qid int64 1 74.7M | question stringlengths 12 33.8k | date stringlengths 10 10 | metadata list | response_j stringlengths 0 115k | response_k stringlengths 2 98.3k |
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1,018 | Is it better to start with Wheat and Ore in order to rapidly upgrade settlements into cities, or is it better to start with Wood and Brick to build roads? | 2010/10/29 | [
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/1018",
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/users/289/"
] | Building a city before building your third settlement does bring in the advantage of more income. If your three target junctions are 12, 10, and 7, a settlement and city bring you income on 34 pips, while three settlement bring you 29 pips. BUT! By building a third settlement
a) helps to limit your opponents' options, by occupying a vacant junction, and by building two additional roads, which limit opponents' road building opportunities
b) often increases your *variety* of resources
c) contributes to your future effort towards longest road
d) offers protection against the robber by making less juicy targets. Not only do you lose, say only 5 pips versus 10, but you may avoid getting the robber entirely when someone else has a city (a bigger target) and you don't.
e) probably brings you closer to a trading port, which can be critical in the middlegame.
Overall, I've had much better luck with the third settlement strategy rather than the 'city as soon as possible strategy'.
Wrt another strand in this thread, I've had excellent luck going after development cards right away. Having several cards often makes you immune to the robber--either you can move it if someone puts it on you, or knowing (or believing) you can move it means other players often pick on someone else. Second, and obviously, largest army means two points it's great to have. Third, you often pick up a victory point card or two. Fourth, you often get back the resources you spend, through road building and monopoly cards, or in resources that diverting roober helps you gain.
I don't think resource cards are the *best* strategy, but they definitely shouldn't be sneered at, a steady stream of them can help you cripple your closest opponent, and if you find yourself with limited mobility it can be a very viable way to win. | Many experts will say that ore wheat sheep is a more robust strategy that brick and wood.
[Studies](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dx5HZPJqMTc) have shown that brick and wood based strategies (featuring longest road) win only slightly more than ore wheat sheep strategies(featuring largest army). Except for one caveat.
Every player starts with two settlements and two roads. In resource terms, every player gets four wood, four brick, two sheep, two wheat, and no ore at the beginning. So if a brick and wood strategy wins "barely" more often than ore wheat sheep, then the second strategy has come (further) from behind.
Another way to look at it is to realize that you get one victory point for building settlements, and one victory point for upgrading them to cities. You get two victory points for longest road and two for largest army. So far, those effect balance. But you can also win by drawing development cards that give you victory points. That tips the balance in favor of the ore wheat sheep strategy.
But the best way is to use a five (or four) resource strategy that keeps your options open until late in the game. |
1,018 | Is it better to start with Wheat and Ore in order to rapidly upgrade settlements into cities, or is it better to start with Wood and Brick to build roads? | 2010/10/29 | [
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/1018",
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/users/289/"
] | I would suggest trying to start the game by diversifying your resources and numbers. While I've started games without any access to brick, it usually limits my ability to expand, and keeps me from building out as fast as the other players. How you start affect what your going to do. You'll also have to select sites that are available, since no matter what order you place your settlements, you never get to cherry pick the two best spots on the board. Grain and Ore help you build cities, but you still need to get more settlements you can grow into cities.
I prefer having access to grain, ore, and sheep on my better numbers, and having access to wood and brick on my slightly less common numbers. I try to diversify myself through expansion, although I will settle for multiple instances of a resource if the numbers are good, and there is easy access to a port for those resources. This is a game strategy though, and while you can win this way, it's difficult.
For a beginning player, I would suggest making sure you have access to brick and wood. It helps you out immensely and doesn't make you feel stalled in the beginning part of the game. I like getting access to a 6 chit or an 8 chit with different resources for each of my initial settlements, but only if the settlement locations I'm taking look useful. Definitely avoid building your initial settlements on the coast if the location doesn't have a port. You're reducing the number of resource tiles you have access too, and don't get a port in return.
As a note, I asked a very similar question when we first started the beta for the site, [How do you place your initial settlements in Settlers of Catan?](https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/47/how-do-you-place-your-initial-settlements-in-settlers-of-catan)
Once you've played your settlements, I suggest first getting new settlements before going to cities and development cards. Definitely though, if you have the resources to build a city, do it. While early expansion is good, using your resources before the robber comes and reduces your hand size is a much better strategy then throwing things you want away. | Development Cards! These can seem less rewarding in terms of sustainable resource generation, but if you find yourself without road components, buy development cards! Knights can give you some control and protection along with 2 VP's, and the other cards can help you out quite a bit if well-used. Playing Monopoly after a big score of ore or brick can be very satisfying for you, and demoralizing for the other players. |
1,018 | Is it better to start with Wheat and Ore in order to rapidly upgrade settlements into cities, or is it better to start with Wood and Brick to build roads? | 2010/10/29 | [
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/1018",
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/users/289/"
] | As a counterpoint to ICodeForCoffee's answer: I much prefer having access to brick and wood on initial settlements.
Initial brick and wood allow you to get to more positions on the map, to increase your ore and corn income. Initial corn and ore allow you to build cities, which get you... more corn and ore.
If you start on corn and ore, you can find yourself locked out of the other resources (brick and wood) much more easily than if you start on brick and wood. | Generally, you should go for the colonies. However, you have more option if you still get all resources, just trying to have more frequent number for wood and brick.
The good colonies spot may be gone fast. If you first upgrade your city, they might not be there. Also, more colonies can bring complementary resources when cities when only gave you what you already have.
There is a special case, when the wood or brick all have extreme number (2,3, 11 or 12), it will be hard for all player to get road and colonies. In that case, you should first invest in development cards, which will allow you to get an edge in development. |
1,018 | Is it better to start with Wheat and Ore in order to rapidly upgrade settlements into cities, or is it better to start with Wood and Brick to build roads? | 2010/10/29 | [
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/1018",
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/users/289/"
] | I would suggest trying to start the game by diversifying your resources and numbers. While I've started games without any access to brick, it usually limits my ability to expand, and keeps me from building out as fast as the other players. How you start affect what your going to do. You'll also have to select sites that are available, since no matter what order you place your settlements, you never get to cherry pick the two best spots on the board. Grain and Ore help you build cities, but you still need to get more settlements you can grow into cities.
I prefer having access to grain, ore, and sheep on my better numbers, and having access to wood and brick on my slightly less common numbers. I try to diversify myself through expansion, although I will settle for multiple instances of a resource if the numbers are good, and there is easy access to a port for those resources. This is a game strategy though, and while you can win this way, it's difficult.
For a beginning player, I would suggest making sure you have access to brick and wood. It helps you out immensely and doesn't make you feel stalled in the beginning part of the game. I like getting access to a 6 chit or an 8 chit with different resources for each of my initial settlements, but only if the settlement locations I'm taking look useful. Definitely avoid building your initial settlements on the coast if the location doesn't have a port. You're reducing the number of resource tiles you have access too, and don't get a port in return.
As a note, I asked a very similar question when we first started the beta for the site, [How do you place your initial settlements in Settlers of Catan?](https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/47/how-do-you-place-your-initial-settlements-in-settlers-of-catan)
Once you've played your settlements, I suggest first getting new settlements before going to cities and development cards. Definitely though, if you have the resources to build a city, do it. While early expansion is good, using your resources before the robber comes and reduces your hand size is a much better strategy then throwing things you want away. | Many experts will say that ore wheat sheep is a more robust strategy that brick and wood.
[Studies](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dx5HZPJqMTc) have shown that brick and wood based strategies (featuring longest road) win only slightly more than ore wheat sheep strategies(featuring largest army). Except for one caveat.
Every player starts with two settlements and two roads. In resource terms, every player gets four wood, four brick, two sheep, two wheat, and no ore at the beginning. So if a brick and wood strategy wins "barely" more often than ore wheat sheep, then the second strategy has come (further) from behind.
Another way to look at it is to realize that you get one victory point for building settlements, and one victory point for upgrading them to cities. You get two victory points for longest road and two for largest army. So far, those effect balance. But you can also win by drawing development cards that give you victory points. That tips the balance in favor of the ore wheat sheep strategy.
But the best way is to use a five (or four) resource strategy that keeps your options open until late in the game. |
1,018 | Is it better to start with Wheat and Ore in order to rapidly upgrade settlements into cities, or is it better to start with Wood and Brick to build roads? | 2010/10/29 | [
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/1018",
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com",
"https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/users/289/"
] | I would suggest trying to start the game by diversifying your resources and numbers. While I've started games without any access to brick, it usually limits my ability to expand, and keeps me from building out as fast as the other players. How you start affect what your going to do. You'll also have to select sites that are available, since no matter what order you place your settlements, you never get to cherry pick the two best spots on the board. Grain and Ore help you build cities, but you still need to get more settlements you can grow into cities.
I prefer having access to grain, ore, and sheep on my better numbers, and having access to wood and brick on my slightly less common numbers. I try to diversify myself through expansion, although I will settle for multiple instances of a resource if the numbers are good, and there is easy access to a port for those resources. This is a game strategy though, and while you can win this way, it's difficult.
For a beginning player, I would suggest making sure you have access to brick and wood. It helps you out immensely and doesn't make you feel stalled in the beginning part of the game. I like getting access to a 6 chit or an 8 chit with different resources for each of my initial settlements, but only if the settlement locations I'm taking look useful. Definitely avoid building your initial settlements on the coast if the location doesn't have a port. You're reducing the number of resource tiles you have access too, and don't get a port in return.
As a note, I asked a very similar question when we first started the beta for the site, [How do you place your initial settlements in Settlers of Catan?](https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/47/how-do-you-place-your-initial-settlements-in-settlers-of-catan)
Once you've played your settlements, I suggest first getting new settlements before going to cities and development cards. Definitely though, if you have the resources to build a city, do it. While early expansion is good, using your resources before the robber comes and reduces your hand size is a much better strategy then throwing things you want away. | It is a mistake to choose one strategy. The nature of the game - with the random placement of tiles, the assigned numbers, and the locations of ports - requires a player to adapt to the current situation and apply any number of strategies. Another variable is the order you draw to place your first settlement - if you are first, it might require a completely different strategy than if you are last - depending on the settlement locations that are available to you. |
4,208,456 | Is it possible to show TGA thumbnails in OpenFileDialog? When using the System.Windows.Controls.OpenFileDialog control to browse image folders Windows 7, it will show preview thumbnails icons for JPG, PNG, or BMP image files. Unfortunately, Windows does *not* show previews for TGA files. However, Windows *does* show TGA preview thumbnails in Windows *Explorer*. Is there an extension or setting that will show TGA thumbnails in OpenFileDialog?
OpenFileDialog shows thumbnails for JPG files:
OpenFileDialog does NOT show TGA thumbnails:
However, Explorer DOES show TGA thumbnails:
 | 2010/11/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/4208456",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/70578/"
] | An artist at my company provided a solution. Windows 7 has no built-in support for TGA thumbnails, but there are 3rd party applications such as [MysticThumbs](http://mysticcoder.net/mysticthumbs.html) that add support for TGA files. In fact, the only reason Windows Explorer showed TGA thumbs in my example was because I had MysticThumbs installed. However, the application's OpenFileDialog did not show thumbnails because it was a 32-bit application and I had installed the 64-bit version of MysticThumbs. I installed the 32-bit version of MysticThumbs in addition to the 64-bit version, and now I see TGA thumbnails in both Windows Explorer and my 32-bit application. | [FreeImage.NET](http://freeimage.sourceforge.net/) can also open TGA images. |
91,561 | If we have some test, and we decrease its level, would the power be expected to increase? I have given some thought to this question before but haven't been able to convince myself of the correct answer as the calculation of power seems to be multi-step and so I cannot make a direct judgement call as I would if we had something like an inverse function. Any help would be greatly appreciated! | 2014/03/27 | [
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/91561",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/38348/"
] | The likelihood of making a type 1 error v. a type 2 error is inversely proportional. Thus, if you make your rejection of the null less stringent, all else being equal, the power of your test should increase.
From [Wikipedia on Statistical Power](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_power): “One easy way to increase the power of a test is to carry out a less conservative test by using a larger significance criterion, for example 0.10 instead of 0.05. This increases the chance of rejecting the null hypothesis (i.e. obtaining a statistically significant result) when the null hypothesis is false, that is, reduces the risk of a Type II error (false negative regarding whether an effect exists).” | *Ceteris paribus*, when you decrease the significance level $\alpha$ in a classical hypothesis test, you are increasing the amount of evidence required to reject the null hypothesis. This means that you are less likely to reject the null hypothesis, which lowers the probability of a Type I error, but also reduces the power of your test. |
156,450 | In the film, the drama rises up a couple of levels because
>
> the Obscurus, controlled by Credence, killed Senator Shaw, the son of the newspaper publisher.
>
>
>
But why did it target him?
The Senator wasn't some anti-wizard force (as a matter of fact they both rejected the younger brother's overtures from the Salem organization). And it didn't seem to me that it was in revenge for that rejection either.
And we do know from Graves that he does control the Obscurus, so it wasn't some random attack. | 2017/04/03 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/156450",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/976/"
] | It was in resentment for being called a freak.
----------------------------------------------
>
> **LANGDON**
>
> No, you’re missing a trick here. Just look at the evidence—
>
>
> **SHAW SR.**
>
> Really.
>
>
> **SENATOR SHAW**
>
> (*joining his father and brother*)
>
> Langdon. Just listen to Father and go.
>
>
> *His eyes shift, focus on Credence.*
>
>
> **SENATOR SHAW**
>
> And take the freaks with you.
>
>
> ***Credence perceptibly twitches, disturbed by anger in his vicinity.*** Mary Lou is calm but steely.
>
>
> **LANGDON**
>
> This is Father’s office, not yours, and I’m sick of this every time I walk in here . . .
>
>
> *Shaw Sr. silences his son and motions for the Barebones to leave.*
>
>
> **SHAW SR.**
>
> That’s it—thank you.
>
>
> **MARY LOU**
>
> (*calm, dignified*)
>
> We hope you’ll reconsider, Mr. Shaw. We’re not difficult to find. Until then, we thank you for your time.
>
>
> *Shaw Sr. and Senator Shaw watch Mary Lou as she turns, leading her children out. The newsroom has fallen quiet, everyone craning to hear the row.*
>
>
> *As he departs, Credence drops a leaflet. Senator Shaw moves forward and bends to pick it up. He glances at the witches on the front.*
>
>
> **SENATOR SHAW**
>
> (*to Credence*)
>
> Hey, boy. You dropped something. The senator crumples up the leaflet before putting it in Credence’s hand.
>
>
> **SENATOR SHAW**
>
> Here you go, freak—why don’t you put that in the trash where you all belong.
>
>
> *Behind Credence, Modesty’s eyes burn. She clutches Credence’s hand protectively*
>
>
>
*Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay* - Scene 38 | Credence was upset that Senator Shaw called him a freak.
========================================================
When Mary Lou Barebone and her adopted children go to tell him about the existence of witches, Senator Shaw calls the Barebones “freaks” and says they all belong in the trash. Credence does seem upset at the time, but it’s clear the insult has really stuck with him when he later meets Graves, and it’s still on his mind. Graves sees he’s upset and asks what it was that someone said to upset him, and in response to that he asks Graves if he thinks he’s a freak.
>
> “CREDENCE *stands, head bowed, at the end of a dimly lit alleyway.* GRAVES *joins him, moving in very close to whisper, conspiratorial:*
>
>
> GRAVES
>
> You’re upset. It’s your mother again. Somebody’s said something – what did they say? Tell me.
>
>
> CREDENCE
>
> Do you think I’m a freak?
>
>
> GRAVES
>
> No – I think you’re a very special young man or I wouldn’t have asked you to help me, now would I?”
> *- Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay*
>
>
>
In addition, Ezra Miller, the actor who plays Credence refers to Credence being called a freak in a way that was deeply affective in the first movie. This *has* to be referring to Senator Shaw, because he’s the only one in the first movie who called him a freak (a search of the screenplay shows this).
>
> And it’s interesting because we heard in Credence’s narrative in the first film the derogatory term “freak” thrown at him in a way that was deeply affective, right? And I find it really interesting that we find him here in a sideshow, in a freak show, as they were known.
> *[- “Crimes of Grindelwald” Set Visit Interview: Ezra Miller](http://www.mugglenet.com/2018/08/crimes-of-grindelwald-set-visit-interview-ezra-miller/)*
>
>
>
From this, it’s clear that Senator Shaw calling Credence a freak very much upset him, which then would be why the Obscurus had targeted him specifically - it’s because of that. |
9,462 | 
1st hand: Q♣️ K♠️
2nd hand: 7♦️ 6♠️
Table: Q♠️ 5♣️ 4♠️ 8♠️ 10♠️
Who wins this?? | 2017/11/11 | [
"https://poker.stackexchange.com/questions/9462",
"https://poker.stackexchange.com",
"https://poker.stackexchange.com/users/5603/"
] | K♠️ Q♠️ T♠️ 8♠️ 4♠️ > Q♠️ T♠️ 8♠️ 6♠️ 4♠️
The higher flush wins.
This is because the second hand is qualified as just a flush. You need a Straight and flush in the same 5 cards for it to be called a Straight flush.
All players make the best 5 card hand that they can using the 7 cards they have access to. | 1st hand wins, this picture might be helpful for You [poker hand ranking](https://www.cardschat.com/pkimg/hand-nicknames/poker-hand-rankings.png) |
11,464 | In John 14:26, English translations read, "He will teach you all things" or something similar, referring to the Holy Spirit with a masculine singular pronoun. Apparently the Greek word is "ekeinos", which can be neuter. What is the evidence that "he" is or is not the correct translation? Is it ambiguous, determined only by context? Are there manuscript variations that might affect the answer?
Edit:
My goal with this question is to find evidence, limited to grammar considerations, for or against the personhood of the helper or advocate Jesus promised to send. | 2014/06/18 | [
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/11464",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/3428/"
] | This is a question about elementary Greek grammar. The verse has five parts:
subject: ὁ δὲ παράκλητος, (masculine)
in apposition to the subject: τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (neuter)
relative clause: ὃ (neuter) πέμψει ὁ πατὴρ ἐν τῷ ὀνόματί μου,
reiteration of the subject by a masculine pronoun: ἐκεῖνος
predicate: ὑμᾶς διδάξει πάντα καὶ ὑπομνήσει ὑμᾶς πάντα ἃ εἶπον ὑμῖν
The pronoun ἐκεῖνος is masculine, not neuter; it refers back to the masculine subject (ὁ δὲ παράκλητος ). As I said: elementary grammar. | **John 14:26: Is the grammatical evidence ambiguous, does it support "he", or does it support "it"?**
A useful tool is <http://biblehub.com/interlinear/john/14-26.htm>, which show most of the grammatical data on a single page.
The helper (Paraklētos, N-NMS is grammatically masculine) is the subject
The [Holy] Spirit (Pneuma, N-NNS neuter) is (appositional?) clause
He [will teach] (ekeinos, DPro-NMS masculine) pronoun following long explanatory clause
"ekeinos" follows grammatical gender of "parakletos"
(not evidence of actual gender; grammatical requirement)
"parakletos" is a noun. Normally nouns have fixed gender, leaving no choice. In this case, it was originally an adjective. Grammatically, it could have been changed to "paraklete" which would make it neuter and require the pronoun "ekeine" which is neuter also.
"parakletos" is appropriate for an advocate or an attorney. It may be (?) rare in either neuter or feminine form, since attorneys are assumed to be male. It only exists in masculine form in the Bible.
At this point, we might want to ask what kind of a writer John was. He might have created the neuter word if he wanted imply that the Holy Spirit was not a person, similar to coining a new word in English. Or he might have used the word he knew, since the rules of grammar would not require personhood even when the masculine was used.
On balance, it seems there is a slight hint from the grammar that the Holy Spirit is a person, but it is far from definitive. |
11,464 | In John 14:26, English translations read, "He will teach you all things" or something similar, referring to the Holy Spirit with a masculine singular pronoun. Apparently the Greek word is "ekeinos", which can be neuter. What is the evidence that "he" is or is not the correct translation? Is it ambiguous, determined only by context? Are there manuscript variations that might affect the answer?
Edit:
My goal with this question is to find evidence, limited to grammar considerations, for or against the personhood of the helper or advocate Jesus promised to send. | 2014/06/18 | [
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/11464",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com",
"https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/3428/"
] | This is a question about elementary Greek grammar. The verse has five parts:
subject: ὁ δὲ παράκλητος, (masculine)
in apposition to the subject: τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (neuter)
relative clause: ὃ (neuter) πέμψει ὁ πατὴρ ἐν τῷ ὀνόματί μου,
reiteration of the subject by a masculine pronoun: ἐκεῖνος
predicate: ὑμᾶς διδάξει πάντα καὶ ὑπομνήσει ὑμᾶς πάντα ἃ εἶπον ὑμῖν
The pronoun ἐκεῖνος is masculine, not neuter; it refers back to the masculine subject (ὁ δὲ παράκλητος ). As I said: elementary grammar. | **What pronoun refers to the Holy Spirit in John 14:26?**
John 14:26 (NASB)
>
> 26 But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My
> name, He will teach you all things, and bring to your remembrance all
> that I said to you.
>
>
>
John 14:26 (KJV)
>
> 26 "But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will
> send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things
> to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you."
>
>
>
John 14:26 (NWT)
>
> "But the helper, the holy spirit, which the Father will send in my
> name, that one will teach you all things and bring back to your minds
> all the things I told you."
>
>
>
ΚΑΤΑ ΙΩΑΝΝΗΝ 14:26 1881 (WHNU)
>
> 26 ο δε παρακλητος το πνευμα το αγιον ο πεμψει ο πατηρ εν τω ονοματι
> μου εκεινος υμας διδαξει παντα και υπομνησει υμας παντα α ειπον υμιν
> εγω
>
>
>
**The comments below on grammar are taken from the book "Truth in Translation" By Jason David BeDuhn, professor of religious studies at Northern Arizona University.**
In the book the professor examines nine major translations: KJV, NASB, NW, NIV,NRSV,NAB,TEV,AB. AND LB.
**Excerpts from the book.**
**" In John 14:26 , Jesus says, "But the defender (parakletos)--the holy spirit, which the father will send in my name--- that one will teach you everything." Here the relative pronoun and demonstrative pronoun are involved in the sentence.**
The demonstrative pronoun **"that one" (ekeinos)** refers back to the word **"defender" (parakletos),** a masculine noun meaning a defense attorney or supporter. Since Greek grammar requires gender agreement between a pronoun and the noun it refers back to, "that one" is in the masculine form, like "defender." The relative pronoun **"which"** refers back to the phrase **"holy spirit."** which as always appears in the neuter form. So, the neuter pronoun "which" (ho) is used rather than the masculine form (hos).
In accordance with these details of the verse, the KJV and the NW accurately have "which", the NASB, NIV, NRSV,AB, and TEV employ the the personal form "whom" which is deliberately goes against the neuter gender of the original Greek. Their only reason for doing so is a theological bias in favor of their own belief in a personalized "Holy Spirit."
A similarly biased choice is made with respect to the demonstrative pronoun "that one." Demonstrative have the sole function of pointing to something. In themselves they carry no information other than identifying what previously mentioned thing is being talked about again. We see an accurate literal handling of this part of Greek speech in the NW's "that one". The KJV, NASB, NAB,AB, TEV,and LB change "that one" to "he" (the NASB and AB capitalize "He"), adding a personalizing (and masculinizing) sense of the "holy spirit."
In chapter six, I already discussed case like this where the demonstrative pronoun should only be translated with "he" when the immediate context points to a specific male person as being the subject under discussion. In John 14:26 the subject under discussion is the --**"neuter"--"the holy spirit."** **Therefore the use of the pronoun "he" is inappropriate** here.----- I object to the habit of translators imposing their theology on biblical text. |
440,782 | I have a Ubuntu 10.04 server with several disks in it. The disks are setup with a union filesystem, which presents them all as one logical /home.
A few days ago, one of the disks appears to have suddenly 'become empty', for lack of better explanation. The amount of data on the /home mount almost halved within minutes - the disk appears to have had just over 400 GB of data prior to 'becoming empty'.
I have absolutely no idea what happened. I was not using the server at the other time, but there are half a dozen other users who may have been (without root access and without the ability to hose a whole disk).
I've ran SMART tests on the disk and it comes back clean. The filesystem checks fine (it has 12 GB used now, as some user software continued downloading after the incident).
All I know is that around around midnight on October 19, the disk usage changed dramatically:
The data points are every 15 minutes, and the full loss occured between captures:
2012-10-18 23:58:03.399647 - has 953.97/2059.07 GB [46.33 percent]
2012-10-19 00:13:15.909010 - has 515.18/2059.07 GB [25.02 percent]
Other than that, I have not much to go off :-(
I know that:
* There's nothing interesting in log files at that time
* Nobody appeared to be logged in via SSH at the time it occured (most users do not even use SSH)
* The server was online through whatever occured (3 months uptime)
* None of the other disks were affected and everything else on the server looks completely normal
* I have tried using "extundelete" on the disk and it didn't really find anything (some temporary files, but they looked new anyway)
I am completely at a loss to what could have caused this. I was initially thinking maybe root escalation exploit, but even if someone did maliciously "rm" the disk contents, it would take more than 15 minutes for 400 GB? | 2012/10/21 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/440782",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/142085/"
] | Is the CAM (MAC address) table on your switch overloading? If so, it will send traffic out all ports because it doesn't know which port it's supposed to use--this essentially turns the switch into a hub. A common attack is to flood the CAM table of a router with invalid MAC addresses until the CAM table falls over, then sniff all the traffic coming into the attacking host.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_flooding>
This can also happen with misconfigured equipment. Did you add anything new to your network around the time this started happening?
You can configure port security on most HP switches, which will limit the number of MAC addresses each port can learn, and mitigate the attack:
<http://www.hp.com/rnd/device_help/help/hpwnd/webhelp/HPJ4121A/security_perports.htm> | Make sure that the traffic is really coming from Thecus NAS. I think that somebody is spoofing the mac address. |
440,782 | I have a Ubuntu 10.04 server with several disks in it. The disks are setup with a union filesystem, which presents them all as one logical /home.
A few days ago, one of the disks appears to have suddenly 'become empty', for lack of better explanation. The amount of data on the /home mount almost halved within minutes - the disk appears to have had just over 400 GB of data prior to 'becoming empty'.
I have absolutely no idea what happened. I was not using the server at the other time, but there are half a dozen other users who may have been (without root access and without the ability to hose a whole disk).
I've ran SMART tests on the disk and it comes back clean. The filesystem checks fine (it has 12 GB used now, as some user software continued downloading after the incident).
All I know is that around around midnight on October 19, the disk usage changed dramatically:
The data points are every 15 minutes, and the full loss occured between captures:
2012-10-18 23:58:03.399647 - has 953.97/2059.07 GB [46.33 percent]
2012-10-19 00:13:15.909010 - has 515.18/2059.07 GB [25.02 percent]
Other than that, I have not much to go off :-(
I know that:
* There's nothing interesting in log files at that time
* Nobody appeared to be logged in via SSH at the time it occured (most users do not even use SSH)
* The server was online through whatever occured (3 months uptime)
* None of the other disks were affected and everything else on the server looks completely normal
* I have tried using "extundelete" on the disk and it didn't really find anything (some temporary files, but they looked new anyway)
I am completely at a loss to what could have caused this. I was initially thinking maybe root escalation exploit, but even if someone did maliciously "rm" the disk contents, it would take more than 15 minutes for 400 GB? | 2012/10/21 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/440782",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/142085/"
] | Is the CAM (MAC address) table on your switch overloading? If so, it will send traffic out all ports because it doesn't know which port it's supposed to use--this essentially turns the switch into a hub. A common attack is to flood the CAM table of a router with invalid MAC addresses until the CAM table falls over, then sniff all the traffic coming into the attacking host.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_flooding>
This can also happen with misconfigured equipment. Did you add anything new to your network around the time this started happening?
You can configure port security on most HP switches, which will limit the number of MAC addresses each port can learn, and mitigate the attack:
<http://www.hp.com/rnd/device_help/help/hpwnd/webhelp/HPJ4121A/security_perports.htm> | Looks like there is a possible fault on the Thecus, however HP support will look at it again when the fault occurs - they are wanting to see if it is the switch that is causing the flood, or the nas.
They want to see two different captures when the fault occurs: a capture of the NAS using a mirrored port, as well as a capture of the switch (just plug laptop into switch, and don't mirror anything) while the fault happens.
Thank you all for the assistance! |
2,694,938 | I've noticed that the icon belonging to the Calendar app on the iPhone updates to show the latest day. Is there anything in the SDK that will let me do this in my apps? | 2010/04/22 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2694938",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/26625/"
] | It's not possible for third-party apps, unfortunately. | I've never seen this in any documentation, pretty sure it can only use the static icon.png file that is put in the ipa package. It would be an awesome feature though, I would recommend creating a feature request for it on <https://bugreport.apple.com/>. I specifically wish the weather app would update with your local weather for the icon. |
76,372 | I asked this question:
* [Learning Python from Ruby; Differences and Similarities](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4769004/learning-python-from-ruby-differences-and-similarities)
Some people felt that it was "Not a Real Question" and closed it.
1. If I continue to disagree with their assessment, should I vote to re-open it? As the biased OP, I feel hesitant to do so.
2. Should this question be closed? Look at the quality of the responses. Look how we appear to be nearing in on completely covering the set of reasonable differences.
I understand that there is a greyscale continuum between a question that can clearly be answered versus one that can clearly never be answered. I feel that my question is quite close to the "can be answered", and I feel that the answers bear this out. But perhaps I am looking for something different in terms of an answer than others would like to see. | 2011/01/25 | [
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/76372",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/153741/"
] | The reason it has been closed is likely due to the idea that there are *innumerable* differences between the two languages. One can choose to hit the top ten differences, the top 100 differences, or the top 1,000 differences and still never fully enumerate the problem space your question opens.
Personally, I think it can be a valuable and useful contribution to the community, but only if it's tightly controlled in terms of scope. Consider modifying the question to tighten the focus. | If you continue to disagree then vote to reopen.
I think it was closed correctly. There isn't much question there. |
7,313,190 | How can I name an SQLite database so it doesn't have the default name of `main`? | 2011/09/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/7313190",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/383148/"
] | You can't. "main" is simply the name which SQLite always uses for the primary database that you have open. (If necessary, you can add extra databases using `ATTACH`, though.)
<http://www.sqlite.org/lang_attach.html> | I don't think so.
The `main` database has a special meaning.
You can attach other databases with other names.
From <http://www.sqlite.org/sqlite.html>
>
> The ".databases" command shows a list of all databases open in the current connection. There will always be at least 2. The first one is "main", the original database opened. The second is "temp", the database used for temporary tables. There may be additional databases listed for databases attached using the ATTACH statement. The first output column is the name the database is attached with, and the second column is the filename of the external file.
>
>
> |
50,562 | I need the Runway Design Code (RDC) for the SFO airport. Can anyone provide a link for this and possibly other airports? I have checked the SFO Master Plan/Development Plan and found nothing. | 2018/04/15 | [
"https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/50562",
"https://aviation.stackexchange.com",
"https://aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30258/"
] | D-VI. No link. A380 requires this and operates there, so that is minimum.
E is military, VI is a high as it goes. | Looks like some folks use ARC (which should be for the entire airport, not just for one runway) when they really mean RDC. This is a 2011 doc for SFO (which confirms the D-VI code). Codes are on page 7.
[San Francisco International Airport
Runway Safety Area Program](http://sfmea.sfplanning.org/2010.0755E_FMND.pdf) |
9,239,699 | Was anybody able to read the [PDF417](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF417) barcode with use of the [ZXing](http://code.google.com/p/zxing/) library on the Android OS? They are supporting this - and according to their page it is in 'alpha' stage.
We are not looking for perfect solution - since the PDF417 is pretty complex and needs a very good camera with auto-focus, we can accept that it will be working only on few pre-selected high end devices.
We have tried also the [Barcode Scanner +](http://srowen.com/bsplus/) available on the Android Market - it has the PDF417 option in the settings, but whatever we read it always fails.
We were looking also for commercial SDK, also here on stackoverflow, but with no luck.
Any help is appreciated.
Kind Regards,
STeN | 2012/02/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9239699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/384115/"
] | It really depends on what you expect. Simple PDF417 reads pretty instantly, like... [this](http://labloguera.net/blogs/jalbert/pdf417sd_thumb_26D74651.png) or [this](http://www.officialeancode.com/sample_codes/2D%20PDF417%20code.jpg).
[This](http://img.tfd.com/cde/_PDF417.GIF) will never be scanned.
Borderline is stuff that is small or moderately complex: [example 1](http://mdn.morovia.com/manuals/bax3/images/pdf417-sample1.gif) and [example 2](http://www.carolinabarcode.com/images/ArticleImages/Symbology/PDF417-Barcode.jpg).
I can read the first but not the second, even though the first is denser -- size helps.
* Make sure to enable PDF 417 decoding; it's off by default
* Quiet zone (white space around the code) is required
* Focus and light help a lot | Google's [ML KIT Barcode Scanning](https://developers.google.com/ml-kit/vision/barcode-scanning) which is part of google's *Mobile Vision* library lists support for PDF-417 Barcodes.
It automatically parses QR Codes, Data Matrix, PDF-417, and Aztec values, for the following supported formats:
* URL
* Contact information (VCARD, etc.)
* Calendar event
* Email
* Phone
* SMS
* ISBN
* WiFi
* Geo-location (latitude and longitude)
* AAMVA driver license/ID
Review the [Getting Started Page](https://developers.google.com/ml-kit/vision/barcode-scanning/android) or clone [GIT project](https://github.com/googlesamples/mlkit/tree/master/android/vision-quickstart) to get started. |
9,239,699 | Was anybody able to read the [PDF417](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF417) barcode with use of the [ZXing](http://code.google.com/p/zxing/) library on the Android OS? They are supporting this - and according to their page it is in 'alpha' stage.
We are not looking for perfect solution - since the PDF417 is pretty complex and needs a very good camera with auto-focus, we can accept that it will be working only on few pre-selected high end devices.
We have tried also the [Barcode Scanner +](http://srowen.com/bsplus/) available on the Android Market - it has the PDF417 option in the settings, but whatever we read it always fails.
We were looking also for commercial SDK, also here on stackoverflow, but with no luck.
Any help is appreciated.
Kind Regards,
STeN | 2012/02/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9239699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/384115/"
] | Have used , It can scan PDF417 format. Make sure you give a try with a Gadget containing Auto Focus camera. Have tried It on Samsung Galaxy Tab it works like a charm. | Zxing's solution did not work for me. I used DataSymbol Decoder (turn on 2d codes, by default they are off) on my samsung charge. In less than a second I captured my drivers license... |
9,239,699 | Was anybody able to read the [PDF417](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF417) barcode with use of the [ZXing](http://code.google.com/p/zxing/) library on the Android OS? They are supporting this - and according to their page it is in 'alpha' stage.
We are not looking for perfect solution - since the PDF417 is pretty complex and needs a very good camera with auto-focus, we can accept that it will be working only on few pre-selected high end devices.
We have tried also the [Barcode Scanner +](http://srowen.com/bsplus/) available on the Android Market - it has the PDF417 option in the settings, but whatever we read it always fails.
We were looking also for commercial SDK, also here on stackoverflow, but with no luck.
Any help is appreciated.
Kind Regards,
STeN | 2012/02/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9239699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/384115/"
] | It really depends on what you expect. Simple PDF417 reads pretty instantly, like... [this](http://labloguera.net/blogs/jalbert/pdf417sd_thumb_26D74651.png) or [this](http://www.officialeancode.com/sample_codes/2D%20PDF417%20code.jpg).
[This](http://img.tfd.com/cde/_PDF417.GIF) will never be scanned.
Borderline is stuff that is small or moderately complex: [example 1](http://mdn.morovia.com/manuals/bax3/images/pdf417-sample1.gif) and [example 2](http://www.carolinabarcode.com/images/ArticleImages/Symbology/PDF417-Barcode.jpg).
I can read the first but not the second, even though the first is denser -- size helps.
* Make sure to enable PDF 417 decoding; it's off by default
* Quiet zone (white space around the code) is required
* Focus and light help a lot | Have used , It can scan PDF417 format. Make sure you give a try with a Gadget containing Auto Focus camera. Have tried It on Samsung Galaxy Tab it works like a charm. |
9,239,699 | Was anybody able to read the [PDF417](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF417) barcode with use of the [ZXing](http://code.google.com/p/zxing/) library on the Android OS? They are supporting this - and according to their page it is in 'alpha' stage.
We are not looking for perfect solution - since the PDF417 is pretty complex and needs a very good camera with auto-focus, we can accept that it will be working only on few pre-selected high end devices.
We have tried also the [Barcode Scanner +](http://srowen.com/bsplus/) available on the Android Market - it has the PDF417 option in the settings, but whatever we read it always fails.
We were looking also for commercial SDK, also here on stackoverflow, but with no luck.
Any help is appreciated.
Kind Regards,
STeN | 2012/02/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9239699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/384115/"
] | It really depends on what you expect. Simple PDF417 reads pretty instantly, like... [this](http://labloguera.net/blogs/jalbert/pdf417sd_thumb_26D74651.png) or [this](http://www.officialeancode.com/sample_codes/2D%20PDF417%20code.jpg).
[This](http://img.tfd.com/cde/_PDF417.GIF) will never be scanned.
Borderline is stuff that is small or moderately complex: [example 1](http://mdn.morovia.com/manuals/bax3/images/pdf417-sample1.gif) and [example 2](http://www.carolinabarcode.com/images/ArticleImages/Symbology/PDF417-Barcode.jpg).
I can read the first but not the second, even though the first is denser -- size helps.
* Make sure to enable PDF 417 decoding; it's off by default
* Quiet zone (white space around the code) is required
* Focus and light help a lot | Zxing's solution did not work for me. I used DataSymbol Decoder (turn on 2d codes, by default they are off) on my samsung charge. In less than a second I captured my drivers license... |
9,239,699 | Was anybody able to read the [PDF417](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF417) barcode with use of the [ZXing](http://code.google.com/p/zxing/) library on the Android OS? They are supporting this - and according to their page it is in 'alpha' stage.
We are not looking for perfect solution - since the PDF417 is pretty complex and needs a very good camera with auto-focus, we can accept that it will be working only on few pre-selected high end devices.
We have tried also the [Barcode Scanner +](http://srowen.com/bsplus/) available on the Android Market - it has the PDF417 option in the settings, but whatever we read it always fails.
We were looking also for commercial SDK, also here on stackoverflow, but with no luck.
Any help is appreciated.
Kind Regards,
STeN | 2012/02/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9239699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/384115/"
] | It really depends on what you expect. Simple PDF417 reads pretty instantly, like... [this](http://labloguera.net/blogs/jalbert/pdf417sd_thumb_26D74651.png) or [this](http://www.officialeancode.com/sample_codes/2D%20PDF417%20code.jpg).
[This](http://img.tfd.com/cde/_PDF417.GIF) will never be scanned.
Borderline is stuff that is small or moderately complex: [example 1](http://mdn.morovia.com/manuals/bax3/images/pdf417-sample1.gif) and [example 2](http://www.carolinabarcode.com/images/ArticleImages/Symbology/PDF417-Barcode.jpg).
I can read the first but not the second, even though the first is denser -- size helps.
* Make sure to enable PDF 417 decoding; it's off by default
* Quiet zone (white space around the code) is required
* Focus and light help a lot | You can try PDF417.mobi SDK. It should work on low-end phones if equipped with auto-focus camera. It's a commercial library, but free for developers and non-commercial purposes.
You can try the demo [here](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=mobi.pdf417) or play with code directly from [GitHub](https://github.com/PDF417/android).
Official web site is here <http://pdf417.mobi/>
Disclaimer: I'm part of the team working on PDF417.mobi |
9,239,699 | Was anybody able to read the [PDF417](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF417) barcode with use of the [ZXing](http://code.google.com/p/zxing/) library on the Android OS? They are supporting this - and according to their page it is in 'alpha' stage.
We are not looking for perfect solution - since the PDF417 is pretty complex and needs a very good camera with auto-focus, we can accept that it will be working only on few pre-selected high end devices.
We have tried also the [Barcode Scanner +](http://srowen.com/bsplus/) available on the Android Market - it has the PDF417 option in the settings, but whatever we read it always fails.
We were looking also for commercial SDK, also here on stackoverflow, but with no luck.
Any help is appreciated.
Kind Regards,
STeN | 2012/02/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9239699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/384115/"
] | It really depends on what you expect. Simple PDF417 reads pretty instantly, like... [this](http://labloguera.net/blogs/jalbert/pdf417sd_thumb_26D74651.png) or [this](http://www.officialeancode.com/sample_codes/2D%20PDF417%20code.jpg).
[This](http://img.tfd.com/cde/_PDF417.GIF) will never be scanned.
Borderline is stuff that is small or moderately complex: [example 1](http://mdn.morovia.com/manuals/bax3/images/pdf417-sample1.gif) and [example 2](http://www.carolinabarcode.com/images/ArticleImages/Symbology/PDF417-Barcode.jpg).
I can read the first but not the second, even though the first is denser -- size helps.
* Make sure to enable PDF 417 decoding; it's off by default
* Quiet zone (white space around the code) is required
* Focus and light help a lot | I got similar results as described by @sean-owen in that only the simple PDF417 were being read. It feels like the ZXing library doesn't have the same error correction for PDF417 that it does for QR Codes. However, with user assistance we were able to eliminate noise and create an artificial quiet zone by:
* require the user to hold the phone in landscape mode (this maximizes the pixels captured from the camera, even in 640x480 mode)
* require the user to fit the barcode inside a 50:18 clipping rectangle (this ratio seems to best fit the US Driver's License and such a clipping rectangle will empower the user to clip away most of the noise)
* allow the user control focus, tilt distortions
By following the above, even some of the notoriously difficult PDF417 images can be scanned. |
9,239,699 | Was anybody able to read the [PDF417](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF417) barcode with use of the [ZXing](http://code.google.com/p/zxing/) library on the Android OS? They are supporting this - and according to their page it is in 'alpha' stage.
We are not looking for perfect solution - since the PDF417 is pretty complex and needs a very good camera with auto-focus, we can accept that it will be working only on few pre-selected high end devices.
We have tried also the [Barcode Scanner +](http://srowen.com/bsplus/) available on the Android Market - it has the PDF417 option in the settings, but whatever we read it always fails.
We were looking also for commercial SDK, also here on stackoverflow, but with no luck.
Any help is appreciated.
Kind Regards,
STeN | 2012/02/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9239699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/384115/"
] | Have used , It can scan PDF417 format. Make sure you give a try with a Gadget containing Auto Focus camera. Have tried It on Samsung Galaxy Tab it works like a charm. | Google's [ML KIT Barcode Scanning](https://developers.google.com/ml-kit/vision/barcode-scanning) which is part of google's *Mobile Vision* library lists support for PDF-417 Barcodes.
It automatically parses QR Codes, Data Matrix, PDF-417, and Aztec values, for the following supported formats:
* URL
* Contact information (VCARD, etc.)
* Calendar event
* Email
* Phone
* SMS
* ISBN
* WiFi
* Geo-location (latitude and longitude)
* AAMVA driver license/ID
Review the [Getting Started Page](https://developers.google.com/ml-kit/vision/barcode-scanning/android) or clone [GIT project](https://github.com/googlesamples/mlkit/tree/master/android/vision-quickstart) to get started. |
9,239,699 | Was anybody able to read the [PDF417](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF417) barcode with use of the [ZXing](http://code.google.com/p/zxing/) library on the Android OS? They are supporting this - and according to their page it is in 'alpha' stage.
We are not looking for perfect solution - since the PDF417 is pretty complex and needs a very good camera with auto-focus, we can accept that it will be working only on few pre-selected high end devices.
We have tried also the [Barcode Scanner +](http://srowen.com/bsplus/) available on the Android Market - it has the PDF417 option in the settings, but whatever we read it always fails.
We were looking also for commercial SDK, also here on stackoverflow, but with no luck.
Any help is appreciated.
Kind Regards,
STeN | 2012/02/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9239699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/384115/"
] | Have used , It can scan PDF417 format. Make sure you give a try with a Gadget containing Auto Focus camera. Have tried It on Samsung Galaxy Tab it works like a charm. | I got similar results as described by @sean-owen in that only the simple PDF417 were being read. It feels like the ZXing library doesn't have the same error correction for PDF417 that it does for QR Codes. However, with user assistance we were able to eliminate noise and create an artificial quiet zone by:
* require the user to hold the phone in landscape mode (this maximizes the pixels captured from the camera, even in 640x480 mode)
* require the user to fit the barcode inside a 50:18 clipping rectangle (this ratio seems to best fit the US Driver's License and such a clipping rectangle will empower the user to clip away most of the noise)
* allow the user control focus, tilt distortions
By following the above, even some of the notoriously difficult PDF417 images can be scanned. |
9,239,699 | Was anybody able to read the [PDF417](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF417) barcode with use of the [ZXing](http://code.google.com/p/zxing/) library on the Android OS? They are supporting this - and according to their page it is in 'alpha' stage.
We are not looking for perfect solution - since the PDF417 is pretty complex and needs a very good camera with auto-focus, we can accept that it will be working only on few pre-selected high end devices.
We have tried also the [Barcode Scanner +](http://srowen.com/bsplus/) available on the Android Market - it has the PDF417 option in the settings, but whatever we read it always fails.
We were looking also for commercial SDK, also here on stackoverflow, but with no luck.
Any help is appreciated.
Kind Regards,
STeN | 2012/02/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9239699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/384115/"
] | You can try PDF417.mobi SDK. It should work on low-end phones if equipped with auto-focus camera. It's a commercial library, but free for developers and non-commercial purposes.
You can try the demo [here](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=mobi.pdf417) or play with code directly from [GitHub](https://github.com/PDF417/android).
Official web site is here <http://pdf417.mobi/>
Disclaimer: I'm part of the team working on PDF417.mobi | Google's [ML KIT Barcode Scanning](https://developers.google.com/ml-kit/vision/barcode-scanning) which is part of google's *Mobile Vision* library lists support for PDF-417 Barcodes.
It automatically parses QR Codes, Data Matrix, PDF-417, and Aztec values, for the following supported formats:
* URL
* Contact information (VCARD, etc.)
* Calendar event
* Email
* Phone
* SMS
* ISBN
* WiFi
* Geo-location (latitude and longitude)
* AAMVA driver license/ID
Review the [Getting Started Page](https://developers.google.com/ml-kit/vision/barcode-scanning/android) or clone [GIT project](https://github.com/googlesamples/mlkit/tree/master/android/vision-quickstart) to get started. |
9,239,699 | Was anybody able to read the [PDF417](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF417) barcode with use of the [ZXing](http://code.google.com/p/zxing/) library on the Android OS? They are supporting this - and according to their page it is in 'alpha' stage.
We are not looking for perfect solution - since the PDF417 is pretty complex and needs a very good camera with auto-focus, we can accept that it will be working only on few pre-selected high end devices.
We have tried also the [Barcode Scanner +](http://srowen.com/bsplus/) available on the Android Market - it has the PDF417 option in the settings, but whatever we read it always fails.
We were looking also for commercial SDK, also here on stackoverflow, but with no luck.
Any help is appreciated.
Kind Regards,
STeN | 2012/02/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9239699",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/384115/"
] | You can try PDF417.mobi SDK. It should work on low-end phones if equipped with auto-focus camera. It's a commercial library, but free for developers and non-commercial purposes.
You can try the demo [here](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=mobi.pdf417) or play with code directly from [GitHub](https://github.com/PDF417/android).
Official web site is here <http://pdf417.mobi/>
Disclaimer: I'm part of the team working on PDF417.mobi | Zxing's solution did not work for me. I used DataSymbol Decoder (turn on 2d codes, by default they are off) on my samsung charge. In less than a second I captured my drivers license... |
18,585 | Growing up far from any city, I have always been able to view the full night sky. It was just the way how things were. Of course, I knew that light pollution is a thing, and that the sky is a lot less clear if you live in a city.
It just never occurred to how bad it was before talking with people who had experienced it.
Apparently:
* Inside a city, it is pretty much impossible to view anything.
* It is not a lot better just outside a city, the sky is still mostly empty.
* Most of Europe, parts of the US, India, and eastern Asia is so polluted with light that you can not see the Milky way.
Does anyone have a map showing the affected area? How many people have never seen our own galaxy? | 2016/10/04 | [
"https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/18585",
"https://astronomy.stackexchange.com",
"https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/users/10172/"
] | No need to make it complicated: what about this...
Just **scribble a rectangle** on a piece of paper, and say "there are 100 billion stars in our galaxy"....
Then, color off (let's say) 1/3 of the rectangle, and say "only one third of those are the sort of star that could have life, so that's blah billion"
Then, color off (say) 9/10ths of *that* box, and say "we believe about 90% of those have planets - so that's blah billion"
Then, color off (say) 1/20th of *that* box, and say "of those with planets, it seems that about 1 in 20 have Earth-like planets. Now we're down to blah billion..."
and so on.
(Note: the Drake equation has a number of fairly silly terms relating to "nuclear war!", which were added as political sops in that era; suggest ignore these unless you want to sound 90 years old!)
So just scribble a box or draw a line on a piece of paper ... or maybe use "a bag of marbles" as the other answer suggests.
Just BTW there **is in fact** an entire documentary (I noticed it on "Netflix") called "The Drake Equation" which does exactly what you say...
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dzBJe.png)
.. it is not really very good as I remember. I think the guy simply draws a line in the ground, to do the "fractions" demo, you know? (ie, they just erase more and more of the line). It doesn't need to be more complicated than that.
**It's worth noting that the Drake equation simply points out:**
(i) if you multiply those three or four fractions together, you get the number of civilizations in the galaxy. Which is self-evident.
but, the whole point is
(ii) we have **utterly no clue - not even vaguely** - what most of the fractions are,
You could say it's a written formula, which, helps clarify our thinking on, something we are utterly clueless about. So rather than just vaguely saying "we're utterly clueless," we can speak more clearly about the nature of our cluelessness!
although interestingly,
(iii) very admirably, the issue of *"How many stars have planets?"* ... one could say that issue has been somewhat settled these very years, as we speak - that's great. | As the Drake identity (it's not an equation) is just a trivial exercise in combinatorics, I'd suggest the simplest, most commonly used model in combinatorics: The urn.
You have a number N of balls in an urn. Those represent the stars in the galaxy. Of those only a fraction is green, the rest is red. Green signifies "has planet", red "doesn't have a planet".
You take the fraction of green ones that then host a planet in it's habitable zone and so on, for every characteristic the Drake identity describes.
In the end you just count how many balls with all desired characteristics on them you've taken out of the urn, relative to the total number of balls in the urn.
If you write the corresponding fractions in your video side-by-side with the undesired balls disappearing, it should increase the understandability further. |
298,666 | I'm just wondering why do we say:
>
> God bless
>
>
>
Or
>
> God damn
>
>
>
Rather than:
>
> God blesses
>
>
>
Or
>
> God damns
>
>
>
Is this because of respect to God? | 2021/09/26 | [
"https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/298666",
"https://ell.stackexchange.com",
"https://ell.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | This is not specific to God; it’s simply about the uncommon tense of the verb.
“[May] God bless” and “[May] God damn” are in the subjunctive (you’re hoping He blesses or damns the object), which does not add the “s” in the third person singular as in the simple present. | "God Bless" is a request, one is asking God to bless something or someone. Similarly, "God damn" is normally asking God to damn someone or something, at least in metaphor. "God damn" is not as often used in its original literal meaning these days. These are in the [imperative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_mood) and that is the form used.
One could say:
>
> God blesses those who do good work in the world.
>
>
>
or
>
> God damns those who defy god's word.
>
>
>
This is describing God's actions, or what the speaker believes are God's actions.nd so the simple present is used (although one can construct similar expressions using the past or future or other tenses). This is much less common than the previous case.
Saying simply "God bless" is normally a reduced form of "God bless you" and so is again in the imperative, which is sued for such requests as well as for commands.
Also "God bless you" can be short for "May God bless you", a wish or desire, which would also use the imperative.
This is not a matter of respect for God as such. One could say
>
> Judge convict this criminal.
>
>
>
or
>
> Pass this law!
>
>
>
Again it is a request (or demand) of an authority to act in a certain way, so it is in the imperative. Direct orders such as "Go Home", "Stop that!" or "Company halt!" also use the imperative |
23,078 | For years, I've always taken my gravity readings with the hydrometer that came with my original homebrew kit. There's nothing wrong with it, but I've been thinking lately about switching over to a refractometer. While I enjoy tasting the progress of the beer at various stages, I'd like to limit the amount of beer I pull out of my batch to take gravity readings (an pbvious benefit of the refractometer).
**Which of these two tools is more accurate/precise in taking gravity measurements?** | 2018/06/28 | [
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/23078",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/users/14427/"
] | They are both very accurate when used correctly.
**It's really best to use both**
Refractometer is only accurate for OG readings. Benefit is a few drops for sample instead of 100-200ml. This is very useful when doing several samples trying to hit an OG in the mash/boil process.
You still need your hydrometer for fermentation gravity readings and FG.
Though there are some calculators to use refraction in FG they still need to be calibrated for each batch using a hydrometer.
*Side note: Using a calculator, a refractometer and a hydrometer on FG can get you an unknown OG. Very useful when reverse engineering a commercial beer or when an OG reading was forgotten.* | I recently switched too. One problem I noticed with the smaller sample is that if you pull from the top of the vessle you may get some oils or other less dense particles collected at the top. This layer of particles doesn't effect the hydrometer much reading since the sample size is much larger.
Precision - as long as temp is about 70f the hydrometer will be more reliable since it is based on a large sample and uses density.
Accuracy - the refractometer has to be recalibrated, using a hydrometer or by making a known solution with a scale. Also, a [wort correction factor](https://www.brewersfriend.com/how-to-determine-your-refractometers-wort-correction-factor/) should be used. |
23,078 | For years, I've always taken my gravity readings with the hydrometer that came with my original homebrew kit. There's nothing wrong with it, but I've been thinking lately about switching over to a refractometer. While I enjoy tasting the progress of the beer at various stages, I'd like to limit the amount of beer I pull out of my batch to take gravity readings (an pbvious benefit of the refractometer).
**Which of these two tools is more accurate/precise in taking gravity measurements?** | 2018/06/28 | [
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/23078",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/users/14427/"
] | They are both very accurate when used correctly.
**It's really best to use both**
Refractometer is only accurate for OG readings. Benefit is a few drops for sample instead of 100-200ml. This is very useful when doing several samples trying to hit an OG in the mash/boil process.
You still need your hydrometer for fermentation gravity readings and FG.
Though there are some calculators to use refraction in FG they still need to be calibrated for each batch using a hydrometer.
*Side note: Using a calculator, a refractometer and a hydrometer on FG can get you an unknown OG. Very useful when reverse engineering a commercial beer or when an OG reading was forgotten.* | >
> Which of these two tools is more accurate/precise in taking gravity measurements?
>
>
>
Hydrometer. In my experiance.
It could be my cheap refractometer but i've noticed some inaccurate readings and I therefore don't trust it completely. I use the refractometer during the boil and fermentation just to get a general idea, but always a final reading with a hydrometer. I usually take the trub that is left in the kettle after the boil to get a accurate OG and the last bit of beer before the yeast cake after fermentation for a FG, to minimize the beer loss. |
23,078 | For years, I've always taken my gravity readings with the hydrometer that came with my original homebrew kit. There's nothing wrong with it, but I've been thinking lately about switching over to a refractometer. While I enjoy tasting the progress of the beer at various stages, I'd like to limit the amount of beer I pull out of my batch to take gravity readings (an pbvious benefit of the refractometer).
**Which of these two tools is more accurate/precise in taking gravity measurements?** | 2018/06/28 | [
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/23078",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/users/14427/"
] | They are both very accurate when used correctly.
**It's really best to use both**
Refractometer is only accurate for OG readings. Benefit is a few drops for sample instead of 100-200ml. This is very useful when doing several samples trying to hit an OG in the mash/boil process.
You still need your hydrometer for fermentation gravity readings and FG.
Though there are some calculators to use refraction in FG they still need to be calibrated for each batch using a hydrometer.
*Side note: Using a calculator, a refractometer and a hydrometer on FG can get you an unknown OG. Very useful when reverse engineering a commercial beer or when an OG reading was forgotten.* | I haven't used a hydrometer in years. I think they are worthless and you waste a fair amount of beer using one. You can do a very close estimate of your alcohol content by just using only a refractometer. I used a similar formula when making wine and remembered it for using it with beer too. I won't post the formula here (it's at this website). I never looked back and you should just throw away your hydrometer. Get a temperature compensating refractometer. They are a bit more expensive but you'll have it the rest of your life. Here is the [calculator](http://seanterrill.com/2012/01/06/refractometer-calculator/). |
23,078 | For years, I've always taken my gravity readings with the hydrometer that came with my original homebrew kit. There's nothing wrong with it, but I've been thinking lately about switching over to a refractometer. While I enjoy tasting the progress of the beer at various stages, I'd like to limit the amount of beer I pull out of my batch to take gravity readings (an pbvious benefit of the refractometer).
**Which of these two tools is more accurate/precise in taking gravity measurements?** | 2018/06/28 | [
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/23078",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/users/14427/"
] | They are both very accurate when used correctly.
**It's really best to use both**
Refractometer is only accurate for OG readings. Benefit is a few drops for sample instead of 100-200ml. This is very useful when doing several samples trying to hit an OG in the mash/boil process.
You still need your hydrometer for fermentation gravity readings and FG.
Though there are some calculators to use refraction in FG they still need to be calibrated for each batch using a hydrometer.
*Side note: Using a calculator, a refractometer and a hydrometer on FG can get you an unknown OG. Very useful when reverse engineering a commercial beer or when an OG reading was forgotten.* | Yes, a refractometer is quick, requires only a drop rather than a larger sample, and is therefore easier to use with hot wort. But in my personal experience a hydrometer combined with a glass thermometer is the most reliable combination, always giving you an accurate reading no matter what. They measure the GRAVITY of the wort or beer at any time.
A refractometer, on the other hand, gives you the optical refraction of the wort or beer at whatever temperature the instrument has (a drop of wort or beer assumes the temperature of the instrument very quickly). How refraction relates to gravity depends on a number of factors including the sugar profile.
I know several seasoned pros who use a refractometer only to quickly check for deviations from the norm (i.e. to make sure the batch is doing more or less what it should) but if they need certainty and accuracy they break out the glassware.
For the same reason I also never use electronic thermometers. They may drift off calibration and you'll never know it. I've yet to see a glass (mercury) thermometer do that. |
23,078 | For years, I've always taken my gravity readings with the hydrometer that came with my original homebrew kit. There's nothing wrong with it, but I've been thinking lately about switching over to a refractometer. While I enjoy tasting the progress of the beer at various stages, I'd like to limit the amount of beer I pull out of my batch to take gravity readings (an pbvious benefit of the refractometer).
**Which of these two tools is more accurate/precise in taking gravity measurements?** | 2018/06/28 | [
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/23078",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/users/14427/"
] | I recently switched too. One problem I noticed with the smaller sample is that if you pull from the top of the vessle you may get some oils or other less dense particles collected at the top. This layer of particles doesn't effect the hydrometer much reading since the sample size is much larger.
Precision - as long as temp is about 70f the hydrometer will be more reliable since it is based on a large sample and uses density.
Accuracy - the refractometer has to be recalibrated, using a hydrometer or by making a known solution with a scale. Also, a [wort correction factor](https://www.brewersfriend.com/how-to-determine-your-refractometers-wort-correction-factor/) should be used. | Yes, a refractometer is quick, requires only a drop rather than a larger sample, and is therefore easier to use with hot wort. But in my personal experience a hydrometer combined with a glass thermometer is the most reliable combination, always giving you an accurate reading no matter what. They measure the GRAVITY of the wort or beer at any time.
A refractometer, on the other hand, gives you the optical refraction of the wort or beer at whatever temperature the instrument has (a drop of wort or beer assumes the temperature of the instrument very quickly). How refraction relates to gravity depends on a number of factors including the sugar profile.
I know several seasoned pros who use a refractometer only to quickly check for deviations from the norm (i.e. to make sure the batch is doing more or less what it should) but if they need certainty and accuracy they break out the glassware.
For the same reason I also never use electronic thermometers. They may drift off calibration and you'll never know it. I've yet to see a glass (mercury) thermometer do that. |
23,078 | For years, I've always taken my gravity readings with the hydrometer that came with my original homebrew kit. There's nothing wrong with it, but I've been thinking lately about switching over to a refractometer. While I enjoy tasting the progress of the beer at various stages, I'd like to limit the amount of beer I pull out of my batch to take gravity readings (an pbvious benefit of the refractometer).
**Which of these two tools is more accurate/precise in taking gravity measurements?** | 2018/06/28 | [
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/23078",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/users/14427/"
] | >
> Which of these two tools is more accurate/precise in taking gravity measurements?
>
>
>
Hydrometer. In my experiance.
It could be my cheap refractometer but i've noticed some inaccurate readings and I therefore don't trust it completely. I use the refractometer during the boil and fermentation just to get a general idea, but always a final reading with a hydrometer. I usually take the trub that is left in the kettle after the boil to get a accurate OG and the last bit of beer before the yeast cake after fermentation for a FG, to minimize the beer loss. | Yes, a refractometer is quick, requires only a drop rather than a larger sample, and is therefore easier to use with hot wort. But in my personal experience a hydrometer combined with a glass thermometer is the most reliable combination, always giving you an accurate reading no matter what. They measure the GRAVITY of the wort or beer at any time.
A refractometer, on the other hand, gives you the optical refraction of the wort or beer at whatever temperature the instrument has (a drop of wort or beer assumes the temperature of the instrument very quickly). How refraction relates to gravity depends on a number of factors including the sugar profile.
I know several seasoned pros who use a refractometer only to quickly check for deviations from the norm (i.e. to make sure the batch is doing more or less what it should) but if they need certainty and accuracy they break out the glassware.
For the same reason I also never use electronic thermometers. They may drift off calibration and you'll never know it. I've yet to see a glass (mercury) thermometer do that. |
23,078 | For years, I've always taken my gravity readings with the hydrometer that came with my original homebrew kit. There's nothing wrong with it, but I've been thinking lately about switching over to a refractometer. While I enjoy tasting the progress of the beer at various stages, I'd like to limit the amount of beer I pull out of my batch to take gravity readings (an pbvious benefit of the refractometer).
**Which of these two tools is more accurate/precise in taking gravity measurements?** | 2018/06/28 | [
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/23078",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com",
"https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/users/14427/"
] | I haven't used a hydrometer in years. I think they are worthless and you waste a fair amount of beer using one. You can do a very close estimate of your alcohol content by just using only a refractometer. I used a similar formula when making wine and remembered it for using it with beer too. I won't post the formula here (it's at this website). I never looked back and you should just throw away your hydrometer. Get a temperature compensating refractometer. They are a bit more expensive but you'll have it the rest of your life. Here is the [calculator](http://seanterrill.com/2012/01/06/refractometer-calculator/). | Yes, a refractometer is quick, requires only a drop rather than a larger sample, and is therefore easier to use with hot wort. But in my personal experience a hydrometer combined with a glass thermometer is the most reliable combination, always giving you an accurate reading no matter what. They measure the GRAVITY of the wort or beer at any time.
A refractometer, on the other hand, gives you the optical refraction of the wort or beer at whatever temperature the instrument has (a drop of wort or beer assumes the temperature of the instrument very quickly). How refraction relates to gravity depends on a number of factors including the sugar profile.
I know several seasoned pros who use a refractometer only to quickly check for deviations from the norm (i.e. to make sure the batch is doing more or less what it should) but if they need certainty and accuracy they break out the glassware.
For the same reason I also never use electronic thermometers. They may drift off calibration and you'll never know it. I've yet to see a glass (mercury) thermometer do that. |
11,885,966 | I've worked in several SQL environments. In one environment, the different tables holding business data were split across several different SQL databases, all on the same server.
In another environment, almost all the tables are kept on one single SQL database.
I'm creating a new project that is closely related to another project, and I've been wondering if I should put the new tables in the same SQL database or a new SQL database.
This all runs on MS SQL Server.
What factors do I need to consider as I make this decision? | 2012/08/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11885966",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/238260/"
] | It's tough from your question to tell what your actual requirements are, or what data you would consider to store in different databases. But in addition to Gordon's points I can address a couple of additional reasons why you might want to use separate databases for data belonging to different customers / users (and this answer assumes that one possible separation of data, whether by database or schema, would be by customer):
* As I mentioned in a comment, some customers will *demand* that their data be stored separately, and you may need to agree to that in writing before you see a penny or are able to secure their business. So you may as well be prepared for that inevitability.
* Keeping each customer in their own database makes it very easy to move them if they outgrow your current server. At my previous job we designed the system in this way, and it saved our bacon later - we were able to move customers completely to a different server with what essentially amounted to a metadata operation. During a maintenance window, backed up their database, set the original to offline, restored the backup to a new server, and updated a config table that told all the apps where to find that database. This is much more flexible than trying to extract all of their data from a database shared by others...
* Separate databases also allow you to handle maintenance differently. One customer needs point-in-time restore, and another doesn't? Perfect, you can just use a different recovery model on separate databases. Much easier than separating by filegroups and trying to implement some filegroup-level backup solution, and much more efficient than just treating one big database in full recovery.
This isn't free, of course, it's about trade-offs. Multiple databases scares some people away but having managed such a system for 13 years I can tell you that managing 100 or 500 databases that are largely identical is not that much more complicated than managing 500 schemas in one massive database (in fact I would say it is less so in a lot of respects). | A database is the unit of backup and recovery, so that should be the first consideration when designing database structures. If the data has different back up and recovery requirements, then they are very good candidates for separate databases.
That is only half the problem, though. In most environments, backup/recovery is pretty much the same for all databases. It becomes a question of application design. In other words, the situation becomes quite subjective.
In the environment that I'm working in right now, here are some criteria for splitting data into different databases:
(1) Publishing tables to a wide audience. We "publish" data in tables and put these into a database, separate from other tables used for building them or for special purposes. Admittedly, SQL Server claims that "schema" are the unit of security. However, databases seem to do a good job in the real world.
(2) Strict security requiremeents. Some data is so sensitive that lawyers have to approve who can see it. This goes into its own database, with its own access.
(3) Separation of data tables (which users can see) and tables that describe the production system.
(4) Separation of tables used for general querying by a skilled group of analysts (the published tables) versus tables used for specific reports/applications.
Finally, I would add this. If some of the data is being updated continuously throughout the day and other data is used for reporting, I would tend to put them in different databases. This helps separate them in the case of problems. |
1,232,238 | I am looking for good articles on how to install and setup Percona's patched server with XtraDB and master/slave replication setup on Centos 5.2 64 bit.
I believe they can be downloaded at <http://www.percona.com/mysql/5.1.34-5/RPM/rhel5/>?
and is there any good recipes for setting up HA and replication?
Thanks! | 2009/08/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1232238",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | The RPMs are best installed by just downloading them into a directory and typing "rpm -i \*.rpm". For help with this, I recommend Percona's forums or mailing lists - forum.percona.com and groups.google.com/group/percona-dev.
For replication there's not anything really new in the Percona patches. You are best off just looking at the guide in the MySQL manual:
dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/replication-howto.html
For HA recipes, you've basically got the choice of MySQL and/or DRBD. I wrote an article on Percona's mysql performance blog here:
<http://www.mysqlperformanceblog.com/2009/07/07/is-drbd-the-right-choice-for-me/>
Hope this helps! | first step: add percona repository using this wikipage: <http://www.percona.com/doc/percona-server/5.5/installation/yum_repo.html>
second step: follow the instructions on this wikipage: <http://www.percona.com/doc/percona-server/5.5/installation.html>
Master/Slave setup is like "normal" MySQL replication.
Setup the Binlog on the master and setup the slave as a slave. I would recommend using this howto: <http://www.howtoforge.com/how-to-set-up-database-replication-in-mysql-on-ubuntu-9.10> (you can forget about the install notes as you have already installed the mysql / percona server)
hope this helps :-) |
297,148 | Our site has multiple "wizards" where various data is collected over several pages, and cannot be committed to the database until the last step.
What is the best/correct way to make a wizard like this with ASP.Net MVC
edit: My boss is now saying "no javascript" - any thoughts on how to get around that restriction? | 2008/11/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/297148",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | I don't believe there is a best/correct way, but the way I'd do it is...
Each wizard gets its own page. Each step gets its own div. All steps are in the same form.
The previous/next buttons would essentially hide/show the div in each step of the process. The last step's submit button submits the entire form. It would be pretty trivial to implement this using jQuery, and it would be easy to maintain as all the wizard steps are in a single ViewPage.
On the controller side, you'd have two controller methods, the HttpVerbs.Get version that would prepare the form for viewing and the HttpVerbs.Post version that would take a FormsResult and parse it to get out the information required to submit the user's answers to storage/other processes.
---
Wow, your boss stinks.
This answer almost gracefully works for those \*\*\*\*\*\* who have javascript disabled (yes, both of them). You can tweak it to hide the next-previous buttons via CSS and unhide them in your javascript code. This way people with javascript see the wizard and people without javascript will see the entire form (without next/prev buttons).
The other option is to create a view for each step in the wizard. You can store the intermediate results of the form in the Session. This way would cost plenty of time and effort to implement, which means you could probably squeeze some overtime out of your boss when you demonstrate, in about twenty minutes of effort you spend during lunch, how easy the javascript route is to implement. | There is a very simple, flexible and extensible method in this question: [How to simplify my statefull interlaced modal dialogs in ASP.NET MVC](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8541821/how-to-simplify-my-statefull-interlaced-modal-dialogs-in-asp-net-mvc) |
297,148 | Our site has multiple "wizards" where various data is collected over several pages, and cannot be committed to the database until the last step.
What is the best/correct way to make a wizard like this with ASP.Net MVC
edit: My boss is now saying "no javascript" - any thoughts on how to get around that restriction? | 2008/11/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/297148",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | I don't believe there is a best/correct way, but the way I'd do it is...
Each wizard gets its own page. Each step gets its own div. All steps are in the same form.
The previous/next buttons would essentially hide/show the div in each step of the process. The last step's submit button submits the entire form. It would be pretty trivial to implement this using jQuery, and it would be easy to maintain as all the wizard steps are in a single ViewPage.
On the controller side, you'd have two controller methods, the HttpVerbs.Get version that would prepare the form for viewing and the HttpVerbs.Post version that would take a FormsResult and parse it to get out the information required to submit the user's answers to storage/other processes.
---
Wow, your boss stinks.
This answer almost gracefully works for those \*\*\*\*\*\* who have javascript disabled (yes, both of them). You can tweak it to hide the next-previous buttons via CSS and unhide them in your javascript code. This way people with javascript see the wizard and people without javascript will see the entire form (without next/prev buttons).
The other option is to create a view for each step in the wizard. You can store the intermediate results of the form in the Session. This way would cost plenty of time and effort to implement, which means you could probably squeeze some overtime out of your boss when you demonstrate, in about twenty minutes of effort you spend during lunch, how easy the javascript route is to implement. | If you can't use JavaScript, then make each step a view, with a method in the controller, and keep your data in session until ready to submit to the database.
You can make your Next and Prev buttons using the ActionLink HtmlHelper method. |
297,148 | Our site has multiple "wizards" where various data is collected over several pages, and cannot be committed to the database until the last step.
What is the best/correct way to make a wizard like this with ASP.Net MVC
edit: My boss is now saying "no javascript" - any thoughts on how to get around that restriction? | 2008/11/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/297148",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | I don't believe there is a best/correct way, but the way I'd do it is...
Each wizard gets its own page. Each step gets its own div. All steps are in the same form.
The previous/next buttons would essentially hide/show the div in each step of the process. The last step's submit button submits the entire form. It would be pretty trivial to implement this using jQuery, and it would be easy to maintain as all the wizard steps are in a single ViewPage.
On the controller side, you'd have two controller methods, the HttpVerbs.Get version that would prepare the form for viewing and the HttpVerbs.Post version that would take a FormsResult and parse it to get out the information required to submit the user's answers to storage/other processes.
---
Wow, your boss stinks.
This answer almost gracefully works for those \*\*\*\*\*\* who have javascript disabled (yes, both of them). You can tweak it to hide the next-previous buttons via CSS and unhide them in your javascript code. This way people with javascript see the wizard and people without javascript will see the entire form (without next/prev buttons).
The other option is to create a view for each step in the wizard. You can store the intermediate results of the form in the Session. This way would cost plenty of time and effort to implement, which means you could probably squeeze some overtime out of your boss when you demonstrate, in about twenty minutes of effort you spend during lunch, how easy the javascript route is to implement. | Make the different panels all be client side ... all in the same form ... and when the final submit button is pressed, you can post all of the values at the same time. |
297,148 | Our site has multiple "wizards" where various data is collected over several pages, and cannot be committed to the database until the last step.
What is the best/correct way to make a wizard like this with ASP.Net MVC
edit: My boss is now saying "no javascript" - any thoughts on how to get around that restriction? | 2008/11/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/297148",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | If you can't use JavaScript, then make each step a view, with a method in the controller, and keep your data in session until ready to submit to the database.
You can make your Next and Prev buttons using the ActionLink HtmlHelper method. | If you can't use Javascript and don't want to spend server resources with Session variables, you can also serialize and deserialize the values being entered in the different steps, and pass it back and forth using a hidden input field. A bit like ViewState in ASP.NET Webforms. |
297,148 | Our site has multiple "wizards" where various data is collected over several pages, and cannot be committed to the database until the last step.
What is the best/correct way to make a wizard like this with ASP.Net MVC
edit: My boss is now saying "no javascript" - any thoughts on how to get around that restriction? | 2008/11/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/297148",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | Another way is to save the incomplete object that you are building with the wizard to the database and just pass the primary key to the next step of the wizard. I know that this means you need to make some of the database fields nullable, but it does have the added advantage that you can save the primary key in a cookie and allow the user to come back to the wizard at some later time. This option doesn't require javascript or session state. | There is a very simple, flexible and extensible method in this question: [How to simplify my statefull interlaced modal dialogs in ASP.NET MVC](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8541821/how-to-simplify-my-statefull-interlaced-modal-dialogs-in-asp-net-mvc) |
297,148 | Our site has multiple "wizards" where various data is collected over several pages, and cannot be committed to the database until the last step.
What is the best/correct way to make a wizard like this with ASP.Net MVC
edit: My boss is now saying "no javascript" - any thoughts on how to get around that restriction? | 2008/11/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/297148",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | If you can't use Javascript and don't want to spend server resources with Session variables, you can also serialize and deserialize the values being entered in the different steps, and pass it back and forth using a hidden input field. A bit like ViewState in ASP.NET Webforms. | You can use the simple component MVCWizard.Wizard available on NuGet. The WizardController allows you to create a wizard using partial view. There is also the AutoWizardController that renders the entire wizard in a single view. All these components operate with the session to store the model state. |
297,148 | Our site has multiple "wizards" where various data is collected over several pages, and cannot be committed to the database until the last step.
What is the best/correct way to make a wizard like this with ASP.Net MVC
edit: My boss is now saying "no javascript" - any thoughts on how to get around that restriction? | 2008/11/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/297148",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | Make the different panels all be client side ... all in the same form ... and when the final submit button is pressed, you can post all of the values at the same time. | There is a very simple, flexible and extensible method in this question: [How to simplify my statefull interlaced modal dialogs in ASP.NET MVC](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8541821/how-to-simplify-my-statefull-interlaced-modal-dialogs-in-asp-net-mvc) |
297,148 | Our site has multiple "wizards" where various data is collected over several pages, and cannot be committed to the database until the last step.
What is the best/correct way to make a wizard like this with ASP.Net MVC
edit: My boss is now saying "no javascript" - any thoughts on how to get around that restriction? | 2008/11/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/297148",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | I put together a login wizard and documented the ideas behind it on my blog if that helps: [link text](http://shouldersofgiants.co.uk/Blog/post/2009/09/16/A-RESTful-Wizard-Using-ASPNet-MVCe280a6-Perhaps.aspx "A RESTful Wizard Using ASP.Net MVC… Perhaps?") | You can use the simple component MVCWizard.Wizard available on NuGet. The WizardController allows you to create a wizard using partial view. There is also the AutoWizardController that renders the entire wizard in a single view. All these components operate with the session to store the model state. |
297,148 | Our site has multiple "wizards" where various data is collected over several pages, and cannot be committed to the database until the last step.
What is the best/correct way to make a wizard like this with ASP.Net MVC
edit: My boss is now saying "no javascript" - any thoughts on how to get around that restriction? | 2008/11/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/297148",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | Another way is to save the incomplete object that you are building with the wizard to the database and just pass the primary key to the next step of the wizard. I know that this means you need to make some of the database fields nullable, but it does have the added advantage that you can save the primary key in a cookie and allow the user to come back to the wizard at some later time. This option doesn't require javascript or session state. | Make the different panels all be client side ... all in the same form ... and when the final submit button is pressed, you can post all of the values at the same time. |
297,148 | Our site has multiple "wizards" where various data is collected over several pages, and cannot be committed to the database until the last step.
What is the best/correct way to make a wizard like this with ASP.Net MVC
edit: My boss is now saying "no javascript" - any thoughts on how to get around that restriction? | 2008/11/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/297148",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | Another way is to save the incomplete object that you are building with the wizard to the database and just pass the primary key to the next step of the wizard. I know that this means you need to make some of the database fields nullable, but it does have the added advantage that you can save the primary key in a cookie and allow the user to come back to the wizard at some later time. This option doesn't require javascript or session state. | I put together a login wizard and documented the ideas behind it on my blog if that helps: [link text](http://shouldersofgiants.co.uk/Blog/post/2009/09/16/A-RESTful-Wizard-Using-ASPNet-MVCe280a6-Perhaps.aspx "A RESTful Wizard Using ASP.Net MVC… Perhaps?") |
111,142 | I have a Samsung Galaxy Ace and a 4GB SD card, I only have one app that is whatsapp, and When I try to download another app That is 40MG(a lot less than 4GB), it says insufficient Space, but I go to settings and it says that I have 3.69GB of space on SD card, and on the phone's space that comes with it says 20 MG available, so I have 3.69GB,and 20MG, and it doesn't let me download apps!What do I do? | 2015/06/02 | [
"https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/111142",
"https://android.stackexchange.com",
"https://android.stackexchange.com/users/111073/"
] | 1. Install “ES File Explorer” from the Play Store. Open it and navigate to internal SD card storage
2. Delete “Pictures” folder
3. Create a new “Pictures” folder and open it and make “Screenshots” folder inside “Pictures" folder | I had the problem
When choosing to store on phone it works
While when use to store on sd card give the same error
I tried all the solutions but didn't work
But at last i tried this and worked
Creat a folder in the sd card and name it Pictures
Then create another folder inside it and name it Screenshots |
111,142 | I have a Samsung Galaxy Ace and a 4GB SD card, I only have one app that is whatsapp, and When I try to download another app That is 40MG(a lot less than 4GB), it says insufficient Space, but I go to settings and it says that I have 3.69GB of space on SD card, and on the phone's space that comes with it says 20 MG available, so I have 3.69GB,and 20MG, and it doesn't let me download apps!What do I do? | 2015/06/02 | [
"https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/111142",
"https://android.stackexchange.com",
"https://android.stackexchange.com/users/111073/"
] | 1. Install “ES File Explorer” from the Play Store. Open it and navigate to internal SD card storage
2. Delete “Pictures” folder
3. Create a new “Pictures” folder and open it and make “Screenshots” folder inside “Pictures" folder | In case you have tried other solution but hasn't worked , try this: unmount your SD card on setting and then mount your SD card back. This actually worked for me. |
111,142 | I have a Samsung Galaxy Ace and a 4GB SD card, I only have one app that is whatsapp, and When I try to download another app That is 40MG(a lot less than 4GB), it says insufficient Space, but I go to settings and it says that I have 3.69GB of space on SD card, and on the phone's space that comes with it says 20 MG available, so I have 3.69GB,and 20MG, and it doesn't let me download apps!What do I do? | 2015/06/02 | [
"https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/111142",
"https://android.stackexchange.com",
"https://android.stackexchange.com/users/111073/"
] | I had the problem
When choosing to store on phone it works
While when use to store on sd card give the same error
I tried all the solutions but didn't work
But at last i tried this and worked
Creat a folder in the sd card and name it Pictures
Then create another folder inside it and name it Screenshots | have you lot actually looked to see if your phone HAS taken a screenshot? because I get that error message but the screenshot has been taken and IS saved, even though it says it can't save it. |
7,411,752 | I need to implement a feature that under a certain condition the "Save to PDF" Dialog shows up & the user can save their document to PDF. How is this achieved in Objective C, C or C++ i.e in Mac OS X? (anyone of them is good). | 2011/09/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/7411752",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/813852/"
] | In textedit, there's an option to save as PDF. So you might be able to find how to do it in the textedit source provided by apple. | You simply need to write a file which conforms to [the PDF Specification](http://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf_reference_1-7.pdf) from Adobe. (Now also an ISO Standard). [Apple provides an API here.](http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/GraphicsImaging/Conceptual/drawingwithquartz2d/dq_pdf/dq_pdf.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP30001066-CH214-TPXREF101) |
2,821,150 | I have been struggling to self-learn some somewhat higher mathematics- mostly university level mathematics. However, I've looked up other questions and they didn't mostly line up with what I am personally struggling with.
The problem I am facing simply put is that most of the math books at this level rely on proofs and examples more than tedious repetitive- mostly computational- exercises at the end of each section/chapter like in earlier math subjects. Problem is, I feel frustrated that I can't verify my solutions OR WORSE reproduce the proofs I analyze and study. Sure I can understand the proofs just fine (most of the time), but revising them the next day feels harder let alone reproducing them without taking a peek. I feel hesitant on whether I should take the material as is and move on to the next section/chapter or fret over the material until it becomes a second nature (probably takes weeks and highly inefficient; one page per week at worst).
How do you think I should approach this without feeling like I am skipping or just spending my time inefficiently? please advise.
Note: English isn't my first language so when I write proofs I tend to be redundant and less compliant to the common writing formats. | 2018/06/15 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2821150",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/570113/"
] | I do think reading and understanding proofs is an important part of progressing, so this is something you should keep doing. I think spending time memorizing them is generally not as useful as understanding them once, and returning to them when you have a reason to. This might happen if you were working on a problem where you thought a method used in a certain proof you'd read might be useful.
You are right to be concerned about checking your solutions to exercises. There are a couple of possibilities that spring to mind.
The first is to get help. This could be office hours with a professor or TA (once you're in university), or tutoring by a graduate student or other person who is skilled in higher mathematics. A good teacher will often be able to look at your work and, more quickly than you might imagine, clear up some of the misunderstandings you have or help you see ideas you may have overlooked. The experience of learning one-on-one is entirely different than going to a lecture. Even a couple of hours a week could be useful.
The second is to use problem books or textbooks with solutions manuals. Of course, it's not always the case that comparing a correct solution with your own incorrect one will show why yours is incorrect. But this does happen often enough to make this a useful approach. Quite often, you will see that your own solution was generally along the right lines, but you may have missed some subtlety, left out some case that needed to be examined, or made a computational error. Not all solutions manuals are written well (especially when they're outsourced to students), so you need to be discerning.
About whether you should be 100% proficient on one chapter before moving on to the next, there is no absolute rule. It's often possible to move on, but if you reach a point where you are no longer understanding the proofs of the theorems in the text, it may be that you've gone too far. This is partly dependent on the book you're using. | University level...I think it depends on your current nation and your field of study as well.
For example, I learned in my engineering department in the university in Republic of Korea these subjects;
ODE: ordinary differential equation
PDE: partial differential equation
One of books widely used in the engineering course is [Advanced Engineering Mathematics written by Erwin Kreyszig](https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/advanced-engineering-mathematics-kreyszig/1100520690). This book could show you what subjects are taught in the university around the world. |
8,388 | Does your country have any academic degrees after the PhD? If yes, what is it called and how graduating this degree?
Additionally, what is a Post-Doc? Is it a degree or something else? I have seen some people refer to a post-doc in their CV as they would a degree. Is this acceptable? | 2013/03/05 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/8388",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/6257/"
] | In general, a PhD is the highest degree you can get. A postdoc is simply a research position that is not permanent, i.e. no fixed contract or tenure. There are some exceptions, for example in the German system where you can get your Habilitation, which is a degree after you get your PhD. But in most systems there is nothing beyond a PhD in terms of degrees. | As @Paul Hiemstra pointed out, the highest degree level is a Doctorate (Dr) however, with this in mind, there are different academic titles that you can gain if you work at a University or high-educational institute. Here are a few:
* Senior Lecturer (Usually appointed to a academic with a level of experience, this is usually how many years they have been at a University).
+ Master Lecturer (This is usually a rank about a Senior Lecturer)
+ Reader (This is someone who usually has a vast amount of knowledge and a strong academic background who is employed by the University not so much to lecturer, but, to carry out research for the university).
+ Professor (*I believe this title is different in the US* but this title is given to an academic who has an outstanding background in research and has published books, received a lot of funding for the particular University.) A Professorship is not something that can be studied for, it is something that is achieved and you are selected for by a special panel.
You can find more about titles [here](http://euro.ecom.cmu.edu/titles/titlebook.htm) |
8,388 | Does your country have any academic degrees after the PhD? If yes, what is it called and how graduating this degree?
Additionally, what is a Post-Doc? Is it a degree or something else? I have seen some people refer to a post-doc in their CV as they would a degree. Is this acceptable? | 2013/03/05 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/8388",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/6257/"
] | In general, a PhD is the highest degree you can get. A postdoc is simply a research position that is not permanent, i.e. no fixed contract or tenure. There are some exceptions, for example in the German system where you can get your Habilitation, which is a degree after you get your PhD. But in most systems there is nothing beyond a PhD in terms of degrees. | Many countries have higher degrees than the PhD.
[In the UK](http://www.uea.ac.uk/calendar/section3/regs%28awards%29/doctor-of-laws,-of-letters-and-of-science), there's
* Litt.D Doctor of Letters / Literature
* DSc Doctor of Science
* LL.d Doctor of Laws
* D.D. Doctor of Divinity
Each of these typically requires the submission of a body of work - a research portfolio - together with a critique of the work. Or they may be awarded as honorary degrees; see the links above for the requirements for the degrees from the University of East Anglia (Litt.D, DSc, LL.d), and the University of Oxford (D.D.), accordingly.
A post-doc is just an academic research job that's typically done after attaining a PhD. It's not a degree in its own right |
8,388 | Does your country have any academic degrees after the PhD? If yes, what is it called and how graduating this degree?
Additionally, what is a Post-Doc? Is it a degree or something else? I have seen some people refer to a post-doc in their CV as they would a degree. Is this acceptable? | 2013/03/05 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/8388",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/6257/"
] | Many countries have higher degrees than the PhD.
[In the UK](http://www.uea.ac.uk/calendar/section3/regs%28awards%29/doctor-of-laws,-of-letters-and-of-science), there's
* Litt.D Doctor of Letters / Literature
* DSc Doctor of Science
* LL.d Doctor of Laws
* D.D. Doctor of Divinity
Each of these typically requires the submission of a body of work - a research portfolio - together with a critique of the work. Or they may be awarded as honorary degrees; see the links above for the requirements for the degrees from the University of East Anglia (Litt.D, DSc, LL.d), and the University of Oxford (D.D.), accordingly.
A post-doc is just an academic research job that's typically done after attaining a PhD. It's not a degree in its own right | As @Paul Hiemstra pointed out, the highest degree level is a Doctorate (Dr) however, with this in mind, there are different academic titles that you can gain if you work at a University or high-educational institute. Here are a few:
* Senior Lecturer (Usually appointed to a academic with a level of experience, this is usually how many years they have been at a University).
+ Master Lecturer (This is usually a rank about a Senior Lecturer)
+ Reader (This is someone who usually has a vast amount of knowledge and a strong academic background who is employed by the University not so much to lecturer, but, to carry out research for the university).
+ Professor (*I believe this title is different in the US* but this title is given to an academic who has an outstanding background in research and has published books, received a lot of funding for the particular University.) A Professorship is not something that can be studied for, it is something that is achieved and you are selected for by a special panel.
You can find more about titles [here](http://euro.ecom.cmu.edu/titles/titlebook.htm) |
296,072 | If you can use "have" as a modifier to make modals past tense, why can't we apply them across the board. For example May/Might in past "you might have known." Or "He must have been here." These are perfectly acceptable examples, but when we come to obligatory usage the structure is more important.
For example: "Do you **have to insult** my mother every time you see here?" Is interchangeable with "**Must** you insult my mother every time you see her?"
Conversely why can we say "Did you **have to insult** my mother every time you saw here?" This use in the past is grammatically correct and conveys an action that used to happen, but no longer happens, for instance the mother in question died.
The main question is why can't we say "**Must** you have insulted my mother every time you saw her?" I am a native speaker and I would understand that question without thinking the speaker was using my language incorrectly. This is from the perspective that as long as language follows syntactic patterns there is room for correct usages that may not be codified in books, but still can be used to convey meaning. | 2015/12/26 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/296072",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/152707/"
] | The simplest answer is that we can't say "Must you have insulted..." for the same reasons that we can't say "Did you have insulted..." The form of the question makes it wrong, not any property of *must*.
Though it is often said that *must* is a defective modal with no past form, technically it has no past from because it is already a past form; the past form of *mote*. *Mote* is no longer used, except possibly in rituals, and *must* has taken its place.
Adding to the complication, *must* also has two forms of modality. Deontic used on its own, as in "You must buy a new car" indicating that in the ideal world your car would be new, and epistemic when used with *have* as in "he must have bought a new car" based on the evidence of a shiny new car in his drive. This can also be viewed as *must* for obligation and *must* for speculation.
Applying this to the question, on top of the issue of the question form, as you want to ask about past events there is no modality involved. It is not speculating about insults to your mother, nor laying an obligation on anyone to insult your mother in the past. | The past of "must" is also must. If English would use "must" as form of present tense and also of past tense this would lead to an annoying ambiguity. So it is a wise rule not to use "must" as past tense and to use the substitute with to have to do.
In special cases you can find must as past tense in subordinate clauses. |
296,072 | If you can use "have" as a modifier to make modals past tense, why can't we apply them across the board. For example May/Might in past "you might have known." Or "He must have been here." These are perfectly acceptable examples, but when we come to obligatory usage the structure is more important.
For example: "Do you **have to insult** my mother every time you see here?" Is interchangeable with "**Must** you insult my mother every time you see her?"
Conversely why can we say "Did you **have to insult** my mother every time you saw here?" This use in the past is grammatically correct and conveys an action that used to happen, but no longer happens, for instance the mother in question died.
The main question is why can't we say "**Must** you have insulted my mother every time you saw her?" I am a native speaker and I would understand that question without thinking the speaker was using my language incorrectly. This is from the perspective that as long as language follows syntactic patterns there is room for correct usages that may not be codified in books, but still can be used to convey meaning. | 2015/12/26 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/296072",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/152707/"
] | I agree with your judgment about the example of your main question -- it's no good. However, I think its declarative counterpart is okay.
>
> \*"Must you have insulted my mother every time you saw her?"
>
> "You must have insulted my mother every time you saw her."
>
>
>
The problem does not seem to be with the question form, specifically, because we see it below in a declarative sentence that has subject auxiliary inversion:
>
> \*"Never must you have left early.
>
> "You must never have left early.
>
>
>
I don't understand the restriction that prevents inverting "must" in these cases. It isn't general to the modal verbs, since other modals sound okay when inverted. It is triggered by the perfect "have" but may also be triggered by some stative verbs. | The past of "must" is also must. If English would use "must" as form of present tense and also of past tense this would lead to an annoying ambiguity. So it is a wise rule not to use "must" as past tense and to use the substitute with to have to do.
In special cases you can find must as past tense in subordinate clauses. |
27,798,106 | I am learning OpenUI5, and would like to connect to a locally installed MYSQL Database, i understand that only Odata binding is supported for OpenUI5.
I do not see any connectors to connect to MYSQL(i do not know PHP either, so i cannot use the PHP connector).
All inputs and suggestions are welcome.
Thanks,
Chen | 2015/01/06 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/27798106",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/4377046/"
] | You are mixing up something here. OpenUI5 is front-end only. The Database is in your back-end. What technology your back-end uses can be chosen by you (PHP, Java, Node, whatever you like).
You can communicate to your openUI5 App using an OData or plain JSON based service on your back-end. | You can check if MySQL allows JSONP calls. If so, you can use a JSONP call to the MySQL server on localhost to fetch the data. But this sounds like a hack. |
409,252 | All the memory circuits I've seen use some form of flip-flop/feedback mechanism to store a value. Is this the only circuit design that can store a value? Is there anyway to create memory without a feedback loop? | 2018/11/28 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/409252",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/113696/"
] | [Flash memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory) stores bits in an isolated conductor within a *floating gate transistor*, with no feedback required to maintain the state.
[DRAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory) stores data in the charge state of a capacitor, however the data will be lost over time due to leakage currents.
[Core memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory) can store a bit in the magnetic state of a magnetic material. Feedback isn't required to maintain the state, but it can only be read once before the state is disturbed.
[Fuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFUSE) can be used to store information by simply overheating and destroying a small wire (or not). The state is maintained without feedback. However, they can only be written once. | To add to this list:
[Optical Drives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc) that encodes binary data. There is a laser that reads reflections on a particular surface. If there is no reflection of that bit, there is a zero. Otherwise, if there is a reflection of that bit, there is a one. The data that is stored is in the form of [Gray Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_code).
[Punch cards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card), now considered rather obsolete, actually contains digital data. Each hole, or lack thereof, would represent actual code for a computer to execute. [This website](http://www.herongyang.com/Computer-History/FORTRAN-Program-Store-on-Punch-Card.html) gives an example of how hole punches can relate to real code.
[Writing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing) is, while not relevant to this website, probably the oldest form of external memory outside of the living organism.
I suppose you can say the oldest form of memory is a nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell since that stores information on how it operates... |
409,252 | All the memory circuits I've seen use some form of flip-flop/feedback mechanism to store a value. Is this the only circuit design that can store a value? Is there anyway to create memory without a feedback loop? | 2018/11/28 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/409252",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/113696/"
] | [Flash memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory) stores bits in an isolated conductor within a *floating gate transistor*, with no feedback required to maintain the state.
[DRAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory) stores data in the charge state of a capacitor, however the data will be lost over time due to leakage currents.
[Core memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory) can store a bit in the magnetic state of a magnetic material. Feedback isn't required to maintain the state, but it can only be read once before the state is disturbed.
[Fuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFUSE) can be used to store information by simply overheating and destroying a small wire (or not). The state is maintained without feedback. However, they can only be written once. | Assuming by memory you mean digital synchronous, the answer is YES. The simplest FF is the fundamental sync memory cell which has internal feedback.
The async latch has external feedback using 2 gates.
By asynchronous memory, NO , it can be an isolated charge with a transmission gate or similar transistor type.
But be more explicit next time. Your question indicates a opportunity to expand your awareness.
. Do you assume we know you mean only voltatile static RAM or all types of memory:
**analog/digital, static/dynamic , electrical/mechanical/magnetic/optical/nuclear/acoustic or chemical**
. Each type has a threshold, which is not necessarily binary but I assume you mean logical and not visual , it can be linear or not, but must have defined thresholds and tolerances.
The question of "memory without a FF and/or feedback?" ...
Could be simply Yes. |
409,252 | All the memory circuits I've seen use some form of flip-flop/feedback mechanism to store a value. Is this the only circuit design that can store a value? Is there anyway to create memory without a feedback loop? | 2018/11/28 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/409252",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/113696/"
] | To add to this list:
[Optical Drives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc) that encodes binary data. There is a laser that reads reflections on a particular surface. If there is no reflection of that bit, there is a zero. Otherwise, if there is a reflection of that bit, there is a one. The data that is stored is in the form of [Gray Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_code).
[Punch cards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card), now considered rather obsolete, actually contains digital data. Each hole, or lack thereof, would represent actual code for a computer to execute. [This website](http://www.herongyang.com/Computer-History/FORTRAN-Program-Store-on-Punch-Card.html) gives an example of how hole punches can relate to real code.
[Writing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing) is, while not relevant to this website, probably the oldest form of external memory outside of the living organism.
I suppose you can say the oldest form of memory is a nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell since that stores information on how it operates... | Assuming by memory you mean digital synchronous, the answer is YES. The simplest FF is the fundamental sync memory cell which has internal feedback.
The async latch has external feedback using 2 gates.
By asynchronous memory, NO , it can be an isolated charge with a transmission gate or similar transistor type.
But be more explicit next time. Your question indicates a opportunity to expand your awareness.
. Do you assume we know you mean only voltatile static RAM or all types of memory:
**analog/digital, static/dynamic , electrical/mechanical/magnetic/optical/nuclear/acoustic or chemical**
. Each type has a threshold, which is not necessarily binary but I assume you mean logical and not visual , it can be linear or not, but must have defined thresholds and tolerances.
The question of "memory without a FF and/or feedback?" ...
Could be simply Yes. |
109,201 | From an article today on Investopedia:
[Bonds Signal up to 60% Chance of Recession](https://www.investopedia.com/bonds-signal-up-to-60-chance-of-recession-major-pain-for-stocks-4687648?utm_source=news-to-use&utm_campaign=bouncex&utm_term=16967989&utm_medium=email)
>
> Earlier in 2019, the Federal Reserve announced a pause in its program of interest rate hikes, re-energizing the stock market in the process. Now the money market appears to be anticipating a cut in the federal funds rate before 2019 is over, which, in turn, suggests that the Fed is increasingly more worried about preventing a recession than combatting inflation. Deutsche Bank projects that the fed funds rate will end 2019 at 2.15%, implying a 60% chance of recession within the next 12 months, Barron's reports.
>
>
> INDICATORS OF INCREASED RECESSIONARY RISK
>
>
> * The Fed now seems more concerned with recession than inflation
> * The money market anticipates a federal funds rate cut in 2019
> * This implies 60% odds of a recession starting in the next 12 months
> * Longer-term yields imply 28% odds of recession with next 12 months
>
>
>
How did they calculate the odds of a recession from the fed fund rates? | 2019/05/22 | [
"https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/109201",
"https://money.stackexchange.com",
"https://money.stackexchange.com/users/67285/"
] | Calculating the odds of a recession based on the fed funds rate most likely used a dartboard. Or maybe some colorful dice.
I kid. Most likely it was a computational model, which is totally different from dartboards or dice because people won't pay institutional research firms who claim to use methods that are transparently easy to understand to try to predict macroeconomic market timing.
So I want to be clear - what you are reading is a sales pitch for Deutsche Bank, which is a sales pitch provided by Deutsche Bank Research, wrapped inside a sales pitch for Ned Davis Research, wrapped inside a sales pitch for Barron's, delivered as a sales pitch for Investopedia's blog.
It does not say how they calculate such a probability, because that is what Deutsche Bank would like you to pay them for. They have teams of highly educated, highly skilled, highly experienced analysts (who I'm sure are wonderful people) churning out weighted random numbers like this - they can't just give away the secret sauce!
But at a high level, I can tell you how they calculated it:
First you build a statistical model that takes certain variables and assumes or attempts to estimate certain relationships between the variables, which will likely include the fed rate and dozens, hundreds, or thousands of other variables. Then you take some source of data about market performance and fed rates, pulled from somewhere (probably bought it from a vendor, but maybe provided by an internal team). But you can't just put that in the model as-is, so you make a variety of ultimately arbitrary decisions on how to process the data, so you do that and feed it to the model. The model puts out tons of outputs, but no single number, so you have to either cherry pick out what number is interesting or try to shove all the numbers together somehow. If you do a good job you have a number of competing models and processes, but that only means you have even more numbers coming out the other side, so you have to cherry pick one or shove them together again.
The reporting team, or someone's boss, wants a number, such as the chance of the market going into recession in the next 12 months. They don't want a distribution, they don't want a confidence interval, they don't want to hear about your assumptions or your process or any of your mumbo jumbo about information theoretic predictive accuracy, pareto efficiency of estimators, or your concern about autocorrelation in the Kullback–Leibler divergence of the residuals - they want a damned number to put in the sales report, alright?
Fine, 60%.
It's a nice number, no one is going to say you are insane for making it so high, and they won't say you are a Pollyanna who thinks a recession can't happen because it is so low. It also isn't 50%, because if you said that people would point out that's just saying bear vs bull is the result of a coin-flip! What are you, some kind of amateur?
Yeah, 60%. Now that's a number we can work with. But wait, why did we come up with this number? Don't tell me about all the variables you included in the model, so help me if you try to say something about "polynomial" or "multivariate" I'll slap the...right, bonds, let's go with that. Bonds are signalling, there we go - wrap that up and you've got a nice headline!
Bottom-line: news fit only to line the bottom of bird cages. It has no real informational content. Timing the market has long proven to be a fools errand - badly reported, non-transparent, baloney statistics don't change that. | There is actually a lot more behind this number than another answer suggests.
The phrase,
>
> ...the money market appears to be anticipating a cut in the federal funds
> rate...
>
>
>
can refer to either the futures or OIS swap market. Both markets are something frequently used in the market to infer probailities of interest rate hikes, see for example:
* [Bloomberg WIRP tool](https://quant.stackexchange.com/a/71805/54838)
* [CME FedWatch Tool](https://www.cmegroup.com/markets/interest-rates/cme-fedwatch-tool.html?redirect=/trading/interest-rates/countdown-to-fomc.html)
For stock futures, the price is simply a function of the spot price, interest rates and dividends and as such contains no information that the spot market does not contain (it's a simple no arbirtage argument).
On the other hand, interest rate futures cannot be calculated from another. There is interesting information inherent in interest rate future prices because the future for March 2023 is completely different from Feb 2024 and price setting relies on market expectations.
Another application of the same logic is to use the shape of the yield curve (market parlance for the gap between yields on longer- and shorter-dated instruments) to imply recession probabilities. When the gap between short and long yields narrows, the jargon is that the yield curve “flattens.” This commands a lot of attention for at least two reasons:
1 ) yield curve inversions tend to be a great warning that a recession is coming in a matter of months
2 ) inverted curve tends to make life very difficult for banks, who traditionally make their money by borrowing short term (through deposits) at low rates, and lending longer term at higher rates, and pocketing the difference ([classic maturity transformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturity_transformation)).
Point 1 ) is what matters here. Formal approaches exists since at least [Estrella and Mishkin 1996](https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/staff_reports/research_papers/9609.pdf) but the information content of the yield curve were discussed long before that seminal paper. Generally, one could look at treasuries, fed funds or swaps. Most research on United States business cycles has relied on interest rates for U.S. Treasury securities because the data for many maturities are available continuously from the 1950s to the present in a consistent format.
Some interesting papers:
* [The Yield Curve as a Leading Indicator - Fed of New York](https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/capital_markets/ycfaq.html#/faq)
* [The Yield Curve as a Predictor of U.S. Recessions](https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issues/ci2-7.html)
* [Yield Curve Prediction For The Strategic Investor - ECB Working Paper Series](https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp472.pdf)
* [Economic Forecasts with the Yield Curve | San Francisco Fed (frbsf.org)](https://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2018/march/economic-forecasts-with-yield-curve/)
* [Information in the Yield Curve about Future Recessions | San Francisco Fed (frbsf.org)](https://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2018/august/information-in-yield-curve-about-future-recessions/)
Obviously, this is not a perfect tool, which Michael D. Bauer and Thomas M. Mertens from the Fed of San Francisco describe like this:
>
> Furthermore, when interpreting the yield curve evidence, one should
> keep in mind the adage “correlation is not causation.” Specifically,
> the predictive relationship of the term spread does not tell us much
> about the fundamental causes of recessions or even the direction of
> causation. On the one hand, yield curve inversions could cause future
> recessions because short-term rates are elevated and tight monetary
> policy is slowing down the economy. On the other hand, investors’
> expectations of a future economic downturn could cause strong demand
> for safe, long-term Treasury bonds, pushing down long-term rates and
> thus causing an inversion of the yield curve. Historically, the
> causation may well have gone both ways. Great caution is therefore
> warranted in interpreting the predictive evidence.”
>
>
>
Now, there is an additional effect to consider, namely the FED fighting inflation. So as long as long term yields rise (generally seen as implying stronger growth ahead), one need not be too worried about a recession, even if the curve is flat or inverted. Applying a model fitted to past data may misinterpret the current yield curve shape.
Nonetheless, it is a lot less like we just need a number and claim it is bonds who are signalling it because it is easy and makes a nice headline with no information content that simply makes a good sales pitch. |
65,344 | Everybody knows the famous [Monty Hall problem](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem); way too much ink has been spilled over it already. Let's take it as a given and consider the following variant of the problem that I thought up this morning.
Suppose Monty has three apples. Two of them have worms in them, and one doesn't. (For the purposes of this problem, let's assume that finding a worm in your apple is an *undesirable* outcome). He gives three "contestants" one apple each, then he picks one that he knows has a worm in his apple and instructs him to bite into it. The poor contestant does so, finds (half of) a worm in it, and runs off-stage in disgust.
Now consider the situations of the two remaining contestants. Each one has a classical Monty Hall problem facing him. From player A's perspective, one "door" has been "opened" and revealed to have a "goat"; using the same logic as before, he should choose to switch apples with player B.
The paradox is that player B can use the same logic to conclude that he should switch apples with player A. Therefore, each of the two remaining contestants agree that they should switch apples, and they'll both be better off! Of course, this can't be the case. Exactly one of them gets a worm no matter what.
Where is the flaw in the logic? Where does the analogy between this variant of the problem and the classical version break down? | 2011/09/17 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/65344",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/279/"
] | I'm not sure Arturo's solution (in comments) is entirely right. It doesn't really matter who's making the random choice, as long as it is indeed random (which we're assuming it to be here).
I would point to the fact that in the game you describe, every player has -- at the time the apples where chosen -- a risk of getting to run from the stage in disgust rather than getting a chance to switch. Since this risk is dependent on whether the apple he was originally assigned contained a worm or not, once a player knows he's *not* running in disgust, he has information that the player in a classic Monty Hall game doesn't have, and that changes the odds for him.
(From the beginning, the chance that a player has an apple with a worm is 2/3. However, once a player finds himself being given the chance to switch, half of that probability has disappeared into the possibility that he would have been eliminated initially. So the remaining chance of having a worm is now only 1/2 *of the initial probability mass*, which is the same as the chance of having a good apple.)
This also points to the sometimes underappreciated fact that what is important in Monty Hall-type problems is *not* simply what has actually happened to you before you make your choice, but also your assumptions about what else *might* have had happened to you but *didn't*. If, the original game had been such that Monty has an option not to offer you a switch at all, the entire standard argument for switching collapses. (Imagine, for example, that Monty were a miser and only offered a switch to contestants that had picked the prize door initially). | The difference is that in the classic problem, the player picked a door. In your problem, the player is having an apple assigned by Monty. The problems are not analogous, and so you can't analyze the second by treating at as instance of the first.
Note that you can't fix this by letting the players pick their apples, because two players cannot pick the same apple.
The original puzzle works because it is an iterative process--the player's choice constrains Monty, so that Monty has to reveal information. In your game Monty is not constrained--he can pick which apple he is going to reveal before the apples are given to the players. His choice reveals nothing useful to them. |
65,344 | Everybody knows the famous [Monty Hall problem](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem); way too much ink has been spilled over it already. Let's take it as a given and consider the following variant of the problem that I thought up this morning.
Suppose Monty has three apples. Two of them have worms in them, and one doesn't. (For the purposes of this problem, let's assume that finding a worm in your apple is an *undesirable* outcome). He gives three "contestants" one apple each, then he picks one that he knows has a worm in his apple and instructs him to bite into it. The poor contestant does so, finds (half of) a worm in it, and runs off-stage in disgust.
Now consider the situations of the two remaining contestants. Each one has a classical Monty Hall problem facing him. From player A's perspective, one "door" has been "opened" and revealed to have a "goat"; using the same logic as before, he should choose to switch apples with player B.
The paradox is that player B can use the same logic to conclude that he should switch apples with player A. Therefore, each of the two remaining contestants agree that they should switch apples, and they'll both be better off! Of course, this can't be the case. Exactly one of them gets a worm no matter what.
Where is the flaw in the logic? Where does the analogy between this variant of the problem and the classical version break down? | 2011/09/17 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/65344",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/279/"
] | I'm not sure Arturo's solution (in comments) is entirely right. It doesn't really matter who's making the random choice, as long as it is indeed random (which we're assuming it to be here).
I would point to the fact that in the game you describe, every player has -- at the time the apples where chosen -- a risk of getting to run from the stage in disgust rather than getting a chance to switch. Since this risk is dependent on whether the apple he was originally assigned contained a worm or not, once a player knows he's *not* running in disgust, he has information that the player in a classic Monty Hall game doesn't have, and that changes the odds for him.
(From the beginning, the chance that a player has an apple with a worm is 2/3. However, once a player finds himself being given the chance to switch, half of that probability has disappeared into the possibility that he would have been eliminated initially. So the remaining chance of having a worm is now only 1/2 *of the initial probability mass*, which is the same as the chance of having a good apple.)
This also points to the sometimes underappreciated fact that what is important in Monty Hall-type problems is *not* simply what has actually happened to you before you make your choice, but also your assumptions about what else *might* have had happened to you but *didn't*. If, the original game had been such that Monty has an option not to offer you a switch at all, the entire standard argument for switching collapses. (Imagine, for example, that Monty were a miser and only offered a switch to contestants that had picked the prize door initially). | The first 'player' is assumed to always find a worm, and is then excused, so the game is really just two players, and one prize. From the players' perspectives, each has a 50% chance of holding the winning apple. So it doesn't matter whether they swap or not; there's no *strategy* that can improve the odds of winning. MH is about demonstrating that a consistent strategy of switching improves the odds, so this is quite unlike the MH situation. |
65,344 | Everybody knows the famous [Monty Hall problem](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem); way too much ink has been spilled over it already. Let's take it as a given and consider the following variant of the problem that I thought up this morning.
Suppose Monty has three apples. Two of them have worms in them, and one doesn't. (For the purposes of this problem, let's assume that finding a worm in your apple is an *undesirable* outcome). He gives three "contestants" one apple each, then he picks one that he knows has a worm in his apple and instructs him to bite into it. The poor contestant does so, finds (half of) a worm in it, and runs off-stage in disgust.
Now consider the situations of the two remaining contestants. Each one has a classical Monty Hall problem facing him. From player A's perspective, one "door" has been "opened" and revealed to have a "goat"; using the same logic as before, he should choose to switch apples with player B.
The paradox is that player B can use the same logic to conclude that he should switch apples with player A. Therefore, each of the two remaining contestants agree that they should switch apples, and they'll both be better off! Of course, this can't be the case. Exactly one of them gets a worm no matter what.
Where is the flaw in the logic? Where does the analogy between this variant of the problem and the classical version break down? | 2011/09/17 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/65344",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/279/"
] | I'm not sure Arturo's solution (in comments) is entirely right. It doesn't really matter who's making the random choice, as long as it is indeed random (which we're assuming it to be here).
I would point to the fact that in the game you describe, every player has -- at the time the apples where chosen -- a risk of getting to run from the stage in disgust rather than getting a chance to switch. Since this risk is dependent on whether the apple he was originally assigned contained a worm or not, once a player knows he's *not* running in disgust, he has information that the player in a classic Monty Hall game doesn't have, and that changes the odds for him.
(From the beginning, the chance that a player has an apple with a worm is 2/3. However, once a player finds himself being given the chance to switch, half of that probability has disappeared into the possibility that he would have been eliminated initially. So the remaining chance of having a worm is now only 1/2 *of the initial probability mass*, which is the same as the chance of having a good apple.)
This also points to the sometimes underappreciated fact that what is important in Monty Hall-type problems is *not* simply what has actually happened to you before you make your choice, but also your assumptions about what else *might* have had happened to you but *didn't*. If, the original game had been such that Monty has an option not to offer you a switch at all, the entire standard argument for switching collapses. (Imagine, for example, that Monty were a miser and only offered a switch to contestants that had picked the prize door initially). | Most of the answers are very good. But I want to give the intuitive crux of the difference between this problem and the classic Monty Haul problem and why that difference matters:
In the classic Monty Haul problem, Monty reveals a door that has no prize. You know Monty can do this, you know Monty will do this. This gives you no new information. If your odds of winning before Monty opened the door were 1/3, they're still 1/3 after.
In this problem, none of the three players knows at the beginning whether or not they'll be the player who is eliminated. Clearly, each of the three players has a 1/3 chance of winning at the start. But once one player is eliminated, each of the two remaining players has new information -- that they will not be the eliminated player. Their odds of winning have now gone up -- from 1/3 to 1/2.
While not as rigorous a proof as some of the other answers, I hope this makes it easier to intuit the distinction and why it matters. Prior to Monty telling one player to eat his apple, no player knew whether or not that person would be them. Monty's choice of player in this example, unlike his choice of door in the classic case, changes things. |
65,344 | Everybody knows the famous [Monty Hall problem](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem); way too much ink has been spilled over it already. Let's take it as a given and consider the following variant of the problem that I thought up this morning.
Suppose Monty has three apples. Two of them have worms in them, and one doesn't. (For the purposes of this problem, let's assume that finding a worm in your apple is an *undesirable* outcome). He gives three "contestants" one apple each, then he picks one that he knows has a worm in his apple and instructs him to bite into it. The poor contestant does so, finds (half of) a worm in it, and runs off-stage in disgust.
Now consider the situations of the two remaining contestants. Each one has a classical Monty Hall problem facing him. From player A's perspective, one "door" has been "opened" and revealed to have a "goat"; using the same logic as before, he should choose to switch apples with player B.
The paradox is that player B can use the same logic to conclude that he should switch apples with player A. Therefore, each of the two remaining contestants agree that they should switch apples, and they'll both be better off! Of course, this can't be the case. Exactly one of them gets a worm no matter what.
Where is the flaw in the logic? Where does the analogy between this variant of the problem and the classical version break down? | 2011/09/17 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/65344",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/279/"
] | I'm not sure Arturo's solution (in comments) is entirely right. It doesn't really matter who's making the random choice, as long as it is indeed random (which we're assuming it to be here).
I would point to the fact that in the game you describe, every player has -- at the time the apples where chosen -- a risk of getting to run from the stage in disgust rather than getting a chance to switch. Since this risk is dependent on whether the apple he was originally assigned contained a worm or not, once a player knows he's *not* running in disgust, he has information that the player in a classic Monty Hall game doesn't have, and that changes the odds for him.
(From the beginning, the chance that a player has an apple with a worm is 2/3. However, once a player finds himself being given the chance to switch, half of that probability has disappeared into the possibility that he would have been eliminated initially. So the remaining chance of having a worm is now only 1/2 *of the initial probability mass*, which is the same as the chance of having a good apple.)
This also points to the sometimes underappreciated fact that what is important in Monty Hall-type problems is *not* simply what has actually happened to you before you make your choice, but also your assumptions about what else *might* have had happened to you but *didn't*. If, the original game had been such that Monty has an option not to offer you a switch at all, the entire standard argument for switching collapses. (Imagine, for example, that Monty were a miser and only offered a switch to contestants that had picked the prize door initially). | There is a way to get the Monty Hall problem back. But it requires to wiggle a bit on the assumptions. I.e. the problem does not specify how Monty is choosing the candidate that has to bite into the apple first. He could of course choose this candidate at random among the two candidates with the worm.
But let's assume that in order to boost ratings, Monty always spares the most likeable person from biting into the apple first. Assume further that you are actually the most likeable person in the show. So you know that you are not picked first. Then after one candidate is kicked off the show, you do actually face the original Monty Hall problem:
I.e. you initially have a bad apple with probability 2/3, but by switching you can decrease the chance of a bad apple to 1/3.
The fine difference between the situation here and the situation analyzed in the other answers is that here you know (assuming that you are the most likeable person and Monty is the rating-boosting selection strategie) that you don't get kicked off in the first round. |
36,366 | I have been experiencing some issues with my rear derailleur. I played around with it quite a bit to adjust it correctly. Finally after giving up, I took it to the shop and the guy showed me that the rear derailleur is bent, plus the chain is stretched. So, I am considering changing it along with the chain.
I need some recommendations, not necessarily on the exact model, but the type of derailleurs. The person at the shop recommended Shimano Deore. But I noticed that these seem to be for mountain bikes. My bike is more of a hybrid (if that is what it is called) [La pierre Shaper 100](http://www.culturevelo.com/Shaper-100-9577).
Would regular road bike derailleur's work? I use the bike mainly for commute (36kms/20miles daily).
Would really welcome suggestions, thoughts, etc?
Thanks
Edit. Down the line I might consider changing the rear cassette from 8 to 9, or maybe 10, will the front derailleur have to match up with the new cassette at the back and the new rear derailleur to make sure each gear in the front has a big enough range for gears at the back without the chain touching the front derailleur? | 2016/01/05 | [
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/36366",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/users/7609/"
] | According to your link - your bike is 8 speed.
The bog standard (excludes the upper-end XT variant) Deore derailleur has only ever been produced in 9/10 speed.
And one assumes - you are looking at the latest 10 speed version.
An 8 speed chain is significantly wider than a 10 speed chain. Consequently, the chain may have problems with not only the jockey wheels of a 10 speed derailleur but also passing through the cage of the mechanism.
Additionally, MTB rear mechs - can run much wider range of gears and therefore *can* have a longer cage to facilitate this. With the range of gears on the link - you would require a medium cage rear mech.
You bike runs the Shimano 2300 range. And I would recommend sticking to this or something like the Shimano Claris range. These are also road specific & probably cheaper than a Deore rear mech. | Personally I wouldn't accept a Deore mech as a replacement. ask for a 2300 or 2400 (Claris) mech. Not only are they cheaper, but also the correct item.
If the chain is stretched replace it ASAP, as this will soon start to wear both the cassette and then the chainrings, which will end up costing a significant amount to replace. |
199,692 | **Question:** Disregarding brute-force, is it any easier to calculate a partial hash collision, in which only a certain number of bits match?
**Reasoning:** On many websites you find hashes for file downloads. That's nice for integrity checks from the original website, and very nice when downloading from mirrors to verify that the file wasn't changed.
I just put up a new file download to a website and added the SHA256 hash as well.
Checking it, I noticed that I didn't really pay attention to the full hash, and that I never do. Instead I usually look at the first few digits and the last few digits, and disregard most of the values in between, thinking if those match, the others probably will as well.
No I ask myself, if that is a potential "social" attack vector. Offer a manipulated download of a file that just matches the partial checksum.
Calculating a full hash collision of SHA256 has not been demonstrated as far as I know.
So this boils down to the question, if from the mathematical side it is any easier to calculate a partial hash collision for SHA256, preferably at certain bit locations at the front and back?
Let's consider brute-force still too expensive, since that will of course get easier with less and less bits to come out correct. | 2018/12/13 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/199692",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/45021/"
] | **Yes. This is a known "problem".** To be secure, you should check a number of bits appropriate for your security level. In code, you should just check the whole thing. For humans, it might be worth it to shorten the hash to make it less unpleasant to verify (thereby making it more likely that people actually do verify it).
To protect against currently plausible attacks, you should check at least ~180 bits, because a collision requires only 2n/2 bits to compute ([see Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_attack)). For example, with SHA-256, you could choose to check three quarters of it (192 bits): nobody can currently brute force that, and nobody (as far as we know) has an attack on SHA-2 that is good enough to fake 192 bits of it. Or, if you're feeling lucky, you pick a few bytes at random and hope the attacker did not take psychology classes to predict which ones you will check.
This can also be used for benign purposes. See Bitcoin and Tor, where people generate [vanity Bitcoin addresses](https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/20305/what-is-vanity-address) and [vanity domain names](https://ericmathison.com/blog/vanity-onion-tor-address/). These are examples of a partial brute force being used to get fun values. | To clarify, the attack you are concerned about (someone substituting a different file that hashes to the same known hash) is actually a second preimage attack, not a collision attack. A second preimage attack is significantly harder to achieve than a collision attack.
That being said, in your described scenario of just matching some undefined (and presumably small) number of characters in a hash, a second preimage attack is certainly possible, and even likely if someone puts in enough effort. So, **yes**, it is (obviously?) easier to match fewer characters of a hash, than more.
As a side note, if someone were able to somehow access your server and swap out the file with a different one, it seems reasonable that they could likely also change the stated hash value as well, which arguably would be a much easier and more effective attack than generating a file which partially matches the stated hash. |
199,692 | **Question:** Disregarding brute-force, is it any easier to calculate a partial hash collision, in which only a certain number of bits match?
**Reasoning:** On many websites you find hashes for file downloads. That's nice for integrity checks from the original website, and very nice when downloading from mirrors to verify that the file wasn't changed.
I just put up a new file download to a website and added the SHA256 hash as well.
Checking it, I noticed that I didn't really pay attention to the full hash, and that I never do. Instead I usually look at the first few digits and the last few digits, and disregard most of the values in between, thinking if those match, the others probably will as well.
No I ask myself, if that is a potential "social" attack vector. Offer a manipulated download of a file that just matches the partial checksum.
Calculating a full hash collision of SHA256 has not been demonstrated as far as I know.
So this boils down to the question, if from the mathematical side it is any easier to calculate a partial hash collision for SHA256, preferably at certain bit locations at the front and back?
Let's consider brute-force still too expensive, since that will of course get easier with less and less bits to come out correct. | 2018/12/13 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/199692",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/45021/"
] | **Yes. This is a known "problem".** To be secure, you should check a number of bits appropriate for your security level. In code, you should just check the whole thing. For humans, it might be worth it to shorten the hash to make it less unpleasant to verify (thereby making it more likely that people actually do verify it).
To protect against currently plausible attacks, you should check at least ~180 bits, because a collision requires only 2n/2 bits to compute ([see Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_attack)). For example, with SHA-256, you could choose to check three quarters of it (192 bits): nobody can currently brute force that, and nobody (as far as we know) has an attack on SHA-2 that is good enough to fake 192 bits of it. Or, if you're feeling lucky, you pick a few bytes at random and hope the attacker did not take psychology classes to predict which ones you will check.
This can also be used for benign purposes. See Bitcoin and Tor, where people generate [vanity Bitcoin addresses](https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/20305/what-is-vanity-address) and [vanity domain names](https://ericmathison.com/blog/vanity-onion-tor-address/). These are examples of a partial brute force being used to get fun values. | >
> Let's consider brute-force still too expensive, ...
>
>
>
The premice of your question is incorrect.
Let's say you are lazy and just verify ten hexadecimal digits. That is 40 bits, so the attacker needs to try on average 240 = 1012. If she can add random junk at the end of her modified file, it is cheap to calculate new hashes since she will not have to hash the whole file multiple times. On a GPU you can easily get 1010 hashes per second ([source](https://gist.github.com/epixoip/a83d38f412b4737e99bbef804a270c40)). So it would take about a minute to generate a match.
Off course if you check more digits the time grows exponentially. But the attacker can compensate (up to some point) by using more/better hardware. |
199,692 | **Question:** Disregarding brute-force, is it any easier to calculate a partial hash collision, in which only a certain number of bits match?
**Reasoning:** On many websites you find hashes for file downloads. That's nice for integrity checks from the original website, and very nice when downloading from mirrors to verify that the file wasn't changed.
I just put up a new file download to a website and added the SHA256 hash as well.
Checking it, I noticed that I didn't really pay attention to the full hash, and that I never do. Instead I usually look at the first few digits and the last few digits, and disregard most of the values in between, thinking if those match, the others probably will as well.
No I ask myself, if that is a potential "social" attack vector. Offer a manipulated download of a file that just matches the partial checksum.
Calculating a full hash collision of SHA256 has not been demonstrated as far as I know.
So this boils down to the question, if from the mathematical side it is any easier to calculate a partial hash collision for SHA256, preferably at certain bit locations at the front and back?
Let's consider brute-force still too expensive, since that will of course get easier with less and less bits to come out correct. | 2018/12/13 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/199692",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/45021/"
] | To clarify, the attack you are concerned about (someone substituting a different file that hashes to the same known hash) is actually a second preimage attack, not a collision attack. A second preimage attack is significantly harder to achieve than a collision attack.
That being said, in your described scenario of just matching some undefined (and presumably small) number of characters in a hash, a second preimage attack is certainly possible, and even likely if someone puts in enough effort. So, **yes**, it is (obviously?) easier to match fewer characters of a hash, than more.
As a side note, if someone were able to somehow access your server and swap out the file with a different one, it seems reasonable that they could likely also change the stated hash value as well, which arguably would be a much easier and more effective attack than generating a file which partially matches the stated hash. | >
> Let's consider brute-force still too expensive, ...
>
>
>
The premice of your question is incorrect.
Let's say you are lazy and just verify ten hexadecimal digits. That is 40 bits, so the attacker needs to try on average 240 = 1012. If she can add random junk at the end of her modified file, it is cheap to calculate new hashes since she will not have to hash the whole file multiple times. On a GPU you can easily get 1010 hashes per second ([source](https://gist.github.com/epixoip/a83d38f412b4737e99bbef804a270c40)). So it would take about a minute to generate a match.
Off course if you check more digits the time grows exponentially. But the attacker can compensate (up to some point) by using more/better hardware. |
304,521 | I used to be able to arrange the home screens ( pages ) in iTunes prior to iOS 11. I could create new empty pages, ect.
Is there a way to do this? For instance switch homescreen #2 for homescreen #3? | 2017/11/04 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/304521",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/137742/"
] | Depending on your setup, you have two options.
* **OPTION 1 - Use iTunes 12.6.3 instead**. Refer to this [answer](https://apple.stackexchange.com/a/303660/168832) for more details!
* **OPTION 2 - Use Apple Configurator 2**. Download and install Apple Configurator.
[Apple Configurator 2](https://itunes.apple.com/au/app/apple-configurator-2/id1037126344?mt=12) provides much more advanced features in terms of managing your iOS devices. However, if you don't already have it installed, then the current version (v2.5) requires macOS Sierra 10.12.5 or later to run.
Once installed:
1. Connect your iPhone via USB to your Mac
2. Launch Apple Configurator 2
3. Select your iPhone
4. Go to Actions > Modify > Home Screen Layout...
5. Your screens will appear
6. Click and hold the mouse pointer on the screen outline and drag it to change its order. So, using your example, click and hold the outline for screen 3 and drag it to the left of screen 2.
7. Click on the blue `Apply` button at bottom right. | Configurator 2 not longer works. Certainly with iOS 13, it will let you change the order of apps and screens, but when you click Apply nothing changes on the device. AFAIK, Apple has been aware of this since September 2019 but have not fixed it. |
291,365 | On cart page I am getting this error in console:
Failed to load the "Magento\_GiftMessage/js/view/gift-message" component
When I disable the module Magento\_GiftMessage is working but it effect some where. | 2019/10/01 | [
"https://magento.stackexchange.com/questions/291365",
"https://magento.stackexchange.com",
"https://magento.stackexchange.com/users/55236/"
] | I had checkout\_cart\_index.xml copied to my theme folder and which was causing the issue, upon removing the file from theme folder it removed the error. Just copy the components from vendor to theme checkout\_cart\_index.xml which require changes. | I removed my checkout\_cart\_index.xml file from my theme folder and it fixed the issue. |
86,552 | I've read some information on the net about the
>
> Rebel Alliance still being rebels during the time of *The Force Awakens*, and the Empire still being big.
>
>
>
But today I read in a report about
>
> The upcoming (and thus canon) battlefront that the new Republic is fighting the Imperial remnants.
>
>
>
So my question here is: is there any canon information out already on what the state of the galaxy is or will be? | 2015/04/18 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/86552",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/38245/"
] | Not yet, but there will be.
[Journey to Star Wars: The Force Awakens](http://www.starwars.com/news/journey-to-star-wars-the-force-awakens-publishing-program-coming-fall-2015) is an umbrella title for a coming series of publications that will fill in the gap between Episode VI and Episode VII.
>
> All titles published under Journey to Star Wars: The Force Awakens will be canonical within the Star Wars universe, and in-continuity with the Star Wars films, animated series, new books, and Marvel comics.
>
>
>
The first publication under this banner is scheduled to be the novel [Aftermath](http://www.starwars.com/news/what-happened-after-endor-find-out-in-star-wars-aftermath):
>
> Aftermath will be the first book in a trilogy that begins to bridge the Star Wars timeline between Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens ..... I can’t wait for our first canon glimpse into the state of the galaxy after the Battle of Endor.
>
>
>
This passage also confirms that *Aftermath* is going to the the *first* canon material bridging the timeline, so until it's released we have nothing. | From the recent (on-going?) 2015 Star Wars Celebration, we know a little. The Rebels are now
>
> called the Resistance.
>
>
>
Meanwhile, the Empire, or at least the faction that we'll see in *Episode 7* are
>
> called the First Order.
>
>
>
There will have been post-*Return of the Jedi* a huge battle in the skies above the planet
>
> Jakku between the Rebel and Empire forces. This is the source of the destroyed ships on the surface of a desert planet, that planet isn't Tatooine, it's Jakku.
>
>
>
Here's a [link](http://www.theverge.com/2015/4/17/8439411/star-wars-episode-vii-force-awakens-resistance-first-order) that summarizes what we know regarding the names of the factions, and guesses at the rest. Here's [a link](http://www.theverge.com/2015/4/17/8438973/star-wars-battlefront-connect-return-of-the-jedi-force-awakens) that explains the planet.
Of course, JJ Abrams swore for months that Khan was *not* in *Star Trek Into Darkness*, so who knows? |
231,156 | I know that gray, UF-B outdoor 14/2 electrical cable can be used both outdoors and indoors for permanent installations in Michigan.
Why isn't the outdoor cable **ALWAYS** used for **ALL** 15amp indoor wiring then?
The outdoor cable can do so many more things than the indoor.
Outdoor cable:
* Is 25%-50% cheaper.
* Is highly resistant to acids, alkalis, corrosives, chemicals, lubricants, fungus, water, UV
* Can be directly buried underground for sheds, garages, barns, etc.
Both in/out door 100' reels are copper. 100' of the indoor weighs 6.1#. The outdoor weighs 6.5#.
I don't see the downside. Just the drastic lower price is enough to use it everywhere indoors and out. What am I missing? Why would the far better/safer/durable cable be so much cheaper... and NOT used everywhere 14/2 15amp is needed?
Update: 3 different DIY store employees didn't have an answer. But they found their manager that "*knows all about wiring*". He said you **CAN** use the outdoor wiring, indoors... but the building inspector would immediately raise a red flag due to the gray coloring... and give you a headache about it.
(I would think the inspector would only say "*wow, you guys used the far better product than needed. Excellent job.*") | 2021/07/31 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/231156",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/140001/"
] | I haven't found UF to be cheaper than NM-B, but UF is a total pain to work with. It's hard to strip and is stiffer than NM so makes it hard to pull. | I know I'm a bit late to the dance here, but here's the reason you shouldn't....NEC says you cannot run more than 50 ft of UF or Direct Burial cable indoors. Beyond 50 ft you need to run it in RIGID conduit (insane) or transition it to indoor cable. Why? Because UF jacket is often polyethylene or gel-filled and is highly toxic when it burns. The material that makes it resistant to so many things and acceptable to run in the dirt, makes it a hazard when it burns. |
231,156 | I know that gray, UF-B outdoor 14/2 electrical cable can be used both outdoors and indoors for permanent installations in Michigan.
Why isn't the outdoor cable **ALWAYS** used for **ALL** 15amp indoor wiring then?
The outdoor cable can do so many more things than the indoor.
Outdoor cable:
* Is 25%-50% cheaper.
* Is highly resistant to acids, alkalis, corrosives, chemicals, lubricants, fungus, water, UV
* Can be directly buried underground for sheds, garages, barns, etc.
Both in/out door 100' reels are copper. 100' of the indoor weighs 6.1#. The outdoor weighs 6.5#.
I don't see the downside. Just the drastic lower price is enough to use it everywhere indoors and out. What am I missing? Why would the far better/safer/durable cable be so much cheaper... and NOT used everywhere 14/2 15amp is needed?
Update: 3 different DIY store employees didn't have an answer. But they found their manager that "*knows all about wiring*". He said you **CAN** use the outdoor wiring, indoors... but the building inspector would immediately raise a red flag due to the gray coloring... and give you a headache about it.
(I would think the inspector would only say "*wow, you guys used the far better product than needed. Excellent job.*") | 2021/07/31 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/231156",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/140001/"
] | UF-B doesn't come in some configurations
----------------------------------------
Good luck finding /4 or /2/2 UF-B -- it simply isn't made! On the other hand, there is nothing wrong with using some spare UF of the correct gauge and wire-count for an indoor run, and this might be desirable in a crudely roofed shed or utility space that's only barely "indoors".
Pricing varies
--------------
Your experience with UF being vastly cheaper than NM sounds like a local anomaly, otherwise people *would* do as you say. Normally, NM is somewhat cheaper as it uses somewhat less material for the jacketing, and is also easier to work with due to the ability to use a paper separator between the jacket and the insulated wires inside. | I know I'm a bit late to the dance here, but here's the reason you shouldn't....NEC says you cannot run more than 50 ft of UF or Direct Burial cable indoors. Beyond 50 ft you need to run it in RIGID conduit (insane) or transition it to indoor cable. Why? Because UF jacket is often polyethylene or gel-filled and is highly toxic when it burns. The material that makes it resistant to so many things and acceptable to run in the dirt, makes it a hazard when it burns. |
231,156 | I know that gray, UF-B outdoor 14/2 electrical cable can be used both outdoors and indoors for permanent installations in Michigan.
Why isn't the outdoor cable **ALWAYS** used for **ALL** 15amp indoor wiring then?
The outdoor cable can do so many more things than the indoor.
Outdoor cable:
* Is 25%-50% cheaper.
* Is highly resistant to acids, alkalis, corrosives, chemicals, lubricants, fungus, water, UV
* Can be directly buried underground for sheds, garages, barns, etc.
Both in/out door 100' reels are copper. 100' of the indoor weighs 6.1#. The outdoor weighs 6.5#.
I don't see the downside. Just the drastic lower price is enough to use it everywhere indoors and out. What am I missing? Why would the far better/safer/durable cable be so much cheaper... and NOT used everywhere 14/2 15amp is needed?
Update: 3 different DIY store employees didn't have an answer. But they found their manager that "*knows all about wiring*". He said you **CAN** use the outdoor wiring, indoors... but the building inspector would immediately raise a red flag due to the gray coloring... and give you a headache about it.
(I would think the inspector would only say "*wow, you guys used the far better product than needed. Excellent job.*") | 2021/07/31 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/231156",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/140001/"
] | UF-B doesn't come in some configurations
----------------------------------------
Good luck finding /4 or /2/2 UF-B -- it simply isn't made! On the other hand, there is nothing wrong with using some spare UF of the correct gauge and wire-count for an indoor run, and this might be desirable in a crudely roofed shed or utility space that's only barely "indoors".
Pricing varies
--------------
Your experience with UF being vastly cheaper than NM sounds like a local anomaly, otherwise people *would* do as you say. Normally, NM is somewhat cheaper as it uses somewhat less material for the jacketing, and is also easier to work with due to the ability to use a paper separator between the jacket and the insulated wires inside. | From my experience, underground UF-B is generally more expensive as the jacket material is more expensive to make. Currently, many big box stores have the UF-B marked less than the NM-B cable. That's because the price is not as inflated from demand like NM-B. NM-B is also used more frequently because it is WAY easier to work with. Wire prep 50 outlets with some good romex cable then try to do the same with equivalent size UF-B and it will be easy to see why underground cable is not typically used indoors. However, I am tempted to buy some myself for a 100ft run from my panel to an RV outlet on the outside of my house. 50ft of it will be indoors so my previous plan was to buy romex 50' NM-B for around $50 and use individual wires in conduit for the outdoor portion. Now, the indoor NM-B is nearly 3 times the cost it was when I first priced it and I can do it cheaper with underground cable. |
231,156 | I know that gray, UF-B outdoor 14/2 electrical cable can be used both outdoors and indoors for permanent installations in Michigan.
Why isn't the outdoor cable **ALWAYS** used for **ALL** 15amp indoor wiring then?
The outdoor cable can do so many more things than the indoor.
Outdoor cable:
* Is 25%-50% cheaper.
* Is highly resistant to acids, alkalis, corrosives, chemicals, lubricants, fungus, water, UV
* Can be directly buried underground for sheds, garages, barns, etc.
Both in/out door 100' reels are copper. 100' of the indoor weighs 6.1#. The outdoor weighs 6.5#.
I don't see the downside. Just the drastic lower price is enough to use it everywhere indoors and out. What am I missing? Why would the far better/safer/durable cable be so much cheaper... and NOT used everywhere 14/2 15amp is needed?
Update: 3 different DIY store employees didn't have an answer. But they found their manager that "*knows all about wiring*". He said you **CAN** use the outdoor wiring, indoors... but the building inspector would immediately raise a red flag due to the gray coloring... and give you a headache about it.
(I would think the inspector would only say "*wow, you guys used the far better product than needed. Excellent job.*") | 2021/07/31 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/231156",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/140001/"
] | From my experience, underground UF-B is generally more expensive as the jacket material is more expensive to make. Currently, many big box stores have the UF-B marked less than the NM-B cable. That's because the price is not as inflated from demand like NM-B. NM-B is also used more frequently because it is WAY easier to work with. Wire prep 50 outlets with some good romex cable then try to do the same with equivalent size UF-B and it will be easy to see why underground cable is not typically used indoors. However, I am tempted to buy some myself for a 100ft run from my panel to an RV outlet on the outside of my house. 50ft of it will be indoors so my previous plan was to buy romex 50' NM-B for around $50 and use individual wires in conduit for the outdoor portion. Now, the indoor NM-B is nearly 3 times the cost it was when I first priced it and I can do it cheaper with underground cable. | I know I'm a bit late to the dance here, but here's the reason you shouldn't....NEC says you cannot run more than 50 ft of UF or Direct Burial cable indoors. Beyond 50 ft you need to run it in RIGID conduit (insane) or transition it to indoor cable. Why? Because UF jacket is often polyethylene or gel-filled and is highly toxic when it burns. The material that makes it resistant to so many things and acceptable to run in the dirt, makes it a hazard when it burns. |
231,156 | I know that gray, UF-B outdoor 14/2 electrical cable can be used both outdoors and indoors for permanent installations in Michigan.
Why isn't the outdoor cable **ALWAYS** used for **ALL** 15amp indoor wiring then?
The outdoor cable can do so many more things than the indoor.
Outdoor cable:
* Is 25%-50% cheaper.
* Is highly resistant to acids, alkalis, corrosives, chemicals, lubricants, fungus, water, UV
* Can be directly buried underground for sheds, garages, barns, etc.
Both in/out door 100' reels are copper. 100' of the indoor weighs 6.1#. The outdoor weighs 6.5#.
I don't see the downside. Just the drastic lower price is enough to use it everywhere indoors and out. What am I missing? Why would the far better/safer/durable cable be so much cheaper... and NOT used everywhere 14/2 15amp is needed?
Update: 3 different DIY store employees didn't have an answer. But they found their manager that "*knows all about wiring*". He said you **CAN** use the outdoor wiring, indoors... but the building inspector would immediately raise a red flag due to the gray coloring... and give you a headache about it.
(I would think the inspector would only say "*wow, you guys used the far better product than needed. Excellent job.*") | 2021/07/31 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/231156",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/140001/"
] | It's not *just* about the "per-foot" cost
-----------------------------------------
Yes, anywhere NM-B is required, UF-B is allowed. So, "#14 NM" is a size you don't need to buy.
The way I see it, it's not *just* about the material cost *per foot*. It's also about the capital you have tied up in the fractional spools of material. And part of the problem here is that pricing is setup to be ***significantly* cheaper when you buy larger spools**, so you *have to* buy 250' spools of everything just to pay a non-outrageous per-foot price.
"Perfect world" you have 12 spools: 14/2, 14/3, 12/2, 12/3, 10/2, 10/3, all in both NM and UF. And since buying them in <250' spools is not cost effective, go price those 12 spools in 250' lengths. That's a lot of capital to tie up!
So buying the perfect wire for every task is just not cost effective unless you're wiring a house a week.
I actually take it a step further. *Anywhere #14 is required, #12 is allowed*. I don't stock any #14 wire.
But that's a pricing glitch
---------------------------
It's either a discount-store fluke, or a temporary "run on" building materials, or an error in your source data. UF is more expensive because the insulation and sheathing is more complicated. If anything, shortages and the building craze is drying up NM, since people aren't wise to the fact that UF will suffice. | From my experience, underground UF-B is generally more expensive as the jacket material is more expensive to make. Currently, many big box stores have the UF-B marked less than the NM-B cable. That's because the price is not as inflated from demand like NM-B. NM-B is also used more frequently because it is WAY easier to work with. Wire prep 50 outlets with some good romex cable then try to do the same with equivalent size UF-B and it will be easy to see why underground cable is not typically used indoors. However, I am tempted to buy some myself for a 100ft run from my panel to an RV outlet on the outside of my house. 50ft of it will be indoors so my previous plan was to buy romex 50' NM-B for around $50 and use individual wires in conduit for the outdoor portion. Now, the indoor NM-B is nearly 3 times the cost it was when I first priced it and I can do it cheaper with underground cable. |
231,156 | I know that gray, UF-B outdoor 14/2 electrical cable can be used both outdoors and indoors for permanent installations in Michigan.
Why isn't the outdoor cable **ALWAYS** used for **ALL** 15amp indoor wiring then?
The outdoor cable can do so many more things than the indoor.
Outdoor cable:
* Is 25%-50% cheaper.
* Is highly resistant to acids, alkalis, corrosives, chemicals, lubricants, fungus, water, UV
* Can be directly buried underground for sheds, garages, barns, etc.
Both in/out door 100' reels are copper. 100' of the indoor weighs 6.1#. The outdoor weighs 6.5#.
I don't see the downside. Just the drastic lower price is enough to use it everywhere indoors and out. What am I missing? Why would the far better/safer/durable cable be so much cheaper... and NOT used everywhere 14/2 15amp is needed?
Update: 3 different DIY store employees didn't have an answer. But they found their manager that "*knows all about wiring*". He said you **CAN** use the outdoor wiring, indoors... but the building inspector would immediately raise a red flag due to the gray coloring... and give you a headache about it.
(I would think the inspector would only say "*wow, you guys used the far better product than needed. Excellent job.*") | 2021/07/31 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/231156",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/140001/"
] | It's not *just* about the "per-foot" cost
-----------------------------------------
Yes, anywhere NM-B is required, UF-B is allowed. So, "#14 NM" is a size you don't need to buy.
The way I see it, it's not *just* about the material cost *per foot*. It's also about the capital you have tied up in the fractional spools of material. And part of the problem here is that pricing is setup to be ***significantly* cheaper when you buy larger spools**, so you *have to* buy 250' spools of everything just to pay a non-outrageous per-foot price.
"Perfect world" you have 12 spools: 14/2, 14/3, 12/2, 12/3, 10/2, 10/3, all in both NM and UF. And since buying them in <250' spools is not cost effective, go price those 12 spools in 250' lengths. That's a lot of capital to tie up!
So buying the perfect wire for every task is just not cost effective unless you're wiring a house a week.
I actually take it a step further. *Anywhere #14 is required, #12 is allowed*. I don't stock any #14 wire.
But that's a pricing glitch
---------------------------
It's either a discount-store fluke, or a temporary "run on" building materials, or an error in your source data. UF is more expensive because the insulation and sheathing is more complicated. If anything, shortages and the building craze is drying up NM, since people aren't wise to the fact that UF will suffice. | I know I'm a bit late to the dance here, but here's the reason you shouldn't....NEC says you cannot run more than 50 ft of UF or Direct Burial cable indoors. Beyond 50 ft you need to run it in RIGID conduit (insane) or transition it to indoor cable. Why? Because UF jacket is often polyethylene or gel-filled and is highly toxic when it burns. The material that makes it resistant to so many things and acceptable to run in the dirt, makes it a hazard when it burns. |
76,726 | I plan to use my new Canyon Endurace AL (11-34, 52/36) for some touring and I'd like some slightly more pleasant gears as I'll be carrying some weight (I have a tailfin rack I'm using with it) up some hills.
My ideal setup would be buying a 46/30 crankset for around £100-£150 which I could just swap in when touring (a couple weeks a year) (readjusting the front derailleur of course) and swap out when doing normal riding (95% of the year). I realise I'd also probably need to swap over the chain or shorten it each time.
Are there any such 46/30 or 48/31 cranksets that would work with a 105 setup and standard Shimano BB? I wouldn't want to change the BB over each time. I saw the RX600 but assume this would need a new FD as well due to the chainline difference. Are there any hacks to make it work? Are there any parts in Shimano's lineup that could help - I don't mind if it's not *perfectly* permitted by Shimano, just need it for a couple weeks a year really.
If not, I guess my options are just to switching the chainrings down to 50/34 - a small decrease of about 6% vs 17% for 46/30 but better than nothing. Would that be just a case of buying two new chainrings and installing them? | 2021/05/12 | [
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/76726",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/users/52838/"
] | I assume your current crankset has a 110mm BCD? You could go down to 46/33 teeth. (example 33 teeth chainring: <https://www.bike-components.de/en/TA/X110-Chainring-4-arm-Inner-110-mm-BCD-p46803/>)
The Shimano RX600 crankset puts the rings and pedals slightly more outwards. It might work with a normal road front derailleur, otherwise (officially) you need a GRX front derailleur.
I’d rather go for a traditional width, something like the FSA Supercompact with 46/30t. | A 46-teeth ring is also available as a big ring for cyclocross. It is usually combined to a 36 but it works with a 34 as well, though Shimano doesn't endorse the combination. That way you'll just have to get the chainrings (and second chain) The 46 ring is a simple inexpensive flat ring with 4 plastic bolt covers on the spider.
The problem with going smaller may reside in the possible lack of clearance between rings and chainstay. |
73,270 | I am new to mountain bikes and recently bought the Apollo Phaze bike. I was wondering if anyone can help me understand the functions of these gears and when to shift them. For example, when commuting to uni and back, I have travel over hilly paths and I was wondering which gearing options would be best for going uphill and downhill. There are 2 types of shifters on my handlebar, one shifter is for speed as stated on the shifter and the other shifter is for friction or something, I am not quite sure. For some perspective, I have attached the picture of my gears. I hope someone has some information to help me understand the shifters better.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/N12Ts.jpg)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gkQTf.jpg) | 2020/11/09 | [
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/73270",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com",
"https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/users/53716/"
] | You have two shifters. A *friction shifter* for the **front derailer** and a *6-speed indexed shifter* for the **rear derailer**.
The shifters are operating by turning the grip front and back (like a motorbike throttle).
The front shifter is on the left. You must learn how to find the right position yourself, because it is a friction shifter, you can move it continuously. After the gear is shifted you must yourself find the position that does not make any bad noise.
The rear shifter is on the right side. There are 6 predefined positions for those 6 speeds, that means 6 different sprockets, chainwheels, at the rear derailleur.
You turn the **right/rear** shifter **towards you** to shift to an **easier gear/larger cog** in the rear.
You turn the **right/rear** shifter **away from you** to shift to a **harder gear/smaller cog** in the rear.
You turn the **left/front** shifter **towards you** to shift to a **harder gear/larger cog** at the front.
You turn the **left/front** shifter **away from you** to shift to an **easier gear/smaller cog** at the front.
If you want to look on the numbers, then the smaller the number indicated, the easier gear is selected.
The gear is not changed immediately, you must turn the cranks that hold the pedals first after operating the shifter. Do not push too hard or the chain can fall or get jammed.
To go uphill, you normally go slower, so you select a smaller chainwheel at the front and a larger chainwheel at the rear. That way you can go push with a reasonable force even if you go slower.
When you want to go fast on a flat or downhill, you select a larger wheel in the front and a smaller wheel at the rear. That way you do not have to turn your pedals too fast.
Do not select the smallest cogs on both sides at the same sides or the largest cogs on both sides at the same time. That is called cross-chaining and is bad for the drivetrain and will likely be noisy.
As others noted, you should try to change the front gear less often and the rear gear more often. But everyone develops some personal style of shifting after some time. It is important to adjust your shifting to avoid those bad habits that lead to fallen or jammed chains. Especially, do not shift under load. The cheaper the drivetrain is, the worse it copes with bad shifting. Expensive derailers can shift multiple gears at a time, but try to avoid it with yours. | Adding to Vladimir's answer:
The different size chainrings in the crank provide larger jumps in gear ratios, the smaller sprockets on the wheel provide smaller jumps. There is quiet a large overlap between the gear ratios available when on each of the three chainrings.
The general idea is that you select the appropriate front chainring for whatever gradients are coming up, then make adjustments with the rear gears to keep you pedaling at a comfortable rate.
Probably a good way to start out is to put the chain on the middle front chainring. Use that as your default Start out riding and use the rear shifter only to change gears - that way you'll get used to the rear shifter and how it works first.
You'll probably identify places where you need lower gears to get up slopes. Now bring the front shifter into play. *Before* you get to the hill, change down to the smallest chainring, then immediately change the rear shifter up two gears, this will put you in about the same gear ratio you were before changing the chainring, as you go up the slope use the rear shifter to progressively reduce the gear ratio and keep pedaling at about the same rate.
If the slope is steep, make sure to change down gear ratios in advance. Derailleur gears do not like it when you change gears at the same time you are pushing hard on the pedals. Once back on a flat section, change the chainring back to the middle.
Something you want to avoid as much as possible is 'cross-chaining': selecting the innermost chainring and outermost sprocket (i.e smallest-to-smallest) or the opposite outermost chainring and innermost sprocket (i.e biggest-to-biggest). This puts extra strain and wear on the chain, sprockets and chainrings. |
482,969 | I've wonder that in some sentences, or words, even though phonetically you don't have a 'W' sound, you can still hear some type of extra w' sound. So for example.
The phrase: "Do it". /du ɪt/ will sound more like /du wɪt/
same with the verb= "doing" ˈduɪŋ becomes /ˈduwɪŋ/. Am I crazy?
Hope you can help me! | 2019/01/26 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/482969",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/331615/"
] | This is a so-called “linking semivowel”. It’s typically not perceived as being as strong a sound as “original” syllable-initial /w/, so some linguists don’t like to transcribe it (see this [blog post by the phonetician John Wells](http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/08/linking-semivowels.html?m=1)).
The difference could be compared to the more drastic difference between the pronunciation of /p/ in “keep it” vs. “key pit”; the general principle is that consonants that come at the start of a word, or at the start of a stressed syllable at the word level, are “stronger” than other consonants.
“Linking semivowels” occur after “tense” high vowels or diphthongs ending in a high element; linking “w” occurs after vowels/diphthongs ending in a high back component and linking “j” occurs after vowels/diphthongs ending in a high front component.
Sometimes “linking semivowels” are written with superscript letters, although this is not consistent with the official IPA usage of superscript letters. | I'm not quite able to notice the sounds you mention as a 'w', except, at some level, all a 'w' is is a fast transition to or from an /u/ vowel. If you say the word "wow" very slowly and drawn out, you'll see it starts with a vowel sound, and it's the transitions between the vowels that form the 'w's. |
1,209,145 | I am learning .Net after many years of Java programming. In Eclipse we have Ctrl Shift R to open any resource in the project. Is there a similar keystroke in Visual Studio 2008 or is the best to use the Find in Files? | 2009/07/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1209145",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | I've been using a VS add-in called [QuickOpen](http://kutny.net/vsopen/) for 6 months and it's been invaluable (on VS2008). It'll do wildcard searches, too, so you can find not only your ASPX files but also the code behind and associated resource files. Super handy. | An easier solution if your prepared to pay a small sum of money is to use [ReSharper](http://www.jetbrains.com/resharper/). It is based on IntelliJ IDEA and has all the same features you would expect from Eclipse (navigation, refactoring etc), but with slightly different key mappings.
If you use the IntelliJ IDEA key mappings you can achieve what you are looking for using this shortcut.
Ctrl + Shift + N |
1,209,145 | I am learning .Net after many years of Java programming. In Eclipse we have Ctrl Shift R to open any resource in the project. Is there a similar keystroke in Visual Studio 2008 or is the best to use the Find in Files? | 2009/07/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1209145",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | I've been using a VS add-in called [QuickOpen](http://kutny.net/vsopen/) for 6 months and it's been invaluable (on VS2008). It'll do wildcard searches, too, so you can find not only your ASPX files but also the code behind and associated resource files. Super handy. | Ctrl+, should work to navigate or search across open resources in Visual Studio. |
1,209,145 | I am learning .Net after many years of Java programming. In Eclipse we have Ctrl Shift R to open any resource in the project. Is there a similar keystroke in Visual Studio 2008 or is the best to use the Find in Files? | 2009/07/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1209145",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | Ctrl+, should work to navigate or search across open resources in Visual Studio. | An easier solution if your prepared to pay a small sum of money is to use [ReSharper](http://www.jetbrains.com/resharper/). It is based on IntelliJ IDEA and has all the same features you would expect from Eclipse (navigation, refactoring etc), but with slightly different key mappings.
If you use the IntelliJ IDEA key mappings you can achieve what you are looking for using this shortcut.
Ctrl + Shift + N |
1,209,145 | I am learning .Net after many years of Java programming. In Eclipse we have Ctrl Shift R to open any resource in the project. Is there a similar keystroke in Visual Studio 2008 or is the best to use the Find in Files? | 2009/07/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1209145",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | There appears to be [an article](http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/programming/mimic-the-eclipse-open-resource-feature-in-visual-studio/) describing how to mimic that functionality in VS. | An easier solution if your prepared to pay a small sum of money is to use [ReSharper](http://www.jetbrains.com/resharper/). It is based on IntelliJ IDEA and has all the same features you would expect from Eclipse (navigation, refactoring etc), but with slightly different key mappings.
If you use the IntelliJ IDEA key mappings you can achieve what you are looking for using this shortcut.
Ctrl + Shift + N |
1,209,145 | I am learning .Net after many years of Java programming. In Eclipse we have Ctrl Shift R to open any resource in the project. Is there a similar keystroke in Visual Studio 2008 or is the best to use the Find in Files? | 2009/07/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1209145",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | Ctrl+, should work to navigate or search across open resources in Visual Studio. | Ctrl+F... like anything else on your PC :)
**EDIT** You can also use the Solution Explorer and just pin it to the side of your screen: Ctrl + Alt + L |
1,209,145 | I am learning .Net after many years of Java programming. In Eclipse we have Ctrl Shift R to open any resource in the project. Is there a similar keystroke in Visual Studio 2008 or is the best to use the Find in Files? | 2009/07/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1209145",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | There appears to be [an article](http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/programming/mimic-the-eclipse-open-resource-feature-in-visual-studio/) describing how to mimic that functionality in VS. | Ctrl+, should work to navigate or search across open resources in Visual Studio. |
5,001,497 | Is there a browser plugin or an extension that allows the user to view .doc files in browser?
I need to embed in my application, a document viewer. So far, I tried using services like google docs, but this solution doesn't work for our application, because of some security problems. | 2011/02/15 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/5001497",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/319331/"
] | Do you know about the [Office Web Apps](http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/web-apps/)? Microsoft developed something similar to Google Docs and you can use the Word Web Application to view Word files. It will pretty much display anything - a lot of editing functions from the offline version are not available though.
If you are just looking for a viewer search for "[Word ActiveX Viewer](http://www.google.ch/search?q=word+activex+viewer)" and you will find plenty (commercial) viewers. | I thought Internet Explorer + Microsoft Office used to do this by default?
I can for sure tell you that other than converting the doc to html you won't get a cross-browser, cross-platform solution.
Since you are saying it's for viewing only, that would seem like the way to go. |
5,001,497 | Is there a browser plugin or an extension that allows the user to view .doc files in browser?
I need to embed in my application, a document viewer. So far, I tried using services like google docs, but this solution doesn't work for our application, because of some security problems. | 2011/02/15 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/5001497",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/319331/"
] | To have IE open the .doc within the browser and not in a separate winword.exe, you need to define the association at client end.
As .doc file is an external resource to HTML, it would download the file into its temp, and then attempt to launch it. It would launch it using the default program that it is associated with.
To control this behavior, please have a look at:
<http://www.shaunakelly.com/word/sharing/opendocinie.html> | I thought Internet Explorer + Microsoft Office used to do this by default?
I can for sure tell you that other than converting the doc to html you won't get a cross-browser, cross-platform solution.
Since you are saying it's for viewing only, that would seem like the way to go. |
5,001,497 | Is there a browser plugin or an extension that allows the user to view .doc files in browser?
I need to embed in my application, a document viewer. So far, I tried using services like google docs, but this solution doesn't work for our application, because of some security problems. | 2011/02/15 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/5001497",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/319331/"
] | Do you know about the [Office Web Apps](http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/web-apps/)? Microsoft developed something similar to Google Docs and you can use the Word Web Application to view Word files. It will pretty much display anything - a lot of editing functions from the offline version are not available though.
If you are just looking for a viewer search for "[Word ActiveX Viewer](http://www.google.ch/search?q=word+activex+viewer)" and you will find plenty (commercial) viewers. | To have IE open the .doc within the browser and not in a separate winword.exe, you need to define the association at client end.
As .doc file is an external resource to HTML, it would download the file into its temp, and then attempt to launch it. It would launch it using the default program that it is associated with.
To control this behavior, please have a look at:
<http://www.shaunakelly.com/word/sharing/opendocinie.html> |
3,131 | Seth Priebatsch recently gave a tedtalk entitled “[Building the game layer on top of the world.](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yn9fTc_WMbo)” In it, Seth described four “game dynamics,” techniques used by game designers to make games fun and addictive. The four dynamics that Priebtsch described were:
1. Appointment dynamic-a dynamic in which to succeed, one must return at a predefined time to take a predetermined action. (Real life example: happy hour)
2. Influence and status-the ability of one player to modify the behavior of another's actions through social pressure. (Example: different color credit cards as a reflection of status)
3. Progression dynamic-a dynamic in which success is granularly displayed and measured through the process of completing itemized tasks. (Example: linkedin profile progress bar)
4. Communal discovery-a dynamic wherein an entire community is rallied to work together to solve a challenge. (Example: finding interesting content on Digg.com)
Seth explained these four game dynamics in his talk and added that his company has an additional three. Does anyone know (or have any theories) about what the other three game dynamics are? | 2010/08/23 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/3131",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/1863/"
] | What he said in his speech is "...with seven game dynamics you can get anyone to do anything..." there was the implication that there were *only* four more.
Then I did some digging and found: <http://techcrunch.com/2010/08/25/scvngr-game-mechanics/>
If the site I accessed is at all correct, there are not four more game dynamics - there are **forty four** more (for a total of 47). >phew<
Instead of listing them all here - just visit the link. :) | Another *guess*: **creativity**. I'm thinking here of the Command & Conquer series and especially the various Sim games (most notably Sim City). Both give you huge amounts of *freedom* to *create* bases / cities etc. Games like Grand Theft Auto do it in a different way: multiple ways to solve the same problem.
Maybe, based on GTA, also **exploration** is also a motivation. But even in C&C exploration is part of the game, *discovering* what new units do. Perhaps **discovery**, then, is a better (more general) word than exploration. |
3,131 | Seth Priebatsch recently gave a tedtalk entitled “[Building the game layer on top of the world.](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yn9fTc_WMbo)” In it, Seth described four “game dynamics,” techniques used by game designers to make games fun and addictive. The four dynamics that Priebtsch described were:
1. Appointment dynamic-a dynamic in which to succeed, one must return at a predefined time to take a predetermined action. (Real life example: happy hour)
2. Influence and status-the ability of one player to modify the behavior of another's actions through social pressure. (Example: different color credit cards as a reflection of status)
3. Progression dynamic-a dynamic in which success is granularly displayed and measured through the process of completing itemized tasks. (Example: linkedin profile progress bar)
4. Communal discovery-a dynamic wherein an entire community is rallied to work together to solve a challenge. (Example: finding interesting content on Digg.com)
Seth explained these four game dynamics in his talk and added that his company has an additional three. Does anyone know (or have any theories) about what the other three game dynamics are? | 2010/08/23 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/3131",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/1863/"
] | From [the MDA paper](http://cs.northwestern.edu/~hunicke/MDA.pdf):
>
> 1. Sensation:
> Game as sense-pleasure
> 2. Fantasy:
> Game as make-believe
> 3. Narrative:
> Game as drama
> 4. Challenge:
> Game as obstacle course
> 5. Fellowship:
> Game as social framework
> 6. Discovery:
> Game as uncharted territory
> 7. Expression:
> Game as self-discovery
> 8. Submission:
> Game as pastime
>
>
>
Certainly sounds close, though not quite the same. | A word of warning: it sounds from your description like Seth is talking specifically about Facebook and other "social media" games. If those are the kinds of games you're designing then great, but be aware that the entire space of game design is much larger. (As others have said, the world has more than 7 dynamics.) If you want to know the other 3 that Seth was referring to, I'd suggest playing a bunch of Facebook games and looking for patterns. I'd be shocked if "set collection" isn't one of them.
Another thing to be aware of: there is a difference between Mechanics and Dynamics, and what you're listing are actually Mechanics. It's good to be clear about exactly what you're looking for.
The MDA paper (referenced in coderanger's answer) is talking about kinds of fun (what the authors refer to as "aesthetics" rather than mechanics and dynamics), although that paper does a good job explaining the difference. Note also there are other kinds of fun beyond these, as the authors admit. |
3,131 | Seth Priebatsch recently gave a tedtalk entitled “[Building the game layer on top of the world.](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yn9fTc_WMbo)” In it, Seth described four “game dynamics,” techniques used by game designers to make games fun and addictive. The four dynamics that Priebtsch described were:
1. Appointment dynamic-a dynamic in which to succeed, one must return at a predefined time to take a predetermined action. (Real life example: happy hour)
2. Influence and status-the ability of one player to modify the behavior of another's actions through social pressure. (Example: different color credit cards as a reflection of status)
3. Progression dynamic-a dynamic in which success is granularly displayed and measured through the process of completing itemized tasks. (Example: linkedin profile progress bar)
4. Communal discovery-a dynamic wherein an entire community is rallied to work together to solve a challenge. (Example: finding interesting content on Digg.com)
Seth explained these four game dynamics in his talk and added that his company has an additional three. Does anyone know (or have any theories) about what the other three game dynamics are? | 2010/08/23 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/3131",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/1863/"
] | A word of warning: it sounds from your description like Seth is talking specifically about Facebook and other "social media" games. If those are the kinds of games you're designing then great, but be aware that the entire space of game design is much larger. (As others have said, the world has more than 7 dynamics.) If you want to know the other 3 that Seth was referring to, I'd suggest playing a bunch of Facebook games and looking for patterns. I'd be shocked if "set collection" isn't one of them.
Another thing to be aware of: there is a difference between Mechanics and Dynamics, and what you're listing are actually Mechanics. It's good to be clear about exactly what you're looking for.
The MDA paper (referenced in coderanger's answer) is talking about kinds of fun (what the authors refer to as "aesthetics" rather than mechanics and dynamics), although that paper does a good job explaining the difference. Note also there are other kinds of fun beyond these, as the authors admit. | I think he actually left out 4 major points (as opposed to 3). These are my guesses based on experience.
**Economies** - Not only do you earn points and level up but you may also spend them at your own will. For instance, look at the bounty system on Stack Exchange sites... I had a burning question to ask that was getting no feedback and had no reputation to spend on it, so I spend 4 days answering a ton of questions so I could post a juicy bounty (and it got me a great answer). There are players in China that play World of Warcraft as a full time job dubbed gold miners because all they do is run around collecting gold in the game to sell online for real money. The same was also true in Diablo II where some of the items were so rare than out of the hundreds of thousands of players playing at any given time over the course of a few years would only find a couple. The rarest item (a Zod rune) of which only one had been found after 3 years of gameplay sold for a reportedly 1100 USD on ebay. If games are the future of social engineering, than Blizzard Entertainment are poised to take over the world because they are the masters. I quit playing World of Warcraft after two weeks because I could tell that the game was more designed to have go on forever, be relatively boring and slow moving, while being designed to be extremely addictive (I had been through a pretty extensive Diablo II phase in the past and learnt that lesson).
**Identity** - Not only is it important to be able to level but it's important to be distinguishable as an individual. Whether that means that you use a alias as your handle or you use your real name. That's what made Facebook win over MySpace. By getting people to use their real names, not only was it easier to find your friends (past or present) online but, by attaching real identities to the handle, most of the trolling/trash talking/spaming/lurking stopped because the people taking part in it could be held accountable. Stack Exchange sites do this by adding the profile to each user's account. World of Warcraft does it by allowing you to customize your character in many ways to look unique. Tiger Woods Golf, as well as Nintendo Wii and XBox360 does it by allowing you to create a custom 3D avatar. Twitter, Stack Exchange, and many other social networks do it by allowing you to respond to a unique user by adding the @ prefix to their name making it easier to have a direct dialog instead of the typical 'talking to a wall' experience of commenting systems that don't use it (IMHO the single greatest simple innovation in social networking ever).
**Scarcity** - Blizzard have mastered this since the days of Diablo I with the 'normal item', 'magical item', 'rare item', 'unique item'. In the early parts of the game, normal items work. As it gets harder magical items become a necessity. Harder still and rare items become a must. Then unique items. Then (in the case of Diablo II on hardest difficulty) they went as far as to make it near impossible to beat without working as a team. As I remember the trade for unique items was a pretty brutal marketplace. It took a lot of work/time/effort on the hardest difficulty to gain worthwhile unique items and it was always a hard bargain to trade for them. World of Warcraft took this a magnitude further by creating the automatic-auction system that mimics ebay to sell items online over the course of a pre-defined time allotment.
**Social Dependence** - In World of Warcraft, It's a lot harder (sometimes impossible) and a lot less fun to play alone. That alone makes it necessary to socialize and group up with other players. In Call of Duty, if you have a decent team all with headsets you gain a huge advantage by being able to share intel on the other team and coordinate attacks. A lot of services sold today offer the 'sign up a friend and save x amount on your first bill' bonuses. Facebook offers the like button and ability to comment on other's posts. Without comments and approval micro-blogging becomes pointless. Ever since the earliest games, the multi-player option has always been a necessity because once you beat a game on single player, there isn't much point in beating it again (IE, the story line is over). Multi-player games enable humans to play together or against each other. In almost every game I've ever played multi-player, with an equal set of advantages/disadvantages the human is always harder to play. About the upper limit of a single player game for playability length is about 60-100 hours of content. Anything beyond that feels tedious. With multi-player, it becomes unlimited (or until the next great multi-player game comes out) because human strategy is dynamic. A top sniper spot on one map one day may become common knowledge in a week thereby making it an easy target. Sometimes, there are anti-strategies where picking a strategically poor position may be a huge advantage because it is unpredictable. The only games where a computer can consistently win are lame algorithmic games with really limited sets of rules and dynamics like chess (IE the computer can calculate every possible move and counter-move before playing out its turn). IMHO, chess is too simplistic to be a chess game. I prefer to place it in the category of mental masturbation. The best part about social dependence is, the game sucks without your friends so you have to get them involved. How much more viral do you get than that. That's how MySpace and Facebook became successful. Nobody wants to have 0 friends online. |
3,131 | Seth Priebatsch recently gave a tedtalk entitled “[Building the game layer on top of the world.](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yn9fTc_WMbo)” In it, Seth described four “game dynamics,” techniques used by game designers to make games fun and addictive. The four dynamics that Priebtsch described were:
1. Appointment dynamic-a dynamic in which to succeed, one must return at a predefined time to take a predetermined action. (Real life example: happy hour)
2. Influence and status-the ability of one player to modify the behavior of another's actions through social pressure. (Example: different color credit cards as a reflection of status)
3. Progression dynamic-a dynamic in which success is granularly displayed and measured through the process of completing itemized tasks. (Example: linkedin profile progress bar)
4. Communal discovery-a dynamic wherein an entire community is rallied to work together to solve a challenge. (Example: finding interesting content on Digg.com)
Seth explained these four game dynamics in his talk and added that his company has an additional three. Does anyone know (or have any theories) about what the other three game dynamics are? | 2010/08/23 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/3131",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/1863/"
] | A word of warning: it sounds from your description like Seth is talking specifically about Facebook and other "social media" games. If those are the kinds of games you're designing then great, but be aware that the entire space of game design is much larger. (As others have said, the world has more than 7 dynamics.) If you want to know the other 3 that Seth was referring to, I'd suggest playing a bunch of Facebook games and looking for patterns. I'd be shocked if "set collection" isn't one of them.
Another thing to be aware of: there is a difference between Mechanics and Dynamics, and what you're listing are actually Mechanics. It's good to be clear about exactly what you're looking for.
The MDA paper (referenced in coderanger's answer) is talking about kinds of fun (what the authors refer to as "aesthetics" rather than mechanics and dynamics), although that paper does a good job explaining the difference. Note also there are other kinds of fun beyond these, as the authors admit. | Here's my *guess*: one of them is **scarcity**. It's like (in the real world) a closing down sale (or any sale): it's now or never. Various games have limited resources which you *must get* to beat your opponents. Think of the ore miners in Command & Conquer. |
3,131 | Seth Priebatsch recently gave a tedtalk entitled “[Building the game layer on top of the world.](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yn9fTc_WMbo)” In it, Seth described four “game dynamics,” techniques used by game designers to make games fun and addictive. The four dynamics that Priebtsch described were:
1. Appointment dynamic-a dynamic in which to succeed, one must return at a predefined time to take a predetermined action. (Real life example: happy hour)
2. Influence and status-the ability of one player to modify the behavior of another's actions through social pressure. (Example: different color credit cards as a reflection of status)
3. Progression dynamic-a dynamic in which success is granularly displayed and measured through the process of completing itemized tasks. (Example: linkedin profile progress bar)
4. Communal discovery-a dynamic wherein an entire community is rallied to work together to solve a challenge. (Example: finding interesting content on Digg.com)
Seth explained these four game dynamics in his talk and added that his company has an additional three. Does anyone know (or have any theories) about what the other three game dynamics are? | 2010/08/23 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/3131",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/1863/"
] | From [the MDA paper](http://cs.northwestern.edu/~hunicke/MDA.pdf):
>
> 1. Sensation:
> Game as sense-pleasure
> 2. Fantasy:
> Game as make-believe
> 3. Narrative:
> Game as drama
> 4. Challenge:
> Game as obstacle course
> 5. Fellowship:
> Game as social framework
> 6. Discovery:
> Game as uncharted territory
> 7. Expression:
> Game as self-discovery
> 8. Submission:
> Game as pastime
>
>
>
Certainly sounds close, though not quite the same. | Here are some possibilities:
**Problem solving**-A game should require of its players creativity insight and problem solving skills to progress. Examples: I'm completely addicted to pacman and tetris.
**Evolution**-progress in a game should be rewarded by opening new facets and changing the gaming experience. Examples: moderator tools provided to high reputation users on the stackexchange network.
**Productivity**-The sense that what you've done is somehow productive and useful in some way, even if its intangible and/or abstract. Not all gaming experiences offer this, but some that do have been surprisingly successful. I think this dynamic is the only way to explain the success of sites/projects like stackoverflow.com, wikipedia and opensource software.
**Edit:**
Not quite a dynamic but necessary for any successful game:
**Seamless interaction**-a neat, flawless and clear user-interface that does what the user expects it to do and does not overwhelm with choices. |
3,131 | Seth Priebatsch recently gave a tedtalk entitled “[Building the game layer on top of the world.](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yn9fTc_WMbo)” In it, Seth described four “game dynamics,” techniques used by game designers to make games fun and addictive. The four dynamics that Priebtsch described were:
1. Appointment dynamic-a dynamic in which to succeed, one must return at a predefined time to take a predetermined action. (Real life example: happy hour)
2. Influence and status-the ability of one player to modify the behavior of another's actions through social pressure. (Example: different color credit cards as a reflection of status)
3. Progression dynamic-a dynamic in which success is granularly displayed and measured through the process of completing itemized tasks. (Example: linkedin profile progress bar)
4. Communal discovery-a dynamic wherein an entire community is rallied to work together to solve a challenge. (Example: finding interesting content on Digg.com)
Seth explained these four game dynamics in his talk and added that his company has an additional three. Does anyone know (or have any theories) about what the other three game dynamics are? | 2010/08/23 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/3131",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/1863/"
] | What he said in his speech is "...with seven game dynamics you can get anyone to do anything..." there was the implication that there were *only* four more.
Then I did some digging and found: <http://techcrunch.com/2010/08/25/scvngr-game-mechanics/>
If the site I accessed is at all correct, there are not four more game dynamics - there are **forty four** more (for a total of 47). >phew<
Instead of listing them all here - just visit the link. :) | I think he actually left out 4 major points (as opposed to 3). These are my guesses based on experience.
**Economies** - Not only do you earn points and level up but you may also spend them at your own will. For instance, look at the bounty system on Stack Exchange sites... I had a burning question to ask that was getting no feedback and had no reputation to spend on it, so I spend 4 days answering a ton of questions so I could post a juicy bounty (and it got me a great answer). There are players in China that play World of Warcraft as a full time job dubbed gold miners because all they do is run around collecting gold in the game to sell online for real money. The same was also true in Diablo II where some of the items were so rare than out of the hundreds of thousands of players playing at any given time over the course of a few years would only find a couple. The rarest item (a Zod rune) of which only one had been found after 3 years of gameplay sold for a reportedly 1100 USD on ebay. If games are the future of social engineering, than Blizzard Entertainment are poised to take over the world because they are the masters. I quit playing World of Warcraft after two weeks because I could tell that the game was more designed to have go on forever, be relatively boring and slow moving, while being designed to be extremely addictive (I had been through a pretty extensive Diablo II phase in the past and learnt that lesson).
**Identity** - Not only is it important to be able to level but it's important to be distinguishable as an individual. Whether that means that you use a alias as your handle or you use your real name. That's what made Facebook win over MySpace. By getting people to use their real names, not only was it easier to find your friends (past or present) online but, by attaching real identities to the handle, most of the trolling/trash talking/spaming/lurking stopped because the people taking part in it could be held accountable. Stack Exchange sites do this by adding the profile to each user's account. World of Warcraft does it by allowing you to customize your character in many ways to look unique. Tiger Woods Golf, as well as Nintendo Wii and XBox360 does it by allowing you to create a custom 3D avatar. Twitter, Stack Exchange, and many other social networks do it by allowing you to respond to a unique user by adding the @ prefix to their name making it easier to have a direct dialog instead of the typical 'talking to a wall' experience of commenting systems that don't use it (IMHO the single greatest simple innovation in social networking ever).
**Scarcity** - Blizzard have mastered this since the days of Diablo I with the 'normal item', 'magical item', 'rare item', 'unique item'. In the early parts of the game, normal items work. As it gets harder magical items become a necessity. Harder still and rare items become a must. Then unique items. Then (in the case of Diablo II on hardest difficulty) they went as far as to make it near impossible to beat without working as a team. As I remember the trade for unique items was a pretty brutal marketplace. It took a lot of work/time/effort on the hardest difficulty to gain worthwhile unique items and it was always a hard bargain to trade for them. World of Warcraft took this a magnitude further by creating the automatic-auction system that mimics ebay to sell items online over the course of a pre-defined time allotment.
**Social Dependence** - In World of Warcraft, It's a lot harder (sometimes impossible) and a lot less fun to play alone. That alone makes it necessary to socialize and group up with other players. In Call of Duty, if you have a decent team all with headsets you gain a huge advantage by being able to share intel on the other team and coordinate attacks. A lot of services sold today offer the 'sign up a friend and save x amount on your first bill' bonuses. Facebook offers the like button and ability to comment on other's posts. Without comments and approval micro-blogging becomes pointless. Ever since the earliest games, the multi-player option has always been a necessity because once you beat a game on single player, there isn't much point in beating it again (IE, the story line is over). Multi-player games enable humans to play together or against each other. In almost every game I've ever played multi-player, with an equal set of advantages/disadvantages the human is always harder to play. About the upper limit of a single player game for playability length is about 60-100 hours of content. Anything beyond that feels tedious. With multi-player, it becomes unlimited (or until the next great multi-player game comes out) because human strategy is dynamic. A top sniper spot on one map one day may become common knowledge in a week thereby making it an easy target. Sometimes, there are anti-strategies where picking a strategically poor position may be a huge advantage because it is unpredictable. The only games where a computer can consistently win are lame algorithmic games with really limited sets of rules and dynamics like chess (IE the computer can calculate every possible move and counter-move before playing out its turn). IMHO, chess is too simplistic to be a chess game. I prefer to place it in the category of mental masturbation. The best part about social dependence is, the game sucks without your friends so you have to get them involved. How much more viral do you get than that. That's how MySpace and Facebook became successful. Nobody wants to have 0 friends online. |
3,131 | Seth Priebatsch recently gave a tedtalk entitled “[Building the game layer on top of the world.](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yn9fTc_WMbo)” In it, Seth described four “game dynamics,” techniques used by game designers to make games fun and addictive. The four dynamics that Priebtsch described were:
1. Appointment dynamic-a dynamic in which to succeed, one must return at a predefined time to take a predetermined action. (Real life example: happy hour)
2. Influence and status-the ability of one player to modify the behavior of another's actions through social pressure. (Example: different color credit cards as a reflection of status)
3. Progression dynamic-a dynamic in which success is granularly displayed and measured through the process of completing itemized tasks. (Example: linkedin profile progress bar)
4. Communal discovery-a dynamic wherein an entire community is rallied to work together to solve a challenge. (Example: finding interesting content on Digg.com)
Seth explained these four game dynamics in his talk and added that his company has an additional three. Does anyone know (or have any theories) about what the other three game dynamics are? | 2010/08/23 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/3131",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/1863/"
] | What he said in his speech is "...with seven game dynamics you can get anyone to do anything..." there was the implication that there were *only* four more.
Then I did some digging and found: <http://techcrunch.com/2010/08/25/scvngr-game-mechanics/>
If the site I accessed is at all correct, there are not four more game dynamics - there are **forty four** more (for a total of 47). >phew<
Instead of listing them all here - just visit the link. :) | Here's my *guess*: one of them is **scarcity**. It's like (in the real world) a closing down sale (or any sale): it's now or never. Various games have limited resources which you *must get* to beat your opponents. Think of the ore miners in Command & Conquer. |
3,131 | Seth Priebatsch recently gave a tedtalk entitled “[Building the game layer on top of the world.](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yn9fTc_WMbo)” In it, Seth described four “game dynamics,” techniques used by game designers to make games fun and addictive. The four dynamics that Priebtsch described were:
1. Appointment dynamic-a dynamic in which to succeed, one must return at a predefined time to take a predetermined action. (Real life example: happy hour)
2. Influence and status-the ability of one player to modify the behavior of another's actions through social pressure. (Example: different color credit cards as a reflection of status)
3. Progression dynamic-a dynamic in which success is granularly displayed and measured through the process of completing itemized tasks. (Example: linkedin profile progress bar)
4. Communal discovery-a dynamic wherein an entire community is rallied to work together to solve a challenge. (Example: finding interesting content on Digg.com)
Seth explained these four game dynamics in his talk and added that his company has an additional three. Does anyone know (or have any theories) about what the other three game dynamics are? | 2010/08/23 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/3131",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/1863/"
] | Another *guess*: **creativity**. I'm thinking here of the Command & Conquer series and especially the various Sim games (most notably Sim City). Both give you huge amounts of *freedom* to *create* bases / cities etc. Games like Grand Theft Auto do it in a different way: multiple ways to solve the same problem.
Maybe, based on GTA, also **exploration** is also a motivation. But even in C&C exploration is part of the game, *discovering* what new units do. Perhaps **discovery**, then, is a better (more general) word than exploration. | Here are some possibilities:
**Problem solving**-A game should require of its players creativity insight and problem solving skills to progress. Examples: I'm completely addicted to pacman and tetris.
**Evolution**-progress in a game should be rewarded by opening new facets and changing the gaming experience. Examples: moderator tools provided to high reputation users on the stackexchange network.
**Productivity**-The sense that what you've done is somehow productive and useful in some way, even if its intangible and/or abstract. Not all gaming experiences offer this, but some that do have been surprisingly successful. I think this dynamic is the only way to explain the success of sites/projects like stackoverflow.com, wikipedia and opensource software.
**Edit:**
Not quite a dynamic but necessary for any successful game:
**Seamless interaction**-a neat, flawless and clear user-interface that does what the user expects it to do and does not overwhelm with choices. |
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