 0.000055) and mildly elliptical (highest eccentricity of 0.0679) Its geometric or logarithmic mean is 0.0019. The major component of these variations occurs with a period of 413,000 years (eccentricity variation of ±0.012). Other components have 95,000-year and 125,000-year cycles (with a beat period of 400,000 years). They loosely combine into a 100,000-year cycle (variation of −0.03 to +0.02). The present eccentricity is 0.017 and decreasing. Eccentricity varies primarily due to the gravitational pull of Jupiter and Saturn. However, the semi-major axis of the orbital ellipse remains unchanged; according to perturbation theory, which computes the","Lacaille 9352 Lacaille 9352 (Lac 9352) is a star in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 7.34, this star is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye even under excellent seeing conditions. Parallax measurements place it at a distance of about from Earth. It is the eleventh closest star system to the Solar System and is the closest star in the constellation Piscis Austrinus. The ChView simulation shows that its closest neighbour is the EZ Aquarii triple star system at about 4.1 ly from Lacaille 9352. This star has the fourth highest","Piscium itself is known as (, .) Delta Piscium Delta Piscium (δ Piscium) is a solitary, orange-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +4.4, so it is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.5 mas, it is around from the Sun. The visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K4 IIIb. It has around 1.65 times the mass","1844, and, although its orbital elements had been calculated by Arthur Auwers in 1862 as part of his thesis, Procyon B was not visually confirmed until 1896 when John Martin Schaeberle observed it at the predicted position using the 36-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. It is more difficult to observe from Earth than Sirius B, due to a greater apparent magnitude difference and smaller angular separation from its primary. At , Procyon B is considerably less massive than Sirius B; however, the peculiarities of degenerate matter ensure that it is larger than its more famous neighbor, with an estimated radius","Nu Piscium indicating that the atmosphere was previously enriched by accretion of s-process elements from what is now an white dwarf companion. The giant has 1.66 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to about 34 times the Sun's radius. It is about 3.4 billion years old and is radiating 380 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,154 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \"Outer Fence\", refers to an asterism consisting of ν Piscium, δ Piscium, ε Piscium, ζ Piscium, μ Piscium, ξ Piscium and α Piscium. Consequently, ν Piscium itself is known as (,","42 Draconis 42 Draconis (abbreviated 42 Dra), also named Fafnir, is a 5th magnitude K-type giant star located approximately 315 light years away in the constellation of Draco. As of 2009, an extrasolar planet (designated 42 Draconis b, later named Orbitar) is thought to be orbiting the star. Of spectral type K1.5III, the star has a mass similar to the Sun but with a radius 22 times greater. It is a metal-poor star with metallicity as low as 35% that of the Sun and its age is 9.49 billion years. It is the northern pole star of Venus. 42 Draconis","zone where liquid water can exist on the surface. Computer simulations of the formation of planets around low mass stars predict that Earth-sized planets are most abundant, but more than 90% of the simulated planets are at least 10% water by mass, suggesting that many Earth-sized planets orbiting red dwarf stars are covered in deep oceans. At least four and possibly up to six exoplanets were discovered orbiting within the Gliese 581 planetary system between 2005 and 2010. One planet has about the mass of Neptune, or 16 Earth masses (). It orbits just 6 million kilometers (0.04 AU) from","HAT-P-7b HAT-P-7b (or Kepler-2b) is an extrasolar planet discovered in 2008. It orbits very close to its host star, and is both larger and more massive than Jupiter. Due to the extreme heat it receives from its star, the dayside temperature is predicted to be 2730 K. HAT-P-7b is also one of the darkest planets ever observed, with an albedo of less than 0.03—meaning it absorbs more than 97% of the visible light that strikes it. The GSC 03547-01402 system was within the initial field of view of the Kepler Mission spacecraft, which confirmed the transit and orbital properties of","It is the largest Solar System object that makes repeated close approaches to Earth. With a relative velocity of 60 km/s, an Earth impact would have an estimated energy of ~27 times that of the Cretaceous–Paleogene impactor. Comet Swift–Tuttle has been described as \"the single most dangerous object known to humanity\". In 1996, the long-term possibility of Comet Swift–Tuttle impacting Earth was compared to 433 Eros, and they were compared to about 3000 other kilometer sized objects as objects of concern. Comet Swift–Tuttle Comet Swift–Tuttle (formally designated 109P/Swift–Tuttle) is a periodic comet with a current (osculating) orbital period of 133","V), LHS 2924 (M9 V). Many red dwarfs are orbited by exoplanets, but large Jupiter-sized planets are comparatively rare. Doppler surveys of a wide variety of stars indicate about 1 in 6 stars with twice the mass of the Sun are orbited by one or more Jupiter-sized planets, versus 1 in 16 for Sun-like stars and only 1 in 50 for red dwarfs. On the other hand, microlensing surveys indicate that long-orbital-period Neptune-mass planets are found around one in three red dwarfs. Observations with HARPS further indicate 40% of red dwarfs have a \"super-Earth\" class planet orbiting in the habitable","86P/Wild 86P/Wild (pronounced \"86P/Vilt\") is a periodic comet in the Solar System with a current orbital period of 6.84 years. It was discovered on photographic plates exposed on 11/12 April 1980 by Paul Wild of the Astronomical Institute of University of Bern, Switzerland at the nearby Zimmerwald Observatory. He reported the brightness at a magnitude of 15.5 and that the comet was diffuse. He rediscovered it on 7 May 1980 and calculations by Brian G. Marsden estimated that perihelion would take place on 6 October 1980. Syuichi Nakano calculated the next perihelion would be 31 August 1987 and the comet","Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is a gas giant that orbits the two stars in the Kepler-16 system. The planet is a third of Jupiter's mass and","spans over 80 days. The object has not been observed since November 2002 about 2 months before it came to perihelion 2.7 AU from the Sun. During perihelion passage the object was 2.9 AU from Earth. \" belongs to the dynamical group of damocloids due to its low Tisserand parameter (T of 1.0820). It is also a Jupiter-, Saturn-, Uranus-, and Neptune-crosser. The object has the seventh-largest heliocentric semi-major axis and aphelion of all known minor planets, while its extreme eccentricity brings it well within the orbit of Jupiter when at perihelion. 2002 RN109 \" may be a dormant comet","HD 23596 b HD 23596 b is an exoplanet approximately 170 light years away in the constellation Perseus. The planet is very massive, at least 7.8 times that of Jupiter, classifying as mid-superjovian. Based on its mass, the planet would probably be a gas giant with no solid surface. The planet orbits at the average distance of 2.83 AU, taking 1565 days to complete its orbit with average velocity of 19.7 km/s. The eccentricity of the planet’s orbit is higher than all the planets in the Solar System, bringing as close as 2.00 AU to as far as 3.66 AU","Gliese 436 Gliese 436 is a red dwarf approximately away in the zodiac constellation of Leo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 10.67, which is much too faint to be seen with the naked eye. However, it can be viewed with even a modest telescope of aperture. In 2004, the existence of an extrasolar planet, Gliese 436b, was verified as orbiting the star. This planet was later discovered to transit its host star. Gliese 436 is a M2.5V star, which means it is a red dwarf. Stellar models give an estimated size of about 42% of the Sun's radius.","Lambda Piscium Lambda Piscium, Latinized from λ Piscium, is a solitary, white-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49, it is visible to the naked eye, forming the southeast corner of the \"Circlet\" asterism in Pisces. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 30.59 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 107 light years distant from the Sun. Lambda Piscium is a member of the Ursa Major Stream, lying among the outer parts, or corona, of this moving group of stars that roughly follow a common heading through space. This well-studied","BD−22 5866 BD−22 5866 is a quadruple-star system located 166 light years from Earth. The four stars are each about half the mass of the Sun and are approximately 500 million years old. The system is unusual in how closely the four stars are orbiting each other; one pair has an orbital separation of at most .04 AU and an orbital period of about two days, the other pair has a separation of at most .26 AU and a period of about 55 days, and the two pairs are separated by 5.8 AU and have an orbital period of less","COROT-3b COROT-3b (formerly known as COROT-Exo-3b) is a brown dwarf or massive extrasolar planet with a mass 21.66 times that of Jupiter. The object orbits an F-type star in the constellation of Aquila. The orbit is circular and takes 4.2568 days to complete. It was discovered by the French-led COROT mission which detected the dimming of the parent star's light as COROT-3b passes in front of it (a situation called a transit). The mass of COROT-3b was determined by the radial velocity method, which involves detecting the Doppler shift of the parent star's spectrum as it moves towards and away","WASP-4b WASP-4b is an extrasolar planet approximately 880 light-years away in the constellation of Phoenix. The planet was discovered orbiting the star WASP-4 in October 2007. The planet's mass and radius indicate that it is a gas giant, similar to Jupiter. WASP-4b is close enough to its star to be classified as a hot Jupiter and has an atmospheric temperature of approximately 1650 K. The planet was the discovered by the SuperWASP project using cameras in South Africa. After its discovery, the mass of the WASP-4 b was determined by measuring the radial velocity of WASP-4, which confirmed that the","if at least 0.5 to 5 bars of CO is present in its atmosphere, for assumed N partial pressures ranging from 10 bar to zero, respectively. The star hosts four other planets discovered so far, although Kepler-186 b, c, d, and e (in order of increasing orbital radius), being too close to their star, are considered too hot to have liquid water. The four innermost planets are probably tidally locked, but Kepler-186f is in a higher orbit, where the star's tidal effects are much weaker, so the time could have been insufficient for its spin to slow down significantly. Because","rate between the two stars. FO Aquarii FO Aquarii is an intermediate polar star system in the constellation Aquarius. The white dwarf and companion star orbit each other with a period of approximately 4.85 hours. The system is famous for a very strong optical pulsation which occurs every 20.9 minutes, corresponding with the rotational period of the accreting white dwarf. Prior to 2016, the system's long-term optical brightness varied between apparent magnitude 12.7 and 14.2, but in early 2016, it faded to magnitude 15.8 and thereafter began a slow recovery to its normal brightness, behavior which is indicative of a","Ceres (dwarf planet) of Mercury, which usually happen every few years, most recently in 2006 and 2010. The most recent transit of Venus was in 1953, and the next will be in 2051; the corresponding dates are 1814 and 2081 for transits of Earth, and 767 and 2684 for transits of Mars. The rotation period of Ceres (the Cererian day) is 9 hours and 4 minutes. It has an axial tilt of 4°. This is small enough for Ceres's polar regions to contain permanently shadowed craters that are expected to act as cold traps and accumulate water ice over time, similar to the","Kepler-62f that of Mars. It has a radius of 1.4 , placing it below the radius of ≥1.6 where it would otherwise be a mini-Neptune with a volatile composition, with no solid surface. Due to its radius, it is likely a rocky planet. However, the mass isn't constrained yet, estimates place an upper limit of <35 , the real mass is expected to be significantly lower than this. The true value is likely around 2.8 , assuming a rocky composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five known planets. The star has a mass","has become cooler than the Sun's as it slowly expands into a giant star. The star is known to have two giant extrasolar planets. On July 26, 2010 the California and Carnegie Planet Search team announced the discovery of two planets around 24 Sextantis along with two planets around HD 200964. The inner planet is twice as massive as Jupiter and takes 453 days to orbit the star in a circular orbit at the average distance of 1.33 AU (199 Gm). The outer planet is / the mass of Jupiter and takes 883 days to orbit eccentrically around the star","orbital period of 33100 years. In a 10 million year integration of the orbit, the nominal (best-fit) orbit and both 3-sigma clones remain outside 12.2 AU (\"q\") from the Sun. Summary of barycentric orbital parameters are: Archived data from the JPL SBDB and MPC. 2012 DR30 Using an epoch of February 2017, it has the second-largest heliocentric semi-major axis of a minor planet not detected out-gassing like a comet. ( has a larger heliocentric semi-major axis.) does have a barycentric semi-major axis of 1032 AU. For the epoch of July 2018 will have its largest heliocentric semi-major axis of 1644","While only one additional planet was confirmed by the analysis, the study revealed the potential existence of either an unconfirmed planet KOI-872.03 (KOI-872 d). Validation by multiplicity method allowed to confirm the existence of this planet which was then renamed Kepler-46d. Planet b is a gas giant planet with a mass slightly less than that of Jupiter. The second planet in the system was among the first to be discovered through the method of transit timing variations, and through its confirmation of KOI-872 c with a 99% confidence level has shown that the method of detection may be used to","slightly smaller than Saturn at 0.7538 Jupiter radii, but is more dense. Kepler-16b completes a nearly circular orbit every 228.776 days. Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is","that metal-rich stars tend to have orbiting planets more often than metal-poor stars. Kepler-4 is also about 6.7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. In addition, Kepler-4 has an effective temperature of 5781 (± 76) K, which is almost identical, within the errors, to that of the Sun, which is 5778 K. As seen from Earth, Kepler-4 has an apparent magnitude of 12.7. It is, as a result, not visible with the naked eye. Kepler-4b's discovery was announced on January 4, 2010. It is the size of planet Neptune, at 0.077 M (7% the","at the average distance of 2.08 AU (312 Gm). The two planets are in a 2:1 resonance, meaning that the outer planet orbits the star once every time when the inner planet orbits the star twice. These two jovian planets are dancing around each other gravitationally. 24 Sextantis 24 Sextantis, often abbreviated as 24 Sex, is the Flamsteed designation of a 7th-magnitude star located approximately 253 light years away in the constellation of Sextans. At an apparent visual magnitude of 6.61, this star can only be viewed from rural skies under good seeing conditions. At the age of 2.8 billion","5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 9.63. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye, but can be seen with good binoculars. The star is known to host one planet, BD+14 4559 b, and is 47% more massive than Jupiter. It orbits within the habitable zone of its parent star at a distance of 0.77 AU, somewhat close to the orbital distance of Venus. Based on observations, there may be an undetected second planet orbiting the star, however this is unconfirmed. BD+14 4559 BD+14 4559 is a","QZ Carinae times the Sun's mass and 8.9 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 32,463 K, it is around 80,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Star B1 is less massive than B2 and is assumed to have undergone significant mass loss or mass transfer to B2. Together, all four stars have a combined mass 94 times that of the Sun. Star B is a Beta Lyrae variable eclipsing system. It causes the apparent magnitude of the system to vary regularly every 5.999 days from +6.16 at maximum to +6.49 at the primary minimum and +6.43 at the secondary minimum.","the effective temperature of Kepler-14 would be 6395 K, much hotter than the Sun, and the star's iron content would be 0.12, or 132% the amount found in the Sun. Assuming that Kepler-14's two stars formed at about the same time, their gyrochronological ages would be approximately 2.2 billion years. Kepler-14b is a Jupiter-like planet in the orbit of the primary star of Kepler-14. The planet is 8.4 times Jupiter's mass, the equivalent of 2670 times Earth's mass. The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter at 1.14 Jupiter radii The density of Kepler-14b is 7.1 grams/cm, the second densest planet","close to the star's equator. Its parent star is a G-type star, a bit cooler than the Sun but more active. It is located about 800 light-years from Earth. It takes 125 minutes to transit its star. As of August 2008, the COROT-2b spin-orbit angle (that is, the angle between the equator of the star and the plane of the planet orbit) was calculated by Bouchy \"et al.\" by means of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect with a value of +7.2 ± 4.5 degrees. COROT-2 COROT-2 is a yellow dwarf main sequence star a little cooler than the Sun. This star is","low eccentricity of 0.019. It has a temperature of 584 K. Kepler-89e orbits the star Kepler-89. Kepler-89 has a mass of 1.18 solar masses, and a radius of 1.32 solar radii. It is 3.3 billion years old, younger than the Sun, making its planets about 3,000,000,000 years old (3 Gyr). It has a temperature of 6,210 K, making it appear bright yellowish-white. Kepler-89e Kepler-89e, also known as KOI-94e, is an exoplanet in the constellation of Cygnus. It orbits Kepler-89. It is a type III planet, making it cloudless and blue, making it look like a larger version of Uranus and","0.04, or 109% the solar amount. This is particularly odd as such low-mass stars near the boundary between brown dwarfs and hydrogen-fusing stars should be expected to have considerably less metal content than the Sun. Its luminosity (\"L\") is 0.05% of that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 18.8, too dim to be seen with the naked eye. TRAPPIST-1g orbits its host star with an orbital period of about 12.353 days and an orbital radius of about 0.0451 times that of Earth's (compared to the distance of Mercury from the","naked eye. The binary system is known to host three planets, all larger than Earth with no solid surface. The innermost planet, Kepler-47b, is a gas giant and resides close to its parent stars and therefore is inhospitable to life. It is thought to be smaller than Kepler-47c and is roughly three times the radius of Earth. The second planet, Kepler-47c, is also a gas giant and the outermost planet. It is situated within the habitable zone and its radius is 4 times the Earth's. Although it is assumed Kepler-47c is not capable of harboring life, it is marginally larger","of the very slow evolution of red dwarfs, the age of the Kepler-186 system was poorly constrained, although it is likely to be greater than a few billion years. Recent results have placed the age at around 4 billion years. The chance that it is tidally locked is approximately 50%. Since it is closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, it will probably rotate much more slowly than Earth; its day could be weeks or months long (see Tidal effects on rotation rate, axial tilt and orbit). Kepler-186f's axial tilt (obliquity) is likely very small, in which","55 Cancri d 55 Cancri d (abbreviated 55 Cnc d), also named Lipperhey, is an extrasolar planet in a long-period orbit around the Sun-like star 55 Cancri A. Located at a similar distance from its star as Jupiter is from our Sun, it is the fifth and outermost known planet in its planetary system. 55 Cancri d was discovered on June 13, 2002. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU","59°, resulting in a true mass of 2.2756 times the mass of Jupiter. Because it is only 2 times more massive than Jupiter, it should be slightly larger than it, with a radius of around 1.2 . The equilibrium temperature of Gliese 876 b, is estimated to be around . This planet, like c and e, has likely migrated inward. The planet orbits a (M-type) star named Gliese 876. The star has a mass of 0.33 and a radius of around 0.36 . It has a surface temperature of 3350 K and is 2.55 billion years old. In comparison, the","and is likely 2 billion years old based on its mass and evolution. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 8.19. Therefore, HD 240237 is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. HD 240237 b orbits its star with nearly 331 times the Sun's luminosity (331 ) every 746 days at a distance of 1.9 AU (compared to Mars' orbital distance from the Sun, which is 1.52 AU). It has a mildly eccentric orbit,","K2-239 K2-239 (also designated EPIC 248545986) is a small red dwarf star in the constellation Sextans about 49 parsecs (160 light-years) away from Earth. Observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during Campaign 14 of its K2 \"Second Light\" mission, it was found to have three hot, likely rocky Earth-sized planets in orbit around it. K2-239 is a small red dwarf star of spectral class M3V. It is 40% the mass and 36% the radius of the Sun with just 0.016 times the luminosity. It has a temperature of 3420 K and its age is unknown. For comparison, the Sun has","Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period (243 days) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets (meaning the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east). It does not have any natural satellites. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of −4.6 – bright enough to cast shadows at night and, rarely,","4 magnitudes dimmer located 1.90 arcseconds away, whether this a gravitationally bound companion star or a chance optical alignment is unknown. Kepler-7b is the only planet that has been discovered in Kepler-7's orbit. It is .433 M and 1.478 R, meaning it is 43% the mass of planet Jupiter, but is nearly three halves its size. With a density of .166 grams/cc, the planet is approximately 17% the density of water. This is comparable to styrofoam. At a distance of .06224 AU from its host star, Kepler-7b completes an orbit around Kepler-7 every 4.8855 days. Planet Mercury, however, orbits the","The two stars are separated by about 74 arc seconds (~434 AU). In May 2009, astronomers from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, announced that they had found evidence of a planet orbiting VB 10, which they designated VB 10b. The Hale telescope at the Palomar Observatory was used to detect evidence of this planet using the astrometry method. The new planet was claimed to have a mass 6 times that of Jupiter and an orbital period of 270 days. However, subsequent studies using Doppler spectroscopy failed to detect the radial velocity variations that would be expected if such a","Kepler-432b Kepler-432b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \"KOI-1299.01\") is a hot super-Jupiter exoplanet orbiting the giant star Kepler-432 A, the innermost of two such planets discovered by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. It is located about 2,830 light-years (870 parsecs, or nearly km) from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured. Kepler-432b is a hot super-Jupiter, an exoplanet that has a radius and mass larger than that of the planet Jupiter, and","old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.3. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. K2-33b orbits its host star with an orbital period of 5.424 days at a distance of 0.049 AU (compared to the distance of Mercury from the Sun, which is about 0.38 AU). The planet likely receives about 125 times","Kepler-62d on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65.","COROT-9b COROT-9b is an exoplanet orbiting the star COROT-9, approximately 1500 light years away in the constellation Serpens. COROT-9b's distance of nearest approach to its parent star of approximately 0.36 AU was the largest of all known transiting planets at the time of its discovery, with an orbital period of 95 days. The transit of this planet lasts 8 hours. The planet is at a distance from its star where there is a strong increase in albedo as the temperature decreases, because of the condensation of reflective water clouds in the atmosphere. This suggests its atmosphere may be locked into","27 Piscium of 695 years and an eccentricity of 0.766. However, the orbital elements do not fully explain the radial velocity variations, which may indicate there is a brown dwarf companion. This candidate object would have a mass of at least and is orbiting with a semimajor axis of around . At the age of around 710 million years, the primary, component A, is a first ascent giant star on the red giant branch with a stellar classification of G8 III, which means it is generating energy through hydrogen fusion along a shell surrounding an inert helium core. It has 2.4 times","Kepler-61b Kepler-61b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \"KOI-1361.01\") is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within parts of the habitable zone of the K-type main-sequence star Kepler-61. It is located about 1,100 light-years (338 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered in 2013 using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured, by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-61b is a super-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than that of the ice giants Neptune and","Gliese 3634 at a distance of 14.7 parsecs (47.95 light years). GJ 3634 has one confirmed planet in orbit: GJ 3634 b. The planet was called a Super-Earth by its discoverers because of its mass, which was deduced to be 8.4 times that of Earth's and 0.02 times that of Jupiter's. GJ 3634 b has an extremely short orbital period, orbiting GJ 3634 every 2.64561 days. The planet orbits near to its star, and is at an average distance of .0287 AU away. It has an orbital eccentricity of 0.08, meaning that its orbit is very circular. The initial study into the","HD 205739 b is a Jupiter-size planet. The estimated minimum mass is 1.37 times the mass of Jupiter. The planet has been found to orbit its host star every 279.8 days at a distance of 0.896 AU, which is approximately 89.6% of the mean distance between the Sun and the Earth. HD 205739 b has a mildly elliptical orbit, given its orbital eccentricity of 0.27. The planet's elliptical orbit is typical with respect to discovered planets whose orbits are longer than twenty days and have not grown circular because of tidal forces. According to its discoverers, HD 205739 b's elongated","total of five to seven planets. The star has a mass of 0.81 and a radius of 0.778 . It has a temperature of 4699 K and is about 11.0 billion years old, making it one of the oldest stars. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 5. It can be seen with the naked eye. HD 219134 b orbits its host star with about 28% of the Sun's luminosity with an orbital period of 3 days and","case of Mars, the period is 2.135 years, (780 days). In more complex cases, including the use of gravitational slingshots, launch windows are irregular. Sometimes rare opportunities arise, such as when \"Voyager 2\" took advantage of a 175-year planetary alignment (launch window) to visit Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. When such an opportunity is missed, another target may be selected. For example, the ESA's \"Rosetta\" mission was originally intended for comet 46P/Wirtanen, but a launcher problem delayed it and a new target had to be selected (comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko). Launch periods are often calculated from porkchop plots, which show the delta-v","41 Lyncis b 41 Lyncis b (abbreviated 41 Lyn b), also designated HD 81688 b and named Arkas, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. A gas giant with a minimum mass 2.7 times that of Jupiter it orbits the K-type star 41 Lyncis with an orbital period of 184 days (corresponding to semi-major axis of 0.81 AU). It was discovered and announced by Sato on February 19, 2008. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The","It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-419c orbits its host star with 270% of the Sun's luminosity (2.7 ) about every 675 days (around 1.84 years) at a distance of 1.61 AU (compared to the orbital distance of Mars, which is 1.52 AU). It has a slightly eccentric orbit, with an eccentricity of 0.184. It receives about 95% of the amount of sunlight that Earth does. Kepler-419c resides in the circumstellar habitable zone of the parent star. The exoplanet, with a mass of 7.28 , is too massive to be rocky, and because of this","by measuring the minute dimming of a star as an orbiting planet passes between it and the Earth. It is the only planet orbiting around HD 89345, a G5 class star, situated in the constellation of Leo in 413 light-years from the Sun. This star is aged 9.4 billion years. HD 89345 b orbits its star in about 12 terrestrial days on an elliptical orbit. The orbit is closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and can be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.13) and","WASP-13b WASP-13b is an extrasolar planet that was discovered in 2008 in the orbit of the sunlike star WASP-13. The planet has a mass of nearly half that of Jupiter, but a radius five-fourths the size of Jupiter. This low relative mass might be caused by a core that is of low mass or that is not present at all. The planet orbits at approximately 5% of the distance between the Sun and Earth every four days. The star was observed several times between 2006 and 2009, at first through the SuperWASP program and later through focused follow-up observations. Analysis","5778 K. The primary star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.25, or 56% of the solar amount. The stars' luminosities () are 84% and 1% that of the Sun. The apparent magnitude of the system, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is about 15.8. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-47b orbits around its parent stars every 45 days at a distance of 0.29 AU from its stars (close to where Mercury orbits from the Sun, which is about 0.39 AU). It receives about 9.6 times as much sunlight","astronomers can see everything from methane to water vapor on other planets by photometry. It is the only planet orbiting around EPIC 211945201, a G class star, situated in the constellation of Cancer in 596 light-years from the Sun. Its host star is aged 4 billion years. EPIC 211945201 b orbits its star in about 19 terrestrial days. It orbits closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and may be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.14) and should be very different from our planet. EPIC","GJ 9827 GJ 9827 is a star in the constellation of Pisces. It is a K-type main-sequence star with an apparent magnitude of 10.250. It is 97 light-years (30 parsecs) away, based on parallax. It has 3 transiting planets seen by the \"Kepler\" space observatory in their K2 survey. As of October 2017, it is the closest star discovered to have transiting exoplanets found by either the Kepler or K2 missions. The planets (b, c, d) have radii of 1.62, 1.27, and 2.09 times that of the Earth, and periods of 1.209, 3.648, and 6.201 days (ratios 1:3:5). Because of","year or less; which still allows for Earth-sized planets at 0.6 AU or more. 54 Piscium b 54 Piscium b (HD 3651 b), occasionally catalogued as 54 Piscium Ab in order to differentiate from the brown dwarf in the system, is an extrasolar planet approximately 36 light-years away in the constellation of Pisces. The planet was discovered orbiting the orange dwarf star 54 Piscium. The planet's minimum mass is one fifth that of Jupiter, and it orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit about every two months. On January 16, 2002, a team of astronomers (led by Geoff Marcy)"],"string":"[\n \"dwarf or a red dwarf, in an elliptical orbit within the Oort cloud. This object, known as Nemesis, was hypothesized to pass through a portion of the Oort cloud approximately every 26 million years, bombarding the inner Solar System with comets. However, to date no evidence of Nemesis or the Oort cloud have been found, and many lines of evidence (such as crater counts), have thrown their existence into doubt. Recent scientific analysis no longer supports the idea that extinctions on Earth happen at regular, repeating intervals. Thus, the Nemesis hypothesis is no longer needed to explain current assumptions. A\",\n \"occurred on 9 July 2012, when Venus passed Aldebaran 56' northward. However, in far past and future, occultations of Aldebaran by Mercury and Venus have and will occur as result of wandering nodes. The next occultation of Aldebaran by a planet, Venus, will occur on 27 August 5366. Five faint stars are positioned so that they appear close to Aldebaran. These double stars were given alphabetic secondary star designations more or less in the order of their discovery, with the letter A reserved for the primary star. Some of the characteristics of these components, including their position relative to Aldebaran,\",\n \"in excess of 5 kilograms. Crystallization of the material of a white dwarf of this type is thought to result in a body-centered cubic lattice of carbon and/or oxygen nuclei, which are surrounded by a Fermi sea of electrons. BPM 37093 BPM 37093 (V886 Centauri) is a variable white dwarf star of the DAV, or ZZ Ceti, type, with a hydrogen atmosphere and an unusually high mass of approximately 1.1 times the Sun's. It is about 50 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Centaurus, and vibrates; these pulsations cause its luminosity to vary. Like other white dwarfs, BPM 37093 is\",\n \"TV Pictoris TV Pictoris is a rotating ellipsoidal variable star in the constellation Pictor. It ranges between apparent magnitude 7.37 - 7.53 over a period of 0.85 days. It was first discovered to be variable in 1987. The system is inclined at an angle of 54 degrees to observers on Earth. It is composed of a primary star that has a radius 4.3 times that of the sun and 1.2 times its mass, and an effective (surface) temperature of 8300 K, and a secondary star with a radius 2.1 times that of the sun and 40% of its mass, and\",\n \"Circumstellar habitable zone to at which water can only exist as vapour. The entire orbits of the Moon, Mars, and numerous asteroids also lie within various estimates of the habitable zone. Only at Mars' lowest elevations (less than 30% of the planet's surface) is atmospheric pressure and temperature sufficient for water to, if present, exist in liquid form for short periods. At Hellas Basin, for example, atmospheric pressures can reach 1,115 Pa and temperatures above zero Celsius (about the triple point for water) for 70 days in the Martian year. Despite indirect evidence in the form of seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes,\",\n \"but was still listed at NEODyS with odds of 1 in 3 million for 27 November 2015 during the approach window. With an absolute magnitude of 23.6, is about 50–110 meters in diameter. 2007 VE191 It is estimated to be roughly 63 meters in diameter. In 2015 it was known to have a 1 in 63,000 chance of impacting Earth on 27 November 2015. However, the nominal best-fit orbit showed that would be roughly from Earth on 27 November 2015 with an apparent magnitude of roughly +25 in the constellation of Virgo about 50 degrees from the Sun, and the\",\n \"Moon. Due to its small size, it is very likely Kepler-37b is a rocky planet with a solid surface. Furthermore, it is too hot to support liquid water on its surface. The planet orbits a (G-type) star similar to the Sun, named Kepler-37, orbited by a total of four planets. The star has a mass of 0.80 and a radius of 0.79 . It has a temperature of 5417 K and is 5.66 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it\",\n \"heliacal rising of Regulus occurs in the first week of September. Every 8 years, Venus passes Regulus around the time of the star's heliacal rising, as on 5 September 2014. Regulus is a multiple star system consisting of at least four stars. Regulus A is the dominant star, with a binary companion 177\\\" distant that is thought to be physically related. Regulus D is a 12th magnitude companion at 212\\\", but is apparently an unrelated background object. Regulus A is a binary star consisting of a blue-white main sequence star of spectral type B7V, which is orbited by a star\",\n \"the higher density due to the higher average pressure compared to Earth. The estimated equilibrium temperature for Kepler-186f, which is the surface temperature without an atmosphere, is said to be around , somewhat colder than the equilibrium temperature of Mars. The planet orbits a (M-type) star named Kepler-186, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.54 and a radius of 0.52 . It has a temperature of 3755 K and is about 4 billion years old, about 600 million years younger than the Sun, which is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature\",\n \"TRAPPIST-1e ([Fe/H]) of 0.04, or 109% the solar amount. This is particularly odd as such low-mass stars near the boundary between brown dwarfs and hydrogen-fusing stars should be expected to have considerably less metal content than the Sun. Its luminosity () is 0.0522% of that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 18.8. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. The exoplanet was announced to be orbiting within the habitable zone of its parent star, the region where, with the correct conditions and atmospheric properties, liquid water\",\n \"Stars and planetary systems in fiction galaxy. At least one of the Ross stars has been confirmed to possess multiple extrasolar planets as of 2013. Item(s) in this section refer to the star as Ross 780. For references to Gliese 876, see the separate section in this article. As of 2013, it has been confirmed that four (nonfictional) extrasolar planets orbit the star. Beta Lyrae is an eclipsing binary system (see animation) in which mass is being transferred from the brighter primary to the more massive secondary star in a presumably spectacular accretion disc. Because of this, it has inspired the imaginations of artists and authors\",\n \"Gliese 667 Cc a mass of 0.31 and a radius of 0.42 . It has a temperature of 3700 K, but its age is poorly constrained, estimates place it greater than 2 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. This star is radiating only 1.4% of the Sun's luminosity from its outer atmosphere. It is known to have a system of two planets: claims have been made for up to seven, but these may be in error due to failure to account for correlated noise in the radial velocity data.\",\n \"the University of Arizona successfully relocated the comet with the 154-cm reflector at Catalina. It was also observed in 1978, 1985, 1991-1992, and 1998-1999. The comet peaked at about apparent magnitude 16.3 in 2012. On 29 December 2077 the comet will pass from Mars. 60P/Tsuchinshan 60P/Tsuchinshan, also known as Tsuchinshan 2, is a periodic comet in the solar system with an orbital period of 6.79 years. Tsuchinshan is the Wade-Giles transliteration corresponding to the pinyin \\\"Zĭjīn Shān\\\", which is Mandarin Chinese for \\\"Purple Mountain\\\". It was discovered at the Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanking, China on 11 January 1965 with a\",\n \"5145 Pholus trans-Neptunian populations of the Solar System – that is, beyond Jupiter's and within Neptune's orbit – which behave with characteristics of both asteroids and comets. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 8.8–32.0 AU once every 92 years and 1 month (33,637 days; semi-major axis of 20.39 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.57 and an inclination of 25° with respect to the ecliptic. It is a Saturn-, Uranus- and Neptune-crosser, crossing the orbits of these giant planets at a mean-distance of 9.6, 11.9 and 30.1 AU from the Sun, respectively. \\\"Pholus\\\" has not come within one astronomical\",\n \"HD 104985 b HD 104985 b, also named Meztli, is an extrasolar planet approximately 97 parsecs (317 lys) from the Sun in the constellation of Camelopardalis. The 198-day period planet orbits the yellow giant star HD 104985 (Tonatiuh) at a distance of 0.78 AU. With a mass 6/ times Jupiter it is a gas giant. Following its discovery in 2003 the planet was designated HD 104985 b. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In\",\n \"2013, transit-timing variation analysis confirmed 3 other planets to be in the system. However, only very loose constraints of the maximum mass of the planets could be determined. Kepler-32 Kepler-32 is an M-type main sequence star located about 1070 light years from Earth, in the constellation of Cygnus. Discovered in January 2012 by the Kepler spacecraft, it shows a 0.58 ± 0.05 solar mass (), a 0.53 ± 0.04 solar radius (), and temperature of 3900.0 K, making it half the mass and radius of the Sun, two-thirds its temperature and 5% its luminosity. It initially was known to have\",\n \"Ceres (dwarf planet) all dwarf planets\\\", and describes it elsewhere as \\\"the dwarf planet–asteroid 1 Ceres\\\". NASA continues to refer to Ceres as an asteroid, as do various academic textbooks. Ceres follows an orbit between Mars and Jupiter, within the asteroid belt, with a period of 4.6 Earth years. The orbit is moderately inclined (\\\"i\\\" = 10.6° compared to 7° for Mercury and 17° for Pluto) and moderately eccentric (\\\"e\\\" = 0.08 compared to 0.09 for Mars). The diagram illustrates the orbits of Ceres (blue) and several planets (white and gray). The segments of orbits below the ecliptic are plotted in darker colors,\",\n \"Gliese 649 Gliese 649 is a red dwarf star in the constellation of Hercules, located roughly 34 light years from the Sun. The star has been found to host an extrasolar planet. According to Johnson et al. (2010) a Saturn-mass planet has been detected around the red dwarf star. It yields 32.8% of Jupiter's mass and is located 1.15 astronomical units from its star in eccentric orbit (e=0.3). Assuming a luminosity of 4.5% that of the Sun, the habitable zone is located at 0.21 AUs, thus the planet should be as cold as if it were located at 5.5 AUs\",\n \"observing time is less a year, for example, the orbits of the detectable planets will be significantly smaller than that of the Earth. So, for Corot, due to the maximum duration of 6 months of observation for each star field, only planets closer to their stars than 0.3 Astronomical Units (less than the distance between the Sun and Mercury) can be detected, therefore generally not in the so-called habitable zone. The Kepler mission (NASA) has continuously observed the same field for many years and thus had the ability to detect Earth sized planets located farther from their stars. The moderate\",\n \"LHS 1140 LHS 1140 is a red dwarf in the constellation of Cetus. Based on its stellar properties, it is thought to be about 41 light-years away from the Sun. 'LHS' refers to the Luyten Half-Second Catalogue of stars with proper motions exceeding half a second of arc annually. The star is over 5 billion years old and has 15% of the mass of the Sun. LHS 1140's rotational period is 130 days. No flares have been observed. LHS 1140 has a rocky planet, LHS 1140 b, orbiting it. The planet is a super-Earth in a habitable zone and transits\",\n \"Astronomy on Mars those of Earth — after all, the two ecliptic planes only have a mutual inclination of 1.85° — but on Mars, the Sun spends 6 days in the constellation Cetus, leaving and re-entering Pisces as it does so, making a total of 14 zodiacal constellations. The equinoxes and solstices are different as well: for the northern hemisphere, vernal equinox is in Ophiuchus (compared to Pisces on Earth), summer solstice is at the border of Aquarius and Pisces, autumnal equinox is in Taurus, and winter solstice is in Virgo. As on Earth, precession will cause the solstices and equinoxes to cycle\",\n \"Saturn is occulted by the Moon (that is, the Moon covers up Saturn in the sky). As with all the planets in the Solar System, occultations of Saturn occur in \\\"seasons\\\". Saturnian occultations will take place 12 or more times over a 12-month period, followed by about a five-year period in which no such activity is registered. Australian astronomy experts Hill and Horner explain the seasonal nature of Saturnian occultations: This is the result of the fact that the moon’s orbit around the Earth is tilted to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun – and so most of\",\n \"Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite telescopes have mainly detected giant exoplanets, TESS will find a large number of small planets around the nearest stars in the sky. TESS records the nearest and brightest main sequence stars hosting transiting exoplanets, which are the most favorable targets for detailed investigations. TESS uses a novel highly-elliptical orbit around the Earth with an apogee approximately at the distance of the Moon and a perigee of 108,000 km. TESS orbits Earth twice during the time the Moon orbits once, a 2:1 resonance with the Moon. The orbit is expected to remain stable for a minimum of 10 years. Led by\",\n \"September. It will not be 50 AU from the Sun until 2045. After leaving the planetary region of the Solar System, will have a barycentric aphelion of 1920 AU with an orbital period of 29900 years. The orbit of currently comes closer to Saturn than any of the other giant planets. In a 10 million year integration of the orbit, the nominal (best-fit) orbit acquires a perihelion point of 0.5 AU (inside the orbit of Venus), and one of the 3-sigma clones acquires a perihelion point of only . 2013 BL76 Using an epoch of February 2017, it is the\",\n \"61 Virginis b 61 Virginis b (abbreviated 61 Vir b) is an extrasolar planet, orbiting the 5th magnitude G-type star 61 Virginis, in Virgo. This planet has a minimum mass of 5.1 times that of Earth and is an example of a super-Earth planet. It orbits very close to the star, at a distance of 0.050201 AU with an eccentricity of 0.12. This planet was discovered on 14 December 2009 using the radial velocity method taken at Keck and Anglo-Australian Observatories. 61 Virginis b is a super-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than\",\n \"Beta Pictoris b star named Beta Pictoris. The star has a mass of 1.75 and a radius of 1.8 . It has a surface temperature of 8056 K and is 12 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.06, or 112% of that found in the Sun. Its luminosity () is 8.7 times that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 3. Therefore, it can be seen with the naked eye.\",\n \"Jupiter's, making its atmosphere fluffy, and coupled with transiting a moderately bright K star makes it a target for atmosphere characterization. It is eight times nearer its star than Mercury is to the Sun and orbits its star every 5.7 days. With a temperature of , its atmosphere makes it one of the hottest known exoplanets. WASP-107b WASP-107b is a super-Neptune exoplanet that lies 200 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Virgo. Its discovery was announced in 2017 and led by D. R. Anderson and a team of colleagues via the WASP-South. Helium was discovered in the planet's atmosphere\",\n \"Cepheus (constellation) and is paired with a blue main sequence star called VV Cephei B. One of the largest stars in the galaxy, it has a diameter 1,400 times that of the Sun. VV Cephei is also an unusually long-period eclipsing binary, but the eclipses, which occur every 20.3 years, are too faint to be observed with the unaided eye. T Cephei, also a red giant, is a Mira variable with a minimum magnitude of 11.3 and a maximum magnitude of 5.2, 685 light-years from Earth. It has a period of 13 months and a diameter of between 329 to 500 solar\",\n \"was also detected, with a minimum mass of about 8.4 and a low equilibrium temperature of . It has been designated Gliese 1132 (d) with parenthesis because it has not been accepted as a confirmed planet. Despite the signal having a false alarm probability of less than 0.01%, comparable to Gliese 1132 b and c, it is close to the period of the star’s magnetic cycle. Gliese 1132 Gliese 1132 (often shortened to GJ 1132) is a small red dwarf star about 39 light-years (12 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Vela. In 2015, it was revealed to have\",\n \"has a slightly warmer temperature of 5778 K. Kepler-6 has a metallicity of [Fe/H] = +0.34, making it 2.2 times more metallic than the Sun. On average, metal-rich stars tend to be more likely to have planets and planetary systems. The star, as seen from Earth, has an apparent magnitude of 13.8. It is not visible with the naked eye. In comparison, Pluto's apparent magnitude at its brightest is slightly brighter, at 13.65. Kepler-6 has one confirmed extrasolar planet; it is a gas giant named Kepler-6b. The planet is approximately .669 M, or some two-thirds the mass of planet Jupiter.\",\n \"July 2047. The second message, Cosmic Call 2, was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at 47 Ursae Majoris in May 2049. Because of its planetary system, 47 Ursae Majoris was listed as one of the top 100 target stars for NASA's former Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. 47 Ursae Majoris 47 Ursae Majoris (abbreviated 47 UMa), also named Chalawan (, ), is a yellow dwarf star approximately 46 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. , three extrasolar planets (designated 47 Ursae Majoris b, c and d; the first two later named Taphao Thong and\",\n \"further distance. Kepler-11e, which formed within the first few million years of the star system's formation, has a mass 8.4 times that of Earth's, and radius 4.52 times that of Earth's. With a density of 0.5 grams/cm, Kepler-11e has a density that is half of that of pure water at standard temperature and pressure and slightly less than the density of Saturn. Kepler-11e has a surface equilibrium temperature of 617 K, and is thus has an equilibrium temperature approximately 2.4 times hotter than Earth's. Kepler-11e orbits its star at a mean distance of .194 AU, making it the fourth planet\",\n \"Kepler-86 Kepler-86, PH2 or KIC 12735740 (2MASS 19190326+5157453), is a G-type star distant within the constellation Cygnus. Roughly the size and temperature of the Sun, PH2 gained prominence when it was known to be the host of one of 42 planet candidates detected by the Planet Hunters citizen science project in its second data release. The candidate orbiting around PH2, known as PH2 b, had been determined to have a spurious detection probability of only 0.08%, thus effectively confirming its existence as a planet. Located in its parent star's habitable zone, PH2 b (or Kepler-86b) is a \\\"Jupiter-size\\\" gas giant\",\n \"with a stable stellar activity. Many red dwarfs like Proxima Centauri and TRAPPIST-1 are prone to releasing potentially deadly flares caused by powerful magnetic fields. Billions of years of exposure to these flares can potentially strip a planet of its atmosphere and render it sterile with possibly dangerous amounts of radiation. While Ross 128 is known to produce such flares, they are currently much less common and less powerful than those of the previously mentioned stars. This reduces the odds of atmospheric erosion (if Ross 128 b has one) and would increase the odds of its retention over geological timescales.\",\n \"Kepler-5 Kepler-5 is a star located in the constellation Cygnus in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA project aimed at detecting planets in transit of, or passing in front of, their host stars as seen from Earth. One closely orbiting, Jupiter-like planet, named Kepler-5b, has been detected around Kepler-5. Kepler-5's planet was one of the first five planets to be discovered by the Kepler spacecraft; its discovery was announced on January 4, 2010 at the 215th meeting of the American Astronomical Society after being verified by a variety of observatories. Kepler-5 is larger and more massive\",\n \"Alpha Crucis 25,000 and 16,000 times that of the Sun. α and α orbit over such a long period that motion is only barely seen. From their minimum separation of 430 astronomical units, the period is estimated to be around 1,500 years. α is itself a spectroscopic binary star, with its components thought to be around 14 and 10 times the mass of the Sun and orbiting in only 76 days at a separation of about 1 AU. The masses of α and the brighter component α suggest that the stars will someday explode as supernovae. The unseen fainter component of α\",\n \"Milankovitch cycles circular (with the lowest eccentricity of 0.000055) and mildly elliptical (highest eccentricity of 0.0679) Its geometric or logarithmic mean is 0.0019. The major component of these variations occurs with a period of 413,000 years (eccentricity variation of ±0.012). Other components have 95,000-year and 125,000-year cycles (with a beat period of 400,000 years). They loosely combine into a 100,000-year cycle (variation of −0.03 to +0.02). The present eccentricity is 0.017 and decreasing. Eccentricity varies primarily due to the gravitational pull of Jupiter and Saturn. However, the semi-major axis of the orbital ellipse remains unchanged; according to perturbation theory, which computes the\",\n \"Lacaille 9352 Lacaille 9352 (Lac 9352) is a star in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 7.34, this star is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye even under excellent seeing conditions. Parallax measurements place it at a distance of about from Earth. It is the eleventh closest star system to the Solar System and is the closest star in the constellation Piscis Austrinus. The ChView simulation shows that its closest neighbour is the EZ Aquarii triple star system at about 4.1 ly from Lacaille 9352. This star has the fourth highest\",\n \"Piscium itself is known as (, .) Delta Piscium Delta Piscium (δ Piscium) is a solitary, orange-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +4.4, so it is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.5 mas, it is around from the Sun. The visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K4 IIIb. It has around 1.65 times the mass\",\n \"1844, and, although its orbital elements had been calculated by Arthur Auwers in 1862 as part of his thesis, Procyon B was not visually confirmed until 1896 when John Martin Schaeberle observed it at the predicted position using the 36-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. It is more difficult to observe from Earth than Sirius B, due to a greater apparent magnitude difference and smaller angular separation from its primary. At , Procyon B is considerably less massive than Sirius B; however, the peculiarities of degenerate matter ensure that it is larger than its more famous neighbor, with an estimated radius\",\n \"Nu Piscium indicating that the atmosphere was previously enriched by accretion of s-process elements from what is now an white dwarf companion. The giant has 1.66 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to about 34 times the Sun's radius. It is about 3.4 billion years old and is radiating 380 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,154 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Outer Fence\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of ν Piscium, δ Piscium, ε Piscium, ζ Piscium, μ Piscium, ξ Piscium and α Piscium. Consequently, ν Piscium itself is known as (,\",\n \"42 Draconis 42 Draconis (abbreviated 42 Dra), also named Fafnir, is a 5th magnitude K-type giant star located approximately 315 light years away in the constellation of Draco. As of 2009, an extrasolar planet (designated 42 Draconis b, later named Orbitar) is thought to be orbiting the star. Of spectral type K1.5III, the star has a mass similar to the Sun but with a radius 22 times greater. It is a metal-poor star with metallicity as low as 35% that of the Sun and its age is 9.49 billion years. It is the northern pole star of Venus. 42 Draconis\",\n \"zone where liquid water can exist on the surface. Computer simulations of the formation of planets around low mass stars predict that Earth-sized planets are most abundant, but more than 90% of the simulated planets are at least 10% water by mass, suggesting that many Earth-sized planets orbiting red dwarf stars are covered in deep oceans. At least four and possibly up to six exoplanets were discovered orbiting within the Gliese 581 planetary system between 2005 and 2010. One planet has about the mass of Neptune, or 16 Earth masses (). It orbits just 6 million kilometers (0.04 AU) from\",\n \"HAT-P-7b HAT-P-7b (or Kepler-2b) is an extrasolar planet discovered in 2008. It orbits very close to its host star, and is both larger and more massive than Jupiter. Due to the extreme heat it receives from its star, the dayside temperature is predicted to be 2730 K. HAT-P-7b is also one of the darkest planets ever observed, with an albedo of less than 0.03—meaning it absorbs more than 97% of the visible light that strikes it. The GSC 03547-01402 system was within the initial field of view of the Kepler Mission spacecraft, which confirmed the transit and orbital properties of\",\n \"It is the largest Solar System object that makes repeated close approaches to Earth. With a relative velocity of 60 km/s, an Earth impact would have an estimated energy of ~27 times that of the Cretaceous–Paleogene impactor. Comet Swift–Tuttle has been described as \\\"the single most dangerous object known to humanity\\\". In 1996, the long-term possibility of Comet Swift–Tuttle impacting Earth was compared to 433 Eros, and they were compared to about 3000 other kilometer sized objects as objects of concern. Comet Swift–Tuttle Comet Swift–Tuttle (formally designated 109P/Swift–Tuttle) is a periodic comet with a current (osculating) orbital period of 133\",\n \"V), LHS 2924 (M9 V). Many red dwarfs are orbited by exoplanets, but large Jupiter-sized planets are comparatively rare. Doppler surveys of a wide variety of stars indicate about 1 in 6 stars with twice the mass of the Sun are orbited by one or more Jupiter-sized planets, versus 1 in 16 for Sun-like stars and only 1 in 50 for red dwarfs. On the other hand, microlensing surveys indicate that long-orbital-period Neptune-mass planets are found around one in three red dwarfs. Observations with HARPS further indicate 40% of red dwarfs have a \\\"super-Earth\\\" class planet orbiting in the habitable\",\n \"86P/Wild 86P/Wild (pronounced \\\"86P/Vilt\\\") is a periodic comet in the Solar System with a current orbital period of 6.84 years. It was discovered on photographic plates exposed on 11/12 April 1980 by Paul Wild of the Astronomical Institute of University of Bern, Switzerland at the nearby Zimmerwald Observatory. He reported the brightness at a magnitude of 15.5 and that the comet was diffuse. He rediscovered it on 7 May 1980 and calculations by Brian G. Marsden estimated that perihelion would take place on 6 October 1980. Syuichi Nakano calculated the next perihelion would be 31 August 1987 and the comet\",\n \"Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is a gas giant that orbits the two stars in the Kepler-16 system. The planet is a third of Jupiter's mass and\",\n \"spans over 80 days. The object has not been observed since November 2002 about 2 months before it came to perihelion 2.7 AU from the Sun. During perihelion passage the object was 2.9 AU from Earth. \\\" belongs to the dynamical group of damocloids due to its low Tisserand parameter (T of 1.0820). It is also a Jupiter-, Saturn-, Uranus-, and Neptune-crosser. The object has the seventh-largest heliocentric semi-major axis and aphelion of all known minor planets, while its extreme eccentricity brings it well within the orbit of Jupiter when at perihelion. 2002 RN109 \\\" may be a dormant comet\",\n \"HD 23596 b HD 23596 b is an exoplanet approximately 170 light years away in the constellation Perseus. The planet is very massive, at least 7.8 times that of Jupiter, classifying as mid-superjovian. Based on its mass, the planet would probably be a gas giant with no solid surface. The planet orbits at the average distance of 2.83 AU, taking 1565 days to complete its orbit with average velocity of 19.7 km/s. The eccentricity of the planet’s orbit is higher than all the planets in the Solar System, bringing as close as 2.00 AU to as far as 3.66 AU\",\n \"Gliese 436 Gliese 436 is a red dwarf approximately away in the zodiac constellation of Leo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 10.67, which is much too faint to be seen with the naked eye. However, it can be viewed with even a modest telescope of aperture. In 2004, the existence of an extrasolar planet, Gliese 436b, was verified as orbiting the star. This planet was later discovered to transit its host star. Gliese 436 is a M2.5V star, which means it is a red dwarf. Stellar models give an estimated size of about 42% of the Sun's radius.\",\n \"Lambda Piscium Lambda Piscium, Latinized from λ Piscium, is a solitary, white-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49, it is visible to the naked eye, forming the southeast corner of the \\\"Circlet\\\" asterism in Pisces. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 30.59 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 107 light years distant from the Sun. Lambda Piscium is a member of the Ursa Major Stream, lying among the outer parts, or corona, of this moving group of stars that roughly follow a common heading through space. This well-studied\",\n \"BD−22 5866 BD−22 5866 is a quadruple-star system located 166 light years from Earth. The four stars are each about half the mass of the Sun and are approximately 500 million years old. The system is unusual in how closely the four stars are orbiting each other; one pair has an orbital separation of at most .04 AU and an orbital period of about two days, the other pair has a separation of at most .26 AU and a period of about 55 days, and the two pairs are separated by 5.8 AU and have an orbital period of less\",\n \"COROT-3b COROT-3b (formerly known as COROT-Exo-3b) is a brown dwarf or massive extrasolar planet with a mass 21.66 times that of Jupiter. The object orbits an F-type star in the constellation of Aquila. The orbit is circular and takes 4.2568 days to complete. It was discovered by the French-led COROT mission which detected the dimming of the parent star's light as COROT-3b passes in front of it (a situation called a transit). The mass of COROT-3b was determined by the radial velocity method, which involves detecting the Doppler shift of the parent star's spectrum as it moves towards and away\",\n \"WASP-4b WASP-4b is an extrasolar planet approximately 880 light-years away in the constellation of Phoenix. The planet was discovered orbiting the star WASP-4 in October 2007. The planet's mass and radius indicate that it is a gas giant, similar to Jupiter. WASP-4b is close enough to its star to be classified as a hot Jupiter and has an atmospheric temperature of approximately 1650 K. The planet was the discovered by the SuperWASP project using cameras in South Africa. After its discovery, the mass of the WASP-4 b was determined by measuring the radial velocity of WASP-4, which confirmed that the\",\n \"if at least 0.5 to 5 bars of CO is present in its atmosphere, for assumed N partial pressures ranging from 10 bar to zero, respectively. The star hosts four other planets discovered so far, although Kepler-186 b, c, d, and e (in order of increasing orbital radius), being too close to their star, are considered too hot to have liquid water. The four innermost planets are probably tidally locked, but Kepler-186f is in a higher orbit, where the star's tidal effects are much weaker, so the time could have been insufficient for its spin to slow down significantly. Because\",\n \"rate between the two stars. FO Aquarii FO Aquarii is an intermediate polar star system in the constellation Aquarius. The white dwarf and companion star orbit each other with a period of approximately 4.85 hours. The system is famous for a very strong optical pulsation which occurs every 20.9 minutes, corresponding with the rotational period of the accreting white dwarf. Prior to 2016, the system's long-term optical brightness varied between apparent magnitude 12.7 and 14.2, but in early 2016, it faded to magnitude 15.8 and thereafter began a slow recovery to its normal brightness, behavior which is indicative of a\",\n \"Ceres (dwarf planet) of Mercury, which usually happen every few years, most recently in 2006 and 2010. The most recent transit of Venus was in 1953, and the next will be in 2051; the corresponding dates are 1814 and 2081 for transits of Earth, and 767 and 2684 for transits of Mars. The rotation period of Ceres (the Cererian day) is 9 hours and 4 minutes. It has an axial tilt of 4°. This is small enough for Ceres's polar regions to contain permanently shadowed craters that are expected to act as cold traps and accumulate water ice over time, similar to the\",\n \"Kepler-62f that of Mars. It has a radius of 1.4 , placing it below the radius of ≥1.6 where it would otherwise be a mini-Neptune with a volatile composition, with no solid surface. Due to its radius, it is likely a rocky planet. However, the mass isn't constrained yet, estimates place an upper limit of <35 , the real mass is expected to be significantly lower than this. The true value is likely around 2.8 , assuming a rocky composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five known planets. The star has a mass\",\n \"has become cooler than the Sun's as it slowly expands into a giant star. The star is known to have two giant extrasolar planets. On July 26, 2010 the California and Carnegie Planet Search team announced the discovery of two planets around 24 Sextantis along with two planets around HD 200964. The inner planet is twice as massive as Jupiter and takes 453 days to orbit the star in a circular orbit at the average distance of 1.33 AU (199 Gm). The outer planet is / the mass of Jupiter and takes 883 days to orbit eccentrically around the star\",\n \"orbital period of 33100 years. In a 10 million year integration of the orbit, the nominal (best-fit) orbit and both 3-sigma clones remain outside 12.2 AU (\\\"q\\\") from the Sun. Summary of barycentric orbital parameters are: Archived data from the JPL SBDB and MPC. 2012 DR30 Using an epoch of February 2017, it has the second-largest heliocentric semi-major axis of a minor planet not detected out-gassing like a comet. ( has a larger heliocentric semi-major axis.) does have a barycentric semi-major axis of 1032 AU. For the epoch of July 2018 will have its largest heliocentric semi-major axis of 1644\",\n \"While only one additional planet was confirmed by the analysis, the study revealed the potential existence of either an unconfirmed planet KOI-872.03 (KOI-872 d). Validation by multiplicity method allowed to confirm the existence of this planet which was then renamed Kepler-46d. Planet b is a gas giant planet with a mass slightly less than that of Jupiter. The second planet in the system was among the first to be discovered through the method of transit timing variations, and through its confirmation of KOI-872 c with a 99% confidence level has shown that the method of detection may be used to\",\n \"slightly smaller than Saturn at 0.7538 Jupiter radii, but is more dense. Kepler-16b completes a nearly circular orbit every 228.776 days. Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is\",\n \"that metal-rich stars tend to have orbiting planets more often than metal-poor stars. Kepler-4 is also about 6.7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. In addition, Kepler-4 has an effective temperature of 5781 (± 76) K, which is almost identical, within the errors, to that of the Sun, which is 5778 K. As seen from Earth, Kepler-4 has an apparent magnitude of 12.7. It is, as a result, not visible with the naked eye. Kepler-4b's discovery was announced on January 4, 2010. It is the size of planet Neptune, at 0.077 M (7% the\",\n \"at the average distance of 2.08 AU (312 Gm). The two planets are in a 2:1 resonance, meaning that the outer planet orbits the star once every time when the inner planet orbits the star twice. These two jovian planets are dancing around each other gravitationally. 24 Sextantis 24 Sextantis, often abbreviated as 24 Sex, is the Flamsteed designation of a 7th-magnitude star located approximately 253 light years away in the constellation of Sextans. At an apparent visual magnitude of 6.61, this star can only be viewed from rural skies under good seeing conditions. At the age of 2.8 billion\",\n \"5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 9.63. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye, but can be seen with good binoculars. The star is known to host one planet, BD+14 4559 b, and is 47% more massive than Jupiter. It orbits within the habitable zone of its parent star at a distance of 0.77 AU, somewhat close to the orbital distance of Venus. Based on observations, there may be an undetected second planet orbiting the star, however this is unconfirmed. BD+14 4559 BD+14 4559 is a\",\n \"QZ Carinae times the Sun's mass and 8.9 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 32,463 K, it is around 80,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Star B1 is less massive than B2 and is assumed to have undergone significant mass loss or mass transfer to B2. Together, all four stars have a combined mass 94 times that of the Sun. Star B is a Beta Lyrae variable eclipsing system. It causes the apparent magnitude of the system to vary regularly every 5.999 days from +6.16 at maximum to +6.49 at the primary minimum and +6.43 at the secondary minimum.\",\n \"the effective temperature of Kepler-14 would be 6395 K, much hotter than the Sun, and the star's iron content would be 0.12, or 132% the amount found in the Sun. Assuming that Kepler-14's two stars formed at about the same time, their gyrochronological ages would be approximately 2.2 billion years. Kepler-14b is a Jupiter-like planet in the orbit of the primary star of Kepler-14. The planet is 8.4 times Jupiter's mass, the equivalent of 2670 times Earth's mass. The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter at 1.14 Jupiter radii The density of Kepler-14b is 7.1 grams/cm, the second densest planet\",\n \"close to the star's equator. Its parent star is a G-type star, a bit cooler than the Sun but more active. It is located about 800 light-years from Earth. It takes 125 minutes to transit its star. As of August 2008, the COROT-2b spin-orbit angle (that is, the angle between the equator of the star and the plane of the planet orbit) was calculated by Bouchy \\\"et al.\\\" by means of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect with a value of +7.2 ± 4.5 degrees. COROT-2 COROT-2 is a yellow dwarf main sequence star a little cooler than the Sun. This star is\",\n \"low eccentricity of 0.019. It has a temperature of 584 K. Kepler-89e orbits the star Kepler-89. Kepler-89 has a mass of 1.18 solar masses, and a radius of 1.32 solar radii. It is 3.3 billion years old, younger than the Sun, making its planets about 3,000,000,000 years old (3 Gyr). It has a temperature of 6,210 K, making it appear bright yellowish-white. Kepler-89e Kepler-89e, also known as KOI-94e, is an exoplanet in the constellation of Cygnus. It orbits Kepler-89. It is a type III planet, making it cloudless and blue, making it look like a larger version of Uranus and\",\n \"0.04, or 109% the solar amount. This is particularly odd as such low-mass stars near the boundary between brown dwarfs and hydrogen-fusing stars should be expected to have considerably less metal content than the Sun. Its luminosity (\\\"L\\\") is 0.05% of that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 18.8, too dim to be seen with the naked eye. TRAPPIST-1g orbits its host star with an orbital period of about 12.353 days and an orbital radius of about 0.0451 times that of Earth's (compared to the distance of Mercury from the\",\n \"naked eye. The binary system is known to host three planets, all larger than Earth with no solid surface. The innermost planet, Kepler-47b, is a gas giant and resides close to its parent stars and therefore is inhospitable to life. It is thought to be smaller than Kepler-47c and is roughly three times the radius of Earth. The second planet, Kepler-47c, is also a gas giant and the outermost planet. It is situated within the habitable zone and its radius is 4 times the Earth's. Although it is assumed Kepler-47c is not capable of harboring life, it is marginally larger\",\n \"of the very slow evolution of red dwarfs, the age of the Kepler-186 system was poorly constrained, although it is likely to be greater than a few billion years. Recent results have placed the age at around 4 billion years. The chance that it is tidally locked is approximately 50%. Since it is closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, it will probably rotate much more slowly than Earth; its day could be weeks or months long (see Tidal effects on rotation rate, axial tilt and orbit). Kepler-186f's axial tilt (obliquity) is likely very small, in which\",\n \"55 Cancri d 55 Cancri d (abbreviated 55 Cnc d), also named Lipperhey, is an extrasolar planet in a long-period orbit around the Sun-like star 55 Cancri A. Located at a similar distance from its star as Jupiter is from our Sun, it is the fifth and outermost known planet in its planetary system. 55 Cancri d was discovered on June 13, 2002. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU\",\n \"59°, resulting in a true mass of 2.2756 times the mass of Jupiter. Because it is only 2 times more massive than Jupiter, it should be slightly larger than it, with a radius of around 1.2 . The equilibrium temperature of Gliese 876 b, is estimated to be around . This planet, like c and e, has likely migrated inward. The planet orbits a (M-type) star named Gliese 876. The star has a mass of 0.33 and a radius of around 0.36 . It has a surface temperature of 3350 K and is 2.55 billion years old. In comparison, the\",\n \"and is likely 2 billion years old based on its mass and evolution. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 8.19. Therefore, HD 240237 is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. HD 240237 b orbits its star with nearly 331 times the Sun's luminosity (331 ) every 746 days at a distance of 1.9 AU (compared to Mars' orbital distance from the Sun, which is 1.52 AU). It has a mildly eccentric orbit,\",\n \"K2-239 K2-239 (also designated EPIC 248545986) is a small red dwarf star in the constellation Sextans about 49 parsecs (160 light-years) away from Earth. Observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during Campaign 14 of its K2 \\\"Second Light\\\" mission, it was found to have three hot, likely rocky Earth-sized planets in orbit around it. K2-239 is a small red dwarf star of spectral class M3V. It is 40% the mass and 36% the radius of the Sun with just 0.016 times the luminosity. It has a temperature of 3420 K and its age is unknown. For comparison, the Sun has\",\n \"Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period (243 days) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets (meaning the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east). It does not have any natural satellites. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of −4.6 – bright enough to cast shadows at night and, rarely,\",\n \"4 magnitudes dimmer located 1.90 arcseconds away, whether this a gravitationally bound companion star or a chance optical alignment is unknown. Kepler-7b is the only planet that has been discovered in Kepler-7's orbit. It is .433 M and 1.478 R, meaning it is 43% the mass of planet Jupiter, but is nearly three halves its size. With a density of .166 grams/cc, the planet is approximately 17% the density of water. This is comparable to styrofoam. At a distance of .06224 AU from its host star, Kepler-7b completes an orbit around Kepler-7 every 4.8855 days. Planet Mercury, however, orbits the\",\n \"The two stars are separated by about 74 arc seconds (~434 AU). In May 2009, astronomers from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, announced that they had found evidence of a planet orbiting VB 10, which they designated VB 10b. The Hale telescope at the Palomar Observatory was used to detect evidence of this planet using the astrometry method. The new planet was claimed to have a mass 6 times that of Jupiter and an orbital period of 270 days. However, subsequent studies using Doppler spectroscopy failed to detect the radial velocity variations that would be expected if such a\",\n \"Kepler-432b Kepler-432b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \\\"KOI-1299.01\\\") is a hot super-Jupiter exoplanet orbiting the giant star Kepler-432 A, the innermost of two such planets discovered by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. It is located about 2,830 light-years (870 parsecs, or nearly km) from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured. Kepler-432b is a hot super-Jupiter, an exoplanet that has a radius and mass larger than that of the planet Jupiter, and\",\n \"old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.3. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. K2-33b orbits its host star with an orbital period of 5.424 days at a distance of 0.049 AU (compared to the distance of Mercury from the Sun, which is about 0.38 AU). The planet likely receives about 125 times\",\n \"Kepler-62d on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65.\",\n \"COROT-9b COROT-9b is an exoplanet orbiting the star COROT-9, approximately 1500 light years away in the constellation Serpens. COROT-9b's distance of nearest approach to its parent star of approximately 0.36 AU was the largest of all known transiting planets at the time of its discovery, with an orbital period of 95 days. The transit of this planet lasts 8 hours. The planet is at a distance from its star where there is a strong increase in albedo as the temperature decreases, because of the condensation of reflective water clouds in the atmosphere. This suggests its atmosphere may be locked into\",\n \"27 Piscium of 695 years and an eccentricity of 0.766. However, the orbital elements do not fully explain the radial velocity variations, which may indicate there is a brown dwarf companion. This candidate object would have a mass of at least and is orbiting with a semimajor axis of around . At the age of around 710 million years, the primary, component A, is a first ascent giant star on the red giant branch with a stellar classification of G8 III, which means it is generating energy through hydrogen fusion along a shell surrounding an inert helium core. It has 2.4 times\",\n \"Kepler-61b Kepler-61b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \\\"KOI-1361.01\\\") is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within parts of the habitable zone of the K-type main-sequence star Kepler-61. It is located about 1,100 light-years (338 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered in 2013 using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured, by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-61b is a super-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than that of the ice giants Neptune and\",\n \"Gliese 3634 at a distance of 14.7 parsecs (47.95 light years). GJ 3634 has one confirmed planet in orbit: GJ 3634 b. The planet was called a Super-Earth by its discoverers because of its mass, which was deduced to be 8.4 times that of Earth's and 0.02 times that of Jupiter's. GJ 3634 b has an extremely short orbital period, orbiting GJ 3634 every 2.64561 days. The planet orbits near to its star, and is at an average distance of .0287 AU away. It has an orbital eccentricity of 0.08, meaning that its orbit is very circular. The initial study into the\",\n \"HD 205739 b is a Jupiter-size planet. The estimated minimum mass is 1.37 times the mass of Jupiter. The planet has been found to orbit its host star every 279.8 days at a distance of 0.896 AU, which is approximately 89.6% of the mean distance between the Sun and the Earth. HD 205739 b has a mildly elliptical orbit, given its orbital eccentricity of 0.27. The planet's elliptical orbit is typical with respect to discovered planets whose orbits are longer than twenty days and have not grown circular because of tidal forces. According to its discoverers, HD 205739 b's elongated\",\n \"total of five to seven planets. The star has a mass of 0.81 and a radius of 0.778 . It has a temperature of 4699 K and is about 11.0 billion years old, making it one of the oldest stars. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 5. It can be seen with the naked eye. HD 219134 b orbits its host star with about 28% of the Sun's luminosity with an orbital period of 3 days and\",\n \"case of Mars, the period is 2.135 years, (780 days). In more complex cases, including the use of gravitational slingshots, launch windows are irregular. Sometimes rare opportunities arise, such as when \\\"Voyager 2\\\" took advantage of a 175-year planetary alignment (launch window) to visit Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. When such an opportunity is missed, another target may be selected. For example, the ESA's \\\"Rosetta\\\" mission was originally intended for comet 46P/Wirtanen, but a launcher problem delayed it and a new target had to be selected (comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko). Launch periods are often calculated from porkchop plots, which show the delta-v\",\n \"41 Lyncis b 41 Lyncis b (abbreviated 41 Lyn b), also designated HD 81688 b and named Arkas, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. A gas giant with a minimum mass 2.7 times that of Jupiter it orbits the K-type star 41 Lyncis with an orbital period of 184 days (corresponding to semi-major axis of 0.81 AU). It was discovered and announced by Sato on February 19, 2008. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The\",\n \"It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-419c orbits its host star with 270% of the Sun's luminosity (2.7 ) about every 675 days (around 1.84 years) at a distance of 1.61 AU (compared to the orbital distance of Mars, which is 1.52 AU). It has a slightly eccentric orbit, with an eccentricity of 0.184. It receives about 95% of the amount of sunlight that Earth does. Kepler-419c resides in the circumstellar habitable zone of the parent star. The exoplanet, with a mass of 7.28 , is too massive to be rocky, and because of this\",\n \"by measuring the minute dimming of a star as an orbiting planet passes between it and the Earth. It is the only planet orbiting around HD 89345, a G5 class star, situated in the constellation of Leo in 413 light-years from the Sun. This star is aged 9.4 billion years. HD 89345 b orbits its star in about 12 terrestrial days on an elliptical orbit. The orbit is closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and can be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.13) and\",\n \"WASP-13b WASP-13b is an extrasolar planet that was discovered in 2008 in the orbit of the sunlike star WASP-13. The planet has a mass of nearly half that of Jupiter, but a radius five-fourths the size of Jupiter. This low relative mass might be caused by a core that is of low mass or that is not present at all. The planet orbits at approximately 5% of the distance between the Sun and Earth every four days. The star was observed several times between 2006 and 2009, at first through the SuperWASP program and later through focused follow-up observations. Analysis\",\n \"5778 K. The primary star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.25, or 56% of the solar amount. The stars' luminosities () are 84% and 1% that of the Sun. The apparent magnitude of the system, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is about 15.8. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-47b orbits around its parent stars every 45 days at a distance of 0.29 AU from its stars (close to where Mercury orbits from the Sun, which is about 0.39 AU). It receives about 9.6 times as much sunlight\",\n \"astronomers can see everything from methane to water vapor on other planets by photometry. It is the only planet orbiting around EPIC 211945201, a G class star, situated in the constellation of Cancer in 596 light-years from the Sun. Its host star is aged 4 billion years. EPIC 211945201 b orbits its star in about 19 terrestrial days. It orbits closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and may be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.14) and should be very different from our planet. EPIC\",\n \"GJ 9827 GJ 9827 is a star in the constellation of Pisces. It is a K-type main-sequence star with an apparent magnitude of 10.250. It is 97 light-years (30 parsecs) away, based on parallax. It has 3 transiting planets seen by the \\\"Kepler\\\" space observatory in their K2 survey. As of October 2017, it is the closest star discovered to have transiting exoplanets found by either the Kepler or K2 missions. The planets (b, c, d) have radii of 1.62, 1.27, and 2.09 times that of the Earth, and periods of 1.209, 3.648, and 6.201 days (ratios 1:3:5). Because of\",\n \"year or less; which still allows for Earth-sized planets at 0.6 AU or more. 54 Piscium b 54 Piscium b (HD 3651 b), occasionally catalogued as 54 Piscium Ab in order to differentiate from the brown dwarf in the system, is an extrasolar planet approximately 36 light-years away in the constellation of Pisces. The planet was discovered orbiting the orange dwarf star 54 Piscium. The planet's minimum mass is one fifth that of Jupiter, and it orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit about every two months. On January 16, 2002, a team of astronomers (led by Geoff Marcy)\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":291,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the third brightest star in the constellation of sagittarius"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["Zeta Sagittarii Zeta Sagittarii (ζ Sagittarii, abbreviated Zeta Sgr, ζ Sgr) is a triple star system and the third-brightest star in the constellation of Sagittarius. Based upon parallax measurements, it is about from the Sun. The three components are designated Zeta Sagittarii A (also named Ascella) and B, themselves forming a binary pair, and a smaller companion star, C. \"ζ Sagittarii\" (Latinised to \"Zeta Sagittarii\") is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two components as \"ζ Sagittarii A\", \"B\" and \"C\" derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted"],"string":"[\n \"Zeta Sagittarii Zeta Sagittarii (ζ Sagittarii, abbreviated Zeta Sgr, ζ Sgr) is a triple star system and the third-brightest star in the constellation of Sagittarius. Based upon parallax measurements, it is about from the Sun. The three components are designated Zeta Sagittarii A (also named Ascella) and B, themselves forming a binary pair, and a smaller companion star, C. \\\"ζ Sagittarii\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Zeta Sagittarii\\\") is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two components as \\\"ζ Sagittarii A\\\", \\\"B\\\" and \\\"C\\\" derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["Aquarius (constellation) resemble Saturn's rings. It appears blue-green in a telescope and has a central star of magnitude 11.3. Compared to the Helix Nebula, another planetary nebula in Aquarius, it is quite small. NGC 7293, also known as the Helix Nebula, is the closest planetary nebula to Earth at a distance of 650 light-years. It covers 0.25 square degrees, making it also the largest planetary nebula as seen from Earth. However, because it is so large, it is only viewable as a very faint object, though it has a fairly high integrated magnitude of 6.0. One of the visible galaxies in Aquarius","of Jupiter and orbits every 500 days. Explanatory notes Citations Bibliography Online sources \"SIMBAD\" Aries (constellation) Aries is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is located in the northern celestial hemisphere between Pisces to the west and Taurus to the east. The name Aries is Latin for ram, and its symbol is (Unicode ♈), representing a ram's horns. It is one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is a mid-sized constellation, ranking 39th overall size, with an area of 441 square degrees (1.1% of","Eta Canis Majoris spite of a large distance from Earth due to being intrinsically many times brighter (absolute magnitude) than the Sun. A blue-white supergiant of spectral type B5Ia, Aludra has a luminosity 176,000 times and a diameter around 80 times that of the Sun. Hohle and colleagues, using the parallax, extinction and analysis of spectrum, came up with a mass 19.19 times that and luminosity 105,442 times that of the Sun. It has only been around a fraction of the time the Sun has, yet is already in the last stages of its life. It is still expanding and may become a","variable, varying by an amplitude of 0.025 in B magnitude with a period of 118 minutes. At the age of 786 million years, it has a high rate of spin with a projected rotational velocity of 103 km/s. The star has 1.45 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 12.6 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,132 K. TU Corvi TU Corvi is a yellow-white hued star in the southern constellation of Corvus. It is a dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.20. The distance to","Proper names (astronomy) a handful of stars were given individual names. Examples include Chinese Koo She (\"bow and arrow\") and Sanskrit Chitra \"the bright one\". There are also contemporary proper names given to some stars, many of which refer to accomplished astronomers, deceased astronauts and English titles. For example, Gamma Velorum is named \"Regor\", which is \"Roger\" spelled backwards; the name honors Astronaut Roger B. Chaffee, who died in the Apollo I tragedy. Other contemporary names include \"The Persian\" (Alpha Indi) and \"The Head of Hydrus\" (Alpha Hydri), \"Herschel's Garnet Star\" (Mu Cephei), Barnard's Star, etc. Some independent astronomical and astrological businesses or","15 Arietis 15 Arietis (abbreviated 15 Ari) is a single variable star in the northern constellation of Aries. \"15 Arietis\" is the Flamsteed designation; it also bears the variable star designation AV Arietis. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.74, which is just bright enough to be visible to the naked eye from dark suburban skies. An annual parallax shift of 5.84 mas corresponds to a physical distance of approximately from Earth. At that distance, the star's brightness is reduced by 0.33 in magnitude because of extinction from interstellar gas and dust. This is a red giant star with","a concurrent helium flash. This dust had dissipated by 2002, with subsequent luminosities returning to pre-1985 levels. CH Cygni CH Cygni (CH Cyg / HIP 95413 / BD +49 2999) is a red giant, variable, symbiotic binary in the constellation Cygnus. It is the nearest symbiotic star to Earth, and one of the brightest, making it an ideal candidate for study. CH Cygni has a mass of and a radius of . Its white-dwarf companion has a mass of , and the orbital period of the two stars is 5689 days. CH Cygni is classified as M7IIIab + Be. The","stars such as Acrux, Alpha Centauri and Canopus, meaning that, unlike them, Fomalhaut is visible from a large part of the Northern Hemisphere as well. Its declination is greater than that of Sirius and similar to that of Antares. At 40°N, Fomalhaut rises above the horizon for eight hours and reaches only 20° above the horizon, while Capella, which rises at approximately the same time, will stay above the horizon for twenty hours. Fomalhaut can be located in northern latitudes by the fact that the western (right-hand) side of the Square of Pegasus points to it. Continuing the line from","they have already become giants. In 2000, the pair had an angular separation of 1.217 arcseconds with a position angle of 351.9°. Their positions have been observed since 1897, which is long enough to estimate an orbital period of 84.5 years and a semimajor axis of 0.93 arcseconds. At the distance of this system, this is equivalent to a linear distance of about 93 Astronomical Units. The star Tau Centauri is relatively close to Gamma Centauri, with an estimated separation of . In Chinese, (), meaning \"Arsenal\", refers to an asterism consisting of γ Centauri, ζ Centauri, η Centauri, θ","Psi2 Lupi Psi Lupi (ψ Lup) is a triple star system in the constellation Lupus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude of 4.75. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.97 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 360 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of due to interstellar dust. This system is a member of the Upper Centaurus-Lupus subgroup of the Scorpius–Centaurus Association. The inner pair of stars in this system form a double-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of","indicating the spectrum shows abnormal abundances of these elements. The star has about four times the radius of the Sun and it radiates 173 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,152 K. Upsilon Herculis Upsilon Herculis (υ Her) is a solitary star in the constellation Hercules. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.74. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.78 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 371 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction","type K4III that is a suspected variable star, ranging between apparent magnitudes 4.22 and 4.29. It is located 320 ± 10 light-years away from Earth. Estimated to be shining with around 480 to 555 times the luminosity of the Sun, it is most likely an ageing star that is brightening and on its way to becoming a Mira variable star, having converted all its core fuel into carbon. Located 590 ± 30 light-years from Earth, Epsilon Antliae is an evolved orange giant star of spectral type K3 IIIa, that has swollen to have a diameter about 69 times that of","Zodiac The zodiac is an area of the sky that extends approximately 8° north or south (as measured in celestial latitude) of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year. The paths of the Moon and visible planets are also within the belt of the zodiac. In Western astrology, and formerly astronomy, the zodiac is divided into twelve signs, each occupying 30° of celestial longitude and roughly corresponding to the constellations Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. The twelve astrological signs form a","Mensa (constellation) Mensa is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere near the south celestial pole, one of twelve constellations drawn up in the 18th century by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille. Its name is Latin for table, though it originally commemorated Table Mountain and was known as Mons Mensae. One of the 88 modern constellations, it covers a keystone-shaped wedge of sky approximately 153.5 square degrees by area. Other than the south polar constellation of Octans, it is the most southerly of constellations and is only observable south of the 5th parallel of the Northern Hemisphere. One of","which was visible from the Earth's surface at the time. During the event (as seen from Earth) Eta Carinae briefly became the second-brightest star in the sky, after Sirius; but the ejected gas and dust have since obscured much of its light. The near-supernova explosion produced two polar lobes, and a large but thin equatorial disk, all moving outward at up to . The Homunculus Nebula is a virtually unique structure, believed to result from the extremely young age. This means that the shape and structure is almost entirely due to the original eruption rather than the interaction with surrounding","parallax and proper motion as Gamma Normae. γ Nor is a yellow supergiant located nearby on the celestial sphere, but is much further away from Earth and nearly a magnitude fainter. Gamma2 Normae Gamma Normae, Latinized from γ Nor, is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Norma. Its apparent magnitude is 4.02 – making it a faint star but visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.33 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located roughly 129 light years from the Sun. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial","Pole star that the entire constellation of Ursa Minor, in antiquity known as \"Cynosura\" (Greek Κυνοσούρα \"dog's tail\") was used as indicating the northern direction for the purposes of navigation by the Phoenicians. The ancient name of Ursa Minor, anglicized as \"cynosure\", has since itself become a term for \"guiding principle\" after the constellation's use in navigation. Alpha Ursae Minoris (Polaris) was described as ἀειφανής \"always visible\" by Stobaeus in the 5th century, when it was still removed from the celestial pole by about 8°. It was known as \"scip-steorra\" (\"ship-star\") in 10th-century Anglo-Saxon England, reflecting its use in navigation. In the","Orion (constellation) π Ori and π Ori) which make up Orion's shield. Around 20 October each year the Orionid meteor shower (Orionids) reaches its peak. Coming from the border with the constellation Gemini as many as 20 meteors per hour can be seen. The shower's parent body is Halley's Comet. Hanging from Orion's belt is his sword, consisting of the multiple stars θ1 and θ2 Orionis, called the Trapezium and the Orion Nebula (M42). This is a spectacular object that can be clearly identified with the naked eye as something other than a star. Using binoculars, its clouds of nascent stars, luminous","57.5 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,876 K. It is catalogued as a suspected variable star. \\end{align}</math></ref> Kappa Columbae Kappa Columbae, Latinized from κ Columbae, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Columba. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.37, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.87 mas, it is located at a distance of 183 light years from the Sun. It has a peculiar velocity of , making it a candidate runaway star. For ancient Arabian","mid-February. The planet Neptune was discovered by German astronomer Johann Galle, near Deneb Algedi (δ Capricorni) on September 23, 1846, which is appropriate as Capricornus can be seen best from Europe at 4:00am in September (although, by modern constellation boundaries established in the early 20th Century, Neptune lay within the confines of Aquarius at the time of its discovery). Capricornus's brighter stars are found on a triangle whose vertices are α Capricorni (Giedi), δ Capricorni (Deneb Algiedi), and ω Capricorni. Ptolemy's method of connecting the stars of Capricornus has been influential. Capricornus is usually drawn as a goat with the","the surface of the Sun. At this heat, the star shines with the characteristic blue-white hue of a B-type star. Theta Arae Theta Arae, Latinized from θ Arae, is the Bayer designation for a star in the constellation Ara. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +3.67, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 4.01 mas, Theta Arae is distant from the Earth. This is a supergiant star with a stellar classification of B2 Ib. It has nearly nine times the mass of the Sun and is over 20","the naked eye but clearly visible in a small telescope. It orbits the inner pair with a period of 1,200 years and an eccentricity of 0.11. Although according to its radial velocity is away from the Sun, it is actually approaching the Solar System. In about 1.1 million years, it will make its closest approach at a separation of roughly . Delta Geminorum Delta Geminorum (δ Geminorum, abbreviated Delta Gem, δ Gem), also named Wasat, is a triple star system in the constellation of Gemini. \"δ Geminorum\" (Latinised to \"Delta Geminorum\") is the system's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional","NML Cygni NML Cygni or V1489 Cygni is a red hypergiant (RHG) or red supergiant (RSG) in the constellation Cygnus. It is one of the largest stars currently known, and is also one of the most luminous and massive cool hypergiants, as well as one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way. If placed at the center of the Solar System, its surface would extend past the orbit of Jupiter or Saturn. The distance of NML Cygni from Earth is estimated to be around 1.6 kpc, about 5,300 light-years. It is a part of the Cygnus OB2 association,","Gamma Ophiuchi Gamma Ophiuchi, Latinized from γ Ophiuchi, is a fourth-magnitude star in the constellation Ophiuchus. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 31.73 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 103 light years from the Sun. The system has an age of roughly 184 million years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −7.6 km/s. It is known also as Muliphen, although at least two more stars are known with this name: Gamma Canis Majoris (often spelled as Muliphein) and Gamma Centauri (often spelled as Muhlifain). This is an A-type main sequence star","which reached magnitude 3.7 on 17 February 2007, and Nova Delphini 2013. Nova Centauri 2013 was discovered 2 December 2013 and so far, is the brightest nova of this millennium, reaching magnitude 3.3. A helium nova (undergoing a helium flash) is a proposed category of nova events that lacks hydrogen lines in its spectrum. This may be caused by the explosion of a helium shell on a white dwarf. The theory was first proposed in 1989, and the first candidate helium nova to be observed was V445 Puppis in 2000. Since then, four other novae have been proposed as helium","the ancient Greek astronomer Timocharis observed a conjunction of the star with Venus. The last occultation by a planet took place on September 27, 1843, also by Venus, which will occult it again on November 19, 2445. Eta Virginis Eta Virginis (η Virginis, abbreviated Eta Vir, η Vir) is a triple star system in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. From parallax measurements taken during the Hipparcos mission it is approximately from the Sun. It has a combined apparent visual magnitude of 3.89, which is bright enough for the system to be seen with the naked eye in dark skies. The","star is in the process of evolving into a giant star as the supply of hydrogen at its core becomes exhausted. Compared to the Sun it has 240% of the mass and 230% of the Sun's radius, but is radiating 37 times as much luminosity. This energy is being emitted from the star's outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 9,280 K, giving it the characteristic white-hot glow of an A-type star. \"λ Ursae Majoris\" (Latinised to \"Lambda Ursae Majoris\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \"Tania\" (shared with Mu Ursae Majoris) and \"Tania Borealis\". \"Tania\"","Sigma Librae Sigma Librae (σ Librae, abbreviated Sig Lib, σ Lib) is a binary star in the constellation of Libra. The apparent visual magnitude is +3.29, making it visible to the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements, this system is at a distance of roughly from the Sun, with a 2% margin of error. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by 0.20 ± 0.17 from extinction caused by intervening gas and dust. The two components are designated Sigma Librae A (also named Brachium) and B. \"σ Librae\" (Latinised to \"Sigma Librae\") is the system's current Bayer designation (the","Virgo (constellation) center with a mass of 1.2 billion solar masses. It is located at a distance of from Earth (redshift 0.0075), and has an unusually dusty disk with a diameter of . Along with M84 and M87, NGC 4261 has strong emissions in the radio spectrum. IC 1101 is a supergiant elliptical galaxy in the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster located about from Earth. At the diameter of 5.5 million light years, or more than 50 times the size of the Milky Way, it was the largest known galaxy in the universe. Virgo is also home to the quasar 3C 273 which","and cooled off the main sequence after consuming the hydrogen at its core. It is an estimated 1.5 billion years old with 1.74 times the mass of the Sun. Zeta Normae is radiating approximately 16 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,691 K. Zeta Normae Zeta Normae, Latinised from ζ Normae, is a solitary, yellow-white hued star in the southern constellation of Norma. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.81, it is a dim star near the lower limit of visibility for the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 14.98 mas","Thema Mundi signs that correspond to the brightest and warmest times of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, Cancer and Leo. The other planets are assigned to signs by halving the zodiac between Cancer and Leo and assigning each planet to one sign on the solar half and each on the lunar half. Mercury is assigned to the two signs next to the luminaries, Gemini and Virgo, because it never travels more than one sign away from the Sun. Venus is assigned to the next two signs, Taurus and Libra, because it never gets more than two signs away. Jupiter and Mars","known as (, .) \\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Apodis Beta Apodis (β Aps, β Apodis) is the Bayer designation for a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Apus. It is located approximately from Earth, as determined by parallax measurements. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +4.24, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye The spectrum of this star matches the characteristics of a K0 III, which, according to models of stellar evolution, indicates that it is in the giant star stage, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. The measured angular diameter of","Norma (constellation) Règle\" to \"le Niveau\", \"the level\". In any case, the constellation's name had been shortened and Latinised by Lacaille to \"Norma\" by 1763. Norma is bordered by Scorpius to the north, Lupus to the northwest, Circinus to the west, Triangulum Australe to the south and Ara to the east. Covering 165.3 square degrees and 0.401% of the night sky, it ranks 74th of the 88 constellations in size. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Nor'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a","of the Sun. The star is spinning relatively rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of 161 km/s. It is radiating around 4.3 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 7,079 K. Nu1 Columbae Nu Columbae, Latinized from ν Columbae, is a star in the southern constellation of Columba. It is visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.14. According to the Bortle scale, stars with this magnitude are faintly visible from dark rural skies. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.40 mas, this star is about 128 light years","and limitation, and boundless space. By the traditional Hindu principle of naming babies according to their Ascendant/Lagna nakshatra, the first names should start with the following Sanskrit letters for those who are born under the Nakshatra: Punarvasu Ke (pronounced as in \"Kesari\") Ko (pronounced as in \"Kopperuncholan\") Ha (pronounced as in \"Hara\") for example Harika,Harini,Harshitha,Harish,Haritha,etc Hi (pronounced as in \"Hiranyakashipu\") Punarvasu Punarvasu) is a Nakshatra in Hindu astrology, which refers to the two brightest stars in the constellation of Gemini: Castor and Pollux. In Malayalam, Punarvasu is called Punartham. It is also known as Punarpusam in Tamil Nadu and other","Pi3 Orionis a lengthy dissertation on the Mantile which some anonymous person applied to them, figured as a cloth thrown over the Giant's arm. Pi³ Orionis is most likely single; a nearby star is probably an optical companion. It is a main sequence star of spectral type F6 V. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. Compared to the Sun, it has about 124% of the mass, 132% of the radius, and nearly 3 times the luminosity. This energy is being radiated from the star's outer atmosphere","Boötes trap is known as \"Ilulirat.\" Boötes is a constellation bordered by Virgo to the south, Coma Berenices and Canes Venatici to the west, Ursa Major to the northwest, Draco to the northeast, and Hercules, Corona Borealis and Serpens Caput to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Boo'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 16 segments. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates stretch from","Talitha (given name) and other countries. Fifty five newborn American girls were given the name in 2015. In Brazil, Talita (or Talitha/Thalita) was the 100th most common name for newborn girls in 2009. While the personal name is most often derived from the Biblical story, Talitha is also the name of two stars, Talitha Borealis and Talitha Australis, in the Ursa Major constellation. The names of the stars are derived from the Arabic word for 'third' in the phrase () meaning 'The third leap [of the gazelle]', referring to an Arabic story about a startled gazelle which leapt three times to different points","(), meaning \"Cross\", refers to an asterism consisting of Beta Crucis, Gamma Crucis, Alpha Crucis and Delta Crucis. Consequently, Beta Crucis itself is known as (, .). Based on parallax measurements, β Crucis is located at a distance of from the Earth. In 1957, German astronomer Wulff-Dieter Heintz discovered that it is a spectroscopic binary with components that are too close together to resolve with a telescope. The pair orbit each other every 5 years with an estimated separation that varies from 5.4 to 12.0 Astronomical Units. The system is only 8 to 11 million years old. The primary, Beta","a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name \"Alkes\" for this star on 12 September 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, (), meaning \"Wings (asterism)\", refers to an asterism consisting of Alpha Crateris, Gamma Crateris, Zeta Crateris, Lambda Crateris, Nu Hydrae, Eta Crateris, Delta Crateris, Iota Crateris, Kappa Crateris, Epsilon Crateris, HD 95808, HD 93833, Theta Crateris, HD 102574, HD 100219, Beta Crateris, HD 99922, HD 100307, HD 96819, Chi Hydrae, HD 102620 and HD 103462. Consequently, Alpha","The parivritti drekkana goes in order of the signs; the first decan is Aries, the second is Taurus, the third is Gemini, the fourth is Cancer, etc. Then there is the trinal calculation which utilizes the elemental trines to each sign; In Aries there is Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius, while in Taurus there is Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn. There are in total four variations of drekkana calculations. Indian astrologers will calculate these signs (varga) and create a new chart based upon the sign placement for predictive purposes. Decan The decans (; Egyptian \"bakiu\") are 36 groups of stars (small constellations)","du Navire in the French edition), while ο Velorum is labelled ο (omicron) Argus (du Navire in the French edition). In Chinese, (), meaning \"Bow and Arrow\", refers to an asterism consisting of ο Puppis, δ Canis Majoris, η Canis Majoris, HD 63032, HD 65456, k Puppis, ε Canis Majoris, κ Canis Majoris and π Puppis. Consequently, ο Puppis itself is known as (, .) Omicron Puppis Omicron Puppis (ο Puppis) is candidate binary star system in the southern constellation of Puppis. It is visible to the naked eye, having a combined apparent visual magnitude of +4.48. Based upon an","K, and it shines with 1,734 times the luminosity of the Sun. Sigma Virginis Sigma Virginis (σ Vir, σ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It can be faintly seen with the naked eye with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.86. Based upon parallax measurements, the distance to this star is roughly 680 light years. This is an evolved red giant star with a stellar classification of M1 III. It is a suspected variable star with a brightness that ranges from magnitude +4.77 to +4.86. This variation has pulsation periods of 23.4, 24.3, 27.9, and","darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,","Lambda Tauri Lambda Tauri (λ Tau, λ Tauri) is a triple star system in the constellation Taurus. In the \"Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket\", this star was designated \"Sadr al Tauri\", which was translated into Latin as \"Pectus Tauri\", meaning \"the bull chest\". In 1848, the light from this system was found to vary periodically and it was determined to be an eclipsing binary system—the third such discovered. The components of this system have a combined apparent visual magnitude of +3.47, making it one of the brighter members of the constellation. Based upon parallax measurements from the Hipparcos mission,","Ursa Minor has had its mass estimated at 1.3 times that of the Sun via measurement of these oscillations. Kochab is 450 times more luminous than the Sun and has 42 times its diameter, with a surface temperature of approximately 4,130 K. Estimated to be around 2.95 billion years old, give or take 1 billion years, Kochab was announced to have a planetary companion around 6.1 times as massive as Jupiter with an orbit of 522 days. Traditionally known as Pherkad, Gamma Ursae Minoris has an apparent magnitude that varies between 3.04 and 3.09 roughly every 3.4 hours. It and Kochab have","Cepheus (constellation) and is paired with a blue main sequence star called VV Cephei B. One of the largest stars in the galaxy, it has a diameter 1,400 times that of the Sun. VV Cephei is also an unusually long-period eclipsing binary, but the eclipses, which occur every 20.3 years, are too faint to be observed with the unaided eye. T Cephei, also a red giant, is a Mira variable with a minimum magnitude of 11.3 and a maximum magnitude of 5.2, 685 light-years from Earth. It has a period of 13 months and a diameter of between 329 to 500 solar","southern hemisphere's pole star it bore the name \"Polaris Australis\", first applied in the 1700s. In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name \"Polaris Australis\" for this star on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. It is the southernmost named star. Sigma Octantis is the southern pole star, whose counterpart is Polaris, the current North Star. To an observer in the southern hemisphere, Sigma Octantis appears almost motionless and all the other stars","2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name \"Meridiana\" for this star on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, (), meaning \"River Turtle\", refers to an asterism consisting of Alpha Coronae Australis, Alpha Telescopii, Eta¹ Coronae Australis, Zeta Coronae Australis, Delta Coronae Australis, Beta Coronae Australis, Gamma Coronae Australis, Epsilon Coronae Australis, HD 175362, Kappa² Coronae Australis and Theta Coronae Australis. Consequently, Alpha Coronae Australis itself is known as (, .). Alpha","Lambda Piscium Lambda Piscium, Latinized from λ Piscium, is a solitary, white-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49, it is visible to the naked eye, forming the southeast corner of the \"Circlet\" asterism in Pisces. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 30.59 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 107 light years distant from the Sun. Lambda Piscium is a member of the Ursa Major Stream, lying among the outer parts, or corona, of this moving group of stars that roughly follow a common heading through space. This well-studied","Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\"illustrated in infobox\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates","Ursa Minor Ursa Minor (Latin: \"Lesser Bear\", contrasting with Ursa Major), also known as the Little Bear, is a constellation in the Northern Sky. Like the Great Bear, the tail of the Little Bear may also be seen as the handle of a ladle, hence the North American name, Little Dipper: seven stars with four in its bowl like its partner the Big Dipper. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Ursa Minor has traditionally been important for navigation, particularly by mariners, because of Polaris being","Delta1 Tauri rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name \"Secunda Hyadum\" for the component Delta¹ Tauri Aa on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, (), meaning \"Net\", refers to an asterism consisting of δ¹ Tauri, Epsilon Tauri, Delta³ Tauri, Gamma Tauri, Alpha Tauri (Aldebaran), 71 Tauri and Lambda Tauri. Consequently, Delta¹ Tauri itself is known as (), \"the Third Star of Net\". Delta¹ Tauri A is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 529.8 days and an eccentricity of 0.42. The visible member, component Aa, is","Eta Ursae Majoris Eta Ursae Majoris (η Ursae Majoris, abbreviated Eta UMa, η UMa), also named Alkaid, is a star in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is the most eastern (leftmost) star in the Big Dipper (Plough) asterism. However, unlike most stars of the Big Dipper, it is not a member of the Ursa Major moving group. With an apparent visual magnitude of +1.84, it is the third-brightest star in the constellation and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Eta Ursae Majoris is a 10-million-year-old B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B3 V.","Delta Pavonis Delta Pavonis (δ Pav, δ Pavonis) is a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Pavo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.56, making it a fourth-magnitude star that is visible to the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements from the Hipparcos satellite yield an estimated distance of from Earth. This makes it one of the nearest bright stars to the Solar System. It is a subgiant of spectral type G8 IV; it will stop fusing hydrogen relatively soon, starting the process of becoming a red giant. Hence, Delta Pavonis is 22% brighter than the","the second member is a B9.5 V star with a magnitude of 6.46. The pair have an angular separation of 0.091 arcseconds with an estimated orbital period of 59.32 years. They are about 3.89 and 3.45 times as massive as the Sun. In Chinese caused by adaptation of the European southern hemisphere constellations into the Chinese system, (), meaning \"Exotic Bird\", refers to an asterism consisting of ι Apodis, ζ Apodis, β Apodis, γ Apodis, δ Octantis, δ Apodis, η Apodis, α Apodis and ε Apodis. Consequently, ι Apodis itself is known as (, .) Iota Apodis Iota Apodis (ι","Phi3 Ceti Phi Ceti is a solitary, orange-hued star in the equatorial constellation of Cetus. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.31. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 5.92 mas as seen from Earth, it is located roughly 550 light years from the Sun, give or take 30 light years. This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K5 III. The measured angular diameter of Phi Ceti is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 44 times the Sun's","Telescopium Herschelii Telescopium Herschelii (Latin for \"Herschel's telescope\"), also formerly known as Tubus Hershelli Major, is a former constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. Maximilian Hell established it in 1789 to honour Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. It fell out of use by the end of the 19th century. Psi Aurigae at apparent magnitude 4.8 was the constellation's brightest star. It was one of two constellations created by Maximilian Hell in 1789 to honour the famous English astronomer Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. Named \"Tubus Hershelli Major\" by Hell, it was located in the","with a stellar classification of G8 III. It is a red clump star, which means it is generating energy through the fusion of helium at its core. The star has twice the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 9 times the Sun's radius. It is 1.17 billion years old and is radiating 48 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,952 K. Phi3 Hydrae Phi Hydrae (φ Hya) is a binary star in the equatorial constellation of Hydra. It originally received the Flamsteed designation of 2 Crateris before being placed in the Hydra","Lupus (constellation) association with the sun god and another mythical being called the Bison-man, which is supposedly related to the Greek constellation of Centaurus. Lupus is bordered by six different constellations, although one of them (Hydra) merely touches at the corner. The other five are Scorpius (the scorpion), Norma (the right angle), Circinus (the compass), Libra (the balance scale), and Centaurus (the centaur). Covering 333.7 square degrees and 0.809% of the night sky, it ranks 46th of the 88 modern constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is \"Lup\". The official constellation boundaries","suspected Gamma Cassiopeiae type (GCAS) variable star, with its apparent magnitude varying from 2.62 to 2.66. Alpha Columbae Alpha Columbae (α Columbae, abbreviated Alpha Col, α Col), also named Phact, is a third magnitude star in the southern constellation of Columba. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 2.6, making it the brightest member of Columba. Based upon parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, Alpha Columbae is located at a distance of around . \"Alpha Columbae\" is the star's Bayer designation. The traditional name of \"Phact\" (also \"Phad\", \"Phaet\", \"Phakt\") derives from the Arabic \"ألفاجتة\" - \"fākh(i)tah\" <nowiki>[</nowiki>fa:x(i)ta<nowiki>]</nowiki> meaning","Gamma Lyrae Gamma Lyrae (Latinized from γ Lyrae, abbreviated Gamma Lyr, γ Lyr), also named Sulafat, is the second-brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.3, it is readily visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements yield an estimated distance of from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of due to interstellar dust. \"γ Lyrae\" (Latinised to \"Gamma Lyrae\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \"Sulafat\" (\"Sulaphat\"), from the Arabic \"al-sulḥafāt\" \"turtle\", and \"Jugum\", from the Latin \"yoke\".","The actual distance, derived indirectly by comparison with similar stars, is around 2,000 parsecs. Its effective temperature has been calculated at 7,250 K and its size at based on an assumed luminosity of . RY Sagittarii RY Sagittarii is an yellow supergiant and an R Coronae Borealis type variable star in the constellation Sagittarius. Although it ostensibly has the spectrum of a G-type star, it differs markedly from most in that it has almost no hydrogen and a lot of carbon. Colonel Ernest Elliott Markwick first came across what became known as RY Sagittarii during searches for variable stars while","with its outer envelope cooling and expanding in the process. Alpha Horologii has an estimated 1.55 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 38 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,028 K. Alpha Horologii Alpha Horologii (α Horologii) is a solitary orange-hued giant star in the constellation Horologium. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +3.85. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 28.36 mas as seen from the Earth, it is located from the Sun. The star is moving away from the Sun with a","Corona Borealis respectively. Chinese astronomers deemed nine stars to make up the asterism, adding Pi and Rho Coronae Borealis. Within the constellation's borders, there are 37 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Alpha Coronae Borealis (officially named Alphecca by the IAU, but sometimes also known as Gemma) appears as a blue-white star of magnitude 2.2. In fact, it is an Algol-type eclipsing binary that varies by 0.1 magnitude with a period of 17.4 days. The primary is a white main-sequence star of spectral type A0V that is 2.91 times the mass of the Sun () and 57 times as","Corvus (constellation) Corvus at magnitude 2.59. Its traditional name means \"wing\", the star marking the left wing in Bayer's \"Uranometria\". 154±1 light-years from Earth, it is a blue-white hued giant star of spectral type B8III that is times as massive, and 355 times as luminous as the Sun. Around million years old, it has largely exhausted its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling as it moves away from the main sequence. A binary star, it has a companion orange or red dwarf star of spectral type K5V to M5V that is about 0.8 times as massive as the Sun. Around 50","River) and \"Yue\" (越) (in Zhejiang province). In the catalogue of stars in the \"Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket\", Zeta Aquilae was designated \"Dzeneb al Tair\" (from the Arabic ذنب الطائر \"ðanab aṭ-ṭā’ir\"), which was translated into Latin as \"Cauda (Vulturis) Volantis\", meaning \"the eagle's tail\". In Chinese, (), meaning \"Left Wall of Heavenly Market Enclosure\", refers to an asterism which represents eleven old states in China and is marking the left borderline of the enclosure, consisting of Zeta Aquilae; Delta, Lambda, Mu, Omicron and 112 Herculis; Theta¹ and Eta Serpentis; Nu Ophiuchi, Xi Serpentis and Eta Ophiuchi. Consequently,","Lambda Cephei Lambda Cephei (λ Cephei) is a fifth magnitude blue supergiant star in the constellation Cepheus, one of the hottest and most luminous visible to the naked eye. It is a hot O6.5 supergiant star at a distance of approximately 1,980 light years, whose absolute brightness around half a million times the Sun. Its radius is around 20 times that of the latter, with a mass that has been estimated to be between 45 and 60 solar masses. Lambda Cephei turns around its axis in less than three days compared to the 24.47 days that the Sun needs to","Piscium itself is known as (, .) Delta Piscium Delta Piscium (δ Piscium) is a solitary, orange-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +4.4, so it is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.5 mas, it is around from the Sun. The visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K4 IIIb. It has around 1.65 times the mass","name \"Pherkad\" for Gamma Ursae Minoris on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, (), meaning \"North Pole\", refers to an asterism consisting of Gamma Ursae Minoris, Beta Ursae Minoris, 5 Ursae Minoris, 4 Ursae Minoris and Σ 1694. Consequently, Gamma Ursae Minoris itself is known as (, ), representing (), meaning \"Crown Prince\". Gamma Ursae Minoris has apparent magnitude +3.05 and can be readily observed with the naked eye even in a city-lit night sky. It has an absolute magnitude of –2.84. Measurement of the star's spectrum resulted","Alpha Circini Alpha Circini (α Cir, α Circini) is a variable star in the faint, southern, circumpolar constellation of Circinus. At an apparent visual magnitude of 3.19, it is the brightest star in the constellation and can be readily seen with the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements of this star yield an estimated distance of from the Earth. This star belongs to a class of variables known as rapidly oscillating Ap stars. It oscillates with multiple, non-radial pulsation cycles and a dominant cycle of 6.8 minutes. The spectrum shows peculiar features caused by chemical stratification of the","Norma (constellation) magnitude of 5.4. It lies in the southeastern corner of the constellation between Alpha Centauri and Zeta Arae. Thought to be around 100 million years old, it is about 3300 light-years away and is around 14 light-years in diameter. Its brightest member is the Cepheid variable S Normae. A rich background star field makes it less distinct, though around 36 member stars are visible though a 10 cm telescope at 150x magnification. Located 0.4° north of Kappa Normae is NGC 6067, which has an integrated magnitude of 5.6 though it is indistinct as it lies in a rich star field.","Bayer designation magnitude (those between magnitudes 1.51 and 2.5), labeling them from \"gamma\" through \"zeta\" in \"top-down\" (north-to-south) order. The \"First to Rise in the East\" order is used in a number of instances. Castor and Pollux of Gemini may be an example of this: Pollux is brighter than Castor, but the latter rises earlier and was assigned \"alpha\". In this case, Bayer may also have been influenced by the traditional order of the mythological names \"Castor and Pollux\": Castor is generally named first whenever the twins are mentioned. Although the brightest star in Draco is Eltanin (Gamma Draconis), Thuban was assigned","is not known to host planets. Beta Canum Venaticorum Beta Canum Venaticorum (β Canum Venaticorum, abbreviated Beta CVn, β CVn), also named Chara, is a G-type main-sequence star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. At an apparent visual magnitude of 4.26, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 118.49 mas, this star is distant from the Sun. Along with the brighter star Cor Caroli, the pair form the \"southern dog\" in this constellation that represents hunting dogs. \"β Canum Venaticorum\" (Latinised to \"Beta Canum Venaticorum\") is the star's Bayer designation. The","Serpentis in \"Serpens Cauda\". The brightest star in Serpens is the red giant star Alpha Serpentis, or Unukalhai, in Serpens Caput, with an apparent magnitude of 2.63. Also located in Serpens Caput are the naked-eye globular cluster Messier 5 and the naked-eye variables R Serpentis and Tau Serpentis. Notable extragalactic objects include Seyfert's Sextet, one of the densest galaxy clusters known; Arp 220, the prototypical ultraluminous infrared galaxy; and Hoag's Object, the most famous of the very rare class of galaxies known as ring galaxies. Part of the Milky Way's galactic plane passes through Serpens Cauda, which is therefore rich","Cancer (constellation) 0.005 magnitude over a period of 6 days. An aging star, it has expanded to around 50 times the Sun's diameter and shines with 660 times its luminosity. It has a faint magnitude 14 red dwarf companion located 29 arcseconds away that takes 76,000 years to complete an orbit. Altarf represents a part of Cancer's body. At magnitude 3.9 is Delta Cancri, also known as Asellus Australis. Located 131±1 light-years from Earth, it is an orange-hued giant star that has swollen and cooled off the main sequence to become an orange giant with a radius 11 times and luminosity 53","and an orbital period of 605 days. Beta Cancri Beta Cancri (β Cancri, abbreviated Beta Cnc, β Cnc), also named Tarf, is the brightest star in the zodiacal constellation of Cancer. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +3.5 and an absolute magnitude of −1.2. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is approximately 290 light-years distant from the Sun. An exoplanet, designated Beta Cancri b, is believed to be orbiting the star. Beta Cancri has a companion listed and together they are designated WDS J08165+0911. As the primary, Beta Cancri bears the designation WDS J08165+0911A. The","Beta Gruis Beta Gruis (β Gruis, abbreviated Bet Gru, β Gru), also named Tiaki, is the second brightest star in the southern constellation of Grus. It was once considered the rear star in the tail of the constellation of the (Southern) Fish, Piscis Austrinus: it, with Alpha, Delta, Theta, Iota, and Lambda Gruis, belonged to Piscis Austrinus in medieval Arabic astronomy. \"β Gruis\" (Latinised to \"Beta Gruis\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional Tuamotuan name of \"Tiaki\". In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars.","Lynx (constellation) stars, though several lie across the boundary in Ursa Major. Overall, there are 97 stars within the constellation's borders brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. The brightest star in this constellation is Alpha Lyncis, with an apparent (visual) magnitude of 3.14. It is an orange giant of spectral type K7III located 203 ± 2 light-years distant from Earth. Around twice as massive as the Sun, it has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and has evolved away from the main sequence. The star has swollen to about 55 times the Sun's radius and is emitting roughly 673 times","Beta Monocerotis Beta Monocerotis (Beta Mon, β Monocerotis, β Mon) is a triple star system in the constellation of Monoceros. To the naked eye, it appears as a single star with an apparent visual magnitude of approximately 3.74, making it the brightest visible star in the constellation. A telescope shows a curved line of three pale blue stars (or pale yellow stars, depending on the scope's focus). William Herschel who discovered it in 1781 commented that it is \"one of the most beautiful sights in the heavens\". The star system consists of three Be stars, β Monocerotis A, β Monocerotis","Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right","as an archer, then he is classified as human but when represented as a centaur, he is nonhuman (bestial). However, the classification of the astrological sign as a human or bestial does not carry practical consequences for interpretation. As an archer, Sagittarius is said to never fail in hitting the mark and this depiction alludes to the power of prophecy, hence, the claim that seers and prophets are born in this sign. Sagittarius (astrology) Sagittarius (♐) (Greek: Τοξότης \"Toxotes\", Latin: \"Sagittarius\") is the ninth astrological sign, which is associated with the constellation Sagittarius and spans 240–270th degrees of the zodiac.","points towards the star Antares, the \"heart of the scorpion\", and Sagittarius stands poised to attack should Scorpius ever attack the nearby Hercules, or to avenge Scorpius's slaying of Orion. , the Sun appears in the constellation Sagittarius from 18 December to 18 January. In tropical astrology, the Sun is considered to be in the sign Sagittarius from 22 November to 21 December, and in sidereal astrology, from 16 December to 14 January. Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one","Perseus (constellation) in Perseus. Representing the head of the Gorgon Medusa in Greek mythology, it was called Horus in Egyptian mythology and \"Rosh ha Satan\" (\"Satan's Head\") in Hebrew. Located 92.8 light-years from Earth, it varies in apparent magnitude from a minimum of 3.5 to a maximum of 2.3 over a period of 2.867 days. The star system is the prototype of a group of eclipsing binary stars named Algol variables, though it has a third member to make up what is actually a triple star system. The brightest component is a blue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B8V, which is 3.5","Cassiopeia (constellation) W appears inverted. Alpha Cassiopeiae, traditionally called Schedar (from the Arabic \"Al Sadr\", \"the breast\"), is a multiple star. The primary is an orange-hued giant of magnitude 2.2, 228 ± 2 light-years from Earth. With a luminosity of around 771 times that of the Sun, it has swollen and cooled after exhausting its core hydrogen over its 100 to 200 million-year lifespan, spending much of it as a blue-white B-type main-sequence star. The brightest companion is a magnitude 8.9 yellow dwarf widely separated from the primary, while two other companions are closer and magnitudes 13 and 14 respectively. Beta Cassiopeiae,","astronomers term metallicity, is similar to the proportions in the Sun. This is a variable star that ranges in apparent visual magnitude from a low of 2.66 to a high of 2.60. \\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Corvi Beta Corvi (β Corvi, abbreviated Beta Crv, β Crv), also named Kraz, is the second-brightest star in the southern constellation of Corvus with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.647. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is about distant from the Sun. \"β Corvi\" (Latinised to \"Beta Corvi\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional name of \"Kraz\", whose origin","Theta Scorpii Theta Scorpii (θ Scorpii, abbreviated Theta Sco, θ Sco) is a binary star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +1.87, making it readily visible to the naked eye and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It is sufficiently near that the distance can be measured directly using the parallax technique and such measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission yield an estimate of approximately 300 light-years (90 parsecs) from the Sun. The two components are designated Theta Scorpii A (also named Sargas) and B. \"θ Scorpii\" (Latinised","Virgo (constellation) Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for virgin, and its symbol is ♍. Lying between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, it is the second-largest constellation in the sky (after Hydra) and the largest constellation in the zodiac. It can be easily found through its brightest star, Spica. The bright star Spica makes it easy to locate Virgo, as it can be found by following the curve of the Big Dipper/Plough to Arcturus in Boötes and continuing from there in the same curve (\"follow the arc to Arcturus","the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates are between −60.26° and −70.51°. Triangulum Australe culminates each year at 9 p.m. on 23 August. In defining the constellation, Lacaille gave twelve stars Bayer designations of Alpha through to Lambda, with two close stars called Eta (one now known by its Henry Draper catalogue number), while Lambda was later dropped due to its dimness. The three brightest stars, Alpha, Beta and Gamma, make up the triangle. Readily identified by its orange hue, Alpha Trianguli Australis is a bright giant star of spectral type K2","Scorpius–Centaurus Association and Lower Centaurus–Crux). Many of the bright stars in the constellations Scorpius, Lupus, Centaurus, and Crux are members of the Sco–Cen association, including Antares (the most massive member of Upper Scorpius), and most of the stars in the Southern Cross. Hundreds of stars have been identified as members of Sco-Cen, with masses ranging from roughly 15 solar masses (Antares) down to below the hydrogen-burning limit (i.e. brown dwarfs), and the total stellar population in each of the three subgroups is probably of the order 1000–2000. The Sco–Cen OB association appears to be the most pronounced part of a large complex","Ursa Minor remain in use, likely because of their proximity to the north celestial pole. Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Marking the Little Bear's tail, Polaris, or Alpha Ursae Minoris, is the brightest star in the constellation, varying between apparent magnitude 1.97 and 2.00 over a period of 3.97 days. Located around 432 light-years away from Earth, it is a yellow-white supergiant that varies between spectral types F7Ib and F8Ib, and has around 6 times the Sun's mass, 2,500 times its luminosity and 45 times its radius. Polaris is the brightest","Crater (constellation) stars—Delta, Alpha and Gamma Crateris—from a triangle nearby the brighter star Nu Hydrae in Hydra. Within the constellation's borders, there are 33 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Delta Crateris is the brightest star in Crater at magnitude 3.6. Located 163 ± 4 light-years away, It is an orange giant star of spectral type K0III that is 1.0–1.4 times as massive as the Sun. An ageing star, it has cooled and expanded to times the Sun's radius. It is radiating as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of . Traditionally","Sagittarius (constellation) identify Chiron with the other constellation, known as Centaurus. Or, as an alternative tradition holds, that Chiron devised the constellations Sagittarius and Centaurus to help guide the Argonauts in their quest for the Golden Fleece. A competing mythological tradition, as espoused by Eratosthenes, identified the Archer not as a centaur but as the satyr Crotus, son of Pan, who Greeks credited with the invention of archery. According to myth, Crotus often went hunting on horseback and lived among the Muses, who requested that Zeus place him in the sky, where he is seen demonstrating archery. The arrow of this constellation","Crux Crux is a constellation located in the southern sky in a bright portion of the Milky Way. It is among the most easily distinguished constellations, as all of its four main stars have an apparent visual magnitude brighter than +2.8, even though it is the smallest of all 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for cross, and it is dominated by a cross-shaped or kite-like asterism that is commonly known as the Southern Cross. Predominating is the first-magnitude blue-white star of Alpha Crucis or Acrux, being the constellation's brightest and most southerly member. Crux is followed by four","branch, and started helium fusion in its core. τ Sagittarii is the closest constellational star (a star that is part of the traditional outline of a constellation) to the origin of the 1977 Wow! signal. \\end{align}</math></ref> Tau Sagittarii Tau Sagittarii (Tau Sgr, τ Sagittarii, τ Sgr) is a star in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. With an apparent visual magnitude of +3.3, this is one of the brighter members of the constellation. The distance of this star from Earth is roughly , based upon parallax measurements. This is a spectral type K1 giant star with about . The stellar","Sagittae is an estimated 129 million years old with 4.33 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to roughly 27 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 392 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,850 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \"Left Flag\", refers to an asterism consisting of β Sagittae, α Sagittae, δ Sagittae, ζ Sagittae, γ Sagittae, 13 Sagittae, 11 Sagittae, 14 Sagittae and ρ Aquilae. Consequently, β Sagittae itself is known as (, .) Beta Sagittae Beta Sagittae, Latinized from β Sagittae, is a single star in the","Zeta Sagittarii Zeta Sagittarii (ζ Sagittarii, abbreviated Zeta Sgr, ζ Sgr) is a triple star system and the third-brightest star in the constellation of Sagittarius. Based upon parallax measurements, it is about from the Sun. The three components are designated Zeta Sagittarii A (also named Ascella) and B, themselves forming a binary pair, and a smaller companion star, C. \"ζ Sagittarii\" (Latinised to \"Zeta Sagittarii\") is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two components as \"ζ Sagittarii A\", \"B\" and \"C\" derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted","Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is (Unicode U+2650 ♐), a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur pulling back a bow. It lies between Scorpius and Ophiuchus to the west and Capricornus and Microscopium to the east. The center of the Milky Way lies in the westernmost part of Sagittarius (see Sagittarius A). As seen from the northern hemisphere, the constellation's"],"string":"[\n \"Aquarius (constellation) resemble Saturn's rings. It appears blue-green in a telescope and has a central star of magnitude 11.3. Compared to the Helix Nebula, another planetary nebula in Aquarius, it is quite small. NGC 7293, also known as the Helix Nebula, is the closest planetary nebula to Earth at a distance of 650 light-years. It covers 0.25 square degrees, making it also the largest planetary nebula as seen from Earth. However, because it is so large, it is only viewable as a very faint object, though it has a fairly high integrated magnitude of 6.0. One of the visible galaxies in Aquarius\",\n \"of Jupiter and orbits every 500 days. Explanatory notes Citations Bibliography Online sources \\\"SIMBAD\\\" Aries (constellation) Aries is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is located in the northern celestial hemisphere between Pisces to the west and Taurus to the east. The name Aries is Latin for ram, and its symbol is (Unicode ♈), representing a ram's horns. It is one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is a mid-sized constellation, ranking 39th overall size, with an area of 441 square degrees (1.1% of\",\n \"Eta Canis Majoris spite of a large distance from Earth due to being intrinsically many times brighter (absolute magnitude) than the Sun. A blue-white supergiant of spectral type B5Ia, Aludra has a luminosity 176,000 times and a diameter around 80 times that of the Sun. Hohle and colleagues, using the parallax, extinction and analysis of spectrum, came up with a mass 19.19 times that and luminosity 105,442 times that of the Sun. It has only been around a fraction of the time the Sun has, yet is already in the last stages of its life. It is still expanding and may become a\",\n \"variable, varying by an amplitude of 0.025 in B magnitude with a period of 118 minutes. At the age of 786 million years, it has a high rate of spin with a projected rotational velocity of 103 km/s. The star has 1.45 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 12.6 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,132 K. TU Corvi TU Corvi is a yellow-white hued star in the southern constellation of Corvus. It is a dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.20. The distance to\",\n \"Proper names (astronomy) a handful of stars were given individual names. Examples include Chinese Koo She (\\\"bow and arrow\\\") and Sanskrit Chitra \\\"the bright one\\\". There are also contemporary proper names given to some stars, many of which refer to accomplished astronomers, deceased astronauts and English titles. For example, Gamma Velorum is named \\\"Regor\\\", which is \\\"Roger\\\" spelled backwards; the name honors Astronaut Roger B. Chaffee, who died in the Apollo I tragedy. Other contemporary names include \\\"The Persian\\\" (Alpha Indi) and \\\"The Head of Hydrus\\\" (Alpha Hydri), \\\"Herschel's Garnet Star\\\" (Mu Cephei), Barnard's Star, etc. Some independent astronomical and astrological businesses or\",\n \"15 Arietis 15 Arietis (abbreviated 15 Ari) is a single variable star in the northern constellation of Aries. \\\"15 Arietis\\\" is the Flamsteed designation; it also bears the variable star designation AV Arietis. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.74, which is just bright enough to be visible to the naked eye from dark suburban skies. An annual parallax shift of 5.84 mas corresponds to a physical distance of approximately from Earth. At that distance, the star's brightness is reduced by 0.33 in magnitude because of extinction from interstellar gas and dust. This is a red giant star with\",\n \"a concurrent helium flash. This dust had dissipated by 2002, with subsequent luminosities returning to pre-1985 levels. CH Cygni CH Cygni (CH Cyg / HIP 95413 / BD +49 2999) is a red giant, variable, symbiotic binary in the constellation Cygnus. It is the nearest symbiotic star to Earth, and one of the brightest, making it an ideal candidate for study. CH Cygni has a mass of and a radius of . Its white-dwarf companion has a mass of , and the orbital period of the two stars is 5689 days. CH Cygni is classified as M7IIIab + Be. The\",\n \"stars such as Acrux, Alpha Centauri and Canopus, meaning that, unlike them, Fomalhaut is visible from a large part of the Northern Hemisphere as well. Its declination is greater than that of Sirius and similar to that of Antares. At 40°N, Fomalhaut rises above the horizon for eight hours and reaches only 20° above the horizon, while Capella, which rises at approximately the same time, will stay above the horizon for twenty hours. Fomalhaut can be located in northern latitudes by the fact that the western (right-hand) side of the Square of Pegasus points to it. Continuing the line from\",\n \"they have already become giants. In 2000, the pair had an angular separation of 1.217 arcseconds with a position angle of 351.9°. Their positions have been observed since 1897, which is long enough to estimate an orbital period of 84.5 years and a semimajor axis of 0.93 arcseconds. At the distance of this system, this is equivalent to a linear distance of about 93 Astronomical Units. The star Tau Centauri is relatively close to Gamma Centauri, with an estimated separation of . In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Arsenal\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of γ Centauri, ζ Centauri, η Centauri, θ\",\n \"Psi2 Lupi Psi Lupi (ψ Lup) is a triple star system in the constellation Lupus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude of 4.75. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.97 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 360 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of due to interstellar dust. This system is a member of the Upper Centaurus-Lupus subgroup of the Scorpius–Centaurus Association. The inner pair of stars in this system form a double-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of\",\n \"indicating the spectrum shows abnormal abundances of these elements. The star has about four times the radius of the Sun and it radiates 173 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,152 K. Upsilon Herculis Upsilon Herculis (υ Her) is a solitary star in the constellation Hercules. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.74. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.78 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 371 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction\",\n \"type K4III that is a suspected variable star, ranging between apparent magnitudes 4.22 and 4.29. It is located 320 ± 10 light-years away from Earth. Estimated to be shining with around 480 to 555 times the luminosity of the Sun, it is most likely an ageing star that is brightening and on its way to becoming a Mira variable star, having converted all its core fuel into carbon. Located 590 ± 30 light-years from Earth, Epsilon Antliae is an evolved orange giant star of spectral type K3 IIIa, that has swollen to have a diameter about 69 times that of\",\n \"Zodiac The zodiac is an area of the sky that extends approximately 8° north or south (as measured in celestial latitude) of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year. The paths of the Moon and visible planets are also within the belt of the zodiac. In Western astrology, and formerly astronomy, the zodiac is divided into twelve signs, each occupying 30° of celestial longitude and roughly corresponding to the constellations Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. The twelve astrological signs form a\",\n \"Mensa (constellation) Mensa is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere near the south celestial pole, one of twelve constellations drawn up in the 18th century by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille. Its name is Latin for table, though it originally commemorated Table Mountain and was known as Mons Mensae. One of the 88 modern constellations, it covers a keystone-shaped wedge of sky approximately 153.5 square degrees by area. Other than the south polar constellation of Octans, it is the most southerly of constellations and is only observable south of the 5th parallel of the Northern Hemisphere. One of\",\n \"which was visible from the Earth's surface at the time. During the event (as seen from Earth) Eta Carinae briefly became the second-brightest star in the sky, after Sirius; but the ejected gas and dust have since obscured much of its light. The near-supernova explosion produced two polar lobes, and a large but thin equatorial disk, all moving outward at up to . The Homunculus Nebula is a virtually unique structure, believed to result from the extremely young age. This means that the shape and structure is almost entirely due to the original eruption rather than the interaction with surrounding\",\n \"parallax and proper motion as Gamma Normae. γ Nor is a yellow supergiant located nearby on the celestial sphere, but is much further away from Earth and nearly a magnitude fainter. Gamma2 Normae Gamma Normae, Latinized from γ Nor, is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Norma. Its apparent magnitude is 4.02 – making it a faint star but visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.33 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located roughly 129 light years from the Sun. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial\",\n \"Pole star that the entire constellation of Ursa Minor, in antiquity known as \\\"Cynosura\\\" (Greek Κυνοσούρα \\\"dog's tail\\\") was used as indicating the northern direction for the purposes of navigation by the Phoenicians. The ancient name of Ursa Minor, anglicized as \\\"cynosure\\\", has since itself become a term for \\\"guiding principle\\\" after the constellation's use in navigation. Alpha Ursae Minoris (Polaris) was described as ἀειφανής \\\"always visible\\\" by Stobaeus in the 5th century, when it was still removed from the celestial pole by about 8°. It was known as \\\"scip-steorra\\\" (\\\"ship-star\\\") in 10th-century Anglo-Saxon England, reflecting its use in navigation. In the\",\n \"Orion (constellation) π Ori and π Ori) which make up Orion's shield. Around 20 October each year the Orionid meteor shower (Orionids) reaches its peak. Coming from the border with the constellation Gemini as many as 20 meteors per hour can be seen. The shower's parent body is Halley's Comet. Hanging from Orion's belt is his sword, consisting of the multiple stars θ1 and θ2 Orionis, called the Trapezium and the Orion Nebula (M42). This is a spectacular object that can be clearly identified with the naked eye as something other than a star. Using binoculars, its clouds of nascent stars, luminous\",\n \"57.5 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,876 K. It is catalogued as a suspected variable star. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Kappa Columbae Kappa Columbae, Latinized from κ Columbae, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Columba. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.37, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.87 mas, it is located at a distance of 183 light years from the Sun. It has a peculiar velocity of , making it a candidate runaway star. For ancient Arabian\",\n \"mid-February. The planet Neptune was discovered by German astronomer Johann Galle, near Deneb Algedi (δ Capricorni) on September 23, 1846, which is appropriate as Capricornus can be seen best from Europe at 4:00am in September (although, by modern constellation boundaries established in the early 20th Century, Neptune lay within the confines of Aquarius at the time of its discovery). Capricornus's brighter stars are found on a triangle whose vertices are α Capricorni (Giedi), δ Capricorni (Deneb Algiedi), and ω Capricorni. Ptolemy's method of connecting the stars of Capricornus has been influential. Capricornus is usually drawn as a goat with the\",\n \"the surface of the Sun. At this heat, the star shines with the characteristic blue-white hue of a B-type star. Theta Arae Theta Arae, Latinized from θ Arae, is the Bayer designation for a star in the constellation Ara. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +3.67, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 4.01 mas, Theta Arae is distant from the Earth. This is a supergiant star with a stellar classification of B2 Ib. It has nearly nine times the mass of the Sun and is over 20\",\n \"the naked eye but clearly visible in a small telescope. It orbits the inner pair with a period of 1,200 years and an eccentricity of 0.11. Although according to its radial velocity is away from the Sun, it is actually approaching the Solar System. In about 1.1 million years, it will make its closest approach at a separation of roughly . Delta Geminorum Delta Geminorum (δ Geminorum, abbreviated Delta Gem, δ Gem), also named Wasat, is a triple star system in the constellation of Gemini. \\\"δ Geminorum\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Delta Geminorum\\\") is the system's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional\",\n \"NML Cygni NML Cygni or V1489 Cygni is a red hypergiant (RHG) or red supergiant (RSG) in the constellation Cygnus. It is one of the largest stars currently known, and is also one of the most luminous and massive cool hypergiants, as well as one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way. If placed at the center of the Solar System, its surface would extend past the orbit of Jupiter or Saturn. The distance of NML Cygni from Earth is estimated to be around 1.6 kpc, about 5,300 light-years. It is a part of the Cygnus OB2 association,\",\n \"Gamma Ophiuchi Gamma Ophiuchi, Latinized from γ Ophiuchi, is a fourth-magnitude star in the constellation Ophiuchus. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 31.73 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 103 light years from the Sun. The system has an age of roughly 184 million years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −7.6 km/s. It is known also as Muliphen, although at least two more stars are known with this name: Gamma Canis Majoris (often spelled as Muliphein) and Gamma Centauri (often spelled as Muhlifain). This is an A-type main sequence star\",\n \"which reached magnitude 3.7 on 17 February 2007, and Nova Delphini 2013. Nova Centauri 2013 was discovered 2 December 2013 and so far, is the brightest nova of this millennium, reaching magnitude 3.3. A helium nova (undergoing a helium flash) is a proposed category of nova events that lacks hydrogen lines in its spectrum. This may be caused by the explosion of a helium shell on a white dwarf. The theory was first proposed in 1989, and the first candidate helium nova to be observed was V445 Puppis in 2000. Since then, four other novae have been proposed as helium\",\n \"the ancient Greek astronomer Timocharis observed a conjunction of the star with Venus. The last occultation by a planet took place on September 27, 1843, also by Venus, which will occult it again on November 19, 2445. Eta Virginis Eta Virginis (η Virginis, abbreviated Eta Vir, η Vir) is a triple star system in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. From parallax measurements taken during the Hipparcos mission it is approximately from the Sun. It has a combined apparent visual magnitude of 3.89, which is bright enough for the system to be seen with the naked eye in dark skies. The\",\n \"star is in the process of evolving into a giant star as the supply of hydrogen at its core becomes exhausted. Compared to the Sun it has 240% of the mass and 230% of the Sun's radius, but is radiating 37 times as much luminosity. This energy is being emitted from the star's outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 9,280 K, giving it the characteristic white-hot glow of an A-type star. \\\"λ Ursae Majoris\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Lambda Ursae Majoris\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \\\"Tania\\\" (shared with Mu Ursae Majoris) and \\\"Tania Borealis\\\". \\\"Tania\\\"\",\n \"Sigma Librae Sigma Librae (σ Librae, abbreviated Sig Lib, σ Lib) is a binary star in the constellation of Libra. The apparent visual magnitude is +3.29, making it visible to the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements, this system is at a distance of roughly from the Sun, with a 2% margin of error. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by 0.20 ± 0.17 from extinction caused by intervening gas and dust. The two components are designated Sigma Librae A (also named Brachium) and B. \\\"σ Librae\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Sigma Librae\\\") is the system's current Bayer designation (the\",\n \"Virgo (constellation) center with a mass of 1.2 billion solar masses. It is located at a distance of from Earth (redshift 0.0075), and has an unusually dusty disk with a diameter of . Along with M84 and M87, NGC 4261 has strong emissions in the radio spectrum. IC 1101 is a supergiant elliptical galaxy in the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster located about from Earth. At the diameter of 5.5 million light years, or more than 50 times the size of the Milky Way, it was the largest known galaxy in the universe. Virgo is also home to the quasar 3C 273 which\",\n \"and cooled off the main sequence after consuming the hydrogen at its core. It is an estimated 1.5 billion years old with 1.74 times the mass of the Sun. Zeta Normae is radiating approximately 16 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,691 K. Zeta Normae Zeta Normae, Latinised from ζ Normae, is a solitary, yellow-white hued star in the southern constellation of Norma. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.81, it is a dim star near the lower limit of visibility for the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 14.98 mas\",\n \"Thema Mundi signs that correspond to the brightest and warmest times of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, Cancer and Leo. The other planets are assigned to signs by halving the zodiac between Cancer and Leo and assigning each planet to one sign on the solar half and each on the lunar half. Mercury is assigned to the two signs next to the luminaries, Gemini and Virgo, because it never travels more than one sign away from the Sun. Venus is assigned to the next two signs, Taurus and Libra, because it never gets more than two signs away. Jupiter and Mars\",\n \"known as (, .) \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Apodis Beta Apodis (β Aps, β Apodis) is the Bayer designation for a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Apus. It is located approximately from Earth, as determined by parallax measurements. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +4.24, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye The spectrum of this star matches the characteristics of a K0 III, which, according to models of stellar evolution, indicates that it is in the giant star stage, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. The measured angular diameter of\",\n \"Norma (constellation) Règle\\\" to \\\"le Niveau\\\", \\\"the level\\\". In any case, the constellation's name had been shortened and Latinised by Lacaille to \\\"Norma\\\" by 1763. Norma is bordered by Scorpius to the north, Lupus to the northwest, Circinus to the west, Triangulum Australe to the south and Ara to the east. Covering 165.3 square degrees and 0.401% of the night sky, it ranks 74th of the 88 constellations in size. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Nor'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a\",\n \"of the Sun. The star is spinning relatively rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of 161 km/s. It is radiating around 4.3 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 7,079 K. Nu1 Columbae Nu Columbae, Latinized from ν Columbae, is a star in the southern constellation of Columba. It is visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.14. According to the Bortle scale, stars with this magnitude are faintly visible from dark rural skies. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.40 mas, this star is about 128 light years\",\n \"and limitation, and boundless space. By the traditional Hindu principle of naming babies according to their Ascendant/Lagna nakshatra, the first names should start with the following Sanskrit letters for those who are born under the Nakshatra: Punarvasu Ke (pronounced as in \\\"Kesari\\\") Ko (pronounced as in \\\"Kopperuncholan\\\") Ha (pronounced as in \\\"Hara\\\") for example Harika,Harini,Harshitha,Harish,Haritha,etc Hi (pronounced as in \\\"Hiranyakashipu\\\") Punarvasu Punarvasu) is a Nakshatra in Hindu astrology, which refers to the two brightest stars in the constellation of Gemini: Castor and Pollux. In Malayalam, Punarvasu is called Punartham. It is also known as Punarpusam in Tamil Nadu and other\",\n \"Pi3 Orionis a lengthy dissertation on the Mantile which some anonymous person applied to them, figured as a cloth thrown over the Giant's arm. Pi³ Orionis is most likely single; a nearby star is probably an optical companion. It is a main sequence star of spectral type F6 V. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. Compared to the Sun, it has about 124% of the mass, 132% of the radius, and nearly 3 times the luminosity. This energy is being radiated from the star's outer atmosphere\",\n \"Boötes trap is known as \\\"Ilulirat.\\\" Boötes is a constellation bordered by Virgo to the south, Coma Berenices and Canes Venatici to the west, Ursa Major to the northwest, Draco to the northeast, and Hercules, Corona Borealis and Serpens Caput to the east. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Boo'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 16 segments. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates stretch from\",\n \"Talitha (given name) and other countries. Fifty five newborn American girls were given the name in 2015. In Brazil, Talita (or Talitha/Thalita) was the 100th most common name for newborn girls in 2009. While the personal name is most often derived from the Biblical story, Talitha is also the name of two stars, Talitha Borealis and Talitha Australis, in the Ursa Major constellation. The names of the stars are derived from the Arabic word for 'third' in the phrase () meaning 'The third leap [of the gazelle]', referring to an Arabic story about a startled gazelle which leapt three times to different points\",\n \"(), meaning \\\"Cross\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of Beta Crucis, Gamma Crucis, Alpha Crucis and Delta Crucis. Consequently, Beta Crucis itself is known as (, .). Based on parallax measurements, β Crucis is located at a distance of from the Earth. In 1957, German astronomer Wulff-Dieter Heintz discovered that it is a spectroscopic binary with components that are too close together to resolve with a telescope. The pair orbit each other every 5 years with an estimated separation that varies from 5.4 to 12.0 Astronomical Units. The system is only 8 to 11 million years old. The primary, Beta\",\n \"a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name \\\"Alkes\\\" for this star on 12 September 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Wings (asterism)\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of Alpha Crateris, Gamma Crateris, Zeta Crateris, Lambda Crateris, Nu Hydrae, Eta Crateris, Delta Crateris, Iota Crateris, Kappa Crateris, Epsilon Crateris, HD 95808, HD 93833, Theta Crateris, HD 102574, HD 100219, Beta Crateris, HD 99922, HD 100307, HD 96819, Chi Hydrae, HD 102620 and HD 103462. Consequently, Alpha\",\n \"The parivritti drekkana goes in order of the signs; the first decan is Aries, the second is Taurus, the third is Gemini, the fourth is Cancer, etc. Then there is the trinal calculation which utilizes the elemental trines to each sign; In Aries there is Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius, while in Taurus there is Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn. There are in total four variations of drekkana calculations. Indian astrologers will calculate these signs (varga) and create a new chart based upon the sign placement for predictive purposes. Decan The decans (; Egyptian \\\"bakiu\\\") are 36 groups of stars (small constellations)\",\n \"du Navire in the French edition), while ο Velorum is labelled ο (omicron) Argus (du Navire in the French edition). In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Bow and Arrow\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of ο Puppis, δ Canis Majoris, η Canis Majoris, HD 63032, HD 65456, k Puppis, ε Canis Majoris, κ Canis Majoris and π Puppis. Consequently, ο Puppis itself is known as (, .) Omicron Puppis Omicron Puppis (ο Puppis) is candidate binary star system in the southern constellation of Puppis. It is visible to the naked eye, having a combined apparent visual magnitude of +4.48. Based upon an\",\n \"K, and it shines with 1,734 times the luminosity of the Sun. Sigma Virginis Sigma Virginis (σ Vir, σ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It can be faintly seen with the naked eye with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.86. Based upon parallax measurements, the distance to this star is roughly 680 light years. This is an evolved red giant star with a stellar classification of M1 III. It is a suspected variable star with a brightness that ranges from magnitude +4.77 to +4.86. This variation has pulsation periods of 23.4, 24.3, 27.9, and\",\n \"darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,\",\n \"Lambda Tauri Lambda Tauri (λ Tau, λ Tauri) is a triple star system in the constellation Taurus. In the \\\"Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket\\\", this star was designated \\\"Sadr al Tauri\\\", which was translated into Latin as \\\"Pectus Tauri\\\", meaning \\\"the bull chest\\\". In 1848, the light from this system was found to vary periodically and it was determined to be an eclipsing binary system—the third such discovered. The components of this system have a combined apparent visual magnitude of +3.47, making it one of the brighter members of the constellation. Based upon parallax measurements from the Hipparcos mission,\",\n \"Ursa Minor has had its mass estimated at 1.3 times that of the Sun via measurement of these oscillations. Kochab is 450 times more luminous than the Sun and has 42 times its diameter, with a surface temperature of approximately 4,130 K. Estimated to be around 2.95 billion years old, give or take 1 billion years, Kochab was announced to have a planetary companion around 6.1 times as massive as Jupiter with an orbit of 522 days. Traditionally known as Pherkad, Gamma Ursae Minoris has an apparent magnitude that varies between 3.04 and 3.09 roughly every 3.4 hours. It and Kochab have\",\n \"Cepheus (constellation) and is paired with a blue main sequence star called VV Cephei B. One of the largest stars in the galaxy, it has a diameter 1,400 times that of the Sun. VV Cephei is also an unusually long-period eclipsing binary, but the eclipses, which occur every 20.3 years, are too faint to be observed with the unaided eye. T Cephei, also a red giant, is a Mira variable with a minimum magnitude of 11.3 and a maximum magnitude of 5.2, 685 light-years from Earth. It has a period of 13 months and a diameter of between 329 to 500 solar\",\n \"southern hemisphere's pole star it bore the name \\\"Polaris Australis\\\", first applied in the 1700s. In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name \\\"Polaris Australis\\\" for this star on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. It is the southernmost named star. Sigma Octantis is the southern pole star, whose counterpart is Polaris, the current North Star. To an observer in the southern hemisphere, Sigma Octantis appears almost motionless and all the other stars\",\n \"2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name \\\"Meridiana\\\" for this star on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"River Turtle\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of Alpha Coronae Australis, Alpha Telescopii, Eta¹ Coronae Australis, Zeta Coronae Australis, Delta Coronae Australis, Beta Coronae Australis, Gamma Coronae Australis, Epsilon Coronae Australis, HD 175362, Kappa² Coronae Australis and Theta Coronae Australis. Consequently, Alpha Coronae Australis itself is known as (, .). Alpha\",\n \"Lambda Piscium Lambda Piscium, Latinized from λ Piscium, is a solitary, white-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49, it is visible to the naked eye, forming the southeast corner of the \\\"Circlet\\\" asterism in Pisces. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 30.59 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 107 light years distant from the Sun. Lambda Piscium is a member of the Ursa Major Stream, lying among the outer parts, or corona, of this moving group of stars that roughly follow a common heading through space. This well-studied\",\n \"Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \\\"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\\\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\\\"illustrated in infobox\\\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates\",\n \"Ursa Minor Ursa Minor (Latin: \\\"Lesser Bear\\\", contrasting with Ursa Major), also known as the Little Bear, is a constellation in the Northern Sky. Like the Great Bear, the tail of the Little Bear may also be seen as the handle of a ladle, hence the North American name, Little Dipper: seven stars with four in its bowl like its partner the Big Dipper. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Ursa Minor has traditionally been important for navigation, particularly by mariners, because of Polaris being\",\n \"Delta1 Tauri rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name \\\"Secunda Hyadum\\\" for the component Delta¹ Tauri Aa on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Net\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of δ¹ Tauri, Epsilon Tauri, Delta³ Tauri, Gamma Tauri, Alpha Tauri (Aldebaran), 71 Tauri and Lambda Tauri. Consequently, Delta¹ Tauri itself is known as (), \\\"the Third Star of Net\\\". Delta¹ Tauri A is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 529.8 days and an eccentricity of 0.42. The visible member, component Aa, is\",\n \"Eta Ursae Majoris Eta Ursae Majoris (η Ursae Majoris, abbreviated Eta UMa, η UMa), also named Alkaid, is a star in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is the most eastern (leftmost) star in the Big Dipper (Plough) asterism. However, unlike most stars of the Big Dipper, it is not a member of the Ursa Major moving group. With an apparent visual magnitude of +1.84, it is the third-brightest star in the constellation and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Eta Ursae Majoris is a 10-million-year-old B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B3 V.\",\n \"Delta Pavonis Delta Pavonis (δ Pav, δ Pavonis) is a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Pavo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.56, making it a fourth-magnitude star that is visible to the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements from the Hipparcos satellite yield an estimated distance of from Earth. This makes it one of the nearest bright stars to the Solar System. It is a subgiant of spectral type G8 IV; it will stop fusing hydrogen relatively soon, starting the process of becoming a red giant. Hence, Delta Pavonis is 22% brighter than the\",\n \"the second member is a B9.5 V star with a magnitude of 6.46. The pair have an angular separation of 0.091 arcseconds with an estimated orbital period of 59.32 years. They are about 3.89 and 3.45 times as massive as the Sun. In Chinese caused by adaptation of the European southern hemisphere constellations into the Chinese system, (), meaning \\\"Exotic Bird\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of ι Apodis, ζ Apodis, β Apodis, γ Apodis, δ Octantis, δ Apodis, η Apodis, α Apodis and ε Apodis. Consequently, ι Apodis itself is known as (, .) Iota Apodis Iota Apodis (ι\",\n \"Phi3 Ceti Phi Ceti is a solitary, orange-hued star in the equatorial constellation of Cetus. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.31. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 5.92 mas as seen from Earth, it is located roughly 550 light years from the Sun, give or take 30 light years. This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K5 III. The measured angular diameter of Phi Ceti is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 44 times the Sun's\",\n \"Telescopium Herschelii Telescopium Herschelii (Latin for \\\"Herschel's telescope\\\"), also formerly known as Tubus Hershelli Major, is a former constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. Maximilian Hell established it in 1789 to honour Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. It fell out of use by the end of the 19th century. Psi Aurigae at apparent magnitude 4.8 was the constellation's brightest star. It was one of two constellations created by Maximilian Hell in 1789 to honour the famous English astronomer Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. Named \\\"Tubus Hershelli Major\\\" by Hell, it was located in the\",\n \"with a stellar classification of G8 III. It is a red clump star, which means it is generating energy through the fusion of helium at its core. The star has twice the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 9 times the Sun's radius. It is 1.17 billion years old and is radiating 48 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,952 K. Phi3 Hydrae Phi Hydrae (φ Hya) is a binary star in the equatorial constellation of Hydra. It originally received the Flamsteed designation of 2 Crateris before being placed in the Hydra\",\n \"Lupus (constellation) association with the sun god and another mythical being called the Bison-man, which is supposedly related to the Greek constellation of Centaurus. Lupus is bordered by six different constellations, although one of them (Hydra) merely touches at the corner. The other five are Scorpius (the scorpion), Norma (the right angle), Circinus (the compass), Libra (the balance scale), and Centaurus (the centaur). Covering 333.7 square degrees and 0.809% of the night sky, it ranks 46th of the 88 modern constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is \\\"Lup\\\". The official constellation boundaries\",\n \"suspected Gamma Cassiopeiae type (GCAS) variable star, with its apparent magnitude varying from 2.62 to 2.66. Alpha Columbae Alpha Columbae (α Columbae, abbreviated Alpha Col, α Col), also named Phact, is a third magnitude star in the southern constellation of Columba. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 2.6, making it the brightest member of Columba. Based upon parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, Alpha Columbae is located at a distance of around . \\\"Alpha Columbae\\\" is the star's Bayer designation. The traditional name of \\\"Phact\\\" (also \\\"Phad\\\", \\\"Phaet\\\", \\\"Phakt\\\") derives from the Arabic \\\"ألفاجتة\\\" - \\\"fākh(i)tah\\\" <nowiki>[</nowiki>fa:x(i)ta<nowiki>]</nowiki> meaning\",\n \"Gamma Lyrae Gamma Lyrae (Latinized from γ Lyrae, abbreviated Gamma Lyr, γ Lyr), also named Sulafat, is the second-brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.3, it is readily visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements yield an estimated distance of from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of due to interstellar dust. \\\"γ Lyrae\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Gamma Lyrae\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \\\"Sulafat\\\" (\\\"Sulaphat\\\"), from the Arabic \\\"al-sulḥafāt\\\" \\\"turtle\\\", and \\\"Jugum\\\", from the Latin \\\"yoke\\\".\",\n \"The actual distance, derived indirectly by comparison with similar stars, is around 2,000 parsecs. Its effective temperature has been calculated at 7,250 K and its size at based on an assumed luminosity of . RY Sagittarii RY Sagittarii is an yellow supergiant and an R Coronae Borealis type variable star in the constellation Sagittarius. Although it ostensibly has the spectrum of a G-type star, it differs markedly from most in that it has almost no hydrogen and a lot of carbon. Colonel Ernest Elliott Markwick first came across what became known as RY Sagittarii during searches for variable stars while\",\n \"with its outer envelope cooling and expanding in the process. Alpha Horologii has an estimated 1.55 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 38 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,028 K. Alpha Horologii Alpha Horologii (α Horologii) is a solitary orange-hued giant star in the constellation Horologium. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +3.85. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 28.36 mas as seen from the Earth, it is located from the Sun. The star is moving away from the Sun with a\",\n \"Corona Borealis respectively. Chinese astronomers deemed nine stars to make up the asterism, adding Pi and Rho Coronae Borealis. Within the constellation's borders, there are 37 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Alpha Coronae Borealis (officially named Alphecca by the IAU, but sometimes also known as Gemma) appears as a blue-white star of magnitude 2.2. In fact, it is an Algol-type eclipsing binary that varies by 0.1 magnitude with a period of 17.4 days. The primary is a white main-sequence star of spectral type A0V that is 2.91 times the mass of the Sun () and 57 times as\",\n \"Corvus (constellation) Corvus at magnitude 2.59. Its traditional name means \\\"wing\\\", the star marking the left wing in Bayer's \\\"Uranometria\\\". 154±1 light-years from Earth, it is a blue-white hued giant star of spectral type B8III that is times as massive, and 355 times as luminous as the Sun. Around million years old, it has largely exhausted its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling as it moves away from the main sequence. A binary star, it has a companion orange or red dwarf star of spectral type K5V to M5V that is about 0.8 times as massive as the Sun. Around 50\",\n \"River) and \\\"Yue\\\" (越) (in Zhejiang province). In the catalogue of stars in the \\\"Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket\\\", Zeta Aquilae was designated \\\"Dzeneb al Tair\\\" (from the Arabic ذنب الطائر \\\"ðanab aṭ-ṭā’ir\\\"), which was translated into Latin as \\\"Cauda (Vulturis) Volantis\\\", meaning \\\"the eagle's tail\\\". In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Left Wall of Heavenly Market Enclosure\\\", refers to an asterism which represents eleven old states in China and is marking the left borderline of the enclosure, consisting of Zeta Aquilae; Delta, Lambda, Mu, Omicron and 112 Herculis; Theta¹ and Eta Serpentis; Nu Ophiuchi, Xi Serpentis and Eta Ophiuchi. Consequently,\",\n \"Lambda Cephei Lambda Cephei (λ Cephei) is a fifth magnitude blue supergiant star in the constellation Cepheus, one of the hottest and most luminous visible to the naked eye. It is a hot O6.5 supergiant star at a distance of approximately 1,980 light years, whose absolute brightness around half a million times the Sun. Its radius is around 20 times that of the latter, with a mass that has been estimated to be between 45 and 60 solar masses. Lambda Cephei turns around its axis in less than three days compared to the 24.47 days that the Sun needs to\",\n \"Piscium itself is known as (, .) Delta Piscium Delta Piscium (δ Piscium) is a solitary, orange-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +4.4, so it is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.5 mas, it is around from the Sun. The visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K4 IIIb. It has around 1.65 times the mass\",\n \"name \\\"Pherkad\\\" for Gamma Ursae Minoris on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"North Pole\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of Gamma Ursae Minoris, Beta Ursae Minoris, 5 Ursae Minoris, 4 Ursae Minoris and Σ 1694. Consequently, Gamma Ursae Minoris itself is known as (, ), representing (), meaning \\\"Crown Prince\\\". Gamma Ursae Minoris has apparent magnitude +3.05 and can be readily observed with the naked eye even in a city-lit night sky. It has an absolute magnitude of –2.84. Measurement of the star's spectrum resulted\",\n \"Alpha Circini Alpha Circini (α Cir, α Circini) is a variable star in the faint, southern, circumpolar constellation of Circinus. At an apparent visual magnitude of 3.19, it is the brightest star in the constellation and can be readily seen with the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements of this star yield an estimated distance of from the Earth. This star belongs to a class of variables known as rapidly oscillating Ap stars. It oscillates with multiple, non-radial pulsation cycles and a dominant cycle of 6.8 minutes. The spectrum shows peculiar features caused by chemical stratification of the\",\n \"Norma (constellation) magnitude of 5.4. It lies in the southeastern corner of the constellation between Alpha Centauri and Zeta Arae. Thought to be around 100 million years old, it is about 3300 light-years away and is around 14 light-years in diameter. Its brightest member is the Cepheid variable S Normae. A rich background star field makes it less distinct, though around 36 member stars are visible though a 10 cm telescope at 150x magnification. Located 0.4° north of Kappa Normae is NGC 6067, which has an integrated magnitude of 5.6 though it is indistinct as it lies in a rich star field.\",\n \"Bayer designation magnitude (those between magnitudes 1.51 and 2.5), labeling them from \\\"gamma\\\" through \\\"zeta\\\" in \\\"top-down\\\" (north-to-south) order. The \\\"First to Rise in the East\\\" order is used in a number of instances. Castor and Pollux of Gemini may be an example of this: Pollux is brighter than Castor, but the latter rises earlier and was assigned \\\"alpha\\\". In this case, Bayer may also have been influenced by the traditional order of the mythological names \\\"Castor and Pollux\\\": Castor is generally named first whenever the twins are mentioned. Although the brightest star in Draco is Eltanin (Gamma Draconis), Thuban was assigned\",\n \"is not known to host planets. Beta Canum Venaticorum Beta Canum Venaticorum (β Canum Venaticorum, abbreviated Beta CVn, β CVn), also named Chara, is a G-type main-sequence star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. At an apparent visual magnitude of 4.26, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 118.49 mas, this star is distant from the Sun. Along with the brighter star Cor Caroli, the pair form the \\\"southern dog\\\" in this constellation that represents hunting dogs. \\\"β Canum Venaticorum\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Beta Canum Venaticorum\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. The\",\n \"Serpentis in \\\"Serpens Cauda\\\". The brightest star in Serpens is the red giant star Alpha Serpentis, or Unukalhai, in Serpens Caput, with an apparent magnitude of 2.63. Also located in Serpens Caput are the naked-eye globular cluster Messier 5 and the naked-eye variables R Serpentis and Tau Serpentis. Notable extragalactic objects include Seyfert's Sextet, one of the densest galaxy clusters known; Arp 220, the prototypical ultraluminous infrared galaxy; and Hoag's Object, the most famous of the very rare class of galaxies known as ring galaxies. Part of the Milky Way's galactic plane passes through Serpens Cauda, which is therefore rich\",\n \"Cancer (constellation) 0.005 magnitude over a period of 6 days. An aging star, it has expanded to around 50 times the Sun's diameter and shines with 660 times its luminosity. It has a faint magnitude 14 red dwarf companion located 29 arcseconds away that takes 76,000 years to complete an orbit. Altarf represents a part of Cancer's body. At magnitude 3.9 is Delta Cancri, also known as Asellus Australis. Located 131±1 light-years from Earth, it is an orange-hued giant star that has swollen and cooled off the main sequence to become an orange giant with a radius 11 times and luminosity 53\",\n \"and an orbital period of 605 days. Beta Cancri Beta Cancri (β Cancri, abbreviated Beta Cnc, β Cnc), also named Tarf, is the brightest star in the zodiacal constellation of Cancer. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +3.5 and an absolute magnitude of −1.2. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is approximately 290 light-years distant from the Sun. An exoplanet, designated Beta Cancri b, is believed to be orbiting the star. Beta Cancri has a companion listed and together they are designated WDS J08165+0911. As the primary, Beta Cancri bears the designation WDS J08165+0911A. The\",\n \"Beta Gruis Beta Gruis (β Gruis, abbreviated Bet Gru, β Gru), also named Tiaki, is the second brightest star in the southern constellation of Grus. It was once considered the rear star in the tail of the constellation of the (Southern) Fish, Piscis Austrinus: it, with Alpha, Delta, Theta, Iota, and Lambda Gruis, belonged to Piscis Austrinus in medieval Arabic astronomy. \\\"β Gruis\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Beta Gruis\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional Tuamotuan name of \\\"Tiaki\\\". In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars.\",\n \"Lynx (constellation) stars, though several lie across the boundary in Ursa Major. Overall, there are 97 stars within the constellation's borders brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. The brightest star in this constellation is Alpha Lyncis, with an apparent (visual) magnitude of 3.14. It is an orange giant of spectral type K7III located 203 ± 2 light-years distant from Earth. Around twice as massive as the Sun, it has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and has evolved away from the main sequence. The star has swollen to about 55 times the Sun's radius and is emitting roughly 673 times\",\n \"Beta Monocerotis Beta Monocerotis (Beta Mon, β Monocerotis, β Mon) is a triple star system in the constellation of Monoceros. To the naked eye, it appears as a single star with an apparent visual magnitude of approximately 3.74, making it the brightest visible star in the constellation. A telescope shows a curved line of three pale blue stars (or pale yellow stars, depending on the scope's focus). William Herschel who discovered it in 1781 commented that it is \\\"one of the most beautiful sights in the heavens\\\". The star system consists of three Be stars, β Monocerotis A, β Monocerotis\",\n \"Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right\",\n \"as an archer, then he is classified as human but when represented as a centaur, he is nonhuman (bestial). However, the classification of the astrological sign as a human or bestial does not carry practical consequences for interpretation. As an archer, Sagittarius is said to never fail in hitting the mark and this depiction alludes to the power of prophecy, hence, the claim that seers and prophets are born in this sign. Sagittarius (astrology) Sagittarius (♐) (Greek: Τοξότης \\\"Toxotes\\\", Latin: \\\"Sagittarius\\\") is the ninth astrological sign, which is associated with the constellation Sagittarius and spans 240–270th degrees of the zodiac.\",\n \"points towards the star Antares, the \\\"heart of the scorpion\\\", and Sagittarius stands poised to attack should Scorpius ever attack the nearby Hercules, or to avenge Scorpius's slaying of Orion. , the Sun appears in the constellation Sagittarius from 18 December to 18 January. In tropical astrology, the Sun is considered to be in the sign Sagittarius from 22 November to 21 December, and in sidereal astrology, from 16 December to 14 January. Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one\",\n \"Perseus (constellation) in Perseus. Representing the head of the Gorgon Medusa in Greek mythology, it was called Horus in Egyptian mythology and \\\"Rosh ha Satan\\\" (\\\"Satan's Head\\\") in Hebrew. Located 92.8 light-years from Earth, it varies in apparent magnitude from a minimum of 3.5 to a maximum of 2.3 over a period of 2.867 days. The star system is the prototype of a group of eclipsing binary stars named Algol variables, though it has a third member to make up what is actually a triple star system. The brightest component is a blue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B8V, which is 3.5\",\n \"Cassiopeia (constellation) W appears inverted. Alpha Cassiopeiae, traditionally called Schedar (from the Arabic \\\"Al Sadr\\\", \\\"the breast\\\"), is a multiple star. The primary is an orange-hued giant of magnitude 2.2, 228 ± 2 light-years from Earth. With a luminosity of around 771 times that of the Sun, it has swollen and cooled after exhausting its core hydrogen over its 100 to 200 million-year lifespan, spending much of it as a blue-white B-type main-sequence star. The brightest companion is a magnitude 8.9 yellow dwarf widely separated from the primary, while two other companions are closer and magnitudes 13 and 14 respectively. Beta Cassiopeiae,\",\n \"astronomers term metallicity, is similar to the proportions in the Sun. This is a variable star that ranges in apparent visual magnitude from a low of 2.66 to a high of 2.60. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Corvi Beta Corvi (β Corvi, abbreviated Beta Crv, β Crv), also named Kraz, is the second-brightest star in the southern constellation of Corvus with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.647. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is about distant from the Sun. \\\"β Corvi\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Beta Corvi\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional name of \\\"Kraz\\\", whose origin\",\n \"Theta Scorpii Theta Scorpii (θ Scorpii, abbreviated Theta Sco, θ Sco) is a binary star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +1.87, making it readily visible to the naked eye and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It is sufficiently near that the distance can be measured directly using the parallax technique and such measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission yield an estimate of approximately 300 light-years (90 parsecs) from the Sun. The two components are designated Theta Scorpii A (also named Sargas) and B. \\\"θ Scorpii\\\" (Latinised\",\n \"Virgo (constellation) Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for virgin, and its symbol is ♍. Lying between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, it is the second-largest constellation in the sky (after Hydra) and the largest constellation in the zodiac. It can be easily found through its brightest star, Spica. The bright star Spica makes it easy to locate Virgo, as it can be found by following the curve of the Big Dipper/Plough to Arcturus in Boötes and continuing from there in the same curve (\\\"follow the arc to Arcturus\",\n \"the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates are between −60.26° and −70.51°. Triangulum Australe culminates each year at 9 p.m. on 23 August. In defining the constellation, Lacaille gave twelve stars Bayer designations of Alpha through to Lambda, with two close stars called Eta (one now known by its Henry Draper catalogue number), while Lambda was later dropped due to its dimness. The three brightest stars, Alpha, Beta and Gamma, make up the triangle. Readily identified by its orange hue, Alpha Trianguli Australis is a bright giant star of spectral type K2\",\n \"Scorpius–Centaurus Association and Lower Centaurus–Crux). Many of the bright stars in the constellations Scorpius, Lupus, Centaurus, and Crux are members of the Sco–Cen association, including Antares (the most massive member of Upper Scorpius), and most of the stars in the Southern Cross. Hundreds of stars have been identified as members of Sco-Cen, with masses ranging from roughly 15 solar masses (Antares) down to below the hydrogen-burning limit (i.e. brown dwarfs), and the total stellar population in each of the three subgroups is probably of the order 1000–2000. The Sco–Cen OB association appears to be the most pronounced part of a large complex\",\n \"Ursa Minor remain in use, likely because of their proximity to the north celestial pole. Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Marking the Little Bear's tail, Polaris, or Alpha Ursae Minoris, is the brightest star in the constellation, varying between apparent magnitude 1.97 and 2.00 over a period of 3.97 days. Located around 432 light-years away from Earth, it is a yellow-white supergiant that varies between spectral types F7Ib and F8Ib, and has around 6 times the Sun's mass, 2,500 times its luminosity and 45 times its radius. Polaris is the brightest\",\n \"Crater (constellation) stars—Delta, Alpha and Gamma Crateris—from a triangle nearby the brighter star Nu Hydrae in Hydra. Within the constellation's borders, there are 33 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Delta Crateris is the brightest star in Crater at magnitude 3.6. Located 163 ± 4 light-years away, It is an orange giant star of spectral type K0III that is 1.0–1.4 times as massive as the Sun. An ageing star, it has cooled and expanded to times the Sun's radius. It is radiating as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of . Traditionally\",\n \"Sagittarius (constellation) identify Chiron with the other constellation, known as Centaurus. Or, as an alternative tradition holds, that Chiron devised the constellations Sagittarius and Centaurus to help guide the Argonauts in their quest for the Golden Fleece. A competing mythological tradition, as espoused by Eratosthenes, identified the Archer not as a centaur but as the satyr Crotus, son of Pan, who Greeks credited with the invention of archery. According to myth, Crotus often went hunting on horseback and lived among the Muses, who requested that Zeus place him in the sky, where he is seen demonstrating archery. The arrow of this constellation\",\n \"Crux Crux is a constellation located in the southern sky in a bright portion of the Milky Way. It is among the most easily distinguished constellations, as all of its four main stars have an apparent visual magnitude brighter than +2.8, even though it is the smallest of all 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for cross, and it is dominated by a cross-shaped or kite-like asterism that is commonly known as the Southern Cross. Predominating is the first-magnitude blue-white star of Alpha Crucis or Acrux, being the constellation's brightest and most southerly member. Crux is followed by four\",\n \"branch, and started helium fusion in its core. τ Sagittarii is the closest constellational star (a star that is part of the traditional outline of a constellation) to the origin of the 1977 Wow! signal. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Tau Sagittarii Tau Sagittarii (Tau Sgr, τ Sagittarii, τ Sgr) is a star in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. With an apparent visual magnitude of +3.3, this is one of the brighter members of the constellation. The distance of this star from Earth is roughly , based upon parallax measurements. This is a spectral type K1 giant star with about . The stellar\",\n \"Sagittae is an estimated 129 million years old with 4.33 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to roughly 27 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 392 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,850 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Left Flag\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of β Sagittae, α Sagittae, δ Sagittae, ζ Sagittae, γ Sagittae, 13 Sagittae, 11 Sagittae, 14 Sagittae and ρ Aquilae. Consequently, β Sagittae itself is known as (, .) Beta Sagittae Beta Sagittae, Latinized from β Sagittae, is a single star in the\",\n \"Zeta Sagittarii Zeta Sagittarii (ζ Sagittarii, abbreviated Zeta Sgr, ζ Sgr) is a triple star system and the third-brightest star in the constellation of Sagittarius. Based upon parallax measurements, it is about from the Sun. The three components are designated Zeta Sagittarii A (also named Ascella) and B, themselves forming a binary pair, and a smaller companion star, C. \\\"ζ Sagittarii\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Zeta Sagittarii\\\") is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two components as \\\"ζ Sagittarii A\\\", \\\"B\\\" and \\\"C\\\" derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted\",\n \"Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is (Unicode U+2650 ♐), a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur pulling back a bow. It lies between Scorpius and Ophiuchus to the west and Capricornus and Microscopium to the east. The center of the Milky Way lies in the westernmost part of Sagittarius (see Sagittarius A). As seen from the northern hemisphere, the constellation's\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":292,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the luminosity of k2-33b"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.3. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. K2-33b orbits its host star with an orbital period of 5.424 days at a distance of 0.049 AU (compared to the distance of Mercury from the Sun, which is about 0.38 AU). The planet likely receives about 125 times"],"string":"[\n \"old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.3. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. K2-33b orbits its host star with an orbital period of 5.424 days at a distance of 0.049 AU (compared to the distance of Mercury from the Sun, which is about 0.38 AU). The planet likely receives about 125 times\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["RX J0822-4300 RX J0822-4300, often referred to as a \"Cosmic Cannonball\", is a radio-quiet neutron star currently moving away from the center of the Puppis A supernova remnant at over 3 million miles per hour (5 400 000 km/h; 1500 km/s; ~0.5% the speed of light), making it one of the fastest moving stars ever found. Astronomers used NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to observe the star over a period of five years to determine its speed. At this velocity the star will be ejected from the galaxy millions of years from now. Although the cosmic cannonball is not the only","(505657) 2014 SR339 , provisional designation , is a dark and elongated asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 30 September 2014, by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer telescope (WISE) in Earth's orbit. Closely observed at Goldstone and Arecibo in February 2018, it has a rotation period of 8.7 hours. is a member of the Apollo asteroids, which cross the orbit of Earth. Apollo's are the largest group of near-Earth objects with nearly 10 thousand known objects. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.90–1.70 AU","5778 K. The primary star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.25, or 56% of the solar amount. The stars' luminosities () are 84% and 1% that of the Sun. The apparent magnitude of the system, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is about 15.8. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-47b orbits around its parent stars every 45 days at a distance of 0.29 AU from its stars (close to where Mercury orbits from the Sun, which is about 0.39 AU). It receives about 9.6 times as much sunlight","Omega2 Cygni Omega Cygni, Latinized from ω Cygni, is the Bayer designation for a solitary star in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.5, which is faintly visible to the naked eye on a dark night. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.17 mas, it is located roughly 399 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is a red giant star on the asymptotic giant branch, with a stellar classification of M2 III. It is a","HD 104985 b HD 104985 b, also named Meztli, is an extrasolar planet approximately 97 parsecs (317 lys) from the Sun in the constellation of Camelopardalis. The 198-day period planet orbits the yellow giant star HD 104985 (Tonatiuh) at a distance of 0.78 AU. With a mass 6/ times Jupiter it is a gas giant. Following its discovery in 2003 the planet was designated HD 104985 b. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In","1844, and, although its orbital elements had been calculated by Arthur Auwers in 1862 as part of his thesis, Procyon B was not visually confirmed until 1896 when John Martin Schaeberle observed it at the predicted position using the 36-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. It is more difficult to observe from Earth than Sirius B, due to a greater apparent magnitude difference and smaller angular separation from its primary. At , Procyon B is considerably less massive than Sirius B; however, the peculiarities of degenerate matter ensure that it is larger than its more famous neighbor, with an estimated radius","Eta Ursae Majoris Eta Ursae Majoris (η Ursae Majoris, abbreviated Eta UMa, η UMa), also named Alkaid, is a star in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is the most eastern (leftmost) star in the Big Dipper (Plough) asterism. However, unlike most stars of the Big Dipper, it is not a member of the Ursa Major moving group. With an apparent visual magnitude of +1.84, it is the third-brightest star in the constellation and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Eta Ursae Majoris is a 10-million-year-old B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B3 V.","Gliese 436 Gliese 436 is a red dwarf approximately away in the zodiac constellation of Leo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 10.67, which is much too faint to be seen with the naked eye. However, it can be viewed with even a modest telescope of aperture. In 2004, the existence of an extrasolar planet, Gliese 436b, was verified as orbiting the star. This planet was later discovered to transit its host star. Gliese 436 is a M2.5V star, which means it is a red dwarf. Stellar models give an estimated size of about 42% of the Sun's radius.","NML Cygni NML Cygni or V1489 Cygni is a red hypergiant (RHG) or red supergiant (RSG) in the constellation Cygnus. It is one of the largest stars currently known, and is also one of the most luminous and massive cool hypergiants, as well as one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way. If placed at the center of the Solar System, its surface would extend past the orbit of Jupiter or Saturn. The distance of NML Cygni from Earth is estimated to be around 1.6 kpc, about 5,300 light-years. It is a part of the Cygnus OB2 association,","Copernicium Copernicium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112. It is an extremely radioactive element, and can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 29 seconds. Copernicium was first created in 1996 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. It is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. In the periodic table of the elements, copernicium is a d-block transactinide element and a group 12 element. During reactions with gold, it has been shown to be an extremely volatile metal, so","or an ensemble of luminophores is chiral. The extent to which emissions are polarized is quantified in the same way it is for circular dichroism, in terms of the \"dissymmetry factor\", also sometimes referred to as the \"anisotropy factor\". This value is given by where formula_3 corresponds to the quantum yield of left-handed circularly polarized light, and formula_4 to that of right-handed light. The maximum absolute value of \"g\", corresponding to purely left- or right-handed circular polarization, is therefore 2. Meanwhile, the smallest absolute value that \"g\" can achieve, corresponding to linearly polarized or unpolarized light, is zero. The classical","Nh and Nh, which have already received preliminary chemical investigations. Roentgenium Roentgenium is a chemical element with symbol Rg and atomic number 111. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature. The most stable known isotope, roentgenium-282, has a half-life of 100 seconds, although the unconfirmed roentgenium-286 may have a longer half-life of about 10.7 minutes. Roentgenium was first created in 1994 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. It is named after the physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (also spelled Roentgen), who discovered X-rays.","July 2047. The second message, Cosmic Call 2, was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at 47 Ursae Majoris in May 2049. Because of its planetary system, 47 Ursae Majoris was listed as one of the top 100 target stars for NASA's former Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. 47 Ursae Majoris 47 Ursae Majoris (abbreviated 47 UMa), also named Chalawan (, ), is a yellow dwarf star approximately 46 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. , three extrasolar planets (designated 47 Ursae Majoris b, c and d; the first two later named Taphao Thong and","numbers. In 1999, American scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, announced that they had succeeded in synthesizing three atoms of Og. These parent nuclei were reported to have successively emitted three alpha particles to form copernicium-281 nuclei, which were claimed to have undergone alpha decay, emitting alpha particles with decay energy 10.68 MeV and half-life 0.90 ms, but their claim was retracted in 2001. This isotope, however, was produced in 2010 by the same team. The new data contradicted the previous (fabricated) data. Copernicium is the tenth and last member of the 6d series and is the heaviest group","Fluorescent lamp most human skin. Typically, the output is rated as 3–10% UVB (5% most typical) with the remaining UV as UVA. These are mainly F71, F72, or F73 HO (100 W) lamps, although 160 W VHO are somewhat common. One common phosphor used in these lamps is lead-activated barium disilicate, but a europium-activated strontium fluoroborate is also used. Early lamps used thallium as an activator, but emissions of thallium during manufacture were toxic. The lamps used in phototherapy contain a phosphor that emits only UVB ultraviolet light. There are two types: broadband UVB that gives 290–320 nanometer with peak wavelength of","and an orbital period of 605 days. Beta Cancri Beta Cancri (β Cancri, abbreviated Beta Cnc, β Cnc), also named Tarf, is the brightest star in the zodiacal constellation of Cancer. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +3.5 and an absolute magnitude of −1.2. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is approximately 290 light-years distant from the Sun. An exoplanet, designated Beta Cancri b, is believed to be orbiting the star. Beta Cancri has a companion listed and together they are designated WDS J08165+0911. As the primary, Beta Cancri bears the designation WDS J08165+0911A. The","Eta Canis Majoris spite of a large distance from Earth due to being intrinsically many times brighter (absolute magnitude) than the Sun. A blue-white supergiant of spectral type B5Ia, Aludra has a luminosity 176,000 times and a diameter around 80 times that of the Sun. Hohle and colleagues, using the parallax, extinction and analysis of spectrum, came up with a mass 19.19 times that and luminosity 105,442 times that of the Sun. It has only been around a fraction of the time the Sun has, yet is already in the last stages of its life. It is still expanding and may become a","agents. Its principal component is potassium bicarbonate (78–82% by weight), with addition of sodium bicarbonate (12–15%), mica (1–3%), Fuller's earth (1–3%), amorphous silica (0.2–%), and is made hydrophobic by methyl hydrogen polysiloxane (0.2–1%). Purple-K is normally non-toxic, but ingestion of large amount can cause alkalosis. In high temperatures (891 °C), it's main component, potassium bicarbonate, decomposes to carbon dioxide and potassium oxide, the last product is highly corrosive. Purple-K is commonly used in oil refineries, airport ramps, service stations, military facilities, naval warships, power plants, and other places where large volumes of flammable liquids are handled. It is often paired","Bismuth-209 Bismuth-209 is the isotope of bismuth with the longest known half-life of any radioisotope that undergoes α-decay (alpha decay). It has 83 protons and a magic number of 126 neutrons, and an atomic mass of 208.9803987 amu (atomic mass units). All of the primordial bismuth is of this isotope. It is also the β daughter of lead-209. Bismuth-209 was long thought to have the heaviest stable nucleus of any element, but in 2003, Noël Coron and his colleagues at the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale in Orsay, France, discovered that Bi undergoes alpha decay with a half-life of approximately 19 exayears","has a slightly warmer temperature of 5778 K. Kepler-6 has a metallicity of [Fe/H] = +0.34, making it 2.2 times more metallic than the Sun. On average, metal-rich stars tend to be more likely to have planets and planetary systems. The star, as seen from Earth, has an apparent magnitude of 13.8. It is not visible with the naked eye. In comparison, Pluto's apparent magnitude at its brightest is slightly brighter, at 13.65. Kepler-6 has one confirmed extrasolar planet; it is a gas giant named Kepler-6b. The planet is approximately .669 M, or some two-thirds the mass of planet Jupiter.","Gamma Ophiuchi Gamma Ophiuchi, Latinized from γ Ophiuchi, is a fourth-magnitude star in the constellation Ophiuchus. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 31.73 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 103 light years from the Sun. The system has an age of roughly 184 million years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −7.6 km/s. It is known also as Muliphen, although at least two more stars are known with this name: Gamma Canis Majoris (often spelled as Muliphein) and Gamma Centauri (often spelled as Muhlifain). This is an A-type main sequence star","Sigma Librae Sigma Librae (σ Librae, abbreviated Sig Lib, σ Lib) is a binary star in the constellation of Libra. The apparent visual magnitude is +3.29, making it visible to the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements, this system is at a distance of roughly from the Sun, with a 2% margin of error. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by 0.20 ± 0.17 from extinction caused by intervening gas and dust. The two components are designated Sigma Librae A (also named Brachium) and B. \"σ Librae\" (Latinised to \"Sigma Librae\") is the system's current Bayer designation (the","for a very long time (15 to 70 billion years, compared to 10 billion for the Sun). Like M-type stars, they tend to have a very small mass, leading to their extremely long lifespan that offers plenty of time for life to develop on orbiting Earth-like, terrestrial planets. In addition, K-type stars emit less ultraviolet radiation (which can damage DNA and thus hamper the emergence of nucleic acid based life) than G-type stars like the Sun. K-type main-sequence stars are also about three to four times as abundant as G-type main-sequence stars, making planet searches easier. While M-type stars are","known as (, .) \\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Apodis Beta Apodis (β Aps, β Apodis) is the Bayer designation for a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Apus. It is located approximately from Earth, as determined by parallax measurements. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +4.24, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye The spectrum of this star matches the characteristics of a K0 III, which, according to models of stellar evolution, indicates that it is in the giant star stage, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. The measured angular diameter of","determined the speed as , using cavity resonance. This value was adopted by the 12th General Assembly of the Radio-Scientific Union in 1957. In 1960, the metre was redefined in terms of the wavelength of a particular spectral line of krypton-86, and, in 1967, the second was redefined in terms of the hyperfine transition frequency of the ground state of caesium-133. In 1972, using the laser interferometer method and the new definitions, a group at the US National Bureau of Standards in Boulder, Colorado determined the speed of light in vacuum to be \"c\" = . This was 100 times","Yellow hypergiant A yellow hypergiant is a massive star with an extended atmosphere, a spectral class from A to K, and an initial mass of about 20–60 solar masses but having lost as much as half that mass. They are amongst the most visually luminous stars, with absolute magnitude (M) around −9, but also one of the rarest with just 15 known in the Milky Way and six of those in just a single cluster. They are sometimes referred to as cool hypergiants in comparison to O- and B-type stars, and sometimes as warm hypergiants in comparison to red supergiants.","the effective temperature of Kepler-14 would be 6395 K, much hotter than the Sun, and the star's iron content would be 0.12, or 132% the amount found in the Sun. Assuming that Kepler-14's two stars formed at about the same time, their gyrochronological ages would be approximately 2.2 billion years. Kepler-14b is a Jupiter-like planet in the orbit of the primary star of Kepler-14. The planet is 8.4 times Jupiter's mass, the equivalent of 2670 times Earth's mass. The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter at 1.14 Jupiter radii The density of Kepler-14b is 7.1 grams/cm, the second densest planet","subset of both the IEEE designated K band (26.5–40 GHz) and V band (40–75 GHz). Neither the IEEE nor the ITU-R recognize the Q band in their standards, which define the nomenclature of bands in the electromagnetic spectrum. The ISO recognizes the Q band; however, the range therefore defined is 36 to 46 GHz. Other ISO frequency band definitions do not precisely match the concurrent definitions of the IEEE and ITU-R. The Q band is mainly used for satellite communications, terrestrial microwave communications and for radio astronomy studies such as the QUIET telescope. It is also used in automotive radar","Luminous intensity In photometry, luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), an SI base unit. Photometry deals with the measurement of visible light as perceived by human eyes. The human eye can only see light in the visible spectrum and has different sensitivities to light of different wavelengths within the spectrum. When adapted for bright conditions (photopic vision), the eye","2MASS The Two Micron All-Sky Survey, or 2MASS, was an astronomical survey of the whole sky in the infrared and one of the most ambitious such projects. It took place between 1997 and 2001, in two different locations: at the U.S. Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory on Mount Hopkins, Arizona (), and at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile , each using a 1.3-meter telescope for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, respectively. It was conducted in the short-wavelength infrared at distinct frequency bands near 2 micrometres (or microns), from which the photometric survey with its HgCdTe detectors derives its name.","to a relative uncertainty of or less. The project is part of the efforts to redefine the kilogram in terms of a universal physical constant, rather than the International Prototype Kilogram, and complements the measurements of the Planck constant using Kibble balances. Under the current definitions of the International System of Units (SI), a measurement of the Avogadro constant is an indirect measurement of the Planck constant: The measurements use highly polished spheres of silicon with a mass of one kilogram. Spheres are used to simplify the measurement of the size (and hence the density) and to minimize the effect","2013, transit-timing variation analysis confirmed 3 other planets to be in the system. However, only very loose constraints of the maximum mass of the planets could be determined. Kepler-32 Kepler-32 is an M-type main sequence star located about 1070 light years from Earth, in the constellation of Cygnus. Discovered in January 2012 by the Kepler spacecraft, it shows a 0.58 ± 0.05 solar mass (), a 0.53 ± 0.04 solar radius (), and temperature of 3900.0 K, making it half the mass and radius of the Sun, two-thirds its temperature and 5% its luminosity. It initially was known to have","Mass-to-light ratio In astrophysics and physical cosmology the mass to light ratio, normally designated with the Greek upsilon symbol formula_1, is the quotient between the total mass of a spatial volume (typically on the scales of a galaxy or a cluster) and its luminosity. These ratios are often reported using the value calculated for the Sun as a baseline ratio which is a constant formula_2 = 5133 kg/W equal to a solar mass () divided by a solar luminosity (), (/). The mass to light ratios of galaxies and clusters are all much greater than formula_2 due in part to","Potassium dicyanoaurate Potassium dicyanoaurate, also potassium dicyanoaurate(I), potassium gold cyanide, potassium gold dicyanide or gold potassium cyanide, is an inorganic compound with formula K[Au(CN)]. It is a colorless to white crystalline powder, usually prepared by dissolving metallic gold in aqueous solution of potassium cyanide. It is most often used in gold plating applications. It contains 68.2 wt.% of gold. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. Its CAS number is 13967-50-5 and its EC number number is 237-748-4. Its molar mass is 288.33 g/mol, its density is 3.45 g/cm. Potassium gold cyanide can be used for photoreduction","Cepheus (constellation) and is paired with a blue main sequence star called VV Cephei B. One of the largest stars in the galaxy, it has a diameter 1,400 times that of the Sun. VV Cephei is also an unusually long-period eclipsing binary, but the eclipses, which occur every 20.3 years, are too faint to be observed with the unaided eye. T Cephei, also a red giant, is a Mira variable with a minimum magnitude of 11.3 and a maximum magnitude of 5.2, 685 light-years from Earth. It has a period of 13 months and a diameter of between 329 to 500 solar","HAT-P-7b HAT-P-7b (or Kepler-2b) is an extrasolar planet discovered in 2008. It orbits very close to its host star, and is both larger and more massive than Jupiter. Due to the extreme heat it receives from its star, the dayside temperature is predicted to be 2730 K. HAT-P-7b is also one of the darkest planets ever observed, with an albedo of less than 0.03—meaning it absorbs more than 97% of the visible light that strikes it. The GSC 03547-01402 system was within the initial field of view of the Kepler Mission spacecraft, which confirmed the transit and orbital properties of","star is in the process of evolving into a giant star as the supply of hydrogen at its core becomes exhausted. Compared to the Sun it has 240% of the mass and 230% of the Sun's radius, but is radiating 37 times as much luminosity. This energy is being emitted from the star's outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 9,280 K, giving it the characteristic white-hot glow of an A-type star. \"λ Ursae Majoris\" (Latinised to \"Lambda Ursae Majoris\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \"Tania\" (shared with Mu Ursae Majoris) and \"Tania Borealis\". \"Tania\"","star to be identified has about 8% of the Sun’s mass and glows feebly at absolute magnitude +19. Compared to the Sun, which has an absolute of +4.8, this faint star is 14 magnitudes or 400,000 times dimmer than our Sun. Our galaxy's most massive stars begin their lives with masses of roughly 100 times solar, radiating at upwards of absolute magnitude –8, over 160,000 times the solar luminosity. The total range of stellar luminosities, then, occupies a range of 27 magnitudes, or a factor of 60 billion. In measuring star brightnesses, absolute magnitude, apparent magnitude, and distance are interrelated","by measuring the minute dimming of a star as an orbiting planet passes between it and the Earth. It is the only planet orbiting around HD 89345, a G5 class star, situated in the constellation of Leo in 413 light-years from the Sun. This star is aged 9.4 billion years. HD 89345 b orbits its star in about 12 terrestrial days on an elliptical orbit. The orbit is closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and can be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.13) and","Gliese 667 Cc a mass of 0.31 and a radius of 0.42 . It has a temperature of 3700 K, but its age is poorly constrained, estimates place it greater than 2 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. This star is radiating only 1.4% of the Sun's luminosity from its outer atmosphere. It is known to have a system of two planets: claims have been made for up to seven, but these may be in error due to failure to account for correlated noise in the radial velocity data.","Acesulfame potassium Acesulfame potassium ( ), also known as acesulfame K (K is the symbol for potassium) or Ace K, is a calorie-free sugar substitute (artificial sweetener) often marketed under the trade names Sunett and Sweet One. In the European Union, it is known under the E number (additive code) E950. It was discovered accidentally in 1967 by German chemist Karl Clauss at Hoechst AG (now Nutrinova). In chemical structure, acesulfame potassium is the potassium salt of 6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3\"H\")-one 2,2-dioxide. It is a white crystalline powder with molecular formula and a molecular weight of 201.24 g/mol. Acesulfame K is 200 times","Potassium-40 Potassium-40 (K) is a radioactive isotope of potassium which has a very long half-life of 1.251 years. It makes up 0.012% (120 ppm) of the total amount of potassium found in nature. Potassium-40 is a rare example of an isotope that undergoes both types of beta decay. About 89.28% of the time, it decays to calcium-40 (Ca) with emission of a beta particle (β, an electron) with a maximum energy of 1.31 MeV and an antineutrino. About 10.72% of the time it decays to argon-40 (Ar) by electron capture, with the emission of a 1.460 MeV gamma ray and","the Millennium Star. The largest cut white (D) diamond by weight is the 1991 modified heart-shaped Centenary Diamond. Millennium Star The Millennium Star is a diamond owned by De Beers. At 203.04 carats (40.608 g), it is the world's second largest known top-color (grade D, i.e. colourless), internally and externally flawless, pear-shaped diamond. The diamond was discovered in the Mbuji-Mayi district of Zaire in 1990 in alluvial deposits; uncut, it was 777 carats (155.4 g). It was purchased by De Beers during the height of the country's Civil War that took place in the early to mid-nineties. It took over","is not known to host planets. Beta Canum Venaticorum Beta Canum Venaticorum (β Canum Venaticorum, abbreviated Beta CVn, β CVn), also named Chara, is a G-type main-sequence star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. At an apparent visual magnitude of 4.26, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 118.49 mas, this star is distant from the Sun. Along with the brighter star Cor Caroli, the pair form the \"southern dog\" in this constellation that represents hunting dogs. \"β Canum Venaticorum\" (Latinised to \"Beta Canum Venaticorum\") is the star's Bayer designation. The","seconds as the particles accelerated. Another 240 NbTi quadrupole magnets were used to focus the beam. The initial design luminosity of the Tevatron was 10 cm s, however, following upgrades, the accelerator had been able to deliver luminosities up to 4 cm s. On September 27, 1993, the cryogenic cooling system of the Tevatron Accelerator was named an International Historic Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The system, which provided cryogenic liquid helium to the Tevatron's superconducting magnets, was the largest low-temperature system in existence upon its completion in 1978. It kept the coils of the magnets, which","astronomers can see everything from methane to water vapor on other planets by photometry. It is the only planet orbiting around EPIC 211945201, a G class star, situated in the constellation of Cancer in 596 light-years from the Sun. Its host star is aged 4 billion years. EPIC 211945201 b orbits its star in about 19 terrestrial days. It orbits closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and may be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.14) and should be very different from our planet. EPIC","HD 205739 b is a Jupiter-size planet. The estimated minimum mass is 1.37 times the mass of Jupiter. The planet has been found to orbit its host star every 279.8 days at a distance of 0.896 AU, which is approximately 89.6% of the mean distance between the Sun and the Earth. HD 205739 b has a mildly elliptical orbit, given its orbital eccentricity of 0.27. The planet's elliptical orbit is typical with respect to discovered planets whose orbits are longer than twenty days and have not grown circular because of tidal forces. According to its discoverers, HD 205739 b's elongated","that metal-rich stars tend to have orbiting planets more often than metal-poor stars. Kepler-4 is also about 6.7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. In addition, Kepler-4 has an effective temperature of 5781 (± 76) K, which is almost identical, within the errors, to that of the Sun, which is 5778 K. As seen from Earth, Kepler-4 has an apparent magnitude of 12.7. It is, as a result, not visible with the naked eye. Kepler-4b's discovery was announced on January 4, 2010. It is the size of planet Neptune, at 0.077 M (7% the","be less if the atom is formed in an excited state). At faster speeds, the excess (kinetic) energy is radiated (but momentum must be conserved) as photons of lower wavelength (higher energy). Therefore, photons with energies above 13.6 eV are emitted by the combination of energetic protons and electrons forming atomic hydrogen, and emission from photoionized hydrogen. Lyman continuum photons Lyman continuum photons (abbrev. LyC), shortened to Ly continuum photons or Lyc photon, are the photons emitted from stars at photon energies above the Lyman limit. Hydrogen is ionized by absorbing LyC. Working off of Victor Schumann's discovery of ultraviolet","It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-419c orbits its host star with 270% of the Sun's luminosity (2.7 ) about every 675 days (around 1.84 years) at a distance of 1.61 AU (compared to the orbital distance of Mars, which is 1.52 AU). It has a slightly eccentric orbit, with an eccentricity of 0.184. It receives about 95% of the amount of sunlight that Earth does. Kepler-419c resides in the circumstellar habitable zone of the parent star. The exoplanet, with a mass of 7.28 , is too massive to be rocky, and because of this","Ursa Minor remain in use, likely because of their proximity to the north celestial pole. Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Marking the Little Bear's tail, Polaris, or Alpha Ursae Minoris, is the brightest star in the constellation, varying between apparent magnitude 1.97 and 2.00 over a period of 3.97 days. Located around 432 light-years away from Earth, it is a yellow-white supergiant that varies between spectral types F7Ib and F8Ib, and has around 6 times the Sun's mass, 2,500 times its luminosity and 45 times its radius. Polaris is the brightest","solar flare ever recorded. The Sun's nearest stellar neighbor Proxima Centauri is a flare star that undergoes occasional increases in brightness because of magnetic activity. The star's magnetic field is created by convection throughout the stellar body, and the resulting flare activity generates a total X-ray emission similar to that produced by the Sun. The flare star Wolf 359 is another near neighbor (2.39 ± 0.01 parsecs). This star, also known as Gliese 406 and CN Leo, is a red dwarf of spectral class M6.5 that emits X-rays. It is a UV Ceti flare star, and has a relatively high","Heckler & Koch HK33 The HK33 is a 5.56mm assault rifle developed in the 1960s by West German armament manufacturer Heckler & Koch GmbH (H&K), primarily for export. Building on the success of their G3 design, the company developed a family of small arms (all using the G3 operating principle and basic design concept) consisting of four types of firearms: the first type, chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO, the second—using the Soviet 7.62×39mm M43 round, third—the intermediate 5.56×45mm calibre and the fourth type—chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum pistol cartridge. The HK33 series of rifles were adopted by the Brazilian Air Force","Gamma Lyrae Gamma Lyrae (Latinized from γ Lyrae, abbreviated Gamma Lyr, γ Lyr), also named Sulafat, is the second-brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.3, it is readily visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements yield an estimated distance of from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of due to interstellar dust. \"γ Lyrae\" (Latinised to \"Gamma Lyrae\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \"Sulafat\" (\"Sulaphat\"), from the Arabic \"al-sulḥafāt\" \"turtle\", and \"Jugum\", from the Latin \"yoke\".","3C 66B 3C 66B is an elliptical Fanaroff and Riley class 1 radio galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda. With an estimated redshift of 0.021258, the galaxy is about 300 million light-years away. The orbital motion of 3C 66B showed supposed evidence for a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) with a period of 1.05 ± 0.03 years, but this claim was later proven wrong (at 95% certainty). Messier 87 (M87), about 55 million light years away, is the largest giant elliptical galaxy near the Earth, and also contains an active galactic nucleus. The smooth jet of 3C 66B rivals that","was also detected, with a minimum mass of about 8.4 and a low equilibrium temperature of . It has been designated Gliese 1132 (d) with parenthesis because it has not been accepted as a confirmed planet. Despite the signal having a false alarm probability of less than 0.01%, comparable to Gliese 1132 b and c, it is close to the period of the star’s magnetic cycle. Gliese 1132 Gliese 1132 (often shortened to GJ 1132) is a small red dwarf star about 39 light-years (12 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Vela. In 2015, it was revealed to have","point. The satellite operator's Earth Station antenna does require more accurate position control when operating at K band due to its much narrower focus beam compared to C band for a dish of a given size. Position feedback accuracies are higher and the antenna may require a closed loop control system to maintain position under wind loading of the dish surface. Ku band The K band () is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies from 12 to 18 gigahertz (GHz). The symbol is short for \"K-under\" (originally ), because it is the lower part","the present-day Sun, with a stellar wind 30 times as strong. Its rotation period is 11.2 days at the equator. Epsilon Eridani is smaller and less massive than the Sun, and has a comparatively lower level of elements heavier than helium. It is a main-sequence star of spectral class K2, which means that energy generated at the core through nuclear fusion of hydrogen is emitted from the surface at a temperature of about , giving it an orange hue. The Bayer designation ε Eridani (Latinised as Epsilon Eridani) was established in 1603 by Johann Bayer. It may be a member","object is a very hot gas giant; the estimated surface temperature is roughly 1600 K (1300 °C or 2400 °F), mostly due to gravitational contraction. Its mass is well below the calculated limit for deuterium fusion in brown dwarfs, which is 13 Jupiter masses. The projected distance between 2M1207b and its primary is around 40 AU (similar to the mean distance between Pluto and the Sun). Its infrared spectrum indicates the presence of water molecules in its atmosphere. The object is not a likely candidate to support life, either on its surface or on any satellites. 2M1207b is around 100","Kepler-432b Kepler-432b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \"KOI-1299.01\") is a hot super-Jupiter exoplanet orbiting the giant star Kepler-432 A, the innermost of two such planets discovered by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. It is located about 2,830 light-years (870 parsecs, or nearly km) from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured. Kepler-432b is a hot super-Jupiter, an exoplanet that has a radius and mass larger than that of the planet Jupiter, and","K, and it shines with 1,734 times the luminosity of the Sun. Sigma Virginis Sigma Virginis (σ Vir, σ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It can be faintly seen with the naked eye with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.86. Based upon parallax measurements, the distance to this star is roughly 680 light years. This is an evolved red giant star with a stellar classification of M1 III. It is a suspected variable star with a brightness that ranges from magnitude +4.77 to +4.86. This variation has pulsation periods of 23.4, 24.3, 27.9, and","low eccentricity of 0.019. It has a temperature of 584 K. Kepler-89e orbits the star Kepler-89. Kepler-89 has a mass of 1.18 solar masses, and a radius of 1.32 solar radii. It is 3.3 billion years old, younger than the Sun, making its planets about 3,000,000,000 years old (3 Gyr). It has a temperature of 6,210 K, making it appear bright yellowish-white. Kepler-89e Kepler-89e, also known as KOI-94e, is an exoplanet in the constellation of Cygnus. It orbits Kepler-89. It is a type III planet, making it cloudless and blue, making it look like a larger version of Uranus and","Norma (constellation) magnitude of 5.4. It lies in the southeastern corner of the constellation between Alpha Centauri and Zeta Arae. Thought to be around 100 million years old, it is about 3300 light-years away and is around 14 light-years in diameter. Its brightest member is the Cepheid variable S Normae. A rich background star field makes it less distinct, though around 36 member stars are visible though a 10 cm telescope at 150x magnification. Located 0.4° north of Kappa Normae is NGC 6067, which has an integrated magnitude of 5.6 though it is indistinct as it lies in a rich star field.","indicating the spectrum shows abnormal abundances of these elements. The star has about four times the radius of the Sun and it radiates 173 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,152 K. Upsilon Herculis Upsilon Herculis (υ Her) is a solitary star in the constellation Hercules. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.74. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.78 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 371 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction","X2 Centauri x Centauri is a star located in the constellation Centaurus. It is also known by its designations HD 108114 and HR 4724. The apparent magnitude of the star is about 5.7, meaning it is only visible to the naked eye under excellent viewing conditions. Its distance is about 440 light-years (140 parsecs), based on its parallax measured by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite. x Centauri's spectral type is B9IV/V, meaning it is a late B-type main sequence star or subgiant. These types of stars are a few times more massive than the Sun, and have effective temperatures of about","gas-rich satellite. The spheroid has a boxy shape. The galaxy also has an outer halo. In the centre of the galaxy is predicted to lie a supermassive black hole with mass 10 (129-813 million) . Observed in radio waves, NGC 5322 is a weak source and features two symmetric jets emanating from the galactic core and having a linear length of 1.6 kpc. The two jets are nearly perpendicular to the major axis of the galaxy and the circumnuclear dust disk. NGC 5322 is thought to contain a low-luminosity Active galactic nucleus (AGN), powered by the accretion of gaseous material.","a cyanide in its spectrum. 1 Ceti 1 Ceti is a star in the constellation of Cetus. With an apparent magnitude of about 6.2, the star is barely visible to the naked eye (see Bortle scale). Parallax estimates made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 620 light years (190 parsecs) away from the Earth. 1 Ceti has a spectral type of K1III, implying a K-type giant. These types of stars are generally reddish-colored stars with spectral types from K to M, with radii that are 10 to 100 times larger than the Sun. The \"CNII\"","with a stable stellar activity. Many red dwarfs like Proxima Centauri and TRAPPIST-1 are prone to releasing potentially deadly flares caused by powerful magnetic fields. Billions of years of exposure to these flares can potentially strip a planet of its atmosphere and render it sterile with possibly dangerous amounts of radiation. While Ross 128 is known to produce such flares, they are currently much less common and less powerful than those of the previously mentioned stars. This reduces the odds of atmospheric erosion (if Ross 128 b has one) and would increase the odds of its retention over geological timescales.","the low-luminosity AGN population is much less well understood due to the difficulty of observing these objects at high redshifts. Dusty surprise around giant black hole Active galactic nucleus An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that has a much higher than normal luminosity over at least some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with characteristics indicating that the luminosity is not produced by stars. Such excess non-stellar emission has been observed in the radio, microwave, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an \"active","energy through helium fusion at its core. The star has 1.12 (or 2.2) times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 10.5 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 60.3 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,743 K. This is thought it was formerly an A- or F-type main-sequence star earlier in its life, prior to evolving into a giant. 14 Andromedae is the star's Flamsteed designation. Following its discovery the planet was designated 14 Andromedae b. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names","Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right","less elastic. Zamak 2 is also known as Kirksite when gravity cast for use as a die. It was originally designed for low volume sheet metal dies. It later gained popularity for making short run injection molding dies. It is also less commonly used for non-sparking tools and mandrels for metal spinning. The KS alloy was developed for spin casting decorative parts. It has the same composition as zamak 2, except with more magnesium in order to produce finer grains and reduce the orange peel effect. Zamak 3 is the de facto standard for the zamak series of zinc alloys;","and is likely 2 billion years old based on its mass and evolution. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 8.19. Therefore, HD 240237 is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. HD 240237 b orbits its star with nearly 331 times the Sun's luminosity (331 ) every 746 days at a distance of 1.9 AU (compared to Mars' orbital distance from the Sun, which is 1.52 AU). It has a mildly eccentric orbit,","krypton-82. Rubidium is the twenty-third most abundant element in the Earth's crust, roughly as abundant as zinc and rather more common than copper. It occurs naturally in the minerals leucite, pollucite, carnallite, and zinnwaldite, which contain as much as 1% rubidium oxide. Lepidolite contains between 0.3% and 3.5% rubidium, and is the commercial source of the element. Some potassium minerals and potassium chlorides also contain the element in commercially significant quantities. Seawater contains an average of 125 µg/L of rubidium compared to the much higher value for potassium of 408 mg/L and the much lower value of 0.3 µg/L for","Beta Pictoris b star named Beta Pictoris. The star has a mass of 1.75 and a radius of 1.8 . It has a surface temperature of 8056 K and is 12 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.06, or 112% of that found in the Sun. Its luminosity () is 8.7 times that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 3. Therefore, it can be seen with the naked eye.","a planetary nebula, but rather as a much larger expanding gas shell, formally classified as a Wolf–Rayet nebula or WR nebula. Its observed expansion velocity is , and is estimated to be some across. The dynamical age of the nebula is estimated at 18,000 years and the total mass of ionised gas at . WR 31a itself, the highly luminous central star of the nebula, is invisible to the naked-eye at magnitude 10.85V. It has a spectral classification of WN11h, indicating a WR star with strong N emission but no N emission, and with hydrogen features visible in the spectrum.","Lambda Cephei Lambda Cephei (λ Cephei) is a fifth magnitude blue supergiant star in the constellation Cepheus, one of the hottest and most luminous visible to the naked eye. It is a hot O6.5 supergiant star at a distance of approximately 1,980 light years, whose absolute brightness around half a million times the Sun. Its radius is around 20 times that of the latter, with a mass that has been estimated to be between 45 and 60 solar masses. Lambda Cephei turns around its axis in less than three days compared to the 24.47 days that the Sun needs to","0.04, or 109% the solar amount. This is particularly odd as such low-mass stars near the boundary between brown dwarfs and hydrogen-fusing stars should be expected to have considerably less metal content than the Sun. Its luminosity (\"L\") is 0.05% of that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 18.8, too dim to be seen with the naked eye. TRAPPIST-1g orbits its host star with an orbital period of about 12.353 days and an orbital radius of about 0.0451 times that of Earth's (compared to the distance of Mercury from the","K temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Stellar-mass or larger black holes receive more mass from the cosmic microwave background than they emit through Hawking radiation and thus will grow instead of shrink. To have a Hawking temperature larger than 2.7 K (and be able to evaporate), a black hole would need a mass less than the Moon. Such a black hole would have a diameter of less than a tenth of a millimeter. If a black hole is very small, the radiation effects are expected to become very strong. Even a black hole that is heavy compared to","in excess of 5 kilograms. Crystallization of the material of a white dwarf of this type is thought to result in a body-centered cubic lattice of carbon and/or oxygen nuclei, which are surrounded by a Fermi sea of electrons. BPM 37093 BPM 37093 (V886 Centauri) is a variable white dwarf star of the DAV, or ZZ Ceti, type, with a hydrogen atmosphere and an unusually high mass of approximately 1.1 times the Sun's. It is about 50 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Centaurus, and vibrates; these pulsations cause its luminosity to vary. Like other white dwarfs, BPM 37093 is","Quasar including a breakthrough in 1962. Another radio source, 3C 273, was predicted to undergo five occultations by the Moon. Measurements taken by Cyril Hazard and John Bolton during one of the occultations using the Parkes Radio Telescope allowed Maarten Schmidt to find a visible counterpart to the radio source and obtain an optical spectrum using the 200-inch Hale Telescope on Mount Palomar. This spectrum revealed the same strange emission lines. Schmidt was able to demonstrate that these were likely to be the ordinary spectral lines of hydrogen redshifted by 15.8 percent - an extreme redshift never seen in astronomy before.","Over 2 nights, 90 minutes of exposures were taken and 82,252 stars were detected down to a visible magnitude of 26. They found that Leo II consists largely of metal-poor older stars, a sign that it has survived the galactic cannibalism under which massive galaxies (e.g., the Milky Way) consume smaller galaxies to attain their extensive size. Observation at ESO estimates Leo II's mass to be (2.7 ± 0.5)×10 M. Leo II (dwarf galaxy) Leo II (or Leo B) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 690,000 light-years away in the constellation Leo. It is one of 24 known satellite galaxies","Ursa Minor has had its mass estimated at 1.3 times that of the Sun via measurement of these oscillations. Kochab is 450 times more luminous than the Sun and has 42 times its diameter, with a surface temperature of approximately 4,130 K. Estimated to be around 2.95 billion years old, give or take 1 billion years, Kochab was announced to have a planetary companion around 6.1 times as massive as Jupiter with an orbit of 522 days. Traditionally known as Pherkad, Gamma Ursae Minoris has an apparent magnitude that varies between 3.04 and 3.09 roughly every 3.4 hours. It and Kochab have","Kepler-62d on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65.","57.5 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,876 K. It is catalogued as a suspected variable star. \\end{align}</math></ref> Kappa Columbae Kappa Columbae, Latinized from κ Columbae, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Columba. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.37, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.87 mas, it is located at a distance of 183 light years from the Sun. It has a peculiar velocity of , making it a candidate runaway star. For ancient Arabian","Kepler-61b Kepler-61b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \"KOI-1361.01\") is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within parts of the habitable zone of the K-type main-sequence star Kepler-61. It is located about 1,100 light-years (338 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered in 2013 using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured, by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-61b is a super-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than that of the ice giants Neptune and","Stilb (unit) The stilb (sb) is the CGS unit of luminance for objects that are not self-luminous. It is equal to one candela per square centimeter or 10 nits (candelas per square meter). The name was coined by the French physicist André Blondel around 1920. It comes from the Greek word \"stilbein\" meaning \"to glitter\". It was in common use in Europe up to World War I. In North America self-explanatory terms such as candle per square inch and candle per square meter were more common. The unit has since largely been replaced by the SI unit: candela per square","V Centauri V Centauri (V Cen) is a Classical Cepheid variable, a type of variable star, in the constellation Centaurus. Its apparent magnitude is 6.72, and it is approximately 2,500 light-years (800 parsecs) away based on parallax. According to the South African Astronomical Observatory, the chemical composition was derived as being high in sodium (Na) and aluminium (Al) and low in magnesium (Mg). Following a normal composition for a Cepheid star, V Cen does not have any unusual characteristics. V Centauri's composition was observed alongside six other Classical Cepheid variable stars with the support of Russian, Chilean, and Ukrainian observatories.","astronomers term metallicity, is similar to the proportions in the Sun. This is a variable star that ranges in apparent visual magnitude from a low of 2.66 to a high of 2.60. \\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Corvi Beta Corvi (β Corvi, abbreviated Beta Crv, β Crv), also named Kraz, is the second-brightest star in the southern constellation of Corvus with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.647. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is about distant from the Sun. \"β Corvi\" (Latinised to \"Beta Corvi\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional name of \"Kraz\", whose origin","Kappa Coronae Borealis Kappa Coronae Borealis, Latinized from κ Coronae Borealis, is a star approximately 102 light years away in the constellation of Corona Borealis. The apparent magnitude is +4.82 (4.17 trillion times fainter than the Sun) and the absolute magnitude is +2.35 (9.82 times brighter than the Sun). It is an orange K-type subgiant star of spectral type K1IV, meaning it has nearly completely exhausted its hydrogen supply in its core. It is 1.94 times as massive as the Sun yet has brightened to 12.5 times its luminosity. Around 2.5 billion years old, it was formerly an A-type main","Kepler-86 Kepler-86, PH2 or KIC 12735740 (2MASS 19190326+5157453), is a G-type star distant within the constellation Cygnus. Roughly the size and temperature of the Sun, PH2 gained prominence when it was known to be the host of one of 42 planet candidates detected by the Planet Hunters citizen science project in its second data release. The candidate orbiting around PH2, known as PH2 b, had been determined to have a spurious detection probability of only 0.08%, thus effectively confirming its existence as a planet. Located in its parent star's habitable zone, PH2 b (or Kepler-86b) is a \"Jupiter-size\" gas giant","41 Lyncis b 41 Lyncis b (abbreviated 41 Lyn b), also designated HD 81688 b and named Arkas, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. A gas giant with a minimum mass 2.7 times that of Jupiter it orbits the K-type star 41 Lyncis with an orbital period of 184 days (corresponding to semi-major axis of 0.81 AU). It was discovered and announced by Sato on February 19, 2008. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The","type K4III that is a suspected variable star, ranging between apparent magnitudes 4.22 and 4.29. It is located 320 ± 10 light-years away from Earth. Estimated to be shining with around 480 to 555 times the luminosity of the Sun, it is most likely an ageing star that is brightening and on its way to becoming a Mira variable star, having converted all its core fuel into carbon. Located 590 ± 30 light-years from Earth, Epsilon Antliae is an evolved orange giant star of spectral type K3 IIIa, that has swollen to have a diameter about 69 times that of","total of five to seven planets. The star has a mass of 0.81 and a radius of 0.778 . It has a temperature of 4699 K and is about 11.0 billion years old, making it one of the oldest stars. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 5. It can be seen with the naked eye. HD 219134 b orbits its host star with about 28% of the Sun's luminosity with an orbital period of 3 days and","darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,","K2-239 K2-239 (also designated EPIC 248545986) is a small red dwarf star in the constellation Sextans about 49 parsecs (160 light-years) away from Earth. Observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during Campaign 14 of its K2 \"Second Light\" mission, it was found to have three hot, likely rocky Earth-sized planets in orbit around it. K2-239 is a small red dwarf star of spectral class M3V. It is 40% the mass and 36% the radius of the Sun with just 0.016 times the luminosity. It has a temperature of 3420 K and its age is unknown. For comparison, the Sun has","QZ Carinae times the Sun's mass and 8.9 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 32,463 K, it is around 80,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Star B1 is less massive than B2 and is assumed to have undergone significant mass loss or mass transfer to B2. Together, all four stars have a combined mass 94 times that of the Sun. Star B is a Beta Lyrae variable eclipsing system. It causes the apparent magnitude of the system to vary regularly every 5.999 days from +6.16 at maximum to +6.49 at the primary minimum and +6.43 at the secondary minimum.","old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.3. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. K2-33b orbits its host star with an orbital period of 5.424 days at a distance of 0.049 AU (compared to the distance of Mercury from the Sun, which is about 0.38 AU). The planet likely receives about 125 times"],"string":"[\n \"RX J0822-4300 RX J0822-4300, often referred to as a \\\"Cosmic Cannonball\\\", is a radio-quiet neutron star currently moving away from the center of the Puppis A supernova remnant at over 3 million miles per hour (5 400 000 km/h; 1500 km/s; ~0.5% the speed of light), making it one of the fastest moving stars ever found. Astronomers used NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to observe the star over a period of five years to determine its speed. At this velocity the star will be ejected from the galaxy millions of years from now. Although the cosmic cannonball is not the only\",\n \"(505657) 2014 SR339 , provisional designation , is a dark and elongated asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 30 September 2014, by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer telescope (WISE) in Earth's orbit. Closely observed at Goldstone and Arecibo in February 2018, it has a rotation period of 8.7 hours. is a member of the Apollo asteroids, which cross the orbit of Earth. Apollo's are the largest group of near-Earth objects with nearly 10 thousand known objects. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.90–1.70 AU\",\n \"5778 K. The primary star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.25, or 56% of the solar amount. The stars' luminosities () are 84% and 1% that of the Sun. The apparent magnitude of the system, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is about 15.8. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-47b orbits around its parent stars every 45 days at a distance of 0.29 AU from its stars (close to where Mercury orbits from the Sun, which is about 0.39 AU). It receives about 9.6 times as much sunlight\",\n \"Omega2 Cygni Omega Cygni, Latinized from ω Cygni, is the Bayer designation for a solitary star in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.5, which is faintly visible to the naked eye on a dark night. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.17 mas, it is located roughly 399 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.08 due to interstellar dust. This is a red giant star on the asymptotic giant branch, with a stellar classification of M2 III. It is a\",\n \"HD 104985 b HD 104985 b, also named Meztli, is an extrasolar planet approximately 97 parsecs (317 lys) from the Sun in the constellation of Camelopardalis. The 198-day period planet orbits the yellow giant star HD 104985 (Tonatiuh) at a distance of 0.78 AU. With a mass 6/ times Jupiter it is a gas giant. Following its discovery in 2003 the planet was designated HD 104985 b. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In\",\n \"1844, and, although its orbital elements had been calculated by Arthur Auwers in 1862 as part of his thesis, Procyon B was not visually confirmed until 1896 when John Martin Schaeberle observed it at the predicted position using the 36-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. It is more difficult to observe from Earth than Sirius B, due to a greater apparent magnitude difference and smaller angular separation from its primary. At , Procyon B is considerably less massive than Sirius B; however, the peculiarities of degenerate matter ensure that it is larger than its more famous neighbor, with an estimated radius\",\n \"Eta Ursae Majoris Eta Ursae Majoris (η Ursae Majoris, abbreviated Eta UMa, η UMa), also named Alkaid, is a star in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is the most eastern (leftmost) star in the Big Dipper (Plough) asterism. However, unlike most stars of the Big Dipper, it is not a member of the Ursa Major moving group. With an apparent visual magnitude of +1.84, it is the third-brightest star in the constellation and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Eta Ursae Majoris is a 10-million-year-old B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B3 V.\",\n \"Gliese 436 Gliese 436 is a red dwarf approximately away in the zodiac constellation of Leo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 10.67, which is much too faint to be seen with the naked eye. However, it can be viewed with even a modest telescope of aperture. In 2004, the existence of an extrasolar planet, Gliese 436b, was verified as orbiting the star. This planet was later discovered to transit its host star. Gliese 436 is a M2.5V star, which means it is a red dwarf. Stellar models give an estimated size of about 42% of the Sun's radius.\",\n \"NML Cygni NML Cygni or V1489 Cygni is a red hypergiant (RHG) or red supergiant (RSG) in the constellation Cygnus. It is one of the largest stars currently known, and is also one of the most luminous and massive cool hypergiants, as well as one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way. If placed at the center of the Solar System, its surface would extend past the orbit of Jupiter or Saturn. The distance of NML Cygni from Earth is estimated to be around 1.6 kpc, about 5,300 light-years. It is a part of the Cygnus OB2 association,\",\n \"Copernicium Copernicium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112. It is an extremely radioactive element, and can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 29 seconds. Copernicium was first created in 1996 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. It is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. In the periodic table of the elements, copernicium is a d-block transactinide element and a group 12 element. During reactions with gold, it has been shown to be an extremely volatile metal, so\",\n \"or an ensemble of luminophores is chiral. The extent to which emissions are polarized is quantified in the same way it is for circular dichroism, in terms of the \\\"dissymmetry factor\\\", also sometimes referred to as the \\\"anisotropy factor\\\". This value is given by where formula_3 corresponds to the quantum yield of left-handed circularly polarized light, and formula_4 to that of right-handed light. The maximum absolute value of \\\"g\\\", corresponding to purely left- or right-handed circular polarization, is therefore 2. Meanwhile, the smallest absolute value that \\\"g\\\" can achieve, corresponding to linearly polarized or unpolarized light, is zero. The classical\",\n \"Nh and Nh, which have already received preliminary chemical investigations. Roentgenium Roentgenium is a chemical element with symbol Rg and atomic number 111. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature. The most stable known isotope, roentgenium-282, has a half-life of 100 seconds, although the unconfirmed roentgenium-286 may have a longer half-life of about 10.7 minutes. Roentgenium was first created in 1994 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. It is named after the physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (also spelled Roentgen), who discovered X-rays.\",\n \"July 2047. The second message, Cosmic Call 2, was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at 47 Ursae Majoris in May 2049. Because of its planetary system, 47 Ursae Majoris was listed as one of the top 100 target stars for NASA's former Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. 47 Ursae Majoris 47 Ursae Majoris (abbreviated 47 UMa), also named Chalawan (, ), is a yellow dwarf star approximately 46 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. , three extrasolar planets (designated 47 Ursae Majoris b, c and d; the first two later named Taphao Thong and\",\n \"numbers. In 1999, American scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, announced that they had succeeded in synthesizing three atoms of Og. These parent nuclei were reported to have successively emitted three alpha particles to form copernicium-281 nuclei, which were claimed to have undergone alpha decay, emitting alpha particles with decay energy 10.68 MeV and half-life 0.90 ms, but their claim was retracted in 2001. This isotope, however, was produced in 2010 by the same team. The new data contradicted the previous (fabricated) data. Copernicium is the tenth and last member of the 6d series and is the heaviest group\",\n \"Fluorescent lamp most human skin. Typically, the output is rated as 3–10% UVB (5% most typical) with the remaining UV as UVA. These are mainly F71, F72, or F73 HO (100 W) lamps, although 160 W VHO are somewhat common. One common phosphor used in these lamps is lead-activated barium disilicate, but a europium-activated strontium fluoroborate is also used. Early lamps used thallium as an activator, but emissions of thallium during manufacture were toxic. The lamps used in phototherapy contain a phosphor that emits only UVB ultraviolet light. There are two types: broadband UVB that gives 290–320 nanometer with peak wavelength of\",\n \"and an orbital period of 605 days. Beta Cancri Beta Cancri (β Cancri, abbreviated Beta Cnc, β Cnc), also named Tarf, is the brightest star in the zodiacal constellation of Cancer. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +3.5 and an absolute magnitude of −1.2. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is approximately 290 light-years distant from the Sun. An exoplanet, designated Beta Cancri b, is believed to be orbiting the star. Beta Cancri has a companion listed and together they are designated WDS J08165+0911. As the primary, Beta Cancri bears the designation WDS J08165+0911A. The\",\n \"Eta Canis Majoris spite of a large distance from Earth due to being intrinsically many times brighter (absolute magnitude) than the Sun. A blue-white supergiant of spectral type B5Ia, Aludra has a luminosity 176,000 times and a diameter around 80 times that of the Sun. Hohle and colleagues, using the parallax, extinction and analysis of spectrum, came up with a mass 19.19 times that and luminosity 105,442 times that of the Sun. It has only been around a fraction of the time the Sun has, yet is already in the last stages of its life. It is still expanding and may become a\",\n \"agents. Its principal component is potassium bicarbonate (78–82% by weight), with addition of sodium bicarbonate (12–15%), mica (1–3%), Fuller's earth (1–3%), amorphous silica (0.2–%), and is made hydrophobic by methyl hydrogen polysiloxane (0.2–1%). Purple-K is normally non-toxic, but ingestion of large amount can cause alkalosis. In high temperatures (891 °C), it's main component, potassium bicarbonate, decomposes to carbon dioxide and potassium oxide, the last product is highly corrosive. Purple-K is commonly used in oil refineries, airport ramps, service stations, military facilities, naval warships, power plants, and other places where large volumes of flammable liquids are handled. It is often paired\",\n \"Bismuth-209 Bismuth-209 is the isotope of bismuth with the longest known half-life of any radioisotope that undergoes α-decay (alpha decay). It has 83 protons and a magic number of 126 neutrons, and an atomic mass of 208.9803987 amu (atomic mass units). All of the primordial bismuth is of this isotope. It is also the β daughter of lead-209. Bismuth-209 was long thought to have the heaviest stable nucleus of any element, but in 2003, Noël Coron and his colleagues at the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale in Orsay, France, discovered that Bi undergoes alpha decay with a half-life of approximately 19 exayears\",\n \"has a slightly warmer temperature of 5778 K. Kepler-6 has a metallicity of [Fe/H] = +0.34, making it 2.2 times more metallic than the Sun. On average, metal-rich stars tend to be more likely to have planets and planetary systems. The star, as seen from Earth, has an apparent magnitude of 13.8. It is not visible with the naked eye. In comparison, Pluto's apparent magnitude at its brightest is slightly brighter, at 13.65. Kepler-6 has one confirmed extrasolar planet; it is a gas giant named Kepler-6b. The planet is approximately .669 M, or some two-thirds the mass of planet Jupiter.\",\n \"Gamma Ophiuchi Gamma Ophiuchi, Latinized from γ Ophiuchi, is a fourth-magnitude star in the constellation Ophiuchus. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 31.73 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 103 light years from the Sun. The system has an age of roughly 184 million years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −7.6 km/s. It is known also as Muliphen, although at least two more stars are known with this name: Gamma Canis Majoris (often spelled as Muliphein) and Gamma Centauri (often spelled as Muhlifain). This is an A-type main sequence star\",\n \"Sigma Librae Sigma Librae (σ Librae, abbreviated Sig Lib, σ Lib) is a binary star in the constellation of Libra. The apparent visual magnitude is +3.29, making it visible to the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements, this system is at a distance of roughly from the Sun, with a 2% margin of error. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by 0.20 ± 0.17 from extinction caused by intervening gas and dust. The two components are designated Sigma Librae A (also named Brachium) and B. \\\"σ Librae\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Sigma Librae\\\") is the system's current Bayer designation (the\",\n \"for a very long time (15 to 70 billion years, compared to 10 billion for the Sun). Like M-type stars, they tend to have a very small mass, leading to their extremely long lifespan that offers plenty of time for life to develop on orbiting Earth-like, terrestrial planets. In addition, K-type stars emit less ultraviolet radiation (which can damage DNA and thus hamper the emergence of nucleic acid based life) than G-type stars like the Sun. K-type main-sequence stars are also about three to four times as abundant as G-type main-sequence stars, making planet searches easier. While M-type stars are\",\n \"known as (, .) \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Apodis Beta Apodis (β Aps, β Apodis) is the Bayer designation for a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Apus. It is located approximately from Earth, as determined by parallax measurements. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +4.24, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye The spectrum of this star matches the characteristics of a K0 III, which, according to models of stellar evolution, indicates that it is in the giant star stage, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. The measured angular diameter of\",\n \"determined the speed as , using cavity resonance. This value was adopted by the 12th General Assembly of the Radio-Scientific Union in 1957. In 1960, the metre was redefined in terms of the wavelength of a particular spectral line of krypton-86, and, in 1967, the second was redefined in terms of the hyperfine transition frequency of the ground state of caesium-133. In 1972, using the laser interferometer method and the new definitions, a group at the US National Bureau of Standards in Boulder, Colorado determined the speed of light in vacuum to be \\\"c\\\" = . This was 100 times\",\n \"Yellow hypergiant A yellow hypergiant is a massive star with an extended atmosphere, a spectral class from A to K, and an initial mass of about 20–60 solar masses but having lost as much as half that mass. They are amongst the most visually luminous stars, with absolute magnitude (M) around −9, but also one of the rarest with just 15 known in the Milky Way and six of those in just a single cluster. They are sometimes referred to as cool hypergiants in comparison to O- and B-type stars, and sometimes as warm hypergiants in comparison to red supergiants.\",\n \"the effective temperature of Kepler-14 would be 6395 K, much hotter than the Sun, and the star's iron content would be 0.12, or 132% the amount found in the Sun. Assuming that Kepler-14's two stars formed at about the same time, their gyrochronological ages would be approximately 2.2 billion years. Kepler-14b is a Jupiter-like planet in the orbit of the primary star of Kepler-14. The planet is 8.4 times Jupiter's mass, the equivalent of 2670 times Earth's mass. The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter at 1.14 Jupiter radii The density of Kepler-14b is 7.1 grams/cm, the second densest planet\",\n \"subset of both the IEEE designated K band (26.5–40 GHz) and V band (40–75 GHz). Neither the IEEE nor the ITU-R recognize the Q band in their standards, which define the nomenclature of bands in the electromagnetic spectrum. The ISO recognizes the Q band; however, the range therefore defined is 36 to 46 GHz. Other ISO frequency band definitions do not precisely match the concurrent definitions of the IEEE and ITU-R. The Q band is mainly used for satellite communications, terrestrial microwave communications and for radio astronomy studies such as the QUIET telescope. It is also used in automotive radar\",\n \"Luminous intensity In photometry, luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), an SI base unit. Photometry deals with the measurement of visible light as perceived by human eyes. The human eye can only see light in the visible spectrum and has different sensitivities to light of different wavelengths within the spectrum. When adapted for bright conditions (photopic vision), the eye\",\n \"2MASS The Two Micron All-Sky Survey, or 2MASS, was an astronomical survey of the whole sky in the infrared and one of the most ambitious such projects. It took place between 1997 and 2001, in two different locations: at the U.S. Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory on Mount Hopkins, Arizona (), and at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile , each using a 1.3-meter telescope for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, respectively. It was conducted in the short-wavelength infrared at distinct frequency bands near 2 micrometres (or microns), from which the photometric survey with its HgCdTe detectors derives its name.\",\n \"to a relative uncertainty of or less. The project is part of the efforts to redefine the kilogram in terms of a universal physical constant, rather than the International Prototype Kilogram, and complements the measurements of the Planck constant using Kibble balances. Under the current definitions of the International System of Units (SI), a measurement of the Avogadro constant is an indirect measurement of the Planck constant: The measurements use highly polished spheres of silicon with a mass of one kilogram. Spheres are used to simplify the measurement of the size (and hence the density) and to minimize the effect\",\n \"2013, transit-timing variation analysis confirmed 3 other planets to be in the system. However, only very loose constraints of the maximum mass of the planets could be determined. Kepler-32 Kepler-32 is an M-type main sequence star located about 1070 light years from Earth, in the constellation of Cygnus. Discovered in January 2012 by the Kepler spacecraft, it shows a 0.58 ± 0.05 solar mass (), a 0.53 ± 0.04 solar radius (), and temperature of 3900.0 K, making it half the mass and radius of the Sun, two-thirds its temperature and 5% its luminosity. It initially was known to have\",\n \"Mass-to-light ratio In astrophysics and physical cosmology the mass to light ratio, normally designated with the Greek upsilon symbol formula_1, is the quotient between the total mass of a spatial volume (typically on the scales of a galaxy or a cluster) and its luminosity. These ratios are often reported using the value calculated for the Sun as a baseline ratio which is a constant formula_2 = 5133 kg/W equal to a solar mass () divided by a solar luminosity (), (/). The mass to light ratios of galaxies and clusters are all much greater than formula_2 due in part to\",\n \"Potassium dicyanoaurate Potassium dicyanoaurate, also potassium dicyanoaurate(I), potassium gold cyanide, potassium gold dicyanide or gold potassium cyanide, is an inorganic compound with formula K[Au(CN)]. It is a colorless to white crystalline powder, usually prepared by dissolving metallic gold in aqueous solution of potassium cyanide. It is most often used in gold plating applications. It contains 68.2 wt.% of gold. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. Its CAS number is 13967-50-5 and its EC number number is 237-748-4. Its molar mass is 288.33 g/mol, its density is 3.45 g/cm. Potassium gold cyanide can be used for photoreduction\",\n \"Cepheus (constellation) and is paired with a blue main sequence star called VV Cephei B. One of the largest stars in the galaxy, it has a diameter 1,400 times that of the Sun. VV Cephei is also an unusually long-period eclipsing binary, but the eclipses, which occur every 20.3 years, are too faint to be observed with the unaided eye. T Cephei, also a red giant, is a Mira variable with a minimum magnitude of 11.3 and a maximum magnitude of 5.2, 685 light-years from Earth. It has a period of 13 months and a diameter of between 329 to 500 solar\",\n \"HAT-P-7b HAT-P-7b (or Kepler-2b) is an extrasolar planet discovered in 2008. It orbits very close to its host star, and is both larger and more massive than Jupiter. Due to the extreme heat it receives from its star, the dayside temperature is predicted to be 2730 K. HAT-P-7b is also one of the darkest planets ever observed, with an albedo of less than 0.03—meaning it absorbs more than 97% of the visible light that strikes it. The GSC 03547-01402 system was within the initial field of view of the Kepler Mission spacecraft, which confirmed the transit and orbital properties of\",\n \"star is in the process of evolving into a giant star as the supply of hydrogen at its core becomes exhausted. Compared to the Sun it has 240% of the mass and 230% of the Sun's radius, but is radiating 37 times as much luminosity. This energy is being emitted from the star's outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 9,280 K, giving it the characteristic white-hot glow of an A-type star. \\\"λ Ursae Majoris\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Lambda Ursae Majoris\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \\\"Tania\\\" (shared with Mu Ursae Majoris) and \\\"Tania Borealis\\\". \\\"Tania\\\"\",\n \"star to be identified has about 8% of the Sun’s mass and glows feebly at absolute magnitude +19. Compared to the Sun, which has an absolute of +4.8, this faint star is 14 magnitudes or 400,000 times dimmer than our Sun. Our galaxy's most massive stars begin their lives with masses of roughly 100 times solar, radiating at upwards of absolute magnitude –8, over 160,000 times the solar luminosity. The total range of stellar luminosities, then, occupies a range of 27 magnitudes, or a factor of 60 billion. In measuring star brightnesses, absolute magnitude, apparent magnitude, and distance are interrelated\",\n \"by measuring the minute dimming of a star as an orbiting planet passes between it and the Earth. It is the only planet orbiting around HD 89345, a G5 class star, situated in the constellation of Leo in 413 light-years from the Sun. This star is aged 9.4 billion years. HD 89345 b orbits its star in about 12 terrestrial days on an elliptical orbit. The orbit is closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and can be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.13) and\",\n \"Gliese 667 Cc a mass of 0.31 and a radius of 0.42 . It has a temperature of 3700 K, but its age is poorly constrained, estimates place it greater than 2 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. This star is radiating only 1.4% of the Sun's luminosity from its outer atmosphere. It is known to have a system of two planets: claims have been made for up to seven, but these may be in error due to failure to account for correlated noise in the radial velocity data.\",\n \"Acesulfame potassium Acesulfame potassium ( ), also known as acesulfame K (K is the symbol for potassium) or Ace K, is a calorie-free sugar substitute (artificial sweetener) often marketed under the trade names Sunett and Sweet One. In the European Union, it is known under the E number (additive code) E950. It was discovered accidentally in 1967 by German chemist Karl Clauss at Hoechst AG (now Nutrinova). In chemical structure, acesulfame potassium is the potassium salt of 6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3\\\"H\\\")-one 2,2-dioxide. It is a white crystalline powder with molecular formula and a molecular weight of 201.24 g/mol. Acesulfame K is 200 times\",\n \"Potassium-40 Potassium-40 (K) is a radioactive isotope of potassium which has a very long half-life of 1.251 years. It makes up 0.012% (120 ppm) of the total amount of potassium found in nature. Potassium-40 is a rare example of an isotope that undergoes both types of beta decay. About 89.28% of the time, it decays to calcium-40 (Ca) with emission of a beta particle (β, an electron) with a maximum energy of 1.31 MeV and an antineutrino. About 10.72% of the time it decays to argon-40 (Ar) by electron capture, with the emission of a 1.460 MeV gamma ray and\",\n \"the Millennium Star. The largest cut white (D) diamond by weight is the 1991 modified heart-shaped Centenary Diamond. Millennium Star The Millennium Star is a diamond owned by De Beers. At 203.04 carats (40.608 g), it is the world's second largest known top-color (grade D, i.e. colourless), internally and externally flawless, pear-shaped diamond. The diamond was discovered in the Mbuji-Mayi district of Zaire in 1990 in alluvial deposits; uncut, it was 777 carats (155.4 g). It was purchased by De Beers during the height of the country's Civil War that took place in the early to mid-nineties. It took over\",\n \"is not known to host planets. Beta Canum Venaticorum Beta Canum Venaticorum (β Canum Venaticorum, abbreviated Beta CVn, β CVn), also named Chara, is a G-type main-sequence star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. At an apparent visual magnitude of 4.26, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 118.49 mas, this star is distant from the Sun. Along with the brighter star Cor Caroli, the pair form the \\\"southern dog\\\" in this constellation that represents hunting dogs. \\\"β Canum Venaticorum\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Beta Canum Venaticorum\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. The\",\n \"seconds as the particles accelerated. Another 240 NbTi quadrupole magnets were used to focus the beam. The initial design luminosity of the Tevatron was 10 cm s, however, following upgrades, the accelerator had been able to deliver luminosities up to 4 cm s. On September 27, 1993, the cryogenic cooling system of the Tevatron Accelerator was named an International Historic Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The system, which provided cryogenic liquid helium to the Tevatron's superconducting magnets, was the largest low-temperature system in existence upon its completion in 1978. It kept the coils of the magnets, which\",\n \"astronomers can see everything from methane to water vapor on other planets by photometry. It is the only planet orbiting around EPIC 211945201, a G class star, situated in the constellation of Cancer in 596 light-years from the Sun. Its host star is aged 4 billion years. EPIC 211945201 b orbits its star in about 19 terrestrial days. It orbits closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and may be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.14) and should be very different from our planet. EPIC\",\n \"HD 205739 b is a Jupiter-size planet. The estimated minimum mass is 1.37 times the mass of Jupiter. The planet has been found to orbit its host star every 279.8 days at a distance of 0.896 AU, which is approximately 89.6% of the mean distance between the Sun and the Earth. HD 205739 b has a mildly elliptical orbit, given its orbital eccentricity of 0.27. The planet's elliptical orbit is typical with respect to discovered planets whose orbits are longer than twenty days and have not grown circular because of tidal forces. According to its discoverers, HD 205739 b's elongated\",\n \"that metal-rich stars tend to have orbiting planets more often than metal-poor stars. Kepler-4 is also about 6.7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. In addition, Kepler-4 has an effective temperature of 5781 (± 76) K, which is almost identical, within the errors, to that of the Sun, which is 5778 K. As seen from Earth, Kepler-4 has an apparent magnitude of 12.7. It is, as a result, not visible with the naked eye. Kepler-4b's discovery was announced on January 4, 2010. It is the size of planet Neptune, at 0.077 M (7% the\",\n \"be less if the atom is formed in an excited state). At faster speeds, the excess (kinetic) energy is radiated (but momentum must be conserved) as photons of lower wavelength (higher energy). Therefore, photons with energies above 13.6 eV are emitted by the combination of energetic protons and electrons forming atomic hydrogen, and emission from photoionized hydrogen. Lyman continuum photons Lyman continuum photons (abbrev. LyC), shortened to Ly continuum photons or Lyc photon, are the photons emitted from stars at photon energies above the Lyman limit. Hydrogen is ionized by absorbing LyC. Working off of Victor Schumann's discovery of ultraviolet\",\n \"It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-419c orbits its host star with 270% of the Sun's luminosity (2.7 ) about every 675 days (around 1.84 years) at a distance of 1.61 AU (compared to the orbital distance of Mars, which is 1.52 AU). It has a slightly eccentric orbit, with an eccentricity of 0.184. It receives about 95% of the amount of sunlight that Earth does. Kepler-419c resides in the circumstellar habitable zone of the parent star. The exoplanet, with a mass of 7.28 , is too massive to be rocky, and because of this\",\n \"Ursa Minor remain in use, likely because of their proximity to the north celestial pole. Within the constellation's borders, there are 39 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Marking the Little Bear's tail, Polaris, or Alpha Ursae Minoris, is the brightest star in the constellation, varying between apparent magnitude 1.97 and 2.00 over a period of 3.97 days. Located around 432 light-years away from Earth, it is a yellow-white supergiant that varies between spectral types F7Ib and F8Ib, and has around 6 times the Sun's mass, 2,500 times its luminosity and 45 times its radius. Polaris is the brightest\",\n \"solar flare ever recorded. The Sun's nearest stellar neighbor Proxima Centauri is a flare star that undergoes occasional increases in brightness because of magnetic activity. The star's magnetic field is created by convection throughout the stellar body, and the resulting flare activity generates a total X-ray emission similar to that produced by the Sun. The flare star Wolf 359 is another near neighbor (2.39 ± 0.01 parsecs). This star, also known as Gliese 406 and CN Leo, is a red dwarf of spectral class M6.5 that emits X-rays. It is a UV Ceti flare star, and has a relatively high\",\n \"Heckler & Koch HK33 The HK33 is a 5.56mm assault rifle developed in the 1960s by West German armament manufacturer Heckler & Koch GmbH (H&K), primarily for export. Building on the success of their G3 design, the company developed a family of small arms (all using the G3 operating principle and basic design concept) consisting of four types of firearms: the first type, chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO, the second—using the Soviet 7.62×39mm M43 round, third—the intermediate 5.56×45mm calibre and the fourth type—chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum pistol cartridge. The HK33 series of rifles were adopted by the Brazilian Air Force\",\n \"Gamma Lyrae Gamma Lyrae (Latinized from γ Lyrae, abbreviated Gamma Lyr, γ Lyr), also named Sulafat, is the second-brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.3, it is readily visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements yield an estimated distance of from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of due to interstellar dust. \\\"γ Lyrae\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Gamma Lyrae\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \\\"Sulafat\\\" (\\\"Sulaphat\\\"), from the Arabic \\\"al-sulḥafāt\\\" \\\"turtle\\\", and \\\"Jugum\\\", from the Latin \\\"yoke\\\".\",\n \"3C 66B 3C 66B is an elliptical Fanaroff and Riley class 1 radio galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda. With an estimated redshift of 0.021258, the galaxy is about 300 million light-years away. The orbital motion of 3C 66B showed supposed evidence for a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) with a period of 1.05 ± 0.03 years, but this claim was later proven wrong (at 95% certainty). Messier 87 (M87), about 55 million light years away, is the largest giant elliptical galaxy near the Earth, and also contains an active galactic nucleus. The smooth jet of 3C 66B rivals that\",\n \"was also detected, with a minimum mass of about 8.4 and a low equilibrium temperature of . It has been designated Gliese 1132 (d) with parenthesis because it has not been accepted as a confirmed planet. Despite the signal having a false alarm probability of less than 0.01%, comparable to Gliese 1132 b and c, it is close to the period of the star’s magnetic cycle. Gliese 1132 Gliese 1132 (often shortened to GJ 1132) is a small red dwarf star about 39 light-years (12 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Vela. In 2015, it was revealed to have\",\n \"point. The satellite operator's Earth Station antenna does require more accurate position control when operating at K band due to its much narrower focus beam compared to C band for a dish of a given size. Position feedback accuracies are higher and the antenna may require a closed loop control system to maintain position under wind loading of the dish surface. Ku band The K band () is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies from 12 to 18 gigahertz (GHz). The symbol is short for \\\"K-under\\\" (originally ), because it is the lower part\",\n \"the present-day Sun, with a stellar wind 30 times as strong. Its rotation period is 11.2 days at the equator. Epsilon Eridani is smaller and less massive than the Sun, and has a comparatively lower level of elements heavier than helium. It is a main-sequence star of spectral class K2, which means that energy generated at the core through nuclear fusion of hydrogen is emitted from the surface at a temperature of about , giving it an orange hue. The Bayer designation ε Eridani (Latinised as Epsilon Eridani) was established in 1603 by Johann Bayer. It may be a member\",\n \"object is a very hot gas giant; the estimated surface temperature is roughly 1600 K (1300 °C or 2400 °F), mostly due to gravitational contraction. Its mass is well below the calculated limit for deuterium fusion in brown dwarfs, which is 13 Jupiter masses. The projected distance between 2M1207b and its primary is around 40 AU (similar to the mean distance between Pluto and the Sun). Its infrared spectrum indicates the presence of water molecules in its atmosphere. The object is not a likely candidate to support life, either on its surface or on any satellites. 2M1207b is around 100\",\n \"Kepler-432b Kepler-432b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \\\"KOI-1299.01\\\") is a hot super-Jupiter exoplanet orbiting the giant star Kepler-432 A, the innermost of two such planets discovered by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. It is located about 2,830 light-years (870 parsecs, or nearly km) from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured. Kepler-432b is a hot super-Jupiter, an exoplanet that has a radius and mass larger than that of the planet Jupiter, and\",\n \"K, and it shines with 1,734 times the luminosity of the Sun. Sigma Virginis Sigma Virginis (σ Vir, σ Virginis) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. It can be faintly seen with the naked eye with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.86. Based upon parallax measurements, the distance to this star is roughly 680 light years. This is an evolved red giant star with a stellar classification of M1 III. It is a suspected variable star with a brightness that ranges from magnitude +4.77 to +4.86. This variation has pulsation periods of 23.4, 24.3, 27.9, and\",\n \"low eccentricity of 0.019. It has a temperature of 584 K. Kepler-89e orbits the star Kepler-89. Kepler-89 has a mass of 1.18 solar masses, and a radius of 1.32 solar radii. It is 3.3 billion years old, younger than the Sun, making its planets about 3,000,000,000 years old (3 Gyr). It has a temperature of 6,210 K, making it appear bright yellowish-white. Kepler-89e Kepler-89e, also known as KOI-94e, is an exoplanet in the constellation of Cygnus. It orbits Kepler-89. It is a type III planet, making it cloudless and blue, making it look like a larger version of Uranus and\",\n \"Norma (constellation) magnitude of 5.4. It lies in the southeastern corner of the constellation between Alpha Centauri and Zeta Arae. Thought to be around 100 million years old, it is about 3300 light-years away and is around 14 light-years in diameter. Its brightest member is the Cepheid variable S Normae. A rich background star field makes it less distinct, though around 36 member stars are visible though a 10 cm telescope at 150x magnification. Located 0.4° north of Kappa Normae is NGC 6067, which has an integrated magnitude of 5.6 though it is indistinct as it lies in a rich star field.\",\n \"indicating the spectrum shows abnormal abundances of these elements. The star has about four times the radius of the Sun and it radiates 173 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,152 K. Upsilon Herculis Upsilon Herculis (υ Her) is a solitary star in the constellation Hercules. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.74. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.78 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 371 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction\",\n \"X2 Centauri x Centauri is a star located in the constellation Centaurus. It is also known by its designations HD 108114 and HR 4724. The apparent magnitude of the star is about 5.7, meaning it is only visible to the naked eye under excellent viewing conditions. Its distance is about 440 light-years (140 parsecs), based on its parallax measured by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite. x Centauri's spectral type is B9IV/V, meaning it is a late B-type main sequence star or subgiant. These types of stars are a few times more massive than the Sun, and have effective temperatures of about\",\n \"gas-rich satellite. The spheroid has a boxy shape. The galaxy also has an outer halo. In the centre of the galaxy is predicted to lie a supermassive black hole with mass 10 (129-813 million) . Observed in radio waves, NGC 5322 is a weak source and features two symmetric jets emanating from the galactic core and having a linear length of 1.6 kpc. The two jets are nearly perpendicular to the major axis of the galaxy and the circumnuclear dust disk. NGC 5322 is thought to contain a low-luminosity Active galactic nucleus (AGN), powered by the accretion of gaseous material.\",\n \"a cyanide in its spectrum. 1 Ceti 1 Ceti is a star in the constellation of Cetus. With an apparent magnitude of about 6.2, the star is barely visible to the naked eye (see Bortle scale). Parallax estimates made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 620 light years (190 parsecs) away from the Earth. 1 Ceti has a spectral type of K1III, implying a K-type giant. These types of stars are generally reddish-colored stars with spectral types from K to M, with radii that are 10 to 100 times larger than the Sun. The \\\"CNII\\\"\",\n \"with a stable stellar activity. Many red dwarfs like Proxima Centauri and TRAPPIST-1 are prone to releasing potentially deadly flares caused by powerful magnetic fields. Billions of years of exposure to these flares can potentially strip a planet of its atmosphere and render it sterile with possibly dangerous amounts of radiation. While Ross 128 is known to produce such flares, they are currently much less common and less powerful than those of the previously mentioned stars. This reduces the odds of atmospheric erosion (if Ross 128 b has one) and would increase the odds of its retention over geological timescales.\",\n \"the low-luminosity AGN population is much less well understood due to the difficulty of observing these objects at high redshifts. Dusty surprise around giant black hole Active galactic nucleus An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that has a much higher than normal luminosity over at least some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with characteristics indicating that the luminosity is not produced by stars. Such excess non-stellar emission has been observed in the radio, microwave, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an \\\"active\",\n \"energy through helium fusion at its core. The star has 1.12 (or 2.2) times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 10.5 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 60.3 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,743 K. This is thought it was formerly an A- or F-type main-sequence star earlier in its life, prior to evolving into a giant. 14 Andromedae is the star's Flamsteed designation. Following its discovery the planet was designated 14 Andromedae b. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names\",\n \"Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right\",\n \"less elastic. Zamak 2 is also known as Kirksite when gravity cast for use as a die. It was originally designed for low volume sheet metal dies. It later gained popularity for making short run injection molding dies. It is also less commonly used for non-sparking tools and mandrels for metal spinning. The KS alloy was developed for spin casting decorative parts. It has the same composition as zamak 2, except with more magnesium in order to produce finer grains and reduce the orange peel effect. Zamak 3 is the de facto standard for the zamak series of zinc alloys;\",\n \"and is likely 2 billion years old based on its mass and evolution. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 8.19. Therefore, HD 240237 is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. HD 240237 b orbits its star with nearly 331 times the Sun's luminosity (331 ) every 746 days at a distance of 1.9 AU (compared to Mars' orbital distance from the Sun, which is 1.52 AU). It has a mildly eccentric orbit,\",\n \"krypton-82. Rubidium is the twenty-third most abundant element in the Earth's crust, roughly as abundant as zinc and rather more common than copper. It occurs naturally in the minerals leucite, pollucite, carnallite, and zinnwaldite, which contain as much as 1% rubidium oxide. Lepidolite contains between 0.3% and 3.5% rubidium, and is the commercial source of the element. Some potassium minerals and potassium chlorides also contain the element in commercially significant quantities. Seawater contains an average of 125 µg/L of rubidium compared to the much higher value for potassium of 408 mg/L and the much lower value of 0.3 µg/L for\",\n \"Beta Pictoris b star named Beta Pictoris. The star has a mass of 1.75 and a radius of 1.8 . It has a surface temperature of 8056 K and is 12 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.06, or 112% of that found in the Sun. Its luminosity () is 8.7 times that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 3. Therefore, it can be seen with the naked eye.\",\n \"a planetary nebula, but rather as a much larger expanding gas shell, formally classified as a Wolf–Rayet nebula or WR nebula. Its observed expansion velocity is , and is estimated to be some across. The dynamical age of the nebula is estimated at 18,000 years and the total mass of ionised gas at . WR 31a itself, the highly luminous central star of the nebula, is invisible to the naked-eye at magnitude 10.85V. It has a spectral classification of WN11h, indicating a WR star with strong N emission but no N emission, and with hydrogen features visible in the spectrum.\",\n \"Lambda Cephei Lambda Cephei (λ Cephei) is a fifth magnitude blue supergiant star in the constellation Cepheus, one of the hottest and most luminous visible to the naked eye. It is a hot O6.5 supergiant star at a distance of approximately 1,980 light years, whose absolute brightness around half a million times the Sun. Its radius is around 20 times that of the latter, with a mass that has been estimated to be between 45 and 60 solar masses. Lambda Cephei turns around its axis in less than three days compared to the 24.47 days that the Sun needs to\",\n \"0.04, or 109% the solar amount. This is particularly odd as such low-mass stars near the boundary between brown dwarfs and hydrogen-fusing stars should be expected to have considerably less metal content than the Sun. Its luminosity (\\\"L\\\") is 0.05% of that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 18.8, too dim to be seen with the naked eye. TRAPPIST-1g orbits its host star with an orbital period of about 12.353 days and an orbital radius of about 0.0451 times that of Earth's (compared to the distance of Mercury from the\",\n \"K temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Stellar-mass or larger black holes receive more mass from the cosmic microwave background than they emit through Hawking radiation and thus will grow instead of shrink. To have a Hawking temperature larger than 2.7 K (and be able to evaporate), a black hole would need a mass less than the Moon. Such a black hole would have a diameter of less than a tenth of a millimeter. If a black hole is very small, the radiation effects are expected to become very strong. Even a black hole that is heavy compared to\",\n \"in excess of 5 kilograms. Crystallization of the material of a white dwarf of this type is thought to result in a body-centered cubic lattice of carbon and/or oxygen nuclei, which are surrounded by a Fermi sea of electrons. BPM 37093 BPM 37093 (V886 Centauri) is a variable white dwarf star of the DAV, or ZZ Ceti, type, with a hydrogen atmosphere and an unusually high mass of approximately 1.1 times the Sun's. It is about 50 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Centaurus, and vibrates; these pulsations cause its luminosity to vary. Like other white dwarfs, BPM 37093 is\",\n \"Quasar including a breakthrough in 1962. Another radio source, 3C 273, was predicted to undergo five occultations by the Moon. Measurements taken by Cyril Hazard and John Bolton during one of the occultations using the Parkes Radio Telescope allowed Maarten Schmidt to find a visible counterpart to the radio source and obtain an optical spectrum using the 200-inch Hale Telescope on Mount Palomar. This spectrum revealed the same strange emission lines. Schmidt was able to demonstrate that these were likely to be the ordinary spectral lines of hydrogen redshifted by 15.8 percent - an extreme redshift never seen in astronomy before.\",\n \"Over 2 nights, 90 minutes of exposures were taken and 82,252 stars were detected down to a visible magnitude of 26. They found that Leo II consists largely of metal-poor older stars, a sign that it has survived the galactic cannibalism under which massive galaxies (e.g., the Milky Way) consume smaller galaxies to attain their extensive size. Observation at ESO estimates Leo II's mass to be (2.7 ± 0.5)×10 M. Leo II (dwarf galaxy) Leo II (or Leo B) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 690,000 light-years away in the constellation Leo. It is one of 24 known satellite galaxies\",\n \"Ursa Minor has had its mass estimated at 1.3 times that of the Sun via measurement of these oscillations. Kochab is 450 times more luminous than the Sun and has 42 times its diameter, with a surface temperature of approximately 4,130 K. Estimated to be around 2.95 billion years old, give or take 1 billion years, Kochab was announced to have a planetary companion around 6.1 times as massive as Jupiter with an orbit of 522 days. Traditionally known as Pherkad, Gamma Ursae Minoris has an apparent magnitude that varies between 3.04 and 3.09 roughly every 3.4 hours. It and Kochab have\",\n \"Kepler-62d on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65.\",\n \"57.5 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,876 K. It is catalogued as a suspected variable star. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Kappa Columbae Kappa Columbae, Latinized from κ Columbae, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Columba. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.37, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.87 mas, it is located at a distance of 183 light years from the Sun. It has a peculiar velocity of , making it a candidate runaway star. For ancient Arabian\",\n \"Kepler-61b Kepler-61b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \\\"KOI-1361.01\\\") is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within parts of the habitable zone of the K-type main-sequence star Kepler-61. It is located about 1,100 light-years (338 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered in 2013 using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured, by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-61b is a super-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than that of the ice giants Neptune and\",\n \"Stilb (unit) The stilb (sb) is the CGS unit of luminance for objects that are not self-luminous. It is equal to one candela per square centimeter or 10 nits (candelas per square meter). The name was coined by the French physicist André Blondel around 1920. It comes from the Greek word \\\"stilbein\\\" meaning \\\"to glitter\\\". It was in common use in Europe up to World War I. In North America self-explanatory terms such as candle per square inch and candle per square meter were more common. The unit has since largely been replaced by the SI unit: candela per square\",\n \"V Centauri V Centauri (V Cen) is a Classical Cepheid variable, a type of variable star, in the constellation Centaurus. Its apparent magnitude is 6.72, and it is approximately 2,500 light-years (800 parsecs) away based on parallax. According to the South African Astronomical Observatory, the chemical composition was derived as being high in sodium (Na) and aluminium (Al) and low in magnesium (Mg). Following a normal composition for a Cepheid star, V Cen does not have any unusual characteristics. V Centauri's composition was observed alongside six other Classical Cepheid variable stars with the support of Russian, Chilean, and Ukrainian observatories.\",\n \"astronomers term metallicity, is similar to the proportions in the Sun. This is a variable star that ranges in apparent visual magnitude from a low of 2.66 to a high of 2.60. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Beta Corvi Beta Corvi (β Corvi, abbreviated Beta Crv, β Crv), also named Kraz, is the second-brightest star in the southern constellation of Corvus with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.647. Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is about distant from the Sun. \\\"β Corvi\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Beta Corvi\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional name of \\\"Kraz\\\", whose origin\",\n \"Kappa Coronae Borealis Kappa Coronae Borealis, Latinized from κ Coronae Borealis, is a star approximately 102 light years away in the constellation of Corona Borealis. The apparent magnitude is +4.82 (4.17 trillion times fainter than the Sun) and the absolute magnitude is +2.35 (9.82 times brighter than the Sun). It is an orange K-type subgiant star of spectral type K1IV, meaning it has nearly completely exhausted its hydrogen supply in its core. It is 1.94 times as massive as the Sun yet has brightened to 12.5 times its luminosity. Around 2.5 billion years old, it was formerly an A-type main\",\n \"Kepler-86 Kepler-86, PH2 or KIC 12735740 (2MASS 19190326+5157453), is a G-type star distant within the constellation Cygnus. Roughly the size and temperature of the Sun, PH2 gained prominence when it was known to be the host of one of 42 planet candidates detected by the Planet Hunters citizen science project in its second data release. The candidate orbiting around PH2, known as PH2 b, had been determined to have a spurious detection probability of only 0.08%, thus effectively confirming its existence as a planet. Located in its parent star's habitable zone, PH2 b (or Kepler-86b) is a \\\"Jupiter-size\\\" gas giant\",\n \"41 Lyncis b 41 Lyncis b (abbreviated 41 Lyn b), also designated HD 81688 b and named Arkas, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. A gas giant with a minimum mass 2.7 times that of Jupiter it orbits the K-type star 41 Lyncis with an orbital period of 184 days (corresponding to semi-major axis of 0.81 AU). It was discovered and announced by Sato on February 19, 2008. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The\",\n \"type K4III that is a suspected variable star, ranging between apparent magnitudes 4.22 and 4.29. It is located 320 ± 10 light-years away from Earth. Estimated to be shining with around 480 to 555 times the luminosity of the Sun, it is most likely an ageing star that is brightening and on its way to becoming a Mira variable star, having converted all its core fuel into carbon. Located 590 ± 30 light-years from Earth, Epsilon Antliae is an evolved orange giant star of spectral type K3 IIIa, that has swollen to have a diameter about 69 times that of\",\n \"total of five to seven planets. The star has a mass of 0.81 and a radius of 0.778 . It has a temperature of 4699 K and is about 11.0 billion years old, making it one of the oldest stars. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 5. It can be seen with the naked eye. HD 219134 b orbits its host star with about 28% of the Sun's luminosity with an orbital period of 3 days and\",\n \"darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,\",\n \"K2-239 K2-239 (also designated EPIC 248545986) is a small red dwarf star in the constellation Sextans about 49 parsecs (160 light-years) away from Earth. Observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during Campaign 14 of its K2 \\\"Second Light\\\" mission, it was found to have three hot, likely rocky Earth-sized planets in orbit around it. K2-239 is a small red dwarf star of spectral class M3V. It is 40% the mass and 36% the radius of the Sun with just 0.016 times the luminosity. It has a temperature of 3420 K and its age is unknown. For comparison, the Sun has\",\n \"QZ Carinae times the Sun's mass and 8.9 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 32,463 K, it is around 80,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Star B1 is less massive than B2 and is assumed to have undergone significant mass loss or mass transfer to B2. Together, all four stars have a combined mass 94 times that of the Sun. Star B is a Beta Lyrae variable eclipsing system. It causes the apparent magnitude of the system to vary regularly every 5.999 days from +6.16 at maximum to +6.49 at the primary minimum and +6.43 at the secondary minimum.\",\n \"old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.3. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. K2-33b orbits its host star with an orbital period of 5.424 days at a distance of 0.049 AU (compared to the distance of Mercury from the Sun, which is about 0.38 AU). The planet likely receives about 125 times\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":293,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"which part of jupiter's right hand is completely lost"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["Votive relief of Jupiter Dolichenus arms are nearly in the round. The god is shown in a typical pose of Jupiter Dolichenus, with his right arm raised and his left arm bent. There was a thunderbolt held in his left hand, but only the lower part still survives. The labrys usually found in the right hand is completely lost. Jupiter is depicted with a beard and long hair, both of which are depicted in detail with individual spiral locks. Despite the serious damage to the face, the deep-set eyes with drilled pupils can still be made out. On top of his head, he wears a"],"string":"[\n \"Votive relief of Jupiter Dolichenus arms are nearly in the round. The god is shown in a typical pose of Jupiter Dolichenus, with his right arm raised and his left arm bent. There was a thunderbolt held in his left hand, but only the lower part still survives. The labrys usually found in the right hand is completely lost. Jupiter is depicted with a beard and long hair, both of which are depicted in detail with individual spiral locks. Despite the serious damage to the face, the deep-set eyes with drilled pupils can still be made out. On top of his head, he wears a\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["Deep branch of radial nerve posterior cord of the brachial plexus. The posterior cord takes nerves from the upper, lower, and middle trunk, so ultimately the radial nerve is formed from the anterior rami of C5 through T1. The radial nerve passes through the axilla, which makes it susceptible to injury. It can be compressed against the humerus by crutches, causing crutch paralysis. Symptoms of damage to the deep branch of the radial nerve typically include \"wrist drop\", which is the flexion of fingers, hand, and wrist, since the extensor muscles supplied by the nerve are paralyzed. Normal sensation of the skin is retained, since","Theodore Roosevelt and Mark Twain. The resort declined in popularity in the mid 1880s, and rebranded itself to appeal to lower-income people. In 1938, the main building was destroyed in a landslide although the bar/restaurant, small cabins and the swimming pool stayed open, despite another fire in March 1957, until about 1979. Unocal Corporation dismantled the remains of the resort in 1980. Five of the Geysers facilities were damaged in the Valley Fire of September 2015, suffering \"severe\" damage to their cooling towers. The main power houses were not damaged. The Geysers is the world's largest geothermal field spanning an","is the name of a constellation comprising stars from the head and forelegs of Ursa Major; \"pucwan\" (ပုဇွန်) is a general term for a crustacean, such as prawn, shrimp, crab, lobster, etc. In Roman mythology, Jupiter (the king of the gods) lusts after a young woman named Callisto, a nymph of Diana. Juno, Jupiter's jealous wife, discovers that Callisto has a son named Arcas, and believes it is by Jupiter. Juno then transforms the beautiful Callisto into a bear so she no longer attracts Jupiter. Callisto, while in bear form, later encounters her son Arcas. Arcas almost shoots the bear,","Magnetosphere of Jupiter the magnetodisk. The potential drops develop because the sparse plasma outside the equatorial sheet can only carry a current of a limited strength without those currents. The precipitating electrons have energy in the range 10–100 keV and penetrate deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter, where they ionize and excite molecular hydrogen causing ultraviolet emission. The total energy input into the ionosphere is 10–100 TW. In addition, the currents flowing in the ionosphere heats it by the process known as Joule heating. This heating, which produces up to 300 TW of power, is responsible for the strong infrared radiation from the","Exploration of Jupiter its science programme ongoing. The European Space Agency selected the L1-class JUICE mission in 2012 as part of its Cosmic Vision programme to explore three of Jupiter's Galilean moons, with a possible Ganymede lander provided by Roscosmos. JUICE is proposed to be launched in 2022. ISRO will launch the first Indian mission to Jupiter in 2022 or 2023 through Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III. Flights from Earth to other planets in the Solar System have a high energy cost. It requires almost the same amount of energy for a spacecraft to reach Jupiter from Earth's orbit as it does","Intercarpal joints upward—between the navicular and lunate, and the lunate and triangular—and three prolongations downward between the four bones of the second row. The prolongation between the greater and lesser multangulars, or that between the lesser multangular and capitate, is, owing to the absence of the interosseous ligament, often continuous with the cavity of the carpometacarpal joints, sometimes of the second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpal bones, sometimes of the second and third only. In the latter condition the joint between the hamate and the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones has a separate synovial membrane. The synovial cavities of these joints are","the Earth significantly. A planet of Jupiter's mass still seems to provide increased protection against asteroids, but the total effect on all orbital bodies within the Solar System is unclear. Computer simulations in 2016 have continued to erode the theory. Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (formally designated D/1993 F2) was a comet that broke apart in July 1992 and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects. This generated a large amount of coverage in the popular media, and the comet was closely observed by astronomers worldwide. The","it passed above the cloud tops. The probe obtained detailed images of the Great Red Spot, transmitted the first images of the immense polar regions, and determined the mass of Jupiter's moon Callisto. Using the gravitational pull of Jupiter, a gravity assist was used to alter the trajectory of the probe towards Saturn. On April 16, 1975, following the Jupiter encounter, the micrometer detector was turned off. \"Pioneer 11\" passed by Saturn on September 1, 1979, at a distance of 21,000 km from Saturn's cloud tops. By this time \"Voyager 1\" and \"Voyager 2\" had already passed Jupiter and were","Pole star that the entire constellation of Ursa Minor, in antiquity known as \"Cynosura\" (Greek Κυνοσούρα \"dog's tail\") was used as indicating the northern direction for the purposes of navigation by the Phoenicians. The ancient name of Ursa Minor, anglicized as \"cynosure\", has since itself become a term for \"guiding principle\" after the constellation's use in navigation. Alpha Ursae Minoris (Polaris) was described as ἀειφανής \"always visible\" by Stobaeus in the 5th century, when it was still removed from the celestial pole by about 8°. It was known as \"scip-steorra\" (\"ship-star\") in 10th-century Anglo-Saxon England, reflecting its use in navigation. In the","upper part of the shoulder girdle is formed by two long and slender clavicles, crowned by a central interclavicular bone that is large and triangular with basal forms, small and T-shaped in Jurassic species. Breast bones or sterna are absent. Basal forms have a fore limb that is still functionally differentiated, in some details resembling the arm of their land-dwelling forebears; the ulna and radius are elongated and somewhat separated; the carpals are rounded, allowing the wrist to rotate; the number of phalanges is within the range shown by land animals. Ichthyosaurs proper, to the contrary, have a fore limb","Jupiter (mythology) in Rome's relations with foreign states. Iuppiter Lapis is the god under whose protection they act, and whom the chief fetial \"(pater patratus)\" invokes in the rite concluding a treaty. If a declaration of war ensues, the fetial calls upon Jupiter and Quirinus, the heavenly, earthly and chthonic gods as witnesses of any potential violation of the \"ius\". He can then declare war within 33 days. The action of the fetials falls under Jupiter's jurisdiction as the divine defender of good faith. Several emblems of the fetial office pertain to Jupiter. The \"silex\" was the stone used for the fetial","243 Ida Ida (; minor planet designation: 243 Ida) is an asteroid in the Koronis family of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 29 September 1884 by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at Vienna Observatory and named after a nymph from Greek mythology. Later telescopic observations categorized Ida as an S-type asteroid, the most numerous type in the inner asteroid belt. On 28 August 1993, Ida was visited by the unmanned \"Galileo\" spacecraft while en route to Jupiter. It was the second asteroid visited by a spacecraft and the first found to have a natural satellite. Ida's orbit lies between","two long flexors, located on the underside of the forearm. They insert by tendons to the phalanges of the fingers. The deep flexor attaches to the distal phalanx, and the superficial flexor attaches to the middle phalanx. The flexors allow for the actual bending of the fingers. The thumb has one long flexor and a short flexor in the thenar muscle group. The human thumb also has other muscles in the thenar group (opponens and abductor brevis muscle), moving the thumb in opposition, making grasping possible. The extensors are located on the back of the forearm and are connected in","be a probable cause of death for the Lady. The missing right arm of the mummy was the cause of a minor controversy between researchers. Two severed arms had been located within KV35, and either one was thought likely to belong to the Younger Lady. One was a bent arm with a clenched fist, while the other was a straight arm. It was typical for female Egyptian mummies to be positioned with one of their arms bent and the other one in a straight position. The hand more likely to be positioned as bent was the left hand. The Egyptian","Saturn Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of Earth. It has only one-eighth the average density of Earth, but with its larger volume Saturn is over 95 times more massive. Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture; its astronomical symbol (♄) represents the god's sickle. Saturn's interior is probably composed of a core of iron–nickel and rock (silicon and oxygen compounds). This core is surrounded by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen, an intermediate","unmapped. There are also ongoing studies of the region between Mercury and the Sun. Objects may yet be discovered in the Solar System's uncharted regions. Currently, the furthest known objects, such as Comet West, have aphelia around 70,000 AU from the Sun, but as the Oort cloud becomes better known, this may change. The Solar System is located in the Milky Way, a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter of about 100,000 light-years containing about 100 billion stars. The Sun resides in one of the Milky Way's outer spiral arms, known as the Orion–Cygnus Arm or Local Spur. The Sun","plate boundaries, earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation can occur. The tectonic plates ride on top of the asthenosphere, the solid but less-viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates. As the tectonic plates migrate, oceanic crust is subducted under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges. The combination of these processes recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle. Due to this recycling, most of the ocean floor is less than old. The","River) and \"Yue\" (越) (in Zhejiang province). In the catalogue of stars in the \"Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket\", Zeta Aquilae was designated \"Dzeneb al Tair\" (from the Arabic ذنب الطائر \"ðanab aṭ-ṭā’ir\"), which was translated into Latin as \"Cauda (Vulturis) Volantis\", meaning \"the eagle's tail\". In Chinese, (), meaning \"Left Wall of Heavenly Market Enclosure\", refers to an asterism which represents eleven old states in China and is marking the left borderline of the enclosure, consisting of Zeta Aquilae; Delta, Lambda, Mu, Omicron and 112 Herculis; Theta¹ and Eta Serpentis; Nu Ophiuchi, Xi Serpentis and Eta Ophiuchi. Consequently,","Mid-Atlantic Ridge The Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is a mid-ocean ridge, a divergent tectonic plate or constructive plate boundary located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and part of the longest mountain range in the world. In the North Atlantic it separates the Eurasian and North American plates, and in the South Atlantic it separates the African and South American plates. The ridge extends from a junction with the Gakkel Ridge (Mid-Arctic Ridge) northeast of Greenland southward to the Bouvet Triple Junction in the South Atlantic. Although the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is mostly an underwater feature, portions of it have enough","Co-orbital configuration 10% of the mass of Earth (about as massive as Mars), and the proto-Earth—whose orbits were perturbed by other planets, bringing Theia out of its trojan position and causing the collision. Objects in a horseshoe orbit librate around 180° from the primary. Their orbits encompass both equilateral Lagrangian points, i.e. and . The Saturnian moons Janus and Epimetheus share their orbits, the difference in semi-major axes being less than either's mean diameter. This means the moon with the smaller semi-major axis will slowly catch up with the other. As it does this, the moons gravitationally tug at each other, increasing","to several seconds, and short bursts (or S-bursts) that had a duration of less than a hundredth of a second. Scientists discovered that there were three forms of radio signals transmitted from Jupiter. Since 1973 a number of automated spacecraft have visited Jupiter, most notably the \"Pioneer 10\" space probe, the first spacecraft to get close enough to Jupiter to send back revelations about the properties and phenomena of the Solar System's largest planet. Flights to other planets within the Solar System are accomplished at a cost in energy, which is described by the net change in velocity of the","Crust (geology) In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. It is usually distinguished from the underlying mantle by its chemical makeup; however, in the case of icy satellites, it may be distinguished based on its phase (solid crust vs. liquid mantle). The crusts of Earth, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Io, and other planetary bodies formed via igneous processes, and were later modified by erosion, impact cratering, volcanism, and sedimentation. Most terrestrial planets have fairly uniform crusts. Earth, however, has two distinct types: continental crust and oceanic crust. These two","Stratum lucidum The stratum lucidum (Latin for \"clear layer\") is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis named for its translucent appearance under a microscope. It is readily visible by light microscopy only in areas of thick skin, which are found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Located between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum layers, it is composed of three to five layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes. The keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum do not feature distinct boundaries and are filled with eleidin, an intermediate form of keratin. They","naked eye. The binary system is known to host three planets, all larger than Earth with no solid surface. The innermost planet, Kepler-47b, is a gas giant and resides close to its parent stars and therefore is inhospitable to life. It is thought to be smaller than Kepler-47c and is roughly three times the radius of Earth. The second planet, Kepler-47c, is also a gas giant and the outermost planet. It is situated within the habitable zone and its radius is 4 times the Earth's. Although it is assumed Kepler-47c is not capable of harboring life, it is marginally larger","Astrological aspect (Hindu Astrology) 7th. In actual practice, astrologers seem to ignore partial aspects. The full aspect of a planet on another planet with that aspect returned in full by the aspected planet is by itself deemed by the ancient texts to be a major kind of \"Sambadha\" or planetatry association. The five major associations are 1) by mutual exchange of sign, e.g. the Sun in Aries and Mars in Leo, 2) by mutual aspect of planets, e.g. Saturn in Aries and Mars in Capricorn, 3) by occupying a particular sign other than its own, e,g. Jupiter in taurus sign owned by Venus, 4)","Imum coeli In astrology, the Imum Coeli (Latin for \"bottom of the sky\"), IC, is the point in space where the ecliptic crosses the meridian in the north, exactly opposite the Midheaven. It marks the fourth house cusp in most house systems (this is reversed in the southern hemisphere). The Imum Coeli is said to refer to our roots and also to the least conscious part of ourselves. It symbolizes foundations, beginnings in life, what may have been experienced through parental inheritance and homeland influences, need for security and relationships with the home and family life. It also may describe","Europa (moon) century. In much of the earlier astronomical literature, Europa is simply referred to by its Roman numeral designation as \"\" (a system also introduced by Galileo) or as the \"second satellite of Jupiter\". In 1892, the discovery of Amalthea, whose orbit lay closer to Jupiter than those of the Galilean moons, pushed Europa to the third position. The \"Voyager\" probes discovered three more inner satellites in 1979, so Europa is now considered Jupiter's sixth satellite, though it is still sometimes referred to as . Europa orbits Jupiter in just over three and a half days, with an orbital radius of","Autonoe (moon) Autonoe ( ; Greek: \"Αυτονόη\"), also known as , is a natural satellite of Jupiter. Autonoe was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the temporary designation . Autonoe is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,264 Mm in 772.168 days. It orbits at an inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (150° to Jupiter's equator) in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.369. It belongs to the Pasiphae group, irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances","Ecliptic coordinate system The ecliptic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system commonly used for representing the apparent positions and orbits of Solar System objects. Because most planets (except Mercury) and many small Solar System bodies have orbits with slight inclinations to the ecliptic, using it as the fundamental plane is convenient. The system's origin can be the center of either the Sun or Earth, its primary direction is towards the vernal (northward) equinox, and it has a right-hand convention. It may be implemented in spherical or rectangular coordinates. The celestial equator and the ecliptic are slowly moving due to","Extraterrestrial skies (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) would appear slightly brighter during opposition, but slightly dimmer during conjunction. This effect is most noticeable for Jupiter, and results from Mars' larger orbit compared with that of Earth causing larger variations of interplanetary distance. From Phobos, Mars appears 6,400 times larger and 2,500 times brighter than the full Moon as seen from Earth, and appears as a sphere of angular diameter roughly 42°—taking up a quarter of the width of a celestial hemisphere. From Deimos, Mars appears 1,000 times larger and 400 times brighter than the full Moon as seen from Earth, and appears","the flexor hallucis longus and tibialis posterior; the tibialis posterior is the most powerful of these deep muscles. All three muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve which comprises half of the sciatic nerve. After passing through the tarsal tunnel, the flexor digitorum longus tendon must curve around a bony landmark called the sustenaculum tali. Flexor digitorum longus pain can occur with a trip and fall on uneven surface when the toes are not able to grip the surface totally. One can also injure the flexor digitorum longus muscle while running on a beach in the sand without any footwear,","volatiles with melting points above about 100 K (–173 °C, –280 °F) are referred to as ices. The terms \"gas\" and \"ice\" in this context can apply to compounds that may be solids, liquids or gases. Thus, Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants, and Uranus and Neptune are ice giants, even though the vast majority of the \"gas\" and \"ice\" in their interiors is a hot, highly dense fluid that gets denser as the center of the planet is approached. The Moon is very low in volatiles: its crust contains oxygen chemically bound into the rocks (in, for example, silicates),","the disc begins to develop and eventually a madreporite appears. This process lasts for some time, and about 10 months after separation, the comet has a half disc and 4 arms about 1 cm (0.4 in) long. Asexual reproduction in starfish Asexual reproduction in starfish takes place by fission or through autotomy of arms. In fission, the central disc breaks into two pieces and each portion then regenerates the missing parts. In autotomy, an arm is shed which continues to live independently as a \"comet\", eventually growing a new disc and further arms. Only certain genera of starfish are able","Deinocheirus Deinocheirus ( ) is a genus of large ornithomimosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous around 70 million years ago. In 1965, a pair of large arms, shoulder girdles, and a few other bones of a new dinosaur were first discovered in the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. In 1970, this specimen became the holotype of the only species within the genus, Deinocheirus mirificus; the genus name is Greek for \"horrible hand\". No further remains were discovered for almost fifty years, and its nature remained a mystery. Two more complete specimens were described in 2014, which shed light on many","front paws, and four on their rear paws. The fifth front claw (the dewclaw) is proximal to the other claws. More proximally is a protrusion which appears to be a sixth \"finger\". This special feature of the front paws, on the inside of the wrists, is the carpal pad, also found on the paws of big cats and dogs. It has no function in normal walking, but is thought to be an antiskidding device used while jumping. Some breeds of cats are prone to polydactyly (extra toes and claws). These are particularly common along the northeast coast of North America.","Exploration of Jupiter The exploration of Jupiter has been conducted via close observations by automated spacecraft. It began with the arrival of \"Pioneer 10\" into the Jovian system in 1973, and, , has continued with eight further spacecraft missions. All of these missions were undertaken by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and all but two have been flybys that take detailed observations without the probe landing or entering orbit. These probes make Jupiter the most visited of the Solar System's outer planets as all missions to the outer Solar System have used Jupiter flybys to reduce fuel requirements","that a more \"beneficial organization\" was needed. The only known method to successfully contact the Seven Society is to place a letter at the Thomas Jefferson statue inside the University's historic Rotunda (accounts differ on the exact placement of the letter, either on the base or in the crook of the statue's arm). The group contributes financially to the University, announcing donations with letters signed only with seven astronomical symbols in the order: Earth, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Neptune, Uranus, and Venus. The Society gives large monetary donations and scholarships to the University each year in quantities that include the number","Galileo Probe mass, lost 80 kg during the entry. NASA built a special laboratory, the Giant Planet Facility, to simulate the heat load, which was similar to the convective heating experienced by an ICBM warhead reentering the atmosphere combined with the radiative heating of a thermonuclear fireball. It then deployed its parachute, and dropped its heat shield, which fell into Jupiter's interior. As the probe descended through of the top layers of the Jovian atmosphere, it collected 58 minutes of data on the local weather. It only stopped transmitting when the ambient pressure exceeded 23 atmospheres and the temperature reached . The","Deferent and epicycle all linked: the lines drawn from the body through the epicentric center of all the planets were all parallel, along with the line drawn from the Sun to the Earth along which Mercury and Venus were situated. That means that all the bodies revolve in their epicycles in lock step with Ptolemy's Sun (that is, they all have exactly a one year period). Babylonian observations showed that for superior planets the planet would typically move through in the night sky slower than the stars. Each night the planet appeared to lag a little behind the stars, in what is called","Formation and evolution of the Solar System in turn far closer to the Sun when they formed (most likely in the range of 15–20 AU), and in 50% of simulations ended up opposite locations, with Uranus farther from the Sun than Neptune. According to the Nice model, after the formation of the Solar System, the orbits of all the giant planets continued to change slowly, influenced by their interaction with the large number of remaining planetesimals. After 500–600 million years (about 4 billion years ago) Jupiter and Saturn fell into a 2:1 resonance: Saturn orbited the Sun once for every two Jupiter orbits. This resonance created a","Telescopium Herschelii Telescopium Herschelii (Latin for \"Herschel's telescope\"), also formerly known as Tubus Hershelli Major, is a former constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. Maximilian Hell established it in 1789 to honour Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. It fell out of use by the end of the 19th century. Psi Aurigae at apparent magnitude 4.8 was the constellation's brightest star. It was one of two constellations created by Maximilian Hell in 1789 to honour the famous English astronomer Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. Named \"Tubus Hershelli Major\" by Hell, it was located in the","Atmosphere of Jupiter under the influence of the solar ultraviolet radiation and charged particles coming from Jupiter's magnetosphere. The carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water present in the upper atmosphere are thought to originate from impacting comets, such as Shoemaker-Levy 9. The water cannot come from the troposphere because the cold tropopause acts like a cold trap, effectively preventing water from rising to the stratosphere (see Vertical structure above). Earth- and spacecraft-based measurements have led to improved knowledge of the isotopic ratios in Jupiter's atmosphere. As of July 2003, the accepted value for the deuterium abundance is , which probably represents the primordial","Galileo (spacecraft) the damaged tape recorder electronics, and \"Galileo\" continued to return scientific data until it was deorbited in 2003, performing one last scientific experiment: a measurement of the moon Amalthea's mass as the spacecraft swung by it. On December 11, 2013, NASA reported, based on results from the \"Galileo\" mission, the detection of \"clay-like minerals\" (specifically, phyllosilicates), often associated with organic materials, on the icy crust of Europa. The presence of the minerals may have been the result of a collision with an asteroid or comet, according to the scientists. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory built the \"Galileo\" spacecraft and managed the","Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period (243 days) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets (meaning the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east). It does not have any natural satellites. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of −4.6 – bright enough to cast shadows at night and, rarely,","regular-shaped dark area unbroken by bright patches\" that can be seen with the naked eye. Around 1600, William Gilbert made a map of the Moon that names Mare Imbrium \"Regio Magna Orientalis\" (the Large Eastern Region). Michael van Langren's 1645 map named it \"Mare Austriacum\" (the Austrian Sea). Mare Imbrium is visible to the naked eye from Earth. In the traditional 'Man in the Moon' image seen on the Moon in Western folklore, Mare Imbrium forms the man's right eye. On 17 November 1970 at 03:47 Universal Time, the Soviet spacecraft Luna 17 made a soft landing in the mare,","(red dot) points of the inner and outer planets. Apsis An apsis (; plural apsides , Greek: ἁψῖδες) is an extreme point in the orbit of an object. The word comes via Latin from Greek and is cognate with \"apse\". For elliptic orbits about a larger body, there are two apsides, named with the prefixes \"peri-\" () and \"ap-\"/\"apo-\" () added to a reference to the body being orbited. A straight line connecting the periapsis and apoapsis is the \"line of apsides\". This is the major axis of the ellipse, its greatest diameter. The center of mass, or barycenter, of","Uranus all the giant planets, its upper atmosphere experiences strong winds in the direction of rotation. At some latitudes, such as about 60 degrees south, visible features of the atmosphere move much faster, making a full rotation in as little as 14 hours. The Uranian axis of rotation is approximately parallel with the plane of the Solar System, with an axial tilt of 97.77° (as defined by prograde rotation). This gives it seasonal changes completely unlike those of the other planets. Near the solstice, one pole faces the Sun continuously and the other faces away. Only a narrow strip around the","Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter of seventeen including Donahue, Panner, Summers, Norrich, Mutt, Starr, and Bigman; the latter included because Starr believes the spy is on board. On Io, Bigman falls into an ammonial river, and is rescued by Mutt. After lift-off from Io, the Agrav drive fails, leaving the \"Jovian Moon\" falling towards Jupiter. Starr manages to land the ship on Amalthea, where they find that Red Summers is missing. An investigation reveals that Summers tricked Norrich into reporting him present on the ship while he was still on Io, whereupon Starr realizes that the Sirians had two agents planted in the Agrav project:","the Carme group, made up of irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23 and 24 Gm and at an inclination of about 165°. Kallichore (moon) Kallichore ( ; Greek: \"Καλλιχόρη\"), also known as ', is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2003. It received the temporary designation '. Kallichore is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,112 Mm in 717.806 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic","Hegemone (moon) Hegemone ( ; Greek: \"Ηγεμόνη\"), also known as ', is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and given the temporary designation '. Hegemone is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,703 Mm in 745.500 days, at an inclination of 153° to the ecliptic (151° to Jupiter's equator), in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.4077. It was named in March 2005 after Hegemone, one of the Graces, and a daughter","Jupiter mass outer planets and extrasolar planets. It may also be used to describe the masses of brown dwarfs, as this unit provides a convenient scale for comparison. The current best known value for the mass of Jupiter can be expressed as : which is about as massive than the sun (about ): in scientific notation, Compared to the mass of Earth, Jupiter is 318 times more massive. Jupiter's mass is 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined—this is so massive that its barycenter with the Sun lies beyond the Sun's surface at 1.068 solar radii","Apollo 7 As of January 2017, Cunningham is the only surviving member of the crew. Eisele died in 1987 and Schirra in 2007. The insignia for the flight shows a command and service module with its SPS engine firing, the trail from that fire encircling a globe and extending past the edges of the patch symbolizing the Earth-orbital nature of the mission. The Roman numeral VII appears in the South Pacific Ocean and the crew's names appear on a wide black arc at the bottom. The patch was designed by Allen Stevens of Rockwell International. After the mission, NASA awarded Schirra, Eisele,","memory storage and digital processing units. Because of the lack of aerodynamic design and its immense size, the \"Discovery One\" would be assembled in and launched from orbit. As described in the novel, the \"Discovery One\" was originally intended to survey the Jovian system, but its mission was changed to go to Saturn and investigate the destination of the signal from the black monolith found at the crater Tycho. As a result, the mission became a one-way trip to Saturn and its moon Iapetus. (In the filmed telling, the destination remains Jupiter.) After investigating alien artifacts at Saturn and Iapetus,","Levator claviculae muscle for its absence in humans. The first documented observation of the levator claviculae occurs in an anatomical drawing by Leonardo da Vinci, but the first documented case was not reported until 1813. Darwin briefly described the muscle as an example of many muscles \"found in all kinds of apes\" but rare in humans. About the same time, Huxley and Wood reported the muscle has a predominantly unilateral occurrence. Since then only a dozen cases have been reported and the traditional 2–3% ratio, attributed to Wood, is possibly an overestimation not clearly corroborated by recent research. German anatomist Robert Wiedersheim included","Grand Tour program The Grand Tour was a NASA program that would have sent two groups of robotic probes to all the planets of the outer Solar System. It called for four spacecraft, two of which would visit Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto, while the other two would visit Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. The enormous cost of the project, around $1 billion, led to its cancellation and replacement with Mariner Jupiter-Saturn, which became the Voyager program. The concept of the Grand Tour began in 1964, when Gary Flandro of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) noted that an alignment of Jupiter, Saturn,","orbit, known as the ecliptic. The planets are very close to the ecliptic, whereas comets and Kuiper belt objects are frequently at significantly greater angles to it. All the planets, and most other objects, orbit the Sun in the same direction that the Sun is rotating (counter-clockwise, as viewed from above Earth's north pole). There are exceptions, such as Halley's Comet. The overall structure of the charted regions of the Solar System consists of the Sun, four relatively small inner planets surrounded by a belt of mostly rocky asteroids, and four giant planets surrounded by the Kuiper belt of mostly","NGC 3242 NGC 3242, commonly known as the Ghost of Jupiter, is a planetary nebula located in the constellation Hydra. William Herschel discovered the nebula on February 7, 1785, and cataloged it as H IV.27. John Herschel observed it from the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, in the 1830s, and numbered it as h 3248, and included it in the 1864 General Catalogue as GC 2102; this became NGC 3242 in J. L. E. Dreyer's \"New General Catalogue\" of 1888. This planetary nebula is most frequently called the \"Ghost of Jupiter\", or \"Jupiter's Ghost\" due to its similar size","the phenomenon a great rarity before 1716. The period between approximately 1645 to 1715 corresponds to the [[Maunder minimum]] in sunspot activity. It was the Norwegian scientist [[Kristian Birkeland]] who, in the early 1900s, laid the foundation for our current understanding of geomagnetism and polar auroras. [[Image:Jupiter.Aurora.HST.UV.jpg|thumb|[[Jupiter]] aurora; the far left bright spot connects magnetically to [[Io (moon)|Io]]; the spots at the bottom of the image lead to [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] and [[Europa (moon)|Europa]].]] [[Image:Saturns Northern Aurora still.jpg|thumb|An aurora high above the northern part of Saturn; image taken by the [[Cassini spacecraft]]. [[:Image:Saturns Northern Aurora in Motion.gif|A movie]] shows images from","Amirani (volcano) Amirani is an active volcano on Jupiter's moon Io, the inner-most of the Galilean Moons. It is located on Io's leading hemisphere at . The volcano is responsible for the largest active lava flow in the entire Solar System, with recent flows dwarfing those of even other volcanos on Io. The volcano was first observed in images acquired by the \"Voyager 1\" spacecraft in March 1979. Later that year, the International Astronomical Union named this feature after a Georgian fire god, Amirani. Amirani is about the same age as Jupiter, which is around 4.5 billion years old. It","Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\"illustrated in infobox\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates","10 bars (1 MPa), the temperature is around . At the phase transition region where hydrogen—heated beyond its critical point—becomes metallic, it is calculated the temperature is and the pressure is 200 GPa. The temperature at the core boundary is estimated to be and the interior pressure is roughly 3,000–4,500 GPa. Jupiter has the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, spanning over in altitude. Because Jupiter has no surface, the base of its atmosphere is usually considered to be the point at which atmospheric pressure is equal to . Jupiter is perpetually covered with clouds composed of ammonia crystals","Valhalla (crater) Located on Jupiter's moon Callisto, Valhalla is the largest multi-ring impact crater in the Solar System. It is named after Valhalla, the hall where warriors are taken after death in Norse mythology . Valhalla consists of a bright central region 360 km across, an inner ridge and trough zone, and striking concentric rings extending up to about 1,900 km from the center. Several large impact craters and catenae are superimposed on Valhalla. The multi-ring system may have formed as semi-liquid or liquid material underlying the brittle lithosphere punctured by the impactor slumped towards the center of the crater","spans over 80 days. The object has not been observed since November 2002 about 2 months before it came to perihelion 2.7 AU from the Sun. During perihelion passage the object was 2.9 AU from Earth. \" belongs to the dynamical group of damocloids due to its low Tisserand parameter (T of 1.0820). It is also a Jupiter-, Saturn-, Uranus-, and Neptune-crosser. The object has the seventh-largest heliocentric semi-major axis and aphelion of all known minor planets, while its extreme eccentricity brings it well within the orbit of Jupiter when at perihelion. 2002 RN109 \" may be a dormant comet","Wesley discovered another impact event, smaller than the previous observed impacts. The 2010 impact was then discovered to have also been captured on video by amateur astronomer Christopher Go in the Philippines. 2009 Jupiter impact event The 2009 Jupiter impact event, occasionally referred to as the Wesley impact, was a July 2009 impact on Jupiter that caused a black spot in the planet's atmosphere. The impact area covered 190 million square kilometers, similar in area to the planet's Little Red Spot and approximately the size of the Pacific Ocean. The impactor is estimated to have been about 200 to 500","Timeline of Cassini–Huygens Cassini and Christiaan Huygens. Launched aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur on 15 October 1997, \"Cassini\" had a nearly 20-year life span, with 13 of these years spent orbiting Saturn. The voyage to Saturn included flybys of Venus (April 1998 and June 1999), Earth (August 1999), the asteroid 2685 Masursky, and Jupiter (December 2000). The probes entered orbit on 1 July 2004, and the mission ended on 15 September 2017, when \"Cassini\" flew into Saturn's upper atmosphere in order to prevent any risk of contaminating Saturn's moons, some of which have active environments that could potentially bear life. The mission is widely","fault (Rothery 1999). Daryabar Fossa is named for the land from which Princess Daryabar came in \"One Thousand and One Nights\". The word Daryabar is Persian دریابار and means \"Seaside\". Daryabar Fossa Daryabar Fossa is an east-west trending trough on Saturn's moon Enceladus. Daryabar Fossa was first seen in \"Voyager 2\" images, though a small section was see at much higher resolution by \"Cassini\". It is centered at 9.7° North Latitude, 359.1° West Longitude and is approximately 201 kilometers long. Based on limb profiles of \"Voyager 2\" images, Daryabar Fossa was determined to be a 400-meter deep and 4 kilometers","seventh hour (libations poured after lunch). The Hours, goddesses of the time of day but also of the seasons, were daughters of Zeus (Jupiter) and Themis. It belongs to the Pasiphae group, irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22.8 and 24.1 Gm, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°. Sponde Sponde ( ; Greek: \"Σπονδή\"), also known as ', is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the temporary designation '. Sponde is about 2 kilometres","Atmosphere of Jupiter belts mark descending gas. The zones' lighter color is believed to result from ammonia ice; what gives the belts their darker colors is uncertain. The origins of the banded structure and jets are not well understood, though a \"shallow model\" and a \"deep model\" exist. The Jovian atmosphere shows a wide range of active phenomena, including band instabilities, vortices (cyclones and anticyclones), storms and lightning. The vortices reveal themselves as large red, white or brown spots (ovals). The largest two spots are the Great Red Spot (GRS) and Oval BA, which is also red. These two and most of the","Eukelade Eukelade ( ; ), also known as ', is a retrograde irregular satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and received the temporary designation '. Eukelade is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,484 Mm in 735.200 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (165° to Jupiter's equator), in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.2829. It was named in March 2005 after Eukelade, described by some Greek writers as one of","Galilean moons The Galilean moons are the four largest moons of Jupiter—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. They were first seen by Galileo Galilei in January 1610, and recognized by him as satellites of Jupiter in March 1610. They were the first objects found to orbit another planet. Their names derive from the lovers of Zeus. They are among the largest objects in the Solar System with the exception of the Sun and the eight planets, with a radius larger than any of the dwarf planets. Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System, and is even bigger than the","Juno (spacecraft) the mission operations plan to July 2021. When \"Juno\" reaches the end of the mission, it will perform a controlled deorbit and disintegrate into Jupiter's atmosphere. During the mission, the spacecraft will be exposed to high levels of radiation from Jupiter's magnetosphere, which may cause future failure of certain instruments and risk collision with Jupiter's moons. NASA plans to eventually deorbit the spacecraft into the atmosphere of Jupiter after 2021. The controlled deorbit is intended to eliminate space debris and risks of contamination in accordance with NASA's Planetary Protection Guidelines. Scott Bolton of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio,","of Jupiter and orbits every 500 days. Explanatory notes Citations Bibliography Online sources \"SIMBAD\" Aries (constellation) Aries is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is located in the northern celestial hemisphere between Pisces to the west and Taurus to the east. The name Aries is Latin for ram, and its symbol is (Unicode ♈), representing a ram's horns. It is one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is a mid-sized constellation, ranking 39th overall size, with an area of 441 square degrees (1.1% of","distances ranging between 22.8 and 24.1 million kilometers, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°. As a navigation exercise, the New Horizons spacecraft imaged Callirrhoe on January 10, 2007. Callirrhoe (moon) Callirrhoe ( ; Greek: \"Καλλιρρόη\"), also known as ', is one of Jupiter's outer natural satellites. It is an irregular moon that orbits in a retrograde direction. Callirrhoe was imaged by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak National Observatory from October 6 through November 4, 1999, and originally designated as asteroid (). It was discovered to be in orbit around Jupiter by Tim Spahr on July 18, 2000, and then","Kienböck's disease break apart due to the pressure of the surrounding bones. This causes sharp fragments of bone to float between the joints, causing excruciating pain. At this point, the lunate is ready for removal. The most frequently performed surgery is the \"Proximal Row Carpectomy\", where the lunate, scaphoid and triquetrum are extracted. This greatly limits the range of motion of the wrist, but pain relief can be achieved for longer than after the other surgeries. Another surgical option for this stage is a titanium, silicon or pyrocarbon implant that takes place of the lunate, though doctors shy from this due to","Callisto (mythology) Callisto, still a bear, encountered her son Arcas hunting in the forest. Just as Arcas was about to kill his own mother with his javelin, Jupiter averted the tragedy by placing mother and son amongst the stars as Ursa Major and Minor, respectively. Juno, enraged that her attempt at revenge had been frustrated, appealed to Tethys that the two might never meet her waters, thus providing a poetic explanation for their circumpolar positions in ancient times (see below). Callisto's story was sometimes depicted in classical art, where the moment of transformation into a bear was the most popular. From the","Spreading rates in the SWIR, in contrast, is intermittent and very slow, but the extension of the plates in the SEIR and CIR causes constant lengthening of the SWIR near the RTJ. Rodrigues Triple Junction The Rodrigues Triple Junction (RTJ), also known as the Central Indian [Ocean] Triple Junction (CITJ) is a geologic triple junction in the southern Indian Ocean where three tectonic plates meet: the African Plate, the Indo-Australian Plate, and the Antarctic Plate. The triple junction is named for the island of Rodrigues which lies north-west of it. The RTJ was first recognized in 1971, then described as","of heat produced inside it is similar to the total solar radiation it receives. This additional heat is generated by the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism through contraction. This process causes Jupiter to shrink by about 2 cm each year. When it was first formed, Jupiter was much hotter and was about twice its current diameter. Jupiter is thought to consist of a dense core with a mixture of elements, a surrounding layer of liquid metallic hydrogen with some helium, and an outer layer predominantly of molecular hydrogen. Beyond this basic outline, there is still considerable uncertainty. The core is often described as","was eventually displayed as a replica of Pioneer 10. The Pioneer H mission concept was finally realized with the Ulysses mission, which achieved the OOE orbit originally envisioned for Pioneer H. The Juno mission, currently at Jupiter in a polar orbit, is taking the magnetometer observations of Jupiter's poles that Pioneer H would have performed. Pioneer H hangs in the Milestones of Flight Gallery at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., serving as a stand-in for the Pioneer 10 probe. While described in official Smithsonian records as a \"replica\", the spacecraft was considered fully functional by Pioneer","Exploration of Jupiter and travel time. On 5 July 2016, spacecraft \"Juno\" arrived and entered the planet's orbit—the second craft ever to do so. Sending a craft to Jupiter entails many technical difficulties, especially due to the probes' large fuel requirements and the effects of the planet's harsh radiation environment. The first spacecraft to visit Jupiter was \"Pioneer 10\" in 1973, followed a year later by \"Pioneer 11\". Aside from taking the first close-up pictures of the planet, the probes discovered its magnetosphere and its largely fluid interior. The \"Voyager 1\" and \"Voyager 2\" probes visited the planet in 1979, and studied its","be removed, leaving geologists with the portion of this motion that shows continental drift and can be used to help reconstruct earlier continental positions. The continuity of mountain chains provides further evidence for Pangaea. One example of this is the Appalachian Mountains chain, which extends from the southeastern United States to the Caledonides of Ireland, Britain, Greenland, and Scandinavia. There were three major phases in the break-up of Pangaea. The first phase began in the Early-Middle Jurassic (about 175 Ma), when Pangaea began to rift from the Tethys Ocean in the east to the Pacific in the west. The rifting","Rings of Saturn other and were partially disrupted. Recent closeup images from the Cassini probe show that the F Ring consists of one core ring and a spiral strand around it. They also show that when Prometheus encounters the ring at its apoapsis, its gravitational attraction creates kinks and knots in the F Ring as the moon 'steals' material from it, leaving a dark channel in the inner part of the ring (see video link and additional F Ring images in gallery). Since Prometheus orbits Saturn more rapidly than the material in the F ring, each new channel is carved about 3.2 degrees","is the most common type of plate tectonics style that exists in the solar system. Mercury (planet), the Moon, Venus, and Io (moon) are all believed to have been dominated by lid tectonics for their entire history. In the mantle of both Mercury and the Moon, heat is mainly lost by conduction across the lid, leading to low heat flows. Solomatov and Moresi coined the term \"stagnant lid\" when they characterized the tectonic style that was present on Venus in 1996. They stated that Venus had plumes similar to Earth, that would rise to the surface, and cold \"drips\" of","Mensa (constellation) Mensa is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere near the south celestial pole, one of twelve constellations drawn up in the 18th century by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille. Its name is Latin for table, though it originally commemorated Table Mountain and was known as Mons Mensae. One of the 88 modern constellations, it covers a keystone-shaped wedge of sky approximately 153.5 square degrees by area. Other than the south polar constellation of Octans, it is the most southerly of constellations and is only observable south of the 5th parallel of the Northern Hemisphere. One of","Galileo (spacecraft) occurred when the spacecraft was either close to Jupiter or in the region of space magnetically downstream of the Earth. A change to the software was made in April 1999 that allowed the onboard computer to detect these resets and autonomously recover, so as to avoid safe mode. \"Galileo\" high-gain antenna failed to fully deploy after its first flyby of Earth. The antenna had 18 ribs, like an umbrella and when the driver motor started and put pressure on the ribs, they were supposed to pop out of the cup their tips were held in. Only 15 popped out, leaving","The similarity between Mimas's appearance and the Death Star in \"Star Wars\" due to the large size of Herschel has often been noted, both in the press and in NASA/JPL press releases. This is a coincidence, however, as the crater was not discovered until 1980, three years after the film was made. Herschel (Mimantean crater) Herschel is a huge crater in the leading hemisphere of the Saturnian moon Mimas, on the equator at 100° longitude. It is named after the eighteenth century astronomer William Herschel, who discovered Mimas in 1789. Herschel is the largest crater relative to its parent body","Golden Sun to prevent Saturos from activating Mercury Lighthouse with the Mercury Star. Saturos' group leaves for the next Lighthouse with Isaac's party remaining in pursuit. In the ensuing chase, Isaac learns that Saturos has taken another Adept hostage: the female Jupiter Adept, Sheba. Saturos and Menardi activate the Venus Lighthouse with the Venus Star, and are confronted by Isaac's party immediately thereafter. Attempting to annihilate their opponents, Saturos and Menardi magically merge to form a massive two-headed dragon, but Isaac's party slay Saturos and Menardi. Directly following this, Sheba falls from the lighthouse and Felix proceeds to jump out after her.","Aoede (moon) Aoede ( ; Greek: \"Αοιδή\"), also known as ', is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003. It received the temporary designation '. Aoede is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,044 Mm in 714.657 days, at an inclination of 160° to the ecliptic (162° to Jupiter's equator), in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.4311. It was named in March 2005 after Aœde, one of the three original Muses. Aœde","Jupiter (mythology) killed by Jupiter with a lightning bolt (indicating that he did not enjoy the god's favour). Varro's definition of Jupiter as the god who has under his jurisdiction the full expression of every being (\"penes Iovem sunt summa\") reflects the sovereign nature of the god, as opposed to the jurisdiction of Janus (god of passages and change) on their beginning (\"penes Ianum sunt prima\"). The Capitoline Triad was introduced to Rome by the Tarquins. Dumézil thinks it might have been an Etruscan (or local) creation based on Vitruvius' treatise on architecture, in which the three deities are associated as the","to be chained on to the Caucasus cliffs and left for dead. As Amirani struggled to free himself, an eagle attacked his liver every day. Amirani (volcano) Amirani is an active volcano on Jupiter's moon Io, the inner-most of the Galilean Moons. It is located on Io's leading hemisphere at . The volcano is responsible for the largest active lava flow in the entire Solar System, with recent flows dwarfing those of even other volcanos on Io. The volcano was first observed in images acquired by the \"Voyager 1\" spacecraft in March 1979. Later that year, the International Astronomical Union","Poles of astronomical bodies pole. This definition means that an object's direction of rotation may be negative (retrograde rotation) — in other words, it rotates clockwise when viewed from above its north pole, rather than the \"normal\" counterclockwise direction exhibited by Earth's north pole. Venus rotates in the opposite direction to the other planets, and Uranus has been knocked on its side and rotates almost perpendicular to the rest of the Solar System. The ecliptic remains within 3° of the invariable plane over five million years, but is now inclined about 23.44° to Earth's celestial equator used for the coordinates of poles. This large","Upper limb the fingers, form the metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP, including the knuckles) and interphalangeal joints (IP). Of the joints between the carpus and metacarpus, the carpometacarpal joints, only the saddle-shaped joint of the thumb offers a high degree of mobility while the opposite is true for the metacarpophalangeal joints. The joints of the fingers are simple hinge joints. The primary role of the hand itself is grasping and manipulation; tasks for which the hand has been adapted to two main grips — power grip and precision grip. In a power grip an object is held against the palm and in a precision","green glows in the same image) have also been observed. Io (moon) Io (Jupiter I) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter. It is the fourth-largest moon, has the highest density of all the moons, and has the least amount of water of any known astronomical object in the Solar System. It was discovered in 1610 and was named after the mythological character Io, a priestess of Hera who became one of Zeus' lovers. With over 400 active volcanoes, Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System. This extreme geologic activity is","Galileo Probe The \"Galileo\" Probe was an atmospheric-entry probe carried by the main \"Galileo\" spacecraft to Jupiter, where it directly entered a hot spot and returned data from the planet. The probe was built by Hughes Aircraft Company at its El Segundo, California plant, measured about across. Inside the probe's heat shield, the scientific instruments were protected from extreme heat and pressure during its high-speed journey into the Jovian atmosphere, entering at per second. It entered Jupiter on December 7 1995, 22:04 UTC and stopped functioning 23:01 UTC, 57 minutes and 36 seconds later. The probe was released from the","of the four original Muses according to some Greek writers, and a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) by Mnemosyne. Thelxinoe belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde irregular moons that orbit Jupiter between 19.3 and 22.7 Gm, at inclinations of roughly 150°. Thelxinoe (moon) Thelxinoe ( ; Greek: \"Θελξινόη\"), also known as ', is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2004 from pictures taken in 2003, and originally received the temporary designation '. Thelxinoe is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at","Milankovitch cycles circular (with the lowest eccentricity of 0.000055) and mildly elliptical (highest eccentricity of 0.0679) Its geometric or logarithmic mean is 0.0019. The major component of these variations occurs with a period of 413,000 years (eccentricity variation of ±0.012). Other components have 95,000-year and 125,000-year cycles (with a beat period of 400,000 years). They loosely combine into a 100,000-year cycle (variation of −0.03 to +0.02). The present eccentricity is 0.017 and decreasing. Eccentricity varies primarily due to the gravitational pull of Jupiter and Saturn. However, the semi-major axis of the orbital ellipse remains unchanged; according to perturbation theory, which computes the","De sphaera mundi nine parts: the \"first moved\" (\"primum mobile\"), the sphere of the fixed stars (the firmament), and the seven planets, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the sun, Venus, Mercury and the moon. There is a 'right' sphere and an oblique sphere: the right sphere is only observed by those at the equator (if there are such people), everyone else sees the oblique sphere. There are two movements: one of the heavens from east to west on its axis through the Arctic and Antarctic poles, the other of the inferior spheres at 23° in the opposite direction on their own axes. The world, or","Ganymede (moon) planet, and the seventh satellite outward from Jupiter. Ganymede orbits Jupiter in roughly seven days and is in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance with the moons Europa and Io, respectively. Ganymede is composed of approximately equal amounts of silicate rock and water ice. It is a fully differentiated body with an iron-rich, liquid core, and an internal ocean that may contain more water than all of Earth's oceans combined. Its surface is composed of two main types of terrain. Dark regions, saturated with impact craters and dated to four billion years ago, cover about a third of the satellite. Lighter regions,","Votive relief of Jupiter Dolichenus arms are nearly in the round. The god is shown in a typical pose of Jupiter Dolichenus, with his right arm raised and his left arm bent. There was a thunderbolt held in his left hand, but only the lower part still survives. The labrys usually found in the right hand is completely lost. Jupiter is depicted with a beard and long hair, both of which are depicted in detail with individual spiral locks. Despite the serious damage to the face, the deep-set eyes with drilled pupils can still be made out. On top of his head, he wears a"],"string":"[\n \"Deep branch of radial nerve posterior cord of the brachial plexus. The posterior cord takes nerves from the upper, lower, and middle trunk, so ultimately the radial nerve is formed from the anterior rami of C5 through T1. The radial nerve passes through the axilla, which makes it susceptible to injury. It can be compressed against the humerus by crutches, causing crutch paralysis. Symptoms of damage to the deep branch of the radial nerve typically include \\\"wrist drop\\\", which is the flexion of fingers, hand, and wrist, since the extensor muscles supplied by the nerve are paralyzed. Normal sensation of the skin is retained, since\",\n \"Theodore Roosevelt and Mark Twain. The resort declined in popularity in the mid 1880s, and rebranded itself to appeal to lower-income people. In 1938, the main building was destroyed in a landslide although the bar/restaurant, small cabins and the swimming pool stayed open, despite another fire in March 1957, until about 1979. Unocal Corporation dismantled the remains of the resort in 1980. Five of the Geysers facilities were damaged in the Valley Fire of September 2015, suffering \\\"severe\\\" damage to their cooling towers. The main power houses were not damaged. The Geysers is the world's largest geothermal field spanning an\",\n \"is the name of a constellation comprising stars from the head and forelegs of Ursa Major; \\\"pucwan\\\" (ပုဇွန်) is a general term for a crustacean, such as prawn, shrimp, crab, lobster, etc. In Roman mythology, Jupiter (the king of the gods) lusts after a young woman named Callisto, a nymph of Diana. Juno, Jupiter's jealous wife, discovers that Callisto has a son named Arcas, and believes it is by Jupiter. Juno then transforms the beautiful Callisto into a bear so she no longer attracts Jupiter. Callisto, while in bear form, later encounters her son Arcas. Arcas almost shoots the bear,\",\n \"Magnetosphere of Jupiter the magnetodisk. The potential drops develop because the sparse plasma outside the equatorial sheet can only carry a current of a limited strength without those currents. The precipitating electrons have energy in the range 10–100 keV and penetrate deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter, where they ionize and excite molecular hydrogen causing ultraviolet emission. The total energy input into the ionosphere is 10–100 TW. In addition, the currents flowing in the ionosphere heats it by the process known as Joule heating. This heating, which produces up to 300 TW of power, is responsible for the strong infrared radiation from the\",\n \"Exploration of Jupiter its science programme ongoing. The European Space Agency selected the L1-class JUICE mission in 2012 as part of its Cosmic Vision programme to explore three of Jupiter's Galilean moons, with a possible Ganymede lander provided by Roscosmos. JUICE is proposed to be launched in 2022. ISRO will launch the first Indian mission to Jupiter in 2022 or 2023 through Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III. Flights from Earth to other planets in the Solar System have a high energy cost. It requires almost the same amount of energy for a spacecraft to reach Jupiter from Earth's orbit as it does\",\n \"Intercarpal joints upward—between the navicular and lunate, and the lunate and triangular—and three prolongations downward between the four bones of the second row. The prolongation between the greater and lesser multangulars, or that between the lesser multangular and capitate, is, owing to the absence of the interosseous ligament, often continuous with the cavity of the carpometacarpal joints, sometimes of the second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpal bones, sometimes of the second and third only. In the latter condition the joint between the hamate and the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones has a separate synovial membrane. The synovial cavities of these joints are\",\n \"the Earth significantly. A planet of Jupiter's mass still seems to provide increased protection against asteroids, but the total effect on all orbital bodies within the Solar System is unclear. Computer simulations in 2016 have continued to erode the theory. Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (formally designated D/1993 F2) was a comet that broke apart in July 1992 and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects. This generated a large amount of coverage in the popular media, and the comet was closely observed by astronomers worldwide. The\",\n \"it passed above the cloud tops. The probe obtained detailed images of the Great Red Spot, transmitted the first images of the immense polar regions, and determined the mass of Jupiter's moon Callisto. Using the gravitational pull of Jupiter, a gravity assist was used to alter the trajectory of the probe towards Saturn. On April 16, 1975, following the Jupiter encounter, the micrometer detector was turned off. \\\"Pioneer 11\\\" passed by Saturn on September 1, 1979, at a distance of 21,000 km from Saturn's cloud tops. By this time \\\"Voyager 1\\\" and \\\"Voyager 2\\\" had already passed Jupiter and were\",\n \"Pole star that the entire constellation of Ursa Minor, in antiquity known as \\\"Cynosura\\\" (Greek Κυνοσούρα \\\"dog's tail\\\") was used as indicating the northern direction for the purposes of navigation by the Phoenicians. The ancient name of Ursa Minor, anglicized as \\\"cynosure\\\", has since itself become a term for \\\"guiding principle\\\" after the constellation's use in navigation. Alpha Ursae Minoris (Polaris) was described as ἀειφανής \\\"always visible\\\" by Stobaeus in the 5th century, when it was still removed from the celestial pole by about 8°. It was known as \\\"scip-steorra\\\" (\\\"ship-star\\\") in 10th-century Anglo-Saxon England, reflecting its use in navigation. In the\",\n \"upper part of the shoulder girdle is formed by two long and slender clavicles, crowned by a central interclavicular bone that is large and triangular with basal forms, small and T-shaped in Jurassic species. Breast bones or sterna are absent. Basal forms have a fore limb that is still functionally differentiated, in some details resembling the arm of their land-dwelling forebears; the ulna and radius are elongated and somewhat separated; the carpals are rounded, allowing the wrist to rotate; the number of phalanges is within the range shown by land animals. Ichthyosaurs proper, to the contrary, have a fore limb\",\n \"Jupiter (mythology) in Rome's relations with foreign states. Iuppiter Lapis is the god under whose protection they act, and whom the chief fetial \\\"(pater patratus)\\\" invokes in the rite concluding a treaty. If a declaration of war ensues, the fetial calls upon Jupiter and Quirinus, the heavenly, earthly and chthonic gods as witnesses of any potential violation of the \\\"ius\\\". He can then declare war within 33 days. The action of the fetials falls under Jupiter's jurisdiction as the divine defender of good faith. Several emblems of the fetial office pertain to Jupiter. The \\\"silex\\\" was the stone used for the fetial\",\n \"243 Ida Ida (; minor planet designation: 243 Ida) is an asteroid in the Koronis family of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 29 September 1884 by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at Vienna Observatory and named after a nymph from Greek mythology. Later telescopic observations categorized Ida as an S-type asteroid, the most numerous type in the inner asteroid belt. On 28 August 1993, Ida was visited by the unmanned \\\"Galileo\\\" spacecraft while en route to Jupiter. It was the second asteroid visited by a spacecraft and the first found to have a natural satellite. Ida's orbit lies between\",\n \"two long flexors, located on the underside of the forearm. They insert by tendons to the phalanges of the fingers. The deep flexor attaches to the distal phalanx, and the superficial flexor attaches to the middle phalanx. The flexors allow for the actual bending of the fingers. The thumb has one long flexor and a short flexor in the thenar muscle group. The human thumb also has other muscles in the thenar group (opponens and abductor brevis muscle), moving the thumb in opposition, making grasping possible. The extensors are located on the back of the forearm and are connected in\",\n \"be a probable cause of death for the Lady. The missing right arm of the mummy was the cause of a minor controversy between researchers. Two severed arms had been located within KV35, and either one was thought likely to belong to the Younger Lady. One was a bent arm with a clenched fist, while the other was a straight arm. It was typical for female Egyptian mummies to be positioned with one of their arms bent and the other one in a straight position. The hand more likely to be positioned as bent was the left hand. The Egyptian\",\n \"Saturn Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of Earth. It has only one-eighth the average density of Earth, but with its larger volume Saturn is over 95 times more massive. Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture; its astronomical symbol (♄) represents the god's sickle. Saturn's interior is probably composed of a core of iron–nickel and rock (silicon and oxygen compounds). This core is surrounded by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen, an intermediate\",\n \"unmapped. There are also ongoing studies of the region between Mercury and the Sun. Objects may yet be discovered in the Solar System's uncharted regions. Currently, the furthest known objects, such as Comet West, have aphelia around 70,000 AU from the Sun, but as the Oort cloud becomes better known, this may change. The Solar System is located in the Milky Way, a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter of about 100,000 light-years containing about 100 billion stars. The Sun resides in one of the Milky Way's outer spiral arms, known as the Orion–Cygnus Arm or Local Spur. The Sun\",\n \"plate boundaries, earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation can occur. The tectonic plates ride on top of the asthenosphere, the solid but less-viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates. As the tectonic plates migrate, oceanic crust is subducted under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges. The combination of these processes recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle. Due to this recycling, most of the ocean floor is less than old. The\",\n \"River) and \\\"Yue\\\" (越) (in Zhejiang province). In the catalogue of stars in the \\\"Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket\\\", Zeta Aquilae was designated \\\"Dzeneb al Tair\\\" (from the Arabic ذنب الطائر \\\"ðanab aṭ-ṭā’ir\\\"), which was translated into Latin as \\\"Cauda (Vulturis) Volantis\\\", meaning \\\"the eagle's tail\\\". In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Left Wall of Heavenly Market Enclosure\\\", refers to an asterism which represents eleven old states in China and is marking the left borderline of the enclosure, consisting of Zeta Aquilae; Delta, Lambda, Mu, Omicron and 112 Herculis; Theta¹ and Eta Serpentis; Nu Ophiuchi, Xi Serpentis and Eta Ophiuchi. Consequently,\",\n \"Mid-Atlantic Ridge The Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is a mid-ocean ridge, a divergent tectonic plate or constructive plate boundary located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and part of the longest mountain range in the world. In the North Atlantic it separates the Eurasian and North American plates, and in the South Atlantic it separates the African and South American plates. The ridge extends from a junction with the Gakkel Ridge (Mid-Arctic Ridge) northeast of Greenland southward to the Bouvet Triple Junction in the South Atlantic. Although the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is mostly an underwater feature, portions of it have enough\",\n \"Co-orbital configuration 10% of the mass of Earth (about as massive as Mars), and the proto-Earth—whose orbits were perturbed by other planets, bringing Theia out of its trojan position and causing the collision. Objects in a horseshoe orbit librate around 180° from the primary. Their orbits encompass both equilateral Lagrangian points, i.e. and . The Saturnian moons Janus and Epimetheus share their orbits, the difference in semi-major axes being less than either's mean diameter. This means the moon with the smaller semi-major axis will slowly catch up with the other. As it does this, the moons gravitationally tug at each other, increasing\",\n \"to several seconds, and short bursts (or S-bursts) that had a duration of less than a hundredth of a second. Scientists discovered that there were three forms of radio signals transmitted from Jupiter. Since 1973 a number of automated spacecraft have visited Jupiter, most notably the \\\"Pioneer 10\\\" space probe, the first spacecraft to get close enough to Jupiter to send back revelations about the properties and phenomena of the Solar System's largest planet. Flights to other planets within the Solar System are accomplished at a cost in energy, which is described by the net change in velocity of the\",\n \"Crust (geology) In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. It is usually distinguished from the underlying mantle by its chemical makeup; however, in the case of icy satellites, it may be distinguished based on its phase (solid crust vs. liquid mantle). The crusts of Earth, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Io, and other planetary bodies formed via igneous processes, and were later modified by erosion, impact cratering, volcanism, and sedimentation. Most terrestrial planets have fairly uniform crusts. Earth, however, has two distinct types: continental crust and oceanic crust. These two\",\n \"Stratum lucidum The stratum lucidum (Latin for \\\"clear layer\\\") is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis named for its translucent appearance under a microscope. It is readily visible by light microscopy only in areas of thick skin, which are found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Located between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum layers, it is composed of three to five layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes. The keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum do not feature distinct boundaries and are filled with eleidin, an intermediate form of keratin. They\",\n \"naked eye. The binary system is known to host three planets, all larger than Earth with no solid surface. The innermost planet, Kepler-47b, is a gas giant and resides close to its parent stars and therefore is inhospitable to life. It is thought to be smaller than Kepler-47c and is roughly three times the radius of Earth. The second planet, Kepler-47c, is also a gas giant and the outermost planet. It is situated within the habitable zone and its radius is 4 times the Earth's. Although it is assumed Kepler-47c is not capable of harboring life, it is marginally larger\",\n \"Astrological aspect (Hindu Astrology) 7th. In actual practice, astrologers seem to ignore partial aspects. The full aspect of a planet on another planet with that aspect returned in full by the aspected planet is by itself deemed by the ancient texts to be a major kind of \\\"Sambadha\\\" or planetatry association. The five major associations are 1) by mutual exchange of sign, e.g. the Sun in Aries and Mars in Leo, 2) by mutual aspect of planets, e.g. Saturn in Aries and Mars in Capricorn, 3) by occupying a particular sign other than its own, e,g. Jupiter in taurus sign owned by Venus, 4)\",\n \"Imum coeli In astrology, the Imum Coeli (Latin for \\\"bottom of the sky\\\"), IC, is the point in space where the ecliptic crosses the meridian in the north, exactly opposite the Midheaven. It marks the fourth house cusp in most house systems (this is reversed in the southern hemisphere). The Imum Coeli is said to refer to our roots and also to the least conscious part of ourselves. It symbolizes foundations, beginnings in life, what may have been experienced through parental inheritance and homeland influences, need for security and relationships with the home and family life. It also may describe\",\n \"Europa (moon) century. In much of the earlier astronomical literature, Europa is simply referred to by its Roman numeral designation as \\\"\\\" (a system also introduced by Galileo) or as the \\\"second satellite of Jupiter\\\". In 1892, the discovery of Amalthea, whose orbit lay closer to Jupiter than those of the Galilean moons, pushed Europa to the third position. The \\\"Voyager\\\" probes discovered three more inner satellites in 1979, so Europa is now considered Jupiter's sixth satellite, though it is still sometimes referred to as . Europa orbits Jupiter in just over three and a half days, with an orbital radius of\",\n \"Autonoe (moon) Autonoe ( ; Greek: \\\"Αυτονόη\\\"), also known as , is a natural satellite of Jupiter. Autonoe was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the temporary designation . Autonoe is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,264 Mm in 772.168 days. It orbits at an inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (150° to Jupiter's equator) in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.369. It belongs to the Pasiphae group, irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances\",\n \"Ecliptic coordinate system The ecliptic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system commonly used for representing the apparent positions and orbits of Solar System objects. Because most planets (except Mercury) and many small Solar System bodies have orbits with slight inclinations to the ecliptic, using it as the fundamental plane is convenient. The system's origin can be the center of either the Sun or Earth, its primary direction is towards the vernal (northward) equinox, and it has a right-hand convention. It may be implemented in spherical or rectangular coordinates. The celestial equator and the ecliptic are slowly moving due to\",\n \"Extraterrestrial skies (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) would appear slightly brighter during opposition, but slightly dimmer during conjunction. This effect is most noticeable for Jupiter, and results from Mars' larger orbit compared with that of Earth causing larger variations of interplanetary distance. From Phobos, Mars appears 6,400 times larger and 2,500 times brighter than the full Moon as seen from Earth, and appears as a sphere of angular diameter roughly 42°—taking up a quarter of the width of a celestial hemisphere. From Deimos, Mars appears 1,000 times larger and 400 times brighter than the full Moon as seen from Earth, and appears\",\n \"the flexor hallucis longus and tibialis posterior; the tibialis posterior is the most powerful of these deep muscles. All three muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve which comprises half of the sciatic nerve. After passing through the tarsal tunnel, the flexor digitorum longus tendon must curve around a bony landmark called the sustenaculum tali. Flexor digitorum longus pain can occur with a trip and fall on uneven surface when the toes are not able to grip the surface totally. One can also injure the flexor digitorum longus muscle while running on a beach in the sand without any footwear,\",\n \"volatiles with melting points above about 100 K (–173 °C, –280 °F) are referred to as ices. The terms \\\"gas\\\" and \\\"ice\\\" in this context can apply to compounds that may be solids, liquids or gases. Thus, Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants, and Uranus and Neptune are ice giants, even though the vast majority of the \\\"gas\\\" and \\\"ice\\\" in their interiors is a hot, highly dense fluid that gets denser as the center of the planet is approached. The Moon is very low in volatiles: its crust contains oxygen chemically bound into the rocks (in, for example, silicates),\",\n \"the disc begins to develop and eventually a madreporite appears. This process lasts for some time, and about 10 months after separation, the comet has a half disc and 4 arms about 1 cm (0.4 in) long. Asexual reproduction in starfish Asexual reproduction in starfish takes place by fission or through autotomy of arms. In fission, the central disc breaks into two pieces and each portion then regenerates the missing parts. In autotomy, an arm is shed which continues to live independently as a \\\"comet\\\", eventually growing a new disc and further arms. Only certain genera of starfish are able\",\n \"Deinocheirus Deinocheirus ( ) is a genus of large ornithomimosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous around 70 million years ago. In 1965, a pair of large arms, shoulder girdles, and a few other bones of a new dinosaur were first discovered in the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. In 1970, this specimen became the holotype of the only species within the genus, Deinocheirus mirificus; the genus name is Greek for \\\"horrible hand\\\". No further remains were discovered for almost fifty years, and its nature remained a mystery. Two more complete specimens were described in 2014, which shed light on many\",\n \"front paws, and four on their rear paws. The fifth front claw (the dewclaw) is proximal to the other claws. More proximally is a protrusion which appears to be a sixth \\\"finger\\\". This special feature of the front paws, on the inside of the wrists, is the carpal pad, also found on the paws of big cats and dogs. It has no function in normal walking, but is thought to be an antiskidding device used while jumping. Some breeds of cats are prone to polydactyly (extra toes and claws). These are particularly common along the northeast coast of North America.\",\n \"Exploration of Jupiter The exploration of Jupiter has been conducted via close observations by automated spacecraft. It began with the arrival of \\\"Pioneer 10\\\" into the Jovian system in 1973, and, , has continued with eight further spacecraft missions. All of these missions were undertaken by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and all but two have been flybys that take detailed observations without the probe landing or entering orbit. These probes make Jupiter the most visited of the Solar System's outer planets as all missions to the outer Solar System have used Jupiter flybys to reduce fuel requirements\",\n \"that a more \\\"beneficial organization\\\" was needed. The only known method to successfully contact the Seven Society is to place a letter at the Thomas Jefferson statue inside the University's historic Rotunda (accounts differ on the exact placement of the letter, either on the base or in the crook of the statue's arm). The group contributes financially to the University, announcing donations with letters signed only with seven astronomical symbols in the order: Earth, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Neptune, Uranus, and Venus. The Society gives large monetary donations and scholarships to the University each year in quantities that include the number\",\n \"Galileo Probe mass, lost 80 kg during the entry. NASA built a special laboratory, the Giant Planet Facility, to simulate the heat load, which was similar to the convective heating experienced by an ICBM warhead reentering the atmosphere combined with the radiative heating of a thermonuclear fireball. It then deployed its parachute, and dropped its heat shield, which fell into Jupiter's interior. As the probe descended through of the top layers of the Jovian atmosphere, it collected 58 minutes of data on the local weather. It only stopped transmitting when the ambient pressure exceeded 23 atmospheres and the temperature reached . The\",\n \"Deferent and epicycle all linked: the lines drawn from the body through the epicentric center of all the planets were all parallel, along with the line drawn from the Sun to the Earth along which Mercury and Venus were situated. That means that all the bodies revolve in their epicycles in lock step with Ptolemy's Sun (that is, they all have exactly a one year period). Babylonian observations showed that for superior planets the planet would typically move through in the night sky slower than the stars. Each night the planet appeared to lag a little behind the stars, in what is called\",\n \"Formation and evolution of the Solar System in turn far closer to the Sun when they formed (most likely in the range of 15–20 AU), and in 50% of simulations ended up opposite locations, with Uranus farther from the Sun than Neptune. According to the Nice model, after the formation of the Solar System, the orbits of all the giant planets continued to change slowly, influenced by their interaction with the large number of remaining planetesimals. After 500–600 million years (about 4 billion years ago) Jupiter and Saturn fell into a 2:1 resonance: Saturn orbited the Sun once for every two Jupiter orbits. This resonance created a\",\n \"Telescopium Herschelii Telescopium Herschelii (Latin for \\\"Herschel's telescope\\\"), also formerly known as Tubus Hershelli Major, is a former constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. Maximilian Hell established it in 1789 to honour Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. It fell out of use by the end of the 19th century. Psi Aurigae at apparent magnitude 4.8 was the constellation's brightest star. It was one of two constellations created by Maximilian Hell in 1789 to honour the famous English astronomer Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. Named \\\"Tubus Hershelli Major\\\" by Hell, it was located in the\",\n \"Atmosphere of Jupiter under the influence of the solar ultraviolet radiation and charged particles coming from Jupiter's magnetosphere. The carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water present in the upper atmosphere are thought to originate from impacting comets, such as Shoemaker-Levy 9. The water cannot come from the troposphere because the cold tropopause acts like a cold trap, effectively preventing water from rising to the stratosphere (see Vertical structure above). Earth- and spacecraft-based measurements have led to improved knowledge of the isotopic ratios in Jupiter's atmosphere. As of July 2003, the accepted value for the deuterium abundance is , which probably represents the primordial\",\n \"Galileo (spacecraft) the damaged tape recorder electronics, and \\\"Galileo\\\" continued to return scientific data until it was deorbited in 2003, performing one last scientific experiment: a measurement of the moon Amalthea's mass as the spacecraft swung by it. On December 11, 2013, NASA reported, based on results from the \\\"Galileo\\\" mission, the detection of \\\"clay-like minerals\\\" (specifically, phyllosilicates), often associated with organic materials, on the icy crust of Europa. The presence of the minerals may have been the result of a collision with an asteroid or comet, according to the scientists. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory built the \\\"Galileo\\\" spacecraft and managed the\",\n \"Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period (243 days) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets (meaning the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east). It does not have any natural satellites. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of −4.6 – bright enough to cast shadows at night and, rarely,\",\n \"regular-shaped dark area unbroken by bright patches\\\" that can be seen with the naked eye. Around 1600, William Gilbert made a map of the Moon that names Mare Imbrium \\\"Regio Magna Orientalis\\\" (the Large Eastern Region). Michael van Langren's 1645 map named it \\\"Mare Austriacum\\\" (the Austrian Sea). Mare Imbrium is visible to the naked eye from Earth. In the traditional 'Man in the Moon' image seen on the Moon in Western folklore, Mare Imbrium forms the man's right eye. On 17 November 1970 at 03:47 Universal Time, the Soviet spacecraft Luna 17 made a soft landing in the mare,\",\n \"(red dot) points of the inner and outer planets. Apsis An apsis (; plural apsides , Greek: ἁψῖδες) is an extreme point in the orbit of an object. The word comes via Latin from Greek and is cognate with \\\"apse\\\". For elliptic orbits about a larger body, there are two apsides, named with the prefixes \\\"peri-\\\" () and \\\"ap-\\\"/\\\"apo-\\\" () added to a reference to the body being orbited. A straight line connecting the periapsis and apoapsis is the \\\"line of apsides\\\". This is the major axis of the ellipse, its greatest diameter. The center of mass, or barycenter, of\",\n \"Uranus all the giant planets, its upper atmosphere experiences strong winds in the direction of rotation. At some latitudes, such as about 60 degrees south, visible features of the atmosphere move much faster, making a full rotation in as little as 14 hours. The Uranian axis of rotation is approximately parallel with the plane of the Solar System, with an axial tilt of 97.77° (as defined by prograde rotation). This gives it seasonal changes completely unlike those of the other planets. Near the solstice, one pole faces the Sun continuously and the other faces away. Only a narrow strip around the\",\n \"Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter of seventeen including Donahue, Panner, Summers, Norrich, Mutt, Starr, and Bigman; the latter included because Starr believes the spy is on board. On Io, Bigman falls into an ammonial river, and is rescued by Mutt. After lift-off from Io, the Agrav drive fails, leaving the \\\"Jovian Moon\\\" falling towards Jupiter. Starr manages to land the ship on Amalthea, where they find that Red Summers is missing. An investigation reveals that Summers tricked Norrich into reporting him present on the ship while he was still on Io, whereupon Starr realizes that the Sirians had two agents planted in the Agrav project:\",\n \"the Carme group, made up of irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23 and 24 Gm and at an inclination of about 165°. Kallichore (moon) Kallichore ( ; Greek: \\\"Καλλιχόρη\\\"), also known as ', is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2003. It received the temporary designation '. Kallichore is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,112 Mm in 717.806 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic\",\n \"Hegemone (moon) Hegemone ( ; Greek: \\\"Ηγεμόνη\\\"), also known as ', is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and given the temporary designation '. Hegemone is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,703 Mm in 745.500 days, at an inclination of 153° to the ecliptic (151° to Jupiter's equator), in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.4077. It was named in March 2005 after Hegemone, one of the Graces, and a daughter\",\n \"Jupiter mass outer planets and extrasolar planets. It may also be used to describe the masses of brown dwarfs, as this unit provides a convenient scale for comparison. The current best known value for the mass of Jupiter can be expressed as : which is about as massive than the sun (about ): in scientific notation, Compared to the mass of Earth, Jupiter is 318 times more massive. Jupiter's mass is 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined—this is so massive that its barycenter with the Sun lies beyond the Sun's surface at 1.068 solar radii\",\n \"Apollo 7 As of January 2017, Cunningham is the only surviving member of the crew. Eisele died in 1987 and Schirra in 2007. The insignia for the flight shows a command and service module with its SPS engine firing, the trail from that fire encircling a globe and extending past the edges of the patch symbolizing the Earth-orbital nature of the mission. The Roman numeral VII appears in the South Pacific Ocean and the crew's names appear on a wide black arc at the bottom. The patch was designed by Allen Stevens of Rockwell International. After the mission, NASA awarded Schirra, Eisele,\",\n \"memory storage and digital processing units. Because of the lack of aerodynamic design and its immense size, the \\\"Discovery One\\\" would be assembled in and launched from orbit. As described in the novel, the \\\"Discovery One\\\" was originally intended to survey the Jovian system, but its mission was changed to go to Saturn and investigate the destination of the signal from the black monolith found at the crater Tycho. As a result, the mission became a one-way trip to Saturn and its moon Iapetus. (In the filmed telling, the destination remains Jupiter.) After investigating alien artifacts at Saturn and Iapetus,\",\n \"Levator claviculae muscle for its absence in humans. The first documented observation of the levator claviculae occurs in an anatomical drawing by Leonardo da Vinci, but the first documented case was not reported until 1813. Darwin briefly described the muscle as an example of many muscles \\\"found in all kinds of apes\\\" but rare in humans. About the same time, Huxley and Wood reported the muscle has a predominantly unilateral occurrence. Since then only a dozen cases have been reported and the traditional 2–3% ratio, attributed to Wood, is possibly an overestimation not clearly corroborated by recent research. German anatomist Robert Wiedersheim included\",\n \"Grand Tour program The Grand Tour was a NASA program that would have sent two groups of robotic probes to all the planets of the outer Solar System. It called for four spacecraft, two of which would visit Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto, while the other two would visit Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. The enormous cost of the project, around $1 billion, led to its cancellation and replacement with Mariner Jupiter-Saturn, which became the Voyager program. The concept of the Grand Tour began in 1964, when Gary Flandro of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) noted that an alignment of Jupiter, Saturn,\",\n \"orbit, known as the ecliptic. The planets are very close to the ecliptic, whereas comets and Kuiper belt objects are frequently at significantly greater angles to it. All the planets, and most other objects, orbit the Sun in the same direction that the Sun is rotating (counter-clockwise, as viewed from above Earth's north pole). There are exceptions, such as Halley's Comet. The overall structure of the charted regions of the Solar System consists of the Sun, four relatively small inner planets surrounded by a belt of mostly rocky asteroids, and four giant planets surrounded by the Kuiper belt of mostly\",\n \"NGC 3242 NGC 3242, commonly known as the Ghost of Jupiter, is a planetary nebula located in the constellation Hydra. William Herschel discovered the nebula on February 7, 1785, and cataloged it as H IV.27. John Herschel observed it from the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, in the 1830s, and numbered it as h 3248, and included it in the 1864 General Catalogue as GC 2102; this became NGC 3242 in J. L. E. Dreyer's \\\"New General Catalogue\\\" of 1888. This planetary nebula is most frequently called the \\\"Ghost of Jupiter\\\", or \\\"Jupiter's Ghost\\\" due to its similar size\",\n \"the phenomenon a great rarity before 1716. The period between approximately 1645 to 1715 corresponds to the [[Maunder minimum]] in sunspot activity. It was the Norwegian scientist [[Kristian Birkeland]] who, in the early 1900s, laid the foundation for our current understanding of geomagnetism and polar auroras. [[Image:Jupiter.Aurora.HST.UV.jpg|thumb|[[Jupiter]] aurora; the far left bright spot connects magnetically to [[Io (moon)|Io]]; the spots at the bottom of the image lead to [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] and [[Europa (moon)|Europa]].]] [[Image:Saturns Northern Aurora still.jpg|thumb|An aurora high above the northern part of Saturn; image taken by the [[Cassini spacecraft]]. [[:Image:Saturns Northern Aurora in Motion.gif|A movie]] shows images from\",\n \"Amirani (volcano) Amirani is an active volcano on Jupiter's moon Io, the inner-most of the Galilean Moons. It is located on Io's leading hemisphere at . The volcano is responsible for the largest active lava flow in the entire Solar System, with recent flows dwarfing those of even other volcanos on Io. The volcano was first observed in images acquired by the \\\"Voyager 1\\\" spacecraft in March 1979. Later that year, the International Astronomical Union named this feature after a Georgian fire god, Amirani. Amirani is about the same age as Jupiter, which is around 4.5 billion years old. It\",\n \"Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \\\"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\\\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\\\"illustrated in infobox\\\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates\",\n \"10 bars (1 MPa), the temperature is around . At the phase transition region where hydrogen—heated beyond its critical point—becomes metallic, it is calculated the temperature is and the pressure is 200 GPa. The temperature at the core boundary is estimated to be and the interior pressure is roughly 3,000–4,500 GPa. Jupiter has the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, spanning over in altitude. Because Jupiter has no surface, the base of its atmosphere is usually considered to be the point at which atmospheric pressure is equal to . Jupiter is perpetually covered with clouds composed of ammonia crystals\",\n \"Valhalla (crater) Located on Jupiter's moon Callisto, Valhalla is the largest multi-ring impact crater in the Solar System. It is named after Valhalla, the hall where warriors are taken after death in Norse mythology . Valhalla consists of a bright central region 360 km across, an inner ridge and trough zone, and striking concentric rings extending up to about 1,900 km from the center. Several large impact craters and catenae are superimposed on Valhalla. The multi-ring system may have formed as semi-liquid or liquid material underlying the brittle lithosphere punctured by the impactor slumped towards the center of the crater\",\n \"spans over 80 days. The object has not been observed since November 2002 about 2 months before it came to perihelion 2.7 AU from the Sun. During perihelion passage the object was 2.9 AU from Earth. \\\" belongs to the dynamical group of damocloids due to its low Tisserand parameter (T of 1.0820). It is also a Jupiter-, Saturn-, Uranus-, and Neptune-crosser. The object has the seventh-largest heliocentric semi-major axis and aphelion of all known minor planets, while its extreme eccentricity brings it well within the orbit of Jupiter when at perihelion. 2002 RN109 \\\" may be a dormant comet\",\n \"Wesley discovered another impact event, smaller than the previous observed impacts. The 2010 impact was then discovered to have also been captured on video by amateur astronomer Christopher Go in the Philippines. 2009 Jupiter impact event The 2009 Jupiter impact event, occasionally referred to as the Wesley impact, was a July 2009 impact on Jupiter that caused a black spot in the planet's atmosphere. The impact area covered 190 million square kilometers, similar in area to the planet's Little Red Spot and approximately the size of the Pacific Ocean. The impactor is estimated to have been about 200 to 500\",\n \"Timeline of Cassini–Huygens Cassini and Christiaan Huygens. Launched aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur on 15 October 1997, \\\"Cassini\\\" had a nearly 20-year life span, with 13 of these years spent orbiting Saturn. The voyage to Saturn included flybys of Venus (April 1998 and June 1999), Earth (August 1999), the asteroid 2685 Masursky, and Jupiter (December 2000). The probes entered orbit on 1 July 2004, and the mission ended on 15 September 2017, when \\\"Cassini\\\" flew into Saturn's upper atmosphere in order to prevent any risk of contaminating Saturn's moons, some of which have active environments that could potentially bear life. The mission is widely\",\n \"fault (Rothery 1999). Daryabar Fossa is named for the land from which Princess Daryabar came in \\\"One Thousand and One Nights\\\". The word Daryabar is Persian دریابار and means \\\"Seaside\\\". Daryabar Fossa Daryabar Fossa is an east-west trending trough on Saturn's moon Enceladus. Daryabar Fossa was first seen in \\\"Voyager 2\\\" images, though a small section was see at much higher resolution by \\\"Cassini\\\". It is centered at 9.7° North Latitude, 359.1° West Longitude and is approximately 201 kilometers long. Based on limb profiles of \\\"Voyager 2\\\" images, Daryabar Fossa was determined to be a 400-meter deep and 4 kilometers\",\n \"seventh hour (libations poured after lunch). The Hours, goddesses of the time of day but also of the seasons, were daughters of Zeus (Jupiter) and Themis. It belongs to the Pasiphae group, irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22.8 and 24.1 Gm, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°. Sponde Sponde ( ; Greek: \\\"Σπονδή\\\"), also known as ', is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the temporary designation '. Sponde is about 2 kilometres\",\n \"Atmosphere of Jupiter belts mark descending gas. The zones' lighter color is believed to result from ammonia ice; what gives the belts their darker colors is uncertain. The origins of the banded structure and jets are not well understood, though a \\\"shallow model\\\" and a \\\"deep model\\\" exist. The Jovian atmosphere shows a wide range of active phenomena, including band instabilities, vortices (cyclones and anticyclones), storms and lightning. The vortices reveal themselves as large red, white or brown spots (ovals). The largest two spots are the Great Red Spot (GRS) and Oval BA, which is also red. These two and most of the\",\n \"Eukelade Eukelade ( ; ), also known as ', is a retrograde irregular satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and received the temporary designation '. Eukelade is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,484 Mm in 735.200 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (165° to Jupiter's equator), in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.2829. It was named in March 2005 after Eukelade, described by some Greek writers as one of\",\n \"Galilean moons The Galilean moons are the four largest moons of Jupiter—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. They were first seen by Galileo Galilei in January 1610, and recognized by him as satellites of Jupiter in March 1610. They were the first objects found to orbit another planet. Their names derive from the lovers of Zeus. They are among the largest objects in the Solar System with the exception of the Sun and the eight planets, with a radius larger than any of the dwarf planets. Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System, and is even bigger than the\",\n \"Juno (spacecraft) the mission operations plan to July 2021. When \\\"Juno\\\" reaches the end of the mission, it will perform a controlled deorbit and disintegrate into Jupiter's atmosphere. During the mission, the spacecraft will be exposed to high levels of radiation from Jupiter's magnetosphere, which may cause future failure of certain instruments and risk collision with Jupiter's moons. NASA plans to eventually deorbit the spacecraft into the atmosphere of Jupiter after 2021. The controlled deorbit is intended to eliminate space debris and risks of contamination in accordance with NASA's Planetary Protection Guidelines. Scott Bolton of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio,\",\n \"of Jupiter and orbits every 500 days. Explanatory notes Citations Bibliography Online sources \\\"SIMBAD\\\" Aries (constellation) Aries is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is located in the northern celestial hemisphere between Pisces to the west and Taurus to the east. The name Aries is Latin for ram, and its symbol is (Unicode ♈), representing a ram's horns. It is one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is a mid-sized constellation, ranking 39th overall size, with an area of 441 square degrees (1.1% of\",\n \"distances ranging between 22.8 and 24.1 million kilometers, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°. As a navigation exercise, the New Horizons spacecraft imaged Callirrhoe on January 10, 2007. Callirrhoe (moon) Callirrhoe ( ; Greek: \\\"Καλλιρρόη\\\"), also known as ', is one of Jupiter's outer natural satellites. It is an irregular moon that orbits in a retrograde direction. Callirrhoe was imaged by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak National Observatory from October 6 through November 4, 1999, and originally designated as asteroid (). It was discovered to be in orbit around Jupiter by Tim Spahr on July 18, 2000, and then\",\n \"Kienböck's disease break apart due to the pressure of the surrounding bones. This causes sharp fragments of bone to float between the joints, causing excruciating pain. At this point, the lunate is ready for removal. The most frequently performed surgery is the \\\"Proximal Row Carpectomy\\\", where the lunate, scaphoid and triquetrum are extracted. This greatly limits the range of motion of the wrist, but pain relief can be achieved for longer than after the other surgeries. Another surgical option for this stage is a titanium, silicon or pyrocarbon implant that takes place of the lunate, though doctors shy from this due to\",\n \"Callisto (mythology) Callisto, still a bear, encountered her son Arcas hunting in the forest. Just as Arcas was about to kill his own mother with his javelin, Jupiter averted the tragedy by placing mother and son amongst the stars as Ursa Major and Minor, respectively. Juno, enraged that her attempt at revenge had been frustrated, appealed to Tethys that the two might never meet her waters, thus providing a poetic explanation for their circumpolar positions in ancient times (see below). Callisto's story was sometimes depicted in classical art, where the moment of transformation into a bear was the most popular. From the\",\n \"Spreading rates in the SWIR, in contrast, is intermittent and very slow, but the extension of the plates in the SEIR and CIR causes constant lengthening of the SWIR near the RTJ. Rodrigues Triple Junction The Rodrigues Triple Junction (RTJ), also known as the Central Indian [Ocean] Triple Junction (CITJ) is a geologic triple junction in the southern Indian Ocean where three tectonic plates meet: the African Plate, the Indo-Australian Plate, and the Antarctic Plate. The triple junction is named for the island of Rodrigues which lies north-west of it. The RTJ was first recognized in 1971, then described as\",\n \"of heat produced inside it is similar to the total solar radiation it receives. This additional heat is generated by the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism through contraction. This process causes Jupiter to shrink by about 2 cm each year. When it was first formed, Jupiter was much hotter and was about twice its current diameter. Jupiter is thought to consist of a dense core with a mixture of elements, a surrounding layer of liquid metallic hydrogen with some helium, and an outer layer predominantly of molecular hydrogen. Beyond this basic outline, there is still considerable uncertainty. The core is often described as\",\n \"was eventually displayed as a replica of Pioneer 10. The Pioneer H mission concept was finally realized with the Ulysses mission, which achieved the OOE orbit originally envisioned for Pioneer H. The Juno mission, currently at Jupiter in a polar orbit, is taking the magnetometer observations of Jupiter's poles that Pioneer H would have performed. Pioneer H hangs in the Milestones of Flight Gallery at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., serving as a stand-in for the Pioneer 10 probe. While described in official Smithsonian records as a \\\"replica\\\", the spacecraft was considered fully functional by Pioneer\",\n \"Exploration of Jupiter and travel time. On 5 July 2016, spacecraft \\\"Juno\\\" arrived and entered the planet's orbit—the second craft ever to do so. Sending a craft to Jupiter entails many technical difficulties, especially due to the probes' large fuel requirements and the effects of the planet's harsh radiation environment. The first spacecraft to visit Jupiter was \\\"Pioneer 10\\\" in 1973, followed a year later by \\\"Pioneer 11\\\". Aside from taking the first close-up pictures of the planet, the probes discovered its magnetosphere and its largely fluid interior. The \\\"Voyager 1\\\" and \\\"Voyager 2\\\" probes visited the planet in 1979, and studied its\",\n \"be removed, leaving geologists with the portion of this motion that shows continental drift and can be used to help reconstruct earlier continental positions. The continuity of mountain chains provides further evidence for Pangaea. One example of this is the Appalachian Mountains chain, which extends from the southeastern United States to the Caledonides of Ireland, Britain, Greenland, and Scandinavia. There were three major phases in the break-up of Pangaea. The first phase began in the Early-Middle Jurassic (about 175 Ma), when Pangaea began to rift from the Tethys Ocean in the east to the Pacific in the west. The rifting\",\n \"Rings of Saturn other and were partially disrupted. Recent closeup images from the Cassini probe show that the F Ring consists of one core ring and a spiral strand around it. They also show that when Prometheus encounters the ring at its apoapsis, its gravitational attraction creates kinks and knots in the F Ring as the moon 'steals' material from it, leaving a dark channel in the inner part of the ring (see video link and additional F Ring images in gallery). Since Prometheus orbits Saturn more rapidly than the material in the F ring, each new channel is carved about 3.2 degrees\",\n \"is the most common type of plate tectonics style that exists in the solar system. Mercury (planet), the Moon, Venus, and Io (moon) are all believed to have been dominated by lid tectonics for their entire history. In the mantle of both Mercury and the Moon, heat is mainly lost by conduction across the lid, leading to low heat flows. Solomatov and Moresi coined the term \\\"stagnant lid\\\" when they characterized the tectonic style that was present on Venus in 1996. They stated that Venus had plumes similar to Earth, that would rise to the surface, and cold \\\"drips\\\" of\",\n \"Mensa (constellation) Mensa is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere near the south celestial pole, one of twelve constellations drawn up in the 18th century by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille. Its name is Latin for table, though it originally commemorated Table Mountain and was known as Mons Mensae. One of the 88 modern constellations, it covers a keystone-shaped wedge of sky approximately 153.5 square degrees by area. Other than the south polar constellation of Octans, it is the most southerly of constellations and is only observable south of the 5th parallel of the Northern Hemisphere. One of\",\n \"Galileo (spacecraft) occurred when the spacecraft was either close to Jupiter or in the region of space magnetically downstream of the Earth. A change to the software was made in April 1999 that allowed the onboard computer to detect these resets and autonomously recover, so as to avoid safe mode. \\\"Galileo\\\" high-gain antenna failed to fully deploy after its first flyby of Earth. The antenna had 18 ribs, like an umbrella and when the driver motor started and put pressure on the ribs, they were supposed to pop out of the cup their tips were held in. Only 15 popped out, leaving\",\n \"The similarity between Mimas's appearance and the Death Star in \\\"Star Wars\\\" due to the large size of Herschel has often been noted, both in the press and in NASA/JPL press releases. This is a coincidence, however, as the crater was not discovered until 1980, three years after the film was made. Herschel (Mimantean crater) Herschel is a huge crater in the leading hemisphere of the Saturnian moon Mimas, on the equator at 100° longitude. It is named after the eighteenth century astronomer William Herschel, who discovered Mimas in 1789. Herschel is the largest crater relative to its parent body\",\n \"Golden Sun to prevent Saturos from activating Mercury Lighthouse with the Mercury Star. Saturos' group leaves for the next Lighthouse with Isaac's party remaining in pursuit. In the ensuing chase, Isaac learns that Saturos has taken another Adept hostage: the female Jupiter Adept, Sheba. Saturos and Menardi activate the Venus Lighthouse with the Venus Star, and are confronted by Isaac's party immediately thereafter. Attempting to annihilate their opponents, Saturos and Menardi magically merge to form a massive two-headed dragon, but Isaac's party slay Saturos and Menardi. Directly following this, Sheba falls from the lighthouse and Felix proceeds to jump out after her.\",\n \"Aoede (moon) Aoede ( ; Greek: \\\"Αοιδή\\\"), also known as ', is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003. It received the temporary designation '. Aoede is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,044 Mm in 714.657 days, at an inclination of 160° to the ecliptic (162° to Jupiter's equator), in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.4311. It was named in March 2005 after Aœde, one of the three original Muses. Aœde\",\n \"Jupiter (mythology) killed by Jupiter with a lightning bolt (indicating that he did not enjoy the god's favour). Varro's definition of Jupiter as the god who has under his jurisdiction the full expression of every being (\\\"penes Iovem sunt summa\\\") reflects the sovereign nature of the god, as opposed to the jurisdiction of Janus (god of passages and change) on their beginning (\\\"penes Ianum sunt prima\\\"). The Capitoline Triad was introduced to Rome by the Tarquins. Dumézil thinks it might have been an Etruscan (or local) creation based on Vitruvius' treatise on architecture, in which the three deities are associated as the\",\n \"to be chained on to the Caucasus cliffs and left for dead. As Amirani struggled to free himself, an eagle attacked his liver every day. Amirani (volcano) Amirani is an active volcano on Jupiter's moon Io, the inner-most of the Galilean Moons. It is located on Io's leading hemisphere at . The volcano is responsible for the largest active lava flow in the entire Solar System, with recent flows dwarfing those of even other volcanos on Io. The volcano was first observed in images acquired by the \\\"Voyager 1\\\" spacecraft in March 1979. Later that year, the International Astronomical Union\",\n \"Poles of astronomical bodies pole. This definition means that an object's direction of rotation may be negative (retrograde rotation) — in other words, it rotates clockwise when viewed from above its north pole, rather than the \\\"normal\\\" counterclockwise direction exhibited by Earth's north pole. Venus rotates in the opposite direction to the other planets, and Uranus has been knocked on its side and rotates almost perpendicular to the rest of the Solar System. The ecliptic remains within 3° of the invariable plane over five million years, but is now inclined about 23.44° to Earth's celestial equator used for the coordinates of poles. This large\",\n \"Upper limb the fingers, form the metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP, including the knuckles) and interphalangeal joints (IP). Of the joints between the carpus and metacarpus, the carpometacarpal joints, only the saddle-shaped joint of the thumb offers a high degree of mobility while the opposite is true for the metacarpophalangeal joints. The joints of the fingers are simple hinge joints. The primary role of the hand itself is grasping and manipulation; tasks for which the hand has been adapted to two main grips — power grip and precision grip. In a power grip an object is held against the palm and in a precision\",\n \"green glows in the same image) have also been observed. Io (moon) Io (Jupiter I) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter. It is the fourth-largest moon, has the highest density of all the moons, and has the least amount of water of any known astronomical object in the Solar System. It was discovered in 1610 and was named after the mythological character Io, a priestess of Hera who became one of Zeus' lovers. With over 400 active volcanoes, Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System. This extreme geologic activity is\",\n \"Galileo Probe The \\\"Galileo\\\" Probe was an atmospheric-entry probe carried by the main \\\"Galileo\\\" spacecraft to Jupiter, where it directly entered a hot spot and returned data from the planet. The probe was built by Hughes Aircraft Company at its El Segundo, California plant, measured about across. Inside the probe's heat shield, the scientific instruments were protected from extreme heat and pressure during its high-speed journey into the Jovian atmosphere, entering at per second. It entered Jupiter on December 7 1995, 22:04 UTC and stopped functioning 23:01 UTC, 57 minutes and 36 seconds later. The probe was released from the\",\n \"of the four original Muses according to some Greek writers, and a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) by Mnemosyne. Thelxinoe belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde irregular moons that orbit Jupiter between 19.3 and 22.7 Gm, at inclinations of roughly 150°. Thelxinoe (moon) Thelxinoe ( ; Greek: \\\"Θελξινόη\\\"), also known as ', is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2004 from pictures taken in 2003, and originally received the temporary designation '. Thelxinoe is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at\",\n \"Milankovitch cycles circular (with the lowest eccentricity of 0.000055) and mildly elliptical (highest eccentricity of 0.0679) Its geometric or logarithmic mean is 0.0019. The major component of these variations occurs with a period of 413,000 years (eccentricity variation of ±0.012). Other components have 95,000-year and 125,000-year cycles (with a beat period of 400,000 years). They loosely combine into a 100,000-year cycle (variation of −0.03 to +0.02). The present eccentricity is 0.017 and decreasing. Eccentricity varies primarily due to the gravitational pull of Jupiter and Saturn. However, the semi-major axis of the orbital ellipse remains unchanged; according to perturbation theory, which computes the\",\n \"De sphaera mundi nine parts: the \\\"first moved\\\" (\\\"primum mobile\\\"), the sphere of the fixed stars (the firmament), and the seven planets, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the sun, Venus, Mercury and the moon. There is a 'right' sphere and an oblique sphere: the right sphere is only observed by those at the equator (if there are such people), everyone else sees the oblique sphere. There are two movements: one of the heavens from east to west on its axis through the Arctic and Antarctic poles, the other of the inferior spheres at 23° in the opposite direction on their own axes. The world, or\",\n \"Ganymede (moon) planet, and the seventh satellite outward from Jupiter. Ganymede orbits Jupiter in roughly seven days and is in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance with the moons Europa and Io, respectively. Ganymede is composed of approximately equal amounts of silicate rock and water ice. It is a fully differentiated body with an iron-rich, liquid core, and an internal ocean that may contain more water than all of Earth's oceans combined. Its surface is composed of two main types of terrain. Dark regions, saturated with impact craters and dated to four billion years ago, cover about a third of the satellite. Lighter regions,\",\n \"Votive relief of Jupiter Dolichenus arms are nearly in the round. The god is shown in a typical pose of Jupiter Dolichenus, with his right arm raised and his left arm bent. There was a thunderbolt held in his left hand, but only the lower part still survives. The labrys usually found in the right hand is completely lost. Jupiter is depicted with a beard and long hair, both of which are depicted in detail with individual spiral locks. Despite the serious damage to the face, the deep-set eyes with drilled pupils can still be made out. On top of his head, he wears a\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":294,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the dead core of a star that is left after the star has shed its"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["even though they have roughly the same size and brightness as the \"giant\" stars of that temperature. The common use of \"dwarf\" to mean main sequence is confusing in another way, because there are dwarf stars which are not main-sequence stars. For example, a white dwarf is the dead core of a star that is left after the star has shed its outer layers, that is much smaller than a main-sequence star, roughly the size of Earth. These represent the final evolutionary stage of many main-sequence stars. By treating the star as an idealized energy radiator known as a black"],"string":"[\n \"even though they have roughly the same size and brightness as the \\\"giant\\\" stars of that temperature. The common use of \\\"dwarf\\\" to mean main sequence is confusing in another way, because there are dwarf stars which are not main-sequence stars. For example, a white dwarf is the dead core of a star that is left after the star has shed its outer layers, that is much smaller than a main-sequence star, roughly the size of Earth. These represent the final evolutionary stage of many main-sequence stars. By treating the star as an idealized energy radiator known as a black\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["star is in the process of evolving into a giant star as the supply of hydrogen at its core becomes exhausted. Compared to the Sun it has 240% of the mass and 230% of the Sun's radius, but is radiating 37 times as much luminosity. This energy is being emitted from the star's outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 9,280 K, giving it the characteristic white-hot glow of an A-type star. \"λ Ursae Majoris\" (Latinised to \"Lambda Ursae Majoris\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \"Tania\" (shared with Mu Ursae Majoris) and \"Tania Borealis\". \"Tania\"","easily summed, baryonic matter can also exist in highly non-luminous form, such as black holes, planets, and highly diffuse interstellar gas. Nonetheless it can still be done, using techniques such as: Prior to 2017, the result came to about 70% of the theoretical predictions. The missing baryon problem was proclaimed solved in 2017, when two groups of scientists working independently found the missing baryons in intergalactic matter. The missing baryons had been postulated to exist as hot strands between galaxy pairs. Because the strands are so diffuse, and because they are not hot enough to emit X-rays, they are difficult","the low-luminosity AGN population is much less well understood due to the difficulty of observing these objects at high redshifts. Dusty surprise around giant black hole Active galactic nucleus An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that has a much higher than normal luminosity over at least some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with characteristics indicating that the luminosity is not produced by stars. Such excess non-stellar emission has been observed in the radio, microwave, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an \"active","nucleus. When CDK is active and it associates with Whi5, then Whi5 will dissociate from SBF, and it will exit the nucleus. However, when CDK is not present or active, then Whi5 will localize back into the nucleus. Whi5 is in the nucleus in late mitosis and G1 phase. Once the mitotic exit network is activated and CDK activity is reduced, Whi5 enters the nucleus. And, when Cln3 activates CDK, then it will cause the dissociation of Whi5 and its concomitant exit from the nucleus. A study done by Kurt Schmoller et. al (2015) shows that, with increasing concentration of","Neutron star produced. The field changes electron energy levels and atoms are forced into thin cylinders. Unlike in an ordinary pulsar, magnetar spin-down can be directly powered by its magnetic field, and the magnetic field is strong enough to stress the crust to the point of fracture. Fractures of the crust cause starquakes, observed as extremely luminous millisecond hard gamma ray bursts. The fireball is trapped by the magnetic field, and comes in and out of view when the star rotates, which is observed as a periodic soft gamma repeater (SGR) emission with a period of 5–8 seconds and which lasts for","of Type IIb, meaning it resulted from the internal collapse and violent explosion of a massive star, most probably a red supergiant with a helium core which had lost almost all of its hydrogen envelope. This was the first observation of the infrared echo of a supernova whose explosion had not been directly observed which opens up the possibility of studying and reconstructing past astronomical events. In 2013, astronomers detected phosphorus in Cassiopeia A, which confirmed that this element is produced in supernovae through supernova nucleosynthesis. The phosphorus-to-iron ratio in material from the supernova remnant could be up to 100","Solar transition region the process as \"evaporation\" by analogy to the more familiar process with water. Likewise, if the amount of heat being applied to coronal material is slightly reduced, the material very rapidly cools down past the temperature catastrophe to around one hundred thousand kelvin, and is said to have \"condensed\". The transition region consists of material at or around this temperature catastrophe. The transition region is visible in far-ultraviolet (FUV) images from the TRACE spacecraft, as a faint nimbus above the dark (in FUV) surface of the Sun and the corona. The nimbus also surrounds FUV-dark features such as solar prominences,","dwarf or a red dwarf, in an elliptical orbit within the Oort cloud. This object, known as Nemesis, was hypothesized to pass through a portion of the Oort cloud approximately every 26 million years, bombarding the inner Solar System with comets. However, to date no evidence of Nemesis or the Oort cloud have been found, and many lines of evidence (such as crater counts), have thrown their existence into doubt. Recent scientific analysis no longer supports the idea that extinctions on Earth happen at regular, repeating intervals. Thus, the Nemesis hypothesis is no longer needed to explain current assumptions. A","QZ Carinae times the Sun's mass and 8.9 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 32,463 K, it is around 80,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Star B1 is less massive than B2 and is assumed to have undergone significant mass loss or mass transfer to B2. Together, all four stars have a combined mass 94 times that of the Sun. Star B is a Beta Lyrae variable eclipsing system. It causes the apparent magnitude of the system to vary regularly every 5.999 days from +6.16 at maximum to +6.49 at the primary minimum and +6.43 at the secondary minimum.","of the Hubble sequence diagram are two parallel branches encompassing the spiral galaxies. A spiral galaxy consists of a flattened disk, with stars forming a (usually two-armed) spiral structure, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. Roughly half of all spirals are also observed to have a bar-like structure, extending from the central bulge, at the ends of which the spiral arms begin. In the tuning-fork diagram, the regular spirals occupy the upper branch and are denoted by the letter S, while the lower branch contains the barred spirals, given the symbol SB. Both type of spirals","Diaschisis Diaschisis (from Greek διάσχισις meaning \"shocked throughout\") is a sudden loss (or change) of function in a portion of the brain connected to a distant, but damaged, brain area. The site of the originally damaged area and of the diaschisis are connected to each other by neurons. The loss of the damaged structure disrupts the function of the remaining intact systems and causes a physiological imbalance. The injury is produced by an acute focal disturbance in an area of the brain, from traumatic brain injury or stroke, for example. Some function may be restored with gradual readjustment of the","star to be identified has about 8% of the Sun’s mass and glows feebly at absolute magnitude +19. Compared to the Sun, which has an absolute of +4.8, this faint star is 14 magnitudes or 400,000 times dimmer than our Sun. Our galaxy's most massive stars begin their lives with masses of roughly 100 times solar, radiating at upwards of absolute magnitude –8, over 160,000 times the solar luminosity. The total range of stellar luminosities, then, occupies a range of 27 magnitudes, or a factor of 60 billion. In measuring star brightnesses, absolute magnitude, apparent magnitude, and distance are interrelated","Ursa Minor has had its mass estimated at 1.3 times that of the Sun via measurement of these oscillations. Kochab is 450 times more luminous than the Sun and has 42 times its diameter, with a surface temperature of approximately 4,130 K. Estimated to be around 2.95 billion years old, give or take 1 billion years, Kochab was announced to have a planetary companion around 6.1 times as massive as Jupiter with an orbit of 522 days. Traditionally known as Pherkad, Gamma Ursae Minoris has an apparent magnitude that varies between 3.04 and 3.09 roughly every 3.4 hours. It and Kochab have","Asterism (gemology) Asterism (from \"star\"), the property of a star stone (asteria), is the phenomenon of gemstones exhibiting a star-like concentration of reflected or refracted light when cut \"en cabochon\" (shaped and polished rather than faceted). The archetypal asteria is the star sapphire, generally corundum with near uniform impurities which is bluish-grey and milky or opalescent, which when lit has a star of six rays. In the red instance stellate reflection is rarer; the star-ruby occasionally found with the star-sapphire in Sri Lanka is among the most valued of \"fancy stones\". Other examples are star-topaz and certain prized chatoyant (lit.","Axial precession the observable precession of the equinox (the stars moving retrograde across the sky), whereas the term \"precession\" as used in physics, generally describes a mechanical process. The precession of the Earth's axis has a number of observable effects. First, the positions of the south and north celestial poles appear to move in circles against the space-fixed backdrop of stars, completing one circuit in approximately 26,000 years. Thus, while today the star Polaris lies approximately at the north celestial pole, this will change over time, and other stars will become the \"north star\". In approximately 3200 years, the star Gamma Cephei","not known if the Solar System is embedded in the Local Interstellar Cloud, or if it is in the region where the Local Interstellar Cloud and G-Cloud are interacting. The Local Interstellar Cloud is an area of denser cloud in an otherwise sparse region known as the Local Bubble, an hourglass-shaped cavity in the interstellar medium roughly 300 light-years (ly) across. The bubble is suffused with high-temperature plasma, that suggests it is the product of several recent supernovae. There are relatively few stars within ten light-years of the Sun. The closest is the triple star system Alpha Centauri, which is","2.63 times the mass of the Sun, and radiates 447 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,490 K. Phi Capricorni is around 1.24 billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 3.8 km/s. In Chinese, (), meaning \"Twelve States\", refers to an asterism which is represent twelve ancient states in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, consisting of φ Capricorni, ι Capricorni, 38 Capricorni, 35 Capricorni, 36 Capricorni, χ Capricorni, θ Capricorni, 30 Capricorni, 33 Capricorni, ζ Capricorni, 19 Capricorni, 26 Capricorni, 27 Capricorni, 20 Capricorni,","and cooled off the main sequence after consuming the hydrogen at its core. It is an estimated 1.5 billion years old with 1.74 times the mass of the Sun. Zeta Normae is radiating approximately 16 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,691 K. Zeta Normae Zeta Normae, Latinised from ζ Normae, is a solitary, yellow-white hued star in the southern constellation of Norma. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.81, it is a dim star near the lower limit of visibility for the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 14.98 mas","for a very long time (15 to 70 billion years, compared to 10 billion for the Sun). Like M-type stars, they tend to have a very small mass, leading to their extremely long lifespan that offers plenty of time for life to develop on orbiting Earth-like, terrestrial planets. In addition, K-type stars emit less ultraviolet radiation (which can damage DNA and thus hamper the emergence of nucleic acid based life) than G-type stars like the Sun. K-type main-sequence stars are also about three to four times as abundant as G-type main-sequence stars, making planet searches easier. While M-type stars are","have merged with a companion star before the supernova. However, it is now widely understood that blue supergiants are natural progenitors of some supernovae, although there is still speculation that the evolution of such stars could require mass loss involving a binary companion. Approximately two to three hours before the visible light from SN 1987A reached Earth, a burst of neutrinos was observed at three neutrino observatories. This was likely due to neutrino emission, which occurs simultaneously with core collapse, but before visible light was emitted. Visible light is transmitted only after the shock wave reaches the stellar surface. At","of heat produced inside it is similar to the total solar radiation it receives. This additional heat is generated by the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism through contraction. This process causes Jupiter to shrink by about 2 cm each year. When it was first formed, Jupiter was much hotter and was about twice its current diameter. Jupiter is thought to consist of a dense core with a mixture of elements, a surrounding layer of liquid metallic hydrogen with some helium, and an outer layer predominantly of molecular hydrogen. Beyond this basic outline, there is still considerable uncertainty. The core is often described as","they are extended and contain no well-defined boundaries. Diffuse nebulae can be divided into emission nebula, reflection nebulae and \"dark nebulae.\" Visible light nebulae may be divided into emission nebulae that emit spectral line radiation from excited or ionized gas (mostly ionized hydrogen); they are often called HII regions (the term \"HII\" refers to ionized hydrogen). Reflection nebulae are visible primarily due to the light they reflect. Reflection nebulae themselves do not emit significant amounts of visible light, but are near stars and reflect light from them. Similar nebulae not illuminated by stars do not exhibit visible radiation, but may","Magnetic braking a rotating disk. At the dense center of this disk a protostar forms, which gains heat from the gravitational energy of the collapse. As the collapse continues, the rotation rate can increase to the point where the accreting protostar can break up due to centrifugal force at the equator. Thus the rotation rate must be braked during the first 100,000 years of the star's life to avoid this scenario. One possible explanation for the braking is the interaction of the protostar's magnetic field with the stellar wind. In the case of our own Sun, when the planets' angular momenta are","where stars are unable to maintain their gas long enough to properly form. There appears to be a number of subpopulations within the Leo Cluster. The first consists of elliptical galaxies that seem to be roughly as old as the universe. The second subpopulation contains red-sequence lenticular (lens shaped) galaxies whose ages are directly tied to their mass. The third and final subpopulation is of galaxies where star formation is still taking place,and are morphologically distributed. Leo Cluster The Leo Cluster (Abell 1367) is a galaxy cluster about 330 million light-years distant (z = 0.022) in the constellation Leo, with","Imum coeli In astrology, the Imum Coeli (Latin for \"bottom of the sky\"), IC, is the point in space where the ecliptic crosses the meridian in the north, exactly opposite the Midheaven. It marks the fourth house cusp in most house systems (this is reversed in the southern hemisphere). The Imum Coeli is said to refer to our roots and also to the least conscious part of ourselves. It symbolizes foundations, beginnings in life, what may have been experienced through parental inheritance and homeland influences, need for security and relationships with the home and family life. It also may describe","Carbon detonation increase in heat with unchanged volume results in an exponentially rapid increase in the rate of fusion – a sort of supercritical event as thermal pressure increases boundlessly. As hydrostatic equilibrium is not possible in this situation, a \"thermonuclear flame\" is triggered and an explosive eruption through the dwarf star's surface that completely disrupts it, seen as a Ia supernova. Regardless of the exact details of this nuclear fusion, it is generally accepted that a substantial fraction of the carbon and oxygen in the white dwarf is converted into heavier elements within a period of only a few seconds, raising","Supernova nucleosynthesis the quasiequilibrium picture presents a comprehensible picture of what actually happens. It also fills in an uncertainty in Hoyle's 1954 theory. The quasiequilibrium buildup shuts off after Ni because the alpha-particle captures become slower whereas the photo ejections from heavier nuclei become faster. Non-alpha-particle nuclei also participate, using a host of reactions similar to Ar + neutron Ar + photon and its inverse which set the stationary abundances of the non-alpha-particle isotopes, where the free densities of protons and neutrons are also established by the quasiequilibrium. However, the abundance of free neutrons is also proportional to the excess of neutrons","Leo Minor apparent magnitude of 4.4. It has around double the mass, 7.8 times the radius and 36 times the luminosity of the Earth's Sun. Separated by 11 seconds of arc from the primary, the secondary is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F8. The two orbit around a common centre of gravity every 38.62 years, and lie away from the Solar System. Around away and around 10 times as luminous as the Sun, 21 Leonis Minoris is a rapidly rotating white main-sequence star, spinning on its axis in less than 12 hours and very likely flattened in shape. Of","and down the side of the cylinder from either direction. Lithic core In archaeology, a lithic core is a distinctive artifact that results from the practice of lithic reduction. In this sense, a core is the scarred nucleus resulting from the detachment of one or more flakes from a lump of source material or tool stone, usually by using a hard hammer percussor such as a hammerstone. The core is marked with the negative scars of these flakes. The surface area of the core which received the blows necessary for detaching the flakes is referred to as the striking platform.","Kepler-62d on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65.","suggest that this may have something to do with its distant alignment to the Magellanic Clouds. The stars in Eridanus II are largely consistent with a very old (~10 billion years) and low-metal ([Fe/H] < −1) population, similar to other small dwarf galaxies as well as many globular clusters. Its color-magnitude diagram (CMD) shows a marked red horizontal branch (RHB), which sometimes marks a metal-rich population (Koposov et al. (2015: 11); Crnojević et al., (2016: 2–3)). The Red Giant Branch (RGB) is relatively vertical, ruling out any large proportion of young (250 million years or less), metal-rich stars (Crnojević et","a giant impact with high energy and high angular momentum. As the synestia cools droplets form in its outer layers and rain inward. Those that remain outside the Roche limit of the inner region accrete to form moonlets and combine to form the moon. The Earth forms later once the synestia cools sufficiently to fall within the co-rotational limit. The formation of the Moon within a cloud of vapor results in its having similar isotopic ratios to the Earth's. The later formation of the Earth (after the synestia cools) enables it to accrete more volatile elements than the Moon. Synestia","into a circumstellar disk, and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun. A nebula contains gas, ice grains, and dust (including primordial nuclides). According to nebular theory, planetesimals formed by accretion, with the primordial Earth taking 10– (Mys) to form. A subject of research is the formation of the Moon, some 4.53 Bya. A leading hypothesis is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a Mars-sized object, named Theia, hit Earth. In this view, the mass of Theia was approximately 10 percent of Earth, it hit Earth with a glancing blow","Variable star dwarf is accreting helium-rich material from either another white dwarf, a helium star, or an evolved main-sequence star. They undergo complex variations, or at times no variations, with ultrashort periods. There are two main groups of extrinsic variables: rotating stars and eclipsing stars. Stars with sizeable sunspots may show significant variations in brightness as they rotate, and brighter areas of the surface are brought into view. Bright spots also occur at the magnetic poles of magnetic stars. Stars with ellipsoidal shapes may also show changes in brightness as they present varying areas of their surfaces to the observer. These are","Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) theory). However, further observations revealed that VIRGOHI21 was an intergalactic gas cloud, stripped from NGC4254 by a high speed collision. The high speed interaction was caused by infall into the Virgo cluster. Dark galaxy A dark galaxy is a hypothesized galaxy with no, or very few, stars. They received their name because they have no visible stars, but may be detectable if they contain significant amounts of gas. Astronomers have long theorized the existence of dark galaxies, but there are no confirmed examples to date. Dark galaxies are distinct from intergalactic gas clouds caused by galactic","those objects. On other planets and moons with active surface geological processes, such as Earth, Venus, Mars, Europa, Io, and Titan, visible impact craters may become eroded, buried, or transformed by tectonics over time. In early literature, before the significance of impact cratering was widely recognised, the terms cryptoexplosion or cryptovolcanic structure were often used to describe what are now recognised as impact-related features on Earth. Molten terrestrial material ejected from a meteorite impact crater can cool and solidify into an object known as a tektite. These are often mistaken for meteorites. Meteoroid A meteoroid () is a small rocky","Sagittae is an estimated 129 million years old with 4.33 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to roughly 27 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 392 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,850 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \"Left Flag\", refers to an asterism consisting of β Sagittae, α Sagittae, δ Sagittae, ζ Sagittae, γ Sagittae, 13 Sagittae, 11 Sagittae, 14 Sagittae and ρ Aquilae. Consequently, β Sagittae itself is known as (, .) Beta Sagittae Beta Sagittae, Latinized from β Sagittae, is a single star in the","Corvus (constellation) Corvus at magnitude 2.59. Its traditional name means \"wing\", the star marking the left wing in Bayer's \"Uranometria\". 154±1 light-years from Earth, it is a blue-white hued giant star of spectral type B8III that is times as massive, and 355 times as luminous as the Sun. Around million years old, it has largely exhausted its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling as it moves away from the main sequence. A binary star, it has a companion orange or red dwarf star of spectral type K5V to M5V that is about 0.8 times as massive as the Sun. Around 50","Cygnus (constellation) North America Nebula is 2 degrees across. Illuminated by a hot embedded star of magnitude 6, NGC 7000 is 1500 light-years from Earth. To the south of Epsilon Cygni is the Veil Nebula (NGC 6960, 6962, 6979, 6992, and 6995), a 5,000-year-old supernova remnant covering approximately 3 degrees of the sky - it is over 50 light-years long. Because of its appearance, it is also called the Cygnus Loop. The Loop is only visible in long-exposure astrophotographs. However, the brightest portion, NGC 6992, is faintly visible in binoculars, and a dimmer portion, NGC 6960, is visible in wide-angle telescopes. The","explanation for some astronomic events, so some use the idea of a dark galaxy to explain these events. Little is known about dark galaxies, and some scientists believe a dark galaxy is actually a newly forming galaxy. One such candidate is in the Virgo cluster. This candidate contains very few stars. Scientists classify this galaxy as a newly forming galaxy, rather than a dark galaxy. Scientists say that the galaxies we see today only began to create stars after dark galaxies. Based on numerous scientific assertions, dark galaxies played a big role in many of the galaxies astronomers and scientists","Delta Leonis times as much luminosity as the Sun. The energy is being emitted from the outer envelope with an effective temperature 8,296 K, giving it the white hue characteristic of an A-type star. Having a larger mass than the Sun it will have a shorter lifespan, and in another 600 million years or so will swell into an orange or red giant star before decaying quietly into a white dwarf. This star is rotating rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of 180 km s. The inclination of the axis of rotation to the line of sight from the Earth is estimated","Black dwarf it will take white dwarfs to cool to blackness. Barrow and Tipler estimate that it would take 10 years for a white dwarf to cool to 5 K; however, if weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) exist, it is possible that interactions with these particles will keep some white dwarfs much warmer than this for approximately 10 years. If protons are not stable, white dwarfs will also be kept warm by energy released from proton decay. For a hypothetical proton lifetime of 10 years, Adams and Laughlin calculate that proton decay will raise the effective surface temperature of an old one-solar-mass","and most of them decay within less than 30 minutes. Of the three nuclear isomers, the most stable is Es with half-life of 39.3 hours. Einsteinium has a high rate of nuclear fission that results in a low critical mass for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This mass is 9.89 kilograms for a bare sphere of Es isotope, and can be lowered to 2.9 by adding a 30-centimeter-thick steel neutron reflector, or even to 2.26 kilograms with a 20-cm-thick reflector made of water. However, even this small critical mass greatly exceeds the total amount of einsteinium isolated thus far, especially","Perseus (constellation) in Perseus. Representing the head of the Gorgon Medusa in Greek mythology, it was called Horus in Egyptian mythology and \"Rosh ha Satan\" (\"Satan's Head\") in Hebrew. Located 92.8 light-years from Earth, it varies in apparent magnitude from a minimum of 3.5 to a maximum of 2.3 over a period of 2.867 days. The star system is the prototype of a group of eclipsing binary stars named Algol variables, though it has a third member to make up what is actually a triple star system. The brightest component is a blue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B8V, which is 3.5","the star continues for another 10 million years, before the disk disappears, perhaps being blown away by the young star's solar wind, or perhaps simply ceasing to emit radiation after accretion has ended. The oldest protoplanetary disk yet discovered is 25 million years old. Protoplanetary disks around T Tauri stars differ from the disks surrounding the primary components of close binary systems with respect to their size and temperature. Protoplanetary disks have radii up to 1000 AU, and only their innermost parts reach temperatures above 1000 K. They are very often accompanied by jets. Protoplanetary disks have been observed around","Beta Pictoris b star named Beta Pictoris. The star has a mass of 1.75 and a radius of 1.8 . It has a surface temperature of 8056 K and is 12 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.06, or 112% of that found in the Sun. Its luminosity () is 8.7 times that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 3. Therefore, it can be seen with the naked eye.","Decay chain radon, a heavy, inert, naturally occurring radioactive gas. Rock containing thorium and/or uranium (such as some granites) emits radon gas that can accumulate in enclosed places such as basements or underground mines. All the elements and isotopes found on Earth, with the exceptions of hydrogen, deuterium, helium, helium-3, and perhaps trace amounts of stable lithium and beryllium isotopes which were created in the Big Bang, were created by the s-process or the r-process in stars, and for those to be today a part of the Earth, must have been created not later than 4.5 billion years ago. All the elements","Pole star that the entire constellation of Ursa Minor, in antiquity known as \"Cynosura\" (Greek Κυνοσούρα \"dog's tail\") was used as indicating the northern direction for the purposes of navigation by the Phoenicians. The ancient name of Ursa Minor, anglicized as \"cynosure\", has since itself become a term for \"guiding principle\" after the constellation's use in navigation. Alpha Ursae Minoris (Polaris) was described as ἀειφανής \"always visible\" by Stobaeus in the 5th century, when it was still removed from the celestial pole by about 8°. It was known as \"scip-steorra\" (\"ship-star\") in 10th-century Anglo-Saxon England, reflecting its use in navigation. In the","of 2.4 billion years it has become a red clump giant, meaning it is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. It has an estimated 1.94 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 44.7 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,017 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \"Twelve States\", refers to an asterism which is represent twelve ancient states in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, consisting of 36 Capricorni, φ Capricorni, ι Capricorni, 37 Capricorni, 35 Capricorni, χ Capricorni, θ Capricorni, 30 Capricorni, 33 Capricorni, ζ Capricorni,","it creates a relativistic shock wave that then propagates forward into interstellar space. A second shock wave, the reverse shock, may propagate back into the ejected matter. Extremely energetic electrons within the shock wave are accelerated by strong local magnetic fields and radiate as synchrotron emission across most of the electromagnetic spectrum. This model has generally been successful in modeling the behavior of many observed afterglows at late times (generally, hours to days after the explosion), although there are difficulties explaining all features of the afterglow very shortly after the gamma-ray burst has occurred. Gamma ray bursts can have harmful","Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right","darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,","region. They may be called \"pre-white dwarfs\". These variables all exhibit small (1%–30%) variations in light output, arising from a superposition of vibrational modes with periods of hundreds to thousands of seconds. Observation of these variations gives asteroseismological evidence about the interiors of white dwarfs. White dwarfs are thought to represent the end point of stellar evolution for main-sequence stars with masses from about 0.07 to 10 . The composition of the white dwarf produced will depend on the initial mass of the star. Current galactic models suggest the Milky Way galaxy currently contains about ten billion white dwarfs. If","implies that Her is dominated by dark matter. The stellar population of Her consists mainly of old stars formed more than 12 billion years ago. The metallicity of these old stars is also very low at , which means that they contain 400 times less heavy elements than the Sun. The stars of Her were probably among the first stars to form in the Universe. Currently there is no star formation in Her. Measurements have so far failed to detect neutral hydrogen in it—the upper limit is 466 solar masses. Hercules (dwarf galaxy) Hercules, or Her, is a dwarf spheroidal","the star is convection. The simplest commonly used model of stellar structure is the spherically symmetric quasi-static model, which assumes that a star is in a steady state and that it is spherically symmetric. It contains four basic first-order differential equations: two represent how matter and pressure vary with radius; two represent how temperature and luminosity vary with radius. In forming the stellar structure equations (exploiting the assumed spherical symmetry), one considers the matter density formula_1, temperature formula_2, total pressure (matter plus radiation) formula_3, luminosity formula_4, and energy generation rate per unit mass formula_5 in a spherical shell of a","stars), V777 Herculis stars (DB variables) and ZZ Ceti stars (DA variables). All pulsate in low-degree, high-order g-modes. The oscillation periods broadly decrease with effective temperature, ranging from about 30 min down to about 1 minute. GW Virginis and ZZ Ceti stars are thought to be excited by the kappa mechanism; V777 Herculis stars by convective blocking. A number of past, present and future spacecraft have asteroseismology studies as a significant part of their missions (order chronological). Asteroseismology Asteroseismology or astroseismology is the study of oscillations in stars. Because a star's different oscillation modes are sensitive to different parts of","the tail, and thus Serpens Cauda is rich in deep-sky objects within our own galaxy. The Eagle Nebula and its associated star cluster, Messier 16 lie 7,000 light-years from Earth in the direction of the galactic center. The nebula measures 70 light-years by 50 light-years and contains the Pillars of Creation, three dust clouds that became famous for the image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. The stars being born in the Eagle Nebula, added to those with an approximate age of 5 million years have an average temperature of 45,000 kelvins and produce prodigious amounts of radiation that will","Recombination (cosmology) Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and make up about 24% of the total mass of baryonic matter. The ionization energy of helium is larger than that of hydrogen and it therefore recombines earlier. Because neutral helium carries two electrons, its recombination proceeds in two steps. The first recombination, formula_6 proceeds near Saha equilibrium and takes place around redshift \"z\"≈ 6000. The second recombination, formula_7, is slower than what would be predicted from Saha equilibrium and takes place around redshift \"z\"≈ 2000. The details of helium recombination are less critical than those of hydrogen recombination for the prediction of cosmic microwave background anisotropies,","and the result can be melting of the facet, known as \"catastrophic optical damage\", or COD. Deterioration of the laser facets with aging and effects of the environment (erosion by water, oxygen, etc.) increases light absorption by the surface, and decreases the COD threshold. A sudden catastrophic failure of the laser due to COD then can occur after many thousands hours in service. One of the methods of increasing the COD threshold in AlGaInP laser structures is the sulfur treatment, which replaces the oxides at the laser facet with chalcogenide glasses. This decreases the recombination velocity of the surface states.","tightly bound binaries (or even a hierarchical triple system). Van Albada pointed out several observational candidates (σ Ori, ADS 12696, ρ Oph, 1 Cas, 8 Lac and 67 Oph) as being OCRs and Wielen (1975) indicated another one, the Ursa Major moving group (Collinder 285). Open cluster remnant In astronomy, an open cluster remnant (OCR) is the final stage in the evolution of an open star cluster. Viktor Ambartsumian (1938) and Lyman Spitzer (1940) showed that, from a theoretical point of view, it was impossible for a star cluster to evaporate completely; furthermore, Spitzer pointed out two possible final results","gas-rich satellite. The spheroid has a boxy shape. The galaxy also has an outer halo. In the centre of the galaxy is predicted to lie a supermassive black hole with mass 10 (129-813 million) . Observed in radio waves, NGC 5322 is a weak source and features two symmetric jets emanating from the galactic core and having a linear length of 1.6 kpc. The two jets are nearly perpendicular to the major axis of the galaxy and the circumnuclear dust disk. NGC 5322 is thought to contain a low-luminosity Active galactic nucleus (AGN), powered by the accretion of gaseous material.","Gliese 667 Cc a mass of 0.31 and a radius of 0.42 . It has a temperature of 3700 K, but its age is poorly constrained, estimates place it greater than 2 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. This star is radiating only 1.4% of the Sun's luminosity from its outer atmosphere. It is known to have a system of two planets: claims have been made for up to seven, but these may be in error due to failure to account for correlated noise in the radial velocity data.","CNO cycle was considered the standard work on nuclear physics for many years and was a significant factor in his being awarded the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics. Bethe's original calculations suggested the CN-cycle was the Sun's primary source of energy. This conclusion arose from what is now-known as a mistaken belief: that the abundance of nitrogen in the sun is approximately 10%, when it is actually less than half a percent. The CN-cycle, named as it contains no stable isotope of oxygen involves the following cycle of transformations: → → → → → → . This cycle is now understood as","Alpha Mensae that is generating energy by fusing hydrogen into helium at its core. It is of similar size but slightly cooler than the Sun, with 110% of the mass, 99% of the radius, and 83% of the Sun's luminosity. The effective temperature of the stellar atmosphere is 5,587 K, and it has a slightly higher (112%) proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium—what Astronomers call the star's metallicity—compared to the Sun. The estimated age of this star is 5.4 billion years, and is rotating at a relatively leisurely projected rotational velocity of 1.7 km/s. Located about 33 light years distant","Variable star position above the instability strip, and they exhibit slow but sometimes large photometric and spectroscopic changes due to high mass loss and occasional larger eruptions, combined with secular variation on an observable timescale. The best known example is Rho Cassiopeiae. While classed as eruptive variables, these stars do not undergo periodic increases in brightness. Instead they spend most of their time at maximum brightness, but at irregular intervals they suddenly fade by 1–9 magnitudes (2.5 to 4000 times dimmer) before recovering to their initial brightness over months to years. Most are classified as yellow supergiants by luminosity, although they are","the star under examination or a feature of the entire class remains to be determined. Red dwarf A red dwarf (or M dwarf) is a small and cool star on the main sequence, of M spectral type. Red dwarfs range in mass from about 0.075 to about 0.50 solar mass and have a surface temperature of less than 4,000 K. Sometimes K-type main-sequence stars, with masses between 0.50-0.8 solar mass, are also included. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Milky Way, at least in the neighborhood of the Sun, but because of their","Frozen star (hypothetical star) In astronomy, a frozen star, besides a disused term for a black hole, is a type of hypothetical star that, according to the astronomers Fred Adams and Gregory P. Laughlin, may appear in the future of the Universe when the metallicity of the interstellar medium is several times the solar value. Due to opacity effects, as metallicity of the interstellar gas increases both the maximum and minimum masses a star can have will decrease. For the latter case, it's expected that an object with a mass of 0.04 solar masses (40 times the mass of Jupiter),","Relativistic star A relativistic star is a rotating neutron star whose behavior is well described by general relativity, but not by classical mechanics. Relativistic stars are one possible source to allow gravitational waves to be studied. Another definition of a relativistic star is one with the equation of state of a special relativistic gas. This can happen when the core of a massive main-sequence star becomes hot enough to generate electron-positron pairs. Stability analysis shows that such a star is only marginally bound, and is unstable to either collapse or explode. This instability is believed to limit the mass of","of G5V, and even in more modern catalogues it is usually listed as a main-sequence star. It is generally considered to still be generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen at its core, but to be in a more evolved state than the sun. The effective temperature of the chromosphere is about 5571 K, giving 51 Pegasi the characteristic yellow hue of a G-type star. It is estimated to be 6.1–8.1 billion years old, somewhat older than the Sun, with a radius 24% larger and 11% more massive. The star has a higher proportion of elements other than hydrogen/helium","the present-day Sun, with a stellar wind 30 times as strong. Its rotation period is 11.2 days at the equator. Epsilon Eridani is smaller and less massive than the Sun, and has a comparatively lower level of elements heavier than helium. It is a main-sequence star of spectral class K2, which means that energy generated at the core through nuclear fusion of hydrogen is emitted from the surface at a temperature of about , giving it an orange hue. The Bayer designation ε Eridani (Latinised as Epsilon Eridani) was established in 1603 by Johann Bayer. It may be a member","Kepler-20f mass to be around 1.2 . Kepler-20 is a Sun-like star in the constellation Lyra with a mass of 0.91 (± 0.03) and a radius of 0.94 (± 0.06) , and is thought to be 8.8 billion years old, though there is a large uncertainty in its age. In other words, Kepler-20 is approximately 9% less massive and 6% shorter than the Sun. The star's metallicity is 0.01 (± 0.04), meaning that the level of iron (and, presumably, other elements) in the star is almost the same as that of the Sun. Metallicity plays an important role in planetary systems,","Decay chain generated by cosmic radiation. Since 1945, the testing and use of nuclear weapons has also released numerous radioactive fission products. Almost all such isotopes decay by either β or β decay modes, changing from one element to another without changing atomic mass. These later daughter products, being closer to stability, generally have longer half-lives until they finally decay into stability. In the four tables below, the minor branches of decay (with the branching probability of less than 0.0001%) are omitted. The energy release includes the total kinetic energy of all the emitted particles (electrons, alpha particles, gamma quanta, neutrinos, Auger","Yellow supergiant star yellow supergiants, but their variability is produced by a different mechanism from the Cepheids. At irregular intervals, they become obscured by dust condensation around the star and their brightness drops dramatically. Supergiants are stars that have evolved away from the main sequence after exhausting the hydrogen in their cores. Yellow supergiants are a heterogenous group of stars crossing the standard categories of stars in the HR diagram at various different stages of their evolution. Stars more massive than spend a few million years on the main sequence as class O and early B stars until the dense hydrogen in their","Decay energy The decay energy is the energy released by a radioactive decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation. This decay, or loss of energy, results in an atom of one type, called the parent nuclide transforming to an atom of a different type, called the daughter nuclide. The energy difference of the reactants is often written as \"Q\": Decay energy is usually quoted in terms of the energy units MeV (million electronvolts) or keV (thousand electronvolts). Types of radioactive decay include The decay energy is the","which was visible from the Earth's surface at the time. During the event (as seen from Earth) Eta Carinae briefly became the second-brightest star in the sky, after Sirius; but the ejected gas and dust have since obscured much of its light. The near-supernova explosion produced two polar lobes, and a large but thin equatorial disk, all moving outward at up to . The Homunculus Nebula is a virtually unique structure, believed to result from the extremely young age. This means that the shape and structure is almost entirely due to the original eruption rather than the interaction with surrounding","Stellar rotation that generate the stellar magnetic field. There is also a complex interaction between a star's rotation distribution and its magnetic field, with the conversion of magnetic energy into kinetic energy modifying the velocity distribution. Stars are believed to form as the result of a collapse of a low-temperature cloud of gas and dust. As the cloud collapses, conservation of angular momentum causes any small net rotation of the cloud to increase, forcing the material into a rotating disk. At the dense center of this disk a protostar forms, which gains heat from the gravitational energy of the collapse. As the","Supernova A supernova ( plural: supernovae or supernovas, abbreviations: SN and SNe) is an event that occurs upon the death of certain types of stars. Supernovae are more energetic than novae. In Latin, \"nova\" means \"new\", referring astronomically to what appears to be a temporary new bright star. Adding the prefix \"super-\" distinguishes supernovae from ordinary novae, which are far less luminous. The word \"supernova\" was coined by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1931. Only three, Milky Way naked-eye supernova events have been observed during the last thousand years, though many have been seen in other galaxies using telescopes.","the disc begins to develop and eventually a madreporite appears. This process lasts for some time, and about 10 months after separation, the comet has a half disc and 4 arms about 1 cm (0.4 in) long. Asexual reproduction in starfish Asexual reproduction in starfish takes place by fission or through autotomy of arms. In fission, the central disc breaks into two pieces and each portion then regenerates the missing parts. In autotomy, an arm is shed which continues to live independently as a \"comet\", eventually growing a new disc and further arms. Only certain genera of starfish are able","G-type main-sequence star A G-type main-sequence star (Spectral type: G-V), often (and imprecisely) called a yellow dwarf, or G dwarf star, is a main-sequence star (luminosity class V) of spectral type G. Such a star has about 0.84 to 1.15 solar masses and surface temperature of between 5,300 and 6,000 K. Like other main-sequence stars, a G-type main-sequence star is converting the element hydrogen to helium in its core by means of nuclear fusion. The Sun, the star to which the Earth is gravitationally bound in the Solar System and the object with the largest apparent magnitude, is an example","Hydrogen-deficient star A hydrogen-deficient star is a type of star that has little or no hydrogen in its atmosphere. Hydrogen deficiency is unusual in a star, as hydrogen is typically the most common element in a stellar atmosphere. Despite being rare, there are a variety of star types that display a hydrogen deficiency. Hydrogen-deficient stars had been noted prior to the discovery of their hydrogen deficiency. In 1797, Edward Pigott noted the profound variation in stellar magnitude of R Coronae Borealis (R CrB). In 1867, Charles Wolf and Georges Rayet discovered unusual emission line structure in Wolf-Rayet stars. Hydrogen deficiency","Hyades (star cluster) separated stars in which later spectral types are common. The core radius is 2.7 parsecs (8.8 light years, a little more than the distance between the Sun and Sirius), while the half-mass radius, within which half the cluster's mass is contained, is 5.7 parsecs (18.6 light years). The tidal radius of 10 parsecs (32.6 light years) represents the Hyades' average outer limit, beyond which a star is unlikely to remain gravitationally bound to the cluster core. Stellar evaporation occurs in the cluster halo as smaller stars are scattered outward by more massive insiders. From the halo they may then be","form clouds, or \"diffuse nebulae\", where star formation takes place. In contrast to spirals, an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years, which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies. In the dense nebulae where stars are produced, much of the hydrogen is in the molecular (H) form, so these nebulae are called molecular clouds. Observations indicate that the coldest clouds tend to form low-mass stars, observed first in the infrared inside the clouds, then in visible light at their surface when the clouds dissipate, while","Solar core to convection, and the speed at which heat moves outward becomes considerably faster. In the process of heat transfer from core to photosphere, each gamma ray in the Sun's core is converted during scattering into several million visible light photons before escaping into space. Neutrinos are also released by the fusion reactions in the core, but unlike photons they very rarely interact with matter, so almost all are able to escape the Sun immediately. For many years measurements of the number of neutrinos produced in the Sun were much lower than theories predicted, a problem which was recently resolved through","with a stable stellar activity. Many red dwarfs like Proxima Centauri and TRAPPIST-1 are prone to releasing potentially deadly flares caused by powerful magnetic fields. Billions of years of exposure to these flares can potentially strip a planet of its atmosphere and render it sterile with possibly dangerous amounts of radiation. While Ross 128 is known to produce such flares, they are currently much less common and less powerful than those of the previously mentioned stars. This reduces the odds of atmospheric erosion (if Ross 128 b has one) and would increase the odds of its retention over geological timescales.","very similar to a Wolf Rayet star. While the stellar wind from a red supergiant is dense and slow, the wind from a blue supergiant is fast but sparse. When a red supergiant becomes a blue supergiant, the faster wind it produces impacts the already emitted slow wind and causes the outflowing material to condense into a thin shell. In some cases several concentric faint shells can be seen from successive episodes of mass loss, either previous blue loops from the red supergiant stage, or eruptions such as LBV outbursts. Blue supergiant star Blue supergiant stars are hot luminous stars,","star proportionately longer than a star such as the Sun where helium steadily accumulates at the core. In combination with a lower rate of hydrogen consumption due to its low mass, the convection will allow Wolf 359 to remain a main-sequence star for about eight trillion years. A search of this star by the Hubble Space Telescope revealed no stellar companions, although this does not preclude the presence of smaller companions that are below the telescope's detection limit, such as a planet orbiting within one astronomical unit of the star. No excess infrared emission has been detected, which may indicate","However, the physical mechanism is not well understood. When Schwarzschild first proposed his theory of huge convection cells, he argued it was the likely cause of mass loss in evolved supergiants like Betelgeuse. Recent work has corroborated this hypothesis, yet there are still uncertainties about the structure of their convection, the mechanism of their mass loss, the way dust forms in their extended atmosphere, and the conditions which precipitate their dramatic finale as a type II supernova. In 2001, Graham Harper estimated a stellar wind at 0.03 every 10,000 years, but research since 2009 has provided evidence of episodic mass","Silicon-burning process In astrophysics, silicon burning is a very brief sequence of nuclear fusion reactions that occur in massive stars with a minimum of about 8-11 solar masses. Silicon burning is the final stage of fusion for massive stars that have run out of the fuels that power them for their long lives in the \"main sequence\" on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. It follows the previous stages of hydrogen, helium, carbon, neon and oxygen burning processes. Silicon burning begins when gravitational contraction raises the star’s core temperature to 2.7-3.5 billion Kelvin (GK). The exact temperature depends on mass. When a star","Solar System to their current orbits through various gravitational interactions. Within 50 million years, the pressure and density of hydrogen in the centre of the protostar became great enough for it to begin thermonuclear fusion. The temperature, reaction rate, pressure, and density increased until hydrostatic equilibrium was achieved: the thermal pressure equalled the force of gravity. At this point, the Sun became a main-sequence star. The main-sequence phase, from beginning to end, will last about 10 billion years for the Sun compared to around two billion years for all other phases of the Sun's pre-remnant life combined. Solar wind from the Sun","outer layers of intermediate-mass stars cool sufficiently to become opaque, their hydrogen shells increase in temperature and the stars start to become more luminous. This is known as the red giant branch; it is a relatively long-lived stage and it appears prominently in H-R diagrams. These stars will eventually end their lives as white dwarfs. The most massive stars do not become red giants, instead their cores quickly become hot enough to fuse helium and eventually heavier elements and they are known as supergiants. They follow approximately horizontal evolutionary tracks from the main sequence across the top of the H-R","Sun From the core out to about 0.7 solar radii, thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer. The temperature drops from approximately 7 million to 2 million kelvins with increasing distance from the core. This temperature gradient is less than the value of the adiabatic lapse rate and hence cannot drive convection, which explains why the transfer of energy through this zone is by radiation instead of thermal convection. Ions of hydrogen and helium emit photons, which travel only a brief distance before being reabsorbed by other ions. The density drops a hundredfold (from 20 g/cm to 0.2 g/cm)","the end of their lives, stellar models suggest they will slowly become brighter and hotter before running out of hydrogen fuel and becoming low-mass white dwarfs. Stellar evolution is not studied by observing the life of a single star, as most stellar changes occur too slowly to be detected, even over many centuries. Instead, astrophysicists come to understand how stars evolve by observing numerous stars at various points in their lifetime, and by simulating stellar structure using computer models. Stellar evolution starts with the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud. Typical giant molecular clouds are roughly across and contain","that, to maintain equilibrium, the gravitational potential energy must equal twice the internal thermal energy. If a pocket of gas is massive enough that the gas pressure is insufficient to support it, the cloud will undergo gravitational collapse. The mass above which a cloud will undergo such collapse is called the Jeans mass. This mass depends on the temperature and density of the cloud, but is typically thousands to tens of thousands of solar masses. At what is called the death of the star (when a star has burned out its fuel supply), it will undergo a contraction that can","Degenerate matter at low temperatures. Degenerate gases strongly resist further compression because the electrons cannot move to already filled lower energy levels due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Since electrons cannot give up energy by moving to lower energy states, no thermal energy can be extracted. The momentum of the fermions in the fermion gas nevertheless generates pressure, termed 'degeneracy pressure'. Under high densities the matter becomes a degenerate gas when the electrons are all stripped from their parent atoms. In the core of a star, once hydrogen burning in nuclear fusion reactions stops, it becomes a collection of positively charged ions,","Carbon detonation A white dwarf is the remnant of a small to medium size star (our sun is an example of these). At the end of its life, the star has burned its hydrogen and helium fuel, and thermonuclear fusion processes cease. The star does not have enough mass to either burn much heavier elements, or to implode into a neutron star or type II supernova as a larger star can, from the force of its own gravity, so it gradually shrinks and becomes very dense as it cools, glowing white and then red, for a period many times longer than the","the core and gradually an inner core of helium has begun to form that cannot be fused because presently the Sun's core is not hot or dense enough to fuse helium. In the current photosphere the helium fraction is reduced, and the metallicity is only 84% of what it was in the protostellar phase (before nuclear fusion in the core started). In the future, helium will continue to accumulate in the core, and in about 5 billion years this gradual build-up will eventually cause the Sun to exit the main sequence and become a red giant. The chemical composition of","at the core will slowly increase, as will the star's temperature and luminosity. The Sun, for example, is estimated to have increased in luminosity by about 40% since it reached the main sequence 4.6 billion (4.6 × 10) years ago. Every star generates a stellar wind of particles that causes a continual outflow of gas into space. For most stars, the mass lost is negligible. The Sun loses 10 every year, or about 0.01% of its total mass over its entire lifespan. However, very massive stars can lose 10 to 10 each year, significantly affecting their evolution. Stars that begin","even though they have roughly the same size and brightness as the \"giant\" stars of that temperature. The common use of \"dwarf\" to mean main sequence is confusing in another way, because there are dwarf stars which are not main-sequence stars. For example, a white dwarf is the dead core of a star that is left after the star has shed its outer layers, that is much smaller than a main-sequence star, roughly the size of Earth. These represent the final evolutionary stage of many main-sequence stars. By treating the star as an idealized energy radiator known as a black"],"string":"[\n \"star is in the process of evolving into a giant star as the supply of hydrogen at its core becomes exhausted. Compared to the Sun it has 240% of the mass and 230% of the Sun's radius, but is radiating 37 times as much luminosity. This energy is being emitted from the star's outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 9,280 K, giving it the characteristic white-hot glow of an A-type star. \\\"λ Ursae Majoris\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Lambda Ursae Majoris\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names \\\"Tania\\\" (shared with Mu Ursae Majoris) and \\\"Tania Borealis\\\". \\\"Tania\\\"\",\n \"easily summed, baryonic matter can also exist in highly non-luminous form, such as black holes, planets, and highly diffuse interstellar gas. Nonetheless it can still be done, using techniques such as: Prior to 2017, the result came to about 70% of the theoretical predictions. The missing baryon problem was proclaimed solved in 2017, when two groups of scientists working independently found the missing baryons in intergalactic matter. The missing baryons had been postulated to exist as hot strands between galaxy pairs. Because the strands are so diffuse, and because they are not hot enough to emit X-rays, they are difficult\",\n \"the low-luminosity AGN population is much less well understood due to the difficulty of observing these objects at high redshifts. Dusty surprise around giant black hole Active galactic nucleus An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that has a much higher than normal luminosity over at least some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with characteristics indicating that the luminosity is not produced by stars. Such excess non-stellar emission has been observed in the radio, microwave, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an \\\"active\",\n \"nucleus. When CDK is active and it associates with Whi5, then Whi5 will dissociate from SBF, and it will exit the nucleus. However, when CDK is not present or active, then Whi5 will localize back into the nucleus. Whi5 is in the nucleus in late mitosis and G1 phase. Once the mitotic exit network is activated and CDK activity is reduced, Whi5 enters the nucleus. And, when Cln3 activates CDK, then it will cause the dissociation of Whi5 and its concomitant exit from the nucleus. A study done by Kurt Schmoller et. al (2015) shows that, with increasing concentration of\",\n \"Neutron star produced. The field changes electron energy levels and atoms are forced into thin cylinders. Unlike in an ordinary pulsar, magnetar spin-down can be directly powered by its magnetic field, and the magnetic field is strong enough to stress the crust to the point of fracture. Fractures of the crust cause starquakes, observed as extremely luminous millisecond hard gamma ray bursts. The fireball is trapped by the magnetic field, and comes in and out of view when the star rotates, which is observed as a periodic soft gamma repeater (SGR) emission with a period of 5–8 seconds and which lasts for\",\n \"of Type IIb, meaning it resulted from the internal collapse and violent explosion of a massive star, most probably a red supergiant with a helium core which had lost almost all of its hydrogen envelope. This was the first observation of the infrared echo of a supernova whose explosion had not been directly observed which opens up the possibility of studying and reconstructing past astronomical events. In 2013, astronomers detected phosphorus in Cassiopeia A, which confirmed that this element is produced in supernovae through supernova nucleosynthesis. The phosphorus-to-iron ratio in material from the supernova remnant could be up to 100\",\n \"Solar transition region the process as \\\"evaporation\\\" by analogy to the more familiar process with water. Likewise, if the amount of heat being applied to coronal material is slightly reduced, the material very rapidly cools down past the temperature catastrophe to around one hundred thousand kelvin, and is said to have \\\"condensed\\\". The transition region consists of material at or around this temperature catastrophe. The transition region is visible in far-ultraviolet (FUV) images from the TRACE spacecraft, as a faint nimbus above the dark (in FUV) surface of the Sun and the corona. The nimbus also surrounds FUV-dark features such as solar prominences,\",\n \"dwarf or a red dwarf, in an elliptical orbit within the Oort cloud. This object, known as Nemesis, was hypothesized to pass through a portion of the Oort cloud approximately every 26 million years, bombarding the inner Solar System with comets. However, to date no evidence of Nemesis or the Oort cloud have been found, and many lines of evidence (such as crater counts), have thrown their existence into doubt. Recent scientific analysis no longer supports the idea that extinctions on Earth happen at regular, repeating intervals. Thus, the Nemesis hypothesis is no longer needed to explain current assumptions. A\",\n \"QZ Carinae times the Sun's mass and 8.9 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 32,463 K, it is around 80,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Star B1 is less massive than B2 and is assumed to have undergone significant mass loss or mass transfer to B2. Together, all four stars have a combined mass 94 times that of the Sun. Star B is a Beta Lyrae variable eclipsing system. It causes the apparent magnitude of the system to vary regularly every 5.999 days from +6.16 at maximum to +6.49 at the primary minimum and +6.43 at the secondary minimum.\",\n \"of the Hubble sequence diagram are two parallel branches encompassing the spiral galaxies. A spiral galaxy consists of a flattened disk, with stars forming a (usually two-armed) spiral structure, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. Roughly half of all spirals are also observed to have a bar-like structure, extending from the central bulge, at the ends of which the spiral arms begin. In the tuning-fork diagram, the regular spirals occupy the upper branch and are denoted by the letter S, while the lower branch contains the barred spirals, given the symbol SB. Both type of spirals\",\n \"Diaschisis Diaschisis (from Greek διάσχισις meaning \\\"shocked throughout\\\") is a sudden loss (or change) of function in a portion of the brain connected to a distant, but damaged, brain area. The site of the originally damaged area and of the diaschisis are connected to each other by neurons. The loss of the damaged structure disrupts the function of the remaining intact systems and causes a physiological imbalance. The injury is produced by an acute focal disturbance in an area of the brain, from traumatic brain injury or stroke, for example. Some function may be restored with gradual readjustment of the\",\n \"star to be identified has about 8% of the Sun’s mass and glows feebly at absolute magnitude +19. Compared to the Sun, which has an absolute of +4.8, this faint star is 14 magnitudes or 400,000 times dimmer than our Sun. Our galaxy's most massive stars begin their lives with masses of roughly 100 times solar, radiating at upwards of absolute magnitude –8, over 160,000 times the solar luminosity. The total range of stellar luminosities, then, occupies a range of 27 magnitudes, or a factor of 60 billion. In measuring star brightnesses, absolute magnitude, apparent magnitude, and distance are interrelated\",\n \"Ursa Minor has had its mass estimated at 1.3 times that of the Sun via measurement of these oscillations. Kochab is 450 times more luminous than the Sun and has 42 times its diameter, with a surface temperature of approximately 4,130 K. Estimated to be around 2.95 billion years old, give or take 1 billion years, Kochab was announced to have a planetary companion around 6.1 times as massive as Jupiter with an orbit of 522 days. Traditionally known as Pherkad, Gamma Ursae Minoris has an apparent magnitude that varies between 3.04 and 3.09 roughly every 3.4 hours. It and Kochab have\",\n \"Asterism (gemology) Asterism (from \\\"star\\\"), the property of a star stone (asteria), is the phenomenon of gemstones exhibiting a star-like concentration of reflected or refracted light when cut \\\"en cabochon\\\" (shaped and polished rather than faceted). The archetypal asteria is the star sapphire, generally corundum with near uniform impurities which is bluish-grey and milky or opalescent, which when lit has a star of six rays. In the red instance stellate reflection is rarer; the star-ruby occasionally found with the star-sapphire in Sri Lanka is among the most valued of \\\"fancy stones\\\". Other examples are star-topaz and certain prized chatoyant (lit.\",\n \"Axial precession the observable precession of the equinox (the stars moving retrograde across the sky), whereas the term \\\"precession\\\" as used in physics, generally describes a mechanical process. The precession of the Earth's axis has a number of observable effects. First, the positions of the south and north celestial poles appear to move in circles against the space-fixed backdrop of stars, completing one circuit in approximately 26,000 years. Thus, while today the star Polaris lies approximately at the north celestial pole, this will change over time, and other stars will become the \\\"north star\\\". In approximately 3200 years, the star Gamma Cephei\",\n \"not known if the Solar System is embedded in the Local Interstellar Cloud, or if it is in the region where the Local Interstellar Cloud and G-Cloud are interacting. The Local Interstellar Cloud is an area of denser cloud in an otherwise sparse region known as the Local Bubble, an hourglass-shaped cavity in the interstellar medium roughly 300 light-years (ly) across. The bubble is suffused with high-temperature plasma, that suggests it is the product of several recent supernovae. There are relatively few stars within ten light-years of the Sun. The closest is the triple star system Alpha Centauri, which is\",\n \"2.63 times the mass of the Sun, and radiates 447 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,490 K. Phi Capricorni is around 1.24 billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 3.8 km/s. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Twelve States\\\", refers to an asterism which is represent twelve ancient states in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, consisting of φ Capricorni, ι Capricorni, 38 Capricorni, 35 Capricorni, 36 Capricorni, χ Capricorni, θ Capricorni, 30 Capricorni, 33 Capricorni, ζ Capricorni, 19 Capricorni, 26 Capricorni, 27 Capricorni, 20 Capricorni,\",\n \"and cooled off the main sequence after consuming the hydrogen at its core. It is an estimated 1.5 billion years old with 1.74 times the mass of the Sun. Zeta Normae is radiating approximately 16 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,691 K. Zeta Normae Zeta Normae, Latinised from ζ Normae, is a solitary, yellow-white hued star in the southern constellation of Norma. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.81, it is a dim star near the lower limit of visibility for the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 14.98 mas\",\n \"for a very long time (15 to 70 billion years, compared to 10 billion for the Sun). Like M-type stars, they tend to have a very small mass, leading to their extremely long lifespan that offers plenty of time for life to develop on orbiting Earth-like, terrestrial planets. In addition, K-type stars emit less ultraviolet radiation (which can damage DNA and thus hamper the emergence of nucleic acid based life) than G-type stars like the Sun. K-type main-sequence stars are also about three to four times as abundant as G-type main-sequence stars, making planet searches easier. While M-type stars are\",\n \"have merged with a companion star before the supernova. However, it is now widely understood that blue supergiants are natural progenitors of some supernovae, although there is still speculation that the evolution of such stars could require mass loss involving a binary companion. Approximately two to three hours before the visible light from SN 1987A reached Earth, a burst of neutrinos was observed at three neutrino observatories. This was likely due to neutrino emission, which occurs simultaneously with core collapse, but before visible light was emitted. Visible light is transmitted only after the shock wave reaches the stellar surface. At\",\n \"of heat produced inside it is similar to the total solar radiation it receives. This additional heat is generated by the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism through contraction. This process causes Jupiter to shrink by about 2 cm each year. When it was first formed, Jupiter was much hotter and was about twice its current diameter. Jupiter is thought to consist of a dense core with a mixture of elements, a surrounding layer of liquid metallic hydrogen with some helium, and an outer layer predominantly of molecular hydrogen. Beyond this basic outline, there is still considerable uncertainty. The core is often described as\",\n \"they are extended and contain no well-defined boundaries. Diffuse nebulae can be divided into emission nebula, reflection nebulae and \\\"dark nebulae.\\\" Visible light nebulae may be divided into emission nebulae that emit spectral line radiation from excited or ionized gas (mostly ionized hydrogen); they are often called HII regions (the term \\\"HII\\\" refers to ionized hydrogen). Reflection nebulae are visible primarily due to the light they reflect. Reflection nebulae themselves do not emit significant amounts of visible light, but are near stars and reflect light from them. Similar nebulae not illuminated by stars do not exhibit visible radiation, but may\",\n \"Magnetic braking a rotating disk. At the dense center of this disk a protostar forms, which gains heat from the gravitational energy of the collapse. As the collapse continues, the rotation rate can increase to the point where the accreting protostar can break up due to centrifugal force at the equator. Thus the rotation rate must be braked during the first 100,000 years of the star's life to avoid this scenario. One possible explanation for the braking is the interaction of the protostar's magnetic field with the stellar wind. In the case of our own Sun, when the planets' angular momenta are\",\n \"where stars are unable to maintain their gas long enough to properly form. There appears to be a number of subpopulations within the Leo Cluster. The first consists of elliptical galaxies that seem to be roughly as old as the universe. The second subpopulation contains red-sequence lenticular (lens shaped) galaxies whose ages are directly tied to their mass. The third and final subpopulation is of galaxies where star formation is still taking place,and are morphologically distributed. Leo Cluster The Leo Cluster (Abell 1367) is a galaxy cluster about 330 million light-years distant (z = 0.022) in the constellation Leo, with\",\n \"Imum coeli In astrology, the Imum Coeli (Latin for \\\"bottom of the sky\\\"), IC, is the point in space where the ecliptic crosses the meridian in the north, exactly opposite the Midheaven. It marks the fourth house cusp in most house systems (this is reversed in the southern hemisphere). The Imum Coeli is said to refer to our roots and also to the least conscious part of ourselves. It symbolizes foundations, beginnings in life, what may have been experienced through parental inheritance and homeland influences, need for security and relationships with the home and family life. It also may describe\",\n \"Carbon detonation increase in heat with unchanged volume results in an exponentially rapid increase in the rate of fusion – a sort of supercritical event as thermal pressure increases boundlessly. As hydrostatic equilibrium is not possible in this situation, a \\\"thermonuclear flame\\\" is triggered and an explosive eruption through the dwarf star's surface that completely disrupts it, seen as a Ia supernova. Regardless of the exact details of this nuclear fusion, it is generally accepted that a substantial fraction of the carbon and oxygen in the white dwarf is converted into heavier elements within a period of only a few seconds, raising\",\n \"Supernova nucleosynthesis the quasiequilibrium picture presents a comprehensible picture of what actually happens. It also fills in an uncertainty in Hoyle's 1954 theory. The quasiequilibrium buildup shuts off after Ni because the alpha-particle captures become slower whereas the photo ejections from heavier nuclei become faster. Non-alpha-particle nuclei also participate, using a host of reactions similar to Ar + neutron Ar + photon and its inverse which set the stationary abundances of the non-alpha-particle isotopes, where the free densities of protons and neutrons are also established by the quasiequilibrium. However, the abundance of free neutrons is also proportional to the excess of neutrons\",\n \"Leo Minor apparent magnitude of 4.4. It has around double the mass, 7.8 times the radius and 36 times the luminosity of the Earth's Sun. Separated by 11 seconds of arc from the primary, the secondary is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F8. The two orbit around a common centre of gravity every 38.62 years, and lie away from the Solar System. Around away and around 10 times as luminous as the Sun, 21 Leonis Minoris is a rapidly rotating white main-sequence star, spinning on its axis in less than 12 hours and very likely flattened in shape. Of\",\n \"and down the side of the cylinder from either direction. Lithic core In archaeology, a lithic core is a distinctive artifact that results from the practice of lithic reduction. In this sense, a core is the scarred nucleus resulting from the detachment of one or more flakes from a lump of source material or tool stone, usually by using a hard hammer percussor such as a hammerstone. The core is marked with the negative scars of these flakes. The surface area of the core which received the blows necessary for detaching the flakes is referred to as the striking platform.\",\n \"Kepler-62d on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65.\",\n \"suggest that this may have something to do with its distant alignment to the Magellanic Clouds. The stars in Eridanus II are largely consistent with a very old (~10 billion years) and low-metal ([Fe/H] < −1) population, similar to other small dwarf galaxies as well as many globular clusters. Its color-magnitude diagram (CMD) shows a marked red horizontal branch (RHB), which sometimes marks a metal-rich population (Koposov et al. (2015: 11); Crnojević et al., (2016: 2–3)). The Red Giant Branch (RGB) is relatively vertical, ruling out any large proportion of young (250 million years or less), metal-rich stars (Crnojević et\",\n \"a giant impact with high energy and high angular momentum. As the synestia cools droplets form in its outer layers and rain inward. Those that remain outside the Roche limit of the inner region accrete to form moonlets and combine to form the moon. The Earth forms later once the synestia cools sufficiently to fall within the co-rotational limit. The formation of the Moon within a cloud of vapor results in its having similar isotopic ratios to the Earth's. The later formation of the Earth (after the synestia cools) enables it to accrete more volatile elements than the Moon. Synestia\",\n \"into a circumstellar disk, and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun. A nebula contains gas, ice grains, and dust (including primordial nuclides). According to nebular theory, planetesimals formed by accretion, with the primordial Earth taking 10– (Mys) to form. A subject of research is the formation of the Moon, some 4.53 Bya. A leading hypothesis is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a Mars-sized object, named Theia, hit Earth. In this view, the mass of Theia was approximately 10 percent of Earth, it hit Earth with a glancing blow\",\n \"Variable star dwarf is accreting helium-rich material from either another white dwarf, a helium star, or an evolved main-sequence star. They undergo complex variations, or at times no variations, with ultrashort periods. There are two main groups of extrinsic variables: rotating stars and eclipsing stars. Stars with sizeable sunspots may show significant variations in brightness as they rotate, and brighter areas of the surface are brought into view. Bright spots also occur at the magnetic poles of magnetic stars. Stars with ellipsoidal shapes may also show changes in brightness as they present varying areas of their surfaces to the observer. These are\",\n \"Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) theory). However, further observations revealed that VIRGOHI21 was an intergalactic gas cloud, stripped from NGC4254 by a high speed collision. The high speed interaction was caused by infall into the Virgo cluster. Dark galaxy A dark galaxy is a hypothesized galaxy with no, or very few, stars. They received their name because they have no visible stars, but may be detectable if they contain significant amounts of gas. Astronomers have long theorized the existence of dark galaxies, but there are no confirmed examples to date. Dark galaxies are distinct from intergalactic gas clouds caused by galactic\",\n \"those objects. On other planets and moons with active surface geological processes, such as Earth, Venus, Mars, Europa, Io, and Titan, visible impact craters may become eroded, buried, or transformed by tectonics over time. In early literature, before the significance of impact cratering was widely recognised, the terms cryptoexplosion or cryptovolcanic structure were often used to describe what are now recognised as impact-related features on Earth. Molten terrestrial material ejected from a meteorite impact crater can cool and solidify into an object known as a tektite. These are often mistaken for meteorites. Meteoroid A meteoroid () is a small rocky\",\n \"Sagittae is an estimated 129 million years old with 4.33 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to roughly 27 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 392 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,850 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Left Flag\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of β Sagittae, α Sagittae, δ Sagittae, ζ Sagittae, γ Sagittae, 13 Sagittae, 11 Sagittae, 14 Sagittae and ρ Aquilae. Consequently, β Sagittae itself is known as (, .) Beta Sagittae Beta Sagittae, Latinized from β Sagittae, is a single star in the\",\n \"Corvus (constellation) Corvus at magnitude 2.59. Its traditional name means \\\"wing\\\", the star marking the left wing in Bayer's \\\"Uranometria\\\". 154±1 light-years from Earth, it is a blue-white hued giant star of spectral type B8III that is times as massive, and 355 times as luminous as the Sun. Around million years old, it has largely exhausted its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling as it moves away from the main sequence. A binary star, it has a companion orange or red dwarf star of spectral type K5V to M5V that is about 0.8 times as massive as the Sun. Around 50\",\n \"Cygnus (constellation) North America Nebula is 2 degrees across. Illuminated by a hot embedded star of magnitude 6, NGC 7000 is 1500 light-years from Earth. To the south of Epsilon Cygni is the Veil Nebula (NGC 6960, 6962, 6979, 6992, and 6995), a 5,000-year-old supernova remnant covering approximately 3 degrees of the sky - it is over 50 light-years long. Because of its appearance, it is also called the Cygnus Loop. The Loop is only visible in long-exposure astrophotographs. However, the brightest portion, NGC 6992, is faintly visible in binoculars, and a dimmer portion, NGC 6960, is visible in wide-angle telescopes. The\",\n \"explanation for some astronomic events, so some use the idea of a dark galaxy to explain these events. Little is known about dark galaxies, and some scientists believe a dark galaxy is actually a newly forming galaxy. One such candidate is in the Virgo cluster. This candidate contains very few stars. Scientists classify this galaxy as a newly forming galaxy, rather than a dark galaxy. Scientists say that the galaxies we see today only began to create stars after dark galaxies. Based on numerous scientific assertions, dark galaxies played a big role in many of the galaxies astronomers and scientists\",\n \"Delta Leonis times as much luminosity as the Sun. The energy is being emitted from the outer envelope with an effective temperature 8,296 K, giving it the white hue characteristic of an A-type star. Having a larger mass than the Sun it will have a shorter lifespan, and in another 600 million years or so will swell into an orange or red giant star before decaying quietly into a white dwarf. This star is rotating rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of 180 km s. The inclination of the axis of rotation to the line of sight from the Earth is estimated\",\n \"Black dwarf it will take white dwarfs to cool to blackness. Barrow and Tipler estimate that it would take 10 years for a white dwarf to cool to 5 K; however, if weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) exist, it is possible that interactions with these particles will keep some white dwarfs much warmer than this for approximately 10 years. If protons are not stable, white dwarfs will also be kept warm by energy released from proton decay. For a hypothetical proton lifetime of 10 years, Adams and Laughlin calculate that proton decay will raise the effective surface temperature of an old one-solar-mass\",\n \"and most of them decay within less than 30 minutes. Of the three nuclear isomers, the most stable is Es with half-life of 39.3 hours. Einsteinium has a high rate of nuclear fission that results in a low critical mass for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This mass is 9.89 kilograms for a bare sphere of Es isotope, and can be lowered to 2.9 by adding a 30-centimeter-thick steel neutron reflector, or even to 2.26 kilograms with a 20-cm-thick reflector made of water. However, even this small critical mass greatly exceeds the total amount of einsteinium isolated thus far, especially\",\n \"Perseus (constellation) in Perseus. Representing the head of the Gorgon Medusa in Greek mythology, it was called Horus in Egyptian mythology and \\\"Rosh ha Satan\\\" (\\\"Satan's Head\\\") in Hebrew. Located 92.8 light-years from Earth, it varies in apparent magnitude from a minimum of 3.5 to a maximum of 2.3 over a period of 2.867 days. The star system is the prototype of a group of eclipsing binary stars named Algol variables, though it has a third member to make up what is actually a triple star system. The brightest component is a blue-white main-sequence star of spectral type B8V, which is 3.5\",\n \"the star continues for another 10 million years, before the disk disappears, perhaps being blown away by the young star's solar wind, or perhaps simply ceasing to emit radiation after accretion has ended. The oldest protoplanetary disk yet discovered is 25 million years old. Protoplanetary disks around T Tauri stars differ from the disks surrounding the primary components of close binary systems with respect to their size and temperature. Protoplanetary disks have radii up to 1000 AU, and only their innermost parts reach temperatures above 1000 K. They are very often accompanied by jets. Protoplanetary disks have been observed around\",\n \"Beta Pictoris b star named Beta Pictoris. The star has a mass of 1.75 and a radius of 1.8 . It has a surface temperature of 8056 K and is 12 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.06, or 112% of that found in the Sun. Its luminosity () is 8.7 times that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 3. Therefore, it can be seen with the naked eye.\",\n \"Decay chain radon, a heavy, inert, naturally occurring radioactive gas. Rock containing thorium and/or uranium (such as some granites) emits radon gas that can accumulate in enclosed places such as basements or underground mines. All the elements and isotopes found on Earth, with the exceptions of hydrogen, deuterium, helium, helium-3, and perhaps trace amounts of stable lithium and beryllium isotopes which were created in the Big Bang, were created by the s-process or the r-process in stars, and for those to be today a part of the Earth, must have been created not later than 4.5 billion years ago. All the elements\",\n \"Pole star that the entire constellation of Ursa Minor, in antiquity known as \\\"Cynosura\\\" (Greek Κυνοσούρα \\\"dog's tail\\\") was used as indicating the northern direction for the purposes of navigation by the Phoenicians. The ancient name of Ursa Minor, anglicized as \\\"cynosure\\\", has since itself become a term for \\\"guiding principle\\\" after the constellation's use in navigation. Alpha Ursae Minoris (Polaris) was described as ἀειφανής \\\"always visible\\\" by Stobaeus in the 5th century, when it was still removed from the celestial pole by about 8°. It was known as \\\"scip-steorra\\\" (\\\"ship-star\\\") in 10th-century Anglo-Saxon England, reflecting its use in navigation. In the\",\n \"of 2.4 billion years it has become a red clump giant, meaning it is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. It has an estimated 1.94 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 44.7 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,017 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Twelve States\\\", refers to an asterism which is represent twelve ancient states in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, consisting of 36 Capricorni, φ Capricorni, ι Capricorni, 37 Capricorni, 35 Capricorni, χ Capricorni, θ Capricorni, 30 Capricorni, 33 Capricorni, ζ Capricorni,\",\n \"it creates a relativistic shock wave that then propagates forward into interstellar space. A second shock wave, the reverse shock, may propagate back into the ejected matter. Extremely energetic electrons within the shock wave are accelerated by strong local magnetic fields and radiate as synchrotron emission across most of the electromagnetic spectrum. This model has generally been successful in modeling the behavior of many observed afterglows at late times (generally, hours to days after the explosion), although there are difficulties explaining all features of the afterglow very shortly after the gamma-ray burst has occurred. Gamma ray bursts can have harmful\",\n \"Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right\",\n \"darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,\",\n \"region. They may be called \\\"pre-white dwarfs\\\". These variables all exhibit small (1%–30%) variations in light output, arising from a superposition of vibrational modes with periods of hundreds to thousands of seconds. Observation of these variations gives asteroseismological evidence about the interiors of white dwarfs. White dwarfs are thought to represent the end point of stellar evolution for main-sequence stars with masses from about 0.07 to 10 . The composition of the white dwarf produced will depend on the initial mass of the star. Current galactic models suggest the Milky Way galaxy currently contains about ten billion white dwarfs. If\",\n \"implies that Her is dominated by dark matter. The stellar population of Her consists mainly of old stars formed more than 12 billion years ago. The metallicity of these old stars is also very low at , which means that they contain 400 times less heavy elements than the Sun. The stars of Her were probably among the first stars to form in the Universe. Currently there is no star formation in Her. Measurements have so far failed to detect neutral hydrogen in it—the upper limit is 466 solar masses. Hercules (dwarf galaxy) Hercules, or Her, is a dwarf spheroidal\",\n \"the star is convection. The simplest commonly used model of stellar structure is the spherically symmetric quasi-static model, which assumes that a star is in a steady state and that it is spherically symmetric. It contains four basic first-order differential equations: two represent how matter and pressure vary with radius; two represent how temperature and luminosity vary with radius. In forming the stellar structure equations (exploiting the assumed spherical symmetry), one considers the matter density formula_1, temperature formula_2, total pressure (matter plus radiation) formula_3, luminosity formula_4, and energy generation rate per unit mass formula_5 in a spherical shell of a\",\n \"stars), V777 Herculis stars (DB variables) and ZZ Ceti stars (DA variables). All pulsate in low-degree, high-order g-modes. The oscillation periods broadly decrease with effective temperature, ranging from about 30 min down to about 1 minute. GW Virginis and ZZ Ceti stars are thought to be excited by the kappa mechanism; V777 Herculis stars by convective blocking. A number of past, present and future spacecraft have asteroseismology studies as a significant part of their missions (order chronological). Asteroseismology Asteroseismology or astroseismology is the study of oscillations in stars. Because a star's different oscillation modes are sensitive to different parts of\",\n \"the tail, and thus Serpens Cauda is rich in deep-sky objects within our own galaxy. The Eagle Nebula and its associated star cluster, Messier 16 lie 7,000 light-years from Earth in the direction of the galactic center. The nebula measures 70 light-years by 50 light-years and contains the Pillars of Creation, three dust clouds that became famous for the image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. The stars being born in the Eagle Nebula, added to those with an approximate age of 5 million years have an average temperature of 45,000 kelvins and produce prodigious amounts of radiation that will\",\n \"Recombination (cosmology) Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and make up about 24% of the total mass of baryonic matter. The ionization energy of helium is larger than that of hydrogen and it therefore recombines earlier. Because neutral helium carries two electrons, its recombination proceeds in two steps. The first recombination, formula_6 proceeds near Saha equilibrium and takes place around redshift \\\"z\\\"≈ 6000. The second recombination, formula_7, is slower than what would be predicted from Saha equilibrium and takes place around redshift \\\"z\\\"≈ 2000. The details of helium recombination are less critical than those of hydrogen recombination for the prediction of cosmic microwave background anisotropies,\",\n \"and the result can be melting of the facet, known as \\\"catastrophic optical damage\\\", or COD. Deterioration of the laser facets with aging and effects of the environment (erosion by water, oxygen, etc.) increases light absorption by the surface, and decreases the COD threshold. A sudden catastrophic failure of the laser due to COD then can occur after many thousands hours in service. One of the methods of increasing the COD threshold in AlGaInP laser structures is the sulfur treatment, which replaces the oxides at the laser facet with chalcogenide glasses. This decreases the recombination velocity of the surface states.\",\n \"tightly bound binaries (or even a hierarchical triple system). Van Albada pointed out several observational candidates (σ Ori, ADS 12696, ρ Oph, 1 Cas, 8 Lac and 67 Oph) as being OCRs and Wielen (1975) indicated another one, the Ursa Major moving group (Collinder 285). Open cluster remnant In astronomy, an open cluster remnant (OCR) is the final stage in the evolution of an open star cluster. Viktor Ambartsumian (1938) and Lyman Spitzer (1940) showed that, from a theoretical point of view, it was impossible for a star cluster to evaporate completely; furthermore, Spitzer pointed out two possible final results\",\n \"gas-rich satellite. The spheroid has a boxy shape. The galaxy also has an outer halo. In the centre of the galaxy is predicted to lie a supermassive black hole with mass 10 (129-813 million) . Observed in radio waves, NGC 5322 is a weak source and features two symmetric jets emanating from the galactic core and having a linear length of 1.6 kpc. The two jets are nearly perpendicular to the major axis of the galaxy and the circumnuclear dust disk. NGC 5322 is thought to contain a low-luminosity Active galactic nucleus (AGN), powered by the accretion of gaseous material.\",\n \"Gliese 667 Cc a mass of 0.31 and a radius of 0.42 . It has a temperature of 3700 K, but its age is poorly constrained, estimates place it greater than 2 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. This star is radiating only 1.4% of the Sun's luminosity from its outer atmosphere. It is known to have a system of two planets: claims have been made for up to seven, but these may be in error due to failure to account for correlated noise in the radial velocity data.\",\n \"CNO cycle was considered the standard work on nuclear physics for many years and was a significant factor in his being awarded the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics. Bethe's original calculations suggested the CN-cycle was the Sun's primary source of energy. This conclusion arose from what is now-known as a mistaken belief: that the abundance of nitrogen in the sun is approximately 10%, when it is actually less than half a percent. The CN-cycle, named as it contains no stable isotope of oxygen involves the following cycle of transformations: → → → → → → . This cycle is now understood as\",\n \"Alpha Mensae that is generating energy by fusing hydrogen into helium at its core. It is of similar size but slightly cooler than the Sun, with 110% of the mass, 99% of the radius, and 83% of the Sun's luminosity. The effective temperature of the stellar atmosphere is 5,587 K, and it has a slightly higher (112%) proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium—what Astronomers call the star's metallicity—compared to the Sun. The estimated age of this star is 5.4 billion years, and is rotating at a relatively leisurely projected rotational velocity of 1.7 km/s. Located about 33 light years distant\",\n \"Variable star position above the instability strip, and they exhibit slow but sometimes large photometric and spectroscopic changes due to high mass loss and occasional larger eruptions, combined with secular variation on an observable timescale. The best known example is Rho Cassiopeiae. While classed as eruptive variables, these stars do not undergo periodic increases in brightness. Instead they spend most of their time at maximum brightness, but at irregular intervals they suddenly fade by 1–9 magnitudes (2.5 to 4000 times dimmer) before recovering to their initial brightness over months to years. Most are classified as yellow supergiants by luminosity, although they are\",\n \"the star under examination or a feature of the entire class remains to be determined. Red dwarf A red dwarf (or M dwarf) is a small and cool star on the main sequence, of M spectral type. Red dwarfs range in mass from about 0.075 to about 0.50 solar mass and have a surface temperature of less than 4,000 K. Sometimes K-type main-sequence stars, with masses between 0.50-0.8 solar mass, are also included. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Milky Way, at least in the neighborhood of the Sun, but because of their\",\n \"Frozen star (hypothetical star) In astronomy, a frozen star, besides a disused term for a black hole, is a type of hypothetical star that, according to the astronomers Fred Adams and Gregory P. Laughlin, may appear in the future of the Universe when the metallicity of the interstellar medium is several times the solar value. Due to opacity effects, as metallicity of the interstellar gas increases both the maximum and minimum masses a star can have will decrease. For the latter case, it's expected that an object with a mass of 0.04 solar masses (40 times the mass of Jupiter),\",\n \"Relativistic star A relativistic star is a rotating neutron star whose behavior is well described by general relativity, but not by classical mechanics. Relativistic stars are one possible source to allow gravitational waves to be studied. Another definition of a relativistic star is one with the equation of state of a special relativistic gas. This can happen when the core of a massive main-sequence star becomes hot enough to generate electron-positron pairs. Stability analysis shows that such a star is only marginally bound, and is unstable to either collapse or explode. This instability is believed to limit the mass of\",\n \"of G5V, and even in more modern catalogues it is usually listed as a main-sequence star. It is generally considered to still be generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen at its core, but to be in a more evolved state than the sun. The effective temperature of the chromosphere is about 5571 K, giving 51 Pegasi the characteristic yellow hue of a G-type star. It is estimated to be 6.1–8.1 billion years old, somewhat older than the Sun, with a radius 24% larger and 11% more massive. The star has a higher proportion of elements other than hydrogen/helium\",\n \"the present-day Sun, with a stellar wind 30 times as strong. Its rotation period is 11.2 days at the equator. Epsilon Eridani is smaller and less massive than the Sun, and has a comparatively lower level of elements heavier than helium. It is a main-sequence star of spectral class K2, which means that energy generated at the core through nuclear fusion of hydrogen is emitted from the surface at a temperature of about , giving it an orange hue. The Bayer designation ε Eridani (Latinised as Epsilon Eridani) was established in 1603 by Johann Bayer. It may be a member\",\n \"Kepler-20f mass to be around 1.2 . Kepler-20 is a Sun-like star in the constellation Lyra with a mass of 0.91 (± 0.03) and a radius of 0.94 (± 0.06) , and is thought to be 8.8 billion years old, though there is a large uncertainty in its age. In other words, Kepler-20 is approximately 9% less massive and 6% shorter than the Sun. The star's metallicity is 0.01 (± 0.04), meaning that the level of iron (and, presumably, other elements) in the star is almost the same as that of the Sun. Metallicity plays an important role in planetary systems,\",\n \"Decay chain generated by cosmic radiation. Since 1945, the testing and use of nuclear weapons has also released numerous radioactive fission products. Almost all such isotopes decay by either β or β decay modes, changing from one element to another without changing atomic mass. These later daughter products, being closer to stability, generally have longer half-lives until they finally decay into stability. In the four tables below, the minor branches of decay (with the branching probability of less than 0.0001%) are omitted. The energy release includes the total kinetic energy of all the emitted particles (electrons, alpha particles, gamma quanta, neutrinos, Auger\",\n \"Yellow supergiant star yellow supergiants, but their variability is produced by a different mechanism from the Cepheids. At irregular intervals, they become obscured by dust condensation around the star and their brightness drops dramatically. Supergiants are stars that have evolved away from the main sequence after exhausting the hydrogen in their cores. Yellow supergiants are a heterogenous group of stars crossing the standard categories of stars in the HR diagram at various different stages of their evolution. Stars more massive than spend a few million years on the main sequence as class O and early B stars until the dense hydrogen in their\",\n \"Decay energy The decay energy is the energy released by a radioactive decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation. This decay, or loss of energy, results in an atom of one type, called the parent nuclide transforming to an atom of a different type, called the daughter nuclide. The energy difference of the reactants is often written as \\\"Q\\\": Decay energy is usually quoted in terms of the energy units MeV (million electronvolts) or keV (thousand electronvolts). Types of radioactive decay include The decay energy is the\",\n \"which was visible from the Earth's surface at the time. During the event (as seen from Earth) Eta Carinae briefly became the second-brightest star in the sky, after Sirius; but the ejected gas and dust have since obscured much of its light. The near-supernova explosion produced two polar lobes, and a large but thin equatorial disk, all moving outward at up to . The Homunculus Nebula is a virtually unique structure, believed to result from the extremely young age. This means that the shape and structure is almost entirely due to the original eruption rather than the interaction with surrounding\",\n \"Stellar rotation that generate the stellar magnetic field. There is also a complex interaction between a star's rotation distribution and its magnetic field, with the conversion of magnetic energy into kinetic energy modifying the velocity distribution. Stars are believed to form as the result of a collapse of a low-temperature cloud of gas and dust. As the cloud collapses, conservation of angular momentum causes any small net rotation of the cloud to increase, forcing the material into a rotating disk. At the dense center of this disk a protostar forms, which gains heat from the gravitational energy of the collapse. As the\",\n \"Supernova A supernova ( plural: supernovae or supernovas, abbreviations: SN and SNe) is an event that occurs upon the death of certain types of stars. Supernovae are more energetic than novae. In Latin, \\\"nova\\\" means \\\"new\\\", referring astronomically to what appears to be a temporary new bright star. Adding the prefix \\\"super-\\\" distinguishes supernovae from ordinary novae, which are far less luminous. The word \\\"supernova\\\" was coined by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1931. Only three, Milky Way naked-eye supernova events have been observed during the last thousand years, though many have been seen in other galaxies using telescopes.\",\n \"the disc begins to develop and eventually a madreporite appears. This process lasts for some time, and about 10 months after separation, the comet has a half disc and 4 arms about 1 cm (0.4 in) long. Asexual reproduction in starfish Asexual reproduction in starfish takes place by fission or through autotomy of arms. In fission, the central disc breaks into two pieces and each portion then regenerates the missing parts. In autotomy, an arm is shed which continues to live independently as a \\\"comet\\\", eventually growing a new disc and further arms. Only certain genera of starfish are able\",\n \"G-type main-sequence star A G-type main-sequence star (Spectral type: G-V), often (and imprecisely) called a yellow dwarf, or G dwarf star, is a main-sequence star (luminosity class V) of spectral type G. Such a star has about 0.84 to 1.15 solar masses and surface temperature of between 5,300 and 6,000 K. Like other main-sequence stars, a G-type main-sequence star is converting the element hydrogen to helium in its core by means of nuclear fusion. The Sun, the star to which the Earth is gravitationally bound in the Solar System and the object with the largest apparent magnitude, is an example\",\n \"Hydrogen-deficient star A hydrogen-deficient star is a type of star that has little or no hydrogen in its atmosphere. Hydrogen deficiency is unusual in a star, as hydrogen is typically the most common element in a stellar atmosphere. Despite being rare, there are a variety of star types that display a hydrogen deficiency. Hydrogen-deficient stars had been noted prior to the discovery of their hydrogen deficiency. In 1797, Edward Pigott noted the profound variation in stellar magnitude of R Coronae Borealis (R CrB). In 1867, Charles Wolf and Georges Rayet discovered unusual emission line structure in Wolf-Rayet stars. Hydrogen deficiency\",\n \"Hyades (star cluster) separated stars in which later spectral types are common. The core radius is 2.7 parsecs (8.8 light years, a little more than the distance between the Sun and Sirius), while the half-mass radius, within which half the cluster's mass is contained, is 5.7 parsecs (18.6 light years). The tidal radius of 10 parsecs (32.6 light years) represents the Hyades' average outer limit, beyond which a star is unlikely to remain gravitationally bound to the cluster core. Stellar evaporation occurs in the cluster halo as smaller stars are scattered outward by more massive insiders. From the halo they may then be\",\n \"form clouds, or \\\"diffuse nebulae\\\", where star formation takes place. In contrast to spirals, an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years, which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies. In the dense nebulae where stars are produced, much of the hydrogen is in the molecular (H) form, so these nebulae are called molecular clouds. Observations indicate that the coldest clouds tend to form low-mass stars, observed first in the infrared inside the clouds, then in visible light at their surface when the clouds dissipate, while\",\n \"Solar core to convection, and the speed at which heat moves outward becomes considerably faster. In the process of heat transfer from core to photosphere, each gamma ray in the Sun's core is converted during scattering into several million visible light photons before escaping into space. Neutrinos are also released by the fusion reactions in the core, but unlike photons they very rarely interact with matter, so almost all are able to escape the Sun immediately. For many years measurements of the number of neutrinos produced in the Sun were much lower than theories predicted, a problem which was recently resolved through\",\n \"with a stable stellar activity. Many red dwarfs like Proxima Centauri and TRAPPIST-1 are prone to releasing potentially deadly flares caused by powerful magnetic fields. Billions of years of exposure to these flares can potentially strip a planet of its atmosphere and render it sterile with possibly dangerous amounts of radiation. While Ross 128 is known to produce such flares, they are currently much less common and less powerful than those of the previously mentioned stars. This reduces the odds of atmospheric erosion (if Ross 128 b has one) and would increase the odds of its retention over geological timescales.\",\n \"very similar to a Wolf Rayet star. While the stellar wind from a red supergiant is dense and slow, the wind from a blue supergiant is fast but sparse. When a red supergiant becomes a blue supergiant, the faster wind it produces impacts the already emitted slow wind and causes the outflowing material to condense into a thin shell. In some cases several concentric faint shells can be seen from successive episodes of mass loss, either previous blue loops from the red supergiant stage, or eruptions such as LBV outbursts. Blue supergiant star Blue supergiant stars are hot luminous stars,\",\n \"star proportionately longer than a star such as the Sun where helium steadily accumulates at the core. In combination with a lower rate of hydrogen consumption due to its low mass, the convection will allow Wolf 359 to remain a main-sequence star for about eight trillion years. A search of this star by the Hubble Space Telescope revealed no stellar companions, although this does not preclude the presence of smaller companions that are below the telescope's detection limit, such as a planet orbiting within one astronomical unit of the star. No excess infrared emission has been detected, which may indicate\",\n \"However, the physical mechanism is not well understood. When Schwarzschild first proposed his theory of huge convection cells, he argued it was the likely cause of mass loss in evolved supergiants like Betelgeuse. Recent work has corroborated this hypothesis, yet there are still uncertainties about the structure of their convection, the mechanism of their mass loss, the way dust forms in their extended atmosphere, and the conditions which precipitate their dramatic finale as a type II supernova. In 2001, Graham Harper estimated a stellar wind at 0.03 every 10,000 years, but research since 2009 has provided evidence of episodic mass\",\n \"Silicon-burning process In astrophysics, silicon burning is a very brief sequence of nuclear fusion reactions that occur in massive stars with a minimum of about 8-11 solar masses. Silicon burning is the final stage of fusion for massive stars that have run out of the fuels that power them for their long lives in the \\\"main sequence\\\" on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. It follows the previous stages of hydrogen, helium, carbon, neon and oxygen burning processes. Silicon burning begins when gravitational contraction raises the star’s core temperature to 2.7-3.5 billion Kelvin (GK). The exact temperature depends on mass. When a star\",\n \"Solar System to their current orbits through various gravitational interactions. Within 50 million years, the pressure and density of hydrogen in the centre of the protostar became great enough for it to begin thermonuclear fusion. The temperature, reaction rate, pressure, and density increased until hydrostatic equilibrium was achieved: the thermal pressure equalled the force of gravity. At this point, the Sun became a main-sequence star. The main-sequence phase, from beginning to end, will last about 10 billion years for the Sun compared to around two billion years for all other phases of the Sun's pre-remnant life combined. Solar wind from the Sun\",\n \"outer layers of intermediate-mass stars cool sufficiently to become opaque, their hydrogen shells increase in temperature and the stars start to become more luminous. This is known as the red giant branch; it is a relatively long-lived stage and it appears prominently in H-R diagrams. These stars will eventually end their lives as white dwarfs. The most massive stars do not become red giants, instead their cores quickly become hot enough to fuse helium and eventually heavier elements and they are known as supergiants. They follow approximately horizontal evolutionary tracks from the main sequence across the top of the H-R\",\n \"Sun From the core out to about 0.7 solar radii, thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer. The temperature drops from approximately 7 million to 2 million kelvins with increasing distance from the core. This temperature gradient is less than the value of the adiabatic lapse rate and hence cannot drive convection, which explains why the transfer of energy through this zone is by radiation instead of thermal convection. Ions of hydrogen and helium emit photons, which travel only a brief distance before being reabsorbed by other ions. The density drops a hundredfold (from 20 g/cm to 0.2 g/cm)\",\n \"the end of their lives, stellar models suggest they will slowly become brighter and hotter before running out of hydrogen fuel and becoming low-mass white dwarfs. Stellar evolution is not studied by observing the life of a single star, as most stellar changes occur too slowly to be detected, even over many centuries. Instead, astrophysicists come to understand how stars evolve by observing numerous stars at various points in their lifetime, and by simulating stellar structure using computer models. Stellar evolution starts with the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud. Typical giant molecular clouds are roughly across and contain\",\n \"that, to maintain equilibrium, the gravitational potential energy must equal twice the internal thermal energy. If a pocket of gas is massive enough that the gas pressure is insufficient to support it, the cloud will undergo gravitational collapse. The mass above which a cloud will undergo such collapse is called the Jeans mass. This mass depends on the temperature and density of the cloud, but is typically thousands to tens of thousands of solar masses. At what is called the death of the star (when a star has burned out its fuel supply), it will undergo a contraction that can\",\n \"Degenerate matter at low temperatures. Degenerate gases strongly resist further compression because the electrons cannot move to already filled lower energy levels due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Since electrons cannot give up energy by moving to lower energy states, no thermal energy can be extracted. The momentum of the fermions in the fermion gas nevertheless generates pressure, termed 'degeneracy pressure'. Under high densities the matter becomes a degenerate gas when the electrons are all stripped from their parent atoms. In the core of a star, once hydrogen burning in nuclear fusion reactions stops, it becomes a collection of positively charged ions,\",\n \"Carbon detonation A white dwarf is the remnant of a small to medium size star (our sun is an example of these). At the end of its life, the star has burned its hydrogen and helium fuel, and thermonuclear fusion processes cease. The star does not have enough mass to either burn much heavier elements, or to implode into a neutron star or type II supernova as a larger star can, from the force of its own gravity, so it gradually shrinks and becomes very dense as it cools, glowing white and then red, for a period many times longer than the\",\n \"the core and gradually an inner core of helium has begun to form that cannot be fused because presently the Sun's core is not hot or dense enough to fuse helium. In the current photosphere the helium fraction is reduced, and the metallicity is only 84% of what it was in the protostellar phase (before nuclear fusion in the core started). In the future, helium will continue to accumulate in the core, and in about 5 billion years this gradual build-up will eventually cause the Sun to exit the main sequence and become a red giant. The chemical composition of\",\n \"at the core will slowly increase, as will the star's temperature and luminosity. The Sun, for example, is estimated to have increased in luminosity by about 40% since it reached the main sequence 4.6 billion (4.6 × 10) years ago. Every star generates a stellar wind of particles that causes a continual outflow of gas into space. For most stars, the mass lost is negligible. The Sun loses 10 every year, or about 0.01% of its total mass over its entire lifespan. However, very massive stars can lose 10 to 10 each year, significantly affecting their evolution. Stars that begin\",\n \"even though they have roughly the same size and brightness as the \\\"giant\\\" stars of that temperature. The common use of \\\"dwarf\\\" to mean main sequence is confusing in another way, because there are dwarf stars which are not main-sequence stars. For example, a white dwarf is the dead core of a star that is left after the star has shed its outer layers, that is much smaller than a main-sequence star, roughly the size of Earth. These represent the final evolutionary stage of many main-sequence stars. By treating the star as an idealized energy radiator known as a black\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":295,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"how many planets orbit the star kepler-62f"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["Kepler-62f that of Mars. It has a radius of 1.4 , placing it below the radius of ≥1.6 where it would otherwise be a mini-Neptune with a volatile composition, with no solid surface. Due to its radius, it is likely a rocky planet. However, the mass isn't constrained yet, estimates place an upper limit of <35 , the real mass is expected to be significantly lower than this. The true value is likely around 2.8 , assuming a rocky composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five known planets. The star has a mass"],"string":"[\n \"Kepler-62f that of Mars. It has a radius of 1.4 , placing it below the radius of ≥1.6 where it would otherwise be a mini-Neptune with a volatile composition, with no solid surface. Due to its radius, it is likely a rocky planet. However, the mass isn't constrained yet, estimates place an upper limit of <35 , the real mass is expected to be significantly lower than this. The true value is likely around 2.8 , assuming a rocky composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five known planets. The star has a mass\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["Kepler (spacecraft) a mass of and contains a Schmidt camera with a front corrector plate (lens) feeding a primary mirror—at the time of its launch this was the largest mirror on any telescope outside Earth orbit, though the Herschel Space Observatory took this title a few months later. Its telescope has a 115 deg (about 12-degree diameter) field of view (FOV), roughly equivalent to the size of one's fist held at arm's length. Of this, 105 deg is of science quality, with less than 11% vignetting. The photometer has a soft focus to provide excellent photometry, rather than sharp images. The mission","Ariane (rocket family) boosted 290 satellites, successfully placing 271 of them on orbit (223 main passengers and 48 auxiliary passengers) for a total mass of 575,000 kg successfully delivered on orbit. Attesting to the ubiquity of Ariane launch vehicles, France's Cerise satellite, which was orbited by an Ariane in 1995, struck a discarded Ariane rocket stage in 1996. The incident marked the first verified case of a collision with a piece of catalogued space debris. On February 16, 2011, the 200th Ariane rocket was launched, successfully carrying the Johannes Kepler ATV into low Earth orbit. Flyable models of the Ariane 4 and 5","Project Ozma of the time, such as \"Time\" magazine. Drake used a radio telescope with a diameter of to examine the stars Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani near the 1.420 gigahertz marker frequency. Both are nearby Sun-like stars that then seemed reasonably likely to have inhabited planets. A 400 kilohertz band was scanned around the marker frequency, using a single-channel receiver with a bandwidth of 100 hertz. The information was stored on tape for off-line analysis. Some 150 hours of intermittent observation during a four-month period detected no recognizable signals. A false signal was detected on April 8, 1960, but it was","darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,","its parent star causing the outer layers of the atmosphere to bloat. In May 2009 COROT-1b became the first extrasolar planet for which optical (as opposed to infrared) observations of phases were reported. These observations suggest that there is not significant heat transfer between the (tidally locked) night and day sides of the planet. COROT-1b COROT-1b (previously named COROT-Exo-1b) is an extrasolar planet approximately 2,630 light-years away in the constellation of Monoceros. The planet was discovered orbiting the yellow dwarf star COROT-1 in May 2007. The planet was the first discovery by the French-led COROT Mission. The planet was announced","2010 KZ39 orbits the Sun at a distance of 42.9–47.8 AU once every 305 years and 3 months (111,504 days), similar to Makemake, Chaos and other bodies that circle the Sun in 6:11 resonance to Neptune. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 26° with respect to the ecliptic. Using the best-fit values for its orbit, it is expected to come to perihelion in 2109. It has been observed 28 times over 3 oppositions and has an uncertainty parameter of 5. As of 2016, is 46.1 AU from the Sun. The body's spectral type as well","Ursa Minor has had its mass estimated at 1.3 times that of the Sun via measurement of these oscillations. Kochab is 450 times more luminous than the Sun and has 42 times its diameter, with a surface temperature of approximately 4,130 K. Estimated to be around 2.95 billion years old, give or take 1 billion years, Kochab was announced to have a planetary companion around 6.1 times as massive as Jupiter with an orbit of 522 days. Traditionally known as Pherkad, Gamma Ursae Minoris has an apparent magnitude that varies between 3.04 and 3.09 roughly every 3.4 hours. It and Kochab have","Kepler's laws of planetary motion explaining how the planets' speeds varied, and using elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits with epicycles. Isaac Newton showed in 1687 that relationships like Kepler's would apply in the Solar System to a good approximation, as a consequence of his own laws of motion and law of universal gravitation. Kepler's laws improved the model of Copernicus. If the eccentricities of the planetary orbits are taken as zero, then Kepler basically agreed with Copernicus: The eccentricities of the orbits of those planets known to Copernicus and Kepler are small, so the foregoing rules give fair approximations of planetary motion, but Kepler's","PLATO (spacecraft) Optical Unit development is funded by the Italian Space Agency, the Swiss Space Office and the Swedish National Space Board. PLATO is an acronym, but also the name of a philosopher in Classical Greece; Plato (428–348 BC) was looking for a physical law accounting for the orbit of planets (errant stars) and able to satisfy the philosopher's needs for \"uniformity\" and \"regularity\". The goal is to find planets like Earth, not just in terms of their size but in their potential for habitability. By using 26 separate small telescopes and cameras, PLATO will search for planets orbiting from 300,000 to","occurred on 9 July 2012, when Venus passed Aldebaran 56' northward. However, in far past and future, occultations of Aldebaran by Mercury and Venus have and will occur as result of wandering nodes. The next occultation of Aldebaran by a planet, Venus, will occur on 27 August 5366. Five faint stars are positioned so that they appear close to Aldebaran. These double stars were given alphabetic secondary star designations more or less in the order of their discovery, with the letter A reserved for the primary star. Some of the characteristics of these components, including their position relative to Aldebaran,","Milankovitch cycles circular (with the lowest eccentricity of 0.000055) and mildly elliptical (highest eccentricity of 0.0679) Its geometric or logarithmic mean is 0.0019. The major component of these variations occurs with a period of 413,000 years (eccentricity variation of ±0.012). Other components have 95,000-year and 125,000-year cycles (with a beat period of 400,000 years). They loosely combine into a 100,000-year cycle (variation of −0.03 to +0.02). The present eccentricity is 0.017 and decreasing. Eccentricity varies primarily due to the gravitational pull of Jupiter and Saturn. However, the semi-major axis of the orbital ellipse remains unchanged; according to perturbation theory, which computes the","86P/Wild 86P/Wild (pronounced \"86P/Vilt\") is a periodic comet in the Solar System with a current orbital period of 6.84 years. It was discovered on photographic plates exposed on 11/12 April 1980 by Paul Wild of the Astronomical Institute of University of Bern, Switzerland at the nearby Zimmerwald Observatory. He reported the brightness at a magnitude of 15.5 and that the comet was diffuse. He rediscovered it on 7 May 1980 and calculations by Brian G. Marsden estimated that perihelion would take place on 6 October 1980. Syuichi Nakano calculated the next perihelion would be 31 August 1987 and the comet","66 Tauri 66 Tauri, also known as r Tauri, is a binary star in the constellation of Taurus. The combined apparent magnitude of the system is 5.098, with the magnitudes of the two components being 5.8 and 5.9, respectively. Parallax measurements by Hipparcos put 66 Tauri at some 400 light-years (121 parsecs) away. This is a visual binary where the positions of the two stars are tracked over time, and used to calculate an orbit. The two stars orbit each other every 55 years. Their orbit is fairly eccentric, at 0.720, and the two stars are separated by 0.188″ on","Steven S. Vogt Steven Scott Vogt (born December 20, 1949) is an American astronomer of German descent whose main interest is the search for extrasolar planets. He is credited, along with R. Paul Butler, for discovering Gliese 581 g, the first potentially habitable planet outside of the Solar System. He is a professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and is known worldwide for designing and building HIRES, a high-resolution optical spectrometer mounted permanently on the W. M. Keck Observatory 10-meter telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. HIRES is an instrument critical to observations and discoveries","with a stable stellar activity. Many red dwarfs like Proxima Centauri and TRAPPIST-1 are prone to releasing potentially deadly flares caused by powerful magnetic fields. Billions of years of exposure to these flares can potentially strip a planet of its atmosphere and render it sterile with possibly dangerous amounts of radiation. While Ross 128 is known to produce such flares, they are currently much less common and less powerful than those of the previously mentioned stars. This reduces the odds of atmospheric erosion (if Ross 128 b has one) and would increase the odds of its retention over geological timescales.","Cassini–Huygens on July 1, 2008, and was renamed the Cassini Equinox Mission as the mission coincided with Saturn's equinox. A proposal was submitted to NASA for a second mission extension (September 2010 – May 2017), provisionally named the extended-extended mission or XXM. This ($60M pa) was approved in February 2010 and renamed the Cassini Solstice Mission. It included \"Cassini\" orbiting Saturn 155 more times, conducting 54 additional flybys of Titan and 11 more of Enceladus. On October 25, 2012, \"Cassini\" witnessed the aftermath of the massive Great White Spot storm that recurs roughly every 30 years on Saturn. Data from the","around 11.9 billion years old. The stellar population includes four Cepheids and RV Tauri variables, plus at least one RR Lyrae variable for which a period is known. Observations made during the ROSAT mission failed to reveal any low-intensity X-ray sources. Messier 19 Messier 19 or M19 (also designated NGC 6273) is a globular cluster in the constellation Ophiuchus. It was discovered by Charles Messier on June 5, 1764 and added to his catalogue of comet-like objects that same year. It was resolved into individual stars by William Herschel in 1784. His son, John Herschel, described it as \"a superb","orbital period of 33100 years. In a 10 million year integration of the orbit, the nominal (best-fit) orbit and both 3-sigma clones remain outside 12.2 AU (\"q\") from the Sun. Summary of barycentric orbital parameters are: Archived data from the JPL SBDB and MPC. 2012 DR30 Using an epoch of February 2017, it has the second-largest heliocentric semi-major axis of a minor planet not detected out-gassing like a comet. ( has a larger heliocentric semi-major axis.) does have a barycentric semi-major axis of 1032 AU. For the epoch of July 2018 will have its largest heliocentric semi-major axis of 1644","orbit, known as the ecliptic. The planets are very close to the ecliptic, whereas comets and Kuiper belt objects are frequently at significantly greater angles to it. All the planets, and most other objects, orbit the Sun in the same direction that the Sun is rotating (counter-clockwise, as viewed from above Earth's north pole). There are exceptions, such as Halley's Comet. The overall structure of the charted regions of the Solar System consists of the Sun, four relatively small inner planets surrounded by a belt of mostly rocky asteroids, and four giant planets surrounded by the Kuiper belt of mostly","and telescope pioneer Zacharias Janssen. In February 2016, it was announced that NASA \"Hubble Space Telescope\" had detected hydrogen and helium (and suggestions of hydrogen cyanide), but no water vapor, in the atmosphere of 55 Cancri e, the first time the atmosphere of a super-Earth exoplanet was analyzed successfully. Like the majority of extrasolar planets found prior to the Kepler mission, 55 Cancri e was discovered by detecting variations in its star's radial velocity. This was achieved by making sensitive measurements of the Doppler shift of the spectrum of 55 Cancri A. At the time of its discovery, three other","is a permanent day side and a permanent night side. The search for 61 Virginis b started when its host star was chosen an ideal target for a planet search using the radial velocity method (in which the gravitational pull of a planet on its star is measured by observing the resulting Doppler shift), as stellar activity would not overly mask or mimic Doppler spectroscopy measurements. It was also confirmed that 61 Virginis is neither a binary star nor a quickly rotating star, common false positives when searching for transiting planets. Analysis of the resulting data found that the radial","0.04, or 109% the solar amount. This is particularly odd as such low-mass stars near the boundary between brown dwarfs and hydrogen-fusing stars should be expected to have considerably less metal content than the Sun. Its luminosity (\"L\") is 0.05% of that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 18.8, too dim to be seen with the naked eye. TRAPPIST-1g orbits its host star with an orbital period of about 12.353 days and an orbital radius of about 0.0451 times that of Earth's (compared to the distance of Mercury from the","Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite approved in 2013 as a Medium Explorer mission. TESS passed its critical design review (CDR) in 2015, allowing production of the satellite to begin. While Kepler had cost US$640 million at launch, TESS cost only US$200 million (plus US$87 million for launch). TESS is designed to carry out the first spaceborne all-sky transiting exoplanet survey. It is equipped with four wide-angle telescopes and associated charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors. Science data will be transmitted to Earth every two weeks. Full-frame images with an effective exposure time of two hours will be transmitted as well, enabling scientists to search for unexpected, transient","WASP-4b WASP-4b is an extrasolar planet approximately 880 light-years away in the constellation of Phoenix. The planet was discovered orbiting the star WASP-4 in October 2007. The planet's mass and radius indicate that it is a gas giant, similar to Jupiter. WASP-4b is close enough to its star to be classified as a hot Jupiter and has an atmospheric temperature of approximately 1650 K. The planet was the discovered by the SuperWASP project using cameras in South Africa. After its discovery, the mass of the WASP-4 b was determined by measuring the radial velocity of WASP-4, which confirmed that the","Double planet In astronomy, a double planet (also binary planet) is a binary system where both objects are of planetary mass. The term is not recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and is therefore not an official classification. At its 2006 General Assembly, the International Astronomical Union considered a proposal that Pluto and Charon be reclassified as a double planet, but the proposal was abandoned in favor of the current definition of planet. In promotional materials advertising the SMART-1 mission and pre-dating the IAU planet definition, the European Space Agency once referred to the Earth–Moon system as a double","Stars and planetary systems in fiction galaxy. At least one of the Ross stars has been confirmed to possess multiple extrasolar planets as of 2013. Item(s) in this section refer to the star as Ross 780. For references to Gliese 876, see the separate section in this article. As of 2013, it has been confirmed that four (nonfictional) extrasolar planets orbit the star. Beta Lyrae is an eclipsing binary system (see animation) in which mass is being transferred from the brighter primary to the more massive secondary star in a presumably spectacular accretion disc. Because of this, it has inspired the imaginations of artists and authors","but was still listed at NEODyS with odds of 1 in 3 million for 27 November 2015 during the approach window. With an absolute magnitude of 23.6, is about 50–110 meters in diameter. 2007 VE191 It is estimated to be roughly 63 meters in diameter. In 2015 it was known to have a 1 in 63,000 chance of impacting Earth on 27 November 2015. However, the nominal best-fit orbit showed that would be roughly from Earth on 27 November 2015 with an apparent magnitude of roughly +25 in the constellation of Virgo about 50 degrees from the Sun, and the","zone where liquid water can exist on the surface. Computer simulations of the formation of planets around low mass stars predict that Earth-sized planets are most abundant, but more than 90% of the simulated planets are at least 10% water by mass, suggesting that many Earth-sized planets orbiting red dwarf stars are covered in deep oceans. At least four and possibly up to six exoplanets were discovered orbiting within the Gliese 581 planetary system between 2005 and 2010. One planet has about the mass of Neptune, or 16 Earth masses (). It orbits just 6 million kilometers (0.04 AU) from","Kepler orbit Kepler’s book Astronomia Nova in 1609. For a circles motion is uniform, however for the elliptical to sweep the area in a uniform rate, the object moves quickly when the radius vector is short and moves slower when the radius vector is long. Kepler published his Third Law of Planetary Motion in 1619, in his book Harmonices Mundi. With this law, Newton used it to define his laws of gravitation. The Third Law: The squares of the periodic times are to each other as the cubes of the mean distances. Along with The Third Law, that talks about gravitation, it","by measuring the minute dimming of a star as an orbiting planet passes between it and the Earth. It is the only planet orbiting around HD 89345, a G5 class star, situated in the constellation of Leo in 413 light-years from the Sun. This star is aged 9.4 billion years. HD 89345 b orbits its star in about 12 terrestrial days on an elliptical orbit. The orbit is closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and can be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.13) and","It is the largest Solar System object that makes repeated close approaches to Earth. With a relative velocity of 60 km/s, an Earth impact would have an estimated energy of ~27 times that of the Cretaceous–Paleogene impactor. Comet Swift–Tuttle has been described as \"the single most dangerous object known to humanity\". In 1996, the long-term possibility of Comet Swift–Tuttle impacting Earth was compared to 433 Eros, and they were compared to about 3000 other kilometer sized objects as objects of concern. Comet Swift–Tuttle Comet Swift–Tuttle (formally designated 109P/Swift–Tuttle) is a periodic comet with a current (osculating) orbital period of 133","was also detected, with a minimum mass of about 8.4 and a low equilibrium temperature of . It has been designated Gliese 1132 (d) with parenthesis because it has not been accepted as a confirmed planet. Despite the signal having a false alarm probability of less than 0.01%, comparable to Gliese 1132 b and c, it is close to the period of the star’s magnetic cycle. Gliese 1132 Gliese 1132 (often shortened to GJ 1132) is a small red dwarf star about 39 light-years (12 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Vela. In 2015, it was revealed to have","Natalie Batalha transit photometry. She has been involved with the Kepler Mission since the design and funding, and as one of the original Co-Investigators was responsible for the selection of the more than 150,000 stars monitored by the telescope. She now works closely with team members at Ames Research Center to identify viable planets from the data of the Kepler mission. She led the analysis that yielded the discovery in 2011 of Kepler 10b, the first confirmed rocky planet outside our solar system. In 2017, Batalha and two other exoplanet scientists were named to Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the","case of Mars, the period is 2.135 years, (780 days). In more complex cases, including the use of gravitational slingshots, launch windows are irregular. Sometimes rare opportunities arise, such as when \"Voyager 2\" took advantage of a 175-year planetary alignment (launch window) to visit Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. When such an opportunity is missed, another target may be selected. For example, the ESA's \"Rosetta\" mission was originally intended for comet 46P/Wirtanen, but a launcher problem delayed it and a new target had to be selected (comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko). Launch periods are often calculated from porkchop plots, which show the delta-v","COROT-9b COROT-9b is an exoplanet orbiting the star COROT-9, approximately 1500 light years away in the constellation Serpens. COROT-9b's distance of nearest approach to its parent star of approximately 0.36 AU was the largest of all known transiting planets at the time of its discovery, with an orbital period of 95 days. The transit of this planet lasts 8 hours. The planet is at a distance from its star where there is a strong increase in albedo as the temperature decreases, because of the condensation of reflective water clouds in the atmosphere. This suggests its atmosphere may be locked into","unknown. However, this information could be determined if the planets happen to transit in front of Wolf 1061 when viewed from Earth. Because all three planets orbit close to the star and have short orbital periods, there is a chance that this will occur. The University of New South Wales team estimated the chances of a transit at around 14% for planet b, 6% for planet c, and 3% for planet d. One of the planets, Wolf 1061 c, is a super-Earth located near the inner edge of the star's habitable zone, which conservatively extends from 0.11 to 0.21 AU,","Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite telescopes have mainly detected giant exoplanets, TESS will find a large number of small planets around the nearest stars in the sky. TESS records the nearest and brightest main sequence stars hosting transiting exoplanets, which are the most favorable targets for detailed investigations. TESS uses a novel highly-elliptical orbit around the Earth with an apogee approximately at the distance of the Moon and a perigee of 108,000 km. TESS orbits Earth twice during the time the Moon orbits once, a 2:1 resonance with the Moon. The orbit is expected to remain stable for a minimum of 10 years. Led by","V), LHS 2924 (M9 V). Many red dwarfs are orbited by exoplanets, but large Jupiter-sized planets are comparatively rare. Doppler surveys of a wide variety of stars indicate about 1 in 6 stars with twice the mass of the Sun are orbited by one or more Jupiter-sized planets, versus 1 in 16 for Sun-like stars and only 1 in 50 for red dwarfs. On the other hand, microlensing surveys indicate that long-orbital-period Neptune-mass planets are found around one in three red dwarfs. Observations with HARPS further indicate 40% of red dwarfs have a \"super-Earth\" class planet orbiting in the habitable","Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period (243 days) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets (meaning the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east). It does not have any natural satellites. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of −4.6 – bright enough to cast shadows at night and, rarely,","Gliese 436 Gliese 436 is a red dwarf approximately away in the zodiac constellation of Leo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 10.67, which is much too faint to be seen with the naked eye. However, it can be viewed with even a modest telescope of aperture. In 2004, the existence of an extrasolar planet, Gliese 436b, was verified as orbiting the star. This planet was later discovered to transit its host star. Gliese 436 is a M2.5V star, which means it is a red dwarf. Stellar models give an estimated size of about 42% of the Sun's radius.","41 Lyncis b 41 Lyncis b (abbreviated 41 Lyn b), also designated HD 81688 b and named Arkas, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. A gas giant with a minimum mass 2.7 times that of Jupiter it orbits the K-type star 41 Lyncis with an orbital period of 184 days (corresponding to semi-major axis of 0.81 AU). It was discovered and announced by Sato on February 19, 2008. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The","COROT-3b COROT-3b (formerly known as COROT-Exo-3b) is a brown dwarf or massive extrasolar planet with a mass 21.66 times that of Jupiter. The object orbits an F-type star in the constellation of Aquila. The orbit is circular and takes 4.2568 days to complete. It was discovered by the French-led COROT mission which detected the dimming of the parent star's light as COROT-3b passes in front of it (a situation called a transit). The mass of COROT-3b was determined by the radial velocity method, which involves detecting the Doppler shift of the parent star's spectrum as it moves towards and away","HD 205739 b is a Jupiter-size planet. The estimated minimum mass is 1.37 times the mass of Jupiter. The planet has been found to orbit its host star every 279.8 days at a distance of 0.896 AU, which is approximately 89.6% of the mean distance between the Sun and the Earth. HD 205739 b has a mildly elliptical orbit, given its orbital eccentricity of 0.27. The planet's elliptical orbit is typical with respect to discovered planets whose orbits are longer than twenty days and have not grown circular because of tidal forces. According to its discoverers, HD 205739 b's elongated","WASP-13b WASP-13b is an extrasolar planet that was discovered in 2008 in the orbit of the sunlike star WASP-13. The planet has a mass of nearly half that of Jupiter, but a radius five-fourths the size of Jupiter. This low relative mass might be caused by a core that is of low mass or that is not present at all. The planet orbits at approximately 5% of the distance between the Sun and Earth every four days. The star was observed several times between 2006 and 2009, at first through the SuperWASP program and later through focused follow-up observations. Analysis","and is likely 2 billion years old based on its mass and evolution. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 8.19. Therefore, HD 240237 is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. HD 240237 b orbits its star with nearly 331 times the Sun's luminosity (331 ) every 746 days at a distance of 1.9 AU (compared to Mars' orbital distance from the Sun, which is 1.52 AU). It has a mildly eccentric orbit,","Gliese 3634 at a distance of 14.7 parsecs (47.95 light years). GJ 3634 has one confirmed planet in orbit: GJ 3634 b. The planet was called a Super-Earth by its discoverers because of its mass, which was deduced to be 8.4 times that of Earth's and 0.02 times that of Jupiter's. GJ 3634 b has an extremely short orbital period, orbiting GJ 3634 every 2.64561 days. The planet orbits near to its star, and is at an average distance of .0287 AU away. It has an orbital eccentricity of 0.08, meaning that its orbit is very circular. The initial study into the","The two stars are separated by about 74 arc seconds (~434 AU). In May 2009, astronomers from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, announced that they had found evidence of a planet orbiting VB 10, which they designated VB 10b. The Hale telescope at the Palomar Observatory was used to detect evidence of this planet using the astrometry method. The new planet was claimed to have a mass 6 times that of Jupiter and an orbital period of 270 days. However, subsequent studies using Doppler spectroscopy failed to detect the radial velocity variations that would be expected if such a","Jupiter's, making its atmosphere fluffy, and coupled with transiting a moderately bright K star makes it a target for atmosphere characterization. It is eight times nearer its star than Mercury is to the Sun and orbits its star every 5.7 days. With a temperature of , its atmosphere makes it one of the hottest known exoplanets. WASP-107b WASP-107b is a super-Neptune exoplanet that lies 200 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Virgo. Its discovery was announced in 2017 and led by D. R. Anderson and a team of colleagues via the WASP-South. Helium was discovered in the planet's atmosphere","61 Virginis b 61 Virginis b (abbreviated 61 Vir b) is an extrasolar planet, orbiting the 5th magnitude G-type star 61 Virginis, in Virgo. This planet has a minimum mass of 5.1 times that of Earth and is an example of a super-Earth planet. It orbits very close to the star, at a distance of 0.050201 AU with an eccentricity of 0.12. This planet was discovered on 14 December 2009 using the radial velocity method taken at Keck and Anglo-Australian Observatories. 61 Virginis b is a super-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than","close to the star's equator. Its parent star is a G-type star, a bit cooler than the Sun but more active. It is located about 800 light-years from Earth. It takes 125 minutes to transit its star. As of August 2008, the COROT-2b spin-orbit angle (that is, the angle between the equator of the star and the plane of the planet orbit) was calculated by Bouchy \"et al.\" by means of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect with a value of +7.2 ± 4.5 degrees. COROT-2 COROT-2 is a yellow dwarf main sequence star a little cooler than the Sun. This star is","55 Cancri d 55 Cancri d (abbreviated 55 Cnc d), also named Lipperhey, is an extrasolar planet in a long-period orbit around the Sun-like star 55 Cancri A. Located at a similar distance from its star as Jupiter is from our Sun, it is the fifth and outermost known planet in its planetary system. 55 Cancri d was discovered on June 13, 2002. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU","July 2047. The second message, Cosmic Call 2, was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at 47 Ursae Majoris in May 2049. Because of its planetary system, 47 Ursae Majoris was listed as one of the top 100 target stars for NASA's former Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. 47 Ursae Majoris 47 Ursae Majoris (abbreviated 47 UMa), also named Chalawan (, ), is a yellow dwarf star approximately 46 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. , three extrasolar planets (designated 47 Ursae Majoris b, c and d; the first two later named Taphao Thong and","42 Draconis 42 Draconis (abbreviated 42 Dra), also named Fafnir, is a 5th magnitude K-type giant star located approximately 315 light years away in the constellation of Draco. As of 2009, an extrasolar planet (designated 42 Draconis b, later named Orbitar) is thought to be orbiting the star. Of spectral type K1.5III, the star has a mass similar to the Sun but with a radius 22 times greater. It is a metal-poor star with metallicity as low as 35% that of the Sun and its age is 9.49 billion years. It is the northern pole star of Venus. 42 Draconis","old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.3. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. K2-33b orbits its host star with an orbital period of 5.424 days at a distance of 0.049 AU (compared to the distance of Mercury from the Sun, which is about 0.38 AU). The planet likely receives about 125 times","\"θ\" by Kepler's first law: Using the relation above between \"θ\" and \"E\" the final equation for the distance \"r\" is: Kepler's laws of planetary motion In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun. Most planetary orbits are nearly circular, and careful observation and calculation are required in order to establish that they are not perfectly circular. Calculations of the orbit of Mars, whose published values are somewhat suspect, indicated an elliptical orbit. From this, Johannes Kepler inferred that other bodies in the Solar System, including those farther away","BD−22 5866 BD−22 5866 is a quadruple-star system located 166 light years from Earth. The four stars are each about half the mass of the Sun and are approximately 500 million years old. The system is unusual in how closely the four stars are orbiting each other; one pair has an orbital separation of at most .04 AU and an orbital period of about two days, the other pair has a separation of at most .26 AU and a period of about 55 days, and the two pairs are separated by 5.8 AU and have an orbital period of less","Kepler-20f mass to be around 1.2 . Kepler-20 is a Sun-like star in the constellation Lyra with a mass of 0.91 (± 0.03) and a radius of 0.94 (± 0.06) , and is thought to be 8.8 billion years old, though there is a large uncertainty in its age. In other words, Kepler-20 is approximately 9% less massive and 6% shorter than the Sun. The star's metallicity is 0.01 (± 0.04), meaning that the level of iron (and, presumably, other elements) in the star is almost the same as that of the Sun. Metallicity plays an important role in planetary systems,","59°, resulting in a true mass of 2.2756 times the mass of Jupiter. Because it is only 2 times more massive than Jupiter, it should be slightly larger than it, with a radius of around 1.2 . The equilibrium temperature of Gliese 876 b, is estimated to be around . This planet, like c and e, has likely migrated inward. The planet orbits a (M-type) star named Gliese 876. The star has a mass of 0.33 and a radius of around 0.36 . It has a surface temperature of 3350 K and is 2.55 billion years old. In comparison, the","has become cooler than the Sun's as it slowly expands into a giant star. The star is known to have two giant extrasolar planets. On July 26, 2010 the California and Carnegie Planet Search team announced the discovery of two planets around 24 Sextantis along with two planets around HD 200964. The inner planet is twice as massive as Jupiter and takes 453 days to orbit the star in a circular orbit at the average distance of 1.33 AU (199 Gm). The outer planet is / the mass of Jupiter and takes 883 days to orbit eccentrically around the star","Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment camera. Recently the OGLE team, in cooperation with scientists mostly from USA, New Zealand and Japan, proved that small, Earth-like planets can exist in great distance from stars around which they revolve despite there being other stars near them. At least seventeen planets have so far been discovered by the OGLE project. Eight of the planets were discovered by the transit method and six by the gravitational microlensing method. Planets are shown in the order of discovery. Planets in multiple-planet systems are highlighted in yellow. Please note that list below may not be complete. \"Notes: For events detected by the","Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite will be studied, including the 1,000 closest red dwarfs across the whole sky, an area 400 times larger than that covered by the \"Kepler\" mission. TESS is expected to discover more than 20,000 transiting exoplanets, including 500 to 1000 Earth-sized planets and super-Earths. Of those discoveries, an estimated 20 could be super-Earths located in the habitable zone around a star. Most exoplanets are expected to be between 30 and 300 light-years away. The survey is broken up into 26 observation sectors, each sector being , with an overlap of sectors at the ecliptic poles to allow additional sensitivity toward smaller","observing time is less a year, for example, the orbits of the detectable planets will be significantly smaller than that of the Earth. So, for Corot, due to the maximum duration of 6 months of observation for each star field, only planets closer to their stars than 0.3 Astronomical Units (less than the distance between the Sun and Mercury) can be detected, therefore generally not in the so-called habitable zone. The Kepler mission (NASA) has continuously observed the same field for many years and thus had the ability to detect Earth sized planets located farther from their stars. The moderate","astronomers can see everything from methane to water vapor on other planets by photometry. It is the only planet orbiting around EPIC 211945201, a G class star, situated in the constellation of Cancer in 596 light-years from the Sun. Its host star is aged 4 billion years. EPIC 211945201 b orbits its star in about 19 terrestrial days. It orbits closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and may be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.14) and should be very different from our planet. EPIC","Gliese 667 Cc a mass of 0.31 and a radius of 0.42 . It has a temperature of 3700 K, but its age is poorly constrained, estimates place it greater than 2 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. This star is radiating only 1.4% of the Sun's luminosity from its outer atmosphere. It is known to have a system of two planets: claims have been made for up to seven, but these may be in error due to failure to account for correlated noise in the radial velocity data.","at the average distance of 2.08 AU (312 Gm). The two planets are in a 2:1 resonance, meaning that the outer planet orbits the star once every time when the inner planet orbits the star twice. These two jovian planets are dancing around each other gravitationally. 24 Sextantis 24 Sextantis, often abbreviated as 24 Sex, is the Flamsteed designation of a 7th-magnitude star located approximately 253 light years away in the constellation of Sextans. At an apparent visual magnitude of 6.61, this star can only be viewed from rural skies under good seeing conditions. At the age of 2.8 billion","slightly smaller than Saturn at 0.7538 Jupiter radii, but is more dense. Kepler-16b completes a nearly circular orbit every 228.776 days. Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is","year or less; which still allows for Earth-sized planets at 0.6 AU or more. 54 Piscium b 54 Piscium b (HD 3651 b), occasionally catalogued as 54 Piscium Ab in order to differentiate from the brown dwarf in the system, is an extrasolar planet approximately 36 light-years away in the constellation of Pisces. The planet was discovered orbiting the orange dwarf star 54 Piscium. The planet's minimum mass is one fifth that of Jupiter, and it orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit about every two months. On January 16, 2002, a team of astronomers (led by Geoff Marcy)","low eccentricity of 0.019. It has a temperature of 584 K. Kepler-89e orbits the star Kepler-89. Kepler-89 has a mass of 1.18 solar masses, and a radius of 1.32 solar radii. It is 3.3 billion years old, younger than the Sun, making its planets about 3,000,000,000 years old (3 Gyr). It has a temperature of 6,210 K, making it appear bright yellowish-white. Kepler-89e Kepler-89e, also known as KOI-94e, is an exoplanet in the constellation of Cygnus. It orbits Kepler-89. It is a type III planet, making it cloudless and blue, making it look like a larger version of Uranus and","5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 9.63. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye, but can be seen with good binoculars. The star is known to host one planet, BD+14 4559 b, and is 47% more massive than Jupiter. It orbits within the habitable zone of its parent star at a distance of 0.77 AU, somewhat close to the orbital distance of Venus. Based on observations, there may be an undetected second planet orbiting the star, however this is unconfirmed. BD+14 4559 BD+14 4559 is a","Kepler-8 Kepler-8 is a star located in the constellation Lyra in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA-led operation tasked with discovering terrestrial planets. The star, which is slightly hotter, larger, and more massive than the Sun, has one gas giant in its orbit, Kepler-8b. This gas giant is larger than Jupiter, but is less massive, and thus more diffuse. The planet's discovery was announced to the public on January 4, 2010 along with four other planets. As the fifth confirmed planetary system verified by Kepler, it helped demonstrate the capabilities of the Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-8 was","the effective temperature of Kepler-14 would be 6395 K, much hotter than the Sun, and the star's iron content would be 0.12, or 132% the amount found in the Sun. Assuming that Kepler-14's two stars formed at about the same time, their gyrochronological ages would be approximately 2.2 billion years. Kepler-14b is a Jupiter-like planet in the orbit of the primary star of Kepler-14. The planet is 8.4 times Jupiter's mass, the equivalent of 2670 times Earth's mass. The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter at 1.14 Jupiter radii The density of Kepler-14b is 7.1 grams/cm, the second densest planet","team for analysis, who chose obvious planetary companions from the bunch for follow-up at observatories. Observations for the potential exoplanet candidates took place between 13 May 2009 and 17 March 2012. After observing the respective transits, which for Kepler-62c occurred roughly every 12 days (its orbital period), it was eventually concluded that a planetary body was responsible for the periodic 12-day transits. The discovery, along with the planetary system of the star Kepler-69 were announced on April 18, 2013. Kepler-62c Kepler-62c (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \"KOI-701.05\") is an approximately Mars-sized exoplanet discovered in orbit around","Moon. Due to its small size, it is very likely Kepler-37b is a rocky planet with a solid surface. Furthermore, it is too hot to support liquid water on its surface. The planet orbits a (G-type) star similar to the Sun, named Kepler-37, orbited by a total of four planets. The star has a mass of 0.80 and a radius of 0.79 . It has a temperature of 5417 K and is 5.66 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it","further distance. Kepler-11e, which formed within the first few million years of the star system's formation, has a mass 8.4 times that of Earth's, and radius 4.52 times that of Earth's. With a density of 0.5 grams/cm, Kepler-11e has a density that is half of that of pure water at standard temperature and pressure and slightly less than the density of Saturn. Kepler-11e has a surface equilibrium temperature of 617 K, and is thus has an equilibrium temperature approximately 2.4 times hotter than Earth's. Kepler-11e orbits its star at a mean distance of .194 AU, making it the fourth planet","of the very slow evolution of red dwarfs, the age of the Kepler-186 system was poorly constrained, although it is likely to be greater than a few billion years. Recent results have placed the age at around 4 billion years. The chance that it is tidally locked is approximately 50%. Since it is closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, it will probably rotate much more slowly than Earth; its day could be weeks or months long (see Tidal effects on rotation rate, axial tilt and orbit). Kepler-186f's axial tilt (obliquity) is likely very small, in which","Kepler-432b Kepler-432b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \"KOI-1299.01\") is a hot super-Jupiter exoplanet orbiting the giant star Kepler-432 A, the innermost of two such planets discovered by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. It is located about 2,830 light-years (870 parsecs, or nearly km) from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured. Kepler-432b is a hot super-Jupiter, an exoplanet that has a radius and mass larger than that of the planet Jupiter, and","GJ 9827 GJ 9827 is a star in the constellation of Pisces. It is a K-type main-sequence star with an apparent magnitude of 10.250. It is 97 light-years (30 parsecs) away, based on parallax. It has 3 transiting planets seen by the \"Kepler\" space observatory in their K2 survey. As of October 2017, it is the closest star discovered to have transiting exoplanets found by either the Kepler or K2 missions. The planets (b, c, d) have radii of 1.62, 1.27, and 2.09 times that of the Earth, and periods of 1.209, 3.648, and 6.201 days (ratios 1:3:5). Because of","total of five to seven planets. The star has a mass of 0.81 and a radius of 0.778 . It has a temperature of 4699 K and is about 11.0 billion years old, making it one of the oldest stars. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 5. It can be seen with the naked eye. HD 219134 b orbits its host star with about 28% of the Sun's luminosity with an orbital period of 3 days and","HAT-P-7b HAT-P-7b (or Kepler-2b) is an extrasolar planet discovered in 2008. It orbits very close to its host star, and is both larger and more massive than Jupiter. Due to the extreme heat it receives from its star, the dayside temperature is predicted to be 2730 K. HAT-P-7b is also one of the darkest planets ever observed, with an albedo of less than 0.03—meaning it absorbs more than 97% of the visible light that strikes it. The GSC 03547-01402 system was within the initial field of view of the Kepler Mission spacecraft, which confirmed the transit and orbital properties of","2013, transit-timing variation analysis confirmed 3 other planets to be in the system. However, only very loose constraints of the maximum mass of the planets could be determined. Kepler-32 Kepler-32 is an M-type main sequence star located about 1070 light years from Earth, in the constellation of Cygnus. Discovered in January 2012 by the Kepler spacecraft, it shows a 0.58 ± 0.05 solar mass (), a 0.53 ± 0.04 solar radius (), and temperature of 3900.0 K, making it half the mass and radius of the Sun, two-thirds its temperature and 5% its luminosity. It initially was known to have","4 magnitudes dimmer located 1.90 arcseconds away, whether this a gravitationally bound companion star or a chance optical alignment is unknown. Kepler-7b is the only planet that has been discovered in Kepler-7's orbit. It is .433 M and 1.478 R, meaning it is 43% the mass of planet Jupiter, but is nearly three halves its size. With a density of .166 grams/cc, the planet is approximately 17% the density of water. This is comparable to styrofoam. At a distance of .06224 AU from its host star, Kepler-7b completes an orbit around Kepler-7 every 4.8855 days. Planet Mercury, however, orbits the","It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-419c orbits its host star with 270% of the Sun's luminosity (2.7 ) about every 675 days (around 1.84 years) at a distance of 1.61 AU (compared to the orbital distance of Mars, which is 1.52 AU). It has a slightly eccentric orbit, with an eccentricity of 0.184. It receives about 95% of the amount of sunlight that Earth does. Kepler-419c resides in the circumstellar habitable zone of the parent star. The exoplanet, with a mass of 7.28 , is too massive to be rocky, and because of this","Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is a gas giant that orbits the two stars in the Kepler-16 system. The planet is a third of Jupiter's mass and","Kepler-5 Kepler-5 is a star located in the constellation Cygnus in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA project aimed at detecting planets in transit of, or passing in front of, their host stars as seen from Earth. One closely orbiting, Jupiter-like planet, named Kepler-5b, has been detected around Kepler-5. Kepler-5's planet was one of the first five planets to be discovered by the Kepler spacecraft; its discovery was announced on January 4, 2010 at the 215th meeting of the American Astronomical Society after being verified by a variety of observatories. Kepler-5 is larger and more massive","that metal-rich stars tend to have orbiting planets more often than metal-poor stars. Kepler-4 is also about 6.7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. In addition, Kepler-4 has an effective temperature of 5781 (± 76) K, which is almost identical, within the errors, to that of the Sun, which is 5778 K. As seen from Earth, Kepler-4 has an apparent magnitude of 12.7. It is, as a result, not visible with the naked eye. Kepler-4b's discovery was announced on January 4, 2010. It is the size of planet Neptune, at 0.077 M (7% the","Kepler-86 Kepler-86, PH2 or KIC 12735740 (2MASS 19190326+5157453), is a G-type star distant within the constellation Cygnus. Roughly the size and temperature of the Sun, PH2 gained prominence when it was known to be the host of one of 42 planet candidates detected by the Planet Hunters citizen science project in its second data release. The candidate orbiting around PH2, known as PH2 b, had been determined to have a spurious detection probability of only 0.08%, thus effectively confirming its existence as a planet. Located in its parent star's habitable zone, PH2 b (or Kepler-86b) is a \"Jupiter-size\" gas giant","naked eye. The binary system is known to host three planets, all larger than Earth with no solid surface. The innermost planet, Kepler-47b, is a gas giant and resides close to its parent stars and therefore is inhospitable to life. It is thought to be smaller than Kepler-47c and is roughly three times the radius of Earth. The second planet, Kepler-47c, is also a gas giant and the outermost planet. It is situated within the habitable zone and its radius is 4 times the Earth's. Although it is assumed Kepler-47c is not capable of harboring life, it is marginally larger","the higher density due to the higher average pressure compared to Earth. The estimated equilibrium temperature for Kepler-186f, which is the surface temperature without an atmosphere, is said to be around , somewhat colder than the equilibrium temperature of Mars. The planet orbits a (M-type) star named Kepler-186, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.54 and a radius of 0.52 . It has a temperature of 3755 K and is about 4 billion years old, about 600 million years younger than the Sun, which is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature","5778 K. The primary star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.25, or 56% of the solar amount. The stars' luminosities () are 84% and 1% that of the Sun. The apparent magnitude of the system, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is about 15.8. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-47b orbits around its parent stars every 45 days at a distance of 0.29 AU from its stars (close to where Mercury orbits from the Sun, which is about 0.39 AU). It receives about 9.6 times as much sunlight","the Hale and Shane telescopes in California, the Harlan J. Smith and Hobby-Eberly telescopes in west Texas, the Nordic Optical Telescope in the Canary Islands, and by telescopes at the WIYN (including MMT) and Whipple observatories in Arizona. The Spitzer Space Telescope was also used. Kepler-11's planetary system became the first discovered extrasolar system with more than three transiting planets, as well as the most compact and flattest system yet discovered, according to NASA. The planets of Kepler-11, including Kepler-11e, were announced jointly at a press conference on February 2, 2011. The findings were published in the journal \"Nature\" on","While only one additional planet was confirmed by the analysis, the study revealed the potential existence of either an unconfirmed planet KOI-872.03 (KOI-872 d). Validation by multiplicity method allowed to confirm the existence of this planet which was then renamed Kepler-46d. Planet b is a gas giant planet with a mass slightly less than that of Jupiter. The second planet in the system was among the first to be discovered through the method of transit timing variations, and through its confirmation of KOI-872 c with a 99% confidence level has shown that the method of detection may be used to","if at least 0.5 to 5 bars of CO is present in its atmosphere, for assumed N partial pressures ranging from 10 bar to zero, respectively. The star hosts four other planets discovered so far, although Kepler-186 b, c, d, and e (in order of increasing orbital radius), being too close to their star, are considered too hot to have liquid water. The four innermost planets are probably tidally locked, but Kepler-186f is in a higher orbit, where the star's tidal effects are much weaker, so the time could have been insufficient for its spin to slow down significantly. Because","Kepler (spacecraft) team announced that they had discovered 2,326 planetary candidates, of which 207 are similar in size to Earth, 680 are super-Earth-size, 1,181 are Neptune-size, 203 are Jupiter-size and 55 are larger than Jupiter. Compared to the February 2011 figures, the number of Earth-size and super-Earth-size planets increased by 200% and 140% respectively. Moreover, 48 planet candidates were found in the habitable zones of surveyed stars, marking a decrease from the February figure; this was due to the more stringent criteria in use in the December data. On December 20, 2011, the \"Kepler\" team announced the discovery of the first Earth-size","has a slightly warmer temperature of 5778 K. Kepler-6 has a metallicity of [Fe/H] = +0.34, making it 2.2 times more metallic than the Sun. On average, metal-rich stars tend to be more likely to have planets and planetary systems. The star, as seen from Earth, has an apparent magnitude of 13.8. It is not visible with the naked eye. In comparison, Pluto's apparent magnitude at its brightest is slightly brighter, at 13.65. Kepler-6 has one confirmed extrasolar planet; it is a gas giant named Kepler-6b. The planet is approximately .669 M, or some two-thirds the mass of planet Jupiter.","K2-239 K2-239 (also designated EPIC 248545986) is a small red dwarf star in the constellation Sextans about 49 parsecs (160 light-years) away from Earth. Observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during Campaign 14 of its K2 \"Second Light\" mission, it was found to have three hot, likely rocky Earth-sized planets in orbit around it. K2-239 is a small red dwarf star of spectral class M3V. It is 40% the mass and 36% the radius of the Sun with just 0.016 times the luminosity. It has a temperature of 3420 K and its age is unknown. For comparison, the Sun has","Kepler-61b Kepler-61b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \"KOI-1361.01\") is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within parts of the habitable zone of the K-type main-sequence star Kepler-61. It is located about 1,100 light-years (338 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered in 2013 using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured, by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-61b is a super-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than that of the ice giants Neptune and","Kepler-62d on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65.","Kepler-62f that of Mars. It has a radius of 1.4 , placing it below the radius of ≥1.6 where it would otherwise be a mini-Neptune with a volatile composition, with no solid surface. Due to its radius, it is likely a rocky planet. However, the mass isn't constrained yet, estimates place an upper limit of <35 , the real mass is expected to be significantly lower than this. The true value is likely around 2.8 , assuming a rocky composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five known planets. The star has a mass"],"string":"[\n \"Kepler (spacecraft) a mass of and contains a Schmidt camera with a front corrector plate (lens) feeding a primary mirror—at the time of its launch this was the largest mirror on any telescope outside Earth orbit, though the Herschel Space Observatory took this title a few months later. Its telescope has a 115 deg (about 12-degree diameter) field of view (FOV), roughly equivalent to the size of one's fist held at arm's length. Of this, 105 deg is of science quality, with less than 11% vignetting. The photometer has a soft focus to provide excellent photometry, rather than sharp images. The mission\",\n \"Ariane (rocket family) boosted 290 satellites, successfully placing 271 of them on orbit (223 main passengers and 48 auxiliary passengers) for a total mass of 575,000 kg successfully delivered on orbit. Attesting to the ubiquity of Ariane launch vehicles, France's Cerise satellite, which was orbited by an Ariane in 1995, struck a discarded Ariane rocket stage in 1996. The incident marked the first verified case of a collision with a piece of catalogued space debris. On February 16, 2011, the 200th Ariane rocket was launched, successfully carrying the Johannes Kepler ATV into low Earth orbit. Flyable models of the Ariane 4 and 5\",\n \"Project Ozma of the time, such as \\\"Time\\\" magazine. Drake used a radio telescope with a diameter of to examine the stars Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani near the 1.420 gigahertz marker frequency. Both are nearby Sun-like stars that then seemed reasonably likely to have inhabited planets. A 400 kilohertz band was scanned around the marker frequency, using a single-channel receiver with a bandwidth of 100 hertz. The information was stored on tape for off-line analysis. Some 150 hours of intermittent observation during a four-month period detected no recognizable signals. A false signal was detected on April 8, 1960, but it was\",\n \"darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,\",\n \"its parent star causing the outer layers of the atmosphere to bloat. In May 2009 COROT-1b became the first extrasolar planet for which optical (as opposed to infrared) observations of phases were reported. These observations suggest that there is not significant heat transfer between the (tidally locked) night and day sides of the planet. COROT-1b COROT-1b (previously named COROT-Exo-1b) is an extrasolar planet approximately 2,630 light-years away in the constellation of Monoceros. The planet was discovered orbiting the yellow dwarf star COROT-1 in May 2007. The planet was the first discovery by the French-led COROT Mission. The planet was announced\",\n \"2010 KZ39 orbits the Sun at a distance of 42.9–47.8 AU once every 305 years and 3 months (111,504 days), similar to Makemake, Chaos and other bodies that circle the Sun in 6:11 resonance to Neptune. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 26° with respect to the ecliptic. Using the best-fit values for its orbit, it is expected to come to perihelion in 2109. It has been observed 28 times over 3 oppositions and has an uncertainty parameter of 5. As of 2016, is 46.1 AU from the Sun. The body's spectral type as well\",\n \"Ursa Minor has had its mass estimated at 1.3 times that of the Sun via measurement of these oscillations. Kochab is 450 times more luminous than the Sun and has 42 times its diameter, with a surface temperature of approximately 4,130 K. Estimated to be around 2.95 billion years old, give or take 1 billion years, Kochab was announced to have a planetary companion around 6.1 times as massive as Jupiter with an orbit of 522 days. Traditionally known as Pherkad, Gamma Ursae Minoris has an apparent magnitude that varies between 3.04 and 3.09 roughly every 3.4 hours. It and Kochab have\",\n \"Kepler's laws of planetary motion explaining how the planets' speeds varied, and using elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits with epicycles. Isaac Newton showed in 1687 that relationships like Kepler's would apply in the Solar System to a good approximation, as a consequence of his own laws of motion and law of universal gravitation. Kepler's laws improved the model of Copernicus. If the eccentricities of the planetary orbits are taken as zero, then Kepler basically agreed with Copernicus: The eccentricities of the orbits of those planets known to Copernicus and Kepler are small, so the foregoing rules give fair approximations of planetary motion, but Kepler's\",\n \"PLATO (spacecraft) Optical Unit development is funded by the Italian Space Agency, the Swiss Space Office and the Swedish National Space Board. PLATO is an acronym, but also the name of a philosopher in Classical Greece; Plato (428–348 BC) was looking for a physical law accounting for the orbit of planets (errant stars) and able to satisfy the philosopher's needs for \\\"uniformity\\\" and \\\"regularity\\\". The goal is to find planets like Earth, not just in terms of their size but in their potential for habitability. By using 26 separate small telescopes and cameras, PLATO will search for planets orbiting from 300,000 to\",\n \"occurred on 9 July 2012, when Venus passed Aldebaran 56' northward. However, in far past and future, occultations of Aldebaran by Mercury and Venus have and will occur as result of wandering nodes. The next occultation of Aldebaran by a planet, Venus, will occur on 27 August 5366. Five faint stars are positioned so that they appear close to Aldebaran. These double stars were given alphabetic secondary star designations more or less in the order of their discovery, with the letter A reserved for the primary star. Some of the characteristics of these components, including their position relative to Aldebaran,\",\n \"Milankovitch cycles circular (with the lowest eccentricity of 0.000055) and mildly elliptical (highest eccentricity of 0.0679) Its geometric or logarithmic mean is 0.0019. The major component of these variations occurs with a period of 413,000 years (eccentricity variation of ±0.012). Other components have 95,000-year and 125,000-year cycles (with a beat period of 400,000 years). They loosely combine into a 100,000-year cycle (variation of −0.03 to +0.02). The present eccentricity is 0.017 and decreasing. Eccentricity varies primarily due to the gravitational pull of Jupiter and Saturn. However, the semi-major axis of the orbital ellipse remains unchanged; according to perturbation theory, which computes the\",\n \"86P/Wild 86P/Wild (pronounced \\\"86P/Vilt\\\") is a periodic comet in the Solar System with a current orbital period of 6.84 years. It was discovered on photographic plates exposed on 11/12 April 1980 by Paul Wild of the Astronomical Institute of University of Bern, Switzerland at the nearby Zimmerwald Observatory. He reported the brightness at a magnitude of 15.5 and that the comet was diffuse. He rediscovered it on 7 May 1980 and calculations by Brian G. Marsden estimated that perihelion would take place on 6 October 1980. Syuichi Nakano calculated the next perihelion would be 31 August 1987 and the comet\",\n \"66 Tauri 66 Tauri, also known as r Tauri, is a binary star in the constellation of Taurus. The combined apparent magnitude of the system is 5.098, with the magnitudes of the two components being 5.8 and 5.9, respectively. Parallax measurements by Hipparcos put 66 Tauri at some 400 light-years (121 parsecs) away. This is a visual binary where the positions of the two stars are tracked over time, and used to calculate an orbit. The two stars orbit each other every 55 years. Their orbit is fairly eccentric, at 0.720, and the two stars are separated by 0.188″ on\",\n \"Steven S. Vogt Steven Scott Vogt (born December 20, 1949) is an American astronomer of German descent whose main interest is the search for extrasolar planets. He is credited, along with R. Paul Butler, for discovering Gliese 581 g, the first potentially habitable planet outside of the Solar System. He is a professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and is known worldwide for designing and building HIRES, a high-resolution optical spectrometer mounted permanently on the W. M. Keck Observatory 10-meter telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. HIRES is an instrument critical to observations and discoveries\",\n \"with a stable stellar activity. Many red dwarfs like Proxima Centauri and TRAPPIST-1 are prone to releasing potentially deadly flares caused by powerful magnetic fields. Billions of years of exposure to these flares can potentially strip a planet of its atmosphere and render it sterile with possibly dangerous amounts of radiation. While Ross 128 is known to produce such flares, they are currently much less common and less powerful than those of the previously mentioned stars. This reduces the odds of atmospheric erosion (if Ross 128 b has one) and would increase the odds of its retention over geological timescales.\",\n \"Cassini–Huygens on July 1, 2008, and was renamed the Cassini Equinox Mission as the mission coincided with Saturn's equinox. A proposal was submitted to NASA for a second mission extension (September 2010 – May 2017), provisionally named the extended-extended mission or XXM. This ($60M pa) was approved in February 2010 and renamed the Cassini Solstice Mission. It included \\\"Cassini\\\" orbiting Saturn 155 more times, conducting 54 additional flybys of Titan and 11 more of Enceladus. On October 25, 2012, \\\"Cassini\\\" witnessed the aftermath of the massive Great White Spot storm that recurs roughly every 30 years on Saturn. Data from the\",\n \"around 11.9 billion years old. The stellar population includes four Cepheids and RV Tauri variables, plus at least one RR Lyrae variable for which a period is known. Observations made during the ROSAT mission failed to reveal any low-intensity X-ray sources. Messier 19 Messier 19 or M19 (also designated NGC 6273) is a globular cluster in the constellation Ophiuchus. It was discovered by Charles Messier on June 5, 1764 and added to his catalogue of comet-like objects that same year. It was resolved into individual stars by William Herschel in 1784. His son, John Herschel, described it as \\\"a superb\",\n \"orbital period of 33100 years. In a 10 million year integration of the orbit, the nominal (best-fit) orbit and both 3-sigma clones remain outside 12.2 AU (\\\"q\\\") from the Sun. Summary of barycentric orbital parameters are: Archived data from the JPL SBDB and MPC. 2012 DR30 Using an epoch of February 2017, it has the second-largest heliocentric semi-major axis of a minor planet not detected out-gassing like a comet. ( has a larger heliocentric semi-major axis.) does have a barycentric semi-major axis of 1032 AU. For the epoch of July 2018 will have its largest heliocentric semi-major axis of 1644\",\n \"orbit, known as the ecliptic. The planets are very close to the ecliptic, whereas comets and Kuiper belt objects are frequently at significantly greater angles to it. All the planets, and most other objects, orbit the Sun in the same direction that the Sun is rotating (counter-clockwise, as viewed from above Earth's north pole). There are exceptions, such as Halley's Comet. The overall structure of the charted regions of the Solar System consists of the Sun, four relatively small inner planets surrounded by a belt of mostly rocky asteroids, and four giant planets surrounded by the Kuiper belt of mostly\",\n \"and telescope pioneer Zacharias Janssen. In February 2016, it was announced that NASA \\\"Hubble Space Telescope\\\" had detected hydrogen and helium (and suggestions of hydrogen cyanide), but no water vapor, in the atmosphere of 55 Cancri e, the first time the atmosphere of a super-Earth exoplanet was analyzed successfully. Like the majority of extrasolar planets found prior to the Kepler mission, 55 Cancri e was discovered by detecting variations in its star's radial velocity. This was achieved by making sensitive measurements of the Doppler shift of the spectrum of 55 Cancri A. At the time of its discovery, three other\",\n \"is a permanent day side and a permanent night side. The search for 61 Virginis b started when its host star was chosen an ideal target for a planet search using the radial velocity method (in which the gravitational pull of a planet on its star is measured by observing the resulting Doppler shift), as stellar activity would not overly mask or mimic Doppler spectroscopy measurements. It was also confirmed that 61 Virginis is neither a binary star nor a quickly rotating star, common false positives when searching for transiting planets. Analysis of the resulting data found that the radial\",\n \"0.04, or 109% the solar amount. This is particularly odd as such low-mass stars near the boundary between brown dwarfs and hydrogen-fusing stars should be expected to have considerably less metal content than the Sun. Its luminosity (\\\"L\\\") is 0.05% of that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 18.8, too dim to be seen with the naked eye. TRAPPIST-1g orbits its host star with an orbital period of about 12.353 days and an orbital radius of about 0.0451 times that of Earth's (compared to the distance of Mercury from the\",\n \"Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite approved in 2013 as a Medium Explorer mission. TESS passed its critical design review (CDR) in 2015, allowing production of the satellite to begin. While Kepler had cost US$640 million at launch, TESS cost only US$200 million (plus US$87 million for launch). TESS is designed to carry out the first spaceborne all-sky transiting exoplanet survey. It is equipped with four wide-angle telescopes and associated charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors. Science data will be transmitted to Earth every two weeks. Full-frame images with an effective exposure time of two hours will be transmitted as well, enabling scientists to search for unexpected, transient\",\n \"WASP-4b WASP-4b is an extrasolar planet approximately 880 light-years away in the constellation of Phoenix. The planet was discovered orbiting the star WASP-4 in October 2007. The planet's mass and radius indicate that it is a gas giant, similar to Jupiter. WASP-4b is close enough to its star to be classified as a hot Jupiter and has an atmospheric temperature of approximately 1650 K. The planet was the discovered by the SuperWASP project using cameras in South Africa. After its discovery, the mass of the WASP-4 b was determined by measuring the radial velocity of WASP-4, which confirmed that the\",\n \"Double planet In astronomy, a double planet (also binary planet) is a binary system where both objects are of planetary mass. The term is not recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and is therefore not an official classification. At its 2006 General Assembly, the International Astronomical Union considered a proposal that Pluto and Charon be reclassified as a double planet, but the proposal was abandoned in favor of the current definition of planet. In promotional materials advertising the SMART-1 mission and pre-dating the IAU planet definition, the European Space Agency once referred to the Earth–Moon system as a double\",\n \"Stars and planetary systems in fiction galaxy. At least one of the Ross stars has been confirmed to possess multiple extrasolar planets as of 2013. Item(s) in this section refer to the star as Ross 780. For references to Gliese 876, see the separate section in this article. As of 2013, it has been confirmed that four (nonfictional) extrasolar planets orbit the star. Beta Lyrae is an eclipsing binary system (see animation) in which mass is being transferred from the brighter primary to the more massive secondary star in a presumably spectacular accretion disc. Because of this, it has inspired the imaginations of artists and authors\",\n \"but was still listed at NEODyS with odds of 1 in 3 million for 27 November 2015 during the approach window. With an absolute magnitude of 23.6, is about 50–110 meters in diameter. 2007 VE191 It is estimated to be roughly 63 meters in diameter. In 2015 it was known to have a 1 in 63,000 chance of impacting Earth on 27 November 2015. However, the nominal best-fit orbit showed that would be roughly from Earth on 27 November 2015 with an apparent magnitude of roughly +25 in the constellation of Virgo about 50 degrees from the Sun, and the\",\n \"zone where liquid water can exist on the surface. Computer simulations of the formation of planets around low mass stars predict that Earth-sized planets are most abundant, but more than 90% of the simulated planets are at least 10% water by mass, suggesting that many Earth-sized planets orbiting red dwarf stars are covered in deep oceans. At least four and possibly up to six exoplanets were discovered orbiting within the Gliese 581 planetary system between 2005 and 2010. One planet has about the mass of Neptune, or 16 Earth masses (). It orbits just 6 million kilometers (0.04 AU) from\",\n \"Kepler orbit Kepler’s book Astronomia Nova in 1609. For a circles motion is uniform, however for the elliptical to sweep the area in a uniform rate, the object moves quickly when the radius vector is short and moves slower when the radius vector is long. Kepler published his Third Law of Planetary Motion in 1619, in his book Harmonices Mundi. With this law, Newton used it to define his laws of gravitation. The Third Law: The squares of the periodic times are to each other as the cubes of the mean distances. Along with The Third Law, that talks about gravitation, it\",\n \"by measuring the minute dimming of a star as an orbiting planet passes between it and the Earth. It is the only planet orbiting around HD 89345, a G5 class star, situated in the constellation of Leo in 413 light-years from the Sun. This star is aged 9.4 billion years. HD 89345 b orbits its star in about 12 terrestrial days on an elliptical orbit. The orbit is closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and can be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.13) and\",\n \"It is the largest Solar System object that makes repeated close approaches to Earth. With a relative velocity of 60 km/s, an Earth impact would have an estimated energy of ~27 times that of the Cretaceous–Paleogene impactor. Comet Swift–Tuttle has been described as \\\"the single most dangerous object known to humanity\\\". In 1996, the long-term possibility of Comet Swift–Tuttle impacting Earth was compared to 433 Eros, and they were compared to about 3000 other kilometer sized objects as objects of concern. Comet Swift–Tuttle Comet Swift–Tuttle (formally designated 109P/Swift–Tuttle) is a periodic comet with a current (osculating) orbital period of 133\",\n \"was also detected, with a minimum mass of about 8.4 and a low equilibrium temperature of . It has been designated Gliese 1132 (d) with parenthesis because it has not been accepted as a confirmed planet. Despite the signal having a false alarm probability of less than 0.01%, comparable to Gliese 1132 b and c, it is close to the period of the star’s magnetic cycle. Gliese 1132 Gliese 1132 (often shortened to GJ 1132) is a small red dwarf star about 39 light-years (12 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Vela. In 2015, it was revealed to have\",\n \"Natalie Batalha transit photometry. She has been involved with the Kepler Mission since the design and funding, and as one of the original Co-Investigators was responsible for the selection of the more than 150,000 stars monitored by the telescope. She now works closely with team members at Ames Research Center to identify viable planets from the data of the Kepler mission. She led the analysis that yielded the discovery in 2011 of Kepler 10b, the first confirmed rocky planet outside our solar system. In 2017, Batalha and two other exoplanet scientists were named to Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the\",\n \"case of Mars, the period is 2.135 years, (780 days). In more complex cases, including the use of gravitational slingshots, launch windows are irregular. Sometimes rare opportunities arise, such as when \\\"Voyager 2\\\" took advantage of a 175-year planetary alignment (launch window) to visit Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. When such an opportunity is missed, another target may be selected. For example, the ESA's \\\"Rosetta\\\" mission was originally intended for comet 46P/Wirtanen, but a launcher problem delayed it and a new target had to be selected (comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko). Launch periods are often calculated from porkchop plots, which show the delta-v\",\n \"COROT-9b COROT-9b is an exoplanet orbiting the star COROT-9, approximately 1500 light years away in the constellation Serpens. COROT-9b's distance of nearest approach to its parent star of approximately 0.36 AU was the largest of all known transiting planets at the time of its discovery, with an orbital period of 95 days. The transit of this planet lasts 8 hours. The planet is at a distance from its star where there is a strong increase in albedo as the temperature decreases, because of the condensation of reflective water clouds in the atmosphere. This suggests its atmosphere may be locked into\",\n \"unknown. However, this information could be determined if the planets happen to transit in front of Wolf 1061 when viewed from Earth. Because all three planets orbit close to the star and have short orbital periods, there is a chance that this will occur. The University of New South Wales team estimated the chances of a transit at around 14% for planet b, 6% for planet c, and 3% for planet d. One of the planets, Wolf 1061 c, is a super-Earth located near the inner edge of the star's habitable zone, which conservatively extends from 0.11 to 0.21 AU,\",\n \"Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite telescopes have mainly detected giant exoplanets, TESS will find a large number of small planets around the nearest stars in the sky. TESS records the nearest and brightest main sequence stars hosting transiting exoplanets, which are the most favorable targets for detailed investigations. TESS uses a novel highly-elliptical orbit around the Earth with an apogee approximately at the distance of the Moon and a perigee of 108,000 km. TESS orbits Earth twice during the time the Moon orbits once, a 2:1 resonance with the Moon. The orbit is expected to remain stable for a minimum of 10 years. Led by\",\n \"V), LHS 2924 (M9 V). Many red dwarfs are orbited by exoplanets, but large Jupiter-sized planets are comparatively rare. Doppler surveys of a wide variety of stars indicate about 1 in 6 stars with twice the mass of the Sun are orbited by one or more Jupiter-sized planets, versus 1 in 16 for Sun-like stars and only 1 in 50 for red dwarfs. On the other hand, microlensing surveys indicate that long-orbital-period Neptune-mass planets are found around one in three red dwarfs. Observations with HARPS further indicate 40% of red dwarfs have a \\\"super-Earth\\\" class planet orbiting in the habitable\",\n \"Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period (243 days) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets (meaning the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east). It does not have any natural satellites. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of −4.6 – bright enough to cast shadows at night and, rarely,\",\n \"Gliese 436 Gliese 436 is a red dwarf approximately away in the zodiac constellation of Leo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 10.67, which is much too faint to be seen with the naked eye. However, it can be viewed with even a modest telescope of aperture. In 2004, the existence of an extrasolar planet, Gliese 436b, was verified as orbiting the star. This planet was later discovered to transit its host star. Gliese 436 is a M2.5V star, which means it is a red dwarf. Stellar models give an estimated size of about 42% of the Sun's radius.\",\n \"41 Lyncis b 41 Lyncis b (abbreviated 41 Lyn b), also designated HD 81688 b and named Arkas, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. A gas giant with a minimum mass 2.7 times that of Jupiter it orbits the K-type star 41 Lyncis with an orbital period of 184 days (corresponding to semi-major axis of 0.81 AU). It was discovered and announced by Sato on February 19, 2008. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The\",\n \"COROT-3b COROT-3b (formerly known as COROT-Exo-3b) is a brown dwarf or massive extrasolar planet with a mass 21.66 times that of Jupiter. The object orbits an F-type star in the constellation of Aquila. The orbit is circular and takes 4.2568 days to complete. It was discovered by the French-led COROT mission which detected the dimming of the parent star's light as COROT-3b passes in front of it (a situation called a transit). The mass of COROT-3b was determined by the radial velocity method, which involves detecting the Doppler shift of the parent star's spectrum as it moves towards and away\",\n \"HD 205739 b is a Jupiter-size planet. The estimated minimum mass is 1.37 times the mass of Jupiter. The planet has been found to orbit its host star every 279.8 days at a distance of 0.896 AU, which is approximately 89.6% of the mean distance between the Sun and the Earth. HD 205739 b has a mildly elliptical orbit, given its orbital eccentricity of 0.27. The planet's elliptical orbit is typical with respect to discovered planets whose orbits are longer than twenty days and have not grown circular because of tidal forces. According to its discoverers, HD 205739 b's elongated\",\n \"WASP-13b WASP-13b is an extrasolar planet that was discovered in 2008 in the orbit of the sunlike star WASP-13. The planet has a mass of nearly half that of Jupiter, but a radius five-fourths the size of Jupiter. This low relative mass might be caused by a core that is of low mass or that is not present at all. The planet orbits at approximately 5% of the distance between the Sun and Earth every four days. The star was observed several times between 2006 and 2009, at first through the SuperWASP program and later through focused follow-up observations. Analysis\",\n \"and is likely 2 billion years old based on its mass and evolution. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 8.19. Therefore, HD 240237 is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. HD 240237 b orbits its star with nearly 331 times the Sun's luminosity (331 ) every 746 days at a distance of 1.9 AU (compared to Mars' orbital distance from the Sun, which is 1.52 AU). It has a mildly eccentric orbit,\",\n \"Gliese 3634 at a distance of 14.7 parsecs (47.95 light years). GJ 3634 has one confirmed planet in orbit: GJ 3634 b. The planet was called a Super-Earth by its discoverers because of its mass, which was deduced to be 8.4 times that of Earth's and 0.02 times that of Jupiter's. GJ 3634 b has an extremely short orbital period, orbiting GJ 3634 every 2.64561 days. The planet orbits near to its star, and is at an average distance of .0287 AU away. It has an orbital eccentricity of 0.08, meaning that its orbit is very circular. The initial study into the\",\n \"The two stars are separated by about 74 arc seconds (~434 AU). In May 2009, astronomers from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, announced that they had found evidence of a planet orbiting VB 10, which they designated VB 10b. The Hale telescope at the Palomar Observatory was used to detect evidence of this planet using the astrometry method. The new planet was claimed to have a mass 6 times that of Jupiter and an orbital period of 270 days. However, subsequent studies using Doppler spectroscopy failed to detect the radial velocity variations that would be expected if such a\",\n \"Jupiter's, making its atmosphere fluffy, and coupled with transiting a moderately bright K star makes it a target for atmosphere characterization. It is eight times nearer its star than Mercury is to the Sun and orbits its star every 5.7 days. With a temperature of , its atmosphere makes it one of the hottest known exoplanets. WASP-107b WASP-107b is a super-Neptune exoplanet that lies 200 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Virgo. Its discovery was announced in 2017 and led by D. R. Anderson and a team of colleagues via the WASP-South. Helium was discovered in the planet's atmosphere\",\n \"61 Virginis b 61 Virginis b (abbreviated 61 Vir b) is an extrasolar planet, orbiting the 5th magnitude G-type star 61 Virginis, in Virgo. This planet has a minimum mass of 5.1 times that of Earth and is an example of a super-Earth planet. It orbits very close to the star, at a distance of 0.050201 AU with an eccentricity of 0.12. This planet was discovered on 14 December 2009 using the radial velocity method taken at Keck and Anglo-Australian Observatories. 61 Virginis b is a super-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than\",\n \"close to the star's equator. Its parent star is a G-type star, a bit cooler than the Sun but more active. It is located about 800 light-years from Earth. It takes 125 minutes to transit its star. As of August 2008, the COROT-2b spin-orbit angle (that is, the angle between the equator of the star and the plane of the planet orbit) was calculated by Bouchy \\\"et al.\\\" by means of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect with a value of +7.2 ± 4.5 degrees. COROT-2 COROT-2 is a yellow dwarf main sequence star a little cooler than the Sun. This star is\",\n \"55 Cancri d 55 Cancri d (abbreviated 55 Cnc d), also named Lipperhey, is an extrasolar planet in a long-period orbit around the Sun-like star 55 Cancri A. Located at a similar distance from its star as Jupiter is from our Sun, it is the fifth and outermost known planet in its planetary system. 55 Cancri d was discovered on June 13, 2002. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU\",\n \"July 2047. The second message, Cosmic Call 2, was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at 47 Ursae Majoris in May 2049. Because of its planetary system, 47 Ursae Majoris was listed as one of the top 100 target stars for NASA's former Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. 47 Ursae Majoris 47 Ursae Majoris (abbreviated 47 UMa), also named Chalawan (, ), is a yellow dwarf star approximately 46 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. , three extrasolar planets (designated 47 Ursae Majoris b, c and d; the first two later named Taphao Thong and\",\n \"42 Draconis 42 Draconis (abbreviated 42 Dra), also named Fafnir, is a 5th magnitude K-type giant star located approximately 315 light years away in the constellation of Draco. As of 2009, an extrasolar planet (designated 42 Draconis b, later named Orbitar) is thought to be orbiting the star. Of spectral type K1.5III, the star has a mass similar to the Sun but with a radius 22 times greater. It is a metal-poor star with metallicity as low as 35% that of the Sun and its age is 9.49 billion years. It is the northern pole star of Venus. 42 Draconis\",\n \"old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.3. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. K2-33b orbits its host star with an orbital period of 5.424 days at a distance of 0.049 AU (compared to the distance of Mercury from the Sun, which is about 0.38 AU). The planet likely receives about 125 times\",\n \"\\\"θ\\\" by Kepler's first law: Using the relation above between \\\"θ\\\" and \\\"E\\\" the final equation for the distance \\\"r\\\" is: Kepler's laws of planetary motion In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun. Most planetary orbits are nearly circular, and careful observation and calculation are required in order to establish that they are not perfectly circular. Calculations of the orbit of Mars, whose published values are somewhat suspect, indicated an elliptical orbit. From this, Johannes Kepler inferred that other bodies in the Solar System, including those farther away\",\n \"BD−22 5866 BD−22 5866 is a quadruple-star system located 166 light years from Earth. The four stars are each about half the mass of the Sun and are approximately 500 million years old. The system is unusual in how closely the four stars are orbiting each other; one pair has an orbital separation of at most .04 AU and an orbital period of about two days, the other pair has a separation of at most .26 AU and a period of about 55 days, and the two pairs are separated by 5.8 AU and have an orbital period of less\",\n \"Kepler-20f mass to be around 1.2 . Kepler-20 is a Sun-like star in the constellation Lyra with a mass of 0.91 (± 0.03) and a radius of 0.94 (± 0.06) , and is thought to be 8.8 billion years old, though there is a large uncertainty in its age. In other words, Kepler-20 is approximately 9% less massive and 6% shorter than the Sun. The star's metallicity is 0.01 (± 0.04), meaning that the level of iron (and, presumably, other elements) in the star is almost the same as that of the Sun. Metallicity plays an important role in planetary systems,\",\n \"59°, resulting in a true mass of 2.2756 times the mass of Jupiter. Because it is only 2 times more massive than Jupiter, it should be slightly larger than it, with a radius of around 1.2 . The equilibrium temperature of Gliese 876 b, is estimated to be around . This planet, like c and e, has likely migrated inward. The planet orbits a (M-type) star named Gliese 876. The star has a mass of 0.33 and a radius of around 0.36 . It has a surface temperature of 3350 K and is 2.55 billion years old. In comparison, the\",\n \"has become cooler than the Sun's as it slowly expands into a giant star. The star is known to have two giant extrasolar planets. On July 26, 2010 the California and Carnegie Planet Search team announced the discovery of two planets around 24 Sextantis along with two planets around HD 200964. The inner planet is twice as massive as Jupiter and takes 453 days to orbit the star in a circular orbit at the average distance of 1.33 AU (199 Gm). The outer planet is / the mass of Jupiter and takes 883 days to orbit eccentrically around the star\",\n \"Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment camera. Recently the OGLE team, in cooperation with scientists mostly from USA, New Zealand and Japan, proved that small, Earth-like planets can exist in great distance from stars around which they revolve despite there being other stars near them. At least seventeen planets have so far been discovered by the OGLE project. Eight of the planets were discovered by the transit method and six by the gravitational microlensing method. Planets are shown in the order of discovery. Planets in multiple-planet systems are highlighted in yellow. Please note that list below may not be complete. \\\"Notes: For events detected by the\",\n \"Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite will be studied, including the 1,000 closest red dwarfs across the whole sky, an area 400 times larger than that covered by the \\\"Kepler\\\" mission. TESS is expected to discover more than 20,000 transiting exoplanets, including 500 to 1000 Earth-sized planets and super-Earths. Of those discoveries, an estimated 20 could be super-Earths located in the habitable zone around a star. Most exoplanets are expected to be between 30 and 300 light-years away. The survey is broken up into 26 observation sectors, each sector being , with an overlap of sectors at the ecliptic poles to allow additional sensitivity toward smaller\",\n \"observing time is less a year, for example, the orbits of the detectable planets will be significantly smaller than that of the Earth. So, for Corot, due to the maximum duration of 6 months of observation for each star field, only planets closer to their stars than 0.3 Astronomical Units (less than the distance between the Sun and Mercury) can be detected, therefore generally not in the so-called habitable zone. The Kepler mission (NASA) has continuously observed the same field for many years and thus had the ability to detect Earth sized planets located farther from their stars. The moderate\",\n \"astronomers can see everything from methane to water vapor on other planets by photometry. It is the only planet orbiting around EPIC 211945201, a G class star, situated in the constellation of Cancer in 596 light-years from the Sun. Its host star is aged 4 billion years. EPIC 211945201 b orbits its star in about 19 terrestrial days. It orbits closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and may be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.14) and should be very different from our planet. EPIC\",\n \"Gliese 667 Cc a mass of 0.31 and a radius of 0.42 . It has a temperature of 3700 K, but its age is poorly constrained, estimates place it greater than 2 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. This star is radiating only 1.4% of the Sun's luminosity from its outer atmosphere. It is known to have a system of two planets: claims have been made for up to seven, but these may be in error due to failure to account for correlated noise in the radial velocity data.\",\n \"at the average distance of 2.08 AU (312 Gm). The two planets are in a 2:1 resonance, meaning that the outer planet orbits the star once every time when the inner planet orbits the star twice. These two jovian planets are dancing around each other gravitationally. 24 Sextantis 24 Sextantis, often abbreviated as 24 Sex, is the Flamsteed designation of a 7th-magnitude star located approximately 253 light years away in the constellation of Sextans. At an apparent visual magnitude of 6.61, this star can only be viewed from rural skies under good seeing conditions. At the age of 2.8 billion\",\n \"slightly smaller than Saturn at 0.7538 Jupiter radii, but is more dense. Kepler-16b completes a nearly circular orbit every 228.776 days. Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is\",\n \"year or less; which still allows for Earth-sized planets at 0.6 AU or more. 54 Piscium b 54 Piscium b (HD 3651 b), occasionally catalogued as 54 Piscium Ab in order to differentiate from the brown dwarf in the system, is an extrasolar planet approximately 36 light-years away in the constellation of Pisces. The planet was discovered orbiting the orange dwarf star 54 Piscium. The planet's minimum mass is one fifth that of Jupiter, and it orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit about every two months. On January 16, 2002, a team of astronomers (led by Geoff Marcy)\",\n \"low eccentricity of 0.019. It has a temperature of 584 K. Kepler-89e orbits the star Kepler-89. Kepler-89 has a mass of 1.18 solar masses, and a radius of 1.32 solar radii. It is 3.3 billion years old, younger than the Sun, making its planets about 3,000,000,000 years old (3 Gyr). It has a temperature of 6,210 K, making it appear bright yellowish-white. Kepler-89e Kepler-89e, also known as KOI-94e, is an exoplanet in the constellation of Cygnus. It orbits Kepler-89. It is a type III planet, making it cloudless and blue, making it look like a larger version of Uranus and\",\n \"5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 9.63. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye, but can be seen with good binoculars. The star is known to host one planet, BD+14 4559 b, and is 47% more massive than Jupiter. It orbits within the habitable zone of its parent star at a distance of 0.77 AU, somewhat close to the orbital distance of Venus. Based on observations, there may be an undetected second planet orbiting the star, however this is unconfirmed. BD+14 4559 BD+14 4559 is a\",\n \"Kepler-8 Kepler-8 is a star located in the constellation Lyra in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA-led operation tasked with discovering terrestrial planets. The star, which is slightly hotter, larger, and more massive than the Sun, has one gas giant in its orbit, Kepler-8b. This gas giant is larger than Jupiter, but is less massive, and thus more diffuse. The planet's discovery was announced to the public on January 4, 2010 along with four other planets. As the fifth confirmed planetary system verified by Kepler, it helped demonstrate the capabilities of the Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-8 was\",\n \"the effective temperature of Kepler-14 would be 6395 K, much hotter than the Sun, and the star's iron content would be 0.12, or 132% the amount found in the Sun. Assuming that Kepler-14's two stars formed at about the same time, their gyrochronological ages would be approximately 2.2 billion years. Kepler-14b is a Jupiter-like planet in the orbit of the primary star of Kepler-14. The planet is 8.4 times Jupiter's mass, the equivalent of 2670 times Earth's mass. The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter at 1.14 Jupiter radii The density of Kepler-14b is 7.1 grams/cm, the second densest planet\",\n \"team for analysis, who chose obvious planetary companions from the bunch for follow-up at observatories. Observations for the potential exoplanet candidates took place between 13 May 2009 and 17 March 2012. After observing the respective transits, which for Kepler-62c occurred roughly every 12 days (its orbital period), it was eventually concluded that a planetary body was responsible for the periodic 12-day transits. The discovery, along with the planetary system of the star Kepler-69 were announced on April 18, 2013. Kepler-62c Kepler-62c (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \\\"KOI-701.05\\\") is an approximately Mars-sized exoplanet discovered in orbit around\",\n \"Moon. Due to its small size, it is very likely Kepler-37b is a rocky planet with a solid surface. Furthermore, it is too hot to support liquid water on its surface. The planet orbits a (G-type) star similar to the Sun, named Kepler-37, orbited by a total of four planets. The star has a mass of 0.80 and a radius of 0.79 . It has a temperature of 5417 K and is 5.66 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it\",\n \"further distance. Kepler-11e, which formed within the first few million years of the star system's formation, has a mass 8.4 times that of Earth's, and radius 4.52 times that of Earth's. With a density of 0.5 grams/cm, Kepler-11e has a density that is half of that of pure water at standard temperature and pressure and slightly less than the density of Saturn. Kepler-11e has a surface equilibrium temperature of 617 K, and is thus has an equilibrium temperature approximately 2.4 times hotter than Earth's. Kepler-11e orbits its star at a mean distance of .194 AU, making it the fourth planet\",\n \"of the very slow evolution of red dwarfs, the age of the Kepler-186 system was poorly constrained, although it is likely to be greater than a few billion years. Recent results have placed the age at around 4 billion years. The chance that it is tidally locked is approximately 50%. Since it is closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, it will probably rotate much more slowly than Earth; its day could be weeks or months long (see Tidal effects on rotation rate, axial tilt and orbit). Kepler-186f's axial tilt (obliquity) is likely very small, in which\",\n \"Kepler-432b Kepler-432b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \\\"KOI-1299.01\\\") is a hot super-Jupiter exoplanet orbiting the giant star Kepler-432 A, the innermost of two such planets discovered by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. It is located about 2,830 light-years (870 parsecs, or nearly km) from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured. Kepler-432b is a hot super-Jupiter, an exoplanet that has a radius and mass larger than that of the planet Jupiter, and\",\n \"GJ 9827 GJ 9827 is a star in the constellation of Pisces. It is a K-type main-sequence star with an apparent magnitude of 10.250. It is 97 light-years (30 parsecs) away, based on parallax. It has 3 transiting planets seen by the \\\"Kepler\\\" space observatory in their K2 survey. As of October 2017, it is the closest star discovered to have transiting exoplanets found by either the Kepler or K2 missions. The planets (b, c, d) have radii of 1.62, 1.27, and 2.09 times that of the Earth, and periods of 1.209, 3.648, and 6.201 days (ratios 1:3:5). Because of\",\n \"total of five to seven planets. The star has a mass of 0.81 and a radius of 0.778 . It has a temperature of 4699 K and is about 11.0 billion years old, making it one of the oldest stars. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 5. It can be seen with the naked eye. HD 219134 b orbits its host star with about 28% of the Sun's luminosity with an orbital period of 3 days and\",\n \"HAT-P-7b HAT-P-7b (or Kepler-2b) is an extrasolar planet discovered in 2008. It orbits very close to its host star, and is both larger and more massive than Jupiter. Due to the extreme heat it receives from its star, the dayside temperature is predicted to be 2730 K. HAT-P-7b is also one of the darkest planets ever observed, with an albedo of less than 0.03—meaning it absorbs more than 97% of the visible light that strikes it. The GSC 03547-01402 system was within the initial field of view of the Kepler Mission spacecraft, which confirmed the transit and orbital properties of\",\n \"2013, transit-timing variation analysis confirmed 3 other planets to be in the system. However, only very loose constraints of the maximum mass of the planets could be determined. Kepler-32 Kepler-32 is an M-type main sequence star located about 1070 light years from Earth, in the constellation of Cygnus. Discovered in January 2012 by the Kepler spacecraft, it shows a 0.58 ± 0.05 solar mass (), a 0.53 ± 0.04 solar radius (), and temperature of 3900.0 K, making it half the mass and radius of the Sun, two-thirds its temperature and 5% its luminosity. It initially was known to have\",\n \"4 magnitudes dimmer located 1.90 arcseconds away, whether this a gravitationally bound companion star or a chance optical alignment is unknown. Kepler-7b is the only planet that has been discovered in Kepler-7's orbit. It is .433 M and 1.478 R, meaning it is 43% the mass of planet Jupiter, but is nearly three halves its size. With a density of .166 grams/cc, the planet is approximately 17% the density of water. This is comparable to styrofoam. At a distance of .06224 AU from its host star, Kepler-7b completes an orbit around Kepler-7 every 4.8855 days. Planet Mercury, however, orbits the\",\n \"It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-419c orbits its host star with 270% of the Sun's luminosity (2.7 ) about every 675 days (around 1.84 years) at a distance of 1.61 AU (compared to the orbital distance of Mars, which is 1.52 AU). It has a slightly eccentric orbit, with an eccentricity of 0.184. It receives about 95% of the amount of sunlight that Earth does. Kepler-419c resides in the circumstellar habitable zone of the parent star. The exoplanet, with a mass of 7.28 , is too massive to be rocky, and because of this\",\n \"Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is a gas giant that orbits the two stars in the Kepler-16 system. The planet is a third of Jupiter's mass and\",\n \"Kepler-5 Kepler-5 is a star located in the constellation Cygnus in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA project aimed at detecting planets in transit of, or passing in front of, their host stars as seen from Earth. One closely orbiting, Jupiter-like planet, named Kepler-5b, has been detected around Kepler-5. Kepler-5's planet was one of the first five planets to be discovered by the Kepler spacecraft; its discovery was announced on January 4, 2010 at the 215th meeting of the American Astronomical Society after being verified by a variety of observatories. Kepler-5 is larger and more massive\",\n \"that metal-rich stars tend to have orbiting planets more often than metal-poor stars. Kepler-4 is also about 6.7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. In addition, Kepler-4 has an effective temperature of 5781 (± 76) K, which is almost identical, within the errors, to that of the Sun, which is 5778 K. As seen from Earth, Kepler-4 has an apparent magnitude of 12.7. It is, as a result, not visible with the naked eye. Kepler-4b's discovery was announced on January 4, 2010. It is the size of planet Neptune, at 0.077 M (7% the\",\n \"Kepler-86 Kepler-86, PH2 or KIC 12735740 (2MASS 19190326+5157453), is a G-type star distant within the constellation Cygnus. Roughly the size and temperature of the Sun, PH2 gained prominence when it was known to be the host of one of 42 planet candidates detected by the Planet Hunters citizen science project in its second data release. The candidate orbiting around PH2, known as PH2 b, had been determined to have a spurious detection probability of only 0.08%, thus effectively confirming its existence as a planet. Located in its parent star's habitable zone, PH2 b (or Kepler-86b) is a \\\"Jupiter-size\\\" gas giant\",\n \"naked eye. The binary system is known to host three planets, all larger than Earth with no solid surface. The innermost planet, Kepler-47b, is a gas giant and resides close to its parent stars and therefore is inhospitable to life. It is thought to be smaller than Kepler-47c and is roughly three times the radius of Earth. The second planet, Kepler-47c, is also a gas giant and the outermost planet. It is situated within the habitable zone and its radius is 4 times the Earth's. Although it is assumed Kepler-47c is not capable of harboring life, it is marginally larger\",\n \"the higher density due to the higher average pressure compared to Earth. The estimated equilibrium temperature for Kepler-186f, which is the surface temperature without an atmosphere, is said to be around , somewhat colder than the equilibrium temperature of Mars. The planet orbits a (M-type) star named Kepler-186, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.54 and a radius of 0.52 . It has a temperature of 3755 K and is about 4 billion years old, about 600 million years younger than the Sun, which is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature\",\n \"5778 K. The primary star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.25, or 56% of the solar amount. The stars' luminosities () are 84% and 1% that of the Sun. The apparent magnitude of the system, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is about 15.8. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-47b orbits around its parent stars every 45 days at a distance of 0.29 AU from its stars (close to where Mercury orbits from the Sun, which is about 0.39 AU). It receives about 9.6 times as much sunlight\",\n \"the Hale and Shane telescopes in California, the Harlan J. Smith and Hobby-Eberly telescopes in west Texas, the Nordic Optical Telescope in the Canary Islands, and by telescopes at the WIYN (including MMT) and Whipple observatories in Arizona. The Spitzer Space Telescope was also used. Kepler-11's planetary system became the first discovered extrasolar system with more than three transiting planets, as well as the most compact and flattest system yet discovered, according to NASA. The planets of Kepler-11, including Kepler-11e, were announced jointly at a press conference on February 2, 2011. The findings were published in the journal \\\"Nature\\\" on\",\n \"While only one additional planet was confirmed by the analysis, the study revealed the potential existence of either an unconfirmed planet KOI-872.03 (KOI-872 d). Validation by multiplicity method allowed to confirm the existence of this planet which was then renamed Kepler-46d. Planet b is a gas giant planet with a mass slightly less than that of Jupiter. The second planet in the system was among the first to be discovered through the method of transit timing variations, and through its confirmation of KOI-872 c with a 99% confidence level has shown that the method of detection may be used to\",\n \"if at least 0.5 to 5 bars of CO is present in its atmosphere, for assumed N partial pressures ranging from 10 bar to zero, respectively. The star hosts four other planets discovered so far, although Kepler-186 b, c, d, and e (in order of increasing orbital radius), being too close to their star, are considered too hot to have liquid water. The four innermost planets are probably tidally locked, but Kepler-186f is in a higher orbit, where the star's tidal effects are much weaker, so the time could have been insufficient for its spin to slow down significantly. Because\",\n \"Kepler (spacecraft) team announced that they had discovered 2,326 planetary candidates, of which 207 are similar in size to Earth, 680 are super-Earth-size, 1,181 are Neptune-size, 203 are Jupiter-size and 55 are larger than Jupiter. Compared to the February 2011 figures, the number of Earth-size and super-Earth-size planets increased by 200% and 140% respectively. Moreover, 48 planet candidates were found in the habitable zones of surveyed stars, marking a decrease from the February figure; this was due to the more stringent criteria in use in the December data. On December 20, 2011, the \\\"Kepler\\\" team announced the discovery of the first Earth-size\",\n \"has a slightly warmer temperature of 5778 K. Kepler-6 has a metallicity of [Fe/H] = +0.34, making it 2.2 times more metallic than the Sun. On average, metal-rich stars tend to be more likely to have planets and planetary systems. The star, as seen from Earth, has an apparent magnitude of 13.8. It is not visible with the naked eye. In comparison, Pluto's apparent magnitude at its brightest is slightly brighter, at 13.65. Kepler-6 has one confirmed extrasolar planet; it is a gas giant named Kepler-6b. The planet is approximately .669 M, or some two-thirds the mass of planet Jupiter.\",\n \"K2-239 K2-239 (also designated EPIC 248545986) is a small red dwarf star in the constellation Sextans about 49 parsecs (160 light-years) away from Earth. Observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during Campaign 14 of its K2 \\\"Second Light\\\" mission, it was found to have three hot, likely rocky Earth-sized planets in orbit around it. K2-239 is a small red dwarf star of spectral class M3V. It is 40% the mass and 36% the radius of the Sun with just 0.016 times the luminosity. It has a temperature of 3420 K and its age is unknown. For comparison, the Sun has\",\n \"Kepler-61b Kepler-61b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \\\"KOI-1361.01\\\") is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within parts of the habitable zone of the K-type main-sequence star Kepler-61. It is located about 1,100 light-years (338 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered in 2013 using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured, by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-61b is a super-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than that of the ice giants Neptune and\",\n \"Kepler-62d on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65.\",\n \"Kepler-62f that of Mars. It has a radius of 1.4 , placing it below the radius of ≥1.6 where it would otherwise be a mini-Neptune with a volatile composition, with no solid surface. Due to its radius, it is likely a rocky planet. However, the mass isn't constrained yet, estimates place an upper limit of <35 , the real mass is expected to be significantly lower than this. The true value is likely around 2.8 , assuming a rocky composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five known planets. The star has a mass\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":296,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what is optical depth in astrophysics"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["is not known but formula_5 is. Optical depth (astrophysics) Optical depth in astrophysics refers to a specific level of transparency. Optical depth and actual depth, formula_1 and formula_2 respectively, can vary widely depending on the absorptivity of the astrophysical environment. Indeed, formula_1 is able to show the relationship between these two quantities and can lead to a greater understanding of the structure inside a star. Optical depth is a measure of the extinction coefficient or absorptivity up to a specific 'depth' of a star's makeup. The assumption here is that either the extinction coefficient formula_5 or the column number density"],"string":"[\n \"is not known but formula_5 is. Optical depth (astrophysics) Optical depth in astrophysics refers to a specific level of transparency. Optical depth and actual depth, formula_1 and formula_2 respectively, can vary widely depending on the absorptivity of the astrophysical environment. Indeed, formula_1 is able to show the relationship between these two quantities and can lead to a greater understanding of the structure inside a star. Optical depth is a measure of the extinction coefficient or absorptivity up to a specific 'depth' of a star's makeup. The assumption here is that either the extinction coefficient formula_5 or the column number density\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["Sun From the core out to about 0.7 solar radii, thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer. The temperature drops from approximately 7 million to 2 million kelvins with increasing distance from the core. This temperature gradient is less than the value of the adiabatic lapse rate and hence cannot drive convection, which explains why the transfer of energy through this zone is by radiation instead of thermal convection. Ions of hydrogen and helium emit photons, which travel only a brief distance before being reabsorbed by other ions. The density drops a hundredfold (from 20 g/cm to 0.2 g/cm)","solar activity will allow us to better protect these assets. Astronauts on deep space missions will not have Earth's protections so understanding the factors that may affect their exposure to cosmic rays and the solar wind is critical to manned space exploration. Astronomers measure distances within the Solar System in astronomical units (AU). One AU equals the average distance between the centers of Earth and the Sun, or 149,598,000 km. Pluto is about 38 AU from the Sun and Jupiter is about 5.2 AU from the Sun. One light-year is 63,240 AU. Energetic neutral atom Energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging,","Surface layer The surface layer is the layer of a turbulent fluid most affected by interaction with a solid surface or the surface separating a gas and a liquid where the characteristics of the turbulence depend on distance from the interface. Surface layers are characterized by large normal gradients of tangential velocity and large concentration gradients of any substances (temperature, moisture, sediments et cetera) transported to or from the interface. The term boundary layer is used in meteorology and in physical oceanography. The atmospheric surface layer is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer (typically the bottom 10% where","light, the acceleration produced by a given force decreases, becoming infinitesimally small as light speed is approached; an object with mass can approach this speed asymptotically, but never reach it. Unless the state of motion of an object is known, it is impossible to distinguish whether an observed force is due to gravity or to acceleration—gravity and inertial acceleration have identical effects. Albert Einstein called this the equivalence principle, and said that only observers who feel no force at all—including the force of gravity—are justified in concluding that they are not accelerating. Acceleration In physics, acceleration is the rate of","Umkehr effect developed by Gordon Dobson. In 1964 Carlton Mateer provided analysis on information content in umkehr measurements. formula_1 Considering light which is scattered only once in the atmosphere, the light received by the instrument at surface is contributed by light scattered downward from all the levels in the atmosphere. The amount of light contributed by scattering at any particular level depends on (a) the number of air molecules at that level and (b) the absorption by ozone and scattering by air moleculaes both before and after scattering. As the height increases contribution of effect (a) decreases and contribution of effect (b)","gas, which then scatter the incoming photons in different directions and at different energies. The resulting emission appears truly diffuse to the viewer. The Galactic Ridge has a width of 5° latitude (b) and ±40° longitude (l) in the Galactic coordinate system. The first instrument that was able to measure diffuse X-ray emission was the HEAO A2 (High Energy Astrophysical Observatory). However it was created to study the large-scale structure of the galaxy and the universe, and to yield high-quality spatial and spectral data in the X-ray region. Still, the HEAO A2 produced valuable information on discrete X-ray sources such","Transparency and translucency In the field of optics, transparency (also called pellucidity or diaphaneity) is the physical property of allowing light to pass through the material without being scattered. On a macroscopic scale (one where the dimensions investigated are much larger than the wavelength of the photons in question), the photons can be said to follow Snell's Law. Translucency (also called translucence or translucidity) is a superset of transparency: it allows light to pass through, but does not necessarily (again, on the macroscopic scale) follow Snell's law; the photons can be scattered at either of the two interfaces, or internally,","Distinctness of image Distinctness of image (DOI) is a quantification of the deviation of the direction of light propagation from the regular direction by scattering during transmission or reflection. DOI is sensitive to even subtle scattering effects; the more light is being scattered out of the regular direction the more the initially sharp (well defined) image is blurred (that is, small details are lost). In polluted air it is the sum of all particles of various dimensions (dust, aerosols, vapor, etc.) that induces haze. DOI is measured to characterize the visual appearance of polished high-gloss surfaces such as automotive car","of how sound is produced, controlled, transmitted and received. Important modern branches of acoustics include ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing; bioacoustics, the physics of animal calls and hearing, and electroacoustics, the manipulation of audible sound waves using electronics. Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light. Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by","unmapped. There are also ongoing studies of the region between Mercury and the Sun. Objects may yet be discovered in the Solar System's uncharted regions. Currently, the furthest known objects, such as Comet West, have aphelia around 70,000 AU from the Sun, but as the Oort cloud becomes better known, this may change. The Solar System is located in the Milky Way, a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter of about 100,000 light-years containing about 100 billion stars. The Sun resides in one of the Milky Way's outer spiral arms, known as the Orion–Cygnus Arm or Local Spur. The Sun","Galactic plane The galactic plane is the plane on which the majority of a disk-shaped galaxy's mass lies. The directions perpendicular to the galactic plane point to the galactic poles. In actual usage, the terms \"galactic plane\" and \"galactic poles\" usually refer specifically to the plane and poles of the Milky Way, in which Planet Earth is located. Some galaxies are irregular and do not have any well-defined disk. Even in the case of a barred spiral galaxy like the Milky Way, defining the galactic plane is slightly imprecise and arbitrary since the stars are not perfectly coplanar. In 1959,","the illusion of depth (photo on right). The Roman College became the center of academia in its time. It hosted many learned debates including those between Galileo Galilei and Paolo Segneri, master of oratory. The German Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher, \"Master of a Hundred Arts\", was a professor at the college and left on the premises a museum filled with his works. The Jesuits were particularly drawn to astronomy and had a large observatory tower and scientific laboratories constructed on the roof of the annexed church, in 1787. The building of the College consists of two large, colonnaded courtyards and","reason the most fundamental science is generally understood to be \"physics\" – the name for which is still recognizable as meaning that it is the study of nature. Matter is commonly defined as the substance of which physical objects are composed. It constitutes the observable universe. The visible components of the universe are now believed to compose only 4.9 percent of the total mass. The remainder is believed to consist of 26.8 percent cold dark matter and 68.3 percent dark energy. The exact arrangement of these components is still unknown and is under intensive investigation by physicists. The behavior of","more irregular shape. These were generally found in or near the galactic plane of the Milky Way. Astronomers dubbed the former globular clusters, and the latter open clusters. Because of their location, open clusters are occasionally referred to as \"galactic clusters\", a term that was introduced in 1925 by the Swiss-American astronomer Robert Julius Trumpler. Micrometer measurements of the positions of stars in clusters were made as early as 1877 by the German astronomer E. Schönfeld and further pursued by the American astronomer E. E. Barnard prior to his death in 1923. No indication of stellar motion was detected by","zone where liquid water can exist on the surface. Computer simulations of the formation of planets around low mass stars predict that Earth-sized planets are most abundant, but more than 90% of the simulated planets are at least 10% water by mass, suggesting that many Earth-sized planets orbiting red dwarf stars are covered in deep oceans. At least four and possibly up to six exoplanets were discovered orbiting within the Gliese 581 planetary system between 2005 and 2010. One planet has about the mass of Neptune, or 16 Earth masses (). It orbits just 6 million kilometers (0.04 AU) from","Gemini Observatory The Gemini Observatory is an astronomical observatory consisting of two 8.1-metre (26.6 ft) telescopes, Gemini North and Gemini South, which are located at two separate sites in Hawaii and Chile, respectively. The twin Gemini telescopes provide almost complete coverage of both the northern and southern skies. They are currently among the largest and most advanced optical/infrared telescopes available to astronomers. \"(See List of largest optical reflecting telescopes)\". The National Science Foundation (NSF) of the United States, the National Research Council of Canada, CONICYT of Chile, MCTI of Brazil, and MCTIP of Argentina own and operate the Gemini Observatory.","Bortle scale The Bortle scale is a nine-level numeric scale that measures the night sky's brightness of a particular location. It quantifies the astronomical observability of celestial objects and the interference caused by light pollution. John E. Bortle created the scale and published it in the February 2001 edition of \"Sky & Telescope\" magazine to help amateur astronomers evaluate the darkness of an observing site, and secondarily, to compare the darkness of observing sites. The scale ranges from Class 1, the darkest skies available on Earth, through Class 9, inner-city skies. It gives several criteria for each level beyond naked-eye","Wavefront In physics, a wavefront is the locus of points characterized by propagation of positions of identical phase: propagation of a point in 1D, a curve in 2D or a surface in 3D. For an electromagnetic wave, the wavefront is represented as a surface of identical phase, and can be modified with conventional optics. For instance, a lens can change the shape of optical wavefronts from planar to spherical as the lens introduces a spatial phase variation across the beam shape. Optical systems can be described with Maxwell's equations, and linear propagating waves such as sound or electron beams have","Light field The light field is a vector function that describes the amount of light flowing in every direction through every point in space. The space of all possible light rays is given by the five-dimensional plenoptic function, and the magnitude of each ray is given by the radiance. Michael Faraday was the first to propose (in an 1846 lecture entitled \"Thoughts on Ray Vibrations\") that light should be interpreted as a field, much like the magnetic fields on which he had been working for several years. The phrase \"light field\" was coined by Andrey Gershun in a classic paper","Declination In astronomy, declination (abbreviated dec; symbol δ) is one of the two angles that locate a point on the celestial sphere in the equatorial coordinate system, the other being hour angle. Declination's angle is measured north or south of the celestial equator, along the hour circle passing through the point in question. The root of the word \"declination\" (Latin, \"declinatio\") means \"a bending away\" or \"a bending down\". It comes from the same root as the words \"incline\" (\"bend toward\") and \"recline\" (\"bend backward\"). In some 18th and 19th century astronomical texts, declination is given as \"North Pole Distance\"","lbf/ft) ρ = 1.2250 sea level air density (kg/m) v = 44.7 (100 mph = 44.7 m/s) P = 0.5 * ρ * v P = 1224 (pressure in N/m) Within astronomy and astrophysics, James E. Gunn and J. Richard Gott first suggested that galaxies in a galaxy cluster moving through a hot intracluster medium would experience a pressure of formula_24 where formula_25 is the ram pressure, formula_26 the intracluster gas density, and formula_27 the speed of the galaxy relative to the medium. This pressure can strip gas out of the galaxy where, essentially, the gas is gravitationally bound to","close to the star's equator. Its parent star is a G-type star, a bit cooler than the Sun but more active. It is located about 800 light-years from Earth. It takes 125 minutes to transit its star. As of August 2008, the COROT-2b spin-orbit angle (that is, the angle between the equator of the star and the plane of the planet orbit) was calculated by Bouchy \"et al.\" by means of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect with a value of +7.2 ± 4.5 degrees. COROT-2 COROT-2 is a yellow dwarf main sequence star a little cooler than the Sun. This star is","Interferometry high finesse), monochromatic light produces a set of narrow bright rings against a dark background. In Fig. 6, the low-finesse image corresponds to a reflectivity of 0.04 (\"i.e.\" unsilvered surfaces) \"versus\" a reflectivity of 0.95 for the high-finesse image. Michelson and Morley (1887) and other early experimentalists using interferometric techniques in an attempt to measure the properties of the luminiferous aether, used monochromatic light only for initially setting up their equipment, always switching to white light for the actual measurements. The reason is that measurements were recorded visually. Monochromatic light would result in a uniform fringe pattern. Lacking modern means","detection experiments, which search for the scattering of dark matter particles off atomic nuclei within a detector; and indirect detection, which look for the products of dark matter particle annihilations or decays. Direct detection experiments aim to observe low-energy recoils (typically a few keVs) of nuclei induced by interactions with particles of dark matter, which (in theory) are passing through the Earth. After such a recoil the nucleus will emit energy as, e.g., scintillation light or phonons, which is then detected by sensitive apparatus. To do this effectively, it is crucial to maintain a low background, and so such experiments","Plane of incidence In describing reflection and refraction in optics, the plane of incidence (also called the meridional plane) is the plane which contains the surface normal and the propagation vector of the incoming radiation. In wave optics, the latter is the k-vector, or wavevector, of the incoming wave. When reflection is specular, as it is for a mirror or other shiny surface, the reflected light also lies in the plane of incidence. The orientation of the incident light's polarization with respect to the plane of incidence has an important effect on the strength of the reflection. \"P-polarized\" light is","of smaller holes in a screen facing the sun, until he estimated the light was of the same intensity as that of the star Sirius. He then calculated that the angle of this hole was formula_3th the diameter of the Sun, and thus it was about 30,000 times as far away, on the (incorrect) assumption that Sirius is as luminous as our sun. The subject of photometry remained in its infancy until the time of Pierre Bouguer and Johann Heinrich Lambert. Christiaan Huygens Christiaan Huygens ( ; ; ; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a Dutch physicist,","be confused with active optics, which works on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry. Other methods can achieve resolving power exceeding the limit imposed by atmospheric distortion, such as speckle imaging, aperture synthesis, and lucky imaging, or by moving outside the atmosphere with space telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope. Adaptive optics was first envisioned by Horace W. Babcock in 1953, and was also considered in science fiction, as in Poul Anderson's novel\" Tau Zero\" (1970), but it did not come into common usage until advances in computer technology during the 1990s made the technique practical.","measure of the scientific status of disciplines ranks psychology much closer to biology than to sociology. Hierarchy of the sciences The hierarchy of the sciences is a theory formulated by Auguste Comte in the 19th century. This theory states that science develops over time beginning with the simplest and most general scientific discipline, astronomy, which is the first to reach the \"positive stage\" (one of three in Comte's law of three stages). As one moves down the \"hierarchy\", this theory further states that sciences become more complex and less general, and that they will reach the positive stage later. Disciplines","light. Racemization occurs when one pure form of an enantiomer is converted into equal proportion of both enantiomers, forming a racemate. When there are both equal numbers of dextrorotating and levorotating molecules, the net optical rotation of a racemate is zero. Enantiomers should also be distinguished from diastereomers which are a type of stereoisomer that have different molecular structures around a stereocenter and are not mirror images. Racemate may have different physical properties from either of the pure enantiomers because of the differential intermolecular interactions (see Biological Significance section). The change from a pure enantiomer to a racemate can change","Optical filter from much less than an Ångström to a few hundred nanometers. Such a filter can be made by combining an LP- and an SP filter. Examples of bandpass filters are the Lyot filter and the Fabry-Pérot interferometer. Both of these filters can also be made tunable, such that the central wavelength can be chosen by the user. Bandpass filters are often used in astronomy when one wants to observe a certain process with specific associated spectral lines. The Dutch Open Telescope and Swedish Solar Telescope are examples where Lyot and Fabry-Pérot filters are being used. A shortpass (SP) Filter is","for this is that an error toward a smaller angle results in a greater error in distance than an error toward a larger angle. However, an approximation of the distance error can be computed by where \"d\" is the distance and \"p\" is the parallax. The approximation is far more accurate for parallax errors that are small relative to the parallax than for relatively large errors. For meaningful results in stellar astronomy, Dutch astronomer Floor van Leeuwen recommends that the parallax error be no more than 10% of the total parallax when computing this error estimate. From enhanced \"relativistic positioning","star to be identified has about 8% of the Sun’s mass and glows feebly at absolute magnitude +19. Compared to the Sun, which has an absolute of +4.8, this faint star is 14 magnitudes or 400,000 times dimmer than our Sun. Our galaxy's most massive stars begin their lives with masses of roughly 100 times solar, radiating at upwards of absolute magnitude –8, over 160,000 times the solar luminosity. The total range of stellar luminosities, then, occupies a range of 27 magnitudes, or a factor of 60 billion. In measuring star brightnesses, absolute magnitude, apparent magnitude, and distance are interrelated","Deep chlorophyll maximum coccolithophorids, dinoflagellates and diatoms. In the North Sea, dinoflagellates are the main phytoplankton species present in the DCM at and below the pycnocline. In shallower parts of the DCM - above the pycnocline, dinoflagellates are also present, as well as nanoflagellates. The DCM of clear, stratified water is commonly found below the epilimnion. Lake Superior is the world’s largest freshwater lake, and in the summer, its DCM ranges approximately from 20 m and 35 m below the surface. Although the epilimnion and DCM are neighbouring layers of water, the species composition of the epilimnion and the DCM differ almost entirely.","Radiation pressure within molecular clouds in interstellar space collapse to form stars. As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products. Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function. Planetary systems are generally believed to form as part of the same process that results in star formation. A protoplanetary disk forms by","there are also airborne observatories, such as the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy and the Kuiper Airborne Observatory. These observatories place telescopes above most, but not all, of the atmosphere, which means there is absorption of infrared light from space by water vapor in the atmosphere. One of the most common infrared detector arrays used at research telescopes is HgCdTe arrays. These operate well between 0.6 and 5 micrometre wavelengths. For longer wavelength observations or higher sensitivity other detectors may be used, including other narrow gap semiconductor detectors, low temperature bolometer arrays or photon-counting Superconducting Tunnel Junction arrays. Special requirements","Daily light integral Daily light integral (DLI) describes the number of photosynthetically active photons (individual particles of light in the 400-700 nm range) that are delivered to a specific area over a 24-hour period. The daily light integral (DLI) is a function of photosynthetic light intensity and duration (day) and is usually expressed as moles of light (mol) per square meter (m) per day (d), or: mol·m·d. In other words, DLI measures the number of photosynthetically active photons (photons in the PAR range) accumulated in a square meter over the course of a day. DLI is usually calculated by measuring","H-alpha line occurs where hydrogen is being ionized. The H-alpha line saturates (self-absorbs) relatively easily because hydrogen is the primary component of nebulae, so while it can indicate the shape and extent of the cloud, it cannot be used to accurately determine the cloud's mass. Instead, molecules such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, ammonia, or acetonitrile are typically used to determine the mass of a cloud. An H-alpha filter is an optical filter designed to transmit a narrow bandwidth of light generally centred on the H-alpha wavelength. These filters can be dichroic filters manufactured by multiple (~50) vacuum-deposited layers.","Ocean dynamics Ocean dynamics define and describe the motion of water within the oceans. Ocean temperature and motion fields can be separated into three distinct layers: mixed (surface) layer, upper ocean (above the thermocline), and deep ocean. Ocean dynamics has traditionally been investigated by sampling from instruments in situ. The mixed layer is nearest to the surface and can vary in thickness from 10 to 500 meters. This layer has properties such as temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen which are uniform with depth reflecting a history of active turbulence (the atmosphere has an analogous planetary boundary layer). Turbulence is high","old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.3. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. K2-33b orbits its host star with an orbital period of 5.424 days at a distance of 0.049 AU (compared to the distance of Mercury from the Sun, which is about 0.38 AU). The planet likely receives about 125 times","or an ensemble of luminophores is chiral. The extent to which emissions are polarized is quantified in the same way it is for circular dichroism, in terms of the \"dissymmetry factor\", also sometimes referred to as the \"anisotropy factor\". This value is given by where formula_3 corresponds to the quantum yield of left-handed circularly polarized light, and formula_4 to that of right-handed light. The maximum absolute value of \"g\", corresponding to purely left- or right-handed circular polarization, is therefore 2. Meanwhile, the smallest absolute value that \"g\" can achieve, corresponding to linearly polarized or unpolarized light, is zero. The classical","gravitational acceleration at the poles is greater than at the equator, so, by the Von Zeipel theorem, the local luminosity is also higher at the poles. This is seen as a variation in effective temperature over the star: the polar temperature is near 10,000 K, while the equatorial temperature is 7,600 K. As a result, if Vega were viewed along the plane of its equator, then the luminosity would be about half the apparent luminosity as viewed from the pole. This large temperature difference between the poles and the equator produces a strong \"gravity darkening\" effect. As viewed from the","Heliophysics NASA science humans, technological systems, and even the presence of life itself. This is also the stated goal of Science Mission Directorate's Heliophysics Research. Furthermore, \"heliophysics\" of \"NASA science\" views the sun as an active star, and that the earth is physically located within its atmosphere. This view also encompasses the interaction of the earth's geophysical properties with this active star. For example, the sun' light influences all life and processes on Earth. It is an energy provider that allows and sustains life on earth. However, the sun also produces streams of high energy particles known as the solar wind, and radiation","Polarization (waves) one), as is more often the case for organic molecules, a net circular birefringence (or \"optical activity\") is observed, revealing the magnitude of that imbalance (or the concentration of the molecule itself, when it can be assumed that only one enantiomer is present). This is measured using a polarimeter in which polarized light is passed through a tube of the liquid, at the end of which is another polarizer which is rotated in order to null the transmission of light through it. In many areas of astronomy, the study of polarized electromagnetic radiation from outer space is of great importance.","Etendue Etendue or étendue (; ) is a property of light in an optical system, which characterizes how \"spread out\" the light is in area and angle. It corresponds to the beam parameter product (BPP) in Gaussian optics. From the source point of view, it is the product of the area of the source and the solid angle that the system's entrance pupil subtends as seen from the source. Equivalently, from the system point of view, the etendue equals the area of the entrance pupil times the solid angle the source subtends as seen from the pupil. These definitions must","stars), V777 Herculis stars (DB variables) and ZZ Ceti stars (DA variables). All pulsate in low-degree, high-order g-modes. The oscillation periods broadly decrease with effective temperature, ranging from about 30 min down to about 1 minute. GW Virginis and ZZ Ceti stars are thought to be excited by the kappa mechanism; V777 Herculis stars by convective blocking. A number of past, present and future spacecraft have asteroseismology studies as a significant part of their missions (order chronological). Asteroseismology Asteroseismology or astroseismology is the study of oscillations in stars. Because a star's different oscillation modes are sensitive to different parts of","Maximum operating depth In underwater diving activities such as saturation diving, technical diving and nitrox diving, the maximum operating depth (MOD) of a breathing gas is the depth below which the partial pressure of oxygen (pO) of the gas mix exceeds an acceptable limit. This limit is based on risk of central nervous system oxygen toxicity, and is somewhat arbitrary, and varies depending on the diver training agency or Code of Practice, the level of underwater exertion planned and the planned duration of the dive, but is normally in the range of 1.2 to 1.6 bar. The MOD is significant","several assumptions of the analysis. Sachs–Wolfe effect The Sachs–Wolfe effect, named after Rainer K. Sachs and Arthur M. Wolfe, is a property of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), in which photons from the CMB are gravitationally redshifted, causing the CMB spectrum to appear uneven. This effect is the predominant source of fluctuations in the CMB for angular scales above about ten degrees. The non-integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect is caused by gravitational redshift occurring at the surface of last scattering. The effect is not constant across the sky due to differences in the matter/energy density at the time of last scattering.","Omicron2 Orionis Omicron Orionis (ο Ori) is a solitary star in the constellation Orion. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.06, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.54 mas, it is around 186 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.09 due to intervening dust. This is a red clump giant star with a stellar classification of K2 IIIb. It is around 5.4 billion years old with a projected rotational velocity that","a result of the diffraction grating formed by its grooves. This side of the disc contains the actual data and is typically coated with a transparent material, usually lacquer. The reverse side of an optical disc usually has a printed label, sometimes made of paper but often printed or stamped onto the disc itself. Unlike the 3½-inch floppy disk, most optical discs do not have an integrated protective casing and are therefore susceptible to data transfer problems due to scratches, fingerprints, and other environmental problems. Optical discs are usually between 7.6 and 30 cm (3 to 12 in) in diameter,","Imum coeli In astrology, the Imum Coeli (Latin for \"bottom of the sky\"), IC, is the point in space where the ecliptic crosses the meridian in the north, exactly opposite the Midheaven. It marks the fourth house cusp in most house systems (this is reversed in the southern hemisphere). The Imum Coeli is said to refer to our roots and also to the least conscious part of ourselves. It symbolizes foundations, beginnings in life, what may have been experienced through parental inheritance and homeland influences, need for security and relationships with the home and family life. It also may describe","It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-419c orbits its host star with 270% of the Sun's luminosity (2.7 ) about every 675 days (around 1.84 years) at a distance of 1.61 AU (compared to the orbital distance of Mars, which is 1.52 AU). It has a slightly eccentric orbit, with an eccentricity of 0.184. It receives about 95% of the amount of sunlight that Earth does. Kepler-419c resides in the circumstellar habitable zone of the parent star. The exoplanet, with a mass of 7.28 , is too massive to be rocky, and because of this","Optics cylindrical surface lens that curves more strongly in one direction than in another, compensating for the non-uniformity of the cornea. The optical power of corrective lenses is measured in diopters, a value equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured in metres; with a positive focal length corresponding to a converging lens and a negative focal length corresponding to a diverging lens. For lenses that correct for astigmatism as well, three numbers are given: one for the spherical power, one for the cylindrical power, and one for the angle of orientation of the astigmatism. Optical illusions (also called visual","Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment camera. Recently the OGLE team, in cooperation with scientists mostly from USA, New Zealand and Japan, proved that small, Earth-like planets can exist in great distance from stars around which they revolve despite there being other stars near them. At least seventeen planets have so far been discovered by the OGLE project. Eight of the planets were discovered by the transit method and six by the gravitational microlensing method. Planets are shown in the order of discovery. Planets in multiple-planet systems are highlighted in yellow. Please note that list below may not be complete. \"Notes: For events detected by the","be less if the atom is formed in an excited state). At faster speeds, the excess (kinetic) energy is radiated (but momentum must be conserved) as photons of lower wavelength (higher energy). Therefore, photons with energies above 13.6 eV are emitted by the combination of energetic protons and electrons forming atomic hydrogen, and emission from photoionized hydrogen. Lyman continuum photons Lyman continuum photons (abbrev. LyC), shortened to Ly continuum photons or Lyc photon, are the photons emitted from stars at photon energies above the Lyman limit. Hydrogen is ionized by absorbing LyC. Working off of Victor Schumann's discovery of ultraviolet","Optics light waves in air is approximately 3.0×10 m/s (exactly 299,792,458 m/s in vacuum). The wavelength of visible light waves varies between 400 and 700 nm, but the term \"light\" is also often applied to infrared (0.7–300 μm) and ultraviolet radiation (10–400 nm). The wave model can be used to make predictions about how an optical system will behave without requiring an explanation of what is \"waving\" in what medium. Until the middle of the 19th century, most physicists believed in an \"ethereal\" medium in which the light disturbance propagated. The existence of electromagnetic waves was predicted in 1865 by Maxwell's","Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) theory). However, further observations revealed that VIRGOHI21 was an intergalactic gas cloud, stripped from NGC4254 by a high speed collision. The high speed interaction was caused by infall into the Virgo cluster. Dark galaxy A dark galaxy is a hypothesized galaxy with no, or very few, stars. They received their name because they have no visible stars, but may be detectable if they contain significant amounts of gas. Astronomers have long theorized the existence of dark galaxies, but there are no confirmed examples to date. Dark galaxies are distinct from intergalactic gas clouds caused by galactic","Photon epoch In physical cosmology, the photon epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe in which photons dominated the energy of the universe. The photon epoch started after most leptons and anti-leptons were annihilated at the end of the lepton epoch, about 10 seconds after the Big Bang. Atomic nuclei were created in the process of nucleosynthesis which occurred during the first few minutes of the photon epoch. For the remainder of the photon epoch, the universe contained a hot dense plasma of nuclei, electrons and photons. 370,000 years after the Big Bang the temperature of","curvature in its spatial components. In Newton's gravitation, the formula_148 coefficient in front of formula_149 predicts bending of light around a star. In general relativity, the formula_158 coefficient in front of formula_159 predicts a \"doubling\" of the total bending. The story of the 1919 Eddington eclipse expedition and Einstein's rise to fame is well told elsewhere. In Newton's theory of gravitation, the only source of gravitational force is mass. In contrast, general relativity identifies several sources of spacetime curvature in addition to mass. In the Einstein field equations, the sources of gravity are presented on the right-hand side in formula_160","subject to the Doppler effect, so the frequency of the light decreases for objects that were receding (redshift) and increases for objects that were approaching (blueshift). The radial velocity of a star or other luminous distant objects can be measured accurately by taking a high-resolution spectrum and comparing the measured wavelengths of known spectral lines to wavelengths from laboratory measurements. A positive radial velocity indicates the distance between the objects is or was increasing; a negative radial velocity indicates the distance between the source and observer is or was decreasing. In many binary stars, the orbital motion usually causes radial","called \"diffuse clouds\". An interstellar cloud is formed by the gas and dust particles from a red giant in its later life. The chemical composition of interstellar clouds is determined by studying electromagnetic radiation or EM radiation that they emanate, and we receive – from radio waves through visible light, to gamma rays on the electromagnetic spectrum – that we receive from them. Large radio telescopes scan the intensity in the sky of particular frequencies of electromagnetic radiation which are characteristic of certain molecules' spectra. Some interstellar clouds are cold and tend to give out EM radiation of large wavelengths.","Lyman-alpha forest In astronomical spectroscopy, the Lyman-alpha forest is a series of absorption lines in the spectra of distant galaxies and quasars arising from the Lyman-alpha electron transition of the neutral hydrogen atom. As the light travels through multiple gas clouds with different redshifts, multiple absorption lines are formed. The Lyman-alpha forest was first discovered in 1970 by astronomer Roger Lynds in an observation of the quasar 4C 05.34. Quasar 4C 05.34 was the farthest object observed to that date, and Lynds noted an unusually large number of absorption lines in its spectrum. He suggested that most of the absorption","dark matter) bends spacetime. Light follows the curvature of spacetime, resulting in the lensing effect. Although both dark matter and ordinary matter are matter, they do not behave in the same way. In particular, in the early universe, ordinary matter was ionized and interacted strongly with radiation via Thomson scattering. Dark matter does not interact directly with radiation, but it does affect the CMB by its gravitational potential (mainly on large scales), and by its effects on the density and velocity of ordinary matter. Ordinary and dark matter perturbations, therefore, evolve differently with time and leave different imprints on the","Optical heterodyne detection Optical heterodyne detection is a method of extracting information encoded as modulation of the phase, frequency or both of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength band of visible or infrared light. The light signal is compared with standard or reference light from a \"local oscillator\" (LO) that would have a fixed offset in frequency and phase from the signal if the latter carried null information. \"Heterodyne\" signifies more than one frequency, in contrast to the single frequency employed in homodyne detection. The comparison of the two light signals is typically accomplished by combining them in a photodiode detector,","in astrophysics or advanced academic training in the subject. Most amateurs are beginners or hobbyists, while others have a high degree of experience in astronomy and may often assist and work alongside professional astronomers. Many astronomers have studied the sky throughout history in an amateur framework; however, since the beginning of the twentieth century, professional astronomy has become an activity clearly distinguished from amateur astronomy and associated activities. Amateur astronomers typically view the sky at night, when most celestial objects and astronomical events are visible, but others observe during the daytime by viewing sunspots or solar eclipses. Some just look","Extragalactic planet An extragalactic planet, also known as an extragalactic exoplanet, is a star-bound planet, or rogue planet, located outside of the Milky Way galaxy. Due to the huge distances to such worlds, they would be very hard to detect directly. However, indirect evidence suggests that such planets may exist. Nonetheless, the most distant known planets are SWEEPS-11 and SWEEPS-04, located in Sagittarius, approximately 27,710 light-years from the Sun, while the Milky Way is between 100,000–180,000 light years in diameter. This means that even galactic planets located further than that distance have not been detected. A planet with a mass","they are extended and contain no well-defined boundaries. Diffuse nebulae can be divided into emission nebula, reflection nebulae and \"dark nebulae.\" Visible light nebulae may be divided into emission nebulae that emit spectral line radiation from excited or ionized gas (mostly ionized hydrogen); they are often called HII regions (the term \"HII\" refers to ionized hydrogen). Reflection nebulae are visible primarily due to the light they reflect. Reflection nebulae themselves do not emit significant amounts of visible light, but are near stars and reflect light from them. Similar nebulae not illuminated by stars do not exhibit visible radiation, but may","and the result can be melting of the facet, known as \"catastrophic optical damage\", or COD. Deterioration of the laser facets with aging and effects of the environment (erosion by water, oxygen, etc.) increases light absorption by the surface, and decreases the COD threshold. A sudden catastrophic failure of the laser due to COD then can occur after many thousands hours in service. One of the methods of increasing the COD threshold in AlGaInP laser structures is the sulfur treatment, which replaces the oxides at the laser facet with chalcogenide glasses. This decreases the recombination velocity of the surface states.","Oort constants The Oort constants (discovered by Jan Oort) formula_1 and formula_2 are empirically derived parameters that characterize the local rotational properties of our galaxy, the Milky Way, in the following manner: where formula_4 and formula_5 are the rotational velocity and distance to the Galactic center, respectively, measured at the position of the Sun, and and are the velocities and distances at other positions in our part of the galaxy. As derived below, and depend only on the motions and positions of stars in the solar neighborhood. As of 2018, the most accurate values of these constants are formula_1 =","Deep sea community that produce organic carbon. The stratum of the water column up till which sunlight penetrates is referred to as the photic zone. The photic zone can be subdivided into two different vertical regions. The uppermost portion of the photic zone, where there is adequate light to support photosynthesis by phytoplankton and plants, is referred to as the euphotic zone (also referred to as the \"epipelagic zone\", or \"surface zone\"). The lower portion of the photic zone, where the light intensity is insufficient for photosynthesis, is called the dysphotic zone (dysphotic means \"poorly lit\" in Greek). The dysphotic zone is also","darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,","Optical spectrometer closely related electronic device. Spectrometers are used in many fields. For example, they are used in astronomy to analyze the radiation from astronomical objects and deduce chemical composition. The spectrometer uses a prism or a grating to spread the light from a distant object into a spectrum. This allows astronomers to detect many of the chemical elements by their characteristic spectral fingerprints. If the object is glowing by itself, it will show spectral lines caused by the glowing gas itself. These lines are named for the elements which cause them, such as the hydrogen alpha, beta, and gamma lines. Chemical","by the fractional abundance (by mass) of elements heavier than hydrogen formula_11, and the fractional abundance (by mass) of hydrogen formula_12. Kramers' opacity law Kramers' opacity law describes the opacity of a medium in terms of the ambient density and temperature, assuming that the opacity is dominated by bound-free absorption (the absorption of light during ionization of a bound electron) or free-free absorption (the absorption of light when scattering a free ion, also called bremsstrahlung). It is often used to model radiative transfer, particularly in stellar atmospheres. The relation is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Kramers, who first derived","Backscatter In physics, backscatter (or backscattering) is the reflection of waves, particles, or signals back to the direction from which they came. It is a diffuse reflection due to scattering, as opposed to specular reflection as from a mirror. Backscattering has important applications in astronomy, photography, and medical ultrasonography. The opposite effect is forward scatter, e.g. when a translucent material like a cloud diffuses sunlight, giving soft light. Backscattering can occur in quite different physical situations, where the incoming waves or particles are deflected from their original direction by different mechanisms: Sometimes, the scattering is more or less isotropic, i.","star's temperature, not motion. Only later was Doppler vindicated by verified redshift observations. The first Doppler redshift was described by French physicist Hippolyte Fizeau in 1848, who pointed to the shift in spectral lines seen in stars as being due to the Doppler effect. The effect is sometimes called the \"Doppler–Fizeau effect\". In 1868, British astronomer William Huggins was the first to determine the velocity of a star moving away from the Earth by this method. In 1871, optical redshift was confirmed when the phenomenon was observed in Fraunhofer lines using solar rotation, about 0.1 Å in the red. In","Optical telescope 550 nm wavelength, is given by: formula_12 The unit used in the object diameter results in the smallest resolvable features at that unit. In the above example they are approximated in kilometers resulting in the smallest resolvable Moon craters being 3.22 km in diameter. The Hubble Space Telescope has a primary mirror aperture of 2400 mm that provides a surface resolvability of Moon craters being 174.9 meters in diameter, or sunspots of 7365.2 km in diameter. Ignoring blurring of the image by turbulence in the atmosphere (atmospheric seeing) and optical imperfections of the telescope, the angular resolution of an optical","Attenuation radiation reaches the sea-surface, the shortwave radiation is attenuated by the water, and the intensity of light decreases exponentially with water depth. The intensity of light at depth can be calculated using the Beer-Lambert Law. In clear open waters, visible light is absorbed at the longest wavelengths first. Thus, red, orange, and yellow wavelengths are absorbed at higher water depths, and blue and violet wavelengths reach the deepest in the water column. Because the blue and violet wavelengths are absorbed last compared to the other wavelengths, open ocean waters appear deep-blue to the eye. In near-shore (coastal) waters, sea water","surface. The geometric albedo may be greater or smaller than the Bond albedo, depending on surface and atmospheric properties of the body in question. Some examples: Geometric albedo In astronomy, the geometric albedo of a celestial body is the ratio of its actual brightness as seen from the light source (i.e. at zero phase angle) to that of an \"idealized\" flat, fully reflecting, diffusively scattering (Lambertian) disk with the same cross-section. (This phase angle refers to the direction of the light paths and is not a phase angle in its normal meaning in optics or electronics.) Diffuse scattering implies that","and frictional processes (associated with brittle faulting) to a generally aseismic zone where ductile creep becomes the dominant process. The location of this change in deformation style is sometimes referred to as the brittle-ductile transition zone. Seismogenic layer In geophysics and seismology, the seismogenic layer covers the range of depths within the crust or lithosphere in which most earthquakes originate. The thickness is heavily dependent on location. For oceanic crust, the seismogenic layer thickness can be 0-40 km, and for continental crust, it ranges from 0-25 km. It is also important to note that at subduction zones, there is one","astronomers can see everything from methane to water vapor on other planets by photometry. It is the only planet orbiting around EPIC 211945201, a G class star, situated in the constellation of Cancer in 596 light-years from the Sun. Its host star is aged 4 billion years. EPIC 211945201 b orbits its star in about 19 terrestrial days. It orbits closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and may be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.14) and should be very different from our planet. EPIC","Aberration of light Sun's frame for formula_4 and the speed of light formula_25. Its accepted value is 20.49552 arcseconds (at J2000). Assuming a circular orbit, annual aberration causes stars exactly on the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's orbit) to appear to move back and forth along a straight line, varying by formula_22 on either side of their position in the Sun's frame. A star that is precisely at one of the ecliptic poles (at 90° from the ecliptic plane) will appear to move in a circle of radius formula_22 about its true position, and stars at intermediate ecliptic latitudes will appear to move","form clouds, or \"diffuse nebulae\", where star formation takes place. In contrast to spirals, an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years, which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies. In the dense nebulae where stars are produced, much of the hydrogen is in the molecular (H) form, so these nebulae are called molecular clouds. Observations indicate that the coldest clouds tend to form low-mass stars, observed first in the infrared inside the clouds, then in visible light at their surface when the clouds dissipate, while","the low-luminosity AGN population is much less well understood due to the difficulty of observing these objects at high redshifts. Dusty surprise around giant black hole Active galactic nucleus An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that has a much higher than normal luminosity over at least some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with characteristics indicating that the luminosity is not produced by stars. Such excess non-stellar emission has been observed in the radio, microwave, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an \"active","Optics light into a spectrum. The discovery of this phenomenon when passing light through a prism is famously attributed to Isaac Newton. Some media have an index of refraction which varies gradually with position and, therefore, light rays in the medium are curved. This effect is responsible for mirages seen on hot days: a change in index of refraction air with height causes light rays to bend, creating the appearance of specular reflections in the distance (as if on the surface of a pool of water). Optical materials with varying index of refraction are called gradient-index (GRIN) materials. Such materials are","surface in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) model, and modified by testing on in vivo animal tissue. Munnerlyn Formula The Munnerlyn Formula is the theoretical formula discovered by Charles Munnerlyn, which gives the depth an excimer laser will need to ablate during LASIK surgery or similar medical interventions. The formula states that the depth of the ablation (in micrometres) per diopter of refractive change is equal to the square of the diameter of the optical ablation zone measured in millimeters, divided by three. For example, to change refraction by 4 diopters with an optical zone of 3 mm would require ablation of","Galaxy rotation curve The rotation curve of a disc galaxy (also called a velocity curve) is a plot of the orbital speeds of visible stars or gas in that galaxy versus their radial distance from that galaxy's centre. The rotation curves of spiral galaxies are asymmetric, so the observational data from each side of a galaxy are generally averaged. Rotation curve asymmetry appears to be normal rather than exceptional. The rotational/orbital speeds of galaxies/stars do not follow the rules found in other orbital systems such as stars/planets and planets/moons that have most of their mass at the centre. Stars revolve around their galaxy's","from 30 m (100 ft) to 40 m (130 ft) is only 25% (400 kPa to 500 kPa). Any object immersed in water is provided with a buoyant force that counters the force of gravity, appearing to make the object less heavy. If the overall density of the object exceeds the density of water, the object sinks. If the overall density is less than the density of water, the object rises until it floats on the surface. With increasing depth underwater, sunlight is absorbed, and the amount of visible light diminishes. Because absorption is greater for long wavelengths (red end","Nebulae in fiction the Earth rather than face-on. Diffuse emission nebula, or H II region, cataloged as M42, and situated south of Orion's Belt in the constellation of Orion. It is one of the brightest nebulae, and is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. Located about 1300 light-years away, it is the closest region of massive star formation to the Earth. The Orion Nebula is one of the most scrutinized and photographed objects in the night sky, and is among the most intensely studied celestial features. Nebula of mixed types, catalogued as M20 and located in Sagittarius. Its name means","Interstellar medium clouds (especially at high densities). Far infrared radiation penetrates deeply due to the low optical depth. Dust grains are heated via this radiation and can transfer thermal energy during collisions with the gas. A measure of efficiency in the heating is given by the accommodation coefficient: where \"T\" is the gas temperature, \"T\" the dust temperature, and \"T\" the post-collision temperature of the gas atom or molecule. This coefficient was measured by as \"α\" = 0.35. Radio waves from ≈10 kHz (very low frequency) to ≈300 GHz (extremely high frequency) propagate differently in interstellar space than on the Earth's surface.","Mass-to-light ratio In astrophysics and physical cosmology the mass to light ratio, normally designated with the Greek upsilon symbol formula_1, is the quotient between the total mass of a spatial volume (typically on the scales of a galaxy or a cluster) and its luminosity. These ratios are often reported using the value calculated for the Sun as a baseline ratio which is a constant formula_2 = 5133 kg/W equal to a solar mass () divided by a solar luminosity (), (/). The mass to light ratios of galaxies and clusters are all much greater than formula_2 due in part to","Optical levitation Optical levitation is a method developed by Arthur Ashkin whereby a material is levitated against the downward force of gravity by counter forces stemming from photon momentum transfer. Typically photon radiation pressure of a focused laser beam of enough intensity counters the downward force of gravity while also preventing lateral (side to side) and vertical instabilities to allow for a stable \"optical trap\" capable of holding small particles in suspension. Micrometer sized (from several to 50 micrometer in diameter) transparent dielectric spheres such as fused silica spheres, oil or water droplets, are used in this type of experiment.","not known if the Solar System is embedded in the Local Interstellar Cloud, or if it is in the region where the Local Interstellar Cloud and G-Cloud are interacting. The Local Interstellar Cloud is an area of denser cloud in an otherwise sparse region known as the Local Bubble, an hourglass-shaped cavity in the interstellar medium roughly 300 light-years (ly) across. The bubble is suffused with high-temperature plasma, that suggests it is the product of several recent supernovae. There are relatively few stars within ten light-years of the Sun. The closest is the triple star system Alpha Centauri, which is","but in globular clusters the stellar density could be from 100 to 1000 per cubic parsec. Parsec The parsec (symbol: pc) is a unit of length used to measure large distances to astronomical objects outside the Solar System. A parsec is defined as the distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one arcsecond, which corresponds to astronomical units. One parsec is equal to about 3.26 light-years (30 trillion km or 19 trillion miles) in length. The nearest star, Proxima Centauri, is about from the Sun. Most of the stars visible to the unaided eye in the night","refraction of light in raindrops. A single reflection off the backs of an array of raindrops produces a rainbow with an angular size on the sky that ranges from 40° to 42° with red on the outside. Double rainbows are produced by two internal reflections with angular size of 50.5° to 54° with violet on the outside. Because rainbows are seen with the sun 180° away from the centre of the rainbow, rainbows are more prominent the closer the sun is to the horizon. Optics Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including","astronomical night is the period between astronomical dusk and astronomical dawn when the Sun is between 18 and 90 degrees below the horizon and does not illuminate the sky. As seen from latitudes between 48.5° and 66.5° north or south of the Equator, complete darkness does not occur around the summer solstice because although the Sun sets, it is never more than 18° below the horizon at lower culmination. The opposite of night is day (or \"daytime\", to distinguish it from \"day\" referring to a 24-hour period). The start and end points of time for a night vary, based on","Air mass (astronomy) In astronomy, air mass (airmass, or AM) is the path length for light rays from a celestial source to pass through the atmosphere. As it penetrates the atmosphere, light rays are attenuated by scattering and absorption; the thicker atmosphere through which it passes, the greater the attenuation. Consequently, celestial bodies when nearer the horizon appear less bright than when nearer the zenith. This attenuation, known as atmospheric extinction, is described quantitatively by the Beer–Lambert law. \"Air mass\" normally indicates \"relative air mass\", the path length relative to that at the zenith at sea level so, by definition,","Infrared astronomy Infrared astronomy is the branch of astronomy and astrophysics that studies astronomical objects visible in infrared (IR) radiation. The wavelength of infrared light ranges from 0.75 to 300 micrometers. Infrared falls in between visible radiation, which ranges from 380 to 750 nanometers, and submillimeter waves. Infrared astronomy began in the 1830s, a few decades after the discovery of infrared light by William Herschel in 1800. Early progress was limited, and it was not until the early 20th century that conclusive detections of astronomical objects other than the Sun and Moon were made in infrared light. After a number","Depth of field In optics, particularly as it relates to film and photography, the optical phenomenon known as depth of field (DOF), is the distance about the plane of focus (POF) where objects appear acceptably sharp in an image. Although an optical imaging system can precisely focus on only one plane at a time, the decrease in sharpness is gradual on each side of the POF, so that within the DOF the unsharpness is imperceptible under normal viewing conditions. In some cases, it may be desirable to have the entire image sharp, and a large DOF is appropriate. In other","is not known but formula_5 is. Optical depth (astrophysics) Optical depth in astrophysics refers to a specific level of transparency. Optical depth and actual depth, formula_1 and formula_2 respectively, can vary widely depending on the absorptivity of the astrophysical environment. Indeed, formula_1 is able to show the relationship between these two quantities and can lead to a greater understanding of the structure inside a star. Optical depth is a measure of the extinction coefficient or absorptivity up to a specific 'depth' of a star's makeup. The assumption here is that either the extinction coefficient formula_5 or the column number density"],"string":"[\n \"Sun From the core out to about 0.7 solar radii, thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer. The temperature drops from approximately 7 million to 2 million kelvins with increasing distance from the core. This temperature gradient is less than the value of the adiabatic lapse rate and hence cannot drive convection, which explains why the transfer of energy through this zone is by radiation instead of thermal convection. Ions of hydrogen and helium emit photons, which travel only a brief distance before being reabsorbed by other ions. The density drops a hundredfold (from 20 g/cm to 0.2 g/cm)\",\n \"solar activity will allow us to better protect these assets. Astronauts on deep space missions will not have Earth's protections so understanding the factors that may affect their exposure to cosmic rays and the solar wind is critical to manned space exploration. Astronomers measure distances within the Solar System in astronomical units (AU). One AU equals the average distance between the centers of Earth and the Sun, or 149,598,000 km. Pluto is about 38 AU from the Sun and Jupiter is about 5.2 AU from the Sun. One light-year is 63,240 AU. Energetic neutral atom Energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging,\",\n \"Surface layer The surface layer is the layer of a turbulent fluid most affected by interaction with a solid surface or the surface separating a gas and a liquid where the characteristics of the turbulence depend on distance from the interface. Surface layers are characterized by large normal gradients of tangential velocity and large concentration gradients of any substances (temperature, moisture, sediments et cetera) transported to or from the interface. The term boundary layer is used in meteorology and in physical oceanography. The atmospheric surface layer is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer (typically the bottom 10% where\",\n \"light, the acceleration produced by a given force decreases, becoming infinitesimally small as light speed is approached; an object with mass can approach this speed asymptotically, but never reach it. Unless the state of motion of an object is known, it is impossible to distinguish whether an observed force is due to gravity or to acceleration—gravity and inertial acceleration have identical effects. Albert Einstein called this the equivalence principle, and said that only observers who feel no force at all—including the force of gravity—are justified in concluding that they are not accelerating. Acceleration In physics, acceleration is the rate of\",\n \"Umkehr effect developed by Gordon Dobson. In 1964 Carlton Mateer provided analysis on information content in umkehr measurements. formula_1 Considering light which is scattered only once in the atmosphere, the light received by the instrument at surface is contributed by light scattered downward from all the levels in the atmosphere. The amount of light contributed by scattering at any particular level depends on (a) the number of air molecules at that level and (b) the absorption by ozone and scattering by air moleculaes both before and after scattering. As the height increases contribution of effect (a) decreases and contribution of effect (b)\",\n \"gas, which then scatter the incoming photons in different directions and at different energies. The resulting emission appears truly diffuse to the viewer. The Galactic Ridge has a width of 5° latitude (b) and ±40° longitude (l) in the Galactic coordinate system. The first instrument that was able to measure diffuse X-ray emission was the HEAO A2 (High Energy Astrophysical Observatory). However it was created to study the large-scale structure of the galaxy and the universe, and to yield high-quality spatial and spectral data in the X-ray region. Still, the HEAO A2 produced valuable information on discrete X-ray sources such\",\n \"Transparency and translucency In the field of optics, transparency (also called pellucidity or diaphaneity) is the physical property of allowing light to pass through the material without being scattered. On a macroscopic scale (one where the dimensions investigated are much larger than the wavelength of the photons in question), the photons can be said to follow Snell's Law. Translucency (also called translucence or translucidity) is a superset of transparency: it allows light to pass through, but does not necessarily (again, on the macroscopic scale) follow Snell's law; the photons can be scattered at either of the two interfaces, or internally,\",\n \"Distinctness of image Distinctness of image (DOI) is a quantification of the deviation of the direction of light propagation from the regular direction by scattering during transmission or reflection. DOI is sensitive to even subtle scattering effects; the more light is being scattered out of the regular direction the more the initially sharp (well defined) image is blurred (that is, small details are lost). In polluted air it is the sum of all particles of various dimensions (dust, aerosols, vapor, etc.) that induces haze. DOI is measured to characterize the visual appearance of polished high-gloss surfaces such as automotive car\",\n \"of how sound is produced, controlled, transmitted and received. Important modern branches of acoustics include ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing; bioacoustics, the physics of animal calls and hearing, and electroacoustics, the manipulation of audible sound waves using electronics. Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light. Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by\",\n \"unmapped. There are also ongoing studies of the region between Mercury and the Sun. Objects may yet be discovered in the Solar System's uncharted regions. Currently, the furthest known objects, such as Comet West, have aphelia around 70,000 AU from the Sun, but as the Oort cloud becomes better known, this may change. The Solar System is located in the Milky Way, a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter of about 100,000 light-years containing about 100 billion stars. The Sun resides in one of the Milky Way's outer spiral arms, known as the Orion–Cygnus Arm or Local Spur. The Sun\",\n \"Galactic plane The galactic plane is the plane on which the majority of a disk-shaped galaxy's mass lies. The directions perpendicular to the galactic plane point to the galactic poles. In actual usage, the terms \\\"galactic plane\\\" and \\\"galactic poles\\\" usually refer specifically to the plane and poles of the Milky Way, in which Planet Earth is located. Some galaxies are irregular and do not have any well-defined disk. Even in the case of a barred spiral galaxy like the Milky Way, defining the galactic plane is slightly imprecise and arbitrary since the stars are not perfectly coplanar. In 1959,\",\n \"the illusion of depth (photo on right). The Roman College became the center of academia in its time. It hosted many learned debates including those between Galileo Galilei and Paolo Segneri, master of oratory. The German Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher, \\\"Master of a Hundred Arts\\\", was a professor at the college and left on the premises a museum filled with his works. The Jesuits were particularly drawn to astronomy and had a large observatory tower and scientific laboratories constructed on the roof of the annexed church, in 1787. The building of the College consists of two large, colonnaded courtyards and\",\n \"reason the most fundamental science is generally understood to be \\\"physics\\\" – the name for which is still recognizable as meaning that it is the study of nature. Matter is commonly defined as the substance of which physical objects are composed. It constitutes the observable universe. The visible components of the universe are now believed to compose only 4.9 percent of the total mass. The remainder is believed to consist of 26.8 percent cold dark matter and 68.3 percent dark energy. The exact arrangement of these components is still unknown and is under intensive investigation by physicists. The behavior of\",\n \"more irregular shape. These were generally found in or near the galactic plane of the Milky Way. Astronomers dubbed the former globular clusters, and the latter open clusters. Because of their location, open clusters are occasionally referred to as \\\"galactic clusters\\\", a term that was introduced in 1925 by the Swiss-American astronomer Robert Julius Trumpler. Micrometer measurements of the positions of stars in clusters were made as early as 1877 by the German astronomer E. Schönfeld and further pursued by the American astronomer E. E. Barnard prior to his death in 1923. No indication of stellar motion was detected by\",\n \"zone where liquid water can exist on the surface. Computer simulations of the formation of planets around low mass stars predict that Earth-sized planets are most abundant, but more than 90% of the simulated planets are at least 10% water by mass, suggesting that many Earth-sized planets orbiting red dwarf stars are covered in deep oceans. At least four and possibly up to six exoplanets were discovered orbiting within the Gliese 581 planetary system between 2005 and 2010. One planet has about the mass of Neptune, or 16 Earth masses (). It orbits just 6 million kilometers (0.04 AU) from\",\n \"Gemini Observatory The Gemini Observatory is an astronomical observatory consisting of two 8.1-metre (26.6 ft) telescopes, Gemini North and Gemini South, which are located at two separate sites in Hawaii and Chile, respectively. The twin Gemini telescopes provide almost complete coverage of both the northern and southern skies. They are currently among the largest and most advanced optical/infrared telescopes available to astronomers. \\\"(See List of largest optical reflecting telescopes)\\\". The National Science Foundation (NSF) of the United States, the National Research Council of Canada, CONICYT of Chile, MCTI of Brazil, and MCTIP of Argentina own and operate the Gemini Observatory.\",\n \"Bortle scale The Bortle scale is a nine-level numeric scale that measures the night sky's brightness of a particular location. It quantifies the astronomical observability of celestial objects and the interference caused by light pollution. John E. Bortle created the scale and published it in the February 2001 edition of \\\"Sky & Telescope\\\" magazine to help amateur astronomers evaluate the darkness of an observing site, and secondarily, to compare the darkness of observing sites. The scale ranges from Class 1, the darkest skies available on Earth, through Class 9, inner-city skies. It gives several criteria for each level beyond naked-eye\",\n \"Wavefront In physics, a wavefront is the locus of points characterized by propagation of positions of identical phase: propagation of a point in 1D, a curve in 2D or a surface in 3D. For an electromagnetic wave, the wavefront is represented as a surface of identical phase, and can be modified with conventional optics. For instance, a lens can change the shape of optical wavefronts from planar to spherical as the lens introduces a spatial phase variation across the beam shape. Optical systems can be described with Maxwell's equations, and linear propagating waves such as sound or electron beams have\",\n \"Light field The light field is a vector function that describes the amount of light flowing in every direction through every point in space. The space of all possible light rays is given by the five-dimensional plenoptic function, and the magnitude of each ray is given by the radiance. Michael Faraday was the first to propose (in an 1846 lecture entitled \\\"Thoughts on Ray Vibrations\\\") that light should be interpreted as a field, much like the magnetic fields on which he had been working for several years. The phrase \\\"light field\\\" was coined by Andrey Gershun in a classic paper\",\n \"Declination In astronomy, declination (abbreviated dec; symbol δ) is one of the two angles that locate a point on the celestial sphere in the equatorial coordinate system, the other being hour angle. Declination's angle is measured north or south of the celestial equator, along the hour circle passing through the point in question. The root of the word \\\"declination\\\" (Latin, \\\"declinatio\\\") means \\\"a bending away\\\" or \\\"a bending down\\\". It comes from the same root as the words \\\"incline\\\" (\\\"bend toward\\\") and \\\"recline\\\" (\\\"bend backward\\\"). In some 18th and 19th century astronomical texts, declination is given as \\\"North Pole Distance\\\"\",\n \"lbf/ft) ρ = 1.2250 sea level air density (kg/m) v = 44.7 (100 mph = 44.7 m/s) P = 0.5 * ρ * v P = 1224 (pressure in N/m) Within astronomy and astrophysics, James E. Gunn and J. Richard Gott first suggested that galaxies in a galaxy cluster moving through a hot intracluster medium would experience a pressure of formula_24 where formula_25 is the ram pressure, formula_26 the intracluster gas density, and formula_27 the speed of the galaxy relative to the medium. This pressure can strip gas out of the galaxy where, essentially, the gas is gravitationally bound to\",\n \"close to the star's equator. Its parent star is a G-type star, a bit cooler than the Sun but more active. It is located about 800 light-years from Earth. It takes 125 minutes to transit its star. As of August 2008, the COROT-2b spin-orbit angle (that is, the angle between the equator of the star and the plane of the planet orbit) was calculated by Bouchy \\\"et al.\\\" by means of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect with a value of +7.2 ± 4.5 degrees. COROT-2 COROT-2 is a yellow dwarf main sequence star a little cooler than the Sun. This star is\",\n \"Interferometry high finesse), monochromatic light produces a set of narrow bright rings against a dark background. In Fig. 6, the low-finesse image corresponds to a reflectivity of 0.04 (\\\"i.e.\\\" unsilvered surfaces) \\\"versus\\\" a reflectivity of 0.95 for the high-finesse image. Michelson and Morley (1887) and other early experimentalists using interferometric techniques in an attempt to measure the properties of the luminiferous aether, used monochromatic light only for initially setting up their equipment, always switching to white light for the actual measurements. The reason is that measurements were recorded visually. Monochromatic light would result in a uniform fringe pattern. Lacking modern means\",\n \"detection experiments, which search for the scattering of dark matter particles off atomic nuclei within a detector; and indirect detection, which look for the products of dark matter particle annihilations or decays. Direct detection experiments aim to observe low-energy recoils (typically a few keVs) of nuclei induced by interactions with particles of dark matter, which (in theory) are passing through the Earth. After such a recoil the nucleus will emit energy as, e.g., scintillation light or phonons, which is then detected by sensitive apparatus. To do this effectively, it is crucial to maintain a low background, and so such experiments\",\n \"Plane of incidence In describing reflection and refraction in optics, the plane of incidence (also called the meridional plane) is the plane which contains the surface normal and the propagation vector of the incoming radiation. In wave optics, the latter is the k-vector, or wavevector, of the incoming wave. When reflection is specular, as it is for a mirror or other shiny surface, the reflected light also lies in the plane of incidence. The orientation of the incident light's polarization with respect to the plane of incidence has an important effect on the strength of the reflection. \\\"P-polarized\\\" light is\",\n \"of smaller holes in a screen facing the sun, until he estimated the light was of the same intensity as that of the star Sirius. He then calculated that the angle of this hole was formula_3th the diameter of the Sun, and thus it was about 30,000 times as far away, on the (incorrect) assumption that Sirius is as luminous as our sun. The subject of photometry remained in its infancy until the time of Pierre Bouguer and Johann Heinrich Lambert. Christiaan Huygens Christiaan Huygens ( ; ; ; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a Dutch physicist,\",\n \"be confused with active optics, which works on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry. Other methods can achieve resolving power exceeding the limit imposed by atmospheric distortion, such as speckle imaging, aperture synthesis, and lucky imaging, or by moving outside the atmosphere with space telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope. Adaptive optics was first envisioned by Horace W. Babcock in 1953, and was also considered in science fiction, as in Poul Anderson's novel\\\" Tau Zero\\\" (1970), but it did not come into common usage until advances in computer technology during the 1990s made the technique practical.\",\n \"measure of the scientific status of disciplines ranks psychology much closer to biology than to sociology. Hierarchy of the sciences The hierarchy of the sciences is a theory formulated by Auguste Comte in the 19th century. This theory states that science develops over time beginning with the simplest and most general scientific discipline, astronomy, which is the first to reach the \\\"positive stage\\\" (one of three in Comte's law of three stages). As one moves down the \\\"hierarchy\\\", this theory further states that sciences become more complex and less general, and that they will reach the positive stage later. Disciplines\",\n \"light. Racemization occurs when one pure form of an enantiomer is converted into equal proportion of both enantiomers, forming a racemate. When there are both equal numbers of dextrorotating and levorotating molecules, the net optical rotation of a racemate is zero. Enantiomers should also be distinguished from diastereomers which are a type of stereoisomer that have different molecular structures around a stereocenter and are not mirror images. Racemate may have different physical properties from either of the pure enantiomers because of the differential intermolecular interactions (see Biological Significance section). The change from a pure enantiomer to a racemate can change\",\n \"Optical filter from much less than an Ångström to a few hundred nanometers. Such a filter can be made by combining an LP- and an SP filter. Examples of bandpass filters are the Lyot filter and the Fabry-Pérot interferometer. Both of these filters can also be made tunable, such that the central wavelength can be chosen by the user. Bandpass filters are often used in astronomy when one wants to observe a certain process with specific associated spectral lines. The Dutch Open Telescope and Swedish Solar Telescope are examples where Lyot and Fabry-Pérot filters are being used. A shortpass (SP) Filter is\",\n \"for this is that an error toward a smaller angle results in a greater error in distance than an error toward a larger angle. However, an approximation of the distance error can be computed by where \\\"d\\\" is the distance and \\\"p\\\" is the parallax. The approximation is far more accurate for parallax errors that are small relative to the parallax than for relatively large errors. For meaningful results in stellar astronomy, Dutch astronomer Floor van Leeuwen recommends that the parallax error be no more than 10% of the total parallax when computing this error estimate. From enhanced \\\"relativistic positioning\",\n \"star to be identified has about 8% of the Sun’s mass and glows feebly at absolute magnitude +19. Compared to the Sun, which has an absolute of +4.8, this faint star is 14 magnitudes or 400,000 times dimmer than our Sun. Our galaxy's most massive stars begin their lives with masses of roughly 100 times solar, radiating at upwards of absolute magnitude –8, over 160,000 times the solar luminosity. The total range of stellar luminosities, then, occupies a range of 27 magnitudes, or a factor of 60 billion. In measuring star brightnesses, absolute magnitude, apparent magnitude, and distance are interrelated\",\n \"Deep chlorophyll maximum coccolithophorids, dinoflagellates and diatoms. In the North Sea, dinoflagellates are the main phytoplankton species present in the DCM at and below the pycnocline. In shallower parts of the DCM - above the pycnocline, dinoflagellates are also present, as well as nanoflagellates. The DCM of clear, stratified water is commonly found below the epilimnion. Lake Superior is the world’s largest freshwater lake, and in the summer, its DCM ranges approximately from 20 m and 35 m below the surface. Although the epilimnion and DCM are neighbouring layers of water, the species composition of the epilimnion and the DCM differ almost entirely.\",\n \"Radiation pressure within molecular clouds in interstellar space collapse to form stars. As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products. Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function. Planetary systems are generally believed to form as part of the same process that results in star formation. A protoplanetary disk forms by\",\n \"there are also airborne observatories, such as the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy and the Kuiper Airborne Observatory. These observatories place telescopes above most, but not all, of the atmosphere, which means there is absorption of infrared light from space by water vapor in the atmosphere. One of the most common infrared detector arrays used at research telescopes is HgCdTe arrays. These operate well between 0.6 and 5 micrometre wavelengths. For longer wavelength observations or higher sensitivity other detectors may be used, including other narrow gap semiconductor detectors, low temperature bolometer arrays or photon-counting Superconducting Tunnel Junction arrays. Special requirements\",\n \"Daily light integral Daily light integral (DLI) describes the number of photosynthetically active photons (individual particles of light in the 400-700 nm range) that are delivered to a specific area over a 24-hour period. The daily light integral (DLI) is a function of photosynthetic light intensity and duration (day) and is usually expressed as moles of light (mol) per square meter (m) per day (d), or: mol·m·d. In other words, DLI measures the number of photosynthetically active photons (photons in the PAR range) accumulated in a square meter over the course of a day. DLI is usually calculated by measuring\",\n \"H-alpha line occurs where hydrogen is being ionized. The H-alpha line saturates (self-absorbs) relatively easily because hydrogen is the primary component of nebulae, so while it can indicate the shape and extent of the cloud, it cannot be used to accurately determine the cloud's mass. Instead, molecules such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, ammonia, or acetonitrile are typically used to determine the mass of a cloud. An H-alpha filter is an optical filter designed to transmit a narrow bandwidth of light generally centred on the H-alpha wavelength. These filters can be dichroic filters manufactured by multiple (~50) vacuum-deposited layers.\",\n \"Ocean dynamics Ocean dynamics define and describe the motion of water within the oceans. Ocean temperature and motion fields can be separated into three distinct layers: mixed (surface) layer, upper ocean (above the thermocline), and deep ocean. Ocean dynamics has traditionally been investigated by sampling from instruments in situ. The mixed layer is nearest to the surface and can vary in thickness from 10 to 500 meters. This layer has properties such as temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen which are uniform with depth reflecting a history of active turbulence (the atmosphere has an analogous planetary boundary layer). Turbulence is high\",\n \"old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.3. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. K2-33b orbits its host star with an orbital period of 5.424 days at a distance of 0.049 AU (compared to the distance of Mercury from the Sun, which is about 0.38 AU). The planet likely receives about 125 times\",\n \"or an ensemble of luminophores is chiral. The extent to which emissions are polarized is quantified in the same way it is for circular dichroism, in terms of the \\\"dissymmetry factor\\\", also sometimes referred to as the \\\"anisotropy factor\\\". This value is given by where formula_3 corresponds to the quantum yield of left-handed circularly polarized light, and formula_4 to that of right-handed light. The maximum absolute value of \\\"g\\\", corresponding to purely left- or right-handed circular polarization, is therefore 2. Meanwhile, the smallest absolute value that \\\"g\\\" can achieve, corresponding to linearly polarized or unpolarized light, is zero. The classical\",\n \"gravitational acceleration at the poles is greater than at the equator, so, by the Von Zeipel theorem, the local luminosity is also higher at the poles. This is seen as a variation in effective temperature over the star: the polar temperature is near 10,000 K, while the equatorial temperature is 7,600 K. As a result, if Vega were viewed along the plane of its equator, then the luminosity would be about half the apparent luminosity as viewed from the pole. This large temperature difference between the poles and the equator produces a strong \\\"gravity darkening\\\" effect. As viewed from the\",\n \"Heliophysics NASA science humans, technological systems, and even the presence of life itself. This is also the stated goal of Science Mission Directorate's Heliophysics Research. Furthermore, \\\"heliophysics\\\" of \\\"NASA science\\\" views the sun as an active star, and that the earth is physically located within its atmosphere. This view also encompasses the interaction of the earth's geophysical properties with this active star. For example, the sun' light influences all life and processes on Earth. It is an energy provider that allows and sustains life on earth. However, the sun also produces streams of high energy particles known as the solar wind, and radiation\",\n \"Polarization (waves) one), as is more often the case for organic molecules, a net circular birefringence (or \\\"optical activity\\\") is observed, revealing the magnitude of that imbalance (or the concentration of the molecule itself, when it can be assumed that only one enantiomer is present). This is measured using a polarimeter in which polarized light is passed through a tube of the liquid, at the end of which is another polarizer which is rotated in order to null the transmission of light through it. In many areas of astronomy, the study of polarized electromagnetic radiation from outer space is of great importance.\",\n \"Etendue Etendue or étendue (; ) is a property of light in an optical system, which characterizes how \\\"spread out\\\" the light is in area and angle. It corresponds to the beam parameter product (BPP) in Gaussian optics. From the source point of view, it is the product of the area of the source and the solid angle that the system's entrance pupil subtends as seen from the source. Equivalently, from the system point of view, the etendue equals the area of the entrance pupil times the solid angle the source subtends as seen from the pupil. These definitions must\",\n \"stars), V777 Herculis stars (DB variables) and ZZ Ceti stars (DA variables). All pulsate in low-degree, high-order g-modes. The oscillation periods broadly decrease with effective temperature, ranging from about 30 min down to about 1 minute. GW Virginis and ZZ Ceti stars are thought to be excited by the kappa mechanism; V777 Herculis stars by convective blocking. A number of past, present and future spacecraft have asteroseismology studies as a significant part of their missions (order chronological). Asteroseismology Asteroseismology or astroseismology is the study of oscillations in stars. Because a star's different oscillation modes are sensitive to different parts of\",\n \"Maximum operating depth In underwater diving activities such as saturation diving, technical diving and nitrox diving, the maximum operating depth (MOD) of a breathing gas is the depth below which the partial pressure of oxygen (pO) of the gas mix exceeds an acceptable limit. This limit is based on risk of central nervous system oxygen toxicity, and is somewhat arbitrary, and varies depending on the diver training agency or Code of Practice, the level of underwater exertion planned and the planned duration of the dive, but is normally in the range of 1.2 to 1.6 bar. The MOD is significant\",\n \"several assumptions of the analysis. Sachs–Wolfe effect The Sachs–Wolfe effect, named after Rainer K. Sachs and Arthur M. Wolfe, is a property of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), in which photons from the CMB are gravitationally redshifted, causing the CMB spectrum to appear uneven. This effect is the predominant source of fluctuations in the CMB for angular scales above about ten degrees. The non-integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect is caused by gravitational redshift occurring at the surface of last scattering. The effect is not constant across the sky due to differences in the matter/energy density at the time of last scattering.\",\n \"Omicron2 Orionis Omicron Orionis (ο Ori) is a solitary star in the constellation Orion. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.06, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 17.54 mas, it is around 186 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.09 due to intervening dust. This is a red clump giant star with a stellar classification of K2 IIIb. It is around 5.4 billion years old with a projected rotational velocity that\",\n \"a result of the diffraction grating formed by its grooves. This side of the disc contains the actual data and is typically coated with a transparent material, usually lacquer. The reverse side of an optical disc usually has a printed label, sometimes made of paper but often printed or stamped onto the disc itself. Unlike the 3½-inch floppy disk, most optical discs do not have an integrated protective casing and are therefore susceptible to data transfer problems due to scratches, fingerprints, and other environmental problems. Optical discs are usually between 7.6 and 30 cm (3 to 12 in) in diameter,\",\n \"Imum coeli In astrology, the Imum Coeli (Latin for \\\"bottom of the sky\\\"), IC, is the point in space where the ecliptic crosses the meridian in the north, exactly opposite the Midheaven. It marks the fourth house cusp in most house systems (this is reversed in the southern hemisphere). The Imum Coeli is said to refer to our roots and also to the least conscious part of ourselves. It symbolizes foundations, beginnings in life, what may have been experienced through parental inheritance and homeland influences, need for security and relationships with the home and family life. It also may describe\",\n \"It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-419c orbits its host star with 270% of the Sun's luminosity (2.7 ) about every 675 days (around 1.84 years) at a distance of 1.61 AU (compared to the orbital distance of Mars, which is 1.52 AU). It has a slightly eccentric orbit, with an eccentricity of 0.184. It receives about 95% of the amount of sunlight that Earth does. Kepler-419c resides in the circumstellar habitable zone of the parent star. The exoplanet, with a mass of 7.28 , is too massive to be rocky, and because of this\",\n \"Optics cylindrical surface lens that curves more strongly in one direction than in another, compensating for the non-uniformity of the cornea. The optical power of corrective lenses is measured in diopters, a value equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured in metres; with a positive focal length corresponding to a converging lens and a negative focal length corresponding to a diverging lens. For lenses that correct for astigmatism as well, three numbers are given: one for the spherical power, one for the cylindrical power, and one for the angle of orientation of the astigmatism. Optical illusions (also called visual\",\n \"Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment camera. Recently the OGLE team, in cooperation with scientists mostly from USA, New Zealand and Japan, proved that small, Earth-like planets can exist in great distance from stars around which they revolve despite there being other stars near them. At least seventeen planets have so far been discovered by the OGLE project. Eight of the planets were discovered by the transit method and six by the gravitational microlensing method. Planets are shown in the order of discovery. Planets in multiple-planet systems are highlighted in yellow. Please note that list below may not be complete. \\\"Notes: For events detected by the\",\n \"be less if the atom is formed in an excited state). At faster speeds, the excess (kinetic) energy is radiated (but momentum must be conserved) as photons of lower wavelength (higher energy). Therefore, photons with energies above 13.6 eV are emitted by the combination of energetic protons and electrons forming atomic hydrogen, and emission from photoionized hydrogen. Lyman continuum photons Lyman continuum photons (abbrev. LyC), shortened to Ly continuum photons or Lyc photon, are the photons emitted from stars at photon energies above the Lyman limit. Hydrogen is ionized by absorbing LyC. Working off of Victor Schumann's discovery of ultraviolet\",\n \"Optics light waves in air is approximately 3.0×10 m/s (exactly 299,792,458 m/s in vacuum). The wavelength of visible light waves varies between 400 and 700 nm, but the term \\\"light\\\" is also often applied to infrared (0.7–300 μm) and ultraviolet radiation (10–400 nm). The wave model can be used to make predictions about how an optical system will behave without requiring an explanation of what is \\\"waving\\\" in what medium. Until the middle of the 19th century, most physicists believed in an \\\"ethereal\\\" medium in which the light disturbance propagated. The existence of electromagnetic waves was predicted in 1865 by Maxwell's\",\n \"Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) theory). However, further observations revealed that VIRGOHI21 was an intergalactic gas cloud, stripped from NGC4254 by a high speed collision. The high speed interaction was caused by infall into the Virgo cluster. Dark galaxy A dark galaxy is a hypothesized galaxy with no, or very few, stars. They received their name because they have no visible stars, but may be detectable if they contain significant amounts of gas. Astronomers have long theorized the existence of dark galaxies, but there are no confirmed examples to date. Dark galaxies are distinct from intergalactic gas clouds caused by galactic\",\n \"Photon epoch In physical cosmology, the photon epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe in which photons dominated the energy of the universe. The photon epoch started after most leptons and anti-leptons were annihilated at the end of the lepton epoch, about 10 seconds after the Big Bang. Atomic nuclei were created in the process of nucleosynthesis which occurred during the first few minutes of the photon epoch. For the remainder of the photon epoch, the universe contained a hot dense plasma of nuclei, electrons and photons. 370,000 years after the Big Bang the temperature of\",\n \"curvature in its spatial components. In Newton's gravitation, the formula_148 coefficient in front of formula_149 predicts bending of light around a star. In general relativity, the formula_158 coefficient in front of formula_159 predicts a \\\"doubling\\\" of the total bending. The story of the 1919 Eddington eclipse expedition and Einstein's rise to fame is well told elsewhere. In Newton's theory of gravitation, the only source of gravitational force is mass. In contrast, general relativity identifies several sources of spacetime curvature in addition to mass. In the Einstein field equations, the sources of gravity are presented on the right-hand side in formula_160\",\n \"subject to the Doppler effect, so the frequency of the light decreases for objects that were receding (redshift) and increases for objects that were approaching (blueshift). The radial velocity of a star or other luminous distant objects can be measured accurately by taking a high-resolution spectrum and comparing the measured wavelengths of known spectral lines to wavelengths from laboratory measurements. A positive radial velocity indicates the distance between the objects is or was increasing; a negative radial velocity indicates the distance between the source and observer is or was decreasing. In many binary stars, the orbital motion usually causes radial\",\n \"called \\\"diffuse clouds\\\". An interstellar cloud is formed by the gas and dust particles from a red giant in its later life. The chemical composition of interstellar clouds is determined by studying electromagnetic radiation or EM radiation that they emanate, and we receive – from radio waves through visible light, to gamma rays on the electromagnetic spectrum – that we receive from them. Large radio telescopes scan the intensity in the sky of particular frequencies of electromagnetic radiation which are characteristic of certain molecules' spectra. Some interstellar clouds are cold and tend to give out EM radiation of large wavelengths.\",\n \"Lyman-alpha forest In astronomical spectroscopy, the Lyman-alpha forest is a series of absorption lines in the spectra of distant galaxies and quasars arising from the Lyman-alpha electron transition of the neutral hydrogen atom. As the light travels through multiple gas clouds with different redshifts, multiple absorption lines are formed. The Lyman-alpha forest was first discovered in 1970 by astronomer Roger Lynds in an observation of the quasar 4C 05.34. Quasar 4C 05.34 was the farthest object observed to that date, and Lynds noted an unusually large number of absorption lines in its spectrum. He suggested that most of the absorption\",\n \"dark matter) bends spacetime. Light follows the curvature of spacetime, resulting in the lensing effect. Although both dark matter and ordinary matter are matter, they do not behave in the same way. In particular, in the early universe, ordinary matter was ionized and interacted strongly with radiation via Thomson scattering. Dark matter does not interact directly with radiation, but it does affect the CMB by its gravitational potential (mainly on large scales), and by its effects on the density and velocity of ordinary matter. Ordinary and dark matter perturbations, therefore, evolve differently with time and leave different imprints on the\",\n \"Optical heterodyne detection Optical heterodyne detection is a method of extracting information encoded as modulation of the phase, frequency or both of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength band of visible or infrared light. The light signal is compared with standard or reference light from a \\\"local oscillator\\\" (LO) that would have a fixed offset in frequency and phase from the signal if the latter carried null information. \\\"Heterodyne\\\" signifies more than one frequency, in contrast to the single frequency employed in homodyne detection. The comparison of the two light signals is typically accomplished by combining them in a photodiode detector,\",\n \"in astrophysics or advanced academic training in the subject. Most amateurs are beginners or hobbyists, while others have a high degree of experience in astronomy and may often assist and work alongside professional astronomers. Many astronomers have studied the sky throughout history in an amateur framework; however, since the beginning of the twentieth century, professional astronomy has become an activity clearly distinguished from amateur astronomy and associated activities. Amateur astronomers typically view the sky at night, when most celestial objects and astronomical events are visible, but others observe during the daytime by viewing sunspots or solar eclipses. Some just look\",\n \"Extragalactic planet An extragalactic planet, also known as an extragalactic exoplanet, is a star-bound planet, or rogue planet, located outside of the Milky Way galaxy. Due to the huge distances to such worlds, they would be very hard to detect directly. However, indirect evidence suggests that such planets may exist. Nonetheless, the most distant known planets are SWEEPS-11 and SWEEPS-04, located in Sagittarius, approximately 27,710 light-years from the Sun, while the Milky Way is between 100,000–180,000 light years in diameter. This means that even galactic planets located further than that distance have not been detected. A planet with a mass\",\n \"they are extended and contain no well-defined boundaries. Diffuse nebulae can be divided into emission nebula, reflection nebulae and \\\"dark nebulae.\\\" Visible light nebulae may be divided into emission nebulae that emit spectral line radiation from excited or ionized gas (mostly ionized hydrogen); they are often called HII regions (the term \\\"HII\\\" refers to ionized hydrogen). Reflection nebulae are visible primarily due to the light they reflect. Reflection nebulae themselves do not emit significant amounts of visible light, but are near stars and reflect light from them. Similar nebulae not illuminated by stars do not exhibit visible radiation, but may\",\n \"and the result can be melting of the facet, known as \\\"catastrophic optical damage\\\", or COD. Deterioration of the laser facets with aging and effects of the environment (erosion by water, oxygen, etc.) increases light absorption by the surface, and decreases the COD threshold. A sudden catastrophic failure of the laser due to COD then can occur after many thousands hours in service. One of the methods of increasing the COD threshold in AlGaInP laser structures is the sulfur treatment, which replaces the oxides at the laser facet with chalcogenide glasses. This decreases the recombination velocity of the surface states.\",\n \"Oort constants The Oort constants (discovered by Jan Oort) formula_1 and formula_2 are empirically derived parameters that characterize the local rotational properties of our galaxy, the Milky Way, in the following manner: where formula_4 and formula_5 are the rotational velocity and distance to the Galactic center, respectively, measured at the position of the Sun, and and are the velocities and distances at other positions in our part of the galaxy. As derived below, and depend only on the motions and positions of stars in the solar neighborhood. As of 2018, the most accurate values of these constants are formula_1 =\",\n \"Deep sea community that produce organic carbon. The stratum of the water column up till which sunlight penetrates is referred to as the photic zone. The photic zone can be subdivided into two different vertical regions. The uppermost portion of the photic zone, where there is adequate light to support photosynthesis by phytoplankton and plants, is referred to as the euphotic zone (also referred to as the \\\"epipelagic zone\\\", or \\\"surface zone\\\"). The lower portion of the photic zone, where the light intensity is insufficient for photosynthesis, is called the dysphotic zone (dysphotic means \\\"poorly lit\\\" in Greek). The dysphotic zone is also\",\n \"darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,\",\n \"Optical spectrometer closely related electronic device. Spectrometers are used in many fields. For example, they are used in astronomy to analyze the radiation from astronomical objects and deduce chemical composition. The spectrometer uses a prism or a grating to spread the light from a distant object into a spectrum. This allows astronomers to detect many of the chemical elements by their characteristic spectral fingerprints. If the object is glowing by itself, it will show spectral lines caused by the glowing gas itself. These lines are named for the elements which cause them, such as the hydrogen alpha, beta, and gamma lines. Chemical\",\n \"by the fractional abundance (by mass) of elements heavier than hydrogen formula_11, and the fractional abundance (by mass) of hydrogen formula_12. Kramers' opacity law Kramers' opacity law describes the opacity of a medium in terms of the ambient density and temperature, assuming that the opacity is dominated by bound-free absorption (the absorption of light during ionization of a bound electron) or free-free absorption (the absorption of light when scattering a free ion, also called bremsstrahlung). It is often used to model radiative transfer, particularly in stellar atmospheres. The relation is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Kramers, who first derived\",\n \"Backscatter In physics, backscatter (or backscattering) is the reflection of waves, particles, or signals back to the direction from which they came. It is a diffuse reflection due to scattering, as opposed to specular reflection as from a mirror. Backscattering has important applications in astronomy, photography, and medical ultrasonography. The opposite effect is forward scatter, e.g. when a translucent material like a cloud diffuses sunlight, giving soft light. Backscattering can occur in quite different physical situations, where the incoming waves or particles are deflected from their original direction by different mechanisms: Sometimes, the scattering is more or less isotropic, i.\",\n \"star's temperature, not motion. Only later was Doppler vindicated by verified redshift observations. The first Doppler redshift was described by French physicist Hippolyte Fizeau in 1848, who pointed to the shift in spectral lines seen in stars as being due to the Doppler effect. The effect is sometimes called the \\\"Doppler–Fizeau effect\\\". In 1868, British astronomer William Huggins was the first to determine the velocity of a star moving away from the Earth by this method. In 1871, optical redshift was confirmed when the phenomenon was observed in Fraunhofer lines using solar rotation, about 0.1 Å in the red. In\",\n \"Optical telescope 550 nm wavelength, is given by: formula_12 The unit used in the object diameter results in the smallest resolvable features at that unit. In the above example they are approximated in kilometers resulting in the smallest resolvable Moon craters being 3.22 km in diameter. The Hubble Space Telescope has a primary mirror aperture of 2400 mm that provides a surface resolvability of Moon craters being 174.9 meters in diameter, or sunspots of 7365.2 km in diameter. Ignoring blurring of the image by turbulence in the atmosphere (atmospheric seeing) and optical imperfections of the telescope, the angular resolution of an optical\",\n \"Attenuation radiation reaches the sea-surface, the shortwave radiation is attenuated by the water, and the intensity of light decreases exponentially with water depth. The intensity of light at depth can be calculated using the Beer-Lambert Law. In clear open waters, visible light is absorbed at the longest wavelengths first. Thus, red, orange, and yellow wavelengths are absorbed at higher water depths, and blue and violet wavelengths reach the deepest in the water column. Because the blue and violet wavelengths are absorbed last compared to the other wavelengths, open ocean waters appear deep-blue to the eye. In near-shore (coastal) waters, sea water\",\n \"surface. The geometric albedo may be greater or smaller than the Bond albedo, depending on surface and atmospheric properties of the body in question. Some examples: Geometric albedo In astronomy, the geometric albedo of a celestial body is the ratio of its actual brightness as seen from the light source (i.e. at zero phase angle) to that of an \\\"idealized\\\" flat, fully reflecting, diffusively scattering (Lambertian) disk with the same cross-section. (This phase angle refers to the direction of the light paths and is not a phase angle in its normal meaning in optics or electronics.) Diffuse scattering implies that\",\n \"and frictional processes (associated with brittle faulting) to a generally aseismic zone where ductile creep becomes the dominant process. The location of this change in deformation style is sometimes referred to as the brittle-ductile transition zone. Seismogenic layer In geophysics and seismology, the seismogenic layer covers the range of depths within the crust or lithosphere in which most earthquakes originate. The thickness is heavily dependent on location. For oceanic crust, the seismogenic layer thickness can be 0-40 km, and for continental crust, it ranges from 0-25 km. It is also important to note that at subduction zones, there is one\",\n \"astronomers can see everything from methane to water vapor on other planets by photometry. It is the only planet orbiting around EPIC 211945201, a G class star, situated in the constellation of Cancer in 596 light-years from the Sun. Its host star is aged 4 billion years. EPIC 211945201 b orbits its star in about 19 terrestrial days. It orbits closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and may be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.14) and should be very different from our planet. EPIC\",\n \"Aberration of light Sun's frame for formula_4 and the speed of light formula_25. Its accepted value is 20.49552 arcseconds (at J2000). Assuming a circular orbit, annual aberration causes stars exactly on the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's orbit) to appear to move back and forth along a straight line, varying by formula_22 on either side of their position in the Sun's frame. A star that is precisely at one of the ecliptic poles (at 90° from the ecliptic plane) will appear to move in a circle of radius formula_22 about its true position, and stars at intermediate ecliptic latitudes will appear to move\",\n \"form clouds, or \\\"diffuse nebulae\\\", where star formation takes place. In contrast to spirals, an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years, which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies. In the dense nebulae where stars are produced, much of the hydrogen is in the molecular (H) form, so these nebulae are called molecular clouds. Observations indicate that the coldest clouds tend to form low-mass stars, observed first in the infrared inside the clouds, then in visible light at their surface when the clouds dissipate, while\",\n \"the low-luminosity AGN population is much less well understood due to the difficulty of observing these objects at high redshifts. Dusty surprise around giant black hole Active galactic nucleus An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that has a much higher than normal luminosity over at least some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with characteristics indicating that the luminosity is not produced by stars. Such excess non-stellar emission has been observed in the radio, microwave, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an \\\"active\",\n \"Optics light into a spectrum. The discovery of this phenomenon when passing light through a prism is famously attributed to Isaac Newton. Some media have an index of refraction which varies gradually with position and, therefore, light rays in the medium are curved. This effect is responsible for mirages seen on hot days: a change in index of refraction air with height causes light rays to bend, creating the appearance of specular reflections in the distance (as if on the surface of a pool of water). Optical materials with varying index of refraction are called gradient-index (GRIN) materials. Such materials are\",\n \"surface in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) model, and modified by testing on in vivo animal tissue. Munnerlyn Formula The Munnerlyn Formula is the theoretical formula discovered by Charles Munnerlyn, which gives the depth an excimer laser will need to ablate during LASIK surgery or similar medical interventions. The formula states that the depth of the ablation (in micrometres) per diopter of refractive change is equal to the square of the diameter of the optical ablation zone measured in millimeters, divided by three. For example, to change refraction by 4 diopters with an optical zone of 3 mm would require ablation of\",\n \"Galaxy rotation curve The rotation curve of a disc galaxy (also called a velocity curve) is a plot of the orbital speeds of visible stars or gas in that galaxy versus their radial distance from that galaxy's centre. The rotation curves of spiral galaxies are asymmetric, so the observational data from each side of a galaxy are generally averaged. Rotation curve asymmetry appears to be normal rather than exceptional. The rotational/orbital speeds of galaxies/stars do not follow the rules found in other orbital systems such as stars/planets and planets/moons that have most of their mass at the centre. Stars revolve around their galaxy's\",\n \"from 30 m (100 ft) to 40 m (130 ft) is only 25% (400 kPa to 500 kPa). Any object immersed in water is provided with a buoyant force that counters the force of gravity, appearing to make the object less heavy. If the overall density of the object exceeds the density of water, the object sinks. If the overall density is less than the density of water, the object rises until it floats on the surface. With increasing depth underwater, sunlight is absorbed, and the amount of visible light diminishes. Because absorption is greater for long wavelengths (red end\",\n \"Nebulae in fiction the Earth rather than face-on. Diffuse emission nebula, or H II region, cataloged as M42, and situated south of Orion's Belt in the constellation of Orion. It is one of the brightest nebulae, and is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. Located about 1300 light-years away, it is the closest region of massive star formation to the Earth. The Orion Nebula is one of the most scrutinized and photographed objects in the night sky, and is among the most intensely studied celestial features. Nebula of mixed types, catalogued as M20 and located in Sagittarius. Its name means\",\n \"Interstellar medium clouds (especially at high densities). Far infrared radiation penetrates deeply due to the low optical depth. Dust grains are heated via this radiation and can transfer thermal energy during collisions with the gas. A measure of efficiency in the heating is given by the accommodation coefficient: where \\\"T\\\" is the gas temperature, \\\"T\\\" the dust temperature, and \\\"T\\\" the post-collision temperature of the gas atom or molecule. This coefficient was measured by as \\\"α\\\" = 0.35. Radio waves from ≈10 kHz (very low frequency) to ≈300 GHz (extremely high frequency) propagate differently in interstellar space than on the Earth's surface.\",\n \"Mass-to-light ratio In astrophysics and physical cosmology the mass to light ratio, normally designated with the Greek upsilon symbol formula_1, is the quotient between the total mass of a spatial volume (typically on the scales of a galaxy or a cluster) and its luminosity. These ratios are often reported using the value calculated for the Sun as a baseline ratio which is a constant formula_2 = 5133 kg/W equal to a solar mass () divided by a solar luminosity (), (/). The mass to light ratios of galaxies and clusters are all much greater than formula_2 due in part to\",\n \"Optical levitation Optical levitation is a method developed by Arthur Ashkin whereby a material is levitated against the downward force of gravity by counter forces stemming from photon momentum transfer. Typically photon radiation pressure of a focused laser beam of enough intensity counters the downward force of gravity while also preventing lateral (side to side) and vertical instabilities to allow for a stable \\\"optical trap\\\" capable of holding small particles in suspension. Micrometer sized (from several to 50 micrometer in diameter) transparent dielectric spheres such as fused silica spheres, oil or water droplets, are used in this type of experiment.\",\n \"not known if the Solar System is embedded in the Local Interstellar Cloud, or if it is in the region where the Local Interstellar Cloud and G-Cloud are interacting. The Local Interstellar Cloud is an area of denser cloud in an otherwise sparse region known as the Local Bubble, an hourglass-shaped cavity in the interstellar medium roughly 300 light-years (ly) across. The bubble is suffused with high-temperature plasma, that suggests it is the product of several recent supernovae. There are relatively few stars within ten light-years of the Sun. The closest is the triple star system Alpha Centauri, which is\",\n \"but in globular clusters the stellar density could be from 100 to 1000 per cubic parsec. Parsec The parsec (symbol: pc) is a unit of length used to measure large distances to astronomical objects outside the Solar System. A parsec is defined as the distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one arcsecond, which corresponds to astronomical units. One parsec is equal to about 3.26 light-years (30 trillion km or 19 trillion miles) in length. The nearest star, Proxima Centauri, is about from the Sun. Most of the stars visible to the unaided eye in the night\",\n \"refraction of light in raindrops. A single reflection off the backs of an array of raindrops produces a rainbow with an angular size on the sky that ranges from 40° to 42° with red on the outside. Double rainbows are produced by two internal reflections with angular size of 50.5° to 54° with violet on the outside. Because rainbows are seen with the sun 180° away from the centre of the rainbow, rainbows are more prominent the closer the sun is to the horizon. Optics Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including\",\n \"astronomical night is the period between astronomical dusk and astronomical dawn when the Sun is between 18 and 90 degrees below the horizon and does not illuminate the sky. As seen from latitudes between 48.5° and 66.5° north or south of the Equator, complete darkness does not occur around the summer solstice because although the Sun sets, it is never more than 18° below the horizon at lower culmination. The opposite of night is day (or \\\"daytime\\\", to distinguish it from \\\"day\\\" referring to a 24-hour period). The start and end points of time for a night vary, based on\",\n \"Air mass (astronomy) In astronomy, air mass (airmass, or AM) is the path length for light rays from a celestial source to pass through the atmosphere. As it penetrates the atmosphere, light rays are attenuated by scattering and absorption; the thicker atmosphere through which it passes, the greater the attenuation. Consequently, celestial bodies when nearer the horizon appear less bright than when nearer the zenith. This attenuation, known as atmospheric extinction, is described quantitatively by the Beer–Lambert law. \\\"Air mass\\\" normally indicates \\\"relative air mass\\\", the path length relative to that at the zenith at sea level so, by definition,\",\n \"Infrared astronomy Infrared astronomy is the branch of astronomy and astrophysics that studies astronomical objects visible in infrared (IR) radiation. The wavelength of infrared light ranges from 0.75 to 300 micrometers. Infrared falls in between visible radiation, which ranges from 380 to 750 nanometers, and submillimeter waves. Infrared astronomy began in the 1830s, a few decades after the discovery of infrared light by William Herschel in 1800. Early progress was limited, and it was not until the early 20th century that conclusive detections of astronomical objects other than the Sun and Moon were made in infrared light. After a number\",\n \"Depth of field In optics, particularly as it relates to film and photography, the optical phenomenon known as depth of field (DOF), is the distance about the plane of focus (POF) where objects appear acceptably sharp in an image. Although an optical imaging system can precisely focus on only one plane at a time, the decrease in sharpness is gradual on each side of the POF, so that within the DOF the unsharpness is imperceptible under normal viewing conditions. In some cases, it may be desirable to have the entire image sharp, and a large DOF is appropriate. In other\",\n \"is not known but formula_5 is. Optical depth (astrophysics) Optical depth in astrophysics refers to a specific level of transparency. Optical depth and actual depth, formula_1 and formula_2 respectively, can vary widely depending on the absorptivity of the astrophysical environment. Indeed, formula_1 is able to show the relationship between these two quantities and can lead to a greater understanding of the structure inside a star. Optical depth is a measure of the extinction coefficient or absorptivity up to a specific 'depth' of a star's makeup. The assumption here is that either the extinction coefficient formula_5 or the column number density\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":297,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"star formation activity in the green valley galaxy is what"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["is now in a relative state of quiescence, whereas the Milky Way is experiencing more active star formation. Should this continue, the luminosity of the Milky Way may eventually overtake that of Andromeda Galaxy. According to recent studies, the Andromeda Galaxy lies in what in the galaxy color–magnitude diagram is known as the \"green valley\", a region populated by galaxies like the Milky Way in transition from the \"blue cloud\" (galaxies actively forming new stars) to the \"red sequence\" (galaxies that lack star formation). Star formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star-forming gas"],"string":"[\n \"is now in a relative state of quiescence, whereas the Milky Way is experiencing more active star formation. Should this continue, the luminosity of the Milky Way may eventually overtake that of Andromeda Galaxy. According to recent studies, the Andromeda Galaxy lies in what in the galaxy color–magnitude diagram is known as the \\\"green valley\\\", a region populated by galaxies like the Milky Way in transition from the \\\"blue cloud\\\" (galaxies actively forming new stars) to the \\\"red sequence\\\" (galaxies that lack star formation). Star formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star-forming gas\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["branch, and started helium fusion in its core. τ Sagittarii is the closest constellational star (a star that is part of the traditional outline of a constellation) to the origin of the 1977 Wow! signal. \\end{align}</math></ref> Tau Sagittarii Tau Sagittarii (Tau Sgr, τ Sagittarii, τ Sgr) is a star in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. With an apparent visual magnitude of +3.3, this is one of the brighter members of the constellation. The distance of this star from Earth is roughly , based upon parallax measurements. This is a spectral type K1 giant star with about . The stellar","of 2.4 billion years it has become a red clump giant, meaning it is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. It has an estimated 1.94 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 44.7 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,017 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \"Twelve States\", refers to an asterism which is represent twelve ancient states in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, consisting of 36 Capricorni, φ Capricorni, ι Capricorni, 37 Capricorni, 35 Capricorni, χ Capricorni, θ Capricorni, 30 Capricorni, 33 Capricorni, ζ Capricorni,","in excess of 5 kilograms. Crystallization of the material of a white dwarf of this type is thought to result in a body-centered cubic lattice of carbon and/or oxygen nuclei, which are surrounded by a Fermi sea of electrons. BPM 37093 BPM 37093 (V886 Centauri) is a variable white dwarf star of the DAV, or ZZ Ceti, type, with a hydrogen atmosphere and an unusually high mass of approximately 1.1 times the Sun's. It is about 50 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Centaurus, and vibrates; these pulsations cause its luminosity to vary. Like other white dwarfs, BPM 37093 is","Voyager Golden Record The Voyager Golden Records are two phonograph records that were included aboard both Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. The records contain sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth, and are intended for any intelligent extraterrestrial life form, or for future humans, who may find them. The records are a sort of time capsule. Although neither Voyager spacecraft is heading toward any particular star, \"Voyager 1\" will pass within 1.6 light-years' distance of the star Gliese 445, currently in the constellation Camelopardalis, in about 40,000 years. Carl Sagan noted that \"The","1–12] rather than Roman numerals.) In 2015, a new type of globular cluster was proposed on the basis of observational data, the dark globular clusters. The formation of globular clusters remains a poorly understood phenomenon and it remains uncertain whether the stars in a globular cluster form in a single generation or are spawned across multiple generations over a period of several hundred million years. In many globular clusters, most of the stars are at approximately the same stage in stellar evolution, suggesting that they formed at about the same time. However, the star formation history varies from cluster to","Cartwheel Galaxy The Cartwheel Galaxy (also known as \"ESO 350-40 or PGC 2248\") is a lenticular galaxy and ring galaxy about 500 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor. It is an estimated 150,000 light-years diameter, and has a mass of about solar masses; it rotates at . It was discovered by Fritz Zwicky in 1941. Zwicky considered his discovery to be \"one of the most complicated structures awaiting its explanation on the basis of stellar dynamics.\" An estimation of the galaxy's span resulted in a conclusion of 150,000 light years, which is slightly larger than the Milky Way. The","II\" regions (UDHII). Depending on the size of an H II region there may be several thousand stars within it. This makes H II regions more complicated than planetary nebulae, which have only one central ionising source. Typically H II regions reach temperatures of 10,000 K. They are mostly ionised gases with weak magnetic fields with strengths of several nanoteslas. Nevertheless, H II regions are almost always associated with a cold molecular gas, which originated from the same parent GMC. Magnetic fields are produced by these weak moving electric charges in the ionised gas, suggesting that H II regions might","PSR B1919+21 radio signal was detected using the Interplanetary Scintillation Array of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory in Cambridge, UK, by Jocelyn Bell and Antony Hewish. The signal had a -second period and 0.04-second pulsewidth. It originated at celestial coordinates right ascension, +21° declination. It was detected by individual observation of miles of graphical data traces. Due to its almost perfect regularity, it was at first assumed to be spurious noise, but this hypothesis was promptly discarded. The discoverers jokingly named it \"little green men 1\" (\"LGM-1\"), considering that it may have originated from an extraterrestrial civilization, but Bell soon ruled out","Butterfly Cluster The Butterfly Cluster (cataloged as Messier 6 or M6, and as NGC 6405) is an open cluster of stars in the southern constellation of Scorpius. Its name derives from the vague resemblance of its shape to a butterfly. The Trumpler classification of indicates it is rich in stars (r) with a high concentration (II) and a large range of brightness (3). It is positioned 3.5° to the northwest of Messier 7 near the tail of Scorpius. The first astronomer to record the Butterfly Cluster's existence was Giovanni Battista Hodierna in 1654. However, Robert Burnham, Jr. has proposed that","V Centauri V Centauri (V Cen) is a Classical Cepheid variable, a type of variable star, in the constellation Centaurus. Its apparent magnitude is 6.72, and it is approximately 2,500 light-years (800 parsecs) away based on parallax. According to the South African Astronomical Observatory, the chemical composition was derived as being high in sodium (Na) and aluminium (Al) and low in magnesium (Mg). Following a normal composition for a Cepheid star, V Cen does not have any unusual characteristics. V Centauri's composition was observed alongside six other Classical Cepheid variable stars with the support of Russian, Chilean, and Ukrainian observatories.","not known if the Solar System is embedded in the Local Interstellar Cloud, or if it is in the region where the Local Interstellar Cloud and G-Cloud are interacting. The Local Interstellar Cloud is an area of denser cloud in an otherwise sparse region known as the Local Bubble, an hourglass-shaped cavity in the interstellar medium roughly 300 light-years (ly) across. The bubble is suffused with high-temperature plasma, that suggests it is the product of several recent supernovae. There are relatively few stars within ten light-years of the Sun. The closest is the triple star system Alpha Centauri, which is","3C 66B 3C 66B is an elliptical Fanaroff and Riley class 1 radio galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda. With an estimated redshift of 0.021258, the galaxy is about 300 million light-years away. The orbital motion of 3C 66B showed supposed evidence for a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) with a period of 1.05 ± 0.03 years, but this claim was later proven wrong (at 95% certainty). Messier 87 (M87), about 55 million light years away, is the largest giant elliptical galaxy near the Earth, and also contains an active galactic nucleus. The smooth jet of 3C 66B rivals that","Phoenicids The Phoenicids are a minor meteor shower, first noticed by observers in New Zealand, Australia, the Indian Ocean, and South Africa during an outburst of approximately 100 meteors an hour that occurred during December 1956. Like other meteor showers, the Phoenicids get their name from the location of their radiant, which is in the constellation Phoenix. They are active from 29 November to 9 December, with a peak occurring around 5/6 December each year, and are best seen from the Southern Hemisphere. The Phoenicids appear to be associated with a stream of material from the disintegrating comet D/1819 W1","which was visible from the Earth's surface at the time. During the event (as seen from Earth) Eta Carinae briefly became the second-brightest star in the sky, after Sirius; but the ejected gas and dust have since obscured much of its light. The near-supernova explosion produced two polar lobes, and a large but thin equatorial disk, all moving outward at up to . The Homunculus Nebula is a virtually unique structure, believed to result from the extremely young age. This means that the shape and structure is almost entirely due to the original eruption rather than the interaction with surrounding","Faint blue galaxy The faint blue galaxy (F.B.G.) problem in astrophysics first arose with observations starting in 1978 that there were more galaxies with a bolometric magnitude > 22 than then-current theory predicted. Galaxies can appear faint because they are small or because they are far away. Neither explanation, nor any combination, initially matched the observations. The distribution of these galaxies has since been found to be consistent with Cosmic inflation, measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background, and a nonzero cosmological constant, that is, with the existence of the now-accepted dark energy. It thus serves as a confirmation of supernova","Ursa Minor Dwarf The Ursa Minor Dwarf is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy, discovered by A.G. Wilson of the Lowell Observatory, in the United States, during the Palomar Sky Survey in 1955. It appears in the Ursa Minor constellation, and is a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. The galaxy consists mainly of older stars and seems to house little to no ongoing star formation. Its centre is around 225,000 light years distant from Earth. In 1999, Kenneth Mighell and Christopher Burke used the Hubble Space Telescope to confirm that the Ursa Minor dwarf galaxy had a straightforward evolutionary history with","song “RPG,” by Japanese band Sekai no Owari, the narrator mentions watching the Perseid meteor shower on the night something “precious to them fell apart.” Perseids The Perseids are a prolific meteor shower associated with the comet Swift–Tuttle. The meteors are called the Perseids because the point from which they appear to hail (called the radiant) lies in the constellation Perseus. The name is derived from the word Perseidai (Greek : Περσείδαι), the sons of Perseus in Greek mythology. The stream of debris is called the Perseid cloud and stretches along the orbit of the comet Swift–Tuttle. The cloud consists","of chemical elements other than hydrogen and helium within a star) indicating an inner galactic origin, since stars outside the disks of galaxies tend to have low metallicity and are older. Some recently discovered supernovae have been confirmed to have exploded hundreds of thousands of light years from the nearest star or galaxy. Although the precise mass of the intergalactic star population cannot be known exactly, it is estimated that locally they make up 10 percent of the mass of the Virgo cluster of galaxies. This means that, most likely, intergalactic stars in the Virgo cluster would collectively have a","the end of their lives, stellar models suggest they will slowly become brighter and hotter before running out of hydrogen fuel and becoming low-mass white dwarfs. Stellar evolution is not studied by observing the life of a single star, as most stellar changes occur too slowly to be detected, even over many centuries. Instead, astrophysicists come to understand how stars evolve by observing numerous stars at various points in their lifetime, and by simulating stellar structure using computer models. Stellar evolution starts with the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud. Typical giant molecular clouds are roughly across and contain","are prominent on ultraviolet images. The hot subdwarfs are proposed to be the cause of the UV upturn in the light output of elliptical galaxies. Subdwarf B stars were discovered by Zwicky and Humason around 1947 when they found subluminous blue stars around the north galactic pole. In the Palomar-Green survey they were discovered to be the commonest kind of faint blue star with a magnitude over 18. During the 1960s spectroscopy discovered that many of the sdB stars are deficient in hydrogen, with abundances below that predicted by the big bang theory. In the early 1970s Greenstein and Sargent","of the Hubble sequence diagram are two parallel branches encompassing the spiral galaxies. A spiral galaxy consists of a flattened disk, with stars forming a (usually two-armed) spiral structure, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. Roughly half of all spirals are also observed to have a bar-like structure, extending from the central bulge, at the ends of which the spiral arms begin. In the tuning-fork diagram, the regular spirals occupy the upper branch and are denoted by the letter S, while the lower branch contains the barred spirals, given the symbol SB. Both type of spirals","astronomers can see everything from methane to water vapor on other planets by photometry. It is the only planet orbiting around EPIC 211945201, a G class star, situated in the constellation of Cancer in 596 light-years from the Sun. Its host star is aged 4 billion years. EPIC 211945201 b orbits its star in about 19 terrestrial days. It orbits closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and may be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.14) and should be very different from our planet. EPIC","most part, the stars with inhabitable planets in the CoDominium are obscure and unnamed on current star charts. For instance, the world of New Washington and its sister planet Franklin orbit a red dwarf at some distance from the Solar System. Such stars are very common in the galaxy but even the closest ones are too dim to observe without equipment, Proxima Centauri being the obvious example. Other habitable systems in the CoDominium have stars in the stellar classes F, G and K, which are common but dim compared to the named stars in the night sky. One of the","for Surveys. Unexpectedly, they found that this cluster is composed of three generations of stars, all born within 200 million years of the formation of the cluster. Astronomers have argued that globular clusters can produce only one generation of stars, because the radiation from first generation stars would drive the residual gas not consumed in the first star generation phase out of the cluster. However, the great mass of a cluster such as NGC 2808 may suffice to gravitationally counteract the loss of gaseous matter. Thus, a second and a third generation of stars may form. An alternative explanation for","light years from Earth, and PSR J0108-1431 at about 424 light years. RX J1856.5-3754 is a member of a close group of neutron stars called The Magnificent Seven. Another nearby neutron star that was detected transiting the backdrop of the constellation Ursa Minor has been nicknamed Calvera by its Canadian and American discoverers, after the villain in the 1960 film \"The Magnificent Seven\". This rapidly moving object was discovered using the ROSAT/Bright Source Catalog. About 5% of all known neutron stars are members of a binary system. The formation and evolution of binary neutron stars can be a complex process.","Galactic plane The galactic plane is the plane on which the majority of a disk-shaped galaxy's mass lies. The directions perpendicular to the galactic plane point to the galactic poles. In actual usage, the terms \"galactic plane\" and \"galactic poles\" usually refer specifically to the plane and poles of the Milky Way, in which Planet Earth is located. Some galaxies are irregular and do not have any well-defined disk. Even in the case of a barred spiral galaxy like the Milky Way, defining the galactic plane is slightly imprecise and arbitrary since the stars are not perfectly coplanar. In 1959,","Crater (constellation) stars—Delta, Alpha and Gamma Crateris—from a triangle nearby the brighter star Nu Hydrae in Hydra. Within the constellation's borders, there are 33 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Delta Crateris is the brightest star in Crater at magnitude 3.6. Located 163 ± 4 light-years away, It is an orange giant star of spectral type K0III that is 1.0–1.4 times as massive as the Sun. An ageing star, it has cooled and expanded to times the Sun's radius. It is radiating as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of . Traditionally","implies that Her is dominated by dark matter. The stellar population of Her consists mainly of old stars formed more than 12 billion years ago. The metallicity of these old stars is also very low at , which means that they contain 400 times less heavy elements than the Sun. The stars of Her were probably among the first stars to form in the Universe. Currently there is no star formation in Her. Measurements have so far failed to detect neutral hydrogen in it—the upper limit is 466 solar masses. Hercules (dwarf galaxy) Hercules, or Her, is a dwarf spheroidal","expansion. This confirmed a 1975 prediction of the identification of supernova stardust (SUNOCONs), which became part of the pantheon of presolar grains. Other unusual isotopic ratios within these grains reveal many specific aspects of explosive nucleosynthesis. Neutron star collisions are believed to be the main source of r-process elements. Being neutron-rich by definition, this has been suspected of being a source of such elements, but definitive evidence was difficult to obtain. In 2017 strong evidence emerged, when LIGO, VIRGO, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and INTEGRAL, along with a collaboration of many observatories around the world, detected both gravitational wave","Corvus (constellation) Corvus at magnitude 2.59. Its traditional name means \"wing\", the star marking the left wing in Bayer's \"Uranometria\". 154±1 light-years from Earth, it is a blue-white hued giant star of spectral type B8III that is times as massive, and 355 times as luminous as the Sun. Around million years old, it has largely exhausted its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling as it moves away from the main sequence. A binary star, it has a companion orange or red dwarf star of spectral type K5V to M5V that is about 0.8 times as massive as the Sun. Around 50","a planetary nebula, but rather as a much larger expanding gas shell, formally classified as a Wolf–Rayet nebula or WR nebula. Its observed expansion velocity is , and is estimated to be some across. The dynamical age of the nebula is estimated at 18,000 years and the total mass of ionised gas at . WR 31a itself, the highly luminous central star of the nebula, is invisible to the naked-eye at magnitude 10.85V. It has a spectral classification of WN11h, indicating a WR star with strong N emission but no N emission, and with hydrogen features visible in the spectrum.","Nebulae in fiction the Earth rather than face-on. Diffuse emission nebula, or H II region, cataloged as M42, and situated south of Orion's Belt in the constellation of Orion. It is one of the brightest nebulae, and is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. Located about 1300 light-years away, it is the closest region of massive star formation to the Earth. The Orion Nebula is one of the most scrutinized and photographed objects in the night sky, and is among the most intensely studied celestial features. Nebula of mixed types, catalogued as M20 and located in Sagittarius. Its name means","NGC 5907 NGC 5907 (also known as Knife Edge Galaxy or Splinter Galaxy) is a spiral galaxy located approximately 50 million light years from Earth. It has an anomalously low metallicity and few detectable giant stars, being apparently composed almost entirely of dwarf stars. It is a member of the NGC 5866 Group. NGC 5907 has long been considered a prototypical example of a warped spiral in relative isolation. In 2006, an international team of astronomers announced the presence of an extended tidal stream surrounding the galaxy that challenges this picture and suggests the gravitational perturbations induced by the stream","galaxy rather than as a separate galaxy. The first known globular cluster, now called M22, was discovered in 1665 by Abraham Ihle, a German amateur astronomer. However, given the small aperture of early telescopes, individual stars within a globular cluster were not resolved until Charles Messier observed M4 in 1764. The first eight globular clusters discovered are shown in the table. Subsequently, Abbé Lacaille would list NGC 104, NGC 4833, M55, M69, and NGC 6397 in his 1751–52 catalogue. The \"M\" before a number refers to Charles Messier's catalogue, while \"NGC\" is from the New General Catalogue by John Dreyer.","region. They may be called \"pre-white dwarfs\". These variables all exhibit small (1%–30%) variations in light output, arising from a superposition of vibrational modes with periods of hundreds to thousands of seconds. Observation of these variations gives asteroseismological evidence about the interiors of white dwarfs. White dwarfs are thought to represent the end point of stellar evolution for main-sequence stars with masses from about 0.07 to 10 . The composition of the white dwarf produced will depend on the initial mass of the star. Current galactic models suggest the Milky Way galaxy currently contains about ten billion white dwarfs. If","they are extended and contain no well-defined boundaries. Diffuse nebulae can be divided into emission nebula, reflection nebulae and \"dark nebulae.\" Visible light nebulae may be divided into emission nebulae that emit spectral line radiation from excited or ionized gas (mostly ionized hydrogen); they are often called HII regions (the term \"HII\" refers to ionized hydrogen). Reflection nebulae are visible primarily due to the light they reflect. Reflection nebulae themselves do not emit significant amounts of visible light, but are near stars and reflect light from them. Similar nebulae not illuminated by stars do not exhibit visible radiation, but may","Sagittarius Stream In astronomy, the Sagittarius Stream is a long, complex, structure made of stars that wrap around the Milky Way galaxy in an almost polar orbit. It consists of tidally stripped stars from the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy resulting from the process of merging with the Milky Way over a period of billions of years. This stellar stream was originally proposed in 1995 by Donald Lynden-Bell after analyzing the distribution of globular clusters in the Milky Way. The actual structure was identified by Newberg et al. (2002) and Majewski et al. (2003) using data from the 2MASS and SDSS","Galaxy rotation curve The rotation curve of a disc galaxy (also called a velocity curve) is a plot of the orbital speeds of visible stars or gas in that galaxy versus their radial distance from that galaxy's centre. The rotation curves of spiral galaxies are asymmetric, so the observational data from each side of a galaxy are generally averaged. Rotation curve asymmetry appears to be normal rather than exceptional. The rotational/orbital speeds of galaxies/stars do not follow the rules found in other orbital systems such as stars/planets and planets/moons that have most of their mass at the centre. Stars revolve around their galaxy's","1999, Barrado y Navascues presented a membership list of 16 stars, and estimated a group age of 200 million years. The membership of the group has not been well-established and varies quite a bit amongst studies. There is controversy over whether the Castor Moving Group constitutes a physical group of stars of shared origin (e.g. an \"association\") or a group of stars of heterogeneous age and chemical composition that happen to have somewhat similar velocities (e.g. a \"dynamical stream\"). In their 2013 paper describing the discovery of Fomalhaut C, Mamajek et al. point out that the 3D velocities of the","companion passing in front of the giant star. V Hydrae has high-speed outflows of material collimated into jets, and also a disk of material around the star. Since the star itself is considered to be at the end of the Asymptotic Giant Branch phase of evolution and starting to generate a planetary nebula, the mechanism for the ejection of this material can give key insights to the formation of planetary nebulae. The ejections have been modelled as \"bullets\" of material fired out each time the compact companion passes close to the extended giant star during a highly eccentric orbit. The","Seyfert galaxy radiation comparable to that of the whole galaxy's constituent stars, while in a quasar, the nuclear source is brighter than the constituent stars by at least a factor of 100. Seyfert galaxies have extremely bright nuclei, with luminosities ranging between 10 and 10 solar luminosities. Only about 5% of them are radio bright; their emissions are moderate in gamma rays and bright in X-rays. Their visible and infrared spectra shows very bright emission lines of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, and oxygen. These emission lines exhibit strong Doppler broadening, which implies velocities from , and are believed to originate near an accretion","Aquarius (constellation) resemble Saturn's rings. It appears blue-green in a telescope and has a central star of magnitude 11.3. Compared to the Helix Nebula, another planetary nebula in Aquarius, it is quite small. NGC 7293, also known as the Helix Nebula, is the closest planetary nebula to Earth at a distance of 650 light-years. It covers 0.25 square degrees, making it also the largest planetary nebula as seen from Earth. However, because it is so large, it is only viewable as a very faint object, though it has a fairly high integrated magnitude of 6.0. One of the visible galaxies in Aquarius","very similar to a Wolf Rayet star. While the stellar wind from a red supergiant is dense and slow, the wind from a blue supergiant is fast but sparse. When a red supergiant becomes a blue supergiant, the faster wind it produces impacts the already emitted slow wind and causes the outflowing material to condense into a thin shell. In some cases several concentric faint shells can be seen from successive episodes of mass loss, either previous blue loops from the red supergiant stage, or eruptions such as LBV outbursts. Blue supergiant star Blue supergiant stars are hot luminous stars,","Mass segregation (astronomy) In astronomy, dynamical mass segregation is the process by which heavier members of a gravitationally bound system, such as a star cluster or cluster of galaxies, tend to move toward the center, while lighter members tend to move farther away from the center. During a close encounter of two members of the cluster, the members exchange both energy and momentum. Although energy can be exchanged in either direction, there is a statistical tendency for the kinetic energy of the two members to equalize during an encounter; this statistical phenomenon is called equipartition, and is similar to the","of G5V, and even in more modern catalogues it is usually listed as a main-sequence star. It is generally considered to still be generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen at its core, but to be in a more evolved state than the sun. The effective temperature of the chromosphere is about 5571 K, giving 51 Pegasi the characteristic yellow hue of a G-type star. It is estimated to be 6.1–8.1 billion years old, somewhat older than the Sun, with a radius 24% larger and 11% more massive. The star has a higher proportion of elements other than hydrogen/helium","International Astronomical Union (IAU) formally adopted the name Enipeus Vallis in 1991. \"Vallis\" is the Latin word for valley. Enipeus Vallis is mapped as a valley network. Valley networks are branching systems of valleys on Mars that superficially resemble terrestrial river drainage basins. They are abundant in the equatorial and southern highlands of the planet but less common in the northern hemisphere. Most valley networks are thought to have formed by flowing water, although the primary source of the water (melting ice, rainfall, springs) is still debated. Enipeus Vallis is a single trunk valley, with no large tributaries. The valley","Virgo (constellation) center with a mass of 1.2 billion solar masses. It is located at a distance of from Earth (redshift 0.0075), and has an unusually dusty disk with a diameter of . Along with M84 and M87, NGC 4261 has strong emissions in the radio spectrum. IC 1101 is a supergiant elliptical galaxy in the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster located about from Earth. At the diameter of 5.5 million light years, or more than 50 times the size of the Milky Way, it was the largest known galaxy in the universe. Virgo is also home to the quasar 3C 273 which","El Gordo (galaxy cluster) El Gordo (lit. \"The Fat One\") (ACT-CL J0102-4915 or SPT-CL J0102-4915) is the largest distant galaxy cluster observed at its distance or beyond, as of 2011. As of 2014, it still holds the record for being the largest distant galaxy cluster to have been discovered with a mass of 3 quadrillion suns. It was found by NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, Atacama Cosmology Telescope - funded by National Science Foundation, and European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope. This galaxy cluster, officially named as, 'ACT-CL J0102-4915', has been given a 'nickname' by the researchers as 'El Gordo', which","Over 2 nights, 90 minutes of exposures were taken and 82,252 stars were detected down to a visible magnitude of 26. They found that Leo II consists largely of metal-poor older stars, a sign that it has survived the galactic cannibalism under which massive galaxies (e.g., the Milky Way) consume smaller galaxies to attain their extensive size. Observation at ESO estimates Leo II's mass to be (2.7 ± 0.5)×10 M. Leo II (dwarf galaxy) Leo II (or Leo B) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 690,000 light-years away in the constellation Leo. It is one of 24 known satellite galaxies","Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right","Homunculus Nebula profiles. Shockwaves at the outer edge of the ejecta are heated to millions of kelvin and emit x-ray radiation. The lobes of the Homunculus emit copious radio waves, most importantly the 21cm line of hydrogen. The reflected spectrum of the Homunculus lobes varies with position, due to the central star emitting different radiation at different latitudes (i.e. in different directions). This is the only star for which such an effect can be observed. The Homunculus was ejected in an enormous outburst from Eta Carinae. Light from this event reached Earth in 1841, creating a brightening event in the night sky","with a stellar classification of G8 III. It is a red clump star, which means it is generating energy through the fusion of helium at its core. The star has twice the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 9 times the Sun's radius. It is 1.17 billion years old and is radiating 48 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,952 K. Phi3 Hydrae Phi Hydrae (φ Hya) is a binary star in the equatorial constellation of Hydra. It originally received the Flamsteed designation of 2 Crateris before being placed in the Hydra","for bubbles, which can mean the formation of stars. The project also looks for knots, star clusters, and other objects such as young stars, supernova remnants, and newly discovered galaxies. The Milky Way Project started as the ninth Zooniverse project in December 2010. The \"phase 1\" worked with the colors: 4.5 μm for blue, 8.0 μm for green and 24 μm for red. This resulted in the Data Release 1 (DR1) of the Milky Way Project in 2012 with 5,106 bubbles, which can also be found in SIMBAD. The \"annulus tool\" that was used to mark the bubbles in the","gas-rich satellite. The spheroid has a boxy shape. The galaxy also has an outer halo. In the centre of the galaxy is predicted to lie a supermassive black hole with mass 10 (129-813 million) . Observed in radio waves, NGC 5322 is a weak source and features two symmetric jets emanating from the galactic core and having a linear length of 1.6 kpc. The two jets are nearly perpendicular to the major axis of the galaxy and the circumnuclear dust disk. NGC 5322 is thought to contain a low-luminosity Active galactic nucleus (AGN), powered by the accretion of gaseous material.","NGC 5774 NGC 5774 is an intermediate spiral galaxy approximately 71 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Virgo. It was discovered by Irish engineer Bindon Stoney on April 26, 1851. NGC 5774 belongs to a small group of galaxies, together with nearby NGC 5775 and IC 1070. It has been classified as a \"low surface brightness\" (LSB) galaxy, but its central surface brightness is 5 times brighter than the brightest LSB galaxies. It has a multiple spiral pattern with bright blue knotty structure all along the arms. It is an extremely low star forming galaxy with five","Galaxy and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral nebulae. He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's earlier conjecture. In 1912, Vesto Slipher made spectrographic studies of the brightest spiral nebulae to determine their composition. Slipher discovered that the spiral nebulae have high Doppler shifts, indicating that they are moving at a rate exceeding the velocity of the stars he had measured. He found that the majority of these nebulae are moving away from us. In 1917, Heber Curtis observed nova S Andromedae within the \"Great Andromeda Nebula\" (as","1951H reached magnitude 17.5 in September 1951 and SN 1970G reached magnitude 11.5 in January 1970. On February 10, 2015, a luminous red nova, known as M101 OT2015-1 was discovered in the Pinwheel Galaxy. Pinwheel Galaxy The Pinwheel Galaxy (also known as Messier 101, M101 or NGC 5457) is a face-on spiral galaxy distanced 21 million light-years (six megaparsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major. First discovered by Pierre Méchain on March 27, 1781, it was communicated to Charles Messier who verified its position for inclusion in the \"Messier Catalogue\" as one of its final entries. On February","Green fireballs Green fireballs are a type of unidentified flying object which have been sighted in the sky since the late 1940s. Early sightings primarily occurred in the southwestern United States, particularly in New Mexico. They were once of notable concern to the US government because they were often clustered around sensitive research and military installations, such as Los Alamos and Sandia National Laboratory, then Sandia base. Meteor expert Dr. Lincoln LaPaz headed much of the investigation into the fireballs on behalf of the military. LaPaz's conclusion was that the objects displayed too many anomalous characteristics to be a type","more irregular shape. These were generally found in or near the galactic plane of the Milky Way. Astronomers dubbed the former globular clusters, and the latter open clusters. Because of their location, open clusters are occasionally referred to as \"galactic clusters\", a term that was introduced in 1925 by the Swiss-American astronomer Robert Julius Trumpler. Micrometer measurements of the positions of stars in clusters were made as early as 1877 by the German astronomer E. Schönfeld and further pursued by the American astronomer E. E. Barnard prior to his death in 1923. No indication of stellar motion was detected by","Silicon-burning process In astrophysics, silicon burning is a very brief sequence of nuclear fusion reactions that occur in massive stars with a minimum of about 8-11 solar masses. Silicon burning is the final stage of fusion for massive stars that have run out of the fuels that power them for their long lives in the \"main sequence\" on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. It follows the previous stages of hydrogen, helium, carbon, neon and oxygen burning processes. Silicon burning begins when gravitational contraction raises the star’s core temperature to 2.7-3.5 billion Kelvin (GK). The exact temperature depends on mass. When a star","explanation for some astronomic events, so some use the idea of a dark galaxy to explain these events. Little is known about dark galaxies, and some scientists believe a dark galaxy is actually a newly forming galaxy. One such candidate is in the Virgo cluster. This candidate contains very few stars. Scientists classify this galaxy as a newly forming galaxy, rather than a dark galaxy. Scientists say that the galaxies we see today only began to create stars after dark galaxies. Based on numerous scientific assertions, dark galaxies played a big role in many of the galaxies astronomers and scientists","a billion stars. The galaxy was discovered with the help of Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH), which uses massive galaxy clusters as cosmic telescopes to magnify distant galaxies behind them, an effect called gravitational lensing. Observations were recorded by the Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope, with support from Spitzer Space Telescope. The location of the galaxy is in the constellation Camelopardalis, which is also the location of the gravitational lensing cluster that helped discover this galaxy: MACSJ0647+7015 at \"z\" = 0.591. MACS0647-JD was announced in November 2012, but by the next month UDFj-39546284,","Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) theory). However, further observations revealed that VIRGOHI21 was an intergalactic gas cloud, stripped from NGC4254 by a high speed collision. The high speed interaction was caused by infall into the Virgo cluster. Dark galaxy A dark galaxy is a hypothesized galaxy with no, or very few, stars. They received their name because they have no visible stars, but may be detectable if they contain significant amounts of gas. Astronomers have long theorized the existence of dark galaxies, but there are no confirmed examples to date. Dark galaxies are distinct from intergalactic gas clouds caused by galactic","Pinwheel nebula A pinwheel nebula is a \"nebulous region\" in the shape of a pinwheel. The term 'Pinwheel nebula' is an antiquated misnomer used by observers before Edwin Hubble realized that many of these spiral shaped nebulae were actually 'island universes' or what we now call galaxies. Some Wolf-Rayet stars are surrounded by pinwheel nebulae. These nebulae are formed from the dust that is spewed out of a binary star system. The stellar winds of the two stars collide and form two dust lanes that spiral outward with the rotation of the system. An example of this is WR 104.","energy through nuclear fusion and, in evolutionary terms, it is now becoming a compact white dwarf star. The PNN now consists primarily of carbon and oxygen with a thin outer envelope composed of lighter elements. Its mass is about , with a surface temperature of . Currently it is 200 times more luminous than the Sun, but its apparent magnitude is only +15.75. Ring Nebula The Ring Nebula (also catalogued as Messier 57, \"M57\" or \"NGC 6720\") is a planetary nebula in the northern constellation of Lyra. Such objects are formed when a shell of ionized gas is expelled into","Vela Supercluster The Vela Supercluster (Vela SCl, VSCL) is a massive galactic supercluster about 265.5 megaparsecs (870 million light-years) away within the vicinity of the Zone of Avoidance, centered on the constellation Vela. It is one of the largest structures found in the universe; covering about 25 × 20 degrees of the sky. It consists of two walls: a broad main wall and a secondary merging wall. The combined dimensions of the walls are 115 km/s Mpc on the major dimensions and 90 km/s Mpc on the minor ones, which corresponds to about 385 million and 300 million light years,","that make it aptly known as an \"astronomical treasure-house, a great celestial laboratory for the study of the growth and evolution of the stars,\" as described by Robert Burnham Jr. Surveys of the galaxy have found roughly 60 globular clusters, 400 planetary nebulae, and 700 open clusters, along with hundreds of thousands of giant and supergiant stars. Supernova 1987a—the nearest supernova in recent years—was also located in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Lionel-Murphy SNR (N86) nitrogen-abundant supernova remnant was named by astronomers at the Australian National University's Mount Stromlo Observatory, in acknowledgement of Australian High Court Justice Lionel Murphy's interest","Prolate rotator galaxy A Prolate rotator galaxy is an unusual class of galaxy that is cigar shaped and rotates around its long axis. They are also called Spindle galaxies. A prolate rotator galaxy is an elliptical galaxy in prolate rotation. That is they possess a significant amount of rotation around the major axis. To make a prolate rotator galaxy, two large spiral disk galaxies need to collide at right angles. One forms the central bar , the other the disk. The bar then dominates the system. At 2017 20 such galaxies were known, while another group of researcher found 59","Lyman-alpha forest In astronomical spectroscopy, the Lyman-alpha forest is a series of absorption lines in the spectra of distant galaxies and quasars arising from the Lyman-alpha electron transition of the neutral hydrogen atom. As the light travels through multiple gas clouds with different redshifts, multiple absorption lines are formed. The Lyman-alpha forest was first discovered in 1970 by astronomer Roger Lynds in an observation of the quasar 4C 05.34. Quasar 4C 05.34 was the farthest object observed to that date, and Lynds noted an unusually large number of absorption lines in its spectrum. He suggested that most of the absorption","Okroy cloud. In February 2014, NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the universe. According to scientists, more than 20% of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs, possible starting materials for the formation of life. PAHs seem to have been formed as early as two billion years after the big bang, are widespread throughout the universe, and are associated with new stars and exoplanets. Intergalactic dust Intergalactic dust is cosmic dust in between galaxies in intergalactic space. Evidence for intergalactic dust has been suggested as early as 1949, and study","Tidal tail A tidal tail is a thin, elongated region of stars and interstellar gas that extends into space from a galaxy. Tidal tails occur as a result of galactic tide forces between interacting galaxies. Examples of galaxies with tidal tails include the Tadpole Galaxy and the Mice Galaxies. Tidal forces can eject a significant amount of a galaxy's gas into the tail; within the Antennae Galaxies, for example, nearly half of the observed gaseous matter is found within the tail structures. Within those galaxies which have tidal tails, approximately 10% of the galaxy's stellar formation takes place in the","of observers on Earth appears roughly square. The 10.4m telescope Gran Telescopio Canarias recently observed the OB-type stars that power the giant HII regions. Sextans A Sextans A (also known as UGCA 205) is a tiny dwarf irregular galaxy. It spans about 5000 light-years across, and is located at 4.3 million light-years away, in the outskirts of the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way galaxy, and to which Sextans A may or may not belong. Sextans A has a peculiar square shape. Massive short-lived stars exploded in supernovae that caused more star formation, triggering yet more supernovae,","Galaxy Cluster IDCS 1426 IDCS J1426.5+3508 (IDCS 1426 for short) is an extremely massive young galaxy cluster. It is the most massive galaxy cluster detected at such an early age. This rare galaxy cluster, which is located 10 billion light travel distance years from Earth, weighs almost 500 trillion Suns. This object has important implications for understanding how these mega-structures formed and evolved early in the Universe. Astronomers have observed IDCS 1426 when the universe was less than a third of its current age. First discovered by the Spitzer Space Telescope in 2012, IDCS 1426 was then observed using the","and stars across about 10 billion years of cosmic history. The spacecraft's mission is to observe hundreds of thousands of galaxies, with the goal of determining the distance of each galaxy from Earth and the rate of star formation in each galaxy. Near- and far-UV emissions as measured by GALEX can indicate the presence of young stars, but may also originate from old stellar populations (e.g. sdB stars). Partnering with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) on the mission are the California Institute of Technology, Orbital Sciences Corporation, University of California, Berkeley, Yonsei University, Johns Hopkins University, Columbia University, and","Supernova A supernova ( plural: supernovae or supernovas, abbreviations: SN and SNe) is an event that occurs upon the death of certain types of stars. Supernovae are more energetic than novae. In Latin, \"nova\" means \"new\", referring astronomically to what appears to be a temporary new bright star. Adding the prefix \"super-\" distinguishes supernovae from ordinary novae, which are far less luminous. The word \"supernova\" was coined by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1931. Only three, Milky Way naked-eye supernova events have been observed during the last thousand years, though many have been seen in other galaxies using telescopes.","the low-luminosity AGN population is much less well understood due to the difficulty of observing these objects at high redshifts. Dusty surprise around giant black hole Active galactic nucleus An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that has a much higher than normal luminosity over at least some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with characteristics indicating that the luminosity is not produced by stars. Such excess non-stellar emission has been observed in the radio, microwave, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an \"active","the tail, and thus Serpens Cauda is rich in deep-sky objects within our own galaxy. The Eagle Nebula and its associated star cluster, Messier 16 lie 7,000 light-years from Earth in the direction of the galactic center. The nebula measures 70 light-years by 50 light-years and contains the Pillars of Creation, three dust clouds that became famous for the image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. The stars being born in the Eagle Nebula, added to those with an approximate age of 5 million years have an average temperature of 45,000 kelvins and produce prodigious amounts of radiation that will","Supernova impostor Supernova impostors are stellar explosions that appear at first to be a supernova but do not destroy their progenitor stars. As such, they are a class of extra-powerful novae. They are also known as Type V supernovae, Eta Carinae analogs, and giant eruptions of luminous blue variables (LBV). Supernova impostors appear as remarkably faint supernovae of spectral type IIn—which have hydrogen in their spectrum and narrow spectral lines that indicate relatively low gas speeds. These impostors exceed their pre-outburst states by several magnitudes, with typical peak absolute visual magnitudes of −11 to −14, making these outbursts as bright","Green Valley Educational Institute Green Valley Educational Institute \"(estd. 1991)\" is a co-educational, K-12 day-boarding school in Illahi Bagh Srinagar, Kashmir.It was established in 1991, and now has approximately 3500 students, 90 buses in fleet and 350 teaching faculty on its campus. On 15 September 2018 Directorate of School Education Kashmir (DSEK) suspended its recognition for charging exorbitant fee in violation of the Fee Fixation Committee (FFC) directives and non-compliance of orders which made school unrecognized on temporary basis. Later the suspension order was temporarily revoked on 5 October 2018. The school has a renowned academic and non academic staff.","Radiation pressure within molecular clouds in interstellar space collapse to form stars. As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products. Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function. Planetary systems are generally believed to form as part of the same process that results in star formation. A protoplanetary disk forms by","around 11.9 billion years old. The stellar population includes four Cepheids and RV Tauri variables, plus at least one RR Lyrae variable for which a period is known. Observations made during the ROSAT mission failed to reveal any low-intensity X-ray sources. Messier 19 Messier 19 or M19 (also designated NGC 6273) is a globular cluster in the constellation Ophiuchus. It was discovered by Charles Messier on June 5, 1764 and added to his catalogue of comet-like objects that same year. It was resolved into individual stars by William Herschel in 1784. His son, John Herschel, described it as \"a superb","stars), V777 Herculis stars (DB variables) and ZZ Ceti stars (DA variables). All pulsate in low-degree, high-order g-modes. The oscillation periods broadly decrease with effective temperature, ranging from about 30 min down to about 1 minute. GW Virginis and ZZ Ceti stars are thought to be excited by the kappa mechanism; V777 Herculis stars by convective blocking. A number of past, present and future spacecraft have asteroseismology studies as a significant part of their missions (order chronological). Asteroseismology Asteroseismology or astroseismology is the study of oscillations in stars. Because a star's different oscillation modes are sensitive to different parts of","Serpentis in \"Serpens Cauda\". The brightest star in Serpens is the red giant star Alpha Serpentis, or Unukalhai, in Serpens Caput, with an apparent magnitude of 2.63. Also located in Serpens Caput are the naked-eye globular cluster Messier 5 and the naked-eye variables R Serpentis and Tau Serpentis. Notable extragalactic objects include Seyfert's Sextet, one of the densest galaxy clusters known; Arp 220, the prototypical ultraluminous infrared galaxy; and Hoag's Object, the most famous of the very rare class of galaxies known as ring galaxies. Part of the Milky Way's galactic plane passes through Serpens Cauda, which is therefore rich","in the Orion Nebula. The dark lane that extends from the north toward the bright region is called the \"Fish's Mouth\". The illuminated regions to both sides are called the \"Wings\". Other features include \"The Sword\", \"The Thrust\", and \"The Sail\". The Orion Nebula is an example of a stellar nursery where new stars are being born. Observations of the nebula have revealed approximately 700 stars in various stages of formation within the nebula. Recent observations with the Hubble Space Telescope have yielded the major discovery of protoplanetary disks within the Orion Nebula, which have been dubbed \"proplyds\". HST has","Peculiar galaxy galaxies. As such, peculiar galaxies tend to host more active galactic nuclei than normal galaxies, indicating that they contain supermassive black holes. Many peculiar galaxies experience starbursts, or episodes of rapid star formation, due to the galaxies merging. The periods of elevated star formation and the luminosity resulting from active galactic nuclei cause peculiar galaxies to be slightly bluer in color than other galaxies. Studying peculiar galaxies can offer insights on other types of galaxies by providing useful information on galactic formation and evolution. Arp mapped peculiar galaxies in his 1966 Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies. Arp states that \"the peculiarities","Way and the Andromeda Galaxy. In fact, measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies. Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way, which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way. The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long-lived radioactive elements such as thorium-232 and uranium-238, then comparing the results to estimates of","Antennae Galaxies formation of the globulars likely originating from shockwaves, generated by the collision of the galaxies, compressing large, massive molecular clouds. The densest regions of the collapsing and compressing clouds are believed to be the birthplace of the clusters. Five supernovae have been discovered in NGC 4038: SN 1921A, SN 1974E, SN 2004GT, SN 2007sr and SN 2013dk. About 1.2 billion years ago, the Antennae were two separate galaxies. NGC 4038 was a barred spiral galaxy and NGC 4039 was a spiral galaxy. Before the galaxies collided, NGC 4039 was larger than NGC 4038. 900 million years ago, the Antennae began","\"Spitzer Space Telescope\" observations in 2005, which showed that the Milky Way's central bar is larger than was previously suspected. Spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies form a class of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work \"The Realm of the Nebulae\" and, as such, form part of the Hubble sequence. Most spiral galaxies consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters. Spiral galaxies are named by their","NGC 1277 NGC 1277 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Perseus. It is a member of the Perseus Cluster of galaxies and is located approximately 73Mpc (Mega parsecs) or 220 million light years from the Milky Way. It has an apparent magnitude of about 14.7. It was discovered on December 4, 1875 by Lawrence Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse. NGC 1277 has been called a \"relic of the early universe\" due to its stars being formed during a 100 million year interval about 12 billion years ago. Stars were formed at a rate of 1000 times that of","Irregular galaxy not necessarily true for dwarf irregulars. Irregular galaxies are commonly small, about one tenth the mass of the Milky Way galaxy. Due to their small sizes, they are prone to environmental effects like crashing with large galaxies and intergalactic clouds. There are three major types of irregular galaxies: Some of the irregular galaxies, especially of the Magellanic type, are small spiral galaxies that are being distorted by the gravity of a larger neighbor. The Magellanic Cloud galaxies were once classified as irregular galaxies. The Large Magellanic Cloud has since been re-classified as type SBm a type of barred spiral galaxy,","stellar cores and the birth of neutron stars. SN 2008D SN 2008D is a supernova detected with NASA's \"Swift\" X-ray telescope. The explosion of the supernova precursor star, in the spiral galaxy NGC 2770 (88 million light years away (27 Mpc), was detected on January 9, 2008, by Carnegie-Princeton fellows Alicia Soderberg and Edo Berger, and Albert Kong and Tom Maccarone independently using Swift. They alerted eight other orbiting and ground-based observatories to record the event. This was the first time that astronomers have ever observed a supernova as it occurred. The supernova was determined to be of Type Ibc.","NGC 501 NGC 501, also occasionally referred to as PGC 5082 or GC 284, is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It located approximately 224 million light-years from the Solar System and was discovered on 28 October, 1856 by Irish astronomer R. J. Mitchell. Although John Dreyer, creator of the New General Catalogue, credits the discovery to astronomer William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, he notes that many of his claimed discoveries were made by one of his assistants. In the case of NGC 501, the discovery was made by R. J. Mitchell, who discovered it using Lord Rosse's","Cygnus (constellation) he detected it on the Palomar Observatory survey photos in 2005 but had not published it for others to confirm and analyze at the time of Waldee's first official notices and later 2010 paper. Cygnus X is the largest star-forming region in the Solar neighborhood and includes not only some of the brightest and most massive stars known (such as Cygnus OB2-12), but also Cygnus OB2, a massive stellar association classified by some authors as a young globular cluster. More supernovae have been seen in the Fireworks Galaxy (NGC 6946) than in any other galaxy. Cygnus A is the first","where stars are unable to maintain their gas long enough to properly form. There appears to be a number of subpopulations within the Leo Cluster. The first consists of elliptical galaxies that seem to be roughly as old as the universe. The second subpopulation contains red-sequence lenticular (lens shaped) galaxies whose ages are directly tied to their mass. The third and final subpopulation is of galaxies where star formation is still taking place,and are morphologically distributed. Leo Cluster The Leo Cluster (Abell 1367) is a galaxy cluster about 330 million light-years distant (z = 0.022) in the constellation Leo, with","G-type main-sequence star A G-type main-sequence star (Spectral type: G-V), often (and imprecisely) called a yellow dwarf, or G dwarf star, is a main-sequence star (luminosity class V) of spectral type G. Such a star has about 0.84 to 1.15 solar masses and surface temperature of between 5,300 and 6,000 K. Like other main-sequence stars, a G-type main-sequence star is converting the element hydrogen to helium in its core by means of nuclear fusion. The Sun, the star to which the Earth is gravitationally bound in the Solar System and the object with the largest apparent magnitude, is an example","form clouds, or \"diffuse nebulae\", where star formation takes place. In contrast to spirals, an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years, which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies. In the dense nebulae where stars are produced, much of the hydrogen is in the molecular (H) form, so these nebulae are called molecular clouds. Observations indicate that the coldest clouds tend to form low-mass stars, observed first in the infrared inside the clouds, then in visible light at their surface when the clouds dissipate, while","NGC 7318 NGC 7318 (also known as UGC 12099/UGC 12100 or HCG 92d/b) are a pair of colliding galaxies about 300 million light-years from Earth. They appear in the Constellation Pegasus and are members of the Stephan's Quintet. The Spitzer Space Telescope revealed the presence of a huge intergalactic shock wave, shown by a green arc produced by one galaxy falling into another at millions of kilometers per hour. As NGC 7318B collides with NGC 7318A, gas spread throughout the cluster, atoms of hydrogen are heated in the shock wave, producing the green glow. The molecular hydrogen visible in the","is now in a relative state of quiescence, whereas the Milky Way is experiencing more active star formation. Should this continue, the luminosity of the Milky Way may eventually overtake that of Andromeda Galaxy. According to recent studies, the Andromeda Galaxy lies in what in the galaxy color–magnitude diagram is known as the \"green valley\", a region populated by galaxies like the Milky Way in transition from the \"blue cloud\" (galaxies actively forming new stars) to the \"red sequence\" (galaxies that lack star formation). Star formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star-forming gas"],"string":"[\n \"branch, and started helium fusion in its core. τ Sagittarii is the closest constellational star (a star that is part of the traditional outline of a constellation) to the origin of the 1977 Wow! signal. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Tau Sagittarii Tau Sagittarii (Tau Sgr, τ Sagittarii, τ Sgr) is a star in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. With an apparent visual magnitude of +3.3, this is one of the brighter members of the constellation. The distance of this star from Earth is roughly , based upon parallax measurements. This is a spectral type K1 giant star with about . The stellar\",\n \"of 2.4 billion years it has become a red clump giant, meaning it is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. It has an estimated 1.94 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 44.7 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,017 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Twelve States\\\", refers to an asterism which is represent twelve ancient states in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, consisting of 36 Capricorni, φ Capricorni, ι Capricorni, 37 Capricorni, 35 Capricorni, χ Capricorni, θ Capricorni, 30 Capricorni, 33 Capricorni, ζ Capricorni,\",\n \"in excess of 5 kilograms. Crystallization of the material of a white dwarf of this type is thought to result in a body-centered cubic lattice of carbon and/or oxygen nuclei, which are surrounded by a Fermi sea of electrons. BPM 37093 BPM 37093 (V886 Centauri) is a variable white dwarf star of the DAV, or ZZ Ceti, type, with a hydrogen atmosphere and an unusually high mass of approximately 1.1 times the Sun's. It is about 50 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Centaurus, and vibrates; these pulsations cause its luminosity to vary. Like other white dwarfs, BPM 37093 is\",\n \"Voyager Golden Record The Voyager Golden Records are two phonograph records that were included aboard both Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. The records contain sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth, and are intended for any intelligent extraterrestrial life form, or for future humans, who may find them. The records are a sort of time capsule. Although neither Voyager spacecraft is heading toward any particular star, \\\"Voyager 1\\\" will pass within 1.6 light-years' distance of the star Gliese 445, currently in the constellation Camelopardalis, in about 40,000 years. Carl Sagan noted that \\\"The\",\n \"1–12] rather than Roman numerals.) In 2015, a new type of globular cluster was proposed on the basis of observational data, the dark globular clusters. The formation of globular clusters remains a poorly understood phenomenon and it remains uncertain whether the stars in a globular cluster form in a single generation or are spawned across multiple generations over a period of several hundred million years. In many globular clusters, most of the stars are at approximately the same stage in stellar evolution, suggesting that they formed at about the same time. However, the star formation history varies from cluster to\",\n \"Cartwheel Galaxy The Cartwheel Galaxy (also known as \\\"ESO 350-40 or PGC 2248\\\") is a lenticular galaxy and ring galaxy about 500 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor. It is an estimated 150,000 light-years diameter, and has a mass of about solar masses; it rotates at . It was discovered by Fritz Zwicky in 1941. Zwicky considered his discovery to be \\\"one of the most complicated structures awaiting its explanation on the basis of stellar dynamics.\\\" An estimation of the galaxy's span resulted in a conclusion of 150,000 light years, which is slightly larger than the Milky Way. The\",\n \"II\\\" regions (UDHII). Depending on the size of an H II region there may be several thousand stars within it. This makes H II regions more complicated than planetary nebulae, which have only one central ionising source. Typically H II regions reach temperatures of 10,000 K. They are mostly ionised gases with weak magnetic fields with strengths of several nanoteslas. Nevertheless, H II regions are almost always associated with a cold molecular gas, which originated from the same parent GMC. Magnetic fields are produced by these weak moving electric charges in the ionised gas, suggesting that H II regions might\",\n \"PSR B1919+21 radio signal was detected using the Interplanetary Scintillation Array of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory in Cambridge, UK, by Jocelyn Bell and Antony Hewish. The signal had a -second period and 0.04-second pulsewidth. It originated at celestial coordinates right ascension, +21° declination. It was detected by individual observation of miles of graphical data traces. Due to its almost perfect regularity, it was at first assumed to be spurious noise, but this hypothesis was promptly discarded. The discoverers jokingly named it \\\"little green men 1\\\" (\\\"LGM-1\\\"), considering that it may have originated from an extraterrestrial civilization, but Bell soon ruled out\",\n \"Butterfly Cluster The Butterfly Cluster (cataloged as Messier 6 or M6, and as NGC 6405) is an open cluster of stars in the southern constellation of Scorpius. Its name derives from the vague resemblance of its shape to a butterfly. The Trumpler classification of indicates it is rich in stars (r) with a high concentration (II) and a large range of brightness (3). It is positioned 3.5° to the northwest of Messier 7 near the tail of Scorpius. The first astronomer to record the Butterfly Cluster's existence was Giovanni Battista Hodierna in 1654. However, Robert Burnham, Jr. has proposed that\",\n \"V Centauri V Centauri (V Cen) is a Classical Cepheid variable, a type of variable star, in the constellation Centaurus. Its apparent magnitude is 6.72, and it is approximately 2,500 light-years (800 parsecs) away based on parallax. According to the South African Astronomical Observatory, the chemical composition was derived as being high in sodium (Na) and aluminium (Al) and low in magnesium (Mg). Following a normal composition for a Cepheid star, V Cen does not have any unusual characteristics. V Centauri's composition was observed alongside six other Classical Cepheid variable stars with the support of Russian, Chilean, and Ukrainian observatories.\",\n \"not known if the Solar System is embedded in the Local Interstellar Cloud, or if it is in the region where the Local Interstellar Cloud and G-Cloud are interacting. The Local Interstellar Cloud is an area of denser cloud in an otherwise sparse region known as the Local Bubble, an hourglass-shaped cavity in the interstellar medium roughly 300 light-years (ly) across. The bubble is suffused with high-temperature plasma, that suggests it is the product of several recent supernovae. There are relatively few stars within ten light-years of the Sun. The closest is the triple star system Alpha Centauri, which is\",\n \"3C 66B 3C 66B is an elliptical Fanaroff and Riley class 1 radio galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda. With an estimated redshift of 0.021258, the galaxy is about 300 million light-years away. The orbital motion of 3C 66B showed supposed evidence for a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) with a period of 1.05 ± 0.03 years, but this claim was later proven wrong (at 95% certainty). Messier 87 (M87), about 55 million light years away, is the largest giant elliptical galaxy near the Earth, and also contains an active galactic nucleus. The smooth jet of 3C 66B rivals that\",\n \"Phoenicids The Phoenicids are a minor meteor shower, first noticed by observers in New Zealand, Australia, the Indian Ocean, and South Africa during an outburst of approximately 100 meteors an hour that occurred during December 1956. Like other meteor showers, the Phoenicids get their name from the location of their radiant, which is in the constellation Phoenix. They are active from 29 November to 9 December, with a peak occurring around 5/6 December each year, and are best seen from the Southern Hemisphere. The Phoenicids appear to be associated with a stream of material from the disintegrating comet D/1819 W1\",\n \"which was visible from the Earth's surface at the time. During the event (as seen from Earth) Eta Carinae briefly became the second-brightest star in the sky, after Sirius; but the ejected gas and dust have since obscured much of its light. The near-supernova explosion produced two polar lobes, and a large but thin equatorial disk, all moving outward at up to . The Homunculus Nebula is a virtually unique structure, believed to result from the extremely young age. This means that the shape and structure is almost entirely due to the original eruption rather than the interaction with surrounding\",\n \"Faint blue galaxy The faint blue galaxy (F.B.G.) problem in astrophysics first arose with observations starting in 1978 that there were more galaxies with a bolometric magnitude > 22 than then-current theory predicted. Galaxies can appear faint because they are small or because they are far away. Neither explanation, nor any combination, initially matched the observations. The distribution of these galaxies has since been found to be consistent with Cosmic inflation, measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background, and a nonzero cosmological constant, that is, with the existence of the now-accepted dark energy. It thus serves as a confirmation of supernova\",\n \"Ursa Minor Dwarf The Ursa Minor Dwarf is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy, discovered by A.G. Wilson of the Lowell Observatory, in the United States, during the Palomar Sky Survey in 1955. It appears in the Ursa Minor constellation, and is a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. The galaxy consists mainly of older stars and seems to house little to no ongoing star formation. Its centre is around 225,000 light years distant from Earth. In 1999, Kenneth Mighell and Christopher Burke used the Hubble Space Telescope to confirm that the Ursa Minor dwarf galaxy had a straightforward evolutionary history with\",\n \"song “RPG,” by Japanese band Sekai no Owari, the narrator mentions watching the Perseid meteor shower on the night something “precious to them fell apart.” Perseids The Perseids are a prolific meteor shower associated with the comet Swift–Tuttle. The meteors are called the Perseids because the point from which they appear to hail (called the radiant) lies in the constellation Perseus. The name is derived from the word Perseidai (Greek : Περσείδαι), the sons of Perseus in Greek mythology. The stream of debris is called the Perseid cloud and stretches along the orbit of the comet Swift–Tuttle. The cloud consists\",\n \"of chemical elements other than hydrogen and helium within a star) indicating an inner galactic origin, since stars outside the disks of galaxies tend to have low metallicity and are older. Some recently discovered supernovae have been confirmed to have exploded hundreds of thousands of light years from the nearest star or galaxy. Although the precise mass of the intergalactic star population cannot be known exactly, it is estimated that locally they make up 10 percent of the mass of the Virgo cluster of galaxies. This means that, most likely, intergalactic stars in the Virgo cluster would collectively have a\",\n \"the end of their lives, stellar models suggest they will slowly become brighter and hotter before running out of hydrogen fuel and becoming low-mass white dwarfs. Stellar evolution is not studied by observing the life of a single star, as most stellar changes occur too slowly to be detected, even over many centuries. Instead, astrophysicists come to understand how stars evolve by observing numerous stars at various points in their lifetime, and by simulating stellar structure using computer models. Stellar evolution starts with the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud. Typical giant molecular clouds are roughly across and contain\",\n \"are prominent on ultraviolet images. The hot subdwarfs are proposed to be the cause of the UV upturn in the light output of elliptical galaxies. Subdwarf B stars were discovered by Zwicky and Humason around 1947 when they found subluminous blue stars around the north galactic pole. In the Palomar-Green survey they were discovered to be the commonest kind of faint blue star with a magnitude over 18. During the 1960s spectroscopy discovered that many of the sdB stars are deficient in hydrogen, with abundances below that predicted by the big bang theory. In the early 1970s Greenstein and Sargent\",\n \"of the Hubble sequence diagram are two parallel branches encompassing the spiral galaxies. A spiral galaxy consists of a flattened disk, with stars forming a (usually two-armed) spiral structure, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. Roughly half of all spirals are also observed to have a bar-like structure, extending from the central bulge, at the ends of which the spiral arms begin. In the tuning-fork diagram, the regular spirals occupy the upper branch and are denoted by the letter S, while the lower branch contains the barred spirals, given the symbol SB. Both type of spirals\",\n \"astronomers can see everything from methane to water vapor on other planets by photometry. It is the only planet orbiting around EPIC 211945201, a G class star, situated in the constellation of Cancer in 596 light-years from the Sun. Its host star is aged 4 billion years. EPIC 211945201 b orbits its star in about 19 terrestrial days. It orbits closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and may be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.14) and should be very different from our planet. EPIC\",\n \"most part, the stars with inhabitable planets in the CoDominium are obscure and unnamed on current star charts. For instance, the world of New Washington and its sister planet Franklin orbit a red dwarf at some distance from the Solar System. Such stars are very common in the galaxy but even the closest ones are too dim to observe without equipment, Proxima Centauri being the obvious example. Other habitable systems in the CoDominium have stars in the stellar classes F, G and K, which are common but dim compared to the named stars in the night sky. One of the\",\n \"for Surveys. Unexpectedly, they found that this cluster is composed of three generations of stars, all born within 200 million years of the formation of the cluster. Astronomers have argued that globular clusters can produce only one generation of stars, because the radiation from first generation stars would drive the residual gas not consumed in the first star generation phase out of the cluster. However, the great mass of a cluster such as NGC 2808 may suffice to gravitationally counteract the loss of gaseous matter. Thus, a second and a third generation of stars may form. An alternative explanation for\",\n \"light years from Earth, and PSR J0108-1431 at about 424 light years. RX J1856.5-3754 is a member of a close group of neutron stars called The Magnificent Seven. Another nearby neutron star that was detected transiting the backdrop of the constellation Ursa Minor has been nicknamed Calvera by its Canadian and American discoverers, after the villain in the 1960 film \\\"The Magnificent Seven\\\". This rapidly moving object was discovered using the ROSAT/Bright Source Catalog. About 5% of all known neutron stars are members of a binary system. The formation and evolution of binary neutron stars can be a complex process.\",\n \"Galactic plane The galactic plane is the plane on which the majority of a disk-shaped galaxy's mass lies. The directions perpendicular to the galactic plane point to the galactic poles. In actual usage, the terms \\\"galactic plane\\\" and \\\"galactic poles\\\" usually refer specifically to the plane and poles of the Milky Way, in which Planet Earth is located. Some galaxies are irregular and do not have any well-defined disk. Even in the case of a barred spiral galaxy like the Milky Way, defining the galactic plane is slightly imprecise and arbitrary since the stars are not perfectly coplanar. In 1959,\",\n \"Crater (constellation) stars—Delta, Alpha and Gamma Crateris—from a triangle nearby the brighter star Nu Hydrae in Hydra. Within the constellation's borders, there are 33 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Delta Crateris is the brightest star in Crater at magnitude 3.6. Located 163 ± 4 light-years away, It is an orange giant star of spectral type K0III that is 1.0–1.4 times as massive as the Sun. An ageing star, it has cooled and expanded to times the Sun's radius. It is radiating as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of . Traditionally\",\n \"implies that Her is dominated by dark matter. The stellar population of Her consists mainly of old stars formed more than 12 billion years ago. The metallicity of these old stars is also very low at , which means that they contain 400 times less heavy elements than the Sun. The stars of Her were probably among the first stars to form in the Universe. Currently there is no star formation in Her. Measurements have so far failed to detect neutral hydrogen in it—the upper limit is 466 solar masses. Hercules (dwarf galaxy) Hercules, or Her, is a dwarf spheroidal\",\n \"expansion. This confirmed a 1975 prediction of the identification of supernova stardust (SUNOCONs), which became part of the pantheon of presolar grains. Other unusual isotopic ratios within these grains reveal many specific aspects of explosive nucleosynthesis. Neutron star collisions are believed to be the main source of r-process elements. Being neutron-rich by definition, this has been suspected of being a source of such elements, but definitive evidence was difficult to obtain. In 2017 strong evidence emerged, when LIGO, VIRGO, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and INTEGRAL, along with a collaboration of many observatories around the world, detected both gravitational wave\",\n \"Corvus (constellation) Corvus at magnitude 2.59. Its traditional name means \\\"wing\\\", the star marking the left wing in Bayer's \\\"Uranometria\\\". 154±1 light-years from Earth, it is a blue-white hued giant star of spectral type B8III that is times as massive, and 355 times as luminous as the Sun. Around million years old, it has largely exhausted its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling as it moves away from the main sequence. A binary star, it has a companion orange or red dwarf star of spectral type K5V to M5V that is about 0.8 times as massive as the Sun. Around 50\",\n \"a planetary nebula, but rather as a much larger expanding gas shell, formally classified as a Wolf–Rayet nebula or WR nebula. Its observed expansion velocity is , and is estimated to be some across. The dynamical age of the nebula is estimated at 18,000 years and the total mass of ionised gas at . WR 31a itself, the highly luminous central star of the nebula, is invisible to the naked-eye at magnitude 10.85V. It has a spectral classification of WN11h, indicating a WR star with strong N emission but no N emission, and with hydrogen features visible in the spectrum.\",\n \"Nebulae in fiction the Earth rather than face-on. Diffuse emission nebula, or H II region, cataloged as M42, and situated south of Orion's Belt in the constellation of Orion. It is one of the brightest nebulae, and is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. Located about 1300 light-years away, it is the closest region of massive star formation to the Earth. The Orion Nebula is one of the most scrutinized and photographed objects in the night sky, and is among the most intensely studied celestial features. Nebula of mixed types, catalogued as M20 and located in Sagittarius. Its name means\",\n \"NGC 5907 NGC 5907 (also known as Knife Edge Galaxy or Splinter Galaxy) is a spiral galaxy located approximately 50 million light years from Earth. It has an anomalously low metallicity and few detectable giant stars, being apparently composed almost entirely of dwarf stars. It is a member of the NGC 5866 Group. NGC 5907 has long been considered a prototypical example of a warped spiral in relative isolation. In 2006, an international team of astronomers announced the presence of an extended tidal stream surrounding the galaxy that challenges this picture and suggests the gravitational perturbations induced by the stream\",\n \"galaxy rather than as a separate galaxy. The first known globular cluster, now called M22, was discovered in 1665 by Abraham Ihle, a German amateur astronomer. However, given the small aperture of early telescopes, individual stars within a globular cluster were not resolved until Charles Messier observed M4 in 1764. The first eight globular clusters discovered are shown in the table. Subsequently, Abbé Lacaille would list NGC 104, NGC 4833, M55, M69, and NGC 6397 in his 1751–52 catalogue. The \\\"M\\\" before a number refers to Charles Messier's catalogue, while \\\"NGC\\\" is from the New General Catalogue by John Dreyer.\",\n \"region. They may be called \\\"pre-white dwarfs\\\". These variables all exhibit small (1%–30%) variations in light output, arising from a superposition of vibrational modes with periods of hundreds to thousands of seconds. Observation of these variations gives asteroseismological evidence about the interiors of white dwarfs. White dwarfs are thought to represent the end point of stellar evolution for main-sequence stars with masses from about 0.07 to 10 . The composition of the white dwarf produced will depend on the initial mass of the star. Current galactic models suggest the Milky Way galaxy currently contains about ten billion white dwarfs. If\",\n \"they are extended and contain no well-defined boundaries. Diffuse nebulae can be divided into emission nebula, reflection nebulae and \\\"dark nebulae.\\\" Visible light nebulae may be divided into emission nebulae that emit spectral line radiation from excited or ionized gas (mostly ionized hydrogen); they are often called HII regions (the term \\\"HII\\\" refers to ionized hydrogen). Reflection nebulae are visible primarily due to the light they reflect. Reflection nebulae themselves do not emit significant amounts of visible light, but are near stars and reflect light from them. Similar nebulae not illuminated by stars do not exhibit visible radiation, but may\",\n \"Sagittarius Stream In astronomy, the Sagittarius Stream is a long, complex, structure made of stars that wrap around the Milky Way galaxy in an almost polar orbit. It consists of tidally stripped stars from the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy resulting from the process of merging with the Milky Way over a period of billions of years. This stellar stream was originally proposed in 1995 by Donald Lynden-Bell after analyzing the distribution of globular clusters in the Milky Way. The actual structure was identified by Newberg et al. (2002) and Majewski et al. (2003) using data from the 2MASS and SDSS\",\n \"Galaxy rotation curve The rotation curve of a disc galaxy (also called a velocity curve) is a plot of the orbital speeds of visible stars or gas in that galaxy versus their radial distance from that galaxy's centre. The rotation curves of spiral galaxies are asymmetric, so the observational data from each side of a galaxy are generally averaged. Rotation curve asymmetry appears to be normal rather than exceptional. The rotational/orbital speeds of galaxies/stars do not follow the rules found in other orbital systems such as stars/planets and planets/moons that have most of their mass at the centre. Stars revolve around their galaxy's\",\n \"1999, Barrado y Navascues presented a membership list of 16 stars, and estimated a group age of 200 million years. The membership of the group has not been well-established and varies quite a bit amongst studies. There is controversy over whether the Castor Moving Group constitutes a physical group of stars of shared origin (e.g. an \\\"association\\\") or a group of stars of heterogeneous age and chemical composition that happen to have somewhat similar velocities (e.g. a \\\"dynamical stream\\\"). In their 2013 paper describing the discovery of Fomalhaut C, Mamajek et al. point out that the 3D velocities of the\",\n \"companion passing in front of the giant star. V Hydrae has high-speed outflows of material collimated into jets, and also a disk of material around the star. Since the star itself is considered to be at the end of the Asymptotic Giant Branch phase of evolution and starting to generate a planetary nebula, the mechanism for the ejection of this material can give key insights to the formation of planetary nebulae. The ejections have been modelled as \\\"bullets\\\" of material fired out each time the compact companion passes close to the extended giant star during a highly eccentric orbit. The\",\n \"Seyfert galaxy radiation comparable to that of the whole galaxy's constituent stars, while in a quasar, the nuclear source is brighter than the constituent stars by at least a factor of 100. Seyfert galaxies have extremely bright nuclei, with luminosities ranging between 10 and 10 solar luminosities. Only about 5% of them are radio bright; their emissions are moderate in gamma rays and bright in X-rays. Their visible and infrared spectra shows very bright emission lines of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, and oxygen. These emission lines exhibit strong Doppler broadening, which implies velocities from , and are believed to originate near an accretion\",\n \"Aquarius (constellation) resemble Saturn's rings. It appears blue-green in a telescope and has a central star of magnitude 11.3. Compared to the Helix Nebula, another planetary nebula in Aquarius, it is quite small. NGC 7293, also known as the Helix Nebula, is the closest planetary nebula to Earth at a distance of 650 light-years. It covers 0.25 square degrees, making it also the largest planetary nebula as seen from Earth. However, because it is so large, it is only viewable as a very faint object, though it has a fairly high integrated magnitude of 6.0. One of the visible galaxies in Aquarius\",\n \"very similar to a Wolf Rayet star. While the stellar wind from a red supergiant is dense and slow, the wind from a blue supergiant is fast but sparse. When a red supergiant becomes a blue supergiant, the faster wind it produces impacts the already emitted slow wind and causes the outflowing material to condense into a thin shell. In some cases several concentric faint shells can be seen from successive episodes of mass loss, either previous blue loops from the red supergiant stage, or eruptions such as LBV outbursts. Blue supergiant star Blue supergiant stars are hot luminous stars,\",\n \"Mass segregation (astronomy) In astronomy, dynamical mass segregation is the process by which heavier members of a gravitationally bound system, such as a star cluster or cluster of galaxies, tend to move toward the center, while lighter members tend to move farther away from the center. During a close encounter of two members of the cluster, the members exchange both energy and momentum. Although energy can be exchanged in either direction, there is a statistical tendency for the kinetic energy of the two members to equalize during an encounter; this statistical phenomenon is called equipartition, and is similar to the\",\n \"of G5V, and even in more modern catalogues it is usually listed as a main-sequence star. It is generally considered to still be generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen at its core, but to be in a more evolved state than the sun. The effective temperature of the chromosphere is about 5571 K, giving 51 Pegasi the characteristic yellow hue of a G-type star. It is estimated to be 6.1–8.1 billion years old, somewhat older than the Sun, with a radius 24% larger and 11% more massive. The star has a higher proportion of elements other than hydrogen/helium\",\n \"International Astronomical Union (IAU) formally adopted the name Enipeus Vallis in 1991. \\\"Vallis\\\" is the Latin word for valley. Enipeus Vallis is mapped as a valley network. Valley networks are branching systems of valleys on Mars that superficially resemble terrestrial river drainage basins. They are abundant in the equatorial and southern highlands of the planet but less common in the northern hemisphere. Most valley networks are thought to have formed by flowing water, although the primary source of the water (melting ice, rainfall, springs) is still debated. Enipeus Vallis is a single trunk valley, with no large tributaries. The valley\",\n \"Virgo (constellation) center with a mass of 1.2 billion solar masses. It is located at a distance of from Earth (redshift 0.0075), and has an unusually dusty disk with a diameter of . Along with M84 and M87, NGC 4261 has strong emissions in the radio spectrum. IC 1101 is a supergiant elliptical galaxy in the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster located about from Earth. At the diameter of 5.5 million light years, or more than 50 times the size of the Milky Way, it was the largest known galaxy in the universe. Virgo is also home to the quasar 3C 273 which\",\n \"El Gordo (galaxy cluster) El Gordo (lit. \\\"The Fat One\\\") (ACT-CL J0102-4915 or SPT-CL J0102-4915) is the largest distant galaxy cluster observed at its distance or beyond, as of 2011. As of 2014, it still holds the record for being the largest distant galaxy cluster to have been discovered with a mass of 3 quadrillion suns. It was found by NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, Atacama Cosmology Telescope - funded by National Science Foundation, and European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope. This galaxy cluster, officially named as, 'ACT-CL J0102-4915', has been given a 'nickname' by the researchers as 'El Gordo', which\",\n \"Over 2 nights, 90 minutes of exposures were taken and 82,252 stars were detected down to a visible magnitude of 26. They found that Leo II consists largely of metal-poor older stars, a sign that it has survived the galactic cannibalism under which massive galaxies (e.g., the Milky Way) consume smaller galaxies to attain their extensive size. Observation at ESO estimates Leo II's mass to be (2.7 ± 0.5)×10 M. Leo II (dwarf galaxy) Leo II (or Leo B) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 690,000 light-years away in the constellation Leo. It is one of 24 known satellite galaxies\",\n \"Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right\",\n \"Homunculus Nebula profiles. Shockwaves at the outer edge of the ejecta are heated to millions of kelvin and emit x-ray radiation. The lobes of the Homunculus emit copious radio waves, most importantly the 21cm line of hydrogen. The reflected spectrum of the Homunculus lobes varies with position, due to the central star emitting different radiation at different latitudes (i.e. in different directions). This is the only star for which such an effect can be observed. The Homunculus was ejected in an enormous outburst from Eta Carinae. Light from this event reached Earth in 1841, creating a brightening event in the night sky\",\n \"with a stellar classification of G8 III. It is a red clump star, which means it is generating energy through the fusion of helium at its core. The star has twice the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 9 times the Sun's radius. It is 1.17 billion years old and is radiating 48 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,952 K. Phi3 Hydrae Phi Hydrae (φ Hya) is a binary star in the equatorial constellation of Hydra. It originally received the Flamsteed designation of 2 Crateris before being placed in the Hydra\",\n \"for bubbles, which can mean the formation of stars. The project also looks for knots, star clusters, and other objects such as young stars, supernova remnants, and newly discovered galaxies. The Milky Way Project started as the ninth Zooniverse project in December 2010. The \\\"phase 1\\\" worked with the colors: 4.5 μm for blue, 8.0 μm for green and 24 μm for red. This resulted in the Data Release 1 (DR1) of the Milky Way Project in 2012 with 5,106 bubbles, which can also be found in SIMBAD. The \\\"annulus tool\\\" that was used to mark the bubbles in the\",\n \"gas-rich satellite. The spheroid has a boxy shape. The galaxy also has an outer halo. In the centre of the galaxy is predicted to lie a supermassive black hole with mass 10 (129-813 million) . Observed in radio waves, NGC 5322 is a weak source and features two symmetric jets emanating from the galactic core and having a linear length of 1.6 kpc. The two jets are nearly perpendicular to the major axis of the galaxy and the circumnuclear dust disk. NGC 5322 is thought to contain a low-luminosity Active galactic nucleus (AGN), powered by the accretion of gaseous material.\",\n \"NGC 5774 NGC 5774 is an intermediate spiral galaxy approximately 71 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Virgo. It was discovered by Irish engineer Bindon Stoney on April 26, 1851. NGC 5774 belongs to a small group of galaxies, together with nearby NGC 5775 and IC 1070. It has been classified as a \\\"low surface brightness\\\" (LSB) galaxy, but its central surface brightness is 5 times brighter than the brightest LSB galaxies. It has a multiple spiral pattern with bright blue knotty structure all along the arms. It is an extremely low star forming galaxy with five\",\n \"Galaxy and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral nebulae. He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's earlier conjecture. In 1912, Vesto Slipher made spectrographic studies of the brightest spiral nebulae to determine their composition. Slipher discovered that the spiral nebulae have high Doppler shifts, indicating that they are moving at a rate exceeding the velocity of the stars he had measured. He found that the majority of these nebulae are moving away from us. In 1917, Heber Curtis observed nova S Andromedae within the \\\"Great Andromeda Nebula\\\" (as\",\n \"1951H reached magnitude 17.5 in September 1951 and SN 1970G reached magnitude 11.5 in January 1970. On February 10, 2015, a luminous red nova, known as M101 OT2015-1 was discovered in the Pinwheel Galaxy. Pinwheel Galaxy The Pinwheel Galaxy (also known as Messier 101, M101 or NGC 5457) is a face-on spiral galaxy distanced 21 million light-years (six megaparsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major. First discovered by Pierre Méchain on March 27, 1781, it was communicated to Charles Messier who verified its position for inclusion in the \\\"Messier Catalogue\\\" as one of its final entries. On February\",\n \"Green fireballs Green fireballs are a type of unidentified flying object which have been sighted in the sky since the late 1940s. Early sightings primarily occurred in the southwestern United States, particularly in New Mexico. They were once of notable concern to the US government because they were often clustered around sensitive research and military installations, such as Los Alamos and Sandia National Laboratory, then Sandia base. Meteor expert Dr. Lincoln LaPaz headed much of the investigation into the fireballs on behalf of the military. LaPaz's conclusion was that the objects displayed too many anomalous characteristics to be a type\",\n \"more irregular shape. These were generally found in or near the galactic plane of the Milky Way. Astronomers dubbed the former globular clusters, and the latter open clusters. Because of their location, open clusters are occasionally referred to as \\\"galactic clusters\\\", a term that was introduced in 1925 by the Swiss-American astronomer Robert Julius Trumpler. Micrometer measurements of the positions of stars in clusters were made as early as 1877 by the German astronomer E. Schönfeld and further pursued by the American astronomer E. E. Barnard prior to his death in 1923. No indication of stellar motion was detected by\",\n \"Silicon-burning process In astrophysics, silicon burning is a very brief sequence of nuclear fusion reactions that occur in massive stars with a minimum of about 8-11 solar masses. Silicon burning is the final stage of fusion for massive stars that have run out of the fuels that power them for their long lives in the \\\"main sequence\\\" on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. It follows the previous stages of hydrogen, helium, carbon, neon and oxygen burning processes. Silicon burning begins when gravitational contraction raises the star’s core temperature to 2.7-3.5 billion Kelvin (GK). The exact temperature depends on mass. When a star\",\n \"explanation for some astronomic events, so some use the idea of a dark galaxy to explain these events. Little is known about dark galaxies, and some scientists believe a dark galaxy is actually a newly forming galaxy. One such candidate is in the Virgo cluster. This candidate contains very few stars. Scientists classify this galaxy as a newly forming galaxy, rather than a dark galaxy. Scientists say that the galaxies we see today only began to create stars after dark galaxies. Based on numerous scientific assertions, dark galaxies played a big role in many of the galaxies astronomers and scientists\",\n \"a billion stars. The galaxy was discovered with the help of Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH), which uses massive galaxy clusters as cosmic telescopes to magnify distant galaxies behind them, an effect called gravitational lensing. Observations were recorded by the Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope, with support from Spitzer Space Telescope. The location of the galaxy is in the constellation Camelopardalis, which is also the location of the gravitational lensing cluster that helped discover this galaxy: MACSJ0647+7015 at \\\"z\\\" = 0.591. MACS0647-JD was announced in November 2012, but by the next month UDFj-39546284,\",\n \"Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) theory). However, further observations revealed that VIRGOHI21 was an intergalactic gas cloud, stripped from NGC4254 by a high speed collision. The high speed interaction was caused by infall into the Virgo cluster. Dark galaxy A dark galaxy is a hypothesized galaxy with no, or very few, stars. They received their name because they have no visible stars, but may be detectable if they contain significant amounts of gas. Astronomers have long theorized the existence of dark galaxies, but there are no confirmed examples to date. Dark galaxies are distinct from intergalactic gas clouds caused by galactic\",\n \"Pinwheel nebula A pinwheel nebula is a \\\"nebulous region\\\" in the shape of a pinwheel. The term 'Pinwheel nebula' is an antiquated misnomer used by observers before Edwin Hubble realized that many of these spiral shaped nebulae were actually 'island universes' or what we now call galaxies. Some Wolf-Rayet stars are surrounded by pinwheel nebulae. These nebulae are formed from the dust that is spewed out of a binary star system. The stellar winds of the two stars collide and form two dust lanes that spiral outward with the rotation of the system. An example of this is WR 104.\",\n \"energy through nuclear fusion and, in evolutionary terms, it is now becoming a compact white dwarf star. The PNN now consists primarily of carbon and oxygen with a thin outer envelope composed of lighter elements. Its mass is about , with a surface temperature of . Currently it is 200 times more luminous than the Sun, but its apparent magnitude is only +15.75. Ring Nebula The Ring Nebula (also catalogued as Messier 57, \\\"M57\\\" or \\\"NGC 6720\\\") is a planetary nebula in the northern constellation of Lyra. Such objects are formed when a shell of ionized gas is expelled into\",\n \"Vela Supercluster The Vela Supercluster (Vela SCl, VSCL) is a massive galactic supercluster about 265.5 megaparsecs (870 million light-years) away within the vicinity of the Zone of Avoidance, centered on the constellation Vela. It is one of the largest structures found in the universe; covering about 25 × 20 degrees of the sky. It consists of two walls: a broad main wall and a secondary merging wall. The combined dimensions of the walls are 115 km/s Mpc on the major dimensions and 90 km/s Mpc on the minor ones, which corresponds to about 385 million and 300 million light years,\",\n \"that make it aptly known as an \\\"astronomical treasure-house, a great celestial laboratory for the study of the growth and evolution of the stars,\\\" as described by Robert Burnham Jr. Surveys of the galaxy have found roughly 60 globular clusters, 400 planetary nebulae, and 700 open clusters, along with hundreds of thousands of giant and supergiant stars. Supernova 1987a—the nearest supernova in recent years—was also located in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Lionel-Murphy SNR (N86) nitrogen-abundant supernova remnant was named by astronomers at the Australian National University's Mount Stromlo Observatory, in acknowledgement of Australian High Court Justice Lionel Murphy's interest\",\n \"Prolate rotator galaxy A Prolate rotator galaxy is an unusual class of galaxy that is cigar shaped and rotates around its long axis. They are also called Spindle galaxies. A prolate rotator galaxy is an elliptical galaxy in prolate rotation. That is they possess a significant amount of rotation around the major axis. To make a prolate rotator galaxy, two large spiral disk galaxies need to collide at right angles. One forms the central bar , the other the disk. The bar then dominates the system. At 2017 20 such galaxies were known, while another group of researcher found 59\",\n \"Lyman-alpha forest In astronomical spectroscopy, the Lyman-alpha forest is a series of absorption lines in the spectra of distant galaxies and quasars arising from the Lyman-alpha electron transition of the neutral hydrogen atom. As the light travels through multiple gas clouds with different redshifts, multiple absorption lines are formed. The Lyman-alpha forest was first discovered in 1970 by astronomer Roger Lynds in an observation of the quasar 4C 05.34. Quasar 4C 05.34 was the farthest object observed to that date, and Lynds noted an unusually large number of absorption lines in its spectrum. He suggested that most of the absorption\",\n \"Okroy cloud. In February 2014, NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the universe. According to scientists, more than 20% of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs, possible starting materials for the formation of life. PAHs seem to have been formed as early as two billion years after the big bang, are widespread throughout the universe, and are associated with new stars and exoplanets. Intergalactic dust Intergalactic dust is cosmic dust in between galaxies in intergalactic space. Evidence for intergalactic dust has been suggested as early as 1949, and study\",\n \"Tidal tail A tidal tail is a thin, elongated region of stars and interstellar gas that extends into space from a galaxy. Tidal tails occur as a result of galactic tide forces between interacting galaxies. Examples of galaxies with tidal tails include the Tadpole Galaxy and the Mice Galaxies. Tidal forces can eject a significant amount of a galaxy's gas into the tail; within the Antennae Galaxies, for example, nearly half of the observed gaseous matter is found within the tail structures. Within those galaxies which have tidal tails, approximately 10% of the galaxy's stellar formation takes place in the\",\n \"of observers on Earth appears roughly square. The 10.4m telescope Gran Telescopio Canarias recently observed the OB-type stars that power the giant HII regions. Sextans A Sextans A (also known as UGCA 205) is a tiny dwarf irregular galaxy. It spans about 5000 light-years across, and is located at 4.3 million light-years away, in the outskirts of the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way galaxy, and to which Sextans A may or may not belong. Sextans A has a peculiar square shape. Massive short-lived stars exploded in supernovae that caused more star formation, triggering yet more supernovae,\",\n \"Galaxy Cluster IDCS 1426 IDCS J1426.5+3508 (IDCS 1426 for short) is an extremely massive young galaxy cluster. It is the most massive galaxy cluster detected at such an early age. This rare galaxy cluster, which is located 10 billion light travel distance years from Earth, weighs almost 500 trillion Suns. This object has important implications for understanding how these mega-structures formed and evolved early in the Universe. Astronomers have observed IDCS 1426 when the universe was less than a third of its current age. First discovered by the Spitzer Space Telescope in 2012, IDCS 1426 was then observed using the\",\n \"and stars across about 10 billion years of cosmic history. The spacecraft's mission is to observe hundreds of thousands of galaxies, with the goal of determining the distance of each galaxy from Earth and the rate of star formation in each galaxy. Near- and far-UV emissions as measured by GALEX can indicate the presence of young stars, but may also originate from old stellar populations (e.g. sdB stars). Partnering with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) on the mission are the California Institute of Technology, Orbital Sciences Corporation, University of California, Berkeley, Yonsei University, Johns Hopkins University, Columbia University, and\",\n \"Supernova A supernova ( plural: supernovae or supernovas, abbreviations: SN and SNe) is an event that occurs upon the death of certain types of stars. Supernovae are more energetic than novae. In Latin, \\\"nova\\\" means \\\"new\\\", referring astronomically to what appears to be a temporary new bright star. Adding the prefix \\\"super-\\\" distinguishes supernovae from ordinary novae, which are far less luminous. The word \\\"supernova\\\" was coined by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1931. Only three, Milky Way naked-eye supernova events have been observed during the last thousand years, though many have been seen in other galaxies using telescopes.\",\n \"the low-luminosity AGN population is much less well understood due to the difficulty of observing these objects at high redshifts. Dusty surprise around giant black hole Active galactic nucleus An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that has a much higher than normal luminosity over at least some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with characteristics indicating that the luminosity is not produced by stars. Such excess non-stellar emission has been observed in the radio, microwave, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an \\\"active\",\n \"the tail, and thus Serpens Cauda is rich in deep-sky objects within our own galaxy. The Eagle Nebula and its associated star cluster, Messier 16 lie 7,000 light-years from Earth in the direction of the galactic center. The nebula measures 70 light-years by 50 light-years and contains the Pillars of Creation, three dust clouds that became famous for the image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. The stars being born in the Eagle Nebula, added to those with an approximate age of 5 million years have an average temperature of 45,000 kelvins and produce prodigious amounts of radiation that will\",\n \"Supernova impostor Supernova impostors are stellar explosions that appear at first to be a supernova but do not destroy their progenitor stars. As such, they are a class of extra-powerful novae. They are also known as Type V supernovae, Eta Carinae analogs, and giant eruptions of luminous blue variables (LBV). Supernova impostors appear as remarkably faint supernovae of spectral type IIn—which have hydrogen in their spectrum and narrow spectral lines that indicate relatively low gas speeds. These impostors exceed their pre-outburst states by several magnitudes, with typical peak absolute visual magnitudes of −11 to −14, making these outbursts as bright\",\n \"Green Valley Educational Institute Green Valley Educational Institute \\\"(estd. 1991)\\\" is a co-educational, K-12 day-boarding school in Illahi Bagh Srinagar, Kashmir.It was established in 1991, and now has approximately 3500 students, 90 buses in fleet and 350 teaching faculty on its campus. On 15 September 2018 Directorate of School Education Kashmir (DSEK) suspended its recognition for charging exorbitant fee in violation of the Fee Fixation Committee (FFC) directives and non-compliance of orders which made school unrecognized on temporary basis. Later the suspension order was temporarily revoked on 5 October 2018. The school has a renowned academic and non academic staff.\",\n \"Radiation pressure within molecular clouds in interstellar space collapse to form stars. As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products. Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function. Planetary systems are generally believed to form as part of the same process that results in star formation. A protoplanetary disk forms by\",\n \"around 11.9 billion years old. The stellar population includes four Cepheids and RV Tauri variables, plus at least one RR Lyrae variable for which a period is known. Observations made during the ROSAT mission failed to reveal any low-intensity X-ray sources. Messier 19 Messier 19 or M19 (also designated NGC 6273) is a globular cluster in the constellation Ophiuchus. It was discovered by Charles Messier on June 5, 1764 and added to his catalogue of comet-like objects that same year. It was resolved into individual stars by William Herschel in 1784. His son, John Herschel, described it as \\\"a superb\",\n \"stars), V777 Herculis stars (DB variables) and ZZ Ceti stars (DA variables). All pulsate in low-degree, high-order g-modes. The oscillation periods broadly decrease with effective temperature, ranging from about 30 min down to about 1 minute. GW Virginis and ZZ Ceti stars are thought to be excited by the kappa mechanism; V777 Herculis stars by convective blocking. A number of past, present and future spacecraft have asteroseismology studies as a significant part of their missions (order chronological). Asteroseismology Asteroseismology or astroseismology is the study of oscillations in stars. Because a star's different oscillation modes are sensitive to different parts of\",\n \"Serpentis in \\\"Serpens Cauda\\\". The brightest star in Serpens is the red giant star Alpha Serpentis, or Unukalhai, in Serpens Caput, with an apparent magnitude of 2.63. Also located in Serpens Caput are the naked-eye globular cluster Messier 5 and the naked-eye variables R Serpentis and Tau Serpentis. Notable extragalactic objects include Seyfert's Sextet, one of the densest galaxy clusters known; Arp 220, the prototypical ultraluminous infrared galaxy; and Hoag's Object, the most famous of the very rare class of galaxies known as ring galaxies. Part of the Milky Way's galactic plane passes through Serpens Cauda, which is therefore rich\",\n \"in the Orion Nebula. The dark lane that extends from the north toward the bright region is called the \\\"Fish's Mouth\\\". The illuminated regions to both sides are called the \\\"Wings\\\". Other features include \\\"The Sword\\\", \\\"The Thrust\\\", and \\\"The Sail\\\". The Orion Nebula is an example of a stellar nursery where new stars are being born. Observations of the nebula have revealed approximately 700 stars in various stages of formation within the nebula. Recent observations with the Hubble Space Telescope have yielded the major discovery of protoplanetary disks within the Orion Nebula, which have been dubbed \\\"proplyds\\\". HST has\",\n \"Peculiar galaxy galaxies. As such, peculiar galaxies tend to host more active galactic nuclei than normal galaxies, indicating that they contain supermassive black holes. Many peculiar galaxies experience starbursts, or episodes of rapid star formation, due to the galaxies merging. The periods of elevated star formation and the luminosity resulting from active galactic nuclei cause peculiar galaxies to be slightly bluer in color than other galaxies. Studying peculiar galaxies can offer insights on other types of galaxies by providing useful information on galactic formation and evolution. Arp mapped peculiar galaxies in his 1966 Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies. Arp states that \\\"the peculiarities\",\n \"Way and the Andromeda Galaxy. In fact, measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies. Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way, which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way. The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long-lived radioactive elements such as thorium-232 and uranium-238, then comparing the results to estimates of\",\n \"Antennae Galaxies formation of the globulars likely originating from shockwaves, generated by the collision of the galaxies, compressing large, massive molecular clouds. The densest regions of the collapsing and compressing clouds are believed to be the birthplace of the clusters. Five supernovae have been discovered in NGC 4038: SN 1921A, SN 1974E, SN 2004GT, SN 2007sr and SN 2013dk. About 1.2 billion years ago, the Antennae were two separate galaxies. NGC 4038 was a barred spiral galaxy and NGC 4039 was a spiral galaxy. Before the galaxies collided, NGC 4039 was larger than NGC 4038. 900 million years ago, the Antennae began\",\n \"\\\"Spitzer Space Telescope\\\" observations in 2005, which showed that the Milky Way's central bar is larger than was previously suspected. Spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies form a class of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work \\\"The Realm of the Nebulae\\\" and, as such, form part of the Hubble sequence. Most spiral galaxies consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters. Spiral galaxies are named by their\",\n \"NGC 1277 NGC 1277 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Perseus. It is a member of the Perseus Cluster of galaxies and is located approximately 73Mpc (Mega parsecs) or 220 million light years from the Milky Way. It has an apparent magnitude of about 14.7. It was discovered on December 4, 1875 by Lawrence Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse. NGC 1277 has been called a \\\"relic of the early universe\\\" due to its stars being formed during a 100 million year interval about 12 billion years ago. Stars were formed at a rate of 1000 times that of\",\n \"Irregular galaxy not necessarily true for dwarf irregulars. Irregular galaxies are commonly small, about one tenth the mass of the Milky Way galaxy. Due to their small sizes, they are prone to environmental effects like crashing with large galaxies and intergalactic clouds. There are three major types of irregular galaxies: Some of the irregular galaxies, especially of the Magellanic type, are small spiral galaxies that are being distorted by the gravity of a larger neighbor. The Magellanic Cloud galaxies were once classified as irregular galaxies. The Large Magellanic Cloud has since been re-classified as type SBm a type of barred spiral galaxy,\",\n \"stellar cores and the birth of neutron stars. SN 2008D SN 2008D is a supernova detected with NASA's \\\"Swift\\\" X-ray telescope. The explosion of the supernova precursor star, in the spiral galaxy NGC 2770 (88 million light years away (27 Mpc), was detected on January 9, 2008, by Carnegie-Princeton fellows Alicia Soderberg and Edo Berger, and Albert Kong and Tom Maccarone independently using Swift. They alerted eight other orbiting and ground-based observatories to record the event. This was the first time that astronomers have ever observed a supernova as it occurred. The supernova was determined to be of Type Ibc.\",\n \"NGC 501 NGC 501, also occasionally referred to as PGC 5082 or GC 284, is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It located approximately 224 million light-years from the Solar System and was discovered on 28 October, 1856 by Irish astronomer R. J. Mitchell. Although John Dreyer, creator of the New General Catalogue, credits the discovery to astronomer William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, he notes that many of his claimed discoveries were made by one of his assistants. In the case of NGC 501, the discovery was made by R. J. Mitchell, who discovered it using Lord Rosse's\",\n \"Cygnus (constellation) he detected it on the Palomar Observatory survey photos in 2005 but had not published it for others to confirm and analyze at the time of Waldee's first official notices and later 2010 paper. Cygnus X is the largest star-forming region in the Solar neighborhood and includes not only some of the brightest and most massive stars known (such as Cygnus OB2-12), but also Cygnus OB2, a massive stellar association classified by some authors as a young globular cluster. More supernovae have been seen in the Fireworks Galaxy (NGC 6946) than in any other galaxy. Cygnus A is the first\",\n \"where stars are unable to maintain their gas long enough to properly form. There appears to be a number of subpopulations within the Leo Cluster. The first consists of elliptical galaxies that seem to be roughly as old as the universe. The second subpopulation contains red-sequence lenticular (lens shaped) galaxies whose ages are directly tied to their mass. The third and final subpopulation is of galaxies where star formation is still taking place,and are morphologically distributed. Leo Cluster The Leo Cluster (Abell 1367) is a galaxy cluster about 330 million light-years distant (z = 0.022) in the constellation Leo, with\",\n \"G-type main-sequence star A G-type main-sequence star (Spectral type: G-V), often (and imprecisely) called a yellow dwarf, or G dwarf star, is a main-sequence star (luminosity class V) of spectral type G. Such a star has about 0.84 to 1.15 solar masses and surface temperature of between 5,300 and 6,000 K. Like other main-sequence stars, a G-type main-sequence star is converting the element hydrogen to helium in its core by means of nuclear fusion. The Sun, the star to which the Earth is gravitationally bound in the Solar System and the object with the largest apparent magnitude, is an example\",\n \"form clouds, or \\\"diffuse nebulae\\\", where star formation takes place. In contrast to spirals, an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years, which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies. In the dense nebulae where stars are produced, much of the hydrogen is in the molecular (H) form, so these nebulae are called molecular clouds. Observations indicate that the coldest clouds tend to form low-mass stars, observed first in the infrared inside the clouds, then in visible light at their surface when the clouds dissipate, while\",\n \"NGC 7318 NGC 7318 (also known as UGC 12099/UGC 12100 or HCG 92d/b) are a pair of colliding galaxies about 300 million light-years from Earth. They appear in the Constellation Pegasus and are members of the Stephan's Quintet. The Spitzer Space Telescope revealed the presence of a huge intergalactic shock wave, shown by a green arc produced by one galaxy falling into another at millions of kilometers per hour. As NGC 7318B collides with NGC 7318A, gas spread throughout the cluster, atoms of hydrogen are heated in the shock wave, producing the green glow. The molecular hydrogen visible in the\",\n \"is now in a relative state of quiescence, whereas the Milky Way is experiencing more active star formation. Should this continue, the luminosity of the Milky Way may eventually overtake that of Andromeda Galaxy. According to recent studies, the Andromeda Galaxy lies in what in the galaxy color–magnitude diagram is known as the \\\"green valley\\\", a region populated by galaxies like the Milky Way in transition from the \\\"blue cloud\\\" (galaxies actively forming new stars) to the \\\"red sequence\\\" (galaxies that lack star formation). Star formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star-forming gas\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":298,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the radius of the inner ring of sn 1987a"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["SN 1987A the progenitor. These rings were ionized by the ultraviolet flash from the supernova explosion, and consequently began emitting in various emission lines. These rings did not \"turn on\" until several months after the supernova; the turn-on process can be very accurately studied through spectroscopy. The rings are large enough that their angular size can be measured accurately: the inner ring is 0.808 arcseconds in radius. The time light traveled to light up the inner ring gives its radius of 0.66 (ly) light years. Using this as the base of a right angle triangle and the angular size as seen from"],"string":"[\n \"SN 1987A the progenitor. These rings were ionized by the ultraviolet flash from the supernova explosion, and consequently began emitting in various emission lines. These rings did not \\\"turn on\\\" until several months after the supernova; the turn-on process can be very accurately studied through spectroscopy. The rings are large enough that their angular size can be measured accurately: the inner ring is 0.808 arcseconds in radius. The time light traveled to light up the inner ring gives its radius of 0.66 (ly) light years. Using this as the base of a right angle triangle and the angular size as seen from\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["total of five to seven planets. The star has a mass of 0.81 and a radius of 0.778 . It has a temperature of 4699 K and is about 11.0 billion years old, making it one of the oldest stars. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 5. It can be seen with the naked eye. HD 219134 b orbits its host star with about 28% of the Sun's luminosity with an orbital period of 3 days and","slightly smaller than Saturn at 0.7538 Jupiter radii, but is more dense. Kepler-16b completes a nearly circular orbit every 228.776 days. Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is","with its outer envelope cooling and expanding in the process. Alpha Horologii has an estimated 1.55 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 38 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,028 K. Alpha Horologii Alpha Horologii (α Horologii) is a solitary orange-hued giant star in the constellation Horologium. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +3.85. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 28.36 mas as seen from the Earth, it is located from the Sun. The star is moving away from the Sun with a","Zeta Circini Zeta Circini, Latinized from ζ Circini, is the Bayer designation for a star located in the southern constellation of Circinus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 6.08, it is barely visible to the naked eye on a dark night. (According to the Bortle scale, it requires the lighting level of suburban skies or darker to be seen.) The distance to this star, as estimated using an annual parallax shift of 2.56 mas, is around 1,300 light years. This is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B2/3 Vn, where the 'n' suffix indicates broad (\"nebulous\")","object is a very hot gas giant; the estimated surface temperature is roughly 1600 K (1300 °C or 2400 °F), mostly due to gravitational contraction. Its mass is well below the calculated limit for deuterium fusion in brown dwarfs, which is 13 Jupiter masses. The projected distance between 2M1207b and its primary is around 40 AU (similar to the mean distance between Pluto and the Sun). Its infrared spectrum indicates the presence of water molecules in its atmosphere. The object is not a likely candidate to support life, either on its surface or on any satellites. 2M1207b is around 100","old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.3. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. K2-33b orbits its host star with an orbital period of 5.424 days at a distance of 0.049 AU (compared to the distance of Mercury from the Sun, which is about 0.38 AU). The planet likely receives about 125 times","this example, 10 kg/m, the density of water), its Schwarzschild radius will increase more quickly than its physical radius. When a body of this density has grown to around 136 million solar masses , its physical radius would be overtaken by its Schwarzschild radius, and thus it would form a supermassive black hole. It is thought that supermassive black holes like these do not form immediately from the singular collapse of a cluster of stars. Instead they may begin life as smaller, stellar-sized black holes and grow larger by the accretion of matter, or even of other black holes. The","Theta Scorpii Theta Scorpii (θ Scorpii, abbreviated Theta Sco, θ Sco) is a binary star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +1.87, making it readily visible to the naked eye and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It is sufficiently near that the distance can be measured directly using the parallax technique and such measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission yield an estimate of approximately 300 light-years (90 parsecs) from the Sun. The two components are designated Theta Scorpii A (also named Sargas) and B. \"θ Scorpii\" (Latinised","in excess of 5 kilograms. Crystallization of the material of a white dwarf of this type is thought to result in a body-centered cubic lattice of carbon and/or oxygen nuclei, which are surrounded by a Fermi sea of electrons. BPM 37093 BPM 37093 (V886 Centauri) is a variable white dwarf star of the DAV, or ZZ Ceti, type, with a hydrogen atmosphere and an unusually high mass of approximately 1.1 times the Sun's. It is about 50 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Centaurus, and vibrates; these pulsations cause its luminosity to vary. Like other white dwarfs, BPM 37093 is","QZ Carinae times the Sun's mass and 8.9 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 32,463 K, it is around 80,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Star B1 is less massive than B2 and is assumed to have undergone significant mass loss or mass transfer to B2. Together, all four stars have a combined mass 94 times that of the Sun. Star B is a Beta Lyrae variable eclipsing system. It causes the apparent magnitude of the system to vary regularly every 5.999 days from +6.16 at maximum to +6.49 at the primary minimum and +6.43 at the secondary minimum.","Over 2 nights, 90 minutes of exposures were taken and 82,252 stars were detected down to a visible magnitude of 26. They found that Leo II consists largely of metal-poor older stars, a sign that it has survived the galactic cannibalism under which massive galaxies (e.g., the Milky Way) consume smaller galaxies to attain their extensive size. Observation at ESO estimates Leo II's mass to be (2.7 ± 0.5)×10 M. Leo II (dwarf galaxy) Leo II (or Leo B) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 690,000 light-years away in the constellation Leo. It is one of 24 known satellite galaxies","41 Lyncis b 41 Lyncis b (abbreviated 41 Lyn b), also designated HD 81688 b and named Arkas, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. A gas giant with a minimum mass 2.7 times that of Jupiter it orbits the K-type star 41 Lyncis with an orbital period of 184 days (corresponding to semi-major axis of 0.81 AU). It was discovered and announced by Sato on February 19, 2008. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The","by the \"Galileo\" orbiter in the 1990s. Its four main parts are a faint thick torus known as the \"halo\"; a thin, relatively bright main ring; and two wide, faint \"gossamer rings\". The system consists mostly of dust. Saturn's rings are the most extensive ring system of any planet in the Solar System, and thus have been known to exist for quite some time. Galileo Galilei first observed them in 1610, but they were not accurately described as a disk around Saturn until Christiaan Huygens did so in 1655. With help from the NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini mission, a further understanding of","Antennae Galaxies formation of the globulars likely originating from shockwaves, generated by the collision of the galaxies, compressing large, massive molecular clouds. The densest regions of the collapsing and compressing clouds are believed to be the birthplace of the clusters. Five supernovae have been discovered in NGC 4038: SN 1921A, SN 1974E, SN 2004GT, SN 2007sr and SN 2013dk. About 1.2 billion years ago, the Antennae were two separate galaxies. NGC 4038 was a barred spiral galaxy and NGC 4039 was a spiral galaxy. Before the galaxies collided, NGC 4039 was larger than NGC 4038. 900 million years ago, the Antennae began","Kepler-86 Kepler-86, PH2 or KIC 12735740 (2MASS 19190326+5157453), is a G-type star distant within the constellation Cygnus. Roughly the size and temperature of the Sun, PH2 gained prominence when it was known to be the host of one of 42 planet candidates detected by the Planet Hunters citizen science project in its second data release. The candidate orbiting around PH2, known as PH2 b, had been determined to have a spurious detection probability of only 0.08%, thus effectively confirming its existence as a planet. Located in its parent star's habitable zone, PH2 b (or Kepler-86b) is a \"Jupiter-size\" gas giant","Saturn Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of Earth. It has only one-eighth the average density of Earth, but with its larger volume Saturn is over 95 times more massive. Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture; its astronomical symbol (♄) represents the god's sickle. Saturn's interior is probably composed of a core of iron–nickel and rock (silicon and oxygen compounds). This core is surrounded by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen, an intermediate","but was still listed at NEODyS with odds of 1 in 3 million for 27 November 2015 during the approach window. With an absolute magnitude of 23.6, is about 50–110 meters in diameter. 2007 VE191 It is estimated to be roughly 63 meters in diameter. In 2015 it was known to have a 1 in 63,000 chance of impacting Earth on 27 November 2015. However, the nominal best-fit orbit showed that would be roughly from Earth on 27 November 2015 with an apparent magnitude of roughly +25 in the constellation of Virgo about 50 degrees from the Sun, and the","NOvA The NOνA (NuMI Off-Axis ν Appearance) experiment is a particle physics experiment designed to detect neutrinos in Fermilab's NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam. Intended to be the successor to MINOS, NOνA consists of two detectors, one at Fermilab (the \"near detector\"), and one in northern Minnesota (the \"far detector\"). Neutrinos from NuMI pass through 810 km of Earth to reach the far detector. NOνA's main goal is to observe the oscillation of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos. The primary physics goals of NOvA are: Neutrino oscillation is parameterized by the PMNS matrix and the mass squared differences","Barnard's Loop Barnard's Loop (catalogue designation Sh 2-276) is an emission nebula in the constellation of Orion. It is part of the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex which also contains the dark Horsehead and bright Orion nebulae. The loop takes the form of a large arc centered approximately on the Orion Nebula. The stars within the Orion Nebula are believed to be responsible for ionizing the loop. The loop extends over about 600 arcminutes as seen from Earth, covering much of Orion. It is well seen in long-exposure photographs, although observers under very dark skies may be able to see it","hot populations, but may instead have a divot, a sharp decrease in the number of objects below a specific size. This divot is hypothesized to be due to either the collisional evolution of the population, or to be due to the population having formed with no objects below this size, with the smaller objects being fragments of the original objects. As of December 2009, the smallest Kuiper belt object detected is 980 m across. It is too dim (magnitude 35) to be seen by \"Hubble\" directly, but it was detected by \"Hubble\"'s star tracking system when it occulted a star.","3C 66B 3C 66B is an elliptical Fanaroff and Riley class 1 radio galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda. With an estimated redshift of 0.021258, the galaxy is about 300 million light-years away. The orbital motion of 3C 66B showed supposed evidence for a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) with a period of 1.05 ± 0.03 years, but this claim was later proven wrong (at 95% certainty). Messier 87 (M87), about 55 million light years away, is the largest giant elliptical galaxy near the Earth, and also contains an active galactic nucleus. The smooth jet of 3C 66B rivals that","ring (\"necklace\") around the base, and distinct also in its population of receptors and other integral proteins. The ciliary rootlet is a cytoskeleton-like structure that originates from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium. It extends proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm. According to the Gene Ontology, the following proteins localize to the ciliary rootlet: amyloid precursor protein, rootletin, kinesins (KIF5B, KIF5C, KLC2, KLC3), and presenilins (PSEN1, PSEN2). Though they have been given different names, cilia and flagella have","the scattered disk and the detached population. At least nine such bodies have been securely identified, of which the largest, most distant, and best known is Sedna. Those with perihelia greater than 50 AU are termed sednoids. As of 2018, there are three known sednoids, Sedna, , and . Detached objects have perihelia much larger than Neptune's aphelion. They often have highly elliptical, very large orbits with semi-major axes of up to a few hundred astronomical units (AU, the radius of Earth's orbit). Such orbits cannot have been created by gravitational scattering by the giant planets, not even Neptune. Instead,","83D/Russell 83D/Russell (previously 83P/Russell) is a periodic lost comet in the Solar System with a previous orbital period of 6.13 years. The comet was discovered on a photographic plate on 16 June 1979 by Kenneth S. Russell at the UK Schmidt Telescope, Australia, who described it as faint and diffuse, with a very low brightness of magnitude 18. Calculations of its orbit suggested a perihelion date of 27 May 1979 and an orbital frequency of 6.13 years. The predicted 1985 apparition was observed by J. Gibson using the 1.5-m reflector at Palomar Observatory, California. He estimated the brightness of the","Newton's rings the surfaces. The phenomenon was first described by Robert Hooke in his 1664 book \"Micrographia\", although its name derives from the physicist Sir Isaac Newton, who was the first to analyze it. The pattern is created by placing a very slightly convex curved glass on an optical flat glass. The two pieces of glass make contact only at the center, at other points there is a slight air gap between the two surfaces, increasing with radial distance from the center. The diagram at right shows a small section of the two pieces, with the gap increasing right to left. Light","Valhalla (crater) Located on Jupiter's moon Callisto, Valhalla is the largest multi-ring impact crater in the Solar System. It is named after Valhalla, the hall where warriors are taken after death in Norse mythology . Valhalla consists of a bright central region 360 km across, an inner ridge and trough zone, and striking concentric rings extending up to about 1,900 km from the center. Several large impact craters and catenae are superimposed on Valhalla. The multi-ring system may have formed as semi-liquid or liquid material underlying the brittle lithosphere punctured by the impactor slumped towards the center of the crater","orbital period of 33100 years. In a 10 million year integration of the orbit, the nominal (best-fit) orbit and both 3-sigma clones remain outside 12.2 AU (\"q\") from the Sun. Summary of barycentric orbital parameters are: Archived data from the JPL SBDB and MPC. 2012 DR30 Using an epoch of February 2017, it has the second-largest heliocentric semi-major axis of a minor planet not detected out-gassing like a comet. ( has a larger heliocentric semi-major axis.) does have a barycentric semi-major axis of 1032 AU. For the epoch of July 2018 will have its largest heliocentric semi-major axis of 1644","Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is (Unicode U+2650 ♐), a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur pulling back a bow. It lies between Scorpius and Ophiuchus to the west and Capricornus and Microscopium to the east. The center of the Milky Way lies in the westernmost part of Sagittarius (see Sagittarius A). As seen from the northern hemisphere, the constellation's","Cassiopeia (constellation) W appears inverted. Alpha Cassiopeiae, traditionally called Schedar (from the Arabic \"Al Sadr\", \"the breast\"), is a multiple star. The primary is an orange-hued giant of magnitude 2.2, 228 ± 2 light-years from Earth. With a luminosity of around 771 times that of the Sun, it has swollen and cooled after exhausting its core hydrogen over its 100 to 200 million-year lifespan, spending much of it as a blue-white B-type main-sequence star. The brightest companion is a magnitude 8.9 yellow dwarf widely separated from the primary, while two other companions are closer and magnitudes 13 and 14 respectively. Beta Cassiopeiae,","Sagittae is an estimated 129 million years old with 4.33 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to roughly 27 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 392 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,850 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \"Left Flag\", refers to an asterism consisting of β Sagittae, α Sagittae, δ Sagittae, ζ Sagittae, γ Sagittae, 13 Sagittae, 11 Sagittae, 14 Sagittae and ρ Aquilae. Consequently, β Sagittae itself is known as (, .) Beta Sagittae Beta Sagittae, Latinized from β Sagittae, is a single star in the","NML Cygni NML Cygni or V1489 Cygni is a red hypergiant (RHG) or red supergiant (RSG) in the constellation Cygnus. It is one of the largest stars currently known, and is also one of the most luminous and massive cool hypergiants, as well as one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way. If placed at the center of the Solar System, its surface would extend past the orbit of Jupiter or Saturn. The distance of NML Cygni from Earth is estimated to be around 1.6 kpc, about 5,300 light-years. It is a part of the Cygnus OB2 association,","Vacuum flange large vacuum chambers. ANSI has a flange standard called ASA. These flanges are elastomeric o-ring seal and can be used for both vacuum and pressure applications. Flange sizes are indicated by tube nominal inner diameter or by flange outer diameter (in inches): 1 (4.25 O.D.), 1.5 (5.00 O.D.), 2 (6.00 O.D.), 3 (7.50 O.D.), 4 (9.00 O.D.), 6 (11.00 O.D.), 8 (13.5 O.D.), 10 (16.00 O.D.). To achieve a vacuum seal, a gasket is required. An elastomeric o-ring gasket can be made of Buna rubber, viton fluoropolymer, silicone rubber or teflon. O-rings can be placed in a groove or may","Beta Pictoris b star named Beta Pictoris. The star has a mass of 1.75 and a radius of 1.8 . It has a surface temperature of 8056 K and is 12 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.06, or 112% of that found in the Sun. Its luminosity () is 8.7 times that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 3. Therefore, it can be seen with the naked eye.","88 modern constellations In contemporary astronomy, a \"constellation\" is one of 88 regions of the sky generally based on the asterisms (which are also called \"constellations\") of Greek and Roman mythology. The number 88, along with the contemporary scientific concept of \"constellation\" as regions of the sky, bordered by arcs of right ascensions and declinations, that together cover the entire celestial sphere, was established in 1922 by the International Astronomical Union. The ancient Sumerians, and later the Greeks (as recorded by Ptolemy), established most of the northern constellations in international use today. The constellations along the ecliptic are called the","Vela Supercluster The Vela Supercluster (Vela SCl, VSCL) is a massive galactic supercluster about 265.5 megaparsecs (870 million light-years) away within the vicinity of the Zone of Avoidance, centered on the constellation Vela. It is one of the largest structures found in the universe; covering about 25 × 20 degrees of the sky. It consists of two walls: a broad main wall and a secondary merging wall. The combined dimensions of the walls are 115 km/s Mpc on the major dimensions and 90 km/s Mpc on the minor ones, which corresponds to about 385 million and 300 million light years,","WASP-44b orbit is assumed. They used the three newly discovered planets as studies into the creation of a non-eccentric, circular model for a planet's orbit (the most likely solution) or an eccentric, elliptical solution for a planet's orbit (the solution that, according to the discovery team, required less of an assumption). WASP-44 is a sunlike G-type star in the Cetus constellation. WASP-44 has a mass of 0.951 solar masses and a radius of 0.927 solar radii, which means that WASP-44 is 95% the mass of and 92% the size of the Sun. With an effective temperature of 5410 K, WASP-44 is","Pinwheel nebula A pinwheel nebula is a \"nebulous region\" in the shape of a pinwheel. The term 'Pinwheel nebula' is an antiquated misnomer used by observers before Edwin Hubble realized that many of these spiral shaped nebulae were actually 'island universes' or what we now call galaxies. Some Wolf-Rayet stars are surrounded by pinwheel nebulae. These nebulae are formed from the dust that is spewed out of a binary star system. The stellar winds of the two stars collide and form two dust lanes that spiral outward with the rotation of the system. An example of this is WR 104.","which was visible from the Earth's surface at the time. During the event (as seen from Earth) Eta Carinae briefly became the second-brightest star in the sky, after Sirius; but the ejected gas and dust have since obscured much of its light. The near-supernova explosion produced two polar lobes, and a large but thin equatorial disk, all moving outward at up to . The Homunculus Nebula is a virtually unique structure, believed to result from the extremely young age. This means that the shape and structure is almost entirely due to the original eruption rather than the interaction with surrounding","has a density of 5.32 grams per cubic centimeter. Tin has a density of 7.26 grams per cubic centimeter, and lead has a density of 11.3 grams per cubic centimeter. The atomic radii of the carbon group elements tend to increase with increasing atomic number. Carbon's atomic radius is 77 picometers, silicon's is 118 picometers, germanium's is 123 picometers, tin's is 141 picometers, and lead's is 175 picometers. Carbon has multiple allotropes. The most common is graphite, which is carbon in the form of stacked sheets. Another form of carbon is diamond, but this is relatively rare. Amorphous carbon is","Alpha Mensae that is generating energy by fusing hydrogen into helium at its core. It is of similar size but slightly cooler than the Sun, with 110% of the mass, 99% of the radius, and 83% of the Sun's luminosity. The effective temperature of the stellar atmosphere is 5,587 K, and it has a slightly higher (112%) proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium—what Astronomers call the star's metallicity—compared to the Sun. The estimated age of this star is 5.4 billion years, and is rotating at a relatively leisurely projected rotational velocity of 1.7 km/s. Located about 33 light years distant","Kepler-62d on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65.","within the Vermilion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, \"Nán Fāng Zhū Què\"). Cancer (constellation) Cancer is one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for crab and it is commonly represented as one. Its astrological symbol is (Unicode ♋). Cancer is a medium-size constellation with an area of 506 square degrees and its stars are rather faint, its brightest star Beta Cancri having an apparent magnitude of 3.5. It contains two stars with known planets, including 55 Cancri, which has five: one super-earth and four gas giants, one of which is in the habitable zone and","portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, the InfraRed Astronomical Satellite was used to identify dust orbiting this star. This debris disk is constrained to a diameter of 12.2 AU. By 2001, the \"Long Wavelength Spectrometer\" at the Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, was used more accurately to constrain the radius of the dust. It was found to lie within a 5.4 AU radius. The temperature of the dust was estimated as about 340 K. Based on heating from the star, this could place the grains as close as 2.5 AU from Zeta Leporis. It is now believed that the dust","darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,","Optical telescope 550 nm wavelength, is given by: formula_12 The unit used in the object diameter results in the smallest resolvable features at that unit. In the above example they are approximated in kilometers resulting in the smallest resolvable Moon craters being 3.22 km in diameter. The Hubble Space Telescope has a primary mirror aperture of 2400 mm that provides a surface resolvability of Moon craters being 174.9 meters in diameter, or sunspots of 7365.2 km in diameter. Ignoring blurring of the image by turbulence in the atmosphere (atmospheric seeing) and optical imperfections of the telescope, the angular resolution of an optical","Scorpius–Centaurus Association The Scorpius–Centaurus Association (sometimes called Sco–Cen or Sco OB2) is the nearest OB association to the Sun. This stellar association is composed of three subgroups (Upper Scorpius, Upper Centaurus–Lupus, and Lower Centaurus–Crux), whose mean distances range from 380 to 470 light years. Using improved Hipparcos data, Rizzuto and colleagues analysed nearby stars more closely, bringing the number of known members to 436. They doubt the need to add a subclassification because they found a more continuous spread of stars. The Sco–Cen subgroups range in age from 11 million years (Upper Scorpius) to roughly 15 million years (Upper Centaurus–Lupus","is not known to host planets. Beta Canum Venaticorum Beta Canum Venaticorum (β Canum Venaticorum, abbreviated Beta CVn, β CVn), also named Chara, is a G-type main-sequence star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. At an apparent visual magnitude of 4.26, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 118.49 mas, this star is distant from the Sun. Along with the brighter star Cor Caroli, the pair form the \"southern dog\" in this constellation that represents hunting dogs. \"β Canum Venaticorum\" (Latinised to \"Beta Canum Venaticorum\") is the star's Bayer designation. The","Leo Minor apparent magnitude of 4.4. It has around double the mass, 7.8 times the radius and 36 times the luminosity of the Earth's Sun. Separated by 11 seconds of arc from the primary, the secondary is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F8. The two orbit around a common centre of gravity every 38.62 years, and lie away from the Solar System. Around away and around 10 times as luminous as the Sun, 21 Leonis Minoris is a rapidly rotating white main-sequence star, spinning on its axis in less than 12 hours and very likely flattened in shape. Of","9000 Hal 9000 Hal, provisional designation , is a stony background asteroid and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 3 May 1981, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. The likely elongated S-type asteroid has an exceptionally long rotation period of 908 hours. It was named after the homicidal supercomputer HAL 9000, featured in the movie \"\". \"Hal\" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.","branch, and started helium fusion in its core. τ Sagittarii is the closest constellational star (a star that is part of the traditional outline of a constellation) to the origin of the 1977 Wow! signal. \\end{align}</math></ref> Tau Sagittarii Tau Sagittarii (Tau Sgr, τ Sagittarii, τ Sgr) is a star in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. With an apparent visual magnitude of +3.3, this is one of the brighter members of the constellation. The distance of this star from Earth is roughly , based upon parallax measurements. This is a spectral type K1 giant star with about . The stellar","Alpha Circini Alpha Circini (α Cir, α Circini) is a variable star in the faint, southern, circumpolar constellation of Circinus. At an apparent visual magnitude of 3.19, it is the brightest star in the constellation and can be readily seen with the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements of this star yield an estimated distance of from the Earth. This star belongs to a class of variables known as rapidly oscillating Ap stars. It oscillates with multiple, non-radial pulsation cycles and a dominant cycle of 6.8 minutes. The spectrum shows peculiar features caused by chemical stratification of the","Iota Horologii Iota Horologii, Latinized from ι Horologii, is a yellow-hued star approximately 56 light-years away in the Horologium constellation. The star is classified as a G0Vp yellow dwarf (it has previously been classified as G3 and a subgiant [IV]). It has a mass and radius larger than the Sun, and is about 50% more luminous. In 1999, a planet of the star was discovered. Because the planet orbits in a near Earth orbit, Iota Horologii was ranked 69th in the list of candidates for NASA's planned Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. In 2000, a dust disc was announced around the","a planetary nebula, but rather as a much larger expanding gas shell, formally classified as a Wolf–Rayet nebula or WR nebula. Its observed expansion velocity is , and is estimated to be some across. The dynamical age of the nebula is estimated at 18,000 years and the total mass of ionised gas at . WR 31a itself, the highly luminous central star of the nebula, is invisible to the naked-eye at magnitude 10.85V. It has a spectral classification of WN11h, indicating a WR star with strong N emission but no N emission, and with hydrogen features visible in the spectrum.","RX J0822-4300 RX J0822-4300, often referred to as a \"Cosmic Cannonball\", is a radio-quiet neutron star currently moving away from the center of the Puppis A supernova remnant at over 3 million miles per hour (5 400 000 km/h; 1500 km/s; ~0.5% the speed of light), making it one of the fastest moving stars ever found. Astronomers used NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to observe the star over a period of five years to determine its speed. At this velocity the star will be ejected from the galaxy millions of years from now. Although the cosmic cannonball is not the only","Copernicium Copernicium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112. It is an extremely radioactive element, and can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 29 seconds. Copernicium was first created in 1996 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. It is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. In the periodic table of the elements, copernicium is a d-block transactinide element and a group 12 element. During reactions with gold, it has been shown to be an extremely volatile metal, so","Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right","wave heats the stellar wind to X-ray-emitting temperatures. It is a rather faint object located about 2 degrees SW of Sadr. For most telescopes it requires a UHC or OIII filter to see. Under favorable circumstances a telescope as small as 8 cm (with filter) can see its nebulosity. Larger telescopes (20 cm or more) reveal the crescent or a Euro sign shape which makes some to call it the \"Euro sign nebula\". Crescent Nebula The Crescent Nebula (also known as NGC 6888, Caldwell 27, Sharpless 105) is an emission nebula in the constellation Cygnus, about 5000 light-years away from","V Centauri V Centauri (V Cen) is a Classical Cepheid variable, a type of variable star, in the constellation Centaurus. Its apparent magnitude is 6.72, and it is approximately 2,500 light-years (800 parsecs) away based on parallax. According to the South African Astronomical Observatory, the chemical composition was derived as being high in sodium (Na) and aluminium (Al) and low in magnesium (Mg). Following a normal composition for a Cepheid star, V Cen does not have any unusual characteristics. V Centauri's composition was observed alongside six other Classical Cepheid variable stars with the support of Russian, Chilean, and Ukrainian observatories.","before Hartwig's discovery letter which followed his telegram, since the letter was initially lost by Astronomische Nachrichten and only reprinted in a later issue). The history of the discovery is summarized by K.G. Jones and de Vaucouleurs and Corwin. Both studies doubt that Ward really saw the event since his estimated magnitude is significantly off from the later reconstructed lightcurve and conclude that Hartwig should be considered as the discoverer of the Supernova. SN 1885A reached magnitude 5.85 on 21 August, 1885, and faded to magnitude 14 half a year later. It was reddish in color and declined rapidly in","59°, resulting in a true mass of 2.2756 times the mass of Jupiter. Because it is only 2 times more massive than Jupiter, it should be slightly larger than it, with a radius of around 1.2 . The equilibrium temperature of Gliese 876 b, is estimated to be around . This planet, like c and e, has likely migrated inward. The planet orbits a (M-type) star named Gliese 876. The star has a mass of 0.33 and a radius of around 0.36 . It has a surface temperature of 3350 K and is 2.55 billion years old. In comparison, the","42 Draconis 42 Draconis (abbreviated 42 Dra), also named Fafnir, is a 5th magnitude K-type giant star located approximately 315 light years away in the constellation of Draco. As of 2009, an extrasolar planet (designated 42 Draconis b, later named Orbitar) is thought to be orbiting the star. Of spectral type K1.5III, the star has a mass similar to the Sun but with a radius 22 times greater. It is a metal-poor star with metallicity as low as 35% that of the Sun and its age is 9.49 billion years. It is the northern pole star of Venus. 42 Draconis","The actual distance, derived indirectly by comparison with similar stars, is around 2,000 parsecs. Its effective temperature has been calculated at 7,250 K and its size at based on an assumed luminosity of . RY Sagittarii RY Sagittarii is an yellow supergiant and an R Coronae Borealis type variable star in the constellation Sagittarius. Although it ostensibly has the spectrum of a G-type star, it differs markedly from most in that it has almost no hydrogen and a lot of carbon. Colonel Ernest Elliott Markwick first came across what became known as RY Sagittarii during searches for variable stars while","\"Spitzer Space Telescope\" observations in 2005, which showed that the Milky Way's central bar is larger than was previously suspected. Spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies form a class of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work \"The Realm of the Nebulae\" and, as such, form part of the Hubble sequence. Most spiral galaxies consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters. Spiral galaxies are named by their","Crater (constellation) stars—Delta, Alpha and Gamma Crateris—from a triangle nearby the brighter star Nu Hydrae in Hydra. Within the constellation's borders, there are 33 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Delta Crateris is the brightest star in Crater at magnitude 3.6. Located 163 ± 4 light-years away, It is an orange giant star of spectral type K0III that is 1.0–1.4 times as massive as the Sun. An ageing star, it has cooled and expanded to times the Sun's radius. It is radiating as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of . Traditionally","Astronomical rings ring so that it lies at the same angle to the vertical as the local equator. The \"equatorial ring\" occupies a plane parallel to the celestial equator, at right angles to the meridian. It is aligned by Often equipped with a graduated scale, it can be used to measure right ascension. On the traveller's sundial shown above, it is the inner ring. This ring is sometimes engraved with the months on one side and corresponding zodiac signs on the outside; very similar to an astrolabe. Others have been found to be engraved with two twelve-hour time scales. Each twelve-hour scale","Lynx (constellation) complete the quartette of feet.\" Lynx is bordered by Camelopardalis to the north, Auriga to the west, Gemini to the southwest, Cancer to the south, Leo to the east and Ursa Major to the northeast. Covering 545.4 square degrees and 1.322% of the night sky, it ranks 28th of the 88 constellations in size, surpassing better known constellations such as Gemini. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Lyn'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 20 segments (\"illustrated in infobox\").","Norma (constellation) magnitude of 5.4. It lies in the southeastern corner of the constellation between Alpha Centauri and Zeta Arae. Thought to be around 100 million years old, it is about 3300 light-years away and is around 14 light-years in diameter. Its brightest member is the Cepheid variable S Normae. A rich background star field makes it less distinct, though around 36 member stars are visible though a 10 cm telescope at 150x magnification. Located 0.4° north of Kappa Normae is NGC 6067, which has an integrated magnitude of 5.6 though it is indistinct as it lies in a rich star field.","periodic table are influenced by the lanthanide contraction. The radii of the period-6 transition metals are smaller than would be expected if there were no lanthanides, and are in fact very similar to the radii of the period-5 transition metals, since the effect of the additional electron shell is almost entirely offset by the lanthanide contraction. For example, the atomic radius of the metal zirconium, Zr, (a period-5 transition element) is 159 pm and that of hafnium, Hf, (the corresponding period-6 element) is 156 pm. The ionic radius of Zr is 79 pm and that of Hf is 78 pm.","Telescopium Herschelii Telescopium Herschelii (Latin for \"Herschel's telescope\"), also formerly known as Tubus Hershelli Major, is a former constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. Maximilian Hell established it in 1789 to honour Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. It fell out of use by the end of the 19th century. Psi Aurigae at apparent magnitude 4.8 was the constellation's brightest star. It was one of two constellations created by Maximilian Hell in 1789 to honour the famous English astronomer Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. Named \"Tubus Hershelli Major\" by Hell, it was located in the","Rings of Saturn other and were partially disrupted. Recent closeup images from the Cassini probe show that the F Ring consists of one core ring and a spiral strand around it. They also show that when Prometheus encounters the ring at its apoapsis, its gravitational attraction creates kinks and knots in the F Ring as the moon 'steals' material from it, leaving a dark channel in the inner part of the ring (see video link and additional F Ring images in gallery). Since Prometheus orbits Saturn more rapidly than the material in the F ring, each new channel is carved about 3.2 degrees","0.04, or 109% the solar amount. This is particularly odd as such low-mass stars near the boundary between brown dwarfs and hydrogen-fusing stars should be expected to have considerably less metal content than the Sun. Its luminosity (\"L\") is 0.05% of that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 18.8, too dim to be seen with the naked eye. TRAPPIST-1g orbits its host star with an orbital period of about 12.353 days and an orbital radius of about 0.0451 times that of Earth's (compared to the distance of Mercury from the","that make it aptly known as an \"astronomical treasure-house, a great celestial laboratory for the study of the growth and evolution of the stars,\" as described by Robert Burnham Jr. Surveys of the galaxy have found roughly 60 globular clusters, 400 planetary nebulae, and 700 open clusters, along with hundreds of thousands of giant and supergiant stars. Supernova 1987a—the nearest supernova in recent years—was also located in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Lionel-Murphy SNR (N86) nitrogen-abundant supernova remnant was named by astronomers at the Australian National University's Mount Stromlo Observatory, in acknowledgement of Australian High Court Justice Lionel Murphy's interest","1995 SN55 , is a minor planet and likely centaur that orbits in the outer Solar System beyond the orbit of Jupiter. With an estimated diameter of approximately 290 kilometers, it would be one of the largest centaurs. First observed by Spacewatch in 1995, it became a lost minor planet with an insufficiently defined orbit after only 7 weeks of observations, and has not been observed since. was about 39 AU from the Sun when it was first observed in 1995, by astronomer Arianna Gleason of the Spacewatch survey at Kitt Peak Observatory in Arizona, United States. It was only","energy through nuclear fusion and, in evolutionary terms, it is now becoming a compact white dwarf star. The PNN now consists primarily of carbon and oxygen with a thin outer envelope composed of lighter elements. Its mass is about , with a surface temperature of . Currently it is 200 times more luminous than the Sun, but its apparent magnitude is only +15.75. Ring Nebula The Ring Nebula (also catalogued as Messier 57, \"M57\" or \"NGC 6720\") is a planetary nebula in the northern constellation of Lyra. Such objects are formed when a shell of ionized gas is expelled into","1951H reached magnitude 17.5 in September 1951 and SN 1970G reached magnitude 11.5 in January 1970. On February 10, 2015, a luminous red nova, known as M101 OT2015-1 was discovered in the Pinwheel Galaxy. Pinwheel Galaxy The Pinwheel Galaxy (also known as Messier 101, M101 or NGC 5457) is a face-on spiral galaxy distanced 21 million light-years (six megaparsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major. First discovered by Pierre Méchain on March 27, 1781, it was communicated to Charles Messier who verified its position for inclusion in the \"Messier Catalogue\" as one of its final entries. On February","Cartwheel Galaxy The Cartwheel Galaxy (also known as \"ESO 350-40 or PGC 2248\") is a lenticular galaxy and ring galaxy about 500 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor. It is an estimated 150,000 light-years diameter, and has a mass of about solar masses; it rotates at . It was discovered by Fritz Zwicky in 1941. Zwicky considered his discovery to be \"one of the most complicated structures awaiting its explanation on the basis of stellar dynamics.\" An estimation of the galaxy's span resulted in a conclusion of 150,000 light years, which is slightly larger than the Milky Way. The","Hyades (star cluster) separated stars in which later spectral types are common. The core radius is 2.7 parsecs (8.8 light years, a little more than the distance between the Sun and Sirius), while the half-mass radius, within which half the cluster's mass is contained, is 5.7 parsecs (18.6 light years). The tidal radius of 10 parsecs (32.6 light years) represents the Hyades' average outer limit, beyond which a star is unlikely to remain gravitationally bound to the cluster core. Stellar evaporation occurs in the cluster halo as smaller stars are scattered outward by more massive insiders. From the halo they may then be","Lupus (constellation) association with the sun god and another mythical being called the Bison-man, which is supposedly related to the Greek constellation of Centaurus. Lupus is bordered by six different constellations, although one of them (Hydra) merely touches at the corner. The other five are Scorpius (the scorpion), Norma (the right angle), Circinus (the compass), Libra (the balance scale), and Centaurus (the centaur). Covering 333.7 square degrees and 0.809% of the night sky, it ranks 46th of the 88 modern constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is \"Lup\". The official constellation boundaries","Nu Piscium indicating that the atmosphere was previously enriched by accretion of s-process elements from what is now an white dwarf companion. The giant has 1.66 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to about 34 times the Sun's radius. It is about 3.4 billion years old and is radiating 380 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,154 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \"Outer Fence\", refers to an asterism consisting of ν Piscium, δ Piscium, ε Piscium, ζ Piscium, μ Piscium, ξ Piscium and α Piscium. Consequently, ν Piscium itself is known as (,","1844, and, although its orbital elements had been calculated by Arthur Auwers in 1862 as part of his thesis, Procyon B was not visually confirmed until 1896 when John Martin Schaeberle observed it at the predicted position using the 36-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. It is more difficult to observe from Earth than Sirius B, due to a greater apparent magnitude difference and smaller angular separation from its primary. At , Procyon B is considerably less massive than Sirius B; however, the peculiarities of degenerate matter ensure that it is larger than its more famous neighbor, with an estimated radius","Norma (constellation) Règle\" to \"le Niveau\", \"the level\". In any case, the constellation's name had been shortened and Latinised by Lacaille to \"Norma\" by 1763. Norma is bordered by Scorpius to the north, Lupus to the northwest, Circinus to the west, Triangulum Australe to the south and Ara to the east. Covering 165.3 square degrees and 0.401% of the night sky, it ranks 74th of the 88 constellations in size. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Nor'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a","90 Antiope and the eccentricity below 0.006. Every several years, a period of mutual occultations occurs when the asteroid is viewed from Earth. Using Kepler's third law, the mass and density of the components can be derived from the orbital period and component sizes. The axis of the mutual orbit of the two components points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (200°, 38°) with 2 degrees uncertainty. This is tilted about 63° to the circumsolar orbit of the system. Antiope itself has an average diameter of about 88 km, while its twin, S/2000 (90) 1, has an average diameter of 84 km.","Serpentis in \"Serpens Cauda\". The brightest star in Serpens is the red giant star Alpha Serpentis, or Unukalhai, in Serpens Caput, with an apparent magnitude of 2.63. Also located in Serpens Caput are the naked-eye globular cluster Messier 5 and the naked-eye variables R Serpentis and Tau Serpentis. Notable extragalactic objects include Seyfert's Sextet, one of the densest galaxy clusters known; Arp 220, the prototypical ultraluminous infrared galaxy; and Hoag's Object, the most famous of the very rare class of galaxies known as ring galaxies. Part of the Milky Way's galactic plane passes through Serpens Cauda, which is therefore rich","low eccentricity of 0.019. It has a temperature of 584 K. Kepler-89e orbits the star Kepler-89. Kepler-89 has a mass of 1.18 solar masses, and a radius of 1.32 solar radii. It is 3.3 billion years old, younger than the Sun, making its planets about 3,000,000,000 years old (3 Gyr). It has a temperature of 6,210 K, making it appear bright yellowish-white. Kepler-89e Kepler-89e, also known as KOI-94e, is an exoplanet in the constellation of Cygnus. It orbits Kepler-89. It is a type III planet, making it cloudless and blue, making it look like a larger version of Uranus and","have merged with a companion star before the supernova. However, it is now widely understood that blue supergiants are natural progenitors of some supernovae, although there is still speculation that the evolution of such stars could require mass loss involving a binary companion. Approximately two to three hours before the visible light from SN 1987A reached Earth, a burst of neutrinos was observed at three neutrino observatories. This was likely due to neutrino emission, which occurs simultaneously with core collapse, but before visible light was emitted. Visible light is transmitted only after the shock wave reaches the stellar surface. At","Cygnus (constellation) North America Nebula is 2 degrees across. Illuminated by a hot embedded star of magnitude 6, NGC 7000 is 1500 light-years from Earth. To the south of Epsilon Cygni is the Veil Nebula (NGC 6960, 6962, 6979, 6992, and 6995), a 5,000-year-old supernova remnant covering approximately 3 degrees of the sky - it is over 50 light-years long. Because of its appearance, it is also called the Cygnus Loop. The Loop is only visible in long-exposure astrophotographs. However, the brightest portion, NGC 6992, is faintly visible in binoculars, and a dimmer portion, NGC 6960, is visible in wide-angle telescopes. The","10199 Chariklo over a period of at most a few million years, so either they are very young, or they are actively contained by shepherd moons with a mass comparable to that of the rings. However, other research suggests that Chariklo's elongated shape combined with its fast rotation can clear material in a equatorial disk through Lindblad resonances and explain the survival and location of the rings, a mechanism valid also for the ring of Haumea. The team nicknamed the rings Oiapoque (the inner, more substantial ring) and Chuí (the outer ring), after the two rivers that form the northern and southern","of observers on Earth appears roughly square. The 10.4m telescope Gran Telescopio Canarias recently observed the OB-type stars that power the giant HII regions. Sextans A Sextans A (also known as UGCA 205) is a tiny dwarf irregular galaxy. It spans about 5000 light-years across, and is located at 4.3 million light-years away, in the outskirts of the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way galaxy, and to which Sextans A may or may not belong. Sextans A has a peculiar square shape. Massive short-lived stars exploded in supernovae that caused more star formation, triggering yet more supernovae,","stellar cores and the birth of neutron stars. SN 2008D SN 2008D is a supernova detected with NASA's \"Swift\" X-ray telescope. The explosion of the supernova precursor star, in the spiral galaxy NGC 2770 (88 million light years away (27 Mpc), was detected on January 9, 2008, by Carnegie-Princeton fellows Alicia Soderberg and Edo Berger, and Albert Kong and Tom Maccarone independently using Swift. They alerted eight other orbiting and ground-based observatories to record the event. This was the first time that astronomers have ever observed a supernova as it occurred. The supernova was determined to be of Type Ibc.","Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\"illustrated in infobox\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates","Draconis, Rho Draconis, 64 Draconis (see ) and Pi Draconis. Consequently, Sigma Draconis itself is known as (, .) Sigma Draconis is a main sequence dwarf which has long served as a K0 V spectral standard star. Its classification as K0 V defines one of the rare anchor points of the Morgan–Keenan system that have remained unchanged since the original 1943 MKK Atlas. However, modern spectroscopy gives it as designation of G9 V. The radius of Sigma Draconis has been directly measured using interferometry with the CHARA array, which yields a result of 77.6% of the Sun's radius. It has","V838 Monocerotis radius of 1,570 ± 400 solar radii (comparable to Jupiter's orbital radius), confirming the earlier indirect calculations. At the currently accepted distance of 6,100 pc, the measured angular diameter in late 2004 (1.83 mas) corresponded to a radius of 1,200 ± 150 solar radii, but by 2014 it had shrunk to 750 ± 200 solar radii, similar to Betelgeuse. The expansion took only a couple of months, meaning that its speed was abnormal. The laws of thermodynamics dictate that expanding gases cool. Therefore, the star became extremely cool and deep red. In fact, some astronomers argue that the spectrum of","feature of this class of stars is the high mass loss; in the case of S Cassiopeiae it is estimated at per year. S Cassiopeiae has a radius of 930 solar radii; if placed at the center of the Solar System, it would extend past the orbit of Mars and the Asteroid Belt. Its effective temperature is 1,800 K and its bolometric luminosity is 8,000 times that of the sun. S Cassiopeiae is a variable Mira, a pulsating variable star whose visual brightness varies over several magnitudes with a somewhat regular period and amplitude. Its visual magnitude varies between +7.9","Monoceros Ring The Monoceros Ring is a long, complex, ringlike filament of stars that wraps around the Milky Way three times. This is proposed to consist of a stellar stream torn from the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy by tidal forces as part of the process of merging with the Milky Way over a period of billions of years, although this view has long been disputed. The ring contains 100 million solar masses and is 200,000 light years long. The stream of stars was first reported in 2002 by astronomers conducting the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. It was in the course","gas-rich satellite. The spheroid has a boxy shape. The galaxy also has an outer halo. In the centre of the galaxy is predicted to lie a supermassive black hole with mass 10 (129-813 million) . Observed in radio waves, NGC 5322 is a weak source and features two symmetric jets emanating from the galactic core and having a linear length of 1.6 kpc. The two jets are nearly perpendicular to the major axis of the galaxy and the circumnuclear dust disk. NGC 5322 is thought to contain a low-luminosity Active galactic nucleus (AGN), powered by the accretion of gaseous material.","Messier 87 an active supermassive black hole at its core, which forms the primary component of an active galactic nucleus. The galaxy is a strong source of multiwavelength radiation, particularly radio waves. Its galactic envelope extends to a radius of about , where it is truncated—possibly by an encounter with another galaxy. Its interstellar medium consists of diffuse gas enriched by elements emitted from evolved stars. In 1781, the French astronomer Charles Messier published a catalogue of 103 objects that had a nebulous appearance as part of a list intended to identify objects that might otherwise be confused with comets. In subsequent","category of carbon stars that contain large amounts of carbon-13 (carbon atoms with 7 neutrons instead of the usual 6). The 19th century astronomer Angelo Secchi, impressed with its beauty, gave the star its common name. The angular diameter of La Superba has been measured at 13.81 mas. It is expected to be pulsating but this has not been seen in the measurements. At 320pc, this corresponds to a radius of . If it were placed at the position of the Sun, the star's surface would extend beyond the orbit of Mars. La Superba's temperature is believed to be about","SN 1987A the progenitor. These rings were ionized by the ultraviolet flash from the supernova explosion, and consequently began emitting in various emission lines. These rings did not \"turn on\" until several months after the supernova; the turn-on process can be very accurately studied through spectroscopy. The rings are large enough that their angular size can be measured accurately: the inner ring is 0.808 arcseconds in radius. The time light traveled to light up the inner ring gives its radius of 0.66 (ly) light years. Using this as the base of a right angle triangle and the angular size as seen from"],"string":"[\n \"total of five to seven planets. The star has a mass of 0.81 and a radius of 0.778 . It has a temperature of 4699 K and is about 11.0 billion years old, making it one of the oldest stars. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 5. It can be seen with the naked eye. HD 219134 b orbits its host star with about 28% of the Sun's luminosity with an orbital period of 3 days and\",\n \"slightly smaller than Saturn at 0.7538 Jupiter radii, but is more dense. Kepler-16b completes a nearly circular orbit every 228.776 days. Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is\",\n \"with its outer envelope cooling and expanding in the process. Alpha Horologii has an estimated 1.55 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 38 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,028 K. Alpha Horologii Alpha Horologii (α Horologii) is a solitary orange-hued giant star in the constellation Horologium. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +3.85. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 28.36 mas as seen from the Earth, it is located from the Sun. The star is moving away from the Sun with a\",\n \"Zeta Circini Zeta Circini, Latinized from ζ Circini, is the Bayer designation for a star located in the southern constellation of Circinus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 6.08, it is barely visible to the naked eye on a dark night. (According to the Bortle scale, it requires the lighting level of suburban skies or darker to be seen.) The distance to this star, as estimated using an annual parallax shift of 2.56 mas, is around 1,300 light years. This is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B2/3 Vn, where the 'n' suffix indicates broad (\\\"nebulous\\\")\",\n \"object is a very hot gas giant; the estimated surface temperature is roughly 1600 K (1300 °C or 2400 °F), mostly due to gravitational contraction. Its mass is well below the calculated limit for deuterium fusion in brown dwarfs, which is 13 Jupiter masses. The projected distance between 2M1207b and its primary is around 40 AU (similar to the mean distance between Pluto and the Sun). Its infrared spectrum indicates the presence of water molecules in its atmosphere. The object is not a likely candidate to support life, either on its surface or on any satellites. 2M1207b is around 100\",\n \"old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.3. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. K2-33b orbits its host star with an orbital period of 5.424 days at a distance of 0.049 AU (compared to the distance of Mercury from the Sun, which is about 0.38 AU). The planet likely receives about 125 times\",\n \"this example, 10 kg/m, the density of water), its Schwarzschild radius will increase more quickly than its physical radius. When a body of this density has grown to around 136 million solar masses , its physical radius would be overtaken by its Schwarzschild radius, and thus it would form a supermassive black hole. It is thought that supermassive black holes like these do not form immediately from the singular collapse of a cluster of stars. Instead they may begin life as smaller, stellar-sized black holes and grow larger by the accretion of matter, or even of other black holes. The\",\n \"Theta Scorpii Theta Scorpii (θ Scorpii, abbreviated Theta Sco, θ Sco) is a binary star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +1.87, making it readily visible to the naked eye and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It is sufficiently near that the distance can be measured directly using the parallax technique and such measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission yield an estimate of approximately 300 light-years (90 parsecs) from the Sun. The two components are designated Theta Scorpii A (also named Sargas) and B. \\\"θ Scorpii\\\" (Latinised\",\n \"in excess of 5 kilograms. Crystallization of the material of a white dwarf of this type is thought to result in a body-centered cubic lattice of carbon and/or oxygen nuclei, which are surrounded by a Fermi sea of electrons. BPM 37093 BPM 37093 (V886 Centauri) is a variable white dwarf star of the DAV, or ZZ Ceti, type, with a hydrogen atmosphere and an unusually high mass of approximately 1.1 times the Sun's. It is about 50 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Centaurus, and vibrates; these pulsations cause its luminosity to vary. Like other white dwarfs, BPM 37093 is\",\n \"QZ Carinae times the Sun's mass and 8.9 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 32,463 K, it is around 80,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Star B1 is less massive than B2 and is assumed to have undergone significant mass loss or mass transfer to B2. Together, all four stars have a combined mass 94 times that of the Sun. Star B is a Beta Lyrae variable eclipsing system. It causes the apparent magnitude of the system to vary regularly every 5.999 days from +6.16 at maximum to +6.49 at the primary minimum and +6.43 at the secondary minimum.\",\n \"Over 2 nights, 90 minutes of exposures were taken and 82,252 stars were detected down to a visible magnitude of 26. They found that Leo II consists largely of metal-poor older stars, a sign that it has survived the galactic cannibalism under which massive galaxies (e.g., the Milky Way) consume smaller galaxies to attain their extensive size. Observation at ESO estimates Leo II's mass to be (2.7 ± 0.5)×10 M. Leo II (dwarf galaxy) Leo II (or Leo B) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 690,000 light-years away in the constellation Leo. It is one of 24 known satellite galaxies\",\n \"41 Lyncis b 41 Lyncis b (abbreviated 41 Lyn b), also designated HD 81688 b and named Arkas, is an extrasolar planet approximately 249 light years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. A gas giant with a minimum mass 2.7 times that of Jupiter it orbits the K-type star 41 Lyncis with an orbital period of 184 days (corresponding to semi-major axis of 0.81 AU). It was discovered and announced by Sato on February 19, 2008. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The\",\n \"by the \\\"Galileo\\\" orbiter in the 1990s. Its four main parts are a faint thick torus known as the \\\"halo\\\"; a thin, relatively bright main ring; and two wide, faint \\\"gossamer rings\\\". The system consists mostly of dust. Saturn's rings are the most extensive ring system of any planet in the Solar System, and thus have been known to exist for quite some time. Galileo Galilei first observed them in 1610, but they were not accurately described as a disk around Saturn until Christiaan Huygens did so in 1655. With help from the NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini mission, a further understanding of\",\n \"Antennae Galaxies formation of the globulars likely originating from shockwaves, generated by the collision of the galaxies, compressing large, massive molecular clouds. The densest regions of the collapsing and compressing clouds are believed to be the birthplace of the clusters. Five supernovae have been discovered in NGC 4038: SN 1921A, SN 1974E, SN 2004GT, SN 2007sr and SN 2013dk. About 1.2 billion years ago, the Antennae were two separate galaxies. NGC 4038 was a barred spiral galaxy and NGC 4039 was a spiral galaxy. Before the galaxies collided, NGC 4039 was larger than NGC 4038. 900 million years ago, the Antennae began\",\n \"Kepler-86 Kepler-86, PH2 or KIC 12735740 (2MASS 19190326+5157453), is a G-type star distant within the constellation Cygnus. Roughly the size and temperature of the Sun, PH2 gained prominence when it was known to be the host of one of 42 planet candidates detected by the Planet Hunters citizen science project in its second data release. The candidate orbiting around PH2, known as PH2 b, had been determined to have a spurious detection probability of only 0.08%, thus effectively confirming its existence as a planet. Located in its parent star's habitable zone, PH2 b (or Kepler-86b) is a \\\"Jupiter-size\\\" gas giant\",\n \"Saturn Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of Earth. It has only one-eighth the average density of Earth, but with its larger volume Saturn is over 95 times more massive. Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture; its astronomical symbol (♄) represents the god's sickle. Saturn's interior is probably composed of a core of iron–nickel and rock (silicon and oxygen compounds). This core is surrounded by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen, an intermediate\",\n \"but was still listed at NEODyS with odds of 1 in 3 million for 27 November 2015 during the approach window. With an absolute magnitude of 23.6, is about 50–110 meters in diameter. 2007 VE191 It is estimated to be roughly 63 meters in diameter. In 2015 it was known to have a 1 in 63,000 chance of impacting Earth on 27 November 2015. However, the nominal best-fit orbit showed that would be roughly from Earth on 27 November 2015 with an apparent magnitude of roughly +25 in the constellation of Virgo about 50 degrees from the Sun, and the\",\n \"NOvA The NOνA (NuMI Off-Axis ν Appearance) experiment is a particle physics experiment designed to detect neutrinos in Fermilab's NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam. Intended to be the successor to MINOS, NOνA consists of two detectors, one at Fermilab (the \\\"near detector\\\"), and one in northern Minnesota (the \\\"far detector\\\"). Neutrinos from NuMI pass through 810 km of Earth to reach the far detector. NOνA's main goal is to observe the oscillation of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos. The primary physics goals of NOvA are: Neutrino oscillation is parameterized by the PMNS matrix and the mass squared differences\",\n \"Barnard's Loop Barnard's Loop (catalogue designation Sh 2-276) is an emission nebula in the constellation of Orion. It is part of the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex which also contains the dark Horsehead and bright Orion nebulae. The loop takes the form of a large arc centered approximately on the Orion Nebula. The stars within the Orion Nebula are believed to be responsible for ionizing the loop. The loop extends over about 600 arcminutes as seen from Earth, covering much of Orion. It is well seen in long-exposure photographs, although observers under very dark skies may be able to see it\",\n \"hot populations, but may instead have a divot, a sharp decrease in the number of objects below a specific size. This divot is hypothesized to be due to either the collisional evolution of the population, or to be due to the population having formed with no objects below this size, with the smaller objects being fragments of the original objects. As of December 2009, the smallest Kuiper belt object detected is 980 m across. It is too dim (magnitude 35) to be seen by \\\"Hubble\\\" directly, but it was detected by \\\"Hubble\\\"'s star tracking system when it occulted a star.\",\n \"3C 66B 3C 66B is an elliptical Fanaroff and Riley class 1 radio galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda. With an estimated redshift of 0.021258, the galaxy is about 300 million light-years away. The orbital motion of 3C 66B showed supposed evidence for a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) with a period of 1.05 ± 0.03 years, but this claim was later proven wrong (at 95% certainty). Messier 87 (M87), about 55 million light years away, is the largest giant elliptical galaxy near the Earth, and also contains an active galactic nucleus. The smooth jet of 3C 66B rivals that\",\n \"ring (\\\"necklace\\\") around the base, and distinct also in its population of receptors and other integral proteins. The ciliary rootlet is a cytoskeleton-like structure that originates from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium. It extends proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm. According to the Gene Ontology, the following proteins localize to the ciliary rootlet: amyloid precursor protein, rootletin, kinesins (KIF5B, KIF5C, KLC2, KLC3), and presenilins (PSEN1, PSEN2). Though they have been given different names, cilia and flagella have\",\n \"the scattered disk and the detached population. At least nine such bodies have been securely identified, of which the largest, most distant, and best known is Sedna. Those with perihelia greater than 50 AU are termed sednoids. As of 2018, there are three known sednoids, Sedna, , and . Detached objects have perihelia much larger than Neptune's aphelion. They often have highly elliptical, very large orbits with semi-major axes of up to a few hundred astronomical units (AU, the radius of Earth's orbit). Such orbits cannot have been created by gravitational scattering by the giant planets, not even Neptune. Instead,\",\n \"83D/Russell 83D/Russell (previously 83P/Russell) is a periodic lost comet in the Solar System with a previous orbital period of 6.13 years. The comet was discovered on a photographic plate on 16 June 1979 by Kenneth S. Russell at the UK Schmidt Telescope, Australia, who described it as faint and diffuse, with a very low brightness of magnitude 18. Calculations of its orbit suggested a perihelion date of 27 May 1979 and an orbital frequency of 6.13 years. The predicted 1985 apparition was observed by J. Gibson using the 1.5-m reflector at Palomar Observatory, California. He estimated the brightness of the\",\n \"Newton's rings the surfaces. The phenomenon was first described by Robert Hooke in his 1664 book \\\"Micrographia\\\", although its name derives from the physicist Sir Isaac Newton, who was the first to analyze it. The pattern is created by placing a very slightly convex curved glass on an optical flat glass. The two pieces of glass make contact only at the center, at other points there is a slight air gap between the two surfaces, increasing with radial distance from the center. The diagram at right shows a small section of the two pieces, with the gap increasing right to left. Light\",\n \"Valhalla (crater) Located on Jupiter's moon Callisto, Valhalla is the largest multi-ring impact crater in the Solar System. It is named after Valhalla, the hall where warriors are taken after death in Norse mythology . Valhalla consists of a bright central region 360 km across, an inner ridge and trough zone, and striking concentric rings extending up to about 1,900 km from the center. Several large impact craters and catenae are superimposed on Valhalla. The multi-ring system may have formed as semi-liquid or liquid material underlying the brittle lithosphere punctured by the impactor slumped towards the center of the crater\",\n \"orbital period of 33100 years. In a 10 million year integration of the orbit, the nominal (best-fit) orbit and both 3-sigma clones remain outside 12.2 AU (\\\"q\\\") from the Sun. Summary of barycentric orbital parameters are: Archived data from the JPL SBDB and MPC. 2012 DR30 Using an epoch of February 2017, it has the second-largest heliocentric semi-major axis of a minor planet not detected out-gassing like a comet. ( has a larger heliocentric semi-major axis.) does have a barycentric semi-major axis of 1032 AU. For the epoch of July 2018 will have its largest heliocentric semi-major axis of 1644\",\n \"Sagittarius (constellation) Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for the archer, and its symbol is (Unicode U+2650 ♐), a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur pulling back a bow. It lies between Scorpius and Ophiuchus to the west and Capricornus and Microscopium to the east. The center of the Milky Way lies in the westernmost part of Sagittarius (see Sagittarius A). As seen from the northern hemisphere, the constellation's\",\n \"Cassiopeia (constellation) W appears inverted. Alpha Cassiopeiae, traditionally called Schedar (from the Arabic \\\"Al Sadr\\\", \\\"the breast\\\"), is a multiple star. The primary is an orange-hued giant of magnitude 2.2, 228 ± 2 light-years from Earth. With a luminosity of around 771 times that of the Sun, it has swollen and cooled after exhausting its core hydrogen over its 100 to 200 million-year lifespan, spending much of it as a blue-white B-type main-sequence star. The brightest companion is a magnitude 8.9 yellow dwarf widely separated from the primary, while two other companions are closer and magnitudes 13 and 14 respectively. Beta Cassiopeiae,\",\n \"Sagittae is an estimated 129 million years old with 4.33 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to roughly 27 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 392 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,850 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Left Flag\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of β Sagittae, α Sagittae, δ Sagittae, ζ Sagittae, γ Sagittae, 13 Sagittae, 11 Sagittae, 14 Sagittae and ρ Aquilae. Consequently, β Sagittae itself is known as (, .) Beta Sagittae Beta Sagittae, Latinized from β Sagittae, is a single star in the\",\n \"NML Cygni NML Cygni or V1489 Cygni is a red hypergiant (RHG) or red supergiant (RSG) in the constellation Cygnus. It is one of the largest stars currently known, and is also one of the most luminous and massive cool hypergiants, as well as one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way. If placed at the center of the Solar System, its surface would extend past the orbit of Jupiter or Saturn. The distance of NML Cygni from Earth is estimated to be around 1.6 kpc, about 5,300 light-years. It is a part of the Cygnus OB2 association,\",\n \"Vacuum flange large vacuum chambers. ANSI has a flange standard called ASA. These flanges are elastomeric o-ring seal and can be used for both vacuum and pressure applications. Flange sizes are indicated by tube nominal inner diameter or by flange outer diameter (in inches): 1 (4.25 O.D.), 1.5 (5.00 O.D.), 2 (6.00 O.D.), 3 (7.50 O.D.), 4 (9.00 O.D.), 6 (11.00 O.D.), 8 (13.5 O.D.), 10 (16.00 O.D.). To achieve a vacuum seal, a gasket is required. An elastomeric o-ring gasket can be made of Buna rubber, viton fluoropolymer, silicone rubber or teflon. O-rings can be placed in a groove or may\",\n \"Beta Pictoris b star named Beta Pictoris. The star has a mass of 1.75 and a radius of 1.8 . It has a surface temperature of 8056 K and is 12 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.06, or 112% of that found in the Sun. Its luminosity () is 8.7 times that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 3. Therefore, it can be seen with the naked eye.\",\n \"88 modern constellations In contemporary astronomy, a \\\"constellation\\\" is one of 88 regions of the sky generally based on the asterisms (which are also called \\\"constellations\\\") of Greek and Roman mythology. The number 88, along with the contemporary scientific concept of \\\"constellation\\\" as regions of the sky, bordered by arcs of right ascensions and declinations, that together cover the entire celestial sphere, was established in 1922 by the International Astronomical Union. The ancient Sumerians, and later the Greeks (as recorded by Ptolemy), established most of the northern constellations in international use today. The constellations along the ecliptic are called the\",\n \"Vela Supercluster The Vela Supercluster (Vela SCl, VSCL) is a massive galactic supercluster about 265.5 megaparsecs (870 million light-years) away within the vicinity of the Zone of Avoidance, centered on the constellation Vela. It is one of the largest structures found in the universe; covering about 25 × 20 degrees of the sky. It consists of two walls: a broad main wall and a secondary merging wall. The combined dimensions of the walls are 115 km/s Mpc on the major dimensions and 90 km/s Mpc on the minor ones, which corresponds to about 385 million and 300 million light years,\",\n \"WASP-44b orbit is assumed. They used the three newly discovered planets as studies into the creation of a non-eccentric, circular model for a planet's orbit (the most likely solution) or an eccentric, elliptical solution for a planet's orbit (the solution that, according to the discovery team, required less of an assumption). WASP-44 is a sunlike G-type star in the Cetus constellation. WASP-44 has a mass of 0.951 solar masses and a radius of 0.927 solar radii, which means that WASP-44 is 95% the mass of and 92% the size of the Sun. With an effective temperature of 5410 K, WASP-44 is\",\n \"Pinwheel nebula A pinwheel nebula is a \\\"nebulous region\\\" in the shape of a pinwheel. The term 'Pinwheel nebula' is an antiquated misnomer used by observers before Edwin Hubble realized that many of these spiral shaped nebulae were actually 'island universes' or what we now call galaxies. Some Wolf-Rayet stars are surrounded by pinwheel nebulae. These nebulae are formed from the dust that is spewed out of a binary star system. The stellar winds of the two stars collide and form two dust lanes that spiral outward with the rotation of the system. An example of this is WR 104.\",\n \"which was visible from the Earth's surface at the time. During the event (as seen from Earth) Eta Carinae briefly became the second-brightest star in the sky, after Sirius; but the ejected gas and dust have since obscured much of its light. The near-supernova explosion produced two polar lobes, and a large but thin equatorial disk, all moving outward at up to . The Homunculus Nebula is a virtually unique structure, believed to result from the extremely young age. This means that the shape and structure is almost entirely due to the original eruption rather than the interaction with surrounding\",\n \"has a density of 5.32 grams per cubic centimeter. Tin has a density of 7.26 grams per cubic centimeter, and lead has a density of 11.3 grams per cubic centimeter. The atomic radii of the carbon group elements tend to increase with increasing atomic number. Carbon's atomic radius is 77 picometers, silicon's is 118 picometers, germanium's is 123 picometers, tin's is 141 picometers, and lead's is 175 picometers. Carbon has multiple allotropes. The most common is graphite, which is carbon in the form of stacked sheets. Another form of carbon is diamond, but this is relatively rare. Amorphous carbon is\",\n \"Alpha Mensae that is generating energy by fusing hydrogen into helium at its core. It is of similar size but slightly cooler than the Sun, with 110% of the mass, 99% of the radius, and 83% of the Sun's luminosity. The effective temperature of the stellar atmosphere is 5,587 K, and it has a slightly higher (112%) proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium—what Astronomers call the star's metallicity—compared to the Sun. The estimated age of this star is 5.4 billion years, and is rotating at a relatively leisurely projected rotational velocity of 1.7 km/s. Located about 33 light years distant\",\n \"Kepler-62d on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65.\",\n \"within the Vermilion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, \\\"Nán Fāng Zhū Què\\\"). Cancer (constellation) Cancer is one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for crab and it is commonly represented as one. Its astrological symbol is (Unicode ♋). Cancer is a medium-size constellation with an area of 506 square degrees and its stars are rather faint, its brightest star Beta Cancri having an apparent magnitude of 3.5. It contains two stars with known planets, including 55 Cancri, which has five: one super-earth and four gas giants, one of which is in the habitable zone and\",\n \"portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, the InfraRed Astronomical Satellite was used to identify dust orbiting this star. This debris disk is constrained to a diameter of 12.2 AU. By 2001, the \\\"Long Wavelength Spectrometer\\\" at the Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, was used more accurately to constrain the radius of the dust. It was found to lie within a 5.4 AU radius. The temperature of the dust was estimated as about 340 K. Based on heating from the star, this could place the grains as close as 2.5 AU from Zeta Leporis. It is now believed that the dust\",\n \"darkening, is . At the estimated distance of the star, this yields a physical size of about 31.5 times the radius of the Sun. It has 1.67 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 309 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,135 K. The star is about three billion years old. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Upsilon Librae Upsilon Librae (υ Lib, υ Librae) is the Bayer designation for a double star in the zodiac constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.628, it is visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star,\",\n \"Optical telescope 550 nm wavelength, is given by: formula_12 The unit used in the object diameter results in the smallest resolvable features at that unit. In the above example they are approximated in kilometers resulting in the smallest resolvable Moon craters being 3.22 km in diameter. The Hubble Space Telescope has a primary mirror aperture of 2400 mm that provides a surface resolvability of Moon craters being 174.9 meters in diameter, or sunspots of 7365.2 km in diameter. Ignoring blurring of the image by turbulence in the atmosphere (atmospheric seeing) and optical imperfections of the telescope, the angular resolution of an optical\",\n \"Scorpius–Centaurus Association The Scorpius–Centaurus Association (sometimes called Sco–Cen or Sco OB2) is the nearest OB association to the Sun. This stellar association is composed of three subgroups (Upper Scorpius, Upper Centaurus–Lupus, and Lower Centaurus–Crux), whose mean distances range from 380 to 470 light years. Using improved Hipparcos data, Rizzuto and colleagues analysed nearby stars more closely, bringing the number of known members to 436. They doubt the need to add a subclassification because they found a more continuous spread of stars. The Sco–Cen subgroups range in age from 11 million years (Upper Scorpius) to roughly 15 million years (Upper Centaurus–Lupus\",\n \"is not known to host planets. Beta Canum Venaticorum Beta Canum Venaticorum (β Canum Venaticorum, abbreviated Beta CVn, β CVn), also named Chara, is a G-type main-sequence star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. At an apparent visual magnitude of 4.26, it is the second-brightest star in the constellation. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 118.49 mas, this star is distant from the Sun. Along with the brighter star Cor Caroli, the pair form the \\\"southern dog\\\" in this constellation that represents hunting dogs. \\\"β Canum Venaticorum\\\" (Latinised to \\\"Beta Canum Venaticorum\\\") is the star's Bayer designation. The\",\n \"Leo Minor apparent magnitude of 4.4. It has around double the mass, 7.8 times the radius and 36 times the luminosity of the Earth's Sun. Separated by 11 seconds of arc from the primary, the secondary is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F8. The two orbit around a common centre of gravity every 38.62 years, and lie away from the Solar System. Around away and around 10 times as luminous as the Sun, 21 Leonis Minoris is a rapidly rotating white main-sequence star, spinning on its axis in less than 12 hours and very likely flattened in shape. Of\",\n \"9000 Hal 9000 Hal, provisional designation , is a stony background asteroid and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 3 May 1981, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. The likely elongated S-type asteroid has an exceptionally long rotation period of 908 hours. It was named after the homicidal supercomputer HAL 9000, featured in the movie \\\"\\\". \\\"Hal\\\" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.\",\n \"branch, and started helium fusion in its core. τ Sagittarii is the closest constellational star (a star that is part of the traditional outline of a constellation) to the origin of the 1977 Wow! signal. \\\\end{align}</math></ref> Tau Sagittarii Tau Sagittarii (Tau Sgr, τ Sagittarii, τ Sgr) is a star in the southern zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. With an apparent visual magnitude of +3.3, this is one of the brighter members of the constellation. The distance of this star from Earth is roughly , based upon parallax measurements. This is a spectral type K1 giant star with about . The stellar\",\n \"Alpha Circini Alpha Circini (α Cir, α Circini) is a variable star in the faint, southern, circumpolar constellation of Circinus. At an apparent visual magnitude of 3.19, it is the brightest star in the constellation and can be readily seen with the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. Parallax measurements of this star yield an estimated distance of from the Earth. This star belongs to a class of variables known as rapidly oscillating Ap stars. It oscillates with multiple, non-radial pulsation cycles and a dominant cycle of 6.8 minutes. The spectrum shows peculiar features caused by chemical stratification of the\",\n \"Iota Horologii Iota Horologii, Latinized from ι Horologii, is a yellow-hued star approximately 56 light-years away in the Horologium constellation. The star is classified as a G0Vp yellow dwarf (it has previously been classified as G3 and a subgiant [IV]). It has a mass and radius larger than the Sun, and is about 50% more luminous. In 1999, a planet of the star was discovered. Because the planet orbits in a near Earth orbit, Iota Horologii was ranked 69th in the list of candidates for NASA's planned Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. In 2000, a dust disc was announced around the\",\n \"a planetary nebula, but rather as a much larger expanding gas shell, formally classified as a Wolf–Rayet nebula or WR nebula. Its observed expansion velocity is , and is estimated to be some across. The dynamical age of the nebula is estimated at 18,000 years and the total mass of ionised gas at . WR 31a itself, the highly luminous central star of the nebula, is invisible to the naked-eye at magnitude 10.85V. It has a spectral classification of WN11h, indicating a WR star with strong N emission but no N emission, and with hydrogen features visible in the spectrum.\",\n \"RX J0822-4300 RX J0822-4300, often referred to as a \\\"Cosmic Cannonball\\\", is a radio-quiet neutron star currently moving away from the center of the Puppis A supernova remnant at over 3 million miles per hour (5 400 000 km/h; 1500 km/s; ~0.5% the speed of light), making it one of the fastest moving stars ever found. Astronomers used NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to observe the star over a period of five years to determine its speed. At this velocity the star will be ejected from the galaxy millions of years from now. Although the cosmic cannonball is not the only\",\n \"Copernicium Copernicium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112. It is an extremely radioactive element, and can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 29 seconds. Copernicium was first created in 1996 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. It is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. In the periodic table of the elements, copernicium is a d-block transactinide element and a group 12 element. During reactions with gold, it has been shown to be an extremely volatile metal, so\",\n \"Beta Pegasi is a semi-regular variable with a period of 43.3 days and a brightness that varies from magnitude +2.31 to +2.74 (averaging 2.42). It is losing mass at a rate at or below 10 times the Sun's mass per year, which is creating an expanding shell of gas and dust with a radius of about 3,500 times the Sun's radius (16 astronomical units). Beta Pegasi Beta Pegasi (β Pegasi, abbreviated Beta Peg, β Peg), also named Scheat, is a red giant star and the second-brightest star (after Epsilon Pegasi) in the constellation of Pegasus. It forms the upper right\",\n \"wave heats the stellar wind to X-ray-emitting temperatures. It is a rather faint object located about 2 degrees SW of Sadr. For most telescopes it requires a UHC or OIII filter to see. Under favorable circumstances a telescope as small as 8 cm (with filter) can see its nebulosity. Larger telescopes (20 cm or more) reveal the crescent or a Euro sign shape which makes some to call it the \\\"Euro sign nebula\\\". Crescent Nebula The Crescent Nebula (also known as NGC 6888, Caldwell 27, Sharpless 105) is an emission nebula in the constellation Cygnus, about 5000 light-years away from\",\n \"V Centauri V Centauri (V Cen) is a Classical Cepheid variable, a type of variable star, in the constellation Centaurus. Its apparent magnitude is 6.72, and it is approximately 2,500 light-years (800 parsecs) away based on parallax. According to the South African Astronomical Observatory, the chemical composition was derived as being high in sodium (Na) and aluminium (Al) and low in magnesium (Mg). Following a normal composition for a Cepheid star, V Cen does not have any unusual characteristics. V Centauri's composition was observed alongside six other Classical Cepheid variable stars with the support of Russian, Chilean, and Ukrainian observatories.\",\n \"before Hartwig's discovery letter which followed his telegram, since the letter was initially lost by Astronomische Nachrichten and only reprinted in a later issue). The history of the discovery is summarized by K.G. Jones and de Vaucouleurs and Corwin. Both studies doubt that Ward really saw the event since his estimated magnitude is significantly off from the later reconstructed lightcurve and conclude that Hartwig should be considered as the discoverer of the Supernova. SN 1885A reached magnitude 5.85 on 21 August, 1885, and faded to magnitude 14 half a year later. It was reddish in color and declined rapidly in\",\n \"59°, resulting in a true mass of 2.2756 times the mass of Jupiter. Because it is only 2 times more massive than Jupiter, it should be slightly larger than it, with a radius of around 1.2 . The equilibrium temperature of Gliese 876 b, is estimated to be around . This planet, like c and e, has likely migrated inward. The planet orbits a (M-type) star named Gliese 876. The star has a mass of 0.33 and a radius of around 0.36 . It has a surface temperature of 3350 K and is 2.55 billion years old. In comparison, the\",\n \"42 Draconis 42 Draconis (abbreviated 42 Dra), also named Fafnir, is a 5th magnitude K-type giant star located approximately 315 light years away in the constellation of Draco. As of 2009, an extrasolar planet (designated 42 Draconis b, later named Orbitar) is thought to be orbiting the star. Of spectral type K1.5III, the star has a mass similar to the Sun but with a radius 22 times greater. It is a metal-poor star with metallicity as low as 35% that of the Sun and its age is 9.49 billion years. It is the northern pole star of Venus. 42 Draconis\",\n \"The actual distance, derived indirectly by comparison with similar stars, is around 2,000 parsecs. Its effective temperature has been calculated at 7,250 K and its size at based on an assumed luminosity of . RY Sagittarii RY Sagittarii is an yellow supergiant and an R Coronae Borealis type variable star in the constellation Sagittarius. Although it ostensibly has the spectrum of a G-type star, it differs markedly from most in that it has almost no hydrogen and a lot of carbon. Colonel Ernest Elliott Markwick first came across what became known as RY Sagittarii during searches for variable stars while\",\n \"\\\"Spitzer Space Telescope\\\" observations in 2005, which showed that the Milky Way's central bar is larger than was previously suspected. Spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies form a class of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work \\\"The Realm of the Nebulae\\\" and, as such, form part of the Hubble sequence. Most spiral galaxies consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters. Spiral galaxies are named by their\",\n \"Crater (constellation) stars—Delta, Alpha and Gamma Crateris—from a triangle nearby the brighter star Nu Hydrae in Hydra. Within the constellation's borders, there are 33 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Delta Crateris is the brightest star in Crater at magnitude 3.6. Located 163 ± 4 light-years away, It is an orange giant star of spectral type K0III that is 1.0–1.4 times as massive as the Sun. An ageing star, it has cooled and expanded to times the Sun's radius. It is radiating as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of . Traditionally\",\n \"Astronomical rings ring so that it lies at the same angle to the vertical as the local equator. The \\\"equatorial ring\\\" occupies a plane parallel to the celestial equator, at right angles to the meridian. It is aligned by Often equipped with a graduated scale, it can be used to measure right ascension. On the traveller's sundial shown above, it is the inner ring. This ring is sometimes engraved with the months on one side and corresponding zodiac signs on the outside; very similar to an astrolabe. Others have been found to be engraved with two twelve-hour time scales. Each twelve-hour scale\",\n \"Lynx (constellation) complete the quartette of feet.\\\" Lynx is bordered by Camelopardalis to the north, Auriga to the west, Gemini to the southwest, Cancer to the south, Leo to the east and Ursa Major to the northeast. Covering 545.4 square degrees and 1.322% of the night sky, it ranks 28th of the 88 constellations in size, surpassing better known constellations such as Gemini. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Lyn'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 20 segments (\\\"illustrated in infobox\\\").\",\n \"Norma (constellation) magnitude of 5.4. It lies in the southeastern corner of the constellation between Alpha Centauri and Zeta Arae. Thought to be around 100 million years old, it is about 3300 light-years away and is around 14 light-years in diameter. Its brightest member is the Cepheid variable S Normae. A rich background star field makes it less distinct, though around 36 member stars are visible though a 10 cm telescope at 150x magnification. Located 0.4° north of Kappa Normae is NGC 6067, which has an integrated magnitude of 5.6 though it is indistinct as it lies in a rich star field.\",\n \"periodic table are influenced by the lanthanide contraction. The radii of the period-6 transition metals are smaller than would be expected if there were no lanthanides, and are in fact very similar to the radii of the period-5 transition metals, since the effect of the additional electron shell is almost entirely offset by the lanthanide contraction. For example, the atomic radius of the metal zirconium, Zr, (a period-5 transition element) is 159 pm and that of hafnium, Hf, (the corresponding period-6 element) is 156 pm. The ionic radius of Zr is 79 pm and that of Hf is 78 pm.\",\n \"Telescopium Herschelii Telescopium Herschelii (Latin for \\\"Herschel's telescope\\\"), also formerly known as Tubus Hershelli Major, is a former constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. Maximilian Hell established it in 1789 to honour Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. It fell out of use by the end of the 19th century. Psi Aurigae at apparent magnitude 4.8 was the constellation's brightest star. It was one of two constellations created by Maximilian Hell in 1789 to honour the famous English astronomer Sir William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus. Named \\\"Tubus Hershelli Major\\\" by Hell, it was located in the\",\n \"Rings of Saturn other and were partially disrupted. Recent closeup images from the Cassini probe show that the F Ring consists of one core ring and a spiral strand around it. They also show that when Prometheus encounters the ring at its apoapsis, its gravitational attraction creates kinks and knots in the F Ring as the moon 'steals' material from it, leaving a dark channel in the inner part of the ring (see video link and additional F Ring images in gallery). Since Prometheus orbits Saturn more rapidly than the material in the F ring, each new channel is carved about 3.2 degrees\",\n \"0.04, or 109% the solar amount. This is particularly odd as such low-mass stars near the boundary between brown dwarfs and hydrogen-fusing stars should be expected to have considerably less metal content than the Sun. Its luminosity (\\\"L\\\") is 0.05% of that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 18.8, too dim to be seen with the naked eye. TRAPPIST-1g orbits its host star with an orbital period of about 12.353 days and an orbital radius of about 0.0451 times that of Earth's (compared to the distance of Mercury from the\",\n \"that make it aptly known as an \\\"astronomical treasure-house, a great celestial laboratory for the study of the growth and evolution of the stars,\\\" as described by Robert Burnham Jr. Surveys of the galaxy have found roughly 60 globular clusters, 400 planetary nebulae, and 700 open clusters, along with hundreds of thousands of giant and supergiant stars. Supernova 1987a—the nearest supernova in recent years—was also located in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Lionel-Murphy SNR (N86) nitrogen-abundant supernova remnant was named by astronomers at the Australian National University's Mount Stromlo Observatory, in acknowledgement of Australian High Court Justice Lionel Murphy's interest\",\n \"1995 SN55 , is a minor planet and likely centaur that orbits in the outer Solar System beyond the orbit of Jupiter. With an estimated diameter of approximately 290 kilometers, it would be one of the largest centaurs. First observed by Spacewatch in 1995, it became a lost minor planet with an insufficiently defined orbit after only 7 weeks of observations, and has not been observed since. was about 39 AU from the Sun when it was first observed in 1995, by astronomer Arianna Gleason of the Spacewatch survey at Kitt Peak Observatory in Arizona, United States. It was only\",\n \"energy through nuclear fusion and, in evolutionary terms, it is now becoming a compact white dwarf star. The PNN now consists primarily of carbon and oxygen with a thin outer envelope composed of lighter elements. Its mass is about , with a surface temperature of . Currently it is 200 times more luminous than the Sun, but its apparent magnitude is only +15.75. Ring Nebula The Ring Nebula (also catalogued as Messier 57, \\\"M57\\\" or \\\"NGC 6720\\\") is a planetary nebula in the northern constellation of Lyra. Such objects are formed when a shell of ionized gas is expelled into\",\n \"1951H reached magnitude 17.5 in September 1951 and SN 1970G reached magnitude 11.5 in January 1970. On February 10, 2015, a luminous red nova, known as M101 OT2015-1 was discovered in the Pinwheel Galaxy. Pinwheel Galaxy The Pinwheel Galaxy (also known as Messier 101, M101 or NGC 5457) is a face-on spiral galaxy distanced 21 million light-years (six megaparsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major. First discovered by Pierre Méchain on March 27, 1781, it was communicated to Charles Messier who verified its position for inclusion in the \\\"Messier Catalogue\\\" as one of its final entries. On February\",\n \"Cartwheel Galaxy The Cartwheel Galaxy (also known as \\\"ESO 350-40 or PGC 2248\\\") is a lenticular galaxy and ring galaxy about 500 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor. It is an estimated 150,000 light-years diameter, and has a mass of about solar masses; it rotates at . It was discovered by Fritz Zwicky in 1941. Zwicky considered his discovery to be \\\"one of the most complicated structures awaiting its explanation on the basis of stellar dynamics.\\\" An estimation of the galaxy's span resulted in a conclusion of 150,000 light years, which is slightly larger than the Milky Way. The\",\n \"Hyades (star cluster) separated stars in which later spectral types are common. The core radius is 2.7 parsecs (8.8 light years, a little more than the distance between the Sun and Sirius), while the half-mass radius, within which half the cluster's mass is contained, is 5.7 parsecs (18.6 light years). The tidal radius of 10 parsecs (32.6 light years) represents the Hyades' average outer limit, beyond which a star is unlikely to remain gravitationally bound to the cluster core. Stellar evaporation occurs in the cluster halo as smaller stars are scattered outward by more massive insiders. From the halo they may then be\",\n \"Lupus (constellation) association with the sun god and another mythical being called the Bison-man, which is supposedly related to the Greek constellation of Centaurus. Lupus is bordered by six different constellations, although one of them (Hydra) merely touches at the corner. The other five are Scorpius (the scorpion), Norma (the right angle), Circinus (the compass), Libra (the balance scale), and Centaurus (the centaur). Covering 333.7 square degrees and 0.809% of the night sky, it ranks 46th of the 88 modern constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is \\\"Lup\\\". The official constellation boundaries\",\n \"Nu Piscium indicating that the atmosphere was previously enriched by accretion of s-process elements from what is now an white dwarf companion. The giant has 1.66 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to about 34 times the Sun's radius. It is about 3.4 billion years old and is radiating 380 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,154 K. In Chinese, (), meaning \\\"Outer Fence\\\", refers to an asterism consisting of ν Piscium, δ Piscium, ε Piscium, ζ Piscium, μ Piscium, ξ Piscium and α Piscium. Consequently, ν Piscium itself is known as (,\",\n \"1844, and, although its orbital elements had been calculated by Arthur Auwers in 1862 as part of his thesis, Procyon B was not visually confirmed until 1896 when John Martin Schaeberle observed it at the predicted position using the 36-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. It is more difficult to observe from Earth than Sirius B, due to a greater apparent magnitude difference and smaller angular separation from its primary. At , Procyon B is considerably less massive than Sirius B; however, the peculiarities of degenerate matter ensure that it is larger than its more famous neighbor, with an estimated radius\",\n \"Norma (constellation) Règle\\\" to \\\"le Niveau\\\", \\\"the level\\\". In any case, the constellation's name had been shortened and Latinised by Lacaille to \\\"Norma\\\" by 1763. Norma is bordered by Scorpius to the north, Lupus to the northwest, Circinus to the west, Triangulum Australe to the south and Ara to the east. Covering 165.3 square degrees and 0.401% of the night sky, it ranks 74th of the 88 constellations in size. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Nor'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a\",\n \"90 Antiope and the eccentricity below 0.006. Every several years, a period of mutual occultations occurs when the asteroid is viewed from Earth. Using Kepler's third law, the mass and density of the components can be derived from the orbital period and component sizes. The axis of the mutual orbit of the two components points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (200°, 38°) with 2 degrees uncertainty. This is tilted about 63° to the circumsolar orbit of the system. Antiope itself has an average diameter of about 88 km, while its twin, S/2000 (90) 1, has an average diameter of 84 km.\",\n \"Serpentis in \\\"Serpens Cauda\\\". The brightest star in Serpens is the red giant star Alpha Serpentis, or Unukalhai, in Serpens Caput, with an apparent magnitude of 2.63. Also located in Serpens Caput are the naked-eye globular cluster Messier 5 and the naked-eye variables R Serpentis and Tau Serpentis. Notable extragalactic objects include Seyfert's Sextet, one of the densest galaxy clusters known; Arp 220, the prototypical ultraluminous infrared galaxy; and Hoag's Object, the most famous of the very rare class of galaxies known as ring galaxies. Part of the Milky Way's galactic plane passes through Serpens Cauda, which is therefore rich\",\n \"low eccentricity of 0.019. It has a temperature of 584 K. Kepler-89e orbits the star Kepler-89. Kepler-89 has a mass of 1.18 solar masses, and a radius of 1.32 solar radii. It is 3.3 billion years old, younger than the Sun, making its planets about 3,000,000,000 years old (3 Gyr). It has a temperature of 6,210 K, making it appear bright yellowish-white. Kepler-89e Kepler-89e, also known as KOI-94e, is an exoplanet in the constellation of Cygnus. It orbits Kepler-89. It is a type III planet, making it cloudless and blue, making it look like a larger version of Uranus and\",\n \"have merged with a companion star before the supernova. However, it is now widely understood that blue supergiants are natural progenitors of some supernovae, although there is still speculation that the evolution of such stars could require mass loss involving a binary companion. Approximately two to three hours before the visible light from SN 1987A reached Earth, a burst of neutrinos was observed at three neutrino observatories. This was likely due to neutrino emission, which occurs simultaneously with core collapse, but before visible light was emitted. Visible light is transmitted only after the shock wave reaches the stellar surface. At\",\n \"Cygnus (constellation) North America Nebula is 2 degrees across. Illuminated by a hot embedded star of magnitude 6, NGC 7000 is 1500 light-years from Earth. To the south of Epsilon Cygni is the Veil Nebula (NGC 6960, 6962, 6979, 6992, and 6995), a 5,000-year-old supernova remnant covering approximately 3 degrees of the sky - it is over 50 light-years long. Because of its appearance, it is also called the Cygnus Loop. The Loop is only visible in long-exposure astrophotographs. However, the brightest portion, NGC 6992, is faintly visible in binoculars, and a dimmer portion, NGC 6960, is visible in wide-angle telescopes. The\",\n \"10199 Chariklo over a period of at most a few million years, so either they are very young, or they are actively contained by shepherd moons with a mass comparable to that of the rings. However, other research suggests that Chariklo's elongated shape combined with its fast rotation can clear material in a equatorial disk through Lindblad resonances and explain the survival and location of the rings, a mechanism valid also for the ring of Haumea. The team nicknamed the rings Oiapoque (the inner, more substantial ring) and Chuí (the outer ring), after the two rivers that form the northern and southern\",\n \"of observers on Earth appears roughly square. The 10.4m telescope Gran Telescopio Canarias recently observed the OB-type stars that power the giant HII regions. Sextans A Sextans A (also known as UGCA 205) is a tiny dwarf irregular galaxy. It spans about 5000 light-years across, and is located at 4.3 million light-years away, in the outskirts of the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way galaxy, and to which Sextans A may or may not belong. Sextans A has a peculiar square shape. Massive short-lived stars exploded in supernovae that caused more star formation, triggering yet more supernovae,\",\n \"stellar cores and the birth of neutron stars. SN 2008D SN 2008D is a supernova detected with NASA's \\\"Swift\\\" X-ray telescope. The explosion of the supernova precursor star, in the spiral galaxy NGC 2770 (88 million light years away (27 Mpc), was detected on January 9, 2008, by Carnegie-Princeton fellows Alicia Soderberg and Edo Berger, and Albert Kong and Tom Maccarone independently using Swift. They alerted eight other orbiting and ground-based observatories to record the event. This was the first time that astronomers have ever observed a supernova as it occurred. The supernova was determined to be of Type Ibc.\",\n \"Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \\\"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\\\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\\\"illustrated in infobox\\\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates\",\n \"Draconis, Rho Draconis, 64 Draconis (see ) and Pi Draconis. Consequently, Sigma Draconis itself is known as (, .) Sigma Draconis is a main sequence dwarf which has long served as a K0 V spectral standard star. Its classification as K0 V defines one of the rare anchor points of the Morgan–Keenan system that have remained unchanged since the original 1943 MKK Atlas. However, modern spectroscopy gives it as designation of G9 V. The radius of Sigma Draconis has been directly measured using interferometry with the CHARA array, which yields a result of 77.6% of the Sun's radius. It has\",\n \"V838 Monocerotis radius of 1,570 ± 400 solar radii (comparable to Jupiter's orbital radius), confirming the earlier indirect calculations. At the currently accepted distance of 6,100 pc, the measured angular diameter in late 2004 (1.83 mas) corresponded to a radius of 1,200 ± 150 solar radii, but by 2014 it had shrunk to 750 ± 200 solar radii, similar to Betelgeuse. The expansion took only a couple of months, meaning that its speed was abnormal. The laws of thermodynamics dictate that expanding gases cool. Therefore, the star became extremely cool and deep red. In fact, some astronomers argue that the spectrum of\",\n \"feature of this class of stars is the high mass loss; in the case of S Cassiopeiae it is estimated at per year. S Cassiopeiae has a radius of 930 solar radii; if placed at the center of the Solar System, it would extend past the orbit of Mars and the Asteroid Belt. Its effective temperature is 1,800 K and its bolometric luminosity is 8,000 times that of the sun. S Cassiopeiae is a variable Mira, a pulsating variable star whose visual brightness varies over several magnitudes with a somewhat regular period and amplitude. Its visual magnitude varies between +7.9\",\n \"Monoceros Ring The Monoceros Ring is a long, complex, ringlike filament of stars that wraps around the Milky Way three times. This is proposed to consist of a stellar stream torn from the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy by tidal forces as part of the process of merging with the Milky Way over a period of billions of years, although this view has long been disputed. The ring contains 100 million solar masses and is 200,000 light years long. The stream of stars was first reported in 2002 by astronomers conducting the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. It was in the course\",\n \"gas-rich satellite. The spheroid has a boxy shape. The galaxy also has an outer halo. In the centre of the galaxy is predicted to lie a supermassive black hole with mass 10 (129-813 million) . Observed in radio waves, NGC 5322 is a weak source and features two symmetric jets emanating from the galactic core and having a linear length of 1.6 kpc. The two jets are nearly perpendicular to the major axis of the galaxy and the circumnuclear dust disk. NGC 5322 is thought to contain a low-luminosity Active galactic nucleus (AGN), powered by the accretion of gaseous material.\",\n \"Messier 87 an active supermassive black hole at its core, which forms the primary component of an active galactic nucleus. The galaxy is a strong source of multiwavelength radiation, particularly radio waves. Its galactic envelope extends to a radius of about , where it is truncated—possibly by an encounter with another galaxy. Its interstellar medium consists of diffuse gas enriched by elements emitted from evolved stars. In 1781, the French astronomer Charles Messier published a catalogue of 103 objects that had a nebulous appearance as part of a list intended to identify objects that might otherwise be confused with comets. In subsequent\",\n \"category of carbon stars that contain large amounts of carbon-13 (carbon atoms with 7 neutrons instead of the usual 6). The 19th century astronomer Angelo Secchi, impressed with its beauty, gave the star its common name. The angular diameter of La Superba has been measured at 13.81 mas. It is expected to be pulsating but this has not been seen in the measurements. At 320pc, this corresponds to a radius of . If it were placed at the position of the Sun, the star's surface would extend beyond the orbit of Mars. La Superba's temperature is believed to be about\",\n \"SN 1987A the progenitor. These rings were ionized by the ultraviolet flash from the supernova explosion, and consequently began emitting in various emission lines. These rings did not \\\"turn on\\\" until several months after the supernova; the turn-on process can be very accurately studied through spectroscopy. The rings are large enough that their angular size can be measured accurately: the inner ring is 0.808 arcseconds in radius. The time light traveled to light up the inner ring gives its radius of 0.66 (ly) light years. Using this as the base of a right angle triangle and the angular size as seen from\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}},{"rowIdx":299,"cells":{"query":{"kind":"string","value":"how should the content of kepler's astronomy nova be taken"},"positive":{"kind":"list like","value":["Astronomia nova the planets. The second step consists of Kepler placing the sun as the center and mover of the other planets. This step also contains Kepler’s reply to objections against placing the sun at the center of the universe, including objections based on scripture. In reply to scripture, he argues that it is not meant to claim physical dogma, and the content should be taken spiritually. In the third step, he posits that the sun is the source of the motion of all planets, using Brahe’s proof based on comets that planets do not rotate on orbs. The fourth step consists"],"string":"[\n \"Astronomia nova the planets. The second step consists of Kepler placing the sun as the center and mover of the other planets. This step also contains Kepler’s reply to objections against placing the sun at the center of the universe, including objections based on scripture. In reply to scripture, he argues that it is not meant to claim physical dogma, and the content should be taken spiritually. In the third step, he posits that the sun is the source of the motion of all planets, using Brahe’s proof based on comets that planets do not rotate on orbs. The fourth step consists\"\n]","isConversational":false},"negative":{"kind":"list like","value":["and telescope pioneer Zacharias Janssen. In February 2016, it was announced that NASA \"Hubble Space Telescope\" had detected hydrogen and helium (and suggestions of hydrogen cyanide), but no water vapor, in the atmosphere of 55 Cancri e, the first time the atmosphere of a super-Earth exoplanet was analyzed successfully. Like the majority of extrasolar planets found prior to the Kepler mission, 55 Cancri e was discovered by detecting variations in its star's radial velocity. This was achieved by making sensitive measurements of the Doppler shift of the spectrum of 55 Cancri A. At the time of its discovery, three other","Timeline of astronomy supernova (SN 1572 - thought, at the time, to be a comet) is observed by Tycho Brahe, who proves that it is traveling beyond Earth's atmosphere and therefore provides the first evidence that the heavens can change. Dutch eyeglass maker Hans Lippershey tries to patent a refracting telescope (the first historical record of one). The invention spreads rapidly across Europe, as scientists make their own instruments. Their discoveries begin a revolution in astronomy. Johannes Kepler publishes his \"New Astronomy\". In this and later works, he announces his three laws of planetary motion, replacing the circular orbits of Plato with elliptical","observing practices and timing of these observations worldwide. Stations either report hourly in METAR reports, or every six hours in SYNOP reports. These observations are irregularly spaced, so they are processed by data assimilation and objective analysis methods, which perform quality control and obtain values at locations usable by the model's mathematical algorithms. Some global models use finite differences, in which the world is represented as discrete points on a regularly spaced grid of latitude and longitude; other models use spectral methods that solve for a range of wavelengths. The data are then used in the model as the starting","Roman Breviary reading. The lessons are read at Matins (which is subdivided into three nocturns). The little chapters are very short lessons read at the other \"hours.\" The versicles are short responsories used after the little chapters in the minor hours. They appear after the hymns in Lauds and Vespers. The collects come at the close of the office and are short prayers summing up the supplications of the congregation. They arise out of a primitive practice on the part of the bishop (local president), examples of which are found in the Didachē (Teaching of the Apostles) and in the letters of","Kepler-61b Kepler-61b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \"KOI-1361.01\") is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within parts of the habitable zone of the K-type main-sequence star Kepler-61. It is located about 1,100 light-years (338 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered in 2013 using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured, by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-61b is a super-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than that of the ice giants Neptune and","Transit of Venus, 1639 Lansberg's tables, and he became one of the first converts to Kepler’s new astronomy. By 1637, he had convinced Horrocks of the superiority of the Keplerian system, and, using their own planetary observations, both men made many corrections to Kepler's tables, which Crabtree converted to decimal form. On 29 September 1638, Horrocks wrote to Crabtree about a likely forthcoming transit of Mercury on 21 October 1638 (Old Style) which Kepler had not predicted. He explained that he intended to construct what would later be called a helioscope by attaching his telescope to an \"oblong stick, carrying a plane surface at","Horoscopic astrology Horoscopic astrology is a form of astrology that uses a horoscope, a visual representation of the heavens, for a specific moment in time in order to interpret the inherent meaning underlying the alignment of the planets at that moment. The idea is that the placement of the planets at any given moment in time reflects the nature of that moment and especially anything that is born then, and this can be analyzed using the chart and a variety of rules for interpreting the \"language\" or symbols therein. One of the defining characteristics of this form of astrology that","eyepieces due to Earth's rotation. The observation techniques are topics of positional astronomy and of astrogeodesy. Ideally, the Cartesian coordinate system (\"α\", \"δ\") refers to an inertial frame of reference. The third coordinate is the star's distance, which is normally used as an attribute of the individual star. The following factors change star positions over time: The first and second effects are considered by so-called mean places of stars, contrary to their apparent places as seen from the moving Earth. Usually the mean places refer to a special epoch, e.g. 1950.0 or 2000.0. The third effect has to be handled","Vestibular exam questions, including subjects such as Portuguese Language, Portuguese Literature and Brazilian Literature; Math, History, Geography, Biology, Physics, Chemistry and Foreign Language. The answers are marked on an answer card, and they are graded afterwards by an automated optical reader. Some institutions establish a cutoff score for the first stage. Students who score below that are automatically eliminated and do not proceed to the second stage, even if the maximum number of candidates has not been reached, although some schools make exceptions in the rare case of most candidates scoring below the cutoff. In some universities, the Vestibular may include only","Lupus (constellation) association with the sun god and another mythical being called the Bison-man, which is supposedly related to the Greek constellation of Centaurus. Lupus is bordered by six different constellations, although one of them (Hydra) merely touches at the corner. The other five are Scorpius (the scorpion), Norma (the right angle), Circinus (the compass), Libra (the balance scale), and Centaurus (the centaur). Covering 333.7 square degrees and 0.809% of the night sky, it ranks 46th of the 88 modern constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is \"Lup\". The official constellation boundaries","Zodiac The zodiac is an area of the sky that extends approximately 8° north or south (as measured in celestial latitude) of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year. The paths of the Moon and visible planets are also within the belt of the zodiac. In Western astrology, and formerly astronomy, the zodiac is divided into twelve signs, each occupying 30° of celestial longitude and roughly corresponding to the constellations Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. The twelve astrological signs form a","case of Mars, the period is 2.135 years, (780 days). In more complex cases, including the use of gravitational slingshots, launch windows are irregular. Sometimes rare opportunities arise, such as when \"Voyager 2\" took advantage of a 175-year planetary alignment (launch window) to visit Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. When such an opportunity is missed, another target may be selected. For example, the ESA's \"Rosetta\" mission was originally intended for comet 46P/Wirtanen, but a launcher problem delayed it and a new target had to be selected (comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko). Launch periods are often calculated from porkchop plots, which show the delta-v","star. Taken over a period of time, the apparent relative orbit of the visual binary system will appear on the celestial sphere. The study of visual binaries reveal useful stellar characteristics: Masses, densities, surface temperatures, luminosity, and rotation rates. In order to work out the masses of the components of a visual binary system, the distance to the system must first be determined, since from this astronomers can estimate the period of revolution and the separation between the two stars. The trigonometric parallax provides a direct method of calculating a star's mass. This will not apply to the visual binary","The Nova episode was written and produced by Bebe Nixon and narrated by Anita Sangiolo, airing on February 15, 1983. It later re-aired on December 15, 1983 as a part of a special presentation out of NOVA's original timeslot. A sequel called \"\"Life's Greatest Miracle\"\" aired on November 20, 2001 on PBS using microimagery taken by Lennart Nilsson with narration by John Lithgow. The episode won the following awards: The Miracle of Life \"The Miracle of Life\" was an episode produced by \"Nova\" about the human reproductive process. The episode won multiple awards including a Peabody and an Emmy. Photographed","due to annual parallax. The declinations of Solar System objects change very rapidly compared to those of stars, due to orbital motion and close proximity. As seen from locations in the Earth's Northern Hemisphere, celestial objects with declinations greater than 90° − (where = observer's latitude) appear to circle daily around the celestial pole without dipping below the horizon, and are therefore called circumpolar stars. This similarly occurs in the Southern Hemisphere for objects with declinations less (i.e. more negative) than −90° − (where is always a negative number for southern latitudes). An extreme example is the pole star which","examine the nebula showing it, like other nebulae he had examined, was made up of \"luminous gas\". On September 30, 1880 Henry Draper used the new dry plate photographic process with an 11-inch (28 cm) refracting telescope to make a 51-minute exposure of the Orion Nebula, the first instance of astrophotography of a nebula in history. Another set of photographs of the nebula in 1883 saw breakthrough in astronomical photography when amateur astronomer Andrew Ainslie Common used the dry plate process to record several images in exposures up to 60 minutes with a 36-inch (91 cm) reflecting telescope that he","Poles of astronomical bodies pole. This definition means that an object's direction of rotation may be negative (retrograde rotation) — in other words, it rotates clockwise when viewed from above its north pole, rather than the \"normal\" counterclockwise direction exhibited by Earth's north pole. Venus rotates in the opposite direction to the other planets, and Uranus has been knocked on its side and rotates almost perpendicular to the rest of the Solar System. The ecliptic remains within 3° of the invariable plane over five million years, but is now inclined about 23.44° to Earth's celestial equator used for the coordinates of poles. This large","of the stars and planets. In doing so, Copernicus moved heliocentrism from philosophical speculation to predictive geometrical astronomy. In reality, Copernicus's system did not predict the planets' positions any better than the Ptolemaic system. This theory resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent, rather than real: it was a parallax effect, as an object that one is passing seems to move backwards against the horizon. This issue was also resolved in the geocentric Tychonic system; the latter, however, while eliminating the major epicycles, retained as a physical reality the irregular","Edward Wright (mathematician) for nautical purposes as it represented lines of constant true bearing or true course, known as loxodromes or rhumb lines, as straight lines. However, Mercator had not explained his method. On a globe, circles of latitude (also known as parallels) get smaller as they move away from the Equator towards the North or South Pole. Thus, in the Mercator projection, when a globe is \"unwrapped\" on to a rectangular map, the parallels need to be stretched to the length of the Equator. In addition, parallels are further apart as they approach the poles. Wright compiled a table with three columns.","Prior Analytics if A is predicated of every B and B of every C, it is necessary for A to be predicated of every C.\" Taking a = is predicated of all = is predicated of every, and using the symbolical method used in the Middle Ages, then the first figure is simplified to: If AaB and BaC then AaC. Or what amounts to the same thing: AaB, BaC; therefore AaC When the four syllogistic propositions, a, e, i, o are placed in the first figure, Aristotle comes up with the following valid forms of deduction for the first figure: AaB, BaC;","Astrological aspect (Hindu Astrology) 7th. In actual practice, astrologers seem to ignore partial aspects. The full aspect of a planet on another planet with that aspect returned in full by the aspected planet is by itself deemed by the ancient texts to be a major kind of \"Sambadha\" or planetatry association. The five major associations are 1) by mutual exchange of sign, e.g. the Sun in Aries and Mars in Leo, 2) by mutual aspect of planets, e.g. Saturn in Aries and Mars in Capricorn, 3) by occupying a particular sign other than its own, e,g. Jupiter in taurus sign owned by Venus, 4)","Nova (rocket) the mission started, it became clear that the systems would be much heavier than initially suspected; the existing Nova designs were too small, and the original Saturn design would need up to fifteen launches to put all the parts and fuel into orbit. A redesign of both plans followed. Nova was still targeting the direct ascent approach, which required the most lift capacity. The most powerful of the resulting \"normal\" designs, the 8L, included eight F-1's in the lower stage and placed 68 tons in a translunar trajectory. Other designs in the series replaced the F-1s with large solids, while","has a slightly warmer temperature of 5778 K. Kepler-6 has a metallicity of [Fe/H] = +0.34, making it 2.2 times more metallic than the Sun. On average, metal-rich stars tend to be more likely to have planets and planetary systems. The star, as seen from Earth, has an apparent magnitude of 13.8. It is not visible with the naked eye. In comparison, Pluto's apparent magnitude at its brightest is slightly brighter, at 13.65. Kepler-6 has one confirmed extrasolar planet; it is a gas giant named Kepler-6b. The planet is approximately .669 M, or some two-thirds the mass of planet Jupiter.","Retrograde and prograde motion collides with or steals material from a cloud this can result in retrograde motion of a disk and the resulting planets. A celestial object's inclination indicates whether the object's \"orbit\" is prograde or retrograde. The inclination of a celestial object is the angle between its orbital plane and another reference frame such as the equatorial plane of the object's primary. In the Solar System, inclination of the planets is measured from the ecliptic plane, which is the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun. The inclination of moons is measured from the equator of the planet they orbit. An object","of the Dialogue. Letters on Sunspots \" Letters on Sunspots \" (\"Istoria e Dimostrazioni intorno alle Macchie Solari\") was a pamphlet written by Galileo Galilei in 1612 and published in Rome by the Accademia dei Lincei in 1613. \"The Letters on Sunspots\", was a continuation of \"Sidereus Nunicus,\" Galileo's first work where he publicly declared that he believed that the Copernican system was correct. This was the first work where Galileo used a ship, which would later become famous in \"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems\" (\"Dialogo sopra i due Massimi Sistemi del Mondo\")\".\" Galileo often mentions how does","impulse. For a rapidly rotating planet such as the Earth, calculation of trajectories passing close to it, less than a dozen radii, should include the oblateness of the planet—its gravitational field is not spherically symmetric. For even closer trajectories, gravity anomalies may be important. For a large asteroid (or comet) passing close to the Roche limit, its size, which is inferred from its magnitude, affects not only the Roche limit but also the trajectory because the center of gravitational force on the body deviates from its center of mass resulting in a higher-order tidal force shifting the keyhole. Gravitational keyhole","Astrology and astronomy Astrology and astronomy were archaically treated together (), and were only gradually separated in Western 17th century philosophy (the \"Age of Reason\") with the rejection of astrology. During the later part of the medieval period, astronomy was treated as the foundation upon which astrology could operate. Since the 18th century they have come to be regarded as completely separate disciplines. Astronomy, the study of objects and phenomena originating beyond the Earth's atmosphere, is a science and is a widely studied academic discipline. Astrology, which uses the apparent positions of celestial objects as the basis for the prediction","subject to the Doppler effect, so the frequency of the light decreases for objects that were receding (redshift) and increases for objects that were approaching (blueshift). The radial velocity of a star or other luminous distant objects can be measured accurately by taking a high-resolution spectrum and comparing the measured wavelengths of known spectral lines to wavelengths from laboratory measurements. A positive radial velocity indicates the distance between the objects is or was increasing; a negative radial velocity indicates the distance between the source and observer is or was decreasing. In many binary stars, the orbital motion usually causes radial","the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates are between −60.26° and −70.51°. Triangulum Australe culminates each year at 9 p.m. on 23 August. In defining the constellation, Lacaille gave twelve stars Bayer designations of Alpha through to Lambda, with two close stars called Eta (one now known by its Henry Draper catalogue number), while Lambda was later dropped due to its dimness. The three brightest stars, Alpha, Beta and Gamma, make up the triangle. Readily identified by its orange hue, Alpha Trianguli Australis is a bright giant star of spectral type K2","34. According to the description in Aristotle's \"Metaphysics\" (XII.8), he added two spheres for the Sun, two for the Moon, and one each for Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Callippus made careful measurements of the lengths of the seasons, finding them (starting with the spring equinox) to be 94 days, 92 days, 89 days, and 90 days. This variation in the seasons implies a variation in the speed of the Sun, called the solar anomaly. He also followed up on the work done by Meton of Athens to measure the length of the year and construct an accurate lunisolar calendar. The","Astronomy on Mars those of Earth — after all, the two ecliptic planes only have a mutual inclination of 1.85° — but on Mars, the Sun spends 6 days in the constellation Cetus, leaving and re-entering Pisces as it does so, making a total of 14 zodiacal constellations. The equinoxes and solstices are different as well: for the northern hemisphere, vernal equinox is in Ophiuchus (compared to Pisces on Earth), summer solstice is at the border of Aquarius and Pisces, autumnal equinox is in Taurus, and winter solstice is in Virgo. As on Earth, precession will cause the solstices and equinoxes to cycle","Alfonsine tables planetarum\" (\"New Theory of the Planets\"). Nicolaus Copernicus used the second edition in his work. One use of these and similar astronomical tables was to calculate ephemerides, which were in turn used by astrologers to cast horoscopes. The methods of Claudius Ptolemy were used to compute the table, dividing the year into 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, 16 seconds—very close to the currently accepted figure. Copernicus's observation that his system could explain the planetary motions with no more than 34 circles has been taken to imply that a large number of additional epicycles had been subsequently introduced into the","K2-239 K2-239 (also designated EPIC 248545986) is a small red dwarf star in the constellation Sextans about 49 parsecs (160 light-years) away from Earth. Observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during Campaign 14 of its K2 \"Second Light\" mission, it was found to have three hot, likely rocky Earth-sized planets in orbit around it. K2-239 is a small red dwarf star of spectral class M3V. It is 40% the mass and 36% the radius of the Sun with just 0.016 times the luminosity. It has a temperature of 3420 K and its age is unknown. For comparison, the Sun has","low eccentricity of 0.019. It has a temperature of 584 K. Kepler-89e orbits the star Kepler-89. Kepler-89 has a mass of 1.18 solar masses, and a radius of 1.32 solar radii. It is 3.3 billion years old, younger than the Sun, making its planets about 3,000,000,000 years old (3 Gyr). It has a temperature of 6,210 K, making it appear bright yellowish-white. Kepler-89e Kepler-89e, also known as KOI-94e, is an exoplanet in the constellation of Cygnus. It orbits Kepler-89. It is a type III planet, making it cloudless and blue, making it look like a larger version of Uranus and","Ephemeris typically J2000.0, B1950.0, or J1900. Star maps almost always use one of the standard equinoxes. Scientific ephemerides often contain further useful data about the moon, planet, asteroid, or comet beyond the pure coordinates in the sky, such as elongation to the sun, brightness, distance, velocity, apparent diameter in the sky, phase angle, times of rise, transit, and set, etc. Ephemerides of the planet Saturn also sometimes contain the apparent inclination of its ring. Celestial navigation serves as a backup to the Global Positioning System. Software is widely available to assist with this form of navigation; some of this software has","astronomers can see everything from methane to water vapor on other planets by photometry. It is the only planet orbiting around EPIC 211945201, a G class star, situated in the constellation of Cancer in 596 light-years from the Sun. Its host star is aged 4 billion years. EPIC 211945201 b orbits its star in about 19 terrestrial days. It orbits closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and may be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.14) and should be very different from our planet. EPIC","Faint young Sun paradox The faint young Sun paradox or faint young Sun problem describes the apparent contradiction between observations of liquid water early in Earth's history and the astrophysical expectation that the Sun's output would be only 70 percent as intense during that epoch as it is during the modern epoch. The issue was raised by astronomers Carl Sagan and George Mullen in 1972. Explanations of this paradox have taken into account greenhouse effects, astrophysical influences, or a combination of the two. The unresolved question is how a climate suitable for life was maintained on Earth over the long","that were common to this stellar category. These were later identified as lines from the Hydrogen Balmer series. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. The distance to Vega can be determined by measuring its parallax shift against the background stars as the Earth orbits the Sun. The first person to publish a star's parallax was Friedrich G. W. von Struve, when he announced a value of 0.125 arcseconds (0.125″) for Vega. Friedrich Bessel was skeptical about Struve's data, and, when Bessel published a parallax","close to the star's equator. Its parent star is a G-type star, a bit cooler than the Sun but more active. It is located about 800 light-years from Earth. It takes 125 minutes to transit its star. As of August 2008, the COROT-2b spin-orbit angle (that is, the angle between the equator of the star and the plane of the planet orbit) was calculated by Bouchy \"et al.\" by means of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect with a value of +7.2 ± 4.5 degrees. COROT-2 COROT-2 is a yellow dwarf main sequence star a little cooler than the Sun. This star is","Nicolaus Copernicus occasion, in Kraków, that Copernicus submitted for printing at Jan Haller's press his translation, from Greek to Latin, of a collection, by the 7th-century Byzantine historian Theophylact Simocatta, of 85 brief poems called Epistles, or letters, supposed to have passed between various characters in a Greek story. They are of three kinds—\"moral,\" offering advice on how people should live; \"pastoral\", giving little pictures of shepherd life; and \"amorous\", comprising love poems. They are arranged to follow one another in a regular rotation of subjects. Copernicus had translated the Greek verses into Latin prose, and he now published his version as","Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Latin for \"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy\"), often referred to as simply the Principia , is a work in three books by Isaac Newton, in Latin, first published 5 July 1687. After annotating and correcting his personal copy of the first edition, Newton published two further editions, in 1713 and 1726. The \"Principia\" states Newton's laws of motion, forming the foundation of classical mechanics; Newton's law of universal gravitation; and a derivation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion (which Kepler first obtained empirically). The \"Principia\" is considered one of the most important","Kepler-8 Kepler-8 is a star located in the constellation Lyra in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA-led operation tasked with discovering terrestrial planets. The star, which is slightly hotter, larger, and more massive than the Sun, has one gas giant in its orbit, Kepler-8b. This gas giant is larger than Jupiter, but is less massive, and thus more diffuse. The planet's discovery was announced to the public on January 4, 2010 along with four other planets. As the fifth confirmed planetary system verified by Kepler, it helped demonstrate the capabilities of the Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-8 was","correct quadrant can be determined if calculator or programming software has the atan2(y,x) math function and then using the last rule. For latitudes north of the Arctic Circle (or south of the Antarctic Circle), the Ascendant function has two discontinuity points, occurring at instants where the horizon and the ecliptic planes do not intersect. Between those instants the Ascendant's longitude actually decreases. Because the Earth's axis (see axial tilt) is tilted relative to the ecliptic, the twelve signs do not take the same amount of time to cross the eastern horizon. At the equator, there is very little difference (Pisces,","Thema Mundi signs that correspond to the brightest and warmest times of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, Cancer and Leo. The other planets are assigned to signs by halving the zodiac between Cancer and Leo and assigning each planet to one sign on the solar half and each on the lunar half. Mercury is assigned to the two signs next to the luminaries, Gemini and Virgo, because it never travels more than one sign away from the Sun. Venus is assigned to the next two signs, Taurus and Libra, because it never gets more than two signs away. Jupiter and Mars","lines as the great circles of that sphere, a spherical geometry has the following properties: As there are two arcs (\"line segments\") determined by a pair of points, which are not antipodal, on the line they determine, three non-collinear points do not determine a unique triangle. However, if we only consider triangles whose sides are minor arcs of great circles, we have the following properties: Spherical geometry obeys two of Euclid's postulates: the second postulate (\"to produce [extend] a finite straight line continuously in a straight line\") and the fourth postulate (\"that all right angles are equal to one another\").","Gaussian gravitational constant the application of Kepler's third law to the system of Earth+Moon and the Sun considered as a two body problem, relating the period of revolution () to the major semi-axis of the orbit () and the total mass of the orbiting bodies (). Its numerical value was obtained by setting the major semi-axis and the mass of the Sun to unity and measuring the period in mean solar days: The value represents the mean angular motion of the Earth-Sun system, in radians per day, equivalent to a value just below one degree (the division of the circle into 360 degrees","Deferent and epicycle shape of the orbits. Another complication was caused by a problem that Copernicus never solved: correctly accounting for the motion of the Earth in the coordinate transformation. In keeping with past practice, Copernicus used the deferent/epicycle model in his theory but his epicycles were small and were called \"epicyclets\". In the Ptolemaic system the models for each of the planets were different and so it was with Copernicus' initial models. As he worked through the mathematics, however, Copernicus discovered that his models could be combined in a unified system. Furthermore, if they were scaled so that the Earth's orbit was","Almagest and late medieval European astronomers. Ptolemy inherited from his Greek predecessors a geometrical toolbox and a partial set of models for predicting where the planets would appear in the sky. Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 – c. 190 BC) had introduced the deferent and epicycle and the eccentric deferent to astronomy. Hipparchus (2nd century BC) had crafted mathematical models of the motion of the Sun and Moon. Hipparchus had some knowledge of Mesopotamian astronomy, and he felt that Greek models should match those of the Babylonians in accuracy. He was unable to create accurate models for the remaining five planets.","initially accepted. Rebuttals are used as a preemptive method against any counter-arguments. These acknowledge the limits of the claim, considering certain conditions where it would not hold true. Usually following is a counter-argument or presentation of new evidence to further support the original claim. Qualifiers are words that quantify the argument. They include words such as 'most', 'usually', 'always', 'never', 'absolutely' or 'sometimes'. These can either strongly assert arguments or make them vague and uncertain. Toulmin method The Toulmin method is an informal method of reasoning. Created by the British philosopher Stephen Toulmin, it involves the grounds (data), claim, and","the planet that they want to locate the antiscia for and subtract it from 30 degrees. For example, if a person's sun is 10 degrees 51 minutes Aquarius then their antiscia will be as follows: Therefore, the antiscia of 10 degrees 51 minutes Aquarius is 19 degrees 9 minutes Scorpio. Whenever a planet's antiscion is aspected by transit or progression, it indicates that something that is hidden or working behind the scenes will occur in the life of the native. It is important, therefore, that one should look at the antiscia points whenever reading a horoscope because it will reveal","slightly smaller than Saturn at 0.7538 Jupiter radii, but is more dense. Kepler-16b completes a nearly circular orbit every 228.776 days. Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is","1844, and, although its orbital elements had been calculated by Arthur Auwers in 1862 as part of his thesis, Procyon B was not visually confirmed until 1896 when John Martin Schaeberle observed it at the predicted position using the 36-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. It is more difficult to observe from Earth than Sirius B, due to a greater apparent magnitude difference and smaller angular separation from its primary. At , Procyon B is considerably less massive than Sirius B; however, the peculiarities of degenerate matter ensure that it is larger than its more famous neighbor, with an estimated radius","Geocentric model In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center. Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbited Earth. The geocentric model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations, such as those of Aristotle and Ptolemy. Two observations supported the idea that Earth was the center of the Universe. First, from anywhere on Earth, the Sun appears to revolve around Earth once per day. While the Moon and the planets have their own motions,","Johannes Kepler unfinished work. The next 11 years as imperial mathematician would be the most productive of his life. Kepler's primary obligation as imperial mathematician was to provide astrological advice to the emperor. Though Kepler took a dim view of the attempts of contemporary astrologers to precisely predict the future or divine specific events, he had been casting well-received detailed horoscopes for friends, family, and patrons since his time as a student in Tübingen. In addition to horoscopes for allies and foreign leaders, the emperor sought Kepler's advice in times of political trouble. Rudolph was actively interested in the work of many","Voyager Golden Record record but the record company EMI, which held the copyrights, declined. However, this was refuted by Timothy Ferris, who worked on the selection with Sagan; the song was never even considered for inclusion. In July 2015, NASA uploaded the audio contents of the record to the audio streaming service SoundCloud. In the upper left-hand corner is a drawing of the phonograph record and the stylus carried with it. The stylus is in the correct position to play the record from the beginning. Written around it in binary arithmetic is the correct time of one rotation of the record, 3.6 seconds,","Conflict thesis believe the inquisition's declaration rendered heliocentrism a heresy. Urban may have rather viewed Heliocentrism as a potentially dangerous or rash doctrine that nevertheless had utility in astronomical calculations. In 1632 Galileo, now an old man, published his \"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems\", which implicitly defended heliocentrism, and was popular. Pope Urban VIII had asked that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo's book, and were voiced by a character named \"Simplicio\" who was a simpleton. This angered the Pope and weakened Galileo's position politically. Responding to mounting controversy over theology, astronomy and philosophy, the Roman","Kepler-20f mass to be around 1.2 . Kepler-20 is a Sun-like star in the constellation Lyra with a mass of 0.91 (± 0.03) and a radius of 0.94 (± 0.06) , and is thought to be 8.8 billion years old, though there is a large uncertainty in its age. In other words, Kepler-20 is approximately 9% less massive and 6% shorter than the Sun. The star's metallicity is 0.01 (± 0.04), meaning that the level of iron (and, presumably, other elements) in the star is almost the same as that of the Sun. Metallicity plays an important role in planetary systems,","Norma (constellation) Règle\" to \"le Niveau\", \"the level\". In any case, the constellation's name had been shortened and Latinised by Lacaille to \"Norma\" by 1763. Norma is bordered by Scorpius to the north, Lupus to the northwest, Circinus to the west, Triangulum Australe to the south and Ara to the east. Covering 165.3 square degrees and 0.401% of the night sky, it ranks 74th of the 88 constellations in size. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Nor'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a","the phenomenon a great rarity before 1716. The period between approximately 1645 to 1715 corresponds to the [[Maunder minimum]] in sunspot activity. It was the Norwegian scientist [[Kristian Birkeland]] who, in the early 1900s, laid the foundation for our current understanding of geomagnetism and polar auroras. [[Image:Jupiter.Aurora.HST.UV.jpg|thumb|[[Jupiter]] aurora; the far left bright spot connects magnetically to [[Io (moon)|Io]]; the spots at the bottom of the image lead to [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] and [[Europa (moon)|Europa]].]] [[Image:Saturns Northern Aurora still.jpg|thumb|An aurora high above the northern part of Saturn; image taken by the [[Cassini spacecraft]]. [[:Image:Saturns Northern Aurora in Motion.gif|A movie]] shows images from","orbit, known as the ecliptic. The planets are very close to the ecliptic, whereas comets and Kuiper belt objects are frequently at significantly greater angles to it. All the planets, and most other objects, orbit the Sun in the same direction that the Sun is rotating (counter-clockwise, as viewed from above Earth's north pole). There are exceptions, such as Halley's Comet. The overall structure of the charted regions of the Solar System consists of the Sun, four relatively small inner planets surrounded by a belt of mostly rocky asteroids, and four giant planets surrounded by the Kuiper belt of mostly","the star is convection. The simplest commonly used model of stellar structure is the spherically symmetric quasi-static model, which assumes that a star is in a steady state and that it is spherically symmetric. It contains four basic first-order differential equations: two represent how matter and pressure vary with radius; two represent how temperature and luminosity vary with radius. In forming the stellar structure equations (exploiting the assumed spherical symmetry), one considers the matter density formula_1, temperature formula_2, total pressure (matter plus radiation) formula_3, luminosity formula_4, and energy generation rate per unit mass formula_5 in a spherical shell of a","the nucleus by comparing it with the apparent diameter of a weather vane support on distant building and measuring the distance between the telescope and the weather vane. Accurate angular measurements were of great importance to the astronomers of the time and Hooke realised he needed a precise instrument for this purpose. His problem was solved in 1667, when he saw Richard Towneley's micrometer, which was based on a prototype of 1640 invented by William Gascoigne. This instrument used a pair of fine-pitched screws to move two pointers in the focal plane of a Keplerian telescope. By enclosing the object","House (astrology) most, the ecliptic is divided into houses and the ascendant (eastern horizon) marks the cusp, or beginning, of the first house, and the descendant (western horizon) marks the cusp of the seventh house. Many systems, called quadrant house systems, also use the midheaven (\"medium coeli\") as the cusp of the tenth house. Goals for a house system include ease of computation; agreement with the \"quadrant\" concept (ascendant on the first house cusp and midheaven on the tenth); defined and meaningful behaviour in the polar regions; acceptable handling of heavenly bodies of high latitude (a distinct problem from high-latitude locations on","Kepler-5 Kepler-5 is a star located in the constellation Cygnus in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA project aimed at detecting planets in transit of, or passing in front of, their host stars as seen from Earth. One closely orbiting, Jupiter-like planet, named Kepler-5b, has been detected around Kepler-5. Kepler-5's planet was one of the first five planets to be discovered by the Kepler spacecraft; its discovery was announced on January 4, 2010 at the 215th meeting of the American Astronomical Society after being verified by a variety of observatories. Kepler-5 is larger and more massive","of the very slow evolution of red dwarfs, the age of the Kepler-186 system was poorly constrained, although it is likely to be greater than a few billion years. Recent results have placed the age at around 4 billion years. The chance that it is tidally locked is approximately 50%. Since it is closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, it will probably rotate much more slowly than Earth; its day could be weeks or months long (see Tidal effects on rotation rate, axial tilt and orbit). Kepler-186f's axial tilt (obliquity) is likely very small, in which","Johannes Kepler life, however, brought Kepler into contact with other prominent scholars (Johannes Matthäus Wackher von Wackhenfels, Jost Bürgi, David Fabricius, Martin Bachazek, and Johannes Brengger, among others) and astronomical work proceeded rapidly. As Kepler slowly continued analyzing Tycho's Mars observations—now available to him in their entirety—and began the slow process of tabulating the \"Rudolphine Tables\", Kepler also picked up the investigation of the laws of optics from his lunar essay of 1600. Both lunar and solar eclipses presented unexplained phenomena, such as unexpected shadow sizes, the red color of a total lunar eclipse, and the reportedly unusual light surrounding a total","Theoretical astronomy Theoretical astronomy is the use of the analytical models of physics and chemistry to describe astronomical objects and astronomical phenomena. Ptolemy's Almagest, although a brilliant treatise on theoretical astronomy combined with a practical handbook for computation, nevertheless includes many compromises to reconcile discordant observations. Theoretical astronomy is usually assumed to have begun with Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), and Kepler's laws. It is co-equal with observation. The general history of astronomy deals with the history of the descriptive and theoretical astronomy of the Solar System, from the late sixteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century. The major categories","Celestial spheres the large gaps with the five Platonic polyhedra, which accounted for the spheres' measured astronomical distance. In his mature celestial physics, the spheres were regarded as the purely geometrical spatial regions containing each planetary orbit rather than as the rotating physical orbs of the earlier Aristotelian celestial physics. The eccentricity of each planet's orbit thereby defined the lengths of the radii of the inner and outer limits of its celestial sphere and thus its thickness. In Kepler's celestial mechanics the cause of planetary motion became the rotating Sun, itself rotated by its own motive soul. However, an immobile stellar sphere","that metal-rich stars tend to have orbiting planets more often than metal-poor stars. Kepler-4 is also about 6.7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. In addition, Kepler-4 has an effective temperature of 5781 (± 76) K, which is almost identical, within the errors, to that of the Sun, which is 5778 K. As seen from Earth, Kepler-4 has an apparent magnitude of 12.7. It is, as a result, not visible with the naked eye. Kepler-4b's discovery was announced on January 4, 2010. It is the size of planet Neptune, at 0.077 M (7% the","Observational history of comets Sun is the focus. Then Isaac Newton, in his \"Principia Mathematica\" of 1687, proved that an object moving under the influence of his inverse square law of universal gravitation must trace out an orbit shaped like one of the conic sections, and he demonstrated how to fit a comet's path through the sky to a parabolic orbit, using the comet of 1680 as an example. Halley at first agreed with the longtime consensus that each comet was a different entity making a single visit to the solar system. In 1705, he applied Newton's method to 23 cometary apparitions that had","Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is a gas giant that orbits the two stars in the Kepler-16 system. The planet is a third of Jupiter's mass and","been operational since October 2007. The observatory has a 10' Fiberglass dome and an isolation platform to negate the effects of shock waves caused by people's footsteps on the telescope found inside it. Minchin reported Monck's aperture, incorrectly, when measuring the planets and stars to be 9 inches. These false figures have been used by several authors. John P. Mahaffy has described Monck's \"An Introduction to Critical Philosophy\" as the \"shortest and possibly most complete\" account of the philosopher Immanuel Kant. William Henry Stanley Monck William Henry Stanley Monck (April 21, 1839–June 24, 1915) was an Irish astronomer and philosopher.","measurement, the solar mass came into use before the AU and the gravitational constant were precisely measured. This is because the relative mass of another planet in the Solar System or the combined mass of two binary stars can be calculated in units of Solar mass directly from the orbital radius and orbital period of the planet or stars using Kepler's third law, provided that orbital radius is measured in astronomical units and orbital period is measured in years. The mass of the Sun has been decreasing since the time it formed. This occurs through two processes in nearly equal","Kepler-62d on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65.","Ecliptic coordinate system The ecliptic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system commonly used for representing the apparent positions and orbits of Solar System objects. Because most planets (except Mercury) and many small Solar System bodies have orbits with slight inclinations to the ecliptic, using it as the fundamental plane is convenient. The system's origin can be the center of either the Sun or Earth, its primary direction is towards the vernal (northward) equinox, and it has a right-hand convention. It may be implemented in spherical or rectangular coordinates. The celestial equator and the ecliptic are slowly moving due to","the natal chart. Traditionally, there are five dignities: domicile and detriment, exaltation and fall, triplicity, terms, and face. However, the later two have diminished in usage. A planet's domicile is the zodiac sign over which it has rulership. Western astrology is based mainly upon the construction of a horoscope, which is a map or \"chart\" of the heavens at a particular moment. The moment chosen is the beginning of the existence of the subject of the horoscope, as it is believed that the subject will carry with it the pattern of the heavens from that moment throughout its life. The","House (astrology) according to season and latitude.) Regardless of these different methods, all house divisions in Western astrology share certain things in common: the twelve house cusps are always projected on the ecliptic; they will all place the cusp of the first house near the eastern horizon and every house cusp is 180° of longitude apart from the sixth following house (1st opposes 7th; 2nd opposes 8th and so on). The next table represents the basic outline of the houses as they are still understood today and includes the traditional Latin names. The houses are numbered from the east downward under the","Natural History (Pliny) and minerals is valued for its detail in the history of science, being the most extensive compilation still available from the ancient world. Book I serves as Pliny's preface, explaining his approach and providing a table of contents. The first topic covered is Astronomy, in Book II. Pliny starts with the known universe, roundly criticising attempts at cosmology as madness, including the view that there are countless other worlds than the Earth. He doubts the four (Aristotelian) elements, fire, earth, air and water, but records the seven \"planets\" including the sun and moon. The earth is a sphere, suspended in","Kepler (spacecraft) a mass of and contains a Schmidt camera with a front corrector plate (lens) feeding a primary mirror—at the time of its launch this was the largest mirror on any telescope outside Earth orbit, though the Herschel Space Observatory took this title a few months later. Its telescope has a 115 deg (about 12-degree diameter) field of view (FOV), roughly equivalent to the size of one's fist held at arm's length. Of this, 105 deg is of science quality, with less than 11% vignetting. The photometer has a soft focus to provide excellent photometry, rather than sharp images. The mission","De sphaera mundi nine parts: the \"first moved\" (\"primum mobile\"), the sphere of the fixed stars (the firmament), and the seven planets, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the sun, Venus, Mercury and the moon. There is a 'right' sphere and an oblique sphere: the right sphere is only observed by those at the equator (if there are such people), everyone else sees the oblique sphere. There are two movements: one of the heavens from east to west on its axis through the Arctic and Antarctic poles, the other of the inferior spheres at 23° in the opposite direction on their own axes. The world, or","Horoscope same instant. The astrologer then has to convert this into the local [[sidereal time]] at birth in order to be able to calculate the [[ascendant]] and [[midheaven]]. The astrologer will next consult a set of tables called an ephemeris, which lists the location of the Sun, Moon and [[Planets in astrology|planets]] for a particular year, date and sidereal time, with respect to the [[vernal equinox|northern hemisphere vernal equinox]] or the [[fixed star]]s (depending on which astrological system is being used). The astrologer then adds or subtracts the difference between the longitude of Greenwich and the longitude of the place in","with a certain time called the period. This motion is described by the empirical laws of Kepler, which can be mathematically derived from Newton's laws. These can be formulated as follows: Note that while bound orbits of a point mass or a spherical body with a Newtonian gravitational field are closed ellipses, which repeat the same path exactly and indefinitely, any non-spherical or non-Newtonian effects (such as caused by the slight oblateness of the Earth, or by relativistic effects, thereby changing the gravitational field's behavior with distance) will cause the orbit's shape to depart from the closed ellipses characteristic of","but was still listed at NEODyS with odds of 1 in 3 million for 27 November 2015 during the approach window. With an absolute magnitude of 23.6, is about 50–110 meters in diameter. 2007 VE191 It is estimated to be roughly 63 meters in diameter. In 2015 it was known to have a 1 in 63,000 chance of impacting Earth on 27 November 2015. However, the nominal best-fit orbit showed that would be roughly from Earth on 27 November 2015 with an apparent magnitude of roughly +25 in the constellation of Virgo about 50 degrees from the Sun, and the","Geocentric model explanation in terms of the Earth's revolution about the sun. In 1838, astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel measured the parallax of the star 61 Cygni successfully, and disproved Ptolemy's claim that parallax motion did not exist. This finally confirmed the assumptions made by Copernicus, providing accurate, dependable scientific observations, and conclusively displaying how distant stars are from Earth. A geocentric frame is useful for many everyday activities and most laboratory experiments, but is a less appropriate choice for solar system mechanics and space travel. While a heliocentric frame is most useful in those cases, galactic and extragalactic astronomy is easier if","if at least 0.5 to 5 bars of CO is present in its atmosphere, for assumed N partial pressures ranging from 10 bar to zero, respectively. The star hosts four other planets discovered so far, although Kepler-186 b, c, d, and e (in order of increasing orbital radius), being too close to their star, are considered too hot to have liquid water. The four innermost planets are probably tidally locked, but Kepler-186f is in a higher orbit, where the star's tidal effects are much weaker, so the time could have been insufficient for its spin to slow down significantly. Because","\"θ\" by Kepler's first law: Using the relation above between \"θ\" and \"E\" the final equation for the distance \"r\" is: Kepler's laws of planetary motion In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun. Most planetary orbits are nearly circular, and careful observation and calculation are required in order to establish that they are not perfectly circular. Calculations of the orbit of Mars, whose published values are somewhat suspect, indicated an elliptical orbit. From this, Johannes Kepler inferred that other bodies in the Solar System, including those farther away","observing time is less a year, for example, the orbits of the detectable planets will be significantly smaller than that of the Earth. So, for Corot, due to the maximum duration of 6 months of observation for each star field, only planets closer to their stars than 0.3 Astronomical Units (less than the distance between the Sun and Mercury) can be detected, therefore generally not in the so-called habitable zone. The Kepler mission (NASA) has continuously observed the same field for many years and thus had the ability to detect Earth sized planets located farther from their stars. The moderate","NOvA The NOνA (NuMI Off-Axis ν Appearance) experiment is a particle physics experiment designed to detect neutrinos in Fermilab's NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam. Intended to be the successor to MINOS, NOνA consists of two detectors, one at Fermilab (the \"near detector\"), and one in northern Minnesota (the \"far detector\"). Neutrinos from NuMI pass through 810 km of Earth to reach the far detector. NOνA's main goal is to observe the oscillation of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos. The primary physics goals of NOvA are: Neutrino oscillation is parameterized by the PMNS matrix and the mass squared differences","It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-419c orbits its host star with 270% of the Sun's luminosity (2.7 ) about every 675 days (around 1.84 years) at a distance of 1.61 AU (compared to the orbital distance of Mars, which is 1.52 AU). It has a slightly eccentric orbit, with an eccentricity of 0.184. It receives about 95% of the amount of sunlight that Earth does. Kepler-419c resides in the circumstellar habitable zone of the parent star. The exoplanet, with a mass of 7.28 , is too massive to be rocky, and because of this","5778 K. The primary star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.25, or 56% of the solar amount. The stars' luminosities () are 84% and 1% that of the Sun. The apparent magnitude of the system, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is about 15.8. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-47b orbits around its parent stars every 45 days at a distance of 0.29 AU from its stars (close to where Mercury orbits from the Sun, which is about 0.39 AU). It receives about 9.6 times as much sunlight","its mission, Rosetta was crashed into the comet′s surface in 2016. Near-Earth object A near-Earth object (NEO) is any small Solar System body whose orbit brings it to proximity with Earth. By convention, a Solar System body is a NEO if its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) is less than 1.3 astronomical units (AU). If a NEO's orbit crosses the Earth's and the object is larger than across, it is considered a potentially hazardous object (PHO). Most known PHOs and NEOs are asteroids, but a small fraction are comets. There are over 19,000 known near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), over a","Quadrant (instrument) a back observation quadrant was developed. With such a quadrant, the observer viewed the horizon from a \"sight vane\" (C in the figure on the right) through a slit in the \"horizon vane\" (B). This ensured the instrument was level. The observer moved the \"shadow vane\" (A) to a position on the graduated scale so as to cause its shadow to appear coincident with the level of the horizon on the horizon vane. This angle was the elevation of the sun. Large frame quadrants were used for astronomical measurements, notably determining the altitude of celestial objects. They could be permanent","naked eye. The binary system is known to host three planets, all larger than Earth with no solid surface. The innermost planet, Kepler-47b, is a gas giant and resides close to its parent stars and therefore is inhospitable to life. It is thought to be smaller than Kepler-47c and is roughly three times the radius of Earth. The second planet, Kepler-47c, is also a gas giant and the outermost planet. It is situated within the habitable zone and its radius is 4 times the Earth's. Although it is assumed Kepler-47c is not capable of harboring life, it is marginally larger","Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\"illustrated in infobox\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates","Kepler's laws of planetary motion explaining how the planets' speeds varied, and using elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits with epicycles. Isaac Newton showed in 1687 that relationships like Kepler's would apply in the Solar System to a good approximation, as a consequence of his own laws of motion and law of universal gravitation. Kepler's laws improved the model of Copernicus. If the eccentricities of the planetary orbits are taken as zero, then Kepler basically agreed with Copernicus: The eccentricities of the orbits of those planets known to Copernicus and Kepler are small, so the foregoing rules give fair approximations of planetary motion, but Kepler's","Novum\", Giovanni Battista Riccioli set out 126 arguments against the Copernican model of the universe. In his 43rd argument, Riccioli considered the points Galileo had made in his \"Letters on Sunspots\", and asserted that a heliocentric (Copernican) explanation of the phenomenon was more speculative, while a geocentric model allowed for a more parsimonious explanation and was thus more satisfactory (ref: Occam's Razor). As Riccioli explained it, whether the sun went round the earth or the earth round the sun, three movements were necessary to explain the movement of sunspots. If the earth moves around the sun, the necessary movements were","Kepler orbit Kepler’s book Astronomia Nova in 1609. For a circles motion is uniform, however for the elliptical to sweep the area in a uniform rate, the object moves quickly when the radius vector is short and moves slower when the radius vector is long. Kepler published his Third Law of Planetary Motion in 1619, in his book Harmonices Mundi. With this law, Newton used it to define his laws of gravitation. The Third Law: The squares of the periodic times are to each other as the cubes of the mean distances. Along with The Third Law, that talks about gravitation, it","Astronomia nova the planets. The second step consists of Kepler placing the sun as the center and mover of the other planets. This step also contains Kepler’s reply to objections against placing the sun at the center of the universe, including objections based on scripture. In reply to scripture, he argues that it is not meant to claim physical dogma, and the content should be taken spiritually. In the third step, he posits that the sun is the source of the motion of all planets, using Brahe’s proof based on comets that planets do not rotate on orbs. The fourth step consists"],"string":"[\n \"and telescope pioneer Zacharias Janssen. In February 2016, it was announced that NASA \\\"Hubble Space Telescope\\\" had detected hydrogen and helium (and suggestions of hydrogen cyanide), but no water vapor, in the atmosphere of 55 Cancri e, the first time the atmosphere of a super-Earth exoplanet was analyzed successfully. Like the majority of extrasolar planets found prior to the Kepler mission, 55 Cancri e was discovered by detecting variations in its star's radial velocity. This was achieved by making sensitive measurements of the Doppler shift of the spectrum of 55 Cancri A. At the time of its discovery, three other\",\n \"Timeline of astronomy supernova (SN 1572 - thought, at the time, to be a comet) is observed by Tycho Brahe, who proves that it is traveling beyond Earth's atmosphere and therefore provides the first evidence that the heavens can change. Dutch eyeglass maker Hans Lippershey tries to patent a refracting telescope (the first historical record of one). The invention spreads rapidly across Europe, as scientists make their own instruments. Their discoveries begin a revolution in astronomy. Johannes Kepler publishes his \\\"New Astronomy\\\". In this and later works, he announces his three laws of planetary motion, replacing the circular orbits of Plato with elliptical\",\n \"observing practices and timing of these observations worldwide. Stations either report hourly in METAR reports, or every six hours in SYNOP reports. These observations are irregularly spaced, so they are processed by data assimilation and objective analysis methods, which perform quality control and obtain values at locations usable by the model's mathematical algorithms. Some global models use finite differences, in which the world is represented as discrete points on a regularly spaced grid of latitude and longitude; other models use spectral methods that solve for a range of wavelengths. The data are then used in the model as the starting\",\n \"Roman Breviary reading. The lessons are read at Matins (which is subdivided into three nocturns). The little chapters are very short lessons read at the other \\\"hours.\\\" The versicles are short responsories used after the little chapters in the minor hours. They appear after the hymns in Lauds and Vespers. The collects come at the close of the office and are short prayers summing up the supplications of the congregation. They arise out of a primitive practice on the part of the bishop (local president), examples of which are found in the Didachē (Teaching of the Apostles) and in the letters of\",\n \"Kepler-61b Kepler-61b (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation \\\"KOI-1361.01\\\") is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within parts of the habitable zone of the K-type main-sequence star Kepler-61. It is located about 1,100 light-years (338 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered in 2013 using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured, by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-61b is a super-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass bigger than Earth, but smaller than that of the ice giants Neptune and\",\n \"Transit of Venus, 1639 Lansberg's tables, and he became one of the first converts to Kepler’s new astronomy. By 1637, he had convinced Horrocks of the superiority of the Keplerian system, and, using their own planetary observations, both men made many corrections to Kepler's tables, which Crabtree converted to decimal form. On 29 September 1638, Horrocks wrote to Crabtree about a likely forthcoming transit of Mercury on 21 October 1638 (Old Style) which Kepler had not predicted. He explained that he intended to construct what would later be called a helioscope by attaching his telescope to an \\\"oblong stick, carrying a plane surface at\",\n \"Horoscopic astrology Horoscopic astrology is a form of astrology that uses a horoscope, a visual representation of the heavens, for a specific moment in time in order to interpret the inherent meaning underlying the alignment of the planets at that moment. The idea is that the placement of the planets at any given moment in time reflects the nature of that moment and especially anything that is born then, and this can be analyzed using the chart and a variety of rules for interpreting the \\\"language\\\" or symbols therein. One of the defining characteristics of this form of astrology that\",\n \"eyepieces due to Earth's rotation. The observation techniques are topics of positional astronomy and of astrogeodesy. Ideally, the Cartesian coordinate system (\\\"α\\\", \\\"δ\\\") refers to an inertial frame of reference. The third coordinate is the star's distance, which is normally used as an attribute of the individual star. The following factors change star positions over time: The first and second effects are considered by so-called mean places of stars, contrary to their apparent places as seen from the moving Earth. Usually the mean places refer to a special epoch, e.g. 1950.0 or 2000.0. The third effect has to be handled\",\n \"Vestibular exam questions, including subjects such as Portuguese Language, Portuguese Literature and Brazilian Literature; Math, History, Geography, Biology, Physics, Chemistry and Foreign Language. The answers are marked on an answer card, and they are graded afterwards by an automated optical reader. Some institutions establish a cutoff score for the first stage. Students who score below that are automatically eliminated and do not proceed to the second stage, even if the maximum number of candidates has not been reached, although some schools make exceptions in the rare case of most candidates scoring below the cutoff. In some universities, the Vestibular may include only\",\n \"Lupus (constellation) association with the sun god and another mythical being called the Bison-man, which is supposedly related to the Greek constellation of Centaurus. Lupus is bordered by six different constellations, although one of them (Hydra) merely touches at the corner. The other five are Scorpius (the scorpion), Norma (the right angle), Circinus (the compass), Libra (the balance scale), and Centaurus (the centaur). Covering 333.7 square degrees and 0.809% of the night sky, it ranks 46th of the 88 modern constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is \\\"Lup\\\". The official constellation boundaries\",\n \"Zodiac The zodiac is an area of the sky that extends approximately 8° north or south (as measured in celestial latitude) of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year. The paths of the Moon and visible planets are also within the belt of the zodiac. In Western astrology, and formerly astronomy, the zodiac is divided into twelve signs, each occupying 30° of celestial longitude and roughly corresponding to the constellations Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. The twelve astrological signs form a\",\n \"case of Mars, the period is 2.135 years, (780 days). In more complex cases, including the use of gravitational slingshots, launch windows are irregular. Sometimes rare opportunities arise, such as when \\\"Voyager 2\\\" took advantage of a 175-year planetary alignment (launch window) to visit Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. When such an opportunity is missed, another target may be selected. For example, the ESA's \\\"Rosetta\\\" mission was originally intended for comet 46P/Wirtanen, but a launcher problem delayed it and a new target had to be selected (comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko). Launch periods are often calculated from porkchop plots, which show the delta-v\",\n \"star. Taken over a period of time, the apparent relative orbit of the visual binary system will appear on the celestial sphere. The study of visual binaries reveal useful stellar characteristics: Masses, densities, surface temperatures, luminosity, and rotation rates. In order to work out the masses of the components of a visual binary system, the distance to the system must first be determined, since from this astronomers can estimate the period of revolution and the separation between the two stars. The trigonometric parallax provides a direct method of calculating a star's mass. This will not apply to the visual binary\",\n \"The Nova episode was written and produced by Bebe Nixon and narrated by Anita Sangiolo, airing on February 15, 1983. It later re-aired on December 15, 1983 as a part of a special presentation out of NOVA's original timeslot. A sequel called \\\"\\\"Life's Greatest Miracle\\\"\\\" aired on November 20, 2001 on PBS using microimagery taken by Lennart Nilsson with narration by John Lithgow. The episode won the following awards: The Miracle of Life \\\"The Miracle of Life\\\" was an episode produced by \\\"Nova\\\" about the human reproductive process. The episode won multiple awards including a Peabody and an Emmy. Photographed\",\n \"due to annual parallax. The declinations of Solar System objects change very rapidly compared to those of stars, due to orbital motion and close proximity. As seen from locations in the Earth's Northern Hemisphere, celestial objects with declinations greater than 90° − (where = observer's latitude) appear to circle daily around the celestial pole without dipping below the horizon, and are therefore called circumpolar stars. This similarly occurs in the Southern Hemisphere for objects with declinations less (i.e. more negative) than −90° − (where is always a negative number for southern latitudes). An extreme example is the pole star which\",\n \"examine the nebula showing it, like other nebulae he had examined, was made up of \\\"luminous gas\\\". On September 30, 1880 Henry Draper used the new dry plate photographic process with an 11-inch (28 cm) refracting telescope to make a 51-minute exposure of the Orion Nebula, the first instance of astrophotography of a nebula in history. Another set of photographs of the nebula in 1883 saw breakthrough in astronomical photography when amateur astronomer Andrew Ainslie Common used the dry plate process to record several images in exposures up to 60 minutes with a 36-inch (91 cm) reflecting telescope that he\",\n \"Poles of astronomical bodies pole. This definition means that an object's direction of rotation may be negative (retrograde rotation) — in other words, it rotates clockwise when viewed from above its north pole, rather than the \\\"normal\\\" counterclockwise direction exhibited by Earth's north pole. Venus rotates in the opposite direction to the other planets, and Uranus has been knocked on its side and rotates almost perpendicular to the rest of the Solar System. The ecliptic remains within 3° of the invariable plane over five million years, but is now inclined about 23.44° to Earth's celestial equator used for the coordinates of poles. This large\",\n \"of the stars and planets. In doing so, Copernicus moved heliocentrism from philosophical speculation to predictive geometrical astronomy. In reality, Copernicus's system did not predict the planets' positions any better than the Ptolemaic system. This theory resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent, rather than real: it was a parallax effect, as an object that one is passing seems to move backwards against the horizon. This issue was also resolved in the geocentric Tychonic system; the latter, however, while eliminating the major epicycles, retained as a physical reality the irregular\",\n \"Edward Wright (mathematician) for nautical purposes as it represented lines of constant true bearing or true course, known as loxodromes or rhumb lines, as straight lines. However, Mercator had not explained his method. On a globe, circles of latitude (also known as parallels) get smaller as they move away from the Equator towards the North or South Pole. Thus, in the Mercator projection, when a globe is \\\"unwrapped\\\" on to a rectangular map, the parallels need to be stretched to the length of the Equator. In addition, parallels are further apart as they approach the poles. Wright compiled a table with three columns.\",\n \"Prior Analytics if A is predicated of every B and B of every C, it is necessary for A to be predicated of every C.\\\" Taking a = is predicated of all = is predicated of every, and using the symbolical method used in the Middle Ages, then the first figure is simplified to: If AaB and BaC then AaC. Or what amounts to the same thing: AaB, BaC; therefore AaC When the four syllogistic propositions, a, e, i, o are placed in the first figure, Aristotle comes up with the following valid forms of deduction for the first figure: AaB, BaC;\",\n \"Astrological aspect (Hindu Astrology) 7th. In actual practice, astrologers seem to ignore partial aspects. The full aspect of a planet on another planet with that aspect returned in full by the aspected planet is by itself deemed by the ancient texts to be a major kind of \\\"Sambadha\\\" or planetatry association. The five major associations are 1) by mutual exchange of sign, e.g. the Sun in Aries and Mars in Leo, 2) by mutual aspect of planets, e.g. Saturn in Aries and Mars in Capricorn, 3) by occupying a particular sign other than its own, e,g. Jupiter in taurus sign owned by Venus, 4)\",\n \"Nova (rocket) the mission started, it became clear that the systems would be much heavier than initially suspected; the existing Nova designs were too small, and the original Saturn design would need up to fifteen launches to put all the parts and fuel into orbit. A redesign of both plans followed. Nova was still targeting the direct ascent approach, which required the most lift capacity. The most powerful of the resulting \\\"normal\\\" designs, the 8L, included eight F-1's in the lower stage and placed 68 tons in a translunar trajectory. Other designs in the series replaced the F-1s with large solids, while\",\n \"has a slightly warmer temperature of 5778 K. Kepler-6 has a metallicity of [Fe/H] = +0.34, making it 2.2 times more metallic than the Sun. On average, metal-rich stars tend to be more likely to have planets and planetary systems. The star, as seen from Earth, has an apparent magnitude of 13.8. It is not visible with the naked eye. In comparison, Pluto's apparent magnitude at its brightest is slightly brighter, at 13.65. Kepler-6 has one confirmed extrasolar planet; it is a gas giant named Kepler-6b. The planet is approximately .669 M, or some two-thirds the mass of planet Jupiter.\",\n \"Retrograde and prograde motion collides with or steals material from a cloud this can result in retrograde motion of a disk and the resulting planets. A celestial object's inclination indicates whether the object's \\\"orbit\\\" is prograde or retrograde. The inclination of a celestial object is the angle between its orbital plane and another reference frame such as the equatorial plane of the object's primary. In the Solar System, inclination of the planets is measured from the ecliptic plane, which is the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun. The inclination of moons is measured from the equator of the planet they orbit. An object\",\n \"of the Dialogue. Letters on Sunspots \\\" Letters on Sunspots \\\" (\\\"Istoria e Dimostrazioni intorno alle Macchie Solari\\\") was a pamphlet written by Galileo Galilei in 1612 and published in Rome by the Accademia dei Lincei in 1613. \\\"The Letters on Sunspots\\\", was a continuation of \\\"Sidereus Nunicus,\\\" Galileo's first work where he publicly declared that he believed that the Copernican system was correct. This was the first work where Galileo used a ship, which would later become famous in \\\"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems\\\" (\\\"Dialogo sopra i due Massimi Sistemi del Mondo\\\")\\\".\\\" Galileo often mentions how does\",\n \"impulse. For a rapidly rotating planet such as the Earth, calculation of trajectories passing close to it, less than a dozen radii, should include the oblateness of the planet—its gravitational field is not spherically symmetric. For even closer trajectories, gravity anomalies may be important. For a large asteroid (or comet) passing close to the Roche limit, its size, which is inferred from its magnitude, affects not only the Roche limit but also the trajectory because the center of gravitational force on the body deviates from its center of mass resulting in a higher-order tidal force shifting the keyhole. Gravitational keyhole\",\n \"Astrology and astronomy Astrology and astronomy were archaically treated together (), and were only gradually separated in Western 17th century philosophy (the \\\"Age of Reason\\\") with the rejection of astrology. During the later part of the medieval period, astronomy was treated as the foundation upon which astrology could operate. Since the 18th century they have come to be regarded as completely separate disciplines. Astronomy, the study of objects and phenomena originating beyond the Earth's atmosphere, is a science and is a widely studied academic discipline. Astrology, which uses the apparent positions of celestial objects as the basis for the prediction\",\n \"subject to the Doppler effect, so the frequency of the light decreases for objects that were receding (redshift) and increases for objects that were approaching (blueshift). The radial velocity of a star or other luminous distant objects can be measured accurately by taking a high-resolution spectrum and comparing the measured wavelengths of known spectral lines to wavelengths from laboratory measurements. A positive radial velocity indicates the distance between the objects is or was increasing; a negative radial velocity indicates the distance between the source and observer is or was decreasing. In many binary stars, the orbital motion usually causes radial\",\n \"the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between and , while the declination coordinates are between −60.26° and −70.51°. Triangulum Australe culminates each year at 9 p.m. on 23 August. In defining the constellation, Lacaille gave twelve stars Bayer designations of Alpha through to Lambda, with two close stars called Eta (one now known by its Henry Draper catalogue number), while Lambda was later dropped due to its dimness. The three brightest stars, Alpha, Beta and Gamma, make up the triangle. Readily identified by its orange hue, Alpha Trianguli Australis is a bright giant star of spectral type K2\",\n \"34. According to the description in Aristotle's \\\"Metaphysics\\\" (XII.8), he added two spheres for the Sun, two for the Moon, and one each for Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Callippus made careful measurements of the lengths of the seasons, finding them (starting with the spring equinox) to be 94 days, 92 days, 89 days, and 90 days. This variation in the seasons implies a variation in the speed of the Sun, called the solar anomaly. He also followed up on the work done by Meton of Athens to measure the length of the year and construct an accurate lunisolar calendar. The\",\n \"Astronomy on Mars those of Earth — after all, the two ecliptic planes only have a mutual inclination of 1.85° — but on Mars, the Sun spends 6 days in the constellation Cetus, leaving and re-entering Pisces as it does so, making a total of 14 zodiacal constellations. The equinoxes and solstices are different as well: for the northern hemisphere, vernal equinox is in Ophiuchus (compared to Pisces on Earth), summer solstice is at the border of Aquarius and Pisces, autumnal equinox is in Taurus, and winter solstice is in Virgo. As on Earth, precession will cause the solstices and equinoxes to cycle\",\n \"Alfonsine tables planetarum\\\" (\\\"New Theory of the Planets\\\"). Nicolaus Copernicus used the second edition in his work. One use of these and similar astronomical tables was to calculate ephemerides, which were in turn used by astrologers to cast horoscopes. The methods of Claudius Ptolemy were used to compute the table, dividing the year into 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, 16 seconds—very close to the currently accepted figure. Copernicus's observation that his system could explain the planetary motions with no more than 34 circles has been taken to imply that a large number of additional epicycles had been subsequently introduced into the\",\n \"K2-239 K2-239 (also designated EPIC 248545986) is a small red dwarf star in the constellation Sextans about 49 parsecs (160 light-years) away from Earth. Observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during Campaign 14 of its K2 \\\"Second Light\\\" mission, it was found to have three hot, likely rocky Earth-sized planets in orbit around it. K2-239 is a small red dwarf star of spectral class M3V. It is 40% the mass and 36% the radius of the Sun with just 0.016 times the luminosity. It has a temperature of 3420 K and its age is unknown. For comparison, the Sun has\",\n \"low eccentricity of 0.019. It has a temperature of 584 K. Kepler-89e orbits the star Kepler-89. Kepler-89 has a mass of 1.18 solar masses, and a radius of 1.32 solar radii. It is 3.3 billion years old, younger than the Sun, making its planets about 3,000,000,000 years old (3 Gyr). It has a temperature of 6,210 K, making it appear bright yellowish-white. Kepler-89e Kepler-89e, also known as KOI-94e, is an exoplanet in the constellation of Cygnus. It orbits Kepler-89. It is a type III planet, making it cloudless and blue, making it look like a larger version of Uranus and\",\n \"Ephemeris typically J2000.0, B1950.0, or J1900. Star maps almost always use one of the standard equinoxes. Scientific ephemerides often contain further useful data about the moon, planet, asteroid, or comet beyond the pure coordinates in the sky, such as elongation to the sun, brightness, distance, velocity, apparent diameter in the sky, phase angle, times of rise, transit, and set, etc. Ephemerides of the planet Saturn also sometimes contain the apparent inclination of its ring. Celestial navigation serves as a backup to the Global Positioning System. Software is widely available to assist with this form of navigation; some of this software has\",\n \"astronomers can see everything from methane to water vapor on other planets by photometry. It is the only planet orbiting around EPIC 211945201, a G class star, situated in the constellation of Cancer in 596 light-years from the Sun. Its host star is aged 4 billion years. EPIC 211945201 b orbits its star in about 19 terrestrial days. It orbits closer to the star than the internal limit of the habitable zone. It has a low density and may be composed of gas. It has a low Earth similarity index (0.14) and should be very different from our planet. EPIC\",\n \"Faint young Sun paradox The faint young Sun paradox or faint young Sun problem describes the apparent contradiction between observations of liquid water early in Earth's history and the astrophysical expectation that the Sun's output would be only 70 percent as intense during that epoch as it is during the modern epoch. The issue was raised by astronomers Carl Sagan and George Mullen in 1972. Explanations of this paradox have taken into account greenhouse effects, astrophysical influences, or a combination of the two. The unresolved question is how a climate suitable for life was maintained on Earth over the long\",\n \"that were common to this stellar category. These were later identified as lines from the Hydrogen Balmer series. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. The distance to Vega can be determined by measuring its parallax shift against the background stars as the Earth orbits the Sun. The first person to publish a star's parallax was Friedrich G. W. von Struve, when he announced a value of 0.125 arcseconds (0.125″) for Vega. Friedrich Bessel was skeptical about Struve's data, and, when Bessel published a parallax\",\n \"close to the star's equator. Its parent star is a G-type star, a bit cooler than the Sun but more active. It is located about 800 light-years from Earth. It takes 125 minutes to transit its star. As of August 2008, the COROT-2b spin-orbit angle (that is, the angle between the equator of the star and the plane of the planet orbit) was calculated by Bouchy \\\"et al.\\\" by means of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect with a value of +7.2 ± 4.5 degrees. COROT-2 COROT-2 is a yellow dwarf main sequence star a little cooler than the Sun. This star is\",\n \"Nicolaus Copernicus occasion, in Kraków, that Copernicus submitted for printing at Jan Haller's press his translation, from Greek to Latin, of a collection, by the 7th-century Byzantine historian Theophylact Simocatta, of 85 brief poems called Epistles, or letters, supposed to have passed between various characters in a Greek story. They are of three kinds—\\\"moral,\\\" offering advice on how people should live; \\\"pastoral\\\", giving little pictures of shepherd life; and \\\"amorous\\\", comprising love poems. They are arranged to follow one another in a regular rotation of subjects. Copernicus had translated the Greek verses into Latin prose, and he now published his version as\",\n \"Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Latin for \\\"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy\\\"), often referred to as simply the Principia , is a work in three books by Isaac Newton, in Latin, first published 5 July 1687. After annotating and correcting his personal copy of the first edition, Newton published two further editions, in 1713 and 1726. The \\\"Principia\\\" states Newton's laws of motion, forming the foundation of classical mechanics; Newton's law of universal gravitation; and a derivation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion (which Kepler first obtained empirically). The \\\"Principia\\\" is considered one of the most important\",\n \"Kepler-8 Kepler-8 is a star located in the constellation Lyra in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA-led operation tasked with discovering terrestrial planets. The star, which is slightly hotter, larger, and more massive than the Sun, has one gas giant in its orbit, Kepler-8b. This gas giant is larger than Jupiter, but is less massive, and thus more diffuse. The planet's discovery was announced to the public on January 4, 2010 along with four other planets. As the fifth confirmed planetary system verified by Kepler, it helped demonstrate the capabilities of the Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-8 was\",\n \"correct quadrant can be determined if calculator or programming software has the atan2(y,x) math function and then using the last rule. For latitudes north of the Arctic Circle (or south of the Antarctic Circle), the Ascendant function has two discontinuity points, occurring at instants where the horizon and the ecliptic planes do not intersect. Between those instants the Ascendant's longitude actually decreases. Because the Earth's axis (see axial tilt) is tilted relative to the ecliptic, the twelve signs do not take the same amount of time to cross the eastern horizon. At the equator, there is very little difference (Pisces,\",\n \"Thema Mundi signs that correspond to the brightest and warmest times of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, Cancer and Leo. The other planets are assigned to signs by halving the zodiac between Cancer and Leo and assigning each planet to one sign on the solar half and each on the lunar half. Mercury is assigned to the two signs next to the luminaries, Gemini and Virgo, because it never travels more than one sign away from the Sun. Venus is assigned to the next two signs, Taurus and Libra, because it never gets more than two signs away. Jupiter and Mars\",\n \"lines as the great circles of that sphere, a spherical geometry has the following properties: As there are two arcs (\\\"line segments\\\") determined by a pair of points, which are not antipodal, on the line they determine, three non-collinear points do not determine a unique triangle. However, if we only consider triangles whose sides are minor arcs of great circles, we have the following properties: Spherical geometry obeys two of Euclid's postulates: the second postulate (\\\"to produce [extend] a finite straight line continuously in a straight line\\\") and the fourth postulate (\\\"that all right angles are equal to one another\\\").\",\n \"Gaussian gravitational constant the application of Kepler's third law to the system of Earth+Moon and the Sun considered as a two body problem, relating the period of revolution () to the major semi-axis of the orbit () and the total mass of the orbiting bodies (). Its numerical value was obtained by setting the major semi-axis and the mass of the Sun to unity and measuring the period in mean solar days: The value represents the mean angular motion of the Earth-Sun system, in radians per day, equivalent to a value just below one degree (the division of the circle into 360 degrees\",\n \"Deferent and epicycle shape of the orbits. Another complication was caused by a problem that Copernicus never solved: correctly accounting for the motion of the Earth in the coordinate transformation. In keeping with past practice, Copernicus used the deferent/epicycle model in his theory but his epicycles were small and were called \\\"epicyclets\\\". In the Ptolemaic system the models for each of the planets were different and so it was with Copernicus' initial models. As he worked through the mathematics, however, Copernicus discovered that his models could be combined in a unified system. Furthermore, if they were scaled so that the Earth's orbit was\",\n \"Almagest and late medieval European astronomers. Ptolemy inherited from his Greek predecessors a geometrical toolbox and a partial set of models for predicting where the planets would appear in the sky. Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 – c. 190 BC) had introduced the deferent and epicycle and the eccentric deferent to astronomy. Hipparchus (2nd century BC) had crafted mathematical models of the motion of the Sun and Moon. Hipparchus had some knowledge of Mesopotamian astronomy, and he felt that Greek models should match those of the Babylonians in accuracy. He was unable to create accurate models for the remaining five planets.\",\n \"initially accepted. Rebuttals are used as a preemptive method against any counter-arguments. These acknowledge the limits of the claim, considering certain conditions where it would not hold true. Usually following is a counter-argument or presentation of new evidence to further support the original claim. Qualifiers are words that quantify the argument. They include words such as 'most', 'usually', 'always', 'never', 'absolutely' or 'sometimes'. These can either strongly assert arguments or make them vague and uncertain. Toulmin method The Toulmin method is an informal method of reasoning. Created by the British philosopher Stephen Toulmin, it involves the grounds (data), claim, and\",\n \"the planet that they want to locate the antiscia for and subtract it from 30 degrees. For example, if a person's sun is 10 degrees 51 minutes Aquarius then their antiscia will be as follows: Therefore, the antiscia of 10 degrees 51 minutes Aquarius is 19 degrees 9 minutes Scorpio. Whenever a planet's antiscion is aspected by transit or progression, it indicates that something that is hidden or working behind the scenes will occur in the life of the native. It is important, therefore, that one should look at the antiscia points whenever reading a horoscope because it will reveal\",\n \"slightly smaller than Saturn at 0.7538 Jupiter radii, but is more dense. Kepler-16b completes a nearly circular orbit every 228.776 days. Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is\",\n \"1844, and, although its orbital elements had been calculated by Arthur Auwers in 1862 as part of his thesis, Procyon B was not visually confirmed until 1896 when John Martin Schaeberle observed it at the predicted position using the 36-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. It is more difficult to observe from Earth than Sirius B, due to a greater apparent magnitude difference and smaller angular separation from its primary. At , Procyon B is considerably less massive than Sirius B; however, the peculiarities of degenerate matter ensure that it is larger than its more famous neighbor, with an estimated radius\",\n \"Geocentric model In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center. Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbited Earth. The geocentric model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations, such as those of Aristotle and Ptolemy. Two observations supported the idea that Earth was the center of the Universe. First, from anywhere on Earth, the Sun appears to revolve around Earth once per day. While the Moon and the planets have their own motions,\",\n \"Johannes Kepler unfinished work. The next 11 years as imperial mathematician would be the most productive of his life. Kepler's primary obligation as imperial mathematician was to provide astrological advice to the emperor. Though Kepler took a dim view of the attempts of contemporary astrologers to precisely predict the future or divine specific events, he had been casting well-received detailed horoscopes for friends, family, and patrons since his time as a student in Tübingen. In addition to horoscopes for allies and foreign leaders, the emperor sought Kepler's advice in times of political trouble. Rudolph was actively interested in the work of many\",\n \"Voyager Golden Record record but the record company EMI, which held the copyrights, declined. However, this was refuted by Timothy Ferris, who worked on the selection with Sagan; the song was never even considered for inclusion. In July 2015, NASA uploaded the audio contents of the record to the audio streaming service SoundCloud. In the upper left-hand corner is a drawing of the phonograph record and the stylus carried with it. The stylus is in the correct position to play the record from the beginning. Written around it in binary arithmetic is the correct time of one rotation of the record, 3.6 seconds,\",\n \"Conflict thesis believe the inquisition's declaration rendered heliocentrism a heresy. Urban may have rather viewed Heliocentrism as a potentially dangerous or rash doctrine that nevertheless had utility in astronomical calculations. In 1632 Galileo, now an old man, published his \\\"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems\\\", which implicitly defended heliocentrism, and was popular. Pope Urban VIII had asked that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo's book, and were voiced by a character named \\\"Simplicio\\\" who was a simpleton. This angered the Pope and weakened Galileo's position politically. Responding to mounting controversy over theology, astronomy and philosophy, the Roman\",\n \"Kepler-20f mass to be around 1.2 . Kepler-20 is a Sun-like star in the constellation Lyra with a mass of 0.91 (± 0.03) and a radius of 0.94 (± 0.06) , and is thought to be 8.8 billion years old, though there is a large uncertainty in its age. In other words, Kepler-20 is approximately 9% less massive and 6% shorter than the Sun. The star's metallicity is 0.01 (± 0.04), meaning that the level of iron (and, presumably, other elements) in the star is almost the same as that of the Sun. Metallicity plays an important role in planetary systems,\",\n \"Norma (constellation) Règle\\\" to \\\"le Niveau\\\", \\\"the level\\\". In any case, the constellation's name had been shortened and Latinised by Lacaille to \\\"Norma\\\" by 1763. Norma is bordered by Scorpius to the north, Lupus to the northwest, Circinus to the west, Triangulum Australe to the south and Ara to the east. Covering 165.3 square degrees and 0.401% of the night sky, it ranks 74th of the 88 constellations in size. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Nor'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a\",\n \"the phenomenon a great rarity before 1716. The period between approximately 1645 to 1715 corresponds to the [[Maunder minimum]] in sunspot activity. It was the Norwegian scientist [[Kristian Birkeland]] who, in the early 1900s, laid the foundation for our current understanding of geomagnetism and polar auroras. [[Image:Jupiter.Aurora.HST.UV.jpg|thumb|[[Jupiter]] aurora; the far left bright spot connects magnetically to [[Io (moon)|Io]]; the spots at the bottom of the image lead to [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] and [[Europa (moon)|Europa]].]] [[Image:Saturns Northern Aurora still.jpg|thumb|An aurora high above the northern part of Saturn; image taken by the [[Cassini spacecraft]]. [[:Image:Saturns Northern Aurora in Motion.gif|A movie]] shows images from\",\n \"orbit, known as the ecliptic. The planets are very close to the ecliptic, whereas comets and Kuiper belt objects are frequently at significantly greater angles to it. All the planets, and most other objects, orbit the Sun in the same direction that the Sun is rotating (counter-clockwise, as viewed from above Earth's north pole). There are exceptions, such as Halley's Comet. The overall structure of the charted regions of the Solar System consists of the Sun, four relatively small inner planets surrounded by a belt of mostly rocky asteroids, and four giant planets surrounded by the Kuiper belt of mostly\",\n \"the star is convection. The simplest commonly used model of stellar structure is the spherically symmetric quasi-static model, which assumes that a star is in a steady state and that it is spherically symmetric. It contains four basic first-order differential equations: two represent how matter and pressure vary with radius; two represent how temperature and luminosity vary with radius. In forming the stellar structure equations (exploiting the assumed spherical symmetry), one considers the matter density formula_1, temperature formula_2, total pressure (matter plus radiation) formula_3, luminosity formula_4, and energy generation rate per unit mass formula_5 in a spherical shell of a\",\n \"the nucleus by comparing it with the apparent diameter of a weather vane support on distant building and measuring the distance between the telescope and the weather vane. Accurate angular measurements were of great importance to the astronomers of the time and Hooke realised he needed a precise instrument for this purpose. His problem was solved in 1667, when he saw Richard Towneley's micrometer, which was based on a prototype of 1640 invented by William Gascoigne. This instrument used a pair of fine-pitched screws to move two pointers in the focal plane of a Keplerian telescope. By enclosing the object\",\n \"House (astrology) most, the ecliptic is divided into houses and the ascendant (eastern horizon) marks the cusp, or beginning, of the first house, and the descendant (western horizon) marks the cusp of the seventh house. Many systems, called quadrant house systems, also use the midheaven (\\\"medium coeli\\\") as the cusp of the tenth house. Goals for a house system include ease of computation; agreement with the \\\"quadrant\\\" concept (ascendant on the first house cusp and midheaven on the tenth); defined and meaningful behaviour in the polar regions; acceptable handling of heavenly bodies of high latitude (a distinct problem from high-latitude locations on\",\n \"Kepler-5 Kepler-5 is a star located in the constellation Cygnus in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA project aimed at detecting planets in transit of, or passing in front of, their host stars as seen from Earth. One closely orbiting, Jupiter-like planet, named Kepler-5b, has been detected around Kepler-5. Kepler-5's planet was one of the first five planets to be discovered by the Kepler spacecraft; its discovery was announced on January 4, 2010 at the 215th meeting of the American Astronomical Society after being verified by a variety of observatories. Kepler-5 is larger and more massive\",\n \"of the very slow evolution of red dwarfs, the age of the Kepler-186 system was poorly constrained, although it is likely to be greater than a few billion years. Recent results have placed the age at around 4 billion years. The chance that it is tidally locked is approximately 50%. Since it is closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, it will probably rotate much more slowly than Earth; its day could be weeks or months long (see Tidal effects on rotation rate, axial tilt and orbit). Kepler-186f's axial tilt (obliquity) is likely very small, in which\",\n \"Johannes Kepler life, however, brought Kepler into contact with other prominent scholars (Johannes Matthäus Wackher von Wackhenfels, Jost Bürgi, David Fabricius, Martin Bachazek, and Johannes Brengger, among others) and astronomical work proceeded rapidly. As Kepler slowly continued analyzing Tycho's Mars observations—now available to him in their entirety—and began the slow process of tabulating the \\\"Rudolphine Tables\\\", Kepler also picked up the investigation of the laws of optics from his lunar essay of 1600. Both lunar and solar eclipses presented unexplained phenomena, such as unexpected shadow sizes, the red color of a total lunar eclipse, and the reportedly unusual light surrounding a total\",\n \"Theoretical astronomy Theoretical astronomy is the use of the analytical models of physics and chemistry to describe astronomical objects and astronomical phenomena. Ptolemy's Almagest, although a brilliant treatise on theoretical astronomy combined with a practical handbook for computation, nevertheless includes many compromises to reconcile discordant observations. Theoretical astronomy is usually assumed to have begun with Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), and Kepler's laws. It is co-equal with observation. The general history of astronomy deals with the history of the descriptive and theoretical astronomy of the Solar System, from the late sixteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century. The major categories\",\n \"Celestial spheres the large gaps with the five Platonic polyhedra, which accounted for the spheres' measured astronomical distance. In his mature celestial physics, the spheres were regarded as the purely geometrical spatial regions containing each planetary orbit rather than as the rotating physical orbs of the earlier Aristotelian celestial physics. The eccentricity of each planet's orbit thereby defined the lengths of the radii of the inner and outer limits of its celestial sphere and thus its thickness. In Kepler's celestial mechanics the cause of planetary motion became the rotating Sun, itself rotated by its own motive soul. However, an immobile stellar sphere\",\n \"that metal-rich stars tend to have orbiting planets more often than metal-poor stars. Kepler-4 is also about 6.7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. In addition, Kepler-4 has an effective temperature of 5781 (± 76) K, which is almost identical, within the errors, to that of the Sun, which is 5778 K. As seen from Earth, Kepler-4 has an apparent magnitude of 12.7. It is, as a result, not visible with the naked eye. Kepler-4b's discovery was announced on January 4, 2010. It is the size of planet Neptune, at 0.077 M (7% the\",\n \"Observational history of comets Sun is the focus. Then Isaac Newton, in his \\\"Principia Mathematica\\\" of 1687, proved that an object moving under the influence of his inverse square law of universal gravitation must trace out an orbit shaped like one of the conic sections, and he demonstrated how to fit a comet's path through the sky to a parabolic orbit, using the comet of 1680 as an example. Halley at first agreed with the longtime consensus that each comet was a different entity making a single visit to the solar system. In 1705, he applied Newton's method to 23 cometary apparitions that had\",\n \"Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is a binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, Kepler-16B, is an M-type red dwarf. They are separated by 0.22 AU, and complete an orbit around a common center of mass every 41 days. The system is host to one known extrasolar planet in circumbinary orbit: the Saturn-sized Kepler-16b. Kepler-16b is a gas giant that orbits the two stars in the Kepler-16 system. The planet is a third of Jupiter's mass and\",\n \"been operational since October 2007. The observatory has a 10' Fiberglass dome and an isolation platform to negate the effects of shock waves caused by people's footsteps on the telescope found inside it. Minchin reported Monck's aperture, incorrectly, when measuring the planets and stars to be 9 inches. These false figures have been used by several authors. John P. Mahaffy has described Monck's \\\"An Introduction to Critical Philosophy\\\" as the \\\"shortest and possibly most complete\\\" account of the philosopher Immanuel Kant. William Henry Stanley Monck William Henry Stanley Monck (April 21, 1839–June 24, 1915) was an Irish astronomer and philosopher.\",\n \"measurement, the solar mass came into use before the AU and the gravitational constant were precisely measured. This is because the relative mass of another planet in the Solar System or the combined mass of two binary stars can be calculated in units of Solar mass directly from the orbital radius and orbital period of the planet or stars using Kepler's third law, provided that orbital radius is measured in astronomical units and orbital period is measured in years. The mass of the Sun has been decreasing since the time it formed. This occurs through two processes in nearly equal\",\n \"Kepler-62d on its composition. The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64 . It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65.\",\n \"Ecliptic coordinate system The ecliptic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system commonly used for representing the apparent positions and orbits of Solar System objects. Because most planets (except Mercury) and many small Solar System bodies have orbits with slight inclinations to the ecliptic, using it as the fundamental plane is convenient. The system's origin can be the center of either the Sun or Earth, its primary direction is towards the vernal (northward) equinox, and it has a right-hand convention. It may be implemented in spherical or rectangular coordinates. The celestial equator and the ecliptic are slowly moving due to\",\n \"the natal chart. Traditionally, there are five dignities: domicile and detriment, exaltation and fall, triplicity, terms, and face. However, the later two have diminished in usage. A planet's domicile is the zodiac sign over which it has rulership. Western astrology is based mainly upon the construction of a horoscope, which is a map or \\\"chart\\\" of the heavens at a particular moment. The moment chosen is the beginning of the existence of the subject of the horoscope, as it is believed that the subject will carry with it the pattern of the heavens from that moment throughout its life. The\",\n \"House (astrology) according to season and latitude.) Regardless of these different methods, all house divisions in Western astrology share certain things in common: the twelve house cusps are always projected on the ecliptic; they will all place the cusp of the first house near the eastern horizon and every house cusp is 180° of longitude apart from the sixth following house (1st opposes 7th; 2nd opposes 8th and so on). The next table represents the basic outline of the houses as they are still understood today and includes the traditional Latin names. The houses are numbered from the east downward under the\",\n \"Natural History (Pliny) and minerals is valued for its detail in the history of science, being the most extensive compilation still available from the ancient world. Book I serves as Pliny's preface, explaining his approach and providing a table of contents. The first topic covered is Astronomy, in Book II. Pliny starts with the known universe, roundly criticising attempts at cosmology as madness, including the view that there are countless other worlds than the Earth. He doubts the four (Aristotelian) elements, fire, earth, air and water, but records the seven \\\"planets\\\" including the sun and moon. The earth is a sphere, suspended in\",\n \"Kepler (spacecraft) a mass of and contains a Schmidt camera with a front corrector plate (lens) feeding a primary mirror—at the time of its launch this was the largest mirror on any telescope outside Earth orbit, though the Herschel Space Observatory took this title a few months later. Its telescope has a 115 deg (about 12-degree diameter) field of view (FOV), roughly equivalent to the size of one's fist held at arm's length. Of this, 105 deg is of science quality, with less than 11% vignetting. The photometer has a soft focus to provide excellent photometry, rather than sharp images. The mission\",\n \"De sphaera mundi nine parts: the \\\"first moved\\\" (\\\"primum mobile\\\"), the sphere of the fixed stars (the firmament), and the seven planets, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the sun, Venus, Mercury and the moon. There is a 'right' sphere and an oblique sphere: the right sphere is only observed by those at the equator (if there are such people), everyone else sees the oblique sphere. There are two movements: one of the heavens from east to west on its axis through the Arctic and Antarctic poles, the other of the inferior spheres at 23° in the opposite direction on their own axes. The world, or\",\n \"Horoscope same instant. The astrologer then has to convert this into the local [[sidereal time]] at birth in order to be able to calculate the [[ascendant]] and [[midheaven]]. The astrologer will next consult a set of tables called an ephemeris, which lists the location of the Sun, Moon and [[Planets in astrology|planets]] for a particular year, date and sidereal time, with respect to the [[vernal equinox|northern hemisphere vernal equinox]] or the [[fixed star]]s (depending on which astrological system is being used). The astrologer then adds or subtracts the difference between the longitude of Greenwich and the longitude of the place in\",\n \"with a certain time called the period. This motion is described by the empirical laws of Kepler, which can be mathematically derived from Newton's laws. These can be formulated as follows: Note that while bound orbits of a point mass or a spherical body with a Newtonian gravitational field are closed ellipses, which repeat the same path exactly and indefinitely, any non-spherical or non-Newtonian effects (such as caused by the slight oblateness of the Earth, or by relativistic effects, thereby changing the gravitational field's behavior with distance) will cause the orbit's shape to depart from the closed ellipses characteristic of\",\n \"but was still listed at NEODyS with odds of 1 in 3 million for 27 November 2015 during the approach window. With an absolute magnitude of 23.6, is about 50–110 meters in diameter. 2007 VE191 It is estimated to be roughly 63 meters in diameter. In 2015 it was known to have a 1 in 63,000 chance of impacting Earth on 27 November 2015. However, the nominal best-fit orbit showed that would be roughly from Earth on 27 November 2015 with an apparent magnitude of roughly +25 in the constellation of Virgo about 50 degrees from the Sun, and the\",\n \"Geocentric model explanation in terms of the Earth's revolution about the sun. In 1838, astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel measured the parallax of the star 61 Cygni successfully, and disproved Ptolemy's claim that parallax motion did not exist. This finally confirmed the assumptions made by Copernicus, providing accurate, dependable scientific observations, and conclusively displaying how distant stars are from Earth. A geocentric frame is useful for many everyday activities and most laboratory experiments, but is a less appropriate choice for solar system mechanics and space travel. While a heliocentric frame is most useful in those cases, galactic and extragalactic astronomy is easier if\",\n \"if at least 0.5 to 5 bars of CO is present in its atmosphere, for assumed N partial pressures ranging from 10 bar to zero, respectively. The star hosts four other planets discovered so far, although Kepler-186 b, c, d, and e (in order of increasing orbital radius), being too close to their star, are considered too hot to have liquid water. The four innermost planets are probably tidally locked, but Kepler-186f is in a higher orbit, where the star's tidal effects are much weaker, so the time could have been insufficient for its spin to slow down significantly. Because\",\n \"\\\"θ\\\" by Kepler's first law: Using the relation above between \\\"θ\\\" and \\\"E\\\" the final equation for the distance \\\"r\\\" is: Kepler's laws of planetary motion In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun. Most planetary orbits are nearly circular, and careful observation and calculation are required in order to establish that they are not perfectly circular. Calculations of the orbit of Mars, whose published values are somewhat suspect, indicated an elliptical orbit. From this, Johannes Kepler inferred that other bodies in the Solar System, including those farther away\",\n \"observing time is less a year, for example, the orbits of the detectable planets will be significantly smaller than that of the Earth. So, for Corot, due to the maximum duration of 6 months of observation for each star field, only planets closer to their stars than 0.3 Astronomical Units (less than the distance between the Sun and Mercury) can be detected, therefore generally not in the so-called habitable zone. The Kepler mission (NASA) has continuously observed the same field for many years and thus had the ability to detect Earth sized planets located farther from their stars. The moderate\",\n \"NOvA The NOνA (NuMI Off-Axis ν Appearance) experiment is a particle physics experiment designed to detect neutrinos in Fermilab's NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam. Intended to be the successor to MINOS, NOνA consists of two detectors, one at Fermilab (the \\\"near detector\\\"), and one in northern Minnesota (the \\\"far detector\\\"). Neutrinos from NuMI pass through 810 km of Earth to reach the far detector. NOνA's main goal is to observe the oscillation of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos. The primary physics goals of NOvA are: Neutrino oscillation is parameterized by the PMNS matrix and the mass squared differences\",\n \"It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-419c orbits its host star with 270% of the Sun's luminosity (2.7 ) about every 675 days (around 1.84 years) at a distance of 1.61 AU (compared to the orbital distance of Mars, which is 1.52 AU). It has a slightly eccentric orbit, with an eccentricity of 0.184. It receives about 95% of the amount of sunlight that Earth does. Kepler-419c resides in the circumstellar habitable zone of the parent star. The exoplanet, with a mass of 7.28 , is too massive to be rocky, and because of this\",\n \"5778 K. The primary star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.25, or 56% of the solar amount. The stars' luminosities () are 84% and 1% that of the Sun. The apparent magnitude of the system, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is about 15.8. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Kepler-47b orbits around its parent stars every 45 days at a distance of 0.29 AU from its stars (close to where Mercury orbits from the Sun, which is about 0.39 AU). It receives about 9.6 times as much sunlight\",\n \"its mission, Rosetta was crashed into the comet′s surface in 2016. Near-Earth object A near-Earth object (NEO) is any small Solar System body whose orbit brings it to proximity with Earth. By convention, a Solar System body is a NEO if its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) is less than 1.3 astronomical units (AU). If a NEO's orbit crosses the Earth's and the object is larger than across, it is considered a potentially hazardous object (PHO). Most known PHOs and NEOs are asteroids, but a small fraction are comets. There are over 19,000 known near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), over a\",\n \"Quadrant (instrument) a back observation quadrant was developed. With such a quadrant, the observer viewed the horizon from a \\\"sight vane\\\" (C in the figure on the right) through a slit in the \\\"horizon vane\\\" (B). This ensured the instrument was level. The observer moved the \\\"shadow vane\\\" (A) to a position on the graduated scale so as to cause its shadow to appear coincident with the level of the horizon on the horizon vane. This angle was the elevation of the sun. Large frame quadrants were used for astronomical measurements, notably determining the altitude of celestial objects. They could be permanent\",\n \"naked eye. The binary system is known to host three planets, all larger than Earth with no solid surface. The innermost planet, Kepler-47b, is a gas giant and resides close to its parent stars and therefore is inhospitable to life. It is thought to be smaller than Kepler-47c and is roughly three times the radius of Earth. The second planet, Kepler-47c, is also a gas giant and the outermost planet. It is situated within the habitable zone and its radius is 4 times the Earth's. Although it is assumed Kepler-47c is not capable of harboring life, it is marginally larger\",\n \"Crater (constellation) Crater was recognized as a constellation called \\\"Moana-ohu-noa-ei-haa-moe-hara\\\". Covering 282.4 square degrees and hence 0.685% of the sky, Crater ranks 53rd of the 88 constellations in area. It is bordered by Leo and Virgo to the north, Corvus to the east, Hydra to the south and west, and Sextans to the northwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Crt'. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of six segments (\\\"illustrated in infobox\\\"). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates\",\n \"Kepler's laws of planetary motion explaining how the planets' speeds varied, and using elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits with epicycles. Isaac Newton showed in 1687 that relationships like Kepler's would apply in the Solar System to a good approximation, as a consequence of his own laws of motion and law of universal gravitation. Kepler's laws improved the model of Copernicus. If the eccentricities of the planetary orbits are taken as zero, then Kepler basically agreed with Copernicus: The eccentricities of the orbits of those planets known to Copernicus and Kepler are small, so the foregoing rules give fair approximations of planetary motion, but Kepler's\",\n \"Novum\\\", Giovanni Battista Riccioli set out 126 arguments against the Copernican model of the universe. In his 43rd argument, Riccioli considered the points Galileo had made in his \\\"Letters on Sunspots\\\", and asserted that a heliocentric (Copernican) explanation of the phenomenon was more speculative, while a geocentric model allowed for a more parsimonious explanation and was thus more satisfactory (ref: Occam's Razor). As Riccioli explained it, whether the sun went round the earth or the earth round the sun, three movements were necessary to explain the movement of sunspots. If the earth moves around the sun, the necessary movements were\",\n \"Kepler orbit Kepler’s book Astronomia Nova in 1609. For a circles motion is uniform, however for the elliptical to sweep the area in a uniform rate, the object moves quickly when the radius vector is short and moves slower when the radius vector is long. Kepler published his Third Law of Planetary Motion in 1619, in his book Harmonices Mundi. With this law, Newton used it to define his laws of gravitation. The Third Law: The squares of the periodic times are to each other as the cubes of the mean distances. Along with The Third Law, that talks about gravitation, it\",\n \"Astronomia nova the planets. The second step consists of Kepler placing the sun as the center and mover of the other planets. This step also contains Kepler’s reply to objections against placing the sun at the center of the universe, including objections based on scripture. In reply to scripture, he argues that it is not meant to claim physical dogma, and the content should be taken spiritually. In the third step, he posits that the sun is the source of the motion of all planets, using Brahe’s proof based on comets that planets do not rotate on orbs. The fourth step consists\"\n]","isConversational":false},"cluster":{"kind":"number","value":14,"string":"14"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":2,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":20480,"offset":200,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc3Nzk0NTE4Miwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL0hpZXVtYW4vUFFBLXJlZHVjZWQiLCJleHAiOjE3Nzc5NDg3ODIsImlzcyI6Imh0dHBzOi8vaHVnZ2luZ2ZhY2UuY28ifQ.C3GiFfnUYuadgLz56rZM6VO9X_BXutJUNcf8b6GkPpKQPhKeYVtI-U6UVQzTXbkg75gNHFp1_nZU-tWpWdevCg","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"train","numRows":20480,"numBytesParquet":784007058}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":1,"total":1},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
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what is the most common form of religious division in australia | [
"risked resurrecting sectarian enmity between the two groups. In contemporary Australia, sectarianism between Catholic and Protestant is extant, but minimal and occasionally raises comment, though the issue intermittently reappears – for example, in discussion of sexual abuse being associated with certain denominat... | [
"Australian Christian Churches to 1,250. In 1939, the AOG declared British Israelism to be a heresy, eventually leading to the formation of the Christian Revival Crusade. In its early history, the AOG was a peace church having officially adopted a position of pacifism. Article 23 of the AOG constitution declared \"... | 10 |
the australian imperial force was seen as what | [
"First Australian Imperial Force of the AIF reflected the unique nature of rural Australians, and frequently exaggerated the democratic nature of the force and the proportion of soldiers from rural areas in his journalism and the \"Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918\". The perceived qualities of ... | [
"registered for the American draft, but he was not summoned by either country. Despite this criticism Chaplin was a favourite with the troops, and his popularity continued to grow worldwide. \"Harper's Weekly\" reported that the name of Charlie Chaplin was \"a part of the common language of almost every country\", ... | 10 |
what is the name of the australian church of the wesleyan christian | [
"Kingsley Community training centres located around Australia. The Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia is similar in many respects to the Church of the Nazarene. Both churches are Wesleyan-Holiness denominations that emerged in Australia after the Second World War, largely as the result of interaction between Au... | [
"Bundanoon, New South Wales born in Australia; the next most common countries of birth were England 8.7%, New Zealand 1.4%, and Germany 1.1%. 92.5% of people only spoke English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 29.4%, Anglican 27.4% and Catholic 18.7%. Anglican: Part of the Sutton For... | 10 |
what was the unemployment rate in 1992 in australia | [
"History of Australia state count. Hawke and Keating abandoned traditional Labor support for tariffs to protect industry and jobs. They moved to deregulate Australia's financial system and 'floated' the Australian dollar. After the initial failure of the Whitlam model and partial dismantling under Fraser, Hawke re-... | [
"Australian Bank Australian Bank (ABL) was an Australian retail bank that operated between 1981 and 1989. It was established by Perth businessman Garrick Agnew (its first chairman) and Sydney-based Mark Johnson (its first CEO). At the time of its establishment in 1981, it was the first new trading bank in Australia... | 10 |
how many anti middle eastern attacks have been recorded in australia | [
"Anti-Middle Eastern sentiment 11, 2001 by the Community Relations Commission for a Multicultural NSW, during which time 248 incidents were logged. There were seven categories of attack: physical assault; verbal assault; sexual assault; threat; racial discrimination or harassment, damage to property; and media atta... | [
"Rajm the control of central governments—the Taliban in Afghanistan, ISIS in Iraq, and Boko Haram in Nigeria being cases in point. Out of the world’s forty-nine Muslim-majority states, six retain the punishment in deference to Islamic legal tradition, ... Of these countries only Iran, which officially placed a mora... | 10 |
what type of issues are not considered a matter in australian administrative law | [
"Australian administrative law by repealing or amending the \"Judiciary Act 1903\". The High Court's original jurisdiction is over \"matters\" as provided in Constitution sections 75, and 76. The Court has held, with a view to separation of powers, that the category \"matter\" is confined to issues that are appropr... | [
"Court of Disputed Returns (Australia) Roberts, Barnaby Joyce, Fiona Nash and Nick Xenophon. These cases were heard on 10–12 October 2017 and judgment is reserved. The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918, which governs federal elections, provides the High Court with a jurisdiction as the federal Court of Disputed Retur... | 10 |
what is the name of the triathlon federation of australia | [
"a draft legal cycling leg for bicycles. This way, junior athletes can compete under the same rules as the Olympics and Triathlon World Championships. The national body has eight state member associations. Triathlon Australia Triathlon Australia is the governing body responsible for the management of sports such as... | [
"webbed gloves, flippers, fins etc). Goggles may be worn\". Early in 2000, Speedo hand-delivered their new Fastskin suits to 150 Olympic hopefuls and promised 6,000 more would be made available for Olympic trials. Fearing the possibility of Speedo-clad race winners being stripped of medals due to challenges, the Au... | 10 |
what is the name of the australian order of nuns founded by john bede | [
"Women in Australia efforts later won her fame in England and great influence in achieving support for families in the colony. Sydney's first Catholic bishop, John Bede Polding founded an Australian order of nuns—the Sisters of the Good Samaritan—in 1857 to work in education and social work. The Sisters of St Josep... | [
"University of the Nations The University of the Nations (U of N) is a Christian university with branches in 600 locations in 142 countries, providing programs in over 100 languages around the world. Its largest locations are in Kona, Hawaii (US), Jeju, South Korea, and Perth, Australia. The University of the Natio... | 10 |
when is the state election for western australia | [
"2017 State election held on 11 March 2017. Note: The metropolitan regions (marked *) use the 2013 area information. The structure of the regions prior to the 2015 redistribution was as follows: Legend: Before 1989 electoral divisions for the Legislative Council were known as electoral provinces. The \"Constitution... | [
"some applications for exemption from the Act. The Office of Director of Equal Opportunity in Public Employment (ODEOPE) administrates Part 9A of the Act, which pertains to Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) across the public sector. In June 2018, both houses of the Parliament of New South Wales unanimously passed ... | 10 |
who makes the australian dollar coins | [
"Coins of the Australian dollar commemorative issues which were not for circulation. Mintages reported for these coins vary from around 5,000 to around 125,000, with the notable exception of the four 25¢ coins of 2016 which have mintages of 1 million each. In 2016, to celebrate 50 years of decimal currency, a comme... | [
"against the decision of the British government to manufacture their Post-Brexit passports in France. De La Rue sells high-security paper and printing technology for over 150 national currencies. De La Rue also produces a wide range of other secure documents, including: In 1843 De La Rue established its first overs... | 10 |
which company is the biggest iron ore producer in australia | [
"Mount Whaleback mine The Mount Whaleback mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 6 kilometres west of Newman. The mine is majority-owned (85 percent) and operated by BHP, and is one of five iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. The company also operates two port f... | [
"Lindsay Fox Lindsay Edward Fox (born 19 April 1937) is an Australian businessman. He founded the Australian logistics company Linfox in 1956, and is now non-executive chairman. Linfox is Australia's largest privately held logistics company, with more than 5,000 trucks across ten countries throughout the Asia-Pacif... | 10 |
which plan saw the first asian students enter australian education system | [
"Monash University of 100 hectares of open land in Clayton. The 100 hectares of land consists of the former Talbot Epileptic Colony. From its first intake of 357 students at Clayton on 13 March 1961, the university grew rapidly in size and student numbers so that by 1967, it had enrolled more than 21,000 students s... | [
"South Australia, through the design made by the architect George Strickland Kingston. Adelaide was established as a planned colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution, based upon the ideas of Edward Gibbon Wakefield. Wakefield had read accounts of Australian settlem... | 10 |
what are some of australia's big things | [
"Australia's big things The big things of Australia are a loosely related set of large structures, some of which are novelty architecture and some are sculptures. There are estimated to be over 150 such objects around the country. There are big things in every state and territory in continental Australia. Most big ... | [
"Beecroft Peninsula Peninsula. The non-flying mammalian community is relatively impoverished in diversity and includes the brown antechinus (\"Antechinus stuartii\"), bush rat (\"Rattus fuscipes\"), the common ringtailed possum (\"Pseudocheirus peregrinus\"), the brushtail possum (\"Trichosurus vulpecula\"), long-n... | 10 |
how much did the royal commission spend on building in australia | [
"of the Australian Building and Construction Commissioner (ABCC). The role of the ABCC was to monitor and promote appropriate standards of conduct throughout the building and construction industry. The ABCC operated between 2005 and 2012. The Commission's own estimate of its expenditures, as at the date of publishi... | [
"week.Houses in Madora Bay aren't cheap, as it has been found that the median house price was $450,000. Madora Bay, Western Australia First named in 1960 as \"Madora Beach Estate\", the name was derived from the Kimberley pastoral station of Mandora and a former railway siding near Dwellingup known as Chadora. The ... | 10 |
what does the broad arrow mean in australian army | [
"in a timber harvesting area which are not to be felled; or to indicate forest produce which has been seized under the Act; or to indicate that forest produce lawfully cut or obtained is not to be removed until the brand is obliterated with the crown brand by any authorised officer.\" The broad arrow is used curren... | [
"Military parade determined by the position of the dais or flags. When these are not present, the direction of the drill commander is the advance. The Retire is opposite to the advance, against the primary direction of movement (similar to a ship's stern.) The Left is to the left of the Advance (similar to a ship's... | 10 |
how many emiratis visit australia each year | [
"Emirati Australians them are on UAE government scholarships and pursuing postgraduate or PhD degrees. They are concentrated in large cities such as Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth. In addition, around 14,000 Emiratis also visit Australia each year for tourism. Migration is made easier by relaxed visa require... | [
"The Emirates Group growing at the rate one new aircraft every month. Each hangar has an entrance gate 88 metres wide and every bay can accommodate any size of aircraft with an engine thrust of up to 150,000 pounds, including the Airbus A380, which is 73 metres long with an 80-metre wingspan and a tail 24 metres hi... | 10 |
how many mission australia programs are there | [
"to be affordable to low and moderate income Australian families; it also aims to create a positive community within these housing blocks. They operate under two separate housing companies, due to different state regulatory environments. MA Housing (Victoria) Ltd operates only in Victoria and MA Housing Ltd operate... | [
"Adoption in Australia a lengthy process, usually taking at least two years in Australia, requiring multiple assessments of the continued suitability of prospective parents. Intercountry adoption practices are in accordance with the principles of the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption, which came into force ... | 10 |
what are the most common ram trucks in australia | [
"Ram Pickup on the left. In 2016, FCA commenced selling the Ram 2500 and Ram 3500 in Australia. These are converted to right hand drive in Australia before sale. Pricing commences from $139,500AUD (approx $100,000USD). Ram trucks are provided for the European market by the Swiss company AutoGlobal Trade in cooperat... | [
"Datsun Truck by its two large headlights rather than four smaller lights and a less boxy, more aggressive appearance. The Nissan Pathfinder was derived from the Hardbody Truck and started in the same model year with chassis code WD21. In the US, the Hardbody cab styles were 'Standard' and 'King' (also known as 'Ex... | 10 |
what are the free to air broadcasters in australia | [
"video systems, not only for the reception of specialized content but also for use in locations where terrestrial ATSC over-the-air reception is incomplete and additional channels are desired. Australia has five major free-to-air networks: Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), Seven Network, Nine Network, Netw... | [
"FX (Australia) originally launched in Australia as fX, featuring classic TV series (often branded as \"Golden Years of Television\") In late 1998 fX became FX, which at the time was a channel aimed at women, unlike the international FX channels demographic, featuring shows such as The View and Donny and Marie. In ... | 10 |
who is amelia jae backing in australia | [
"Amelia Jae Amelia Jae Nina McMurray (born 29 July 1983) is an Australian pop singer-songwriter and musician. In 2011, Amelia launched her critically acclaimed debut album, No Ordinary Day to a sold out capacity audience of over 500 people. In the same year, she officially introduced herself to the entertainment wo... | [
"In September 2017, Bullock embarked on a food journey across 30 countries riding a Hunter Motorcycles Daytona model 30,000 km from Perth, Western Australia to Perth, Scotland. Bullock's route takes him through Southeast Asia, the Himalaya’s, Middle East and Europe. All proceeds of the From Perth to Perth ride are ... | 10 |
who directed the french film'rive droite rive gauche' | [
"has to fear the wrath of Paul's jealous wife Babée. Rive droite, rive gauche Rive droite, rive gauche (also known as \"As Right Bank, Left Bank\") is a French film directed by Philippe Labro, starring Gérard Depardieu and Nathalie Baye. Carole Bouquet received a César nomination for Best Supporting Actress. Paul i... | [
"Adam & Yves Adam & Yves is a 1974 X-rated film created for gay male audiences. The film is notable for the unauthorized use of footage of Greta Garbo, in what turned out to be the legendary actress's final appearance on film. Set in Paris during springtime, \"Adam & Yves\" is about the French Yves (Marcus Giovanni... | 11 |
who directed the short film 'hysterical history' | [
"Hysterical History Hysterical History is a 1953 American animated short film directed by Isadore Sparber. The story of American History is told. The cartoon starts when Columbus discovers America, arrives at the new land, where he finds cameramen and newspaper reporters. Then, the Pilgrim story of the courtship of... | [
"Melton in 1974. They had two children, a daughter (Oona) and a son (Sebastian). His family is featured in Jonas' films such as \"Out-takes from the Life of a Happy Man\". Jonas Mekas Jonas Mekas (; born December 24, 1922) is a Lithuanian American filmmaker, poet and artist who has often been called \"the godfather... | 11 |
who directed being at home with claude | [
"by Les Productions du Cerf and the National Film Board of Canada. Being at Home with Claude Being at Home with Claude is a 1992 Canadian drama film directed by Jean Beaudin and based on the play by René-Daniel Dubois. The film stars Roy Dupuis as Yves, a gay man who has just murdered his lover Claude (Jean-Françoi... | [
"a glass-enclosed area behind the back row that enabled parents with young children to enjoy the show without disturbing the other patrons. The Joy was built by long-time theater operators Joy Houck (the theater's namesake) and Levere Montgomery, Sr. The architect was B. W. Stevens. \"Lover Come Back\", starring Lu... | 11 |
who directed let the bullets fly | [
"award from the Hong Kong Film Critics Society. Let the Bullets Fly Let the Bullets Fly () is a 2010 action comedy film written and directed by Jiang Wen, based on a story by Ma Shitu (), a famous Sichuanese writer. The film is set in Sichuan during the 1920s when the bandit Zhang (Jiang Wen) descends upon a town p... | [
"War II, the one thing which you can't miss about \"Memphis Belle\" is that it is a cliche commercial production.\" The film currently holds a 64% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Memphis Belle (film) Memphis Belle is a 1990 British-American war drama film directed by Michael Caton-Jones and written by Monte Merrick. The... | 11 |
who directed the film'shadows and fog' | [
"tone and rhythm, even though, like all of the director's work, it's a mixture of the sincere, the sardonic and the classically sappy.\" \"Variety\" similarly wrote, \"Exquisitely shot in black & white, Woody Allen's \"Shadows and Fog\" is a sweet homage to German expressionist filmmaking and a nod to the content o... | [
"Graves was the executive producer of the supernatural medical television drama \"Proof\" on TNT. In 2018, Graves directed two episodes of the Netflix original \"Altered Carbon\". Alex Graves Alexander John \"Alex\" Graves (born July 23, 1965) is an American film director, television director, television producer a... | 11 |
who directed the movie army of darkness | [
"Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters included Sam Raimi's early horror comedy films like \"Army of Darkness\" but also \"John Carpenter's movies, which we all love [and] we're all hugely influenced by the first \"Matrix\"—obviously a really big one—also the \"Bourne Supremacy\" movies and the way Oliver Wood shot those.... | [
"Call of Duty: Black Ops year of World War II, and the 1960s. The story mainly follows four soldiers: Corporal \"Tank\" Dempsey (Steven Blum) of the United States Marine Corps, Sergeant Nikolai Belinski (Fred Tatasciore) of the Red Army, Captain Takeo Masaki (Tom Kane) of the Imperial Japanese Army, and Doctor Edwa... | 11 |
who directed the film no fire zone | [
"says \"\"No Fire Zone\" shocks on every level. It shocks, it educates, and it convinces\" It has been widely praised by personalities as disparate as the rapper M.I.A and the British Prime Minister, David Cameron, who said: ”\"No Fire Zone\" is one of the most chilling documentaries I’ve watched…” In March 2013, t... | [
"Buddy Van Horn Buddy Van Horn (born August 20, 1929) is an American stunt coordinator and film director. He directed the Clint Eastwood films \"Any Which Way You Can\" (1980), \"The Dead Pool\" (1988), and \"Pink Cadillac\" (1989). A long-time stunt double for Eastwood, he was credited as the stunt coordinator on ... | 11 |
who made passport to paris direct to film | [
"spend time with his family (whom he hasn't seen for a long time), back in the United States. Passport to Paris currently holds a 50% rating on audience score at Rotten Tomatoes. Passport to Paris Passport to Paris is a 1999 direct-to-video film starring Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, who also serve as the film's exec... | [
"renderings of famous French-language songs. \"The Windmills of Your Mind\" has also been rendered as: The Windmills of Your Mind \"The Windmills of Your Mind\" is a song with music by French composer Michel Legrand and English lyrics written by Americans Alan and Marilyn Bergman. The French lyrics, under the title... | 11 |
who directed the 2010 movie frankie and alice | [
"Frankie & Alice Frankie & Alice is a 2010 Canadian drama film directed by Geoffrey Sax starring Halle Berry. Filming began in Vancouver, British Columbia, in November 2008 and ended in January 2009. To qualify for awards season, the film opened in a limited release on December 10, 2010. It is based on a true story... | [
"Much Ado About Nothing (2012 film) Much Ado About Nothing is a 2012 black and white American romantic comedy film adapted for the screen, produced, and directed by Joss Whedon, from William Shakespeare's play of the same name. The film stars Amy Acker, Alexis Denisof, Nathan Fillion, Clark Gregg, Reed Diamond, Fra... | 11 |
who was the director of pieces of eight | [
"Pieces of Eight (1985 musical) Pieces of Eight is a musical with a book by Michael Stewart and Mark Bramble, lyrics by Susan Birkenhead, and music by Jule Styne. It is based on the classic novel \"Treasure Island\" by Robert Louis Stevenson. The central characters are Jim Hawkins, a young man in possession of a tr... | [
"on December 1, 2007, with playwright John Patrick Shanley directing and Scott Rudin producing. They all received Academy Award nominations for their roles. Streep for Academy Award for Best Actress, Hoffman for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Adams and Davis for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. ... | 11 |
who directed the movie american daylight in 2004 | [
"American Daylight American Daylight is a 2004 Indian film production in Hollywood. The film is directed by Roger Christian and produced by Kaleidoscope Entertainment. The film stars Nick Moran as Lawrence, an American music executive, who falls for Sujata (Koel Purie), a call center worker in India, then flies hal... | [
"American Horror Story and dangerous happenings that seem to center around the retro Hotel Cortez in downtown Los Angeles, California, initially built as a secret torture chamber to fulfill the violent desires of founder James March (Evan Peters). Detective John Lowe (Wes Bentley) arrives at the hotel, based on int... | 11 |
"who directed the 2011 film ""the elephant man""?" | [
"The Elephant Man (film) use of the title. \"The Elephant Man\" was met with critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a 90% rating, based on 42 reviews, with an average score of 8.4/10. The site's consensus reads, \"David Lynch's relatively straight second feature finds an admirable synthesis of compassi... | [
"Bruce A. Evans Bruce Anslie Evans (born September 19, 1946) is an American film director, producer and screenwriter best known for his work on \"Stand by Me\" (1986), \"Jungle 2 Jungle\" (1997) and \"Mr. Brooks\" (2007). Evans's first writing credit was on the 1984 film \"Starman\" with his partner Raynold Gideon,... | 11 |
who directed the 2007 horror film 'furnace' | [
"Furnace (film) Furnace is a 2007 horror film written and directed by William Butler. It stars Danny Trejo, Michael Paré, Tom Sizemore, Ja Rule, and Paul Wall. A group of prisoners are assigned to assist in the re-opening of an old prison's closed wing. They find that the furnace room in the wing is the location of... | [
"Best Picture. He also produced the 2013 \"The Great Gatsby\" remake, starring Leonardo DiCaprio. In 2014, Osborne, Alan B. Curtiss, and Mexican entrepreneur Max Appedole, released \"Gloria\", a biopic of controversial Mexican pop star Gloria Trevi, directed by Christian Keller. Osborne is also preparing a possible... | 11 |
who directed the movie santa baby in 2006 | [
"it was \"quite clever\", and the \"New York Post\" gave it three stars, calling it \"...a pretty nice movie\". A sequel, \"\", premiered on December 13, 2009. Santa Baby (film) Santa Baby is an ABC Family Original Movie. It premiered on December 10, 2006 on ABC Family as part of their annual 25 Days of Christmas e... | [
"Andrew Bujalski Andrew Bujalski (born April 29, 1977) is an American film director, screenwriter and actor, who has been called the \"Godfather of Mumblecore.\" Bujalski, born in Boston in 1977, is the son of artist-turned-businesswoman Sheila Dubman and businessman Edmund Bujalski. His father is Catholic and his ... | 11 |
who directed the film camp x ray | [
"Camp X-Ray (film) the film three stars and praised Peter Sattler's direction, as well as Stewart and Maadi. Seitz wrote of Stewart that: \"There are silent film-quality close-ups where you can read every fluctuation in her mood even though she's barely moving a muscle. This is a true movie star performance.\" Seit... | [
"No Way Out (1987 film) No Way Out is a 1987 American political thriller film directed by Roger Donaldson and starring Kevin Costner, Gene Hackman, Will Patton and Sean Young. Howard Duff, George Dzundza, Jason Bernard, Fred Thompson, and Iman appear in supporting roles. The film is a remake of \"The Big Clock\" (1... | 11 |
who is directing the boy who fell out of the sky | [
"The Boy Who Fell Out of the Sky of the writer's life. Someone else, it turns out, lived to write that book.\" It was reported in 2007 that Warner Brothers is working on a film adaptation of the book, to be adapted and directed by Niki Caro. Gilbert Cruz of \"Entertainment Weekly\" called the book \"half an account... | [
"One Fall One Fall is a 2011 American fantasy drama film directed by Marcus Dean Fuller, and produced by Dean Silvers and Marlen Hecht. Filming took place in New York. Set in the rustic Midwestern U.S. town of One Fall, the film tells the story of a man, James (Marcus Dean Fuller), who miraculously survived a horri... | 11 |
who directed in the heart of a woman | [
"In the Heart of a Woman \"In the Heart of a Woman\" is a song written by Keith Hinton and Brett Cartwright, and recorded by American country music singer Billy Ray Cyrus. It was released in June 1993 as the first single from his second album, \"It Won't Be the Last\". The song peaked at number 3 on the \"Billboard... | [
"the civil rights movement from its infancy in the 20th century to the successes of today. The 45-year saga tells the evolving history of the modern gay rights movement, starting just after the Stonewall riots in 1969. The series is eight hours long in seven parts with Gus Van Sant directing the first two-hour part... | 11 |
who directed where are our children going | [
"Where Are Our Children Going? Where Are Our Children Going? () is a 1958 Mexican drama film directed by Benito Alazraki. It was released in 1958. It starred Dolores del Río. Based in the play \"Half Tone (Medio tono)\" by Rodolfo Usigli. Martin (Tito Junco) is a bureaucrat who lives with his wife Rosa (Dolores del... | [
"Way Way Back) and starred Johnny Simmons & Odette Annable. Richard Keith (writer/actor/director) Richard Keith (born November 29, 1982 in North Carolina) is an American writer, producer, director and actor. As a writer, he is best known for creating \"Life Sentence\" on The CW, as well as writing and co-executive ... | 11 |
"who directed the film ""kursk"" starring steven waddington?" | [
"has a part in Thomas Vinterberg's political thriller \"Kursk\", based on the true story of a doomed Russian submarine, which is planned for release 2018. Waddington is married to actress/model Jane March, and has one son. Steven Waddington Steven Waddington (born 30 December 1967) is an English film and television... | [
"Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum before September 1992. The museum has allowed scenes for four films to be filmed on the site: \"Pasażerka\" (1963) by Polish director Andrzej Munk, \"Landscape After the Battle\" (1970) by Polish director Andrzej Wajda, and a television miniseries, \"War and Remembrance\" (19... | 11 |
who directed the movie grown ups with adam sandler | [
"cast includes Andy Samberg, Taylor Lautner and Patrick Schwarzenegger. The sequel follows Lenny Feder as he relocates his family back to the small town where he and his friends grew up. Like its predecessor, \"Grown Ups 2\" received very poor reviews but was still a box office hit. Grown Ups (film) Grown Ups is a ... | [
"Hamlet (2000 film) Hamlet, also known as Hamlet 2000, is a 2000 American drama film written and directed by Michael Almereyda, set in contemporary New York City, and based on the Shakespeare play of the same name. Ethan Hawke plays Hamlet as a film student, Kyle MacLachlan co-stars as Uncle Claudius, with Diane Ve... | 11 |
which country adopted the us dollar as legal tender after independence | [
"political and historical factors. In all long-standing currency substitution cases, historical and political reasons have been more influential than an evaluation of the economic effects of currency substitution. Panama adopted the US dollar as legal tender after independence as the result of a constitutional ruli... | [
"Singapore dollar The Singapore dollar (sign: S$; code: SGD) is the official currency of Singapore. It is divided into 100 cents. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or S$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. The Monetary Authority of Singapore issues the banknotes and coins of... | 12 |
what was the most popular currency during the gold standard era | [
"Gold standard The role of gold was severely constrained, as other countries’ currencies were fixed in terms of the dollar. Many countries kept reserves in gold and settled accounts in gold. Still they preferred to settle balances with other currencies, with the American dollar becoming the favorite. The Internatio... | [
"Gilded Age the funding came from the government, especially in the form of land grants that could be realized when a certain amount of trackage was opened. The emerging American financial system was based on railroad bonds. New York by 1860 was the dominant financial market. The British invested heavily in railroa... | 12 |
how long did the byzantine and european currencies last | [
"Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties Byzantine and European currencies for more than a thousand years. The Roman army was reorganised to consist of mobile field units and garrison soldiers capable of countering internal threats and barbarian invasions. Constantine pursued successful c... | [
"to meet IMF requirements and to try to enforce a stable price for the currency in the Forex market. In 2014 and 2015 the hryvnia lost about 70% of its value against the U.S. dollar. After stabilization efforts by Ukrainian authorities in March 2015 1 US dollar was worth about 22 hryvnia. Early February 2016 1 US d... | 12 |
why is the euro considered a stable currency | [
"the highest weighting. With the exception of Bosnia, Bulgaria, Macedonia (which had pegged their currencies against the Deutsche Mark) and Cape Verde (formerly pegged to the Portuguese escudo), all of these non-EU countries had a currency peg to the French Franc before pegging their currencies to the euro. Pegging... | [
"Triffin dilemma the country and caused the US Dollar to become more overvalued, leading to a self-propagating cycle. Furthermore, the US had to run a balance of payments current account surplus to maintain confidence in the U.S. dollar. As a result, the United States was faced with a dilemma because it is not poss... | 12 |
the saar mark was the currency of which country | [
"view of the introduction of the franc. However, the Saar Mark notes were soon replaced following the integration of the Saar into the French currency area. The Saar franc was the currency of the Saar Protectorate and, later, the state of Saarland in the Federal Republic of Germany between 20 November 1947 and 6 Ju... | [
"St. Andrew's cross (philately) sheets\", each with eight rows and columns with 64 clichés per pane. It was considered important that there not be an uneven payment when several sheets were purchased (for instance, by businesses). The extant Austria currency was the Gulden, each worth 60 Kreuzer. For that reason, t... | 12 |
when is the lira convertible into cash | [
"Bank of Malta until 1 February 2010, and banknotes remained convertible until 31 January 2018. The Maltese lira was on a par with the British pound sterling (GBP) until 13 December 1971, since then the lira had been allowed to float, anchored to a basket of reserve currencies. The lira had subsequently been worth ... | [
"Guidotti–Greenspan rule The Guidotti–Greenspan rule states that a country's reserves should equal short-term external debt (one-year or less maturity), implying a ratio of reserves-to-short term debt of 1. The rationale is that countries should have enough reserves to resist a massive withdrawal of short term fore... | 12 |
how many rubles are there in the ruble | [
"15 republics of the Soviet Union. From the 14th to the 17th centuries the ruble was neither a coin nor a currency but rather a unit of weight. The most used currency was a small silver coin called \"denga\" (pl. \"dengi\"). There were two variants of the denga minted in Novgorod and Moscow. The weight of a denga s... | [
"Euro starter kits of €10.23, equivalent to 20.01 DEM. They were released to the public on 17 December 2001. There are five different kinds of kits, one for each mint (A, D, F, G and J). The following are the mintage quantities per mint: The Greek kit contained coins with a total value of €14.67, or ₯5,000. More sp... | 12 |
what is the russian equivalent of the euro | [
"Language and the euro Romansh, the words are \"euro\" and \"cent\"; these are regular masculine nouns forming their plurals with -s, as \"euros\" and \"cents\", respectively. Russia currently borders four eurozone members, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. They supply much of the euro inflow in Russia in tra... | [
"Great Recession in Russia The Great Recession in Russia was a crisis during 2008–2009 in the Russian financial markets as well as an economic recession that was compounded by political fears after the war with Georgia and by the plummeting price of Urals heavy crude oil, which lost more than 70% of its value since... | 12 |
what is the name of the cash given to kids for eid al-fitr | [
"Eid al-Fitr traditional hug of friendship and the greeting \"Eid Mubarak\". Before going home people give charity to needy and the poor, to further make it possible to have everybody be able to enjoy the day. On their way home, people buy sweets, gas balloons for kids, and gifts for the family. At home family memb... | [
"religious observances consists of fasting and extra prayers. Some important historical events during this month are generally believed to include: Laylat al-Qadr is observed during one of the last ten days of the month (typically the odd nights). Muslims believe that this night which is also known as \"The Night o... | 12 |
in zug, switzerland, what is the name of the digital currency used to | [
"total of 15.3% of the population received social assistance. In July 2016, the city of Zug began to accept digital currency in payment of city fees. In order to advance Zug as a region that is innovating with future technologies, the city council added bitcoin as a means of paying small amounts, up to . In order t... | [
"Berne eXchange Berne eXchange (BX) is the stock exchange of Bern, Switzerland. BX and the much larger SIX Swiss Exchange based in Zürich are the only stock exchanges in Switzerland. BX was founded in 1880 as the \"Berne Bank Association\" and formalised in 1884 as the \"Berne Bourse Association\" (\"Berner Börsenv... | 12 |
what is the real currency of guatemala | [
"1922, and 1 and 5 pesos in 1923. Guatemalan peso The peso was the currency of Guatemala between 1859 and 1925. The peso replaced the \"real\", with 1 peso = 8 reales. In 1869, the \"centavo\" was introduced, worth one hundredth of a peso, but the real continued to be produced until 1912, when Guatemala fully decim... | [
"Marlin Mine The Marlin Mine is a gold mine in Guatemala owned by Montana Exploradora de Guatemala, S.A (Montana), which is a subsidiary of Canadian company Goldcorp. The Marlin gold mine site is located at and spans the boundary of two municipalities in Guatemala – San Miguel Ixtahuacán (San Miguel) and Sipacapa, ... | 12 |
in japanese money, what is the leading digit of a shu-b | [
"Shūgi-bukuro the leading digit forms an even number, as in ¥20,000, the amount is usually given in an odd number of bills (e.g. 1 x ¥10,000 and 2 x ¥5,000). Amounts in which the leading digit forms a multiple of 4, such as ¥40,000, are not recommended since the number 4 in Japanese can be pronounced as \"shi\" wh... | [
"European Community number The European Community number (EC number) is a unique seven-digit identifier that was assigned to substances for regulatory purposes within the European Union by the European Commission. The \"EC Inventory\" comprises three individual inventories, EINECS, ELINCS and the NLP list. The EC N... | 12 |
what is most of the currencies used in nearly a dozen countries tied to | [
"order to remove the confusion that there are dozens of currencies called the dollar and many called the franc. Even the pound is used in nearly a dozen different countries; most of these are tied to the Pound Sterling, while the remainder have varying values. In general, the three-letter code uses the ISO 3166-1 c... | [
"foreign exchange as needed. Restrictions on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was also loosened and capital inflows to China surged. During the era of the command economy, the value of the renminbi was set to unrealistic values in exchange with western currency and severe currency exchange rules were put in place. W... | 12 |
what is the official currency of east germany | [
"its currency, the Saar franc, which was in a currency union at par with the French franc. On July 9, 1959 the Deutsche Mark replaced the Saar franc at a ratio of 100 francs = DM 0.8507. The Deutsche Mark played an important role in the reunification of Germany. It was introduced as the official currency of East Ge... | [
"Robert Schuman, Paul-Henri Spaak and Konrad Adenauer; the three most important figures of the founding fathers of the European Union. Konrad Adenauer Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (; 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman who served as the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West ... | 12 |
what was the name of the system in which the us dollar was devalued | [
"Triffin dilemma the country and caused the US Dollar to become more overvalued, leading to a self-propagating cycle. Furthermore, the US had to run a balance of payments current account surplus to maintain confidence in the U.S. dollar. As a result, the United States was faced with a dilemma because it is not poss... | [
"was a case where it had insufficient reserves of foreign currency to do this successfully. Conversely, in the early 21st century, several major emerging economies effectively sold large amounts of their currencies in order to prevent their value rising, and in the process built up large reserves of foreign currenc... | 12 |
braintree announced a partnership in 2014 with coinbase to accept what payment | [
"Braintree (company) provides businesses with the ability to accept payments online or within their mobile application. On October 1, 2012 Braintree launched instant signup, streamlining the signup process for US merchants to a few minutes. Braintree announced the v.zero SDK in July 2014. The SDK allows automatic s... | [
"Heartland Payment Systems Capital Partners, L.P. (New York, NY), LLR Partners, Inc. (Philadelphia, PA), and their affiliated investment funds. The company went public on the New York Stock Exchange on August 11, 2005. On May 17, 2010, Heartland announced its debut on the list of America’s largest companies at #954... | 12 |
what is the currency code of gold? | [
"Thomas More in his treatise \"Utopia\". On that imaginary island, gold is so abundant that it is used to make chains for slaves, tableware, and lavatory seats. When ambassadors from other countries arrive, dressed in ostentatious gold jewels and badges, the Utopians mistake them for menial servants, paying homage ... | [
"of the required gold supply for sale. The price controls were successful for six years until the system became no longer workable. The pegged price of gold was too low, and after runs on gold, the British pound, and the US dollar occurred, France decided to withdraw from the pool. The London Gold Pool collapsed in... | 12 |
what monetary unit did brazil devalue in the 1950s | [
"Economic history of Brazil 1951–54) was overthrown, democratic rule was reestablished, and the foreign-exchange reserves accumulated during the war made possible a reduction of trade restrictions. However, trade liberalization was short-lived. The overvalued foreign-exchange rate, established in 1945, remained fix... | [
"South Korean won value, as part of the East Asian financial crisis. Until 1966, 10- and 50-hwan coins, revalued as 1 and 5 won, were the only coins in circulation. New coins, denominated in won, were introduced by the Bank of Korea on August 16, 1966, in denominations of 1, 5 and 10 won, with the 1 won struck in b... | 12 |
who came up with the european currency spesoj | [
"Spesmilo The spesmilo (pronounced , plural spesmiloj ) is an obsolete decimal international currency, proposed in 1907 by René de Saussure and used before the First World War by a few British and Swiss banks, primarily the Ĉekbanko Esperantista. The \"spesmilo\" was equivalent to one thousand \"spesoj\", and worth... | [
"Prince's Stone Slovenian Kyrie and praise God for the gift of a new ruler, in accordance with His divine will. Finally, the ruler had to be placed on horseback and conducted around the Stone three times. In Thomas Jefferson's personal copy of Bodin's book, Jefferson's initials appear next to the description of the... | 12 |
what type of currency system was introduced in argentina | [
"Bimetallism was found throughout the Ancient world, the circulation of the Sigloi remained very much limited to Asia Minor: important hoards of Sigloi are only found in these areas, and finds of Sigloi beyond are always very limited and marginal compared to Greek coins, even in Achaemenid territories. In 1881, a c... | [
"History of the United States dollar in the United States today, though rarely seen in circulation. Both United States Notes and Federal Reserve Notes are parts of the national currency of the United States, and both have been legal tender since the gold recall of 1933. Both have been used in circulation as money i... | 12 |
what was the name of the long beach factory | [
"plant in Pico Rivera opened in late 1958, and continued Ford car and truck production. The location was one of several factories designed by architect Albert Kahn who was the chief architect for Ford factories across the US. Through 1948, the location built Lincoln, Mercury and Ford products that were distributed ... | [
"film \"Gleason\", British actor Ben Kingsley in the 2015 drama film \"Life\" and by Stanley Tucci in the FX series \"Feud\". Jack L. Warner Jack Leonard \"J. L.\" Warner (August 2, 1892 – September 9, 1978), born Jacob Warner in London, Ontario, was a Jewish Canadian-American film executive who was the president a... | 13 |
the mercedes benz oc 500 le is a heavy duty bus chassis produced in which | [
"Mercedes-Benz OC 500 LE The Mercedes-Benz OC 500 LE is a modular, heavy-duty, twin-axle bus chassis produced by Mercedes-Benz/EvoBus Ibérica, Spain. It was designed as a modular platform for low-entry city, suburban, and intercity buses with a maximum gross vehicle weight of 19.1 tonnes. The main modules consist o... | [
"ALSA (bus company) ALSA (Automóviles Luarca, S.A.) is a Spanish subsidiary of the UK company National Express, which operates bus and coach services in Spain and other countries across Europe, including Andorra, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, ... | 13 |
where was broadwood's factory | [
"Classical period (music) and other features of their instruments, and then fully exploited the newly opened up possibilities. The importance of London in the Classical period is often overlooked, but it served as the home to the Broadwood's factory for piano manufacturing and as the base for composers who, while l... | [
". It was recognized as the largest candy manufacturing plant in the world at the time. At its peak, 4,500 employees worked there. The plant was eventually abandoned in 2003 when new owners took over operations (see below) and production was moved primarily to Mexico. An administrative building was blown up for a s... | 13 |
where was the original design line phone made | [
"Design Line telephone was entirely customer owned. The arrangement in which Western Electric components were installed into Japanese-made housings ended around the time of divestiture. Character phones, such as the Mickey Mouse phone, were made in China using the Trimline handset, rather than just the receiver wit... | [
"generation of family management, a feat achieved by less than 3% of companies. The 2009 Bud product catalog lists more than 2,600 standard enclosures. Bud Industries Bud Industries is a manufacturer and supplier of electronics enclosures founded by Max Haas in 1928 and based in Willoughby, Ohio near Cleveland. The... | 13 |
in which city were the first citroën type a cars made | [
"Citroën Type A A - Citroën Origins Citroën Type A The Citroën Type A was produced from June 1919 to December 1921 in Paris, France. It was the very first Citroën car ever made. 24,093 were made. During World War I, André Citroën was producing munitions. As early as 1917, Citroën investigated the development of a ... | [
"Sera (automobile) francs. Eight more cars were built in a facility in the 17th arrondissement of Paris before production was moved to the former Motobloc factory in Bordeaux where 15 more cars were built before the factory shut down in January 1961. One of the Bordeaux Seras was exhibited at a fair in Barcelona wh... | 13 |
where was the national scientific balloon facility established in 1962 | [
"Edward P. Ney of September 1956, Stratoscope (1957 - 1971), and Skyhook Churchill (1959 - 1976). In 1960, the National Center for Atmospheric Research was established. On October 17, 1961, its panel on scientific balloons met to select a permanent launch site for balloon operations. Members of this panel, whose ch... | [
"Central Weather Bureau The Central Weather Bureau (CWB; ) is the government meteorological research and forecasting institution of the Republic of China (Taiwan). In addition to meteorology, the Central Weather Bureau also makes astronomical observations, reports on sea conditions, and conducts research into seism... | 13 |
where was the first 4cv made in 1946 | [
"Renault 4CV The \"transfer machines\" were high-performance work tools designed to machine engine blocks. While imprisoned during World War II, Bézier developed and improved on the \"automatic machine principle\", introduced before the war by General Motors (GM). The new \"transfer station\" with multiple workstat... | [
"Duesenberg Duesenberg Motors Company (sometimes referred to as \"Duesy\") was an American manufacturer of race cars and luxury automobiles. It was founded by brothers August and Frederick Duesenberg in 1913 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, where they built engines and race cars. The brothers moved their operations to Eli... | 13 |
where did a ridgeback breed in 1919 | [
"Rhodesian Ridgeback that historically have served as versatile hunting/wagon dogs, should indeed be classified as two examples of the same type of dog, but further asserts that such dogs’ classification makes more sense as a discrete group. This classification theory is generally supported by historical accounts t... | [
"communities convinced the Park Service to convert the ranch to a research facility. It is the only intact dude ranch in Rocky Mountain National Park. The ranch was used in 1936 by U.S. presidential candidate Alf Landon as a campaign headquarters, giving the ranch valuable publicity as it was being converted to a d... | 13 |
where was the benetti fisker 50 built | [
"also includes water toys such as jet skis and a 6.5-meter tender. The yacht was designed in California, and construction was set to begin in late 2016 at the Benetti factory in Livorno, Italy, with an aim to get it on the market by 2018. Its estimated price will be $37 million. Traditionally, such large boats are ... | [
"G.I. pocket stove The G.I. pocket stove is a World War II–era portable pressurized-burner liquid-fuel stove made by the Coleman Company of Wichita, Kansas. During World War II, the U.S. government tasked Coleman to develop a compact stove for military use. The stove had to be lightweight, no larger than a quart-si... | 13 |
where is the first manufacturing facility for future mobility corporation | [
"Future Mobility Corporation a range of international companies, including senior staff from the BMW i programme and Tesla. It is a subsidiary of China Harmony New Energy Auto Holding Limited. In January 2017, the company announced its first manufacturing facility would be located in Nanjing, China at a cost of US$... | [
"industry in 1994 and currently offers its vending massage chair services at 27 airports and more than 100 other commercial locations throughout the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Smarte Carte Smarte Carte, Inc. is an American company based in White Bear Lake, Minnesota. It provides passenger and guest vending services such... | 13 |
in which country was the first plastic model car made | [
"model car \"kit\" hobby began in the post World War II era with Ace and Berkeley wooden model cars. Revell pioneered the plastic model car in the late 1940s with their Maxwell kit, which was basically an unassembled version of a pull toy. Derek Brand, from England, pioneered the first real plastic kit, a 1932 Ford... | [
"Salvador Dalí \"La Pausa\" in Roquebrune on the French Riviera. There he painted numerous paintings he later exhibited at Julien Levy Gallery in New York. At the end of the 20th century, \"La Pausa\" was partially replicated at the Dallas Museum of Art to welcome the Reeves collection and part of Chanel's origina... | 13 |
where did boeing start building supersonic transport aircraft | [
"1980s, glass cockpits became standard on all large commercial jets and by the 2000s, most light aircraft were equipped with them. Boeing 2707 The Boeing 2707 was the first American supersonic transport (SST) project. After winning a competition for a government-funded contract to build an American SST, Boeing bega... | [
"Boeing Field 2006: Future of Flight opened, including BSI’s flagship store, in Everett, WA 2008: Custom Sales Department established; Boeing Stores Custom Sales Team supports Boeing with quality merchandise and branding, offering customers promotional products, apparel, executive gifting, and project management su... | 13 |
what was built on the site of the amatol munitions factory | [
"engineering explosive in Eastern Europe and China. Because the proportion of TNT is significantly lower than in its military counterpart, ammonite has much less destructive power; given ammonite's use, this is not a problem. In general, a 30 kilogram charge of ammonite is roughly equivalent to 20 kilograms of TNT.... | [
"for use in the German war effort and that the town was a transport centre for the movement of German troops. The story of the bombardment is dramatically recounted in the history by Giles Milton, titled \"Wolfram: The Boy Who Went To War\" (2011). In the twenty years following the end of the war, Pforzheim was gra... | 13 |
where was the orient sternwheeler set up | [
"Orient (sternwheeler) the Willamette River, being laid up in winter quarters at Evans, Oregon, about ten miles up river from Oregon City, near New Era, Oregon. All traffic on the Willamette was then idle. Ice had blocked the gorge just upriver from Oregon City for a few days. By the Sunday morning before January 1... | [
"Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Guantanamo Bay Naval Base (), officially known as Naval Station Guantanamo Bay or NSGB (also called GTMO because of the abbreviation of \"Guantanamo\" or Gitmo because of the common pronunciation of this word by the U.S. military), is a United States military base and detention camp locat... | 13 |
in which city was the auto union gmbh established | [
"beat, such as the fastest speed ever attained on a public road (at 432.7 km/h (268.9 mph), unbroken as of 2013). After being reduced to near ruin in the aftermath of World War II, Auto Union was re-founded in Ingolstadt, Bavaria in 1949, ultimately evolving into the modern day Audi company following its takeover b... | [
"Allied High Commission The Allied High Commission (also known as the High Commission for Occupied Germany, HICOG; in German \"Alliierte Hohe Kommission\", \"AHK\") was established by the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and France after the 1948 breakdown of the Allied Control Council to regulate and ... | 13 |
where was the original coors porcelain factory built | [
"CoorsTek maker of Coors beer bottles in nearby Wheat Ridge, came long after Coors, Binder & Co., and has never been affiliated with Coors Porcelain. After World War I, Coors Porcelain made fine china and cookware bearing the trademarks Rosebud, Glencoe Thermo-Porcelain, Coorado, Mello-Tone and others. During Prohi... | [
"Boylan Bottling Company Boylan Bottling Company is an American gourmet soft drink manufacturer located in New York City. The company was founded in Paterson, New Jersey in 1891. It was located in Haledon, New Jersey from the late 1950s until 2001, when its facilities were relocated to Clifton, New Jersey for a sho... | 13 |
where was nissan's first british plant located | [
"Automotive industry by country production at the historic Luton plant was ended in 2004, although the site remains active for production of commercial vehicles. Nissan made history in 1986 by becoming the first Japanese carmaker to produce cars in Britain, opening a new factory near Sunderland. Toyota opened a new... | [
"Corolla)and the United States of America (Highlander). Toyota New Zealand imports used Toyotas purchased in Japan and certifies them to specific standards at the Thames Vehicle Operations facility. Ex-lease Toyotas originally sold new in New Zealand are refurbished and sold under Toyota NZ's \"Signature Class\" br... | 13 |
where was the first head office of the royal automotive association | [
"the words ‘Motor Cycling’. In 1911 the club was reconstituted as an association, and in 1928 received its Royal patronage. In 1959 the association changed its logo from AA of SA to RAA. The head office of the Royal Automobile Association is located at the north-eastern corner of the South Road-Richmond Road inters... | [
"National Automobile Dealers Association and Washington, D.C., respectively. Peter Welch became NADA's president and chief executive officer on February 1, 2013. Chicago dealer Mark Scarpelli began serving as the association's chairman in January 2017. American Truck Dealers (ATD), a division of NADA established in... | 13 |
where was the original koppers wood treatment plant located | [
"with Sinclair Oil Corporation to form the Sinclair-Koppers Company in 1965. In 2001, the company had to close down a wood treatment plant in Oroville, California due to contamination of the 205 acre facility, and the surrounding area. Chemicals like PCP and chromium were found to have been leaked into the local dr... | [
"St. Joe Company The St. Joe Company (), until 1966 the St. Joe Paper Company, is a land development company headquartered in Watersound, Florida. The company had been headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, United States, and is Florida's second largest private landowner, owning about 567,000 acres in the state as... | 13 |
in which city was the first all aluminum block hemi designed specifically for top fuel drag | [
"Ed Donovan (engine builder) Ed Donovan (1928-1989), commonly called \"The Mole\" (or \"Pachy\"), was an American racing engine and parts builder. Donovan developed the first all-aluminum-block hemi designed specifically for Top Fuel drag racing. He was posthumously inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of Ame... | [
"an evolutionary dead end. Despite being discontinued, a new class of premium V8s for Cadillac and eventually Oldsmobile, the dual overhead cam V8 Northstar and its derivatives, drew heavily from the LT5's design and lessons learned from its production. GM also took lessons learned from producing a completely alumi... | 13 |
how many moons does pern have in the galaxy | [
"for convenience. (See spectral classification for more information.) Pern has two moons, Belior and Timor (in order of distance). The Rukbat system in the novel also contains two asteroid belts and an Oort cloud. The Oort cloud and a rogue \"sixth\" planet, the Red Star (a Sedna-class inner Oort cloud object), pla... | [
"Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter is the fifth novel in the \"Lucky Starr\" series, six juvenile science fiction novels by Isaac Asimov that originally appeared under the pseudonym Paul French. The novel was first published by Doubleday & Company in August 1957. It is the on... | 14 |
what is the asteroid named after the florence nightingale | [
"1983. The US Navy ship the USS \"Florence Nightingale\" (AP-70) was commissioned in 1942. Beginning in 1968, the US Air Force operated a fleet of 20 C-9A \"Nightingale\" aeromedical evacuation aircraft, based on the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 platform. The last of these planes was retired from service in 2005. In 1981... | [
"Caldwell catalogue known objects that might be confused with comets. Moore also observed that since Messier compiled his list from observations in Paris, it did not include bright deep-sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Omega Centauri, Centaurus A, the Jewel Box, and 47 Tucanae. Moore compiled... | 14 |
what is responsible for magnetic braking in a star | [
"Magnetic braking a rotating disk. At the dense center of this disk a protostar forms, which gains heat from the gravitational energy of the collapse. As the collapse continues, the rotation rate can increase to the point where the accreting protostar can break up due to centrifugal force at the equator. Thus the r... | [
"and twice as intense as P and R branch lines. These lines that are more polarizable are also less subject to magnetic field effects. Magnesium monohydride Magnesium monohydride is a molecular gas with formula MgH that exists at high temperatures, such as the atmospheres of the Sun and stars. It was originally know... | 14 |
is the jupiter impact crater larger or smaller than the previous impact | [
"Wesley discovered another impact event, smaller than the previous observed impacts. The 2010 impact was then discovered to have also been captured on video by amateur astronomer Christopher Go in the Philippines. 2009 Jupiter impact event The 2009 Jupiter impact event, occasionally referred to as the Wesley impact... | [
"the Carme group, made up of irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23 and 24 Gm and at an inclination of about 165°. Kallichore (moon) Kallichore ( ; Greek: \"Καλλιχόρη\"), also known as ', is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the Uni... | 14 |
where was the radio signal for prs b1919+21 detected | [
"PSR B1919+21 radio signal was detected using the Interplanetary Scintillation Array of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory in Cambridge, UK, by Jocelyn Bell and Antony Hewish. The signal had a -second period and 0.04-second pulsewidth. It originated at celestial coordinates right ascension, +21° declination. I... | [
"52nd parallel north The 52nd parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 52 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. In Canada, part of the legally defined border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador is defined by t... | 14 |
what is the radius of sigma draconis | [
"Draconis, Rho Draconis, 64 Draconis (see ) and Pi Draconis. Consequently, Sigma Draconis itself is known as (, .) Sigma Draconis is a main sequence dwarf which has long served as a K0 V spectral standard star. Its classification as K0 V defines one of the rare anchor points of the Morgan–Keenan system that have re... | [
"the ancient Greek astronomer Timocharis observed a conjunction of the star with Venus. The last occultation by a planet took place on September 27, 1843, also by Venus, which will occult it again on November 19, 2445. Eta Virginis Eta Virginis (η Virginis, abbreviated Eta Vir, η Vir) is a triple star system in the... | 14 |
the rolling stones are a member of what asteroid family | [
"19383 Rolling Stones 19383 Rolling Stones, provisional designation , is a bright Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. The V-type asteroid was discovered on 29 January 1998, by astronomers with the OCA–DLR Asteroid Survey at Caussols in southern France and named f... | [
"1566 Icarus closest to the Sun. Since then hundreds of Mercury-crossers have been found, the closest ones are now being and \"(also see )\". \"Icarus\" is thought to be the source of the Arietids, a strong daylight meteor shower. However other objects such as the short-period sun-grazing comet 96P/Machholz are als... | 14 |
what is the name of the white star in leo minor | [
"Leo Minor apparent magnitude of 4.4. It has around double the mass, 7.8 times the radius and 36 times the luminosity of the Earth's Sun. Separated by 11 seconds of arc from the primary, the secondary is a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F8. The two orbit around a common centre of gravity every 38.... | [
"Proper names (astronomy) a handful of stars were given individual names. Examples include Chinese Koo She (\"bow and arrow\") and Sanskrit Chitra \"the bright one\". There are also contemporary proper names given to some stars, many of which refer to accomplished astronomers, deceased astronauts and English titles... | 14 |
the asteroid aristophanes is a member of which family of carbonaceous asteroids | [
"2934 Aristophanes Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of . \"Aristophanes\" is a member of the Veritas family (),... | [
"90 Antiope and the eccentricity below 0.006. Every several years, a period of mutual occultations occurs when the asteroid is viewed from Earth. Using Kepler's third law, the mass and density of the components can be derived from the orbital period and component sizes. The axis of the mutual orbit of the two compo... | 14 |
what is the magnitude of theta scorpii | [
"Theta Scorpii Theta Scorpii (θ Scorpii, abbreviated Theta Sco, θ Sco) is a binary star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +1.87, making it readily visible to the naked eye and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It is sufficiently near that the ... | [
"K2-239 K2-239 (also designated EPIC 248545986) is a small red dwarf star in the constellation Sextans about 49 parsecs (160 light-years) away from Earth. Observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during Campaign 14 of its K2 \"Second Light\" mission, it was found to have three hot, likely rocky Earth-sized planets in... | 14 |
how often do planets orbit the star 54 piscium b | [
"year or less; which still allows for Earth-sized planets at 0.6 AU or more. 54 Piscium b 54 Piscium b (HD 3651 b), occasionally catalogued as 54 Piscium Ab in order to differentiate from the brown dwarf in the system, is an extrasolar planet approximately 36 light-years away in the constellation of Pisces. The pla... | [
"dwarf or a red dwarf, in an elliptical orbit within the Oort cloud. This object, known as Nemesis, was hypothesized to pass through a portion of the Oort cloud approximately every 26 million years, bombarding the inner Solar System with comets. However, to date no evidence of Nemesis or the Oort cloud have been fo... | 14 |
what is the third brightest star in the constellation of sagittarius | [
"Zeta Sagittarii Zeta Sagittarii (ζ Sagittarii, abbreviated Zeta Sgr, ζ Sgr) is a triple star system and the third-brightest star in the constellation of Sagittarius. Based upon parallax measurements, it is about from the Sun. The three components are designated Zeta Sagittarii A (also named Ascella) and B, themsel... | [
"Aquarius (constellation) resemble Saturn's rings. It appears blue-green in a telescope and has a central star of magnitude 11.3. Compared to the Helix Nebula, another planetary nebula in Aquarius, it is quite small. NGC 7293, also known as the Helix Nebula, is the closest planetary nebula to Earth at a distance of... | 14 |
what is the luminosity of k2-33b | [
"old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.3. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked e... | [
"RX J0822-4300 RX J0822-4300, often referred to as a \"Cosmic Cannonball\", is a radio-quiet neutron star currently moving away from the center of the Puppis A supernova remnant at over 3 million miles per hour (5 400 000 km/h; 1500 km/s; ~0.5% the speed of light), making it one of the fastest moving stars ever fou... | 14 |
which part of jupiter's right hand is completely lost | [
"Votive relief of Jupiter Dolichenus arms are nearly in the round. The god is shown in a typical pose of Jupiter Dolichenus, with his right arm raised and his left arm bent. There was a thunderbolt held in his left hand, but only the lower part still survives. The labrys usually found in the right hand is completel... | [
"Deep branch of radial nerve posterior cord of the brachial plexus. The posterior cord takes nerves from the upper, lower, and middle trunk, so ultimately the radial nerve is formed from the anterior rami of C5 through T1. The radial nerve passes through the axilla, which makes it susceptible to injury. It can be c... | 14 |
what is the dead core of a star that is left after the star has shed its | [
"even though they have roughly the same size and brightness as the \"giant\" stars of that temperature. The common use of \"dwarf\" to mean main sequence is confusing in another way, because there are dwarf stars which are not main-sequence stars. For example, a white dwarf is the dead core of a star that is left a... | [
"star is in the process of evolving into a giant star as the supply of hydrogen at its core becomes exhausted. Compared to the Sun it has 240% of the mass and 230% of the Sun's radius, but is radiating 37 times as much luminosity. This energy is being emitted from the star's outer atmosphere at an effective tempera... | 14 |
how many planets orbit the star kepler-62f | [
"Kepler-62f that of Mars. It has a radius of 1.4 , placing it below the radius of ≥1.6 where it would otherwise be a mini-Neptune with a volatile composition, with no solid surface. Due to its radius, it is likely a rocky planet. However, the mass isn't constrained yet, estimates place an upper limit of <35 , the r... | [
"Kepler (spacecraft) a mass of and contains a Schmidt camera with a front corrector plate (lens) feeding a primary mirror—at the time of its launch this was the largest mirror on any telescope outside Earth orbit, though the Herschel Space Observatory took this title a few months later. Its telescope has a 115 deg ... | 14 |
what is optical depth in astrophysics | [
"is not known but formula_5 is. Optical depth (astrophysics) Optical depth in astrophysics refers to a specific level of transparency. Optical depth and actual depth, formula_1 and formula_2 respectively, can vary widely depending on the absorptivity of the astrophysical environment. Indeed, formula_1 is able to sh... | [
"Sun From the core out to about 0.7 solar radii, thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer. The temperature drops from approximately 7 million to 2 million kelvins with increasing distance from the core. This temperature gradient is less than the value of the adiabatic lapse rate and hence cannot dr... | 14 |
star formation activity in the green valley galaxy is what | [
"is now in a relative state of quiescence, whereas the Milky Way is experiencing more active star formation. Should this continue, the luminosity of the Milky Way may eventually overtake that of Andromeda Galaxy. According to recent studies, the Andromeda Galaxy lies in what in the galaxy color–magnitude diagram is... | [
"branch, and started helium fusion in its core. τ Sagittarii is the closest constellational star (a star that is part of the traditional outline of a constellation) to the origin of the 1977 Wow! signal. \\end{align}</math></ref> Tau Sagittarii Tau Sagittarii (Tau Sgr, τ Sagittarii, τ Sgr) is a star in the southern... | 14 |
what is the radius of the inner ring of sn 1987a | [
"SN 1987A the progenitor. These rings were ionized by the ultraviolet flash from the supernova explosion, and consequently began emitting in various emission lines. These rings did not \"turn on\" until several months after the supernova; the turn-on process can be very accurately studied through spectroscopy. The ... | [
"total of five to seven planets. The star has a mass of 0.81 and a radius of 0.778 . It has a temperature of 4699 K and is about 11.0 billion years old, making it one of the oldest stars. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it... | 14 |
how should the content of kepler's astronomy nova be taken | [
"Astronomia nova the planets. The second step consists of Kepler placing the sun as the center and mover of the other planets. This step also contains Kepler’s reply to objections against placing the sun at the center of the universe, including objections based on scripture. In reply to scripture, he argues that it... | [
"and telescope pioneer Zacharias Janssen. In February 2016, it was announced that NASA \"Hubble Space Telescope\" had detected hydrogen and helium (and suggestions of hydrogen cyanide), but no water vapor, in the atmosphere of 55 Cancri e, the first time the atmosphere of a super-Earth exoplanet was analyzed succes... | 14 |
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