qid int64 1 74.7M | question stringlengths 12 33.8k | date stringlengths 10 10 | metadata list | response_j stringlengths 0 115k | response_k stringlengths 2 98.3k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9,904,863 | I want to start to make a chat client that runs in web browsers, upon a colleges requests. Its my first time doing something like this, so i made some research about this mostly about HTML5. I did research on the platform itself, how fast and how used it is, but my most important factor was: mobile support
I plan to develop this chat for a long while for experience because, as a coder/programmer I am still inexperienced.So i was thinking in the future as well. i have a forum community with pretty limited chat access. I want to change that as well, and as an extra include mobile support.
i researched Flash, java and HTML5, the two most obvious choice in web applications, and pretty much the new comer HTML5.
Flash is more widely used as web app(at least what i saw and found.), and its more designer oriented than programmer, but many chats are written in this, and are used. but there is no mobile support for it, to my knowledge. thats hinders my future plans.
Java, is a robust programming language, and saw a few webchats in this, but my main issue with this is performance: its much slower than flash. But at least there is mobile support, at least the android mobiles.
as for HTML5....its pretty much still a child, not all web browsers support it fully but the major ones support web socket already, except IE9. and IE9 is the most used web browser, sadly. And i cant find any support for it on mobiles yet.
And i don't know any other platforms out there in the Internet that could do the same as the above three, but i'm open.
So my question is: Which is the best platform for writing a webchat, that lest me do mobile support at a latter stage? | 2012/03/28 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9904863",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1297666/"
] | You cannot write a chat in HTML 5 alone (because it operates on the client and there needs to be server code), you would need PHP or JSP for that.
I wouldn't use flash except if you are already very proficient in it because:
* it needs an extra plugin
* it frequently blocks or crashes some browsers
* I think it is difficult to develop and I am not sure if the development software is free
So my choice would be Java Applet by default. It needs an extra plugin but it is much more stable than flash and you need it for many applications anyways but it has so much functionality that is very easy to make a chat with it.
P.S.: Java's speed is absolutely no problem for a chat. Java is maybe 10% behind C++ depending on the application but we are talking about languages like Flash or PHP so Java is not slower but it doesn't matter anyways because a chat has next to no resource requirements. | The correct answer is: it depends. You can implement such a program using many technologies. Each of these technologies have different characteristics and pros and cons but you have mentioned that this is going to be made for a university task. This way i recommend you to choose HTML5, this is a quite new technology, i think it worths it to have a little experience in that!
If you want to have the least work with this project, you should use java.
This is MY opinion. |
9,904,863 | I want to start to make a chat client that runs in web browsers, upon a colleges requests. Its my first time doing something like this, so i made some research about this mostly about HTML5. I did research on the platform itself, how fast and how used it is, but my most important factor was: mobile support
I plan to develop this chat for a long while for experience because, as a coder/programmer I am still inexperienced.So i was thinking in the future as well. i have a forum community with pretty limited chat access. I want to change that as well, and as an extra include mobile support.
i researched Flash, java and HTML5, the two most obvious choice in web applications, and pretty much the new comer HTML5.
Flash is more widely used as web app(at least what i saw and found.), and its more designer oriented than programmer, but many chats are written in this, and are used. but there is no mobile support for it, to my knowledge. thats hinders my future plans.
Java, is a robust programming language, and saw a few webchats in this, but my main issue with this is performance: its much slower than flash. But at least there is mobile support, at least the android mobiles.
as for HTML5....its pretty much still a child, not all web browsers support it fully but the major ones support web socket already, except IE9. and IE9 is the most used web browser, sadly. And i cant find any support for it on mobiles yet.
And i don't know any other platforms out there in the Internet that could do the same as the above three, but i'm open.
So my question is: Which is the best platform for writing a webchat, that lest me do mobile support at a latter stage? | 2012/03/28 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9904863",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1297666/"
] | You cannot write a chat in HTML 5 alone (because it operates on the client and there needs to be server code), you would need PHP or JSP for that.
I wouldn't use flash except if you are already very proficient in it because:
* it needs an extra plugin
* it frequently blocks or crashes some browsers
* I think it is difficult to develop and I am not sure if the development software is free
So my choice would be Java Applet by default. It needs an extra plugin but it is much more stable than flash and you need it for many applications anyways but it has so much functionality that is very easy to make a chat with it.
P.S.: Java's speed is absolutely no problem for a chat. Java is maybe 10% behind C++ depending on the application but we are talking about languages like Flash or PHP so Java is not slower but it doesn't matter anyways because a chat has next to no resource requirements. | I would not discount using Flash. It is still an industry standard in web development. It is way faster than a Java applet, but you are right, Java is not going anywhere. Flash allows you to deploy your project to the web, stand alone application on Mac and PC, and on mobile. |
9,904,863 | I want to start to make a chat client that runs in web browsers, upon a colleges requests. Its my first time doing something like this, so i made some research about this mostly about HTML5. I did research on the platform itself, how fast and how used it is, but my most important factor was: mobile support
I plan to develop this chat for a long while for experience because, as a coder/programmer I am still inexperienced.So i was thinking in the future as well. i have a forum community with pretty limited chat access. I want to change that as well, and as an extra include mobile support.
i researched Flash, java and HTML5, the two most obvious choice in web applications, and pretty much the new comer HTML5.
Flash is more widely used as web app(at least what i saw and found.), and its more designer oriented than programmer, but many chats are written in this, and are used. but there is no mobile support for it, to my knowledge. thats hinders my future plans.
Java, is a robust programming language, and saw a few webchats in this, but my main issue with this is performance: its much slower than flash. But at least there is mobile support, at least the android mobiles.
as for HTML5....its pretty much still a child, not all web browsers support it fully but the major ones support web socket already, except IE9. and IE9 is the most used web browser, sadly. And i cant find any support for it on mobiles yet.
And i don't know any other platforms out there in the Internet that could do the same as the above three, but i'm open.
So my question is: Which is the best platform for writing a webchat, that lest me do mobile support at a latter stage? | 2012/03/28 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9904863",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1297666/"
] | No, the correct answer is: Understand which method is quick to deploy, cost-effective and easy to learn. You'll need to integrate languages to make this work. HTML 5 is the latest and greatest, that's one. JAVA ~ still in demand on the Android side..learn it..
Flash is dying..don't learn that.
Windows ~ .NET..don't count this out...Microsoft is planning on coming out with a mobile platform...this is still good to learn..always learn a language that's going to give you job opportunities in the future. | You should have a look at nodejs:
<http://nodejs.org/>
Also the socket.io module for nodejs which allows you to use websockets as a transport mechanism for capable browsers and provides fallback methods for older browsers:
<http://socket.io/>
There's a [node and socket.io chat tutorial](http://psitsmike.com/2011/09/node-js-and-socket-io-chat-tutorial/) which might be helpful and a working [chat demo based on node](http://chat.nodejs.org/) (though I couldn't see any reference to socket.io when I reviewed the code). |
9,904,863 | I want to start to make a chat client that runs in web browsers, upon a colleges requests. Its my first time doing something like this, so i made some research about this mostly about HTML5. I did research on the platform itself, how fast and how used it is, but my most important factor was: mobile support
I plan to develop this chat for a long while for experience because, as a coder/programmer I am still inexperienced.So i was thinking in the future as well. i have a forum community with pretty limited chat access. I want to change that as well, and as an extra include mobile support.
i researched Flash, java and HTML5, the two most obvious choice in web applications, and pretty much the new comer HTML5.
Flash is more widely used as web app(at least what i saw and found.), and its more designer oriented than programmer, but many chats are written in this, and are used. but there is no mobile support for it, to my knowledge. thats hinders my future plans.
Java, is a robust programming language, and saw a few webchats in this, but my main issue with this is performance: its much slower than flash. But at least there is mobile support, at least the android mobiles.
as for HTML5....its pretty much still a child, not all web browsers support it fully but the major ones support web socket already, except IE9. and IE9 is the most used web browser, sadly. And i cant find any support for it on mobiles yet.
And i don't know any other platforms out there in the Internet that could do the same as the above three, but i'm open.
So my question is: Which is the best platform for writing a webchat, that lest me do mobile support at a latter stage? | 2012/03/28 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9904863",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1297666/"
] | You should have a look at nodejs:
<http://nodejs.org/>
Also the socket.io module for nodejs which allows you to use websockets as a transport mechanism for capable browsers and provides fallback methods for older browsers:
<http://socket.io/>
There's a [node and socket.io chat tutorial](http://psitsmike.com/2011/09/node-js-and-socket-io-chat-tutorial/) which might be helpful and a working [chat demo based on node](http://chat.nodejs.org/) (though I couldn't see any reference to socket.io when I reviewed the code). | I would not discount using Flash. It is still an industry standard in web development. It is way faster than a Java applet, but you are right, Java is not going anywhere. Flash allows you to deploy your project to the web, stand alone application on Mac and PC, and on mobile. |
9,904,863 | I want to start to make a chat client that runs in web browsers, upon a colleges requests. Its my first time doing something like this, so i made some research about this mostly about HTML5. I did research on the platform itself, how fast and how used it is, but my most important factor was: mobile support
I plan to develop this chat for a long while for experience because, as a coder/programmer I am still inexperienced.So i was thinking in the future as well. i have a forum community with pretty limited chat access. I want to change that as well, and as an extra include mobile support.
i researched Flash, java and HTML5, the two most obvious choice in web applications, and pretty much the new comer HTML5.
Flash is more widely used as web app(at least what i saw and found.), and its more designer oriented than programmer, but many chats are written in this, and are used. but there is no mobile support for it, to my knowledge. thats hinders my future plans.
Java, is a robust programming language, and saw a few webchats in this, but my main issue with this is performance: its much slower than flash. But at least there is mobile support, at least the android mobiles.
as for HTML5....its pretty much still a child, not all web browsers support it fully but the major ones support web socket already, except IE9. and IE9 is the most used web browser, sadly. And i cant find any support for it on mobiles yet.
And i don't know any other platforms out there in the Internet that could do the same as the above three, but i'm open.
So my question is: Which is the best platform for writing a webchat, that lest me do mobile support at a latter stage? | 2012/03/28 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9904863",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1297666/"
] | No, the correct answer is: Understand which method is quick to deploy, cost-effective and easy to learn. You'll need to integrate languages to make this work. HTML 5 is the latest and greatest, that's one. JAVA ~ still in demand on the Android side..learn it..
Flash is dying..don't learn that.
Windows ~ .NET..don't count this out...Microsoft is planning on coming out with a mobile platform...this is still good to learn..always learn a language that's going to give you job opportunities in the future. | The correct answer is: it depends. You can implement such a program using many technologies. Each of these technologies have different characteristics and pros and cons but you have mentioned that this is going to be made for a university task. This way i recommend you to choose HTML5, this is a quite new technology, i think it worths it to have a little experience in that!
If you want to have the least work with this project, you should use java.
This is MY opinion. |
9,904,863 | I want to start to make a chat client that runs in web browsers, upon a colleges requests. Its my first time doing something like this, so i made some research about this mostly about HTML5. I did research on the platform itself, how fast and how used it is, but my most important factor was: mobile support
I plan to develop this chat for a long while for experience because, as a coder/programmer I am still inexperienced.So i was thinking in the future as well. i have a forum community with pretty limited chat access. I want to change that as well, and as an extra include mobile support.
i researched Flash, java and HTML5, the two most obvious choice in web applications, and pretty much the new comer HTML5.
Flash is more widely used as web app(at least what i saw and found.), and its more designer oriented than programmer, but many chats are written in this, and are used. but there is no mobile support for it, to my knowledge. thats hinders my future plans.
Java, is a robust programming language, and saw a few webchats in this, but my main issue with this is performance: its much slower than flash. But at least there is mobile support, at least the android mobiles.
as for HTML5....its pretty much still a child, not all web browsers support it fully but the major ones support web socket already, except IE9. and IE9 is the most used web browser, sadly. And i cant find any support for it on mobiles yet.
And i don't know any other platforms out there in the Internet that could do the same as the above three, but i'm open.
So my question is: Which is the best platform for writing a webchat, that lest me do mobile support at a latter stage? | 2012/03/28 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9904863",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1297666/"
] | The correct answer is: it depends. You can implement such a program using many technologies. Each of these technologies have different characteristics and pros and cons but you have mentioned that this is going to be made for a university task. This way i recommend you to choose HTML5, this is a quite new technology, i think it worths it to have a little experience in that!
If you want to have the least work with this project, you should use java.
This is MY opinion. | I would not discount using Flash. It is still an industry standard in web development. It is way faster than a Java applet, but you are right, Java is not going anywhere. Flash allows you to deploy your project to the web, stand alone application on Mac and PC, and on mobile. |
9,904,863 | I want to start to make a chat client that runs in web browsers, upon a colleges requests. Its my first time doing something like this, so i made some research about this mostly about HTML5. I did research on the platform itself, how fast and how used it is, but my most important factor was: mobile support
I plan to develop this chat for a long while for experience because, as a coder/programmer I am still inexperienced.So i was thinking in the future as well. i have a forum community with pretty limited chat access. I want to change that as well, and as an extra include mobile support.
i researched Flash, java and HTML5, the two most obvious choice in web applications, and pretty much the new comer HTML5.
Flash is more widely used as web app(at least what i saw and found.), and its more designer oriented than programmer, but many chats are written in this, and are used. but there is no mobile support for it, to my knowledge. thats hinders my future plans.
Java, is a robust programming language, and saw a few webchats in this, but my main issue with this is performance: its much slower than flash. But at least there is mobile support, at least the android mobiles.
as for HTML5....its pretty much still a child, not all web browsers support it fully but the major ones support web socket already, except IE9. and IE9 is the most used web browser, sadly. And i cant find any support for it on mobiles yet.
And i don't know any other platforms out there in the Internet that could do the same as the above three, but i'm open.
So my question is: Which is the best platform for writing a webchat, that lest me do mobile support at a latter stage? | 2012/03/28 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/9904863",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1297666/"
] | No, the correct answer is: Understand which method is quick to deploy, cost-effective and easy to learn. You'll need to integrate languages to make this work. HTML 5 is the latest and greatest, that's one. JAVA ~ still in demand on the Android side..learn it..
Flash is dying..don't learn that.
Windows ~ .NET..don't count this out...Microsoft is planning on coming out with a mobile platform...this is still good to learn..always learn a language that's going to give you job opportunities in the future. | I would not discount using Flash. It is still an industry standard in web development. It is way faster than a Java applet, but you are right, Java is not going anywhere. Flash allows you to deploy your project to the web, stand alone application on Mac and PC, and on mobile. |
442,983 | I am using 2x monitors on my main workstation (Mac Pro desktop). I can connect to my Macbook via VNC ("sharing") but it only shows the single physical laptop screen and I cannot stretch it across both of my monitors:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z89Rt.png)
I have Apple Remote Desktop and am connecting from a different Mac, but it's the same - just the single, physical screen. **Is it possible to have a second "virtual" screen when remoted into your Mac, like you can with Windows RDP?** If so, how can I set this up? | 2022/06/26 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/442983",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/171566/"
] | Yes, you can - but it requires a bit of third party kit.
**Hardware Solution**
If you add a "[dummy HDMI dongle](https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/B07C4WD9CH)", macOS will think you have an extra display - and that will be accessible when using VNC.
I have linked to a random Amazon vendor of those dongles, but they come in a lot of different models at various price points.
**Software Solution**
A program named [BetterDummy](https://github.com/Brezel31/BetterDummy) can create virtual displays similar to how a dummy HDMI dongle would create a virtual display. That should also work as a display accessible when using VNC. However, I have not actually tried this solution. | try pressing option while you switch the radio button in the display settings of the virtual display, it might show "all resolution" and therefore allow you to select your aspect ratio |
6,589,318 | I have a PhoneGap application which works in the Xcode simulator. I also am in the Apple Developer Program so I can do code signing to run apps on actual devices.
However, I am having a hard time finding a good resource to walk me through the exact steps to get the app on my physical iPhone/iPad. I have found other guides which are either for Xcode 3, or they show how to get PhoneGap working in the emulator but not how to get on an actual device, or they are presumably using a different version of Xcode 4 because they reference different commands than I have.
If you have successfully deployed an application from Xcode 4 onto an iOS device, could you please post a link to steps that you used or refer a book that has that information? I appreciate any help that anyone can give on the subject. Thanks!
[Edit: Though I am using PhoneGap, the steps to deploy from Xcode to iOS device are AFAIK the same.]
[Edit to add more detail:
I have my project made and it runs on iPhone 4 simulator and iPad 4 simulator.
I also can plug in my iPad (already went through the assistant to get it provisioned), select it in the scheme list box, click the Run button and it will launch as expected on the iPad. Does this mean that I have the code signing part working at least?
So far so good. Now I want to make a build so that I can distribute to people to test the app on their devices (I have their UDIDs already). When I get to the "Publishing Your Application for Distribution" section of the iOS Development Guide in the iOS Developer Library, I get stuck in the Archiving Your Application for Testing section. I am having trouble finding the Code Signing Identity build setting. It also looks like they have changed the menus around because they refer to a Build > Build and Archive menu item that doesn't exist anymore. I tried Product > Build for > Build For Archiving which seems like the closest option and the build actually succeeds but in the Organizer > Archives tab there are no archives.
Sorry that I do not have more specific information about where the process is breaking down for me but I'm new to the Xcode environment. I can typically figure these things out on my own as long as there is documentation somewhere but I have not been able to find any that match my build of Xcode. Thanks!]
[Edit again: After doing more research I ended up following the suggestion of others and did a complete uninstall/reinstall of Xcode which ended up resolving the issue albeit in a rather heavy handed way.] | 2011/07/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6589318",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/830461/"
] | You'll want to check out Apple's Documentation, for sure:
* [iOS Development Guide: Managing Devices and Digital Identities](https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/Xcode/Conceptual/iphone_development/128-Managing_Devices_and_Digital_Identities/devices_and_identities.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40007959-CH4-SW2)
* [iOS Development Guide: Building and Running Applications](https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/Xcode/Conceptual/iphone_development/120-Building_and_Running_Applications/building_and_running_applications.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40007959-CH6-SW13)
They have a complete walkthrough of provisioning, building, and deploying your application to a device.
The Xcode Organizer makes it fairly straight forward and painless now... but there are still some sticking points, and reading the documentation will give you a full overview of exactly what's going on in the process. | Contrary to apple advise, setting Skip Install (Build Setting) to NO fixed this. Using phone gap here.
[Archives not showing up in Organizer for XCode 4](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5265772/archives-not-showing-up-in-organizer-for-xcode-4) |
6,589,318 | I have a PhoneGap application which works in the Xcode simulator. I also am in the Apple Developer Program so I can do code signing to run apps on actual devices.
However, I am having a hard time finding a good resource to walk me through the exact steps to get the app on my physical iPhone/iPad. I have found other guides which are either for Xcode 3, or they show how to get PhoneGap working in the emulator but not how to get on an actual device, or they are presumably using a different version of Xcode 4 because they reference different commands than I have.
If you have successfully deployed an application from Xcode 4 onto an iOS device, could you please post a link to steps that you used or refer a book that has that information? I appreciate any help that anyone can give on the subject. Thanks!
[Edit: Though I am using PhoneGap, the steps to deploy from Xcode to iOS device are AFAIK the same.]
[Edit to add more detail:
I have my project made and it runs on iPhone 4 simulator and iPad 4 simulator.
I also can plug in my iPad (already went through the assistant to get it provisioned), select it in the scheme list box, click the Run button and it will launch as expected on the iPad. Does this mean that I have the code signing part working at least?
So far so good. Now I want to make a build so that I can distribute to people to test the app on their devices (I have their UDIDs already). When I get to the "Publishing Your Application for Distribution" section of the iOS Development Guide in the iOS Developer Library, I get stuck in the Archiving Your Application for Testing section. I am having trouble finding the Code Signing Identity build setting. It also looks like they have changed the menus around because they refer to a Build > Build and Archive menu item that doesn't exist anymore. I tried Product > Build for > Build For Archiving which seems like the closest option and the build actually succeeds but in the Organizer > Archives tab there are no archives.
Sorry that I do not have more specific information about where the process is breaking down for me but I'm new to the Xcode environment. I can typically figure these things out on my own as long as there is documentation somewhere but I have not been able to find any that match my build of Xcode. Thanks!]
[Edit again: After doing more research I ended up following the suggestion of others and did a complete uninstall/reinstall of Xcode which ended up resolving the issue albeit in a rather heavy handed way.] | 2011/07/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6589318",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/830461/"
] | You'll want to check out Apple's Documentation, for sure:
* [iOS Development Guide: Managing Devices and Digital Identities](https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/Xcode/Conceptual/iphone_development/128-Managing_Devices_and_Digital_Identities/devices_and_identities.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40007959-CH4-SW2)
* [iOS Development Guide: Building and Running Applications](https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/Xcode/Conceptual/iphone_development/120-Building_and_Running_Applications/building_and_running_applications.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40007959-CH6-SW13)
They have a complete walkthrough of provisioning, building, and deploying your application to a device.
The Xcode Organizer makes it fairly straight forward and painless now... but there are still some sticking points, and reading the documentation will give you a full overview of exactly what's going on in the process. | Once you have your Apple Developer Account Credentials, You can follow gist I have created:
[Apple's Code Signing Process](https://gist.github.com/DalwadiV/2e43760d973c1d2baada) |
66,340,546 | I had some problems with the emulator and when i tried to solve this, by mistake i made the emulator start only from sidebar. I kept googleing how to get it back to normal, but i couldn't get it done.
Here is a photo of how it looks now:
[emulator problem](https://i.stack.imgur.com/2CYhz.jpg)
Any help would be great. Thanks! | 2021/02/23 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/66340546",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/11966820/"
] | As @Nisu suggested, go to File>Settings>Tools>Emulator and uncheck the "Launch in a tool window".[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gFSc6.jpg) | If anyone ever has the same problem go to file -> settings -> tools -> emulator and |
741,753 | This may be somewhat silly to ask, but I couldn't resist the temptation. The idiosyncratic physicist Richard Feynman was once asked
>
> If, in some cataclysm, all of scientific knowledge were to be destroyed, and only one sentence passed on to the next generation of creatures, what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words?
>
>
>
And his answer was that the world is made of atoms and the qualitative description of attractive electromagnetic interaction at long distances and repulsive nuclear interaction at short distances that governs the atoms:
>
> I believe it is the atomic hypothesis that all things are made of atoms — little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another. In that one sentence, you will see, there is an enormous amount of information about the world, if just a little imagination and thinking are applied.
>
>
>
If any mathematician was to be asked such as question, but restricted to mathematics, and perhaps, for it to be more interesting and more answerable, not necessarily restricted to a single sentence, but perhaps several ones, or several key concepts or ideas, what would those be?
[Edit]
And to make it possible for your answer to be appreciated and be interpreted not solely as a personal preference, provide an explanatory argument especially from math history point of view like @Anupam did, or a logical one. Feynman's answer is more or less easy to appreciate, as without knowing about atoms, people will be limited to many phenomenological interpretations of the nature, and not start to look at inner-workings of the world from that level of microscopic angle. | 2014/04/06 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/741753",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/36531/"
] | I would tell them:
With a set of assumptions (Axioms) we can prove a lot of things, but by the incompleteness theorem not everything.
This may stop alot of these creatures from going mad, and it will always give them something to do. | "This sentence is false."
(This sentence gets me past the SE minimum character limit.) |
741,753 | This may be somewhat silly to ask, but I couldn't resist the temptation. The idiosyncratic physicist Richard Feynman was once asked
>
> If, in some cataclysm, all of scientific knowledge were to be destroyed, and only one sentence passed on to the next generation of creatures, what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words?
>
>
>
And his answer was that the world is made of atoms and the qualitative description of attractive electromagnetic interaction at long distances and repulsive nuclear interaction at short distances that governs the atoms:
>
> I believe it is the atomic hypothesis that all things are made of atoms — little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another. In that one sentence, you will see, there is an enormous amount of information about the world, if just a little imagination and thinking are applied.
>
>
>
If any mathematician was to be asked such as question, but restricted to mathematics, and perhaps, for it to be more interesting and more answerable, not necessarily restricted to a single sentence, but perhaps several ones, or several key concepts or ideas, what would those be?
[Edit]
And to make it possible for your answer to be appreciated and be interpreted not solely as a personal preference, provide an explanatory argument especially from math history point of view like @Anupam did, or a logical one. Feynman's answer is more or less easy to appreciate, as without knowing about atoms, people will be limited to many phenomenological interpretations of the nature, and not start to look at inner-workings of the world from that level of microscopic angle. | 2014/04/06 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/741753",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/36531/"
] | I am not a profound Mathematician but I am very much interested in Number theory. Reading the elementary maths especially the *Numeral system* leads me to believe that the most important, yet simple, but far more mysterious to be discovered is, the [Zero](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0_%28number%29#India). The importance of *Zero* does not lie in representing it as *number* which is an additive identity. The importance lies in its use as the tenth digit of our base-10 numeral system. Without $0$, that is the place value system, I cannot imagine the existence of computers. A small calculation would be a difficult task without 0. Without having calculation made easy modern technology would not have been developed as it is now.
Any new civilization born after the *cataclysm* would learn elementary mathematics like addition,subtraction and multiplication but it would take a long time for them to recognize the *zero*.
So if I were to pass on an idea to the next generation I would tell them the [*Numeral system*](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_system#Main_numeral_systems). | "This sentence is false."
(This sentence gets me past the SE minimum character limit.) |
741,753 | This may be somewhat silly to ask, but I couldn't resist the temptation. The idiosyncratic physicist Richard Feynman was once asked
>
> If, in some cataclysm, all of scientific knowledge were to be destroyed, and only one sentence passed on to the next generation of creatures, what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words?
>
>
>
And his answer was that the world is made of atoms and the qualitative description of attractive electromagnetic interaction at long distances and repulsive nuclear interaction at short distances that governs the atoms:
>
> I believe it is the atomic hypothesis that all things are made of atoms — little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another. In that one sentence, you will see, there is an enormous amount of information about the world, if just a little imagination and thinking are applied.
>
>
>
If any mathematician was to be asked such as question, but restricted to mathematics, and perhaps, for it to be more interesting and more answerable, not necessarily restricted to a single sentence, but perhaps several ones, or several key concepts or ideas, what would those be?
[Edit]
And to make it possible for your answer to be appreciated and be interpreted not solely as a personal preference, provide an explanatory argument especially from math history point of view like @Anupam did, or a logical one. Feynman's answer is more or less easy to appreciate, as without knowing about atoms, people will be limited to many phenomenological interpretations of the nature, and not start to look at inner-workings of the world from that level of microscopic angle. | 2014/04/06 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/741753",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/36531/"
] | I myself is very interested to see how mathematics would evolve if it is stared all over again. So I prefer to leave nothing and let people's imagination guide them.
If we have to leave something, personally I would tell them:
**You can use algebra to do geometry.**
And I believe they will find ways to achieve this that surprise all of us. | "This sentence is false."
(This sentence gets me past the SE minimum character limit.) |
36,948 | I'm setting up a home entertainment computer that will be taking in video input via cable and displaying recorded tv, DVDs, live tv, as well as playing music and movies via HDMI to a TV. What Media Center solutions exist for Ubuntu? | 2011/04/25 | [
"https://askubuntu.com/questions/36948",
"https://askubuntu.com",
"https://askubuntu.com/users/41/"
] | As Aenima99x stated, [XMBC](http://xbmc.org/) which is a complete home theater solution with great themes, plugins, massive media capabilites, and overall looks great in your living room.
Another great suggestion is [Boxee](http://www.boxee.tv/make) which can be installed on top of Ubuntu similar to XMBC. Boxee is less configurable than XMBC, but offers great plugins with a fantastic beginning layout, and is a bit more simple to work with.
Lastly, if you don't need a pretty UI for your movies, you can just install Ubuntu as normal and use the [Medibuntu](http://medibuntu.org/) Repository to handle all of your media needs. This won't give you a nice skin like the previous two options, in fact it will be just like having a normal computer as a media center, but it contains a lot of great tools for that setup.
Also feel free to use any combination of the above suggestions, and play around with different setups. The links I provided are all great places to get started. | XBMC - check it out [xbmc.org](http://xbmc.org/about/) |
36,948 | I'm setting up a home entertainment computer that will be taking in video input via cable and displaying recorded tv, DVDs, live tv, as well as playing music and movies via HDMI to a TV. What Media Center solutions exist for Ubuntu? | 2011/04/25 | [
"https://askubuntu.com/questions/36948",
"https://askubuntu.com",
"https://askubuntu.com/users/41/"
] | Here is some of my preferred apps.
**[1) VLC](http://www.videolan.org/vlc/)** - [install](https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/vlc/)
I included this app because you can use it to manage your audio and it can play *almost* every video formats out there. It is light on the system, simple, and has so many features (see [this](http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/6-cool-vlc-tips-tricks/) for example).
**[2) Enna](http://enna.geexbox.org/)** - [install](https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/enna/)
Enna is beatyful. It shows the weather and besides audio, photo and video, it supports bookstore.
**[3) XBMC](http://xbmc.org/about/)** - [install](https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/xbmc/)`
It is easy to use, support audio, pictures, video, and is "skinnable". See Aeon skin next.
**[4) Boxee](http://www.boxee.tv/)** - [To install you will have to sign up](http://www.boxee.tv/signup)
It is not so eye candy, but it is functional, support TV shows and has some Premium payable features.
**[5) Miro](http://www.getmiro.com/)** - [install](https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/miro/)
Support for download from torrent and youtube.
**[6) Freevo](http://freevo.sourceforge.net/)** - [install](https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/freevo/)
Support for music, photos, videos and games.
**[7) MythTv](http://www.mythtv.org)** - [install](https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/mythtv)
Can record videos for you.
**[8) LinuxMCE](http://www.linuxmce.com/)** - [To install you will have to download a binary package](http://www.linuxmce.com/index.php/download)
It has others features like controls over your home lights, doors, security, etc.
 | XBMC - check it out [xbmc.org](http://xbmc.org/about/) |
36,948 | I'm setting up a home entertainment computer that will be taking in video input via cable and displaying recorded tv, DVDs, live tv, as well as playing music and movies via HDMI to a TV. What Media Center solutions exist for Ubuntu? | 2011/04/25 | [
"https://askubuntu.com/questions/36948",
"https://askubuntu.com",
"https://askubuntu.com/users/41/"
] | Here is some of my preferred apps.
**[1) VLC](http://www.videolan.org/vlc/)** - [install](https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/vlc/)
I included this app because you can use it to manage your audio and it can play *almost* every video formats out there. It is light on the system, simple, and has so many features (see [this](http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/6-cool-vlc-tips-tricks/) for example).
**[2) Enna](http://enna.geexbox.org/)** - [install](https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/enna/)
Enna is beatyful. It shows the weather and besides audio, photo and video, it supports bookstore.
**[3) XBMC](http://xbmc.org/about/)** - [install](https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/xbmc/)`
It is easy to use, support audio, pictures, video, and is "skinnable". See Aeon skin next.
**[4) Boxee](http://www.boxee.tv/)** - [To install you will have to sign up](http://www.boxee.tv/signup)
It is not so eye candy, but it is functional, support TV shows and has some Premium payable features.
**[5) Miro](http://www.getmiro.com/)** - [install](https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/miro/)
Support for download from torrent and youtube.
**[6) Freevo](http://freevo.sourceforge.net/)** - [install](https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/freevo/)
Support for music, photos, videos and games.
**[7) MythTv](http://www.mythtv.org)** - [install](https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/mythtv)
Can record videos for you.
**[8) LinuxMCE](http://www.linuxmce.com/)** - [To install you will have to download a binary package](http://www.linuxmce.com/index.php/download)
It has others features like controls over your home lights, doors, security, etc.
 | As Aenima99x stated, [XMBC](http://xbmc.org/) which is a complete home theater solution with great themes, plugins, massive media capabilites, and overall looks great in your living room.
Another great suggestion is [Boxee](http://www.boxee.tv/make) which can be installed on top of Ubuntu similar to XMBC. Boxee is less configurable than XMBC, but offers great plugins with a fantastic beginning layout, and is a bit more simple to work with.
Lastly, if you don't need a pretty UI for your movies, you can just install Ubuntu as normal and use the [Medibuntu](http://medibuntu.org/) Repository to handle all of your media needs. This won't give you a nice skin like the previous two options, in fact it will be just like having a normal computer as a media center, but it contains a lot of great tools for that setup.
Also feel free to use any combination of the above suggestions, and play around with different setups. The links I provided are all great places to get started. |
2,742,921 | Some of my users download several pdf files from an internet website regularly. They'd like to automate the process to save a few minutes every day, and most importantly, to minimize errors.
I tried [mechanize](http://mechanize.rubyforge.org/) but failed as mechanize does not process javascripts. Since the download links in the remote site are all triggered by javescript, I am looking for solutions to automate the browser itself. Any recommendations?
* https remote server
* login and search are FORM POST
* file download link are JavaScripts
* on win32
* IE or Firefox
thanks! | 2010/04/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2742921",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/88597/"
] | >
> iam looking for IDE with intellisense support for PHP Prado.
>
>
>
Well, I'm a Netbeans user, and use multiple frameworks. If you use a framework and make sure that it's in your include-path, Netbeans will automatically index the framework, and provide intellisense for it. I don't think you need an IDE with framework specific intellisense, I think you need an IDE that can do intellisense on existing frameworks :) | How about Netbeans alfa version of Prado support :
<http://blogs.oracle.com/netbeansphp/entry/the_first_alpha_version_of>
**or** you can try default Prado support for such editors as Notepad++, Dreamweaver, InType or Textmate:
<http://www.pradosoft.com/download/>
Section : "PRADO Tools"
**or** you can check this Prado Forum out :
[IDE/Editor for Prado](http://www.pradoframework.com/forum/index.php?PHPSESSID=314d8cdo12b5nmeauphk4kgcf4&board=12.0) |
2,742,921 | Some of my users download several pdf files from an internet website regularly. They'd like to automate the process to save a few minutes every day, and most importantly, to minimize errors.
I tried [mechanize](http://mechanize.rubyforge.org/) but failed as mechanize does not process javascripts. Since the download links in the remote site are all triggered by javescript, I am looking for solutions to automate the browser itself. Any recommendations?
* https remote server
* login and search are FORM POST
* file download link are JavaScripts
* on win32
* IE or Firefox
thanks! | 2010/04/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2742921",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/88597/"
] | >
> iam looking for IDE with intellisense support for PHP Prado.
>
>
>
Well, I'm a Netbeans user, and use multiple frameworks. If you use a framework and make sure that it's in your include-path, Netbeans will automatically index the framework, and provide intellisense for it. I don't think you need an IDE with framework specific intellisense, I think you need an IDE that can do intellisense on existing frameworks :) | Eclipse-Prado plugin is ready. Please use it and suggest if you have any idea. It is and will remain open source, available at sourceforge |
2,742,921 | Some of my users download several pdf files from an internet website regularly. They'd like to automate the process to save a few minutes every day, and most importantly, to minimize errors.
I tried [mechanize](http://mechanize.rubyforge.org/) but failed as mechanize does not process javascripts. Since the download links in the remote site are all triggered by javescript, I am looking for solutions to automate the browser itself. Any recommendations?
* https remote server
* login and search are FORM POST
* file download link are JavaScripts
* on win32
* IE or Firefox
thanks! | 2010/04/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2742921",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/88597/"
] | >
> iam looking for IDE with intellisense support for PHP Prado.
>
>
>
Well, I'm a Netbeans user, and use multiple frameworks. If you use a framework and make sure that it's in your include-path, Netbeans will automatically index the framework, and provide intellisense for it. I don't think you need an IDE with framework specific intellisense, I think you need an IDE that can do intellisense on existing frameworks :) | i use sublime text 2 with autocomplete, look at this thread:[Link](https://code.google.com/p/prado3/downloads/list) |
19,455,316 | Is there a way to disable the scrolling in LogCat?
I am using Android Studio 0.2.10. | 2013/10/18 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/19455316",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1435156/"
] | If you just click on a line of the logcat it will stop scrolling. You will then notice that the keys on the right become highlighted. This gives you various options among them the restart scrolling.
 | You need to click on a line (any line). Then it stops the auto "annoying" scroll.
(If you pass the mouse on the 4th icon, it tells you this). |
19,455,316 | Is there a way to disable the scrolling in LogCat?
I am using Android Studio 0.2.10. | 2013/10/18 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/19455316",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1435156/"
] | If you just click on a line of the logcat it will stop scrolling. You will then notice that the keys on the right become highlighted. This gives you various options among them the restart scrolling.
 | Just double click the one of line in Logcat. |
19,455,316 | Is there a way to disable the scrolling in LogCat?
I am using Android Studio 0.2.10. | 2013/10/18 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/19455316",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1435156/"
] | You need to click on a line (any line). Then it stops the auto "annoying" scroll.
(If you pass the mouse on the 4th icon, it tells you this). | Just double click the one of line in Logcat. |
83,076 | Alright, so there is a great, incredibly well informed community here so let me ask a question that's been bothering me since I finished the Silmarillion. I'll lay out my reasoning for why it's a question as well, so bear with me.
Tolkien states
>
> Among [Melkor's] servants that have names the greatest was that spirit
> whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel.
>
> -The Silmarillion, p.28
>
>
>
What exactly does Sauron do in the Silmarillion to earn this distinction? The [Dragon Glaurung](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Glaurung) is far more of a terror to Morgoth's enemies than Sauron. He annihilates whole legions of First Era elves; more or less singlehandedly breaks the siege of Angband and uses his magic stare to mind control/soul crush pretty much anybody he wants to. Not only that but he exhibits significant cunning and is a successful leader of Morgoth's forces in his own right. **How is this murder-addicted hyper-dragon not number one?** When Morgoth needed to kill Elves dead he went to Glaurung, handing him command in the [most critical battle](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Dagor_Bragollach) in the war thus far. The result was a victory so one sided and absolute that in an instant the entire dynamic of Middle-earth shifted completely.
It's also a battle where Sauron is conspicuously absent (this is a recurring theme). Not exactly what you'd expect from Morgoth's 'greatest servant'. If he was really that useful you'd think he would have had some role in a battle Morgoth had been preparing for for *over 400 years*.
Sauron's biggest contributions to his Master's First Age war effort were
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. [Hiding](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/War_for_Sake_of_the_Elves) from the Valar...*[twice](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/War_of_Wrath)*
2. Effectively [begging for mercy](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Sauron#cite_note-SRings-0) when unable to hide.
3. Losing [Tol Sirion](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Tol_Sirion) to an overwhelming army of two people.
4. Messing with the the wrong [girl](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/L%C3%BAthien) and getting choked out by her [talking dog](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Huan).
Seriously, all joking aside Sauron's first era resume is pretty bad. And let's not forget that everything past the First Age was more or less an afterthought; paling in comparison in terms of magic, power, epicness, etc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I get that Sauron is the most 'dark-lord-like' and the heir apparent to Morgoth. The **only answer I can think of is just that**; Sauron is the only one who'd 'pick up the torch if Morgoth fell, whereas Glaurung would have probably just found a pile of gold under a mountain somewhere and been content. He needed direction and wouldn't be 'independently' menacing to Middle-earth in anything but a localized way (a la Smaug).
But Tolkien is talking about Sauron in the **context of a servant**, not based upon some hypothetical future-dark-lord skill set. I'm fairly sure the thought of being permanently defeated never entered Morgoth's mind and 'being able to take over for him' was never a looked-for qualification in subordinates. The only thing that makes Sauron special is that he seemed to be the only guy who was good enough at hiding/begging to survive Morgoth's fall.
Sauron's Dark Lord tenure wasn't exactly Hall of Fame caliber either. Nothing he ever did on his own was ultimately successful and each of his schemes backfired in some way. His plot to destroy Númenor cost him his body; and his attempt to buff himself with the One Ring ultimately led to his end as a force in Middle-earth.
So what am I missing or misinterpreting? Am I looking at this the wrong way?
**TL;DR**: Dragon Glaurung accomplished much more nefarious deeds than Sauron according to *The Silmarillion*. Doesn't make sense that Sauron is Morgoth's #2. | 2015/03/04 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/83076",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/33697/"
] | From the *Valaquenta*:
>
> In all the deeds of Melkor the Morgoth upon Arda, in his vast works and in the deceits of his cunning, Sauron had a part, and was only less evil than his master in that for long he served another and not himself.
>
>
>
Sauron was therefore involved in *everything* that Morgoth did, even if not explicitly stated, but presumably with obvious exceptions (such as destroying the Trees).
Notably also, he evaded capture *twice*, which was twice more than Morgoth managed to do. | In the same sense as Peter's answer - Tolkien often uses the word "greatest" to describe relational strength or power, something that I personally think Tolkien uses as a rather absolute and indiscriminate descriptor in the sense that relative power is always explicitly clear and rarely nuanced.
Seeing each personality as a unitary expression within a greater theme - the "magnitude" of a particular unit can always be described as being greater or lesser any other existing unit. We can see other examples in his descriptions of the Valar or the Istari.
From "Unfinished Tales":
>
> In the The Two Towers III 8 it is said that Saruman was "accounted by
> many the chief of the Wizards," and at the Council of Elrond (The
> Fellowship of the Ring II 2) Gandalf explicitly stated this: **"Saruman
> the White is the greatest of my order."**
>
>
>
or
>
> "But also to be remarked are the coming of the Istari to Middle-earth
> at different times; **Círdan's perception that Gandalf was the greatest
> of them**; Saruman's knowledge that Gandalf possessed the Red Ring..."
>
>
>
Anyhow I've always seen the explicit nature of unitary power structures throughout the books as very helpful in communicating the balance of things that is so thematically important to everything in the universe. With the theme that everything exists purely within a static set (all things coming from and ending in Iluvitar), calculated balance is key to the thematic tension and resolution at an abstract level just as much as it is to understanding the motivations of groups or individuals within the various histories. |
83,076 | Alright, so there is a great, incredibly well informed community here so let me ask a question that's been bothering me since I finished the Silmarillion. I'll lay out my reasoning for why it's a question as well, so bear with me.
Tolkien states
>
> Among [Melkor's] servants that have names the greatest was that spirit
> whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel.
>
> -The Silmarillion, p.28
>
>
>
What exactly does Sauron do in the Silmarillion to earn this distinction? The [Dragon Glaurung](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Glaurung) is far more of a terror to Morgoth's enemies than Sauron. He annihilates whole legions of First Era elves; more or less singlehandedly breaks the siege of Angband and uses his magic stare to mind control/soul crush pretty much anybody he wants to. Not only that but he exhibits significant cunning and is a successful leader of Morgoth's forces in his own right. **How is this murder-addicted hyper-dragon not number one?** When Morgoth needed to kill Elves dead he went to Glaurung, handing him command in the [most critical battle](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Dagor_Bragollach) in the war thus far. The result was a victory so one sided and absolute that in an instant the entire dynamic of Middle-earth shifted completely.
It's also a battle where Sauron is conspicuously absent (this is a recurring theme). Not exactly what you'd expect from Morgoth's 'greatest servant'. If he was really that useful you'd think he would have had some role in a battle Morgoth had been preparing for for *over 400 years*.
Sauron's biggest contributions to his Master's First Age war effort were
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. [Hiding](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/War_for_Sake_of_the_Elves) from the Valar...*[twice](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/War_of_Wrath)*
2. Effectively [begging for mercy](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Sauron#cite_note-SRings-0) when unable to hide.
3. Losing [Tol Sirion](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Tol_Sirion) to an overwhelming army of two people.
4. Messing with the the wrong [girl](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/L%C3%BAthien) and getting choked out by her [talking dog](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Huan).
Seriously, all joking aside Sauron's first era resume is pretty bad. And let's not forget that everything past the First Age was more or less an afterthought; paling in comparison in terms of magic, power, epicness, etc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I get that Sauron is the most 'dark-lord-like' and the heir apparent to Morgoth. The **only answer I can think of is just that**; Sauron is the only one who'd 'pick up the torch if Morgoth fell, whereas Glaurung would have probably just found a pile of gold under a mountain somewhere and been content. He needed direction and wouldn't be 'independently' menacing to Middle-earth in anything but a localized way (a la Smaug).
But Tolkien is talking about Sauron in the **context of a servant**, not based upon some hypothetical future-dark-lord skill set. I'm fairly sure the thought of being permanently defeated never entered Morgoth's mind and 'being able to take over for him' was never a looked-for qualification in subordinates. The only thing that makes Sauron special is that he seemed to be the only guy who was good enough at hiding/begging to survive Morgoth's fall.
Sauron's Dark Lord tenure wasn't exactly Hall of Fame caliber either. Nothing he ever did on his own was ultimately successful and each of his schemes backfired in some way. His plot to destroy Númenor cost him his body; and his attempt to buff himself with the One Ring ultimately led to his end as a force in Middle-earth.
So what am I missing or misinterpreting? Am I looking at this the wrong way?
**TL;DR**: Dragon Glaurung accomplished much more nefarious deeds than Sauron according to *The Silmarillion*. Doesn't make sense that Sauron is Morgoth's #2. | 2015/03/04 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/83076",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/33697/"
] | Since you invite challenges to your premise, I'm going to offer some.
### How controlling is the context?
You make a lot of "*But Tolkien is talking about Sauron in the **context of a servant***", and use the phrase "*greatest servant*" more than once. But the quote from the Silmarillion is
>
> Among [Melkor's] servants that have names the greatest was that spirit whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel.
>
>
>
If we substitute "*cruellest*" for "*greatest*", you wouldn't say that it was calling Sauron the cruellest at being a servant. So I don't see that it's necessary to read the actual quote as calling him the greatest at being a servant. The easier reading seems to be that of a certain group of beings, Sauron was "the greatest" in some unspecified way.
### What does "greatest" mean?
In a work that's not shy about appearing antiquated, "*greatest*" could easily mean "*biggest*", but physically that doesn't seem to be the case.
However, it's still a fairly generic superlative. You seem to be taking it as the most effective or the most destructive, but it could be the most powerful, knowledgeable, cunning, brave, difficult to defeat, or even (if we *do* allow the context to control our interpretation to some extent) loyal.
### Should it be taken literally anyway?
The Silmarillion is not intended as a work of science but of epic history. If you look at works in that genre as a whole, what's the ratio between absolute superlatives and qualified superlatives? If you're a couple of dozen pages into a book and you read "*Among his servants that have names the third greatest was that spirit whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel*" then surely your reaction will be "*Don't tell me about the third greatest: tell me about the greatest!*" Within the constraints of the genre, is there any other way in which Sauron could be introduced? | Sauron had a large role before and during the Captivity of Melkor
-----------------------------------------------------------------
In 1960, Tolkien wrote an essay working out some difficulties with the chronology of the awakening of the elves, which was later published in *The Nature of Middle-earth*. In this essay he assigns some new important roles to Sauron.
So in addition to all the things previously mentioned we also have the following three:
Engineering the first fall of Men
---------------------------------
>
> The arising and fall [of Men] took place during the “Captivity of Melkor”, **and was achieved not by Melkor in person, but by Sauron.** It occurred about 100 VY[=Valian Years] after the “Awaking of the Quendi”, sc. 14,400 löar[=Sun years] later.
>
> "The Awaking of the Quendi" - Preliminary discussion
>
>
>
Running Angband prior to the Captivity of Melkor, and distracting the Valar when they came so the Morgoth could retreat to Utumno.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> As soon as he discovered the Quendi (if not indeed far sooner, and well before the time of their awaking, which Melkor guessed more shrewdly than the Valar) Melkor constructed Angband. One of its chief functions was not only to defend the Western Shores, but to *shroud them*. The prime function of (originally volcanic) Thangorodrim was to produce *smokes, vapours, and darkness*. All the Northwest shores were covered and the Sun largely excluded for hundreds of years before Melkor was made captive. **Sauron had a chief part in this; and when the Valar at last came to Middle-earth he (under Melkor’s orders) made a strong feint of resistance, while Melkor retreated and gathered nearly all his forces in Utumno.** (Thus passage of the Quendi was made feasible.)
>
> "The Awaking of the Quendi" - Note on Angband and Utumno
>
>
>
Rebuilding and expanding Angband during the captivity of Melkor
---------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Angband was in the event very largely destroyed – though the Valar, passing on to Utumno, which was apparently the real centre of Melkor’s power – made no attempt to demolish it completely. **But when Melkor feigned submission to Manwë, Sauron was ordered to reconstruct it (as *secretly* as possible: therefore largely in extending its underground mansions) against Melkor’s escape and return.** *There were no more fumes* until Melkor returned: but when he did in 1495, Angband was almost ready. Melkor then made it his chief seat of power, for strategic reasons, and because of the coming of the Eldar. Had he been successful he would perhaps have returned to Utumno, but *not* until the Eldar were vanquished or destroyed.
>
> "The Awaking of the Quendi" - Note on Angband and Utumno
>
>
> |
83,076 | Alright, so there is a great, incredibly well informed community here so let me ask a question that's been bothering me since I finished the Silmarillion. I'll lay out my reasoning for why it's a question as well, so bear with me.
Tolkien states
>
> Among [Melkor's] servants that have names the greatest was that spirit
> whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel.
>
> -The Silmarillion, p.28
>
>
>
What exactly does Sauron do in the Silmarillion to earn this distinction? The [Dragon Glaurung](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Glaurung) is far more of a terror to Morgoth's enemies than Sauron. He annihilates whole legions of First Era elves; more or less singlehandedly breaks the siege of Angband and uses his magic stare to mind control/soul crush pretty much anybody he wants to. Not only that but he exhibits significant cunning and is a successful leader of Morgoth's forces in his own right. **How is this murder-addicted hyper-dragon not number one?** When Morgoth needed to kill Elves dead he went to Glaurung, handing him command in the [most critical battle](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Dagor_Bragollach) in the war thus far. The result was a victory so one sided and absolute that in an instant the entire dynamic of Middle-earth shifted completely.
It's also a battle where Sauron is conspicuously absent (this is a recurring theme). Not exactly what you'd expect from Morgoth's 'greatest servant'. If he was really that useful you'd think he would have had some role in a battle Morgoth had been preparing for for *over 400 years*.
Sauron's biggest contributions to his Master's First Age war effort were
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. [Hiding](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/War_for_Sake_of_the_Elves) from the Valar...*[twice](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/War_of_Wrath)*
2. Effectively [begging for mercy](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Sauron#cite_note-SRings-0) when unable to hide.
3. Losing [Tol Sirion](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Tol_Sirion) to an overwhelming army of two people.
4. Messing with the the wrong [girl](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/L%C3%BAthien) and getting choked out by her [talking dog](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Huan).
Seriously, all joking aside Sauron's first era resume is pretty bad. And let's not forget that everything past the First Age was more or less an afterthought; paling in comparison in terms of magic, power, epicness, etc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I get that Sauron is the most 'dark-lord-like' and the heir apparent to Morgoth. The **only answer I can think of is just that**; Sauron is the only one who'd 'pick up the torch if Morgoth fell, whereas Glaurung would have probably just found a pile of gold under a mountain somewhere and been content. He needed direction and wouldn't be 'independently' menacing to Middle-earth in anything but a localized way (a la Smaug).
But Tolkien is talking about Sauron in the **context of a servant**, not based upon some hypothetical future-dark-lord skill set. I'm fairly sure the thought of being permanently defeated never entered Morgoth's mind and 'being able to take over for him' was never a looked-for qualification in subordinates. The only thing that makes Sauron special is that he seemed to be the only guy who was good enough at hiding/begging to survive Morgoth's fall.
Sauron's Dark Lord tenure wasn't exactly Hall of Fame caliber either. Nothing he ever did on his own was ultimately successful and each of his schemes backfired in some way. His plot to destroy Númenor cost him his body; and his attempt to buff himself with the One Ring ultimately led to his end as a force in Middle-earth.
So what am I missing or misinterpreting? Am I looking at this the wrong way?
**TL;DR**: Dragon Glaurung accomplished much more nefarious deeds than Sauron according to *The Silmarillion*. Doesn't make sense that Sauron is Morgoth's #2. | 2015/03/04 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/83076",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/33697/"
] | Sauron was the greatest servant of Morgoth because he was faithful, skilled, subtle and powerful, in fact probably the most powerful of Maiar who were drawn to allegiance of Morgoth. While Gothmog Lord of Balrogs, or Glaurung, Father of Dragons, might have been good field generals leading armies and bringing destruction, Sauron was also more subtle and wiser, as additional texts from HoME say:
"While Morgoth still stood, Sauron did not seek his own supremacy, but worked and schemed for another, desiring the triumph of Melkor, whom in the beginning he had adored.He thus was often able to achieve things, first conceived by Melkor, which his master did not or could not complete in the furious haste of his malice."
"He still had the relics of positive purposes, that descended from the good of the nature in which he began: it had been his virtue (and therefore also the cause of his fall, and of his relapse) that he loved order and coordination, and disliked all confusion and wasteful friction. (It was the apparent will and power of Melkor to effect his designs quickly and masterfully that had first attracted Sauron to him.)"
Certainly the organizing talents of Sauron allowed him to raise high in Morgoth's favour enough so he was part of everything his master did:
"In all the deeds of Melkor the Morgoth upon Arda, in his vast works and in the deceits of his cunning, Sauron had a part."
It is even noted that Sauron was less evil than Morgoth because for long he served another and not himself, that he could acknowledge superiority of other being. Of course in later times he arose to the position in which he was lord. | Sauron had a large role before and during the Captivity of Melkor
-----------------------------------------------------------------
In 1960, Tolkien wrote an essay working out some difficulties with the chronology of the awakening of the elves, which was later published in *The Nature of Middle-earth*. In this essay he assigns some new important roles to Sauron.
So in addition to all the things previously mentioned we also have the following three:
Engineering the first fall of Men
---------------------------------
>
> The arising and fall [of Men] took place during the “Captivity of Melkor”, **and was achieved not by Melkor in person, but by Sauron.** It occurred about 100 VY[=Valian Years] after the “Awaking of the Quendi”, sc. 14,400 löar[=Sun years] later.
>
> "The Awaking of the Quendi" - Preliminary discussion
>
>
>
Running Angband prior to the Captivity of Melkor, and distracting the Valar when they came so the Morgoth could retreat to Utumno.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> As soon as he discovered the Quendi (if not indeed far sooner, and well before the time of their awaking, which Melkor guessed more shrewdly than the Valar) Melkor constructed Angband. One of its chief functions was not only to defend the Western Shores, but to *shroud them*. The prime function of (originally volcanic) Thangorodrim was to produce *smokes, vapours, and darkness*. All the Northwest shores were covered and the Sun largely excluded for hundreds of years before Melkor was made captive. **Sauron had a chief part in this; and when the Valar at last came to Middle-earth he (under Melkor’s orders) made a strong feint of resistance, while Melkor retreated and gathered nearly all his forces in Utumno.** (Thus passage of the Quendi was made feasible.)
>
> "The Awaking of the Quendi" - Note on Angband and Utumno
>
>
>
Rebuilding and expanding Angband during the captivity of Melkor
---------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Angband was in the event very largely destroyed – though the Valar, passing on to Utumno, which was apparently the real centre of Melkor’s power – made no attempt to demolish it completely. **But when Melkor feigned submission to Manwë, Sauron was ordered to reconstruct it (as *secretly* as possible: therefore largely in extending its underground mansions) against Melkor’s escape and return.** *There were no more fumes* until Melkor returned: but when he did in 1495, Angband was almost ready. Melkor then made it his chief seat of power, for strategic reasons, and because of the coming of the Eldar. Had he been successful he would perhaps have returned to Utumno, but *not* until the Eldar were vanquished or destroyed.
>
> "The Awaking of the Quendi" - Note on Angband and Utumno
>
>
> |
83,076 | Alright, so there is a great, incredibly well informed community here so let me ask a question that's been bothering me since I finished the Silmarillion. I'll lay out my reasoning for why it's a question as well, so bear with me.
Tolkien states
>
> Among [Melkor's] servants that have names the greatest was that spirit
> whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel.
>
> -The Silmarillion, p.28
>
>
>
What exactly does Sauron do in the Silmarillion to earn this distinction? The [Dragon Glaurung](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Glaurung) is far more of a terror to Morgoth's enemies than Sauron. He annihilates whole legions of First Era elves; more or less singlehandedly breaks the siege of Angband and uses his magic stare to mind control/soul crush pretty much anybody he wants to. Not only that but he exhibits significant cunning and is a successful leader of Morgoth's forces in his own right. **How is this murder-addicted hyper-dragon not number one?** When Morgoth needed to kill Elves dead he went to Glaurung, handing him command in the [most critical battle](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Dagor_Bragollach) in the war thus far. The result was a victory so one sided and absolute that in an instant the entire dynamic of Middle-earth shifted completely.
It's also a battle where Sauron is conspicuously absent (this is a recurring theme). Not exactly what you'd expect from Morgoth's 'greatest servant'. If he was really that useful you'd think he would have had some role in a battle Morgoth had been preparing for for *over 400 years*.
Sauron's biggest contributions to his Master's First Age war effort were
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. [Hiding](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/War_for_Sake_of_the_Elves) from the Valar...*[twice](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/War_of_Wrath)*
2. Effectively [begging for mercy](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Sauron#cite_note-SRings-0) when unable to hide.
3. Losing [Tol Sirion](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Tol_Sirion) to an overwhelming army of two people.
4. Messing with the the wrong [girl](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/L%C3%BAthien) and getting choked out by her [talking dog](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Huan).
Seriously, all joking aside Sauron's first era resume is pretty bad. And let's not forget that everything past the First Age was more or less an afterthought; paling in comparison in terms of magic, power, epicness, etc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I get that Sauron is the most 'dark-lord-like' and the heir apparent to Morgoth. The **only answer I can think of is just that**; Sauron is the only one who'd 'pick up the torch if Morgoth fell, whereas Glaurung would have probably just found a pile of gold under a mountain somewhere and been content. He needed direction and wouldn't be 'independently' menacing to Middle-earth in anything but a localized way (a la Smaug).
But Tolkien is talking about Sauron in the **context of a servant**, not based upon some hypothetical future-dark-lord skill set. I'm fairly sure the thought of being permanently defeated never entered Morgoth's mind and 'being able to take over for him' was never a looked-for qualification in subordinates. The only thing that makes Sauron special is that he seemed to be the only guy who was good enough at hiding/begging to survive Morgoth's fall.
Sauron's Dark Lord tenure wasn't exactly Hall of Fame caliber either. Nothing he ever did on his own was ultimately successful and each of his schemes backfired in some way. His plot to destroy Númenor cost him his body; and his attempt to buff himself with the One Ring ultimately led to his end as a force in Middle-earth.
So what am I missing or misinterpreting? Am I looking at this the wrong way?
**TL;DR**: Dragon Glaurung accomplished much more nefarious deeds than Sauron according to *The Silmarillion*. Doesn't make sense that Sauron is Morgoth's #2. | 2015/03/04 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/83076",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/33697/"
] | Since you invite challenges to your premise, I'm going to offer some.
### How controlling is the context?
You make a lot of "*But Tolkien is talking about Sauron in the **context of a servant***", and use the phrase "*greatest servant*" more than once. But the quote from the Silmarillion is
>
> Among [Melkor's] servants that have names the greatest was that spirit whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel.
>
>
>
If we substitute "*cruellest*" for "*greatest*", you wouldn't say that it was calling Sauron the cruellest at being a servant. So I don't see that it's necessary to read the actual quote as calling him the greatest at being a servant. The easier reading seems to be that of a certain group of beings, Sauron was "the greatest" in some unspecified way.
### What does "greatest" mean?
In a work that's not shy about appearing antiquated, "*greatest*" could easily mean "*biggest*", but physically that doesn't seem to be the case.
However, it's still a fairly generic superlative. You seem to be taking it as the most effective or the most destructive, but it could be the most powerful, knowledgeable, cunning, brave, difficult to defeat, or even (if we *do* allow the context to control our interpretation to some extent) loyal.
### Should it be taken literally anyway?
The Silmarillion is not intended as a work of science but of epic history. If you look at works in that genre as a whole, what's the ratio between absolute superlatives and qualified superlatives? If you're a couple of dozen pages into a book and you read "*Among his servants that have names the third greatest was that spirit whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel*" then surely your reaction will be "*Don't tell me about the third greatest: tell me about the greatest!*" Within the constraints of the genre, is there any other way in which Sauron could be introduced? | Sauron was the greatest servant of Morgoth because he was faithful, skilled, subtle and powerful, in fact probably the most powerful of Maiar who were drawn to allegiance of Morgoth. While Gothmog Lord of Balrogs, or Glaurung, Father of Dragons, might have been good field generals leading armies and bringing destruction, Sauron was also more subtle and wiser, as additional texts from HoME say:
"While Morgoth still stood, Sauron did not seek his own supremacy, but worked and schemed for another, desiring the triumph of Melkor, whom in the beginning he had adored.He thus was often able to achieve things, first conceived by Melkor, which his master did not or could not complete in the furious haste of his malice."
"He still had the relics of positive purposes, that descended from the good of the nature in which he began: it had been his virtue (and therefore also the cause of his fall, and of his relapse) that he loved order and coordination, and disliked all confusion and wasteful friction. (It was the apparent will and power of Melkor to effect his designs quickly and masterfully that had first attracted Sauron to him.)"
Certainly the organizing talents of Sauron allowed him to raise high in Morgoth's favour enough so he was part of everything his master did:
"In all the deeds of Melkor the Morgoth upon Arda, in his vast works and in the deceits of his cunning, Sauron had a part."
It is even noted that Sauron was less evil than Morgoth because for long he served another and not himself, that he could acknowledge superiority of other being. Of course in later times he arose to the position in which he was lord. |
83,076 | Alright, so there is a great, incredibly well informed community here so let me ask a question that's been bothering me since I finished the Silmarillion. I'll lay out my reasoning for why it's a question as well, so bear with me.
Tolkien states
>
> Among [Melkor's] servants that have names the greatest was that spirit
> whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel.
>
> -The Silmarillion, p.28
>
>
>
What exactly does Sauron do in the Silmarillion to earn this distinction? The [Dragon Glaurung](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Glaurung) is far more of a terror to Morgoth's enemies than Sauron. He annihilates whole legions of First Era elves; more or less singlehandedly breaks the siege of Angband and uses his magic stare to mind control/soul crush pretty much anybody he wants to. Not only that but he exhibits significant cunning and is a successful leader of Morgoth's forces in his own right. **How is this murder-addicted hyper-dragon not number one?** When Morgoth needed to kill Elves dead he went to Glaurung, handing him command in the [most critical battle](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Dagor_Bragollach) in the war thus far. The result was a victory so one sided and absolute that in an instant the entire dynamic of Middle-earth shifted completely.
It's also a battle where Sauron is conspicuously absent (this is a recurring theme). Not exactly what you'd expect from Morgoth's 'greatest servant'. If he was really that useful you'd think he would have had some role in a battle Morgoth had been preparing for for *over 400 years*.
Sauron's biggest contributions to his Master's First Age war effort were
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. [Hiding](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/War_for_Sake_of_the_Elves) from the Valar...*[twice](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/War_of_Wrath)*
2. Effectively [begging for mercy](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Sauron#cite_note-SRings-0) when unable to hide.
3. Losing [Tol Sirion](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Tol_Sirion) to an overwhelming army of two people.
4. Messing with the the wrong [girl](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/L%C3%BAthien) and getting choked out by her [talking dog](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Huan).
Seriously, all joking aside Sauron's first era resume is pretty bad. And let's not forget that everything past the First Age was more or less an afterthought; paling in comparison in terms of magic, power, epicness, etc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I get that Sauron is the most 'dark-lord-like' and the heir apparent to Morgoth. The **only answer I can think of is just that**; Sauron is the only one who'd 'pick up the torch if Morgoth fell, whereas Glaurung would have probably just found a pile of gold under a mountain somewhere and been content. He needed direction and wouldn't be 'independently' menacing to Middle-earth in anything but a localized way (a la Smaug).
But Tolkien is talking about Sauron in the **context of a servant**, not based upon some hypothetical future-dark-lord skill set. I'm fairly sure the thought of being permanently defeated never entered Morgoth's mind and 'being able to take over for him' was never a looked-for qualification in subordinates. The only thing that makes Sauron special is that he seemed to be the only guy who was good enough at hiding/begging to survive Morgoth's fall.
Sauron's Dark Lord tenure wasn't exactly Hall of Fame caliber either. Nothing he ever did on his own was ultimately successful and each of his schemes backfired in some way. His plot to destroy Númenor cost him his body; and his attempt to buff himself with the One Ring ultimately led to his end as a force in Middle-earth.
So what am I missing or misinterpreting? Am I looking at this the wrong way?
**TL;DR**: Dragon Glaurung accomplished much more nefarious deeds than Sauron according to *The Silmarillion*. Doesn't make sense that Sauron is Morgoth's #2. | 2015/03/04 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/83076",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/33697/"
] | From the *Valaquenta*:
>
> In all the deeds of Melkor the Morgoth upon Arda, in his vast works and in the deceits of his cunning, Sauron had a part, and was only less evil than his master in that for long he served another and not himself.
>
>
>
Sauron was therefore involved in *everything* that Morgoth did, even if not explicitly stated, but presumably with obvious exceptions (such as destroying the Trees).
Notably also, he evaded capture *twice*, which was twice more than Morgoth managed to do. | Sauron was the greatest servant of Morgoth because he was faithful, skilled, subtle and powerful, in fact probably the most powerful of Maiar who were drawn to allegiance of Morgoth. While Gothmog Lord of Balrogs, or Glaurung, Father of Dragons, might have been good field generals leading armies and bringing destruction, Sauron was also more subtle and wiser, as additional texts from HoME say:
"While Morgoth still stood, Sauron did not seek his own supremacy, but worked and schemed for another, desiring the triumph of Melkor, whom in the beginning he had adored.He thus was often able to achieve things, first conceived by Melkor, which his master did not or could not complete in the furious haste of his malice."
"He still had the relics of positive purposes, that descended from the good of the nature in which he began: it had been his virtue (and therefore also the cause of his fall, and of his relapse) that he loved order and coordination, and disliked all confusion and wasteful friction. (It was the apparent will and power of Melkor to effect his designs quickly and masterfully that had first attracted Sauron to him.)"
Certainly the organizing talents of Sauron allowed him to raise high in Morgoth's favour enough so he was part of everything his master did:
"In all the deeds of Melkor the Morgoth upon Arda, in his vast works and in the deceits of his cunning, Sauron had a part."
It is even noted that Sauron was less evil than Morgoth because for long he served another and not himself, that he could acknowledge superiority of other being. Of course in later times he arose to the position in which he was lord. |
83,076 | Alright, so there is a great, incredibly well informed community here so let me ask a question that's been bothering me since I finished the Silmarillion. I'll lay out my reasoning for why it's a question as well, so bear with me.
Tolkien states
>
> Among [Melkor's] servants that have names the greatest was that spirit
> whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel.
>
> -The Silmarillion, p.28
>
>
>
What exactly does Sauron do in the Silmarillion to earn this distinction? The [Dragon Glaurung](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Glaurung) is far more of a terror to Morgoth's enemies than Sauron. He annihilates whole legions of First Era elves; more or less singlehandedly breaks the siege of Angband and uses his magic stare to mind control/soul crush pretty much anybody he wants to. Not only that but he exhibits significant cunning and is a successful leader of Morgoth's forces in his own right. **How is this murder-addicted hyper-dragon not number one?** When Morgoth needed to kill Elves dead he went to Glaurung, handing him command in the [most critical battle](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Dagor_Bragollach) in the war thus far. The result was a victory so one sided and absolute that in an instant the entire dynamic of Middle-earth shifted completely.
It's also a battle where Sauron is conspicuously absent (this is a recurring theme). Not exactly what you'd expect from Morgoth's 'greatest servant'. If he was really that useful you'd think he would have had some role in a battle Morgoth had been preparing for for *over 400 years*.
Sauron's biggest contributions to his Master's First Age war effort were
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. [Hiding](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/War_for_Sake_of_the_Elves) from the Valar...*[twice](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/War_of_Wrath)*
2. Effectively [begging for mercy](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Sauron#cite_note-SRings-0) when unable to hide.
3. Losing [Tol Sirion](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Tol_Sirion) to an overwhelming army of two people.
4. Messing with the the wrong [girl](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/L%C3%BAthien) and getting choked out by her [talking dog](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Huan).
Seriously, all joking aside Sauron's first era resume is pretty bad. And let's not forget that everything past the First Age was more or less an afterthought; paling in comparison in terms of magic, power, epicness, etc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I get that Sauron is the most 'dark-lord-like' and the heir apparent to Morgoth. The **only answer I can think of is just that**; Sauron is the only one who'd 'pick up the torch if Morgoth fell, whereas Glaurung would have probably just found a pile of gold under a mountain somewhere and been content. He needed direction and wouldn't be 'independently' menacing to Middle-earth in anything but a localized way (a la Smaug).
But Tolkien is talking about Sauron in the **context of a servant**, not based upon some hypothetical future-dark-lord skill set. I'm fairly sure the thought of being permanently defeated never entered Morgoth's mind and 'being able to take over for him' was never a looked-for qualification in subordinates. The only thing that makes Sauron special is that he seemed to be the only guy who was good enough at hiding/begging to survive Morgoth's fall.
Sauron's Dark Lord tenure wasn't exactly Hall of Fame caliber either. Nothing he ever did on his own was ultimately successful and each of his schemes backfired in some way. His plot to destroy Númenor cost him his body; and his attempt to buff himself with the One Ring ultimately led to his end as a force in Middle-earth.
So what am I missing or misinterpreting? Am I looking at this the wrong way?
**TL;DR**: Dragon Glaurung accomplished much more nefarious deeds than Sauron according to *The Silmarillion*. Doesn't make sense that Sauron is Morgoth's #2. | 2015/03/04 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/83076",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/33697/"
] | From the *Valaquenta*:
>
> In all the deeds of Melkor the Morgoth upon Arda, in his vast works and in the deceits of his cunning, Sauron had a part, and was only less evil than his master in that for long he served another and not himself.
>
>
>
Sauron was therefore involved in *everything* that Morgoth did, even if not explicitly stated, but presumably with obvious exceptions (such as destroying the Trees).
Notably also, he evaded capture *twice*, which was twice more than Morgoth managed to do. | Since you invite challenges to your premise, I'm going to offer some.
### How controlling is the context?
You make a lot of "*But Tolkien is talking about Sauron in the **context of a servant***", and use the phrase "*greatest servant*" more than once. But the quote from the Silmarillion is
>
> Among [Melkor's] servants that have names the greatest was that spirit whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel.
>
>
>
If we substitute "*cruellest*" for "*greatest*", you wouldn't say that it was calling Sauron the cruellest at being a servant. So I don't see that it's necessary to read the actual quote as calling him the greatest at being a servant. The easier reading seems to be that of a certain group of beings, Sauron was "the greatest" in some unspecified way.
### What does "greatest" mean?
In a work that's not shy about appearing antiquated, "*greatest*" could easily mean "*biggest*", but physically that doesn't seem to be the case.
However, it's still a fairly generic superlative. You seem to be taking it as the most effective or the most destructive, but it could be the most powerful, knowledgeable, cunning, brave, difficult to defeat, or even (if we *do* allow the context to control our interpretation to some extent) loyal.
### Should it be taken literally anyway?
The Silmarillion is not intended as a work of science but of epic history. If you look at works in that genre as a whole, what's the ratio between absolute superlatives and qualified superlatives? If you're a couple of dozen pages into a book and you read "*Among his servants that have names the third greatest was that spirit whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel*" then surely your reaction will be "*Don't tell me about the third greatest: tell me about the greatest!*" Within the constraints of the genre, is there any other way in which Sauron could be introduced? |
83,076 | Alright, so there is a great, incredibly well informed community here so let me ask a question that's been bothering me since I finished the Silmarillion. I'll lay out my reasoning for why it's a question as well, so bear with me.
Tolkien states
>
> Among [Melkor's] servants that have names the greatest was that spirit
> whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel.
>
> -The Silmarillion, p.28
>
>
>
What exactly does Sauron do in the Silmarillion to earn this distinction? The [Dragon Glaurung](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Glaurung) is far more of a terror to Morgoth's enemies than Sauron. He annihilates whole legions of First Era elves; more or less singlehandedly breaks the siege of Angband and uses his magic stare to mind control/soul crush pretty much anybody he wants to. Not only that but he exhibits significant cunning and is a successful leader of Morgoth's forces in his own right. **How is this murder-addicted hyper-dragon not number one?** When Morgoth needed to kill Elves dead he went to Glaurung, handing him command in the [most critical battle](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Dagor_Bragollach) in the war thus far. The result was a victory so one sided and absolute that in an instant the entire dynamic of Middle-earth shifted completely.
It's also a battle where Sauron is conspicuously absent (this is a recurring theme). Not exactly what you'd expect from Morgoth's 'greatest servant'. If he was really that useful you'd think he would have had some role in a battle Morgoth had been preparing for for *over 400 years*.
Sauron's biggest contributions to his Master's First Age war effort were
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. [Hiding](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/War_for_Sake_of_the_Elves) from the Valar...*[twice](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/War_of_Wrath)*
2. Effectively [begging for mercy](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Sauron#cite_note-SRings-0) when unable to hide.
3. Losing [Tol Sirion](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Tol_Sirion) to an overwhelming army of two people.
4. Messing with the the wrong [girl](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/L%C3%BAthien) and getting choked out by her [talking dog](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Huan).
Seriously, all joking aside Sauron's first era resume is pretty bad. And let's not forget that everything past the First Age was more or less an afterthought; paling in comparison in terms of magic, power, epicness, etc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I get that Sauron is the most 'dark-lord-like' and the heir apparent to Morgoth. The **only answer I can think of is just that**; Sauron is the only one who'd 'pick up the torch if Morgoth fell, whereas Glaurung would have probably just found a pile of gold under a mountain somewhere and been content. He needed direction and wouldn't be 'independently' menacing to Middle-earth in anything but a localized way (a la Smaug).
But Tolkien is talking about Sauron in the **context of a servant**, not based upon some hypothetical future-dark-lord skill set. I'm fairly sure the thought of being permanently defeated never entered Morgoth's mind and 'being able to take over for him' was never a looked-for qualification in subordinates. The only thing that makes Sauron special is that he seemed to be the only guy who was good enough at hiding/begging to survive Morgoth's fall.
Sauron's Dark Lord tenure wasn't exactly Hall of Fame caliber either. Nothing he ever did on his own was ultimately successful and each of his schemes backfired in some way. His plot to destroy Númenor cost him his body; and his attempt to buff himself with the One Ring ultimately led to his end as a force in Middle-earth.
So what am I missing or misinterpreting? Am I looking at this the wrong way?
**TL;DR**: Dragon Glaurung accomplished much more nefarious deeds than Sauron according to *The Silmarillion*. Doesn't make sense that Sauron is Morgoth's #2. | 2015/03/04 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/83076",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/33697/"
] | Things Sauron managed to pull off:
* Leading the greatest Men on the planet, the ones most beloved of the Valar, Eldar, and presumably Eru as well, astray, leading to the damnation of pretty much all Men for a long time afterwards. Part of this corruption of the Numenoreans included making the majority (who worshipped him and his bestie, Morgoth) perform human sacrifices of the minority (who remained loyal to Eru).
* Provoking a nearly successful invasion of what almost amounts to Heaven, which caused so much fear and alarm among the Valar that they laid down their power and begged Eru to intervene on their behalf.
* Caused Eru to literally tear the planet in two, completely reshaping it, turning the flat earth into the sphere we know and love today, and removing Aman to become its own planet elsewhere in space.
* Deceived the wisest beings on earth, the Firstborn, aka Elves, into becoming his unwitting henchmen.
* Turned one of the beings sent to fight him, a Maia, roughly equal in power to himself, into his servant. When that Maia, Saruman, tried to cheat Sauron, he was ruined and reduced to being a beggar with the most demeaning and humiliating name ever- "Sharkey". He sounds like a street urchin from a Dickens novel.
* Started several world wars, and although he lost, he took many of the greatest figures of his time- both Elves and Men - with him.
* The aforementioned wars also destroyed significant portions of the planet, forever.
* Created and ruled a kingdom of horror and fear, poisoning the very land itself.
* Created 9 immortal(ish) servants who instill fear in the hearts of all who encounter them, and who have flying death monsters as mounts.
* Captured the jewel of the greatest kingdom on earth, Minas Ithil, and turned it into a hellish vision of suffering and terror, tainting it so thoroughly that it could not be cleansed, and had to be destroyed.
* Helped destroy the capital city of the greatest kingdom on earth, Osgiliath, and after the capital was relocated to Minas Anor/Tirith, he destroyed much of it as well.
* Ruled much - perhaps even most - of the planet, and many - perhaps even most - of the Men who lived there, for thousands of years.
* Had a pet volcano. Yes, a pet volcano.
* Controlled hundreds of thousands of Orcs, trolls, fell beasts, and who knows what else, simultaneously, with his mind. They were so dependent upon his will that when he was distracted by the whole "Frodo is inside the volcano with my Ring" situation, the enormous army of his servants was totally paralyzed and didn't know what to do.
* Covered most of the continent in darkness for several days.
* Could only be destroyed by someone performing an almost impossible task.
* Even after he was destroyed, he still exists, and will return at the end of time to destroy the world with his bestie, Morgoth. He was basically banished and weakened by the destruction of the Ring, but only Eru or someone specifically chosen by Eru will be able to truly kill him.
* Dominated the course of events in Arda/Earth for the better part of 7,000 years. Almost everything that happened, and was worth mentioning, had to do with him. Most of the time that Morgoth was active, Arda didn't exist, or was largely uninhabited. Sauron determined the history of the inhabited world for an incredibly long time. In fact, Tolkien said that about 6,000 years have passed since Sauron was defeated. **That means that Sauron was around and causing trouble for 1,000 years longer than all the time that has passed since his fall.**. And he isn't done yet - at some point in the (hopefully distant) future, he will come back and try to kill us all again.
---
For sake of comparison, let's take a look at the man who is widely regarded as the most evil person of the last century - Adolf Hitler - and what he accomplished:
* Started a World War, the most destructive in history; however, when the First World War ended, everyone in the know realized that a second war was inevitable, and would happen within 20-30 years.
* Ruled one country for 13 years.
* Ruled most of Western Europe for 4 or 5 years, but began losing ground almost as soon as he had conquered it.
* Killed millions of innocent civilians.
* Was stupid enough to try to invade Russia, apparently unaware that Napoleon had tried the same thing and failed in a spectacular fashion; Hitler was therefore surprised when things didn't work out any better for him.
* Promised the Germans that he would redeem them in the eyes of the world and restore Germany to its proper place as the greatest nation on earth; instead, made the world despise Germany, and put the pieces in place for a humiliating 50 year long partition of Germany under Soviet oppression and American exploitation.
* Spent the last months of his life in a claustrophobic hole in the ground, where he eventually shot himself in the face, and was then wrapped in a dirty carpet and dragged up several flights of stairs into a trash-strewn courtyard, where he was doused with gasoline and partially incinerated, then buried in a shallow grave. He will never come back.
* Was ridiculed by Tolkien himself as "that ruddy little ignoramus, Adolf Hitler". Was ridiculed more famously by Charlie Chaplin, whose mustache he stole, and the Three Stooges. Looks like an absurd, spastic buffoon to modern eyes.
* His incompetently managed regime gave rise to the phrase "the banality of evil" ("banal" is described as "so lacking in originality as to be boring and uninteresting"). That's right - he was so ridiculous that he made the murder of millions seem unoriginal and predictable.
---
In this light, Sauron seems pretty accomplished and effective, don't you think? | Sauron had a large role before and during the Captivity of Melkor
-----------------------------------------------------------------
In 1960, Tolkien wrote an essay working out some difficulties with the chronology of the awakening of the elves, which was later published in *The Nature of Middle-earth*. In this essay he assigns some new important roles to Sauron.
So in addition to all the things previously mentioned we also have the following three:
Engineering the first fall of Men
---------------------------------
>
> The arising and fall [of Men] took place during the “Captivity of Melkor”, **and was achieved not by Melkor in person, but by Sauron.** It occurred about 100 VY[=Valian Years] after the “Awaking of the Quendi”, sc. 14,400 löar[=Sun years] later.
>
> "The Awaking of the Quendi" - Preliminary discussion
>
>
>
Running Angband prior to the Captivity of Melkor, and distracting the Valar when they came so the Morgoth could retreat to Utumno.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> As soon as he discovered the Quendi (if not indeed far sooner, and well before the time of their awaking, which Melkor guessed more shrewdly than the Valar) Melkor constructed Angband. One of its chief functions was not only to defend the Western Shores, but to *shroud them*. The prime function of (originally volcanic) Thangorodrim was to produce *smokes, vapours, and darkness*. All the Northwest shores were covered and the Sun largely excluded for hundreds of years before Melkor was made captive. **Sauron had a chief part in this; and when the Valar at last came to Middle-earth he (under Melkor’s orders) made a strong feint of resistance, while Melkor retreated and gathered nearly all his forces in Utumno.** (Thus passage of the Quendi was made feasible.)
>
> "The Awaking of the Quendi" - Note on Angband and Utumno
>
>
>
Rebuilding and expanding Angband during the captivity of Melkor
---------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Angband was in the event very largely destroyed – though the Valar, passing on to Utumno, which was apparently the real centre of Melkor’s power – made no attempt to demolish it completely. **But when Melkor feigned submission to Manwë, Sauron was ordered to reconstruct it (as *secretly* as possible: therefore largely in extending its underground mansions) against Melkor’s escape and return.** *There were no more fumes* until Melkor returned: but when he did in 1495, Angband was almost ready. Melkor then made it his chief seat of power, for strategic reasons, and because of the coming of the Eldar. Had he been successful he would perhaps have returned to Utumno, but *not* until the Eldar were vanquished or destroyed.
>
> "The Awaking of the Quendi" - Note on Angband and Utumno
>
>
> |
83,076 | Alright, so there is a great, incredibly well informed community here so let me ask a question that's been bothering me since I finished the Silmarillion. I'll lay out my reasoning for why it's a question as well, so bear with me.
Tolkien states
>
> Among [Melkor's] servants that have names the greatest was that spirit
> whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel.
>
> -The Silmarillion, p.28
>
>
>
What exactly does Sauron do in the Silmarillion to earn this distinction? The [Dragon Glaurung](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Glaurung) is far more of a terror to Morgoth's enemies than Sauron. He annihilates whole legions of First Era elves; more or less singlehandedly breaks the siege of Angband and uses his magic stare to mind control/soul crush pretty much anybody he wants to. Not only that but he exhibits significant cunning and is a successful leader of Morgoth's forces in his own right. **How is this murder-addicted hyper-dragon not number one?** When Morgoth needed to kill Elves dead he went to Glaurung, handing him command in the [most critical battle](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Dagor_Bragollach) in the war thus far. The result was a victory so one sided and absolute that in an instant the entire dynamic of Middle-earth shifted completely.
It's also a battle where Sauron is conspicuously absent (this is a recurring theme). Not exactly what you'd expect from Morgoth's 'greatest servant'. If he was really that useful you'd think he would have had some role in a battle Morgoth had been preparing for for *over 400 years*.
Sauron's biggest contributions to his Master's First Age war effort were
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. [Hiding](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/War_for_Sake_of_the_Elves) from the Valar...*[twice](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/War_of_Wrath)*
2. Effectively [begging for mercy](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Sauron#cite_note-SRings-0) when unable to hide.
3. Losing [Tol Sirion](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Tol_Sirion) to an overwhelming army of two people.
4. Messing with the the wrong [girl](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/L%C3%BAthien) and getting choked out by her [talking dog](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Huan).
Seriously, all joking aside Sauron's first era resume is pretty bad. And let's not forget that everything past the First Age was more or less an afterthought; paling in comparison in terms of magic, power, epicness, etc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I get that Sauron is the most 'dark-lord-like' and the heir apparent to Morgoth. The **only answer I can think of is just that**; Sauron is the only one who'd 'pick up the torch if Morgoth fell, whereas Glaurung would have probably just found a pile of gold under a mountain somewhere and been content. He needed direction and wouldn't be 'independently' menacing to Middle-earth in anything but a localized way (a la Smaug).
But Tolkien is talking about Sauron in the **context of a servant**, not based upon some hypothetical future-dark-lord skill set. I'm fairly sure the thought of being permanently defeated never entered Morgoth's mind and 'being able to take over for him' was never a looked-for qualification in subordinates. The only thing that makes Sauron special is that he seemed to be the only guy who was good enough at hiding/begging to survive Morgoth's fall.
Sauron's Dark Lord tenure wasn't exactly Hall of Fame caliber either. Nothing he ever did on his own was ultimately successful and each of his schemes backfired in some way. His plot to destroy Númenor cost him his body; and his attempt to buff himself with the One Ring ultimately led to his end as a force in Middle-earth.
So what am I missing or misinterpreting? Am I looking at this the wrong way?
**TL;DR**: Dragon Glaurung accomplished much more nefarious deeds than Sauron according to *The Silmarillion*. Doesn't make sense that Sauron is Morgoth's #2. | 2015/03/04 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/83076",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/33697/"
] | Who is more powerful, the President of the United States or the marine guarding him? In personal one-on-one combat I'm certain the marine would defeat the President. However, it is the President that commands the military of the United States.
Similarly, other Middle-earth creatures may have been more powerful individually (Balrog, Dragons, etc) but Sauron worked by organization, corruption, deceit, and over long periods of time.
As [@DarthSatan says](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/a/83081/13921), without leadership Balrogs, dragons, etc. just wander off and do their own thing. Yes they are powerful, but how much damage does a Balrog do deep in the mines of Moria? How much damage does Smaug do sleeping deep under the Lonely Mountain?
Sauron not only organized the armies of evil (including the lesser ones like the Easterlings, Uruk-Hai, etc. and the greater ones), he used his knowledge and power to corrupt his opposition (Saruman & the Palantír), and sap it of strength (Lord Denethor & the Palantír).
Even his magic items (without direction) were capable of corrupting and turning beings like Smeagol to evil and nearly turned Boromir too. Brief interaction with them posed severe tests of will to others like Faramir & Galadriel.
Although not covered in The Hobbit & The Lord of the Rings, Sauron also caused the fall of Númenor. At their heights, the men of Númenor by some measures were more powerful than the Elves. It was the Men of Númenor who created the walls and tower of Orthanc which, at the time of the Third Age, no power on Middle Earth had the ability to bring down - not even the Ents.
Sauron caused the fall of Númenor not through direct firepower but by persuasion, lies, deceit. He corrupted the men of Númenor and had them use their power against Valar.
>
> Prompted by Sauron and fearing old age and death, Ar-Pharazôn built a
> great armada and set sail into the West to make war upon the Valar and
> seize the Undying Lands, and by so doing achieve immortality. Sauron
> remained behind. This force was quoted by Tolkien as the 'greatest
> force ever assembled on Arda'.
>
>
>
As described in the
[History of Númenor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor#History).
Sauron's greatness is similar to that of Gandalf's. Their's is not brute physical or magical power like that of the Queen chess piece, it is more like that of the chess master - moving the pieces around. | Sauron was the greatest servant of Morgoth because he was faithful, skilled, subtle and powerful, in fact probably the most powerful of Maiar who were drawn to allegiance of Morgoth. While Gothmog Lord of Balrogs, or Glaurung, Father of Dragons, might have been good field generals leading armies and bringing destruction, Sauron was also more subtle and wiser, as additional texts from HoME say:
"While Morgoth still stood, Sauron did not seek his own supremacy, but worked and schemed for another, desiring the triumph of Melkor, whom in the beginning he had adored.He thus was often able to achieve things, first conceived by Melkor, which his master did not or could not complete in the furious haste of his malice."
"He still had the relics of positive purposes, that descended from the good of the nature in which he began: it had been his virtue (and therefore also the cause of his fall, and of his relapse) that he loved order and coordination, and disliked all confusion and wasteful friction. (It was the apparent will and power of Melkor to effect his designs quickly and masterfully that had first attracted Sauron to him.)"
Certainly the organizing talents of Sauron allowed him to raise high in Morgoth's favour enough so he was part of everything his master did:
"In all the deeds of Melkor the Morgoth upon Arda, in his vast works and in the deceits of his cunning, Sauron had a part."
It is even noted that Sauron was less evil than Morgoth because for long he served another and not himself, that he could acknowledge superiority of other being. Of course in later times he arose to the position in which he was lord. |
83,076 | Alright, so there is a great, incredibly well informed community here so let me ask a question that's been bothering me since I finished the Silmarillion. I'll lay out my reasoning for why it's a question as well, so bear with me.
Tolkien states
>
> Among [Melkor's] servants that have names the greatest was that spirit
> whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel.
>
> -The Silmarillion, p.28
>
>
>
What exactly does Sauron do in the Silmarillion to earn this distinction? The [Dragon Glaurung](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Glaurung) is far more of a terror to Morgoth's enemies than Sauron. He annihilates whole legions of First Era elves; more or less singlehandedly breaks the siege of Angband and uses his magic stare to mind control/soul crush pretty much anybody he wants to. Not only that but he exhibits significant cunning and is a successful leader of Morgoth's forces in his own right. **How is this murder-addicted hyper-dragon not number one?** When Morgoth needed to kill Elves dead he went to Glaurung, handing him command in the [most critical battle](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Dagor_Bragollach) in the war thus far. The result was a victory so one sided and absolute that in an instant the entire dynamic of Middle-earth shifted completely.
It's also a battle where Sauron is conspicuously absent (this is a recurring theme). Not exactly what you'd expect from Morgoth's 'greatest servant'. If he was really that useful you'd think he would have had some role in a battle Morgoth had been preparing for for *over 400 years*.
Sauron's biggest contributions to his Master's First Age war effort were
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. [Hiding](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/War_for_Sake_of_the_Elves) from the Valar...*[twice](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/War_of_Wrath)*
2. Effectively [begging for mercy](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Sauron#cite_note-SRings-0) when unable to hide.
3. Losing [Tol Sirion](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Tol_Sirion) to an overwhelming army of two people.
4. Messing with the the wrong [girl](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/L%C3%BAthien) and getting choked out by her [talking dog](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Huan).
Seriously, all joking aside Sauron's first era resume is pretty bad. And let's not forget that everything past the First Age was more or less an afterthought; paling in comparison in terms of magic, power, epicness, etc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I get that Sauron is the most 'dark-lord-like' and the heir apparent to Morgoth. The **only answer I can think of is just that**; Sauron is the only one who'd 'pick up the torch if Morgoth fell, whereas Glaurung would have probably just found a pile of gold under a mountain somewhere and been content. He needed direction and wouldn't be 'independently' menacing to Middle-earth in anything but a localized way (a la Smaug).
But Tolkien is talking about Sauron in the **context of a servant**, not based upon some hypothetical future-dark-lord skill set. I'm fairly sure the thought of being permanently defeated never entered Morgoth's mind and 'being able to take over for him' was never a looked-for qualification in subordinates. The only thing that makes Sauron special is that he seemed to be the only guy who was good enough at hiding/begging to survive Morgoth's fall.
Sauron's Dark Lord tenure wasn't exactly Hall of Fame caliber either. Nothing he ever did on his own was ultimately successful and each of his schemes backfired in some way. His plot to destroy Númenor cost him his body; and his attempt to buff himself with the One Ring ultimately led to his end as a force in Middle-earth.
So what am I missing or misinterpreting? Am I looking at this the wrong way?
**TL;DR**: Dragon Glaurung accomplished much more nefarious deeds than Sauron according to *The Silmarillion*. Doesn't make sense that Sauron is Morgoth's #2. | 2015/03/04 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/83076",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/33697/"
] | From the *Valaquenta*:
>
> In all the deeds of Melkor the Morgoth upon Arda, in his vast works and in the deceits of his cunning, Sauron had a part, and was only less evil than his master in that for long he served another and not himself.
>
>
>
Sauron was therefore involved in *everything* that Morgoth did, even if not explicitly stated, but presumably with obvious exceptions (such as destroying the Trees).
Notably also, he evaded capture *twice*, which was twice more than Morgoth managed to do. | Sauron had a large role before and during the Captivity of Melkor
-----------------------------------------------------------------
In 1960, Tolkien wrote an essay working out some difficulties with the chronology of the awakening of the elves, which was later published in *The Nature of Middle-earth*. In this essay he assigns some new important roles to Sauron.
So in addition to all the things previously mentioned we also have the following three:
Engineering the first fall of Men
---------------------------------
>
> The arising and fall [of Men] took place during the “Captivity of Melkor”, **and was achieved not by Melkor in person, but by Sauron.** It occurred about 100 VY[=Valian Years] after the “Awaking of the Quendi”, sc. 14,400 löar[=Sun years] later.
>
> "The Awaking of the Quendi" - Preliminary discussion
>
>
>
Running Angband prior to the Captivity of Melkor, and distracting the Valar when they came so the Morgoth could retreat to Utumno.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> As soon as he discovered the Quendi (if not indeed far sooner, and well before the time of their awaking, which Melkor guessed more shrewdly than the Valar) Melkor constructed Angband. One of its chief functions was not only to defend the Western Shores, but to *shroud them*. The prime function of (originally volcanic) Thangorodrim was to produce *smokes, vapours, and darkness*. All the Northwest shores were covered and the Sun largely excluded for hundreds of years before Melkor was made captive. **Sauron had a chief part in this; and when the Valar at last came to Middle-earth he (under Melkor’s orders) made a strong feint of resistance, while Melkor retreated and gathered nearly all his forces in Utumno.** (Thus passage of the Quendi was made feasible.)
>
> "The Awaking of the Quendi" - Note on Angband and Utumno
>
>
>
Rebuilding and expanding Angband during the captivity of Melkor
---------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Angband was in the event very largely destroyed – though the Valar, passing on to Utumno, which was apparently the real centre of Melkor’s power – made no attempt to demolish it completely. **But when Melkor feigned submission to Manwë, Sauron was ordered to reconstruct it (as *secretly* as possible: therefore largely in extending its underground mansions) against Melkor’s escape and return.** *There were no more fumes* until Melkor returned: but when he did in 1495, Angband was almost ready. Melkor then made it his chief seat of power, for strategic reasons, and because of the coming of the Eldar. Had he been successful he would perhaps have returned to Utumno, but *not* until the Eldar were vanquished or destroyed.
>
> "The Awaking of the Quendi" - Note on Angband and Utumno
>
>
> |
83,076 | Alright, so there is a great, incredibly well informed community here so let me ask a question that's been bothering me since I finished the Silmarillion. I'll lay out my reasoning for why it's a question as well, so bear with me.
Tolkien states
>
> Among [Melkor's] servants that have names the greatest was that spirit
> whom the Eldar called Sauron, or Gorthaur the Cruel.
>
> -The Silmarillion, p.28
>
>
>
What exactly does Sauron do in the Silmarillion to earn this distinction? The [Dragon Glaurung](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Glaurung) is far more of a terror to Morgoth's enemies than Sauron. He annihilates whole legions of First Era elves; more or less singlehandedly breaks the siege of Angband and uses his magic stare to mind control/soul crush pretty much anybody he wants to. Not only that but he exhibits significant cunning and is a successful leader of Morgoth's forces in his own right. **How is this murder-addicted hyper-dragon not number one?** When Morgoth needed to kill Elves dead he went to Glaurung, handing him command in the [most critical battle](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Dagor_Bragollach) in the war thus far. The result was a victory so one sided and absolute that in an instant the entire dynamic of Middle-earth shifted completely.
It's also a battle where Sauron is conspicuously absent (this is a recurring theme). Not exactly what you'd expect from Morgoth's 'greatest servant'. If he was really that useful you'd think he would have had some role in a battle Morgoth had been preparing for for *over 400 years*.
Sauron's biggest contributions to his Master's First Age war effort were
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. [Hiding](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/War_for_Sake_of_the_Elves) from the Valar...*[twice](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/War_of_Wrath)*
2. Effectively [begging for mercy](http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Sauron#cite_note-SRings-0) when unable to hide.
3. Losing [Tol Sirion](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Tol_Sirion) to an overwhelming army of two people.
4. Messing with the the wrong [girl](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/L%C3%BAthien) and getting choked out by her [talking dog](https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Huan).
Seriously, all joking aside Sauron's first era resume is pretty bad. And let's not forget that everything past the First Age was more or less an afterthought; paling in comparison in terms of magic, power, epicness, etc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I get that Sauron is the most 'dark-lord-like' and the heir apparent to Morgoth. The **only answer I can think of is just that**; Sauron is the only one who'd 'pick up the torch if Morgoth fell, whereas Glaurung would have probably just found a pile of gold under a mountain somewhere and been content. He needed direction and wouldn't be 'independently' menacing to Middle-earth in anything but a localized way (a la Smaug).
But Tolkien is talking about Sauron in the **context of a servant**, not based upon some hypothetical future-dark-lord skill set. I'm fairly sure the thought of being permanently defeated never entered Morgoth's mind and 'being able to take over for him' was never a looked-for qualification in subordinates. The only thing that makes Sauron special is that he seemed to be the only guy who was good enough at hiding/begging to survive Morgoth's fall.
Sauron's Dark Lord tenure wasn't exactly Hall of Fame caliber either. Nothing he ever did on his own was ultimately successful and each of his schemes backfired in some way. His plot to destroy Númenor cost him his body; and his attempt to buff himself with the One Ring ultimately led to his end as a force in Middle-earth.
So what am I missing or misinterpreting? Am I looking at this the wrong way?
**TL;DR**: Dragon Glaurung accomplished much more nefarious deeds than Sauron according to *The Silmarillion*. Doesn't make sense that Sauron is Morgoth's #2. | 2015/03/04 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/83076",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/33697/"
] | Things Sauron managed to pull off:
* Leading the greatest Men on the planet, the ones most beloved of the Valar, Eldar, and presumably Eru as well, astray, leading to the damnation of pretty much all Men for a long time afterwards. Part of this corruption of the Numenoreans included making the majority (who worshipped him and his bestie, Morgoth) perform human sacrifices of the minority (who remained loyal to Eru).
* Provoking a nearly successful invasion of what almost amounts to Heaven, which caused so much fear and alarm among the Valar that they laid down their power and begged Eru to intervene on their behalf.
* Caused Eru to literally tear the planet in two, completely reshaping it, turning the flat earth into the sphere we know and love today, and removing Aman to become its own planet elsewhere in space.
* Deceived the wisest beings on earth, the Firstborn, aka Elves, into becoming his unwitting henchmen.
* Turned one of the beings sent to fight him, a Maia, roughly equal in power to himself, into his servant. When that Maia, Saruman, tried to cheat Sauron, he was ruined and reduced to being a beggar with the most demeaning and humiliating name ever- "Sharkey". He sounds like a street urchin from a Dickens novel.
* Started several world wars, and although he lost, he took many of the greatest figures of his time- both Elves and Men - with him.
* The aforementioned wars also destroyed significant portions of the planet, forever.
* Created and ruled a kingdom of horror and fear, poisoning the very land itself.
* Created 9 immortal(ish) servants who instill fear in the hearts of all who encounter them, and who have flying death monsters as mounts.
* Captured the jewel of the greatest kingdom on earth, Minas Ithil, and turned it into a hellish vision of suffering and terror, tainting it so thoroughly that it could not be cleansed, and had to be destroyed.
* Helped destroy the capital city of the greatest kingdom on earth, Osgiliath, and after the capital was relocated to Minas Anor/Tirith, he destroyed much of it as well.
* Ruled much - perhaps even most - of the planet, and many - perhaps even most - of the Men who lived there, for thousands of years.
* Had a pet volcano. Yes, a pet volcano.
* Controlled hundreds of thousands of Orcs, trolls, fell beasts, and who knows what else, simultaneously, with his mind. They were so dependent upon his will that when he was distracted by the whole "Frodo is inside the volcano with my Ring" situation, the enormous army of his servants was totally paralyzed and didn't know what to do.
* Covered most of the continent in darkness for several days.
* Could only be destroyed by someone performing an almost impossible task.
* Even after he was destroyed, he still exists, and will return at the end of time to destroy the world with his bestie, Morgoth. He was basically banished and weakened by the destruction of the Ring, but only Eru or someone specifically chosen by Eru will be able to truly kill him.
* Dominated the course of events in Arda/Earth for the better part of 7,000 years. Almost everything that happened, and was worth mentioning, had to do with him. Most of the time that Morgoth was active, Arda didn't exist, or was largely uninhabited. Sauron determined the history of the inhabited world for an incredibly long time. In fact, Tolkien said that about 6,000 years have passed since Sauron was defeated. **That means that Sauron was around and causing trouble for 1,000 years longer than all the time that has passed since his fall.**. And he isn't done yet - at some point in the (hopefully distant) future, he will come back and try to kill us all again.
---
For sake of comparison, let's take a look at the man who is widely regarded as the most evil person of the last century - Adolf Hitler - and what he accomplished:
* Started a World War, the most destructive in history; however, when the First World War ended, everyone in the know realized that a second war was inevitable, and would happen within 20-30 years.
* Ruled one country for 13 years.
* Ruled most of Western Europe for 4 or 5 years, but began losing ground almost as soon as he had conquered it.
* Killed millions of innocent civilians.
* Was stupid enough to try to invade Russia, apparently unaware that Napoleon had tried the same thing and failed in a spectacular fashion; Hitler was therefore surprised when things didn't work out any better for him.
* Promised the Germans that he would redeem them in the eyes of the world and restore Germany to its proper place as the greatest nation on earth; instead, made the world despise Germany, and put the pieces in place for a humiliating 50 year long partition of Germany under Soviet oppression and American exploitation.
* Spent the last months of his life in a claustrophobic hole in the ground, where he eventually shot himself in the face, and was then wrapped in a dirty carpet and dragged up several flights of stairs into a trash-strewn courtyard, where he was doused with gasoline and partially incinerated, then buried in a shallow grave. He will never come back.
* Was ridiculed by Tolkien himself as "that ruddy little ignoramus, Adolf Hitler". Was ridiculed more famously by Charlie Chaplin, whose mustache he stole, and the Three Stooges. Looks like an absurd, spastic buffoon to modern eyes.
* His incompetently managed regime gave rise to the phrase "the banality of evil" ("banal" is described as "so lacking in originality as to be boring and uninteresting"). That's right - he was so ridiculous that he made the murder of millions seem unoriginal and predictable.
---
In this light, Sauron seems pretty accomplished and effective, don't you think? | In the same sense as Peter's answer - Tolkien often uses the word "greatest" to describe relational strength or power, something that I personally think Tolkien uses as a rather absolute and indiscriminate descriptor in the sense that relative power is always explicitly clear and rarely nuanced.
Seeing each personality as a unitary expression within a greater theme - the "magnitude" of a particular unit can always be described as being greater or lesser any other existing unit. We can see other examples in his descriptions of the Valar or the Istari.
From "Unfinished Tales":
>
> In the The Two Towers III 8 it is said that Saruman was "accounted by
> many the chief of the Wizards," and at the Council of Elrond (The
> Fellowship of the Ring II 2) Gandalf explicitly stated this: **"Saruman
> the White is the greatest of my order."**
>
>
>
or
>
> "But also to be remarked are the coming of the Istari to Middle-earth
> at different times; **Círdan's perception that Gandalf was the greatest
> of them**; Saruman's knowledge that Gandalf possessed the Red Ring..."
>
>
>
Anyhow I've always seen the explicit nature of unitary power structures throughout the books as very helpful in communicating the balance of things that is so thematically important to everything in the universe. With the theme that everything exists purely within a static set (all things coming from and ending in Iluvitar), calculated balance is key to the thematic tension and resolution at an abstract level just as much as it is to understanding the motivations of groups or individuals within the various histories. |
362,683 | This is my vampire character.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/yo78F.png)
I would like for him to have long hair going down his back, like Kain from BloodOmen or Kabito Kai from Dragonball Z, but all the default hairs are short.
Is there any way I can make him male, but still give him long hair? | 2020/01/12 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/362683",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/26384/"
] | Are you interested in using mods to achieve the look you want?
Use [ApacheSkyHair](https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/10168/) mod, and you should find a longer hairstyle you like for your character. | There are two ways you can change the appearance of your character, one which is 'official', and one which is a console hack.
If you have the Dawnguard expansion, you can go to see Galathil in The Ragged Flagon in Rifton, who will allow you to change your character's appearance for 1000 gold.
If you don't want to do this, and are OK with messing about in the console [PC only] then drop to console and then type *showracemenu* - you'll be able to make any changes you want. Just don't go mad with the changes [i.e. don't change race], since you can mess things up here. It's better, I feel, and safer, to go the 'official' route and consult Galathil. |
132,809 | Can "shavelings" be used to refer to Asian monks? Or it only refers to Occidental shaven-headed church men?
Can a shaven-headed civilian be called a "shaveling"? | 2013/10/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/132809",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/54307/"
] | If we're talking about grammar as a set of rules that help to convey understanding, then I must ask "why would you want to use a single word?"
The specific choice of words conveys specific meaning, and there may be several, different possible meanings e.g. "in direct consequence of this problem", or "while worrying about this problem", or even "while solving this problem".
Brevity does not equate to clarity: your meaning may be clear in your head, but don't assume that the reader knows what you're trying to say. | I think the word you are looking for here is *associated*. |
132,809 | Can "shavelings" be used to refer to Asian monks? Or it only refers to Occidental shaven-headed church men?
Can a shaven-headed civilian be called a "shaveling"? | 2013/10/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/132809",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/54307/"
] | He experiences many troubles **regarding** this problem. | If we're talking about grammar as a set of rules that help to convey understanding, then I must ask "why would you want to use a single word?"
The specific choice of words conveys specific meaning, and there may be several, different possible meanings e.g. "in direct consequence of this problem", or "while worrying about this problem", or even "while solving this problem".
Brevity does not equate to clarity: your meaning may be clear in your head, but don't assume that the reader knows what you're trying to say. |
132,809 | Can "shavelings" be used to refer to Asian monks? Or it only refers to Occidental shaven-headed church men?
Can a shaven-headed civilian be called a "shaveling"? | 2013/10/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/132809",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/54307/"
] | If we're talking about grammar as a set of rules that help to convey understanding, then I must ask "why would you want to use a single word?"
The specific choice of words conveys specific meaning, and there may be several, different possible meanings e.g. "in direct consequence of this problem", or "while worrying about this problem", or even "while solving this problem".
Brevity does not equate to clarity: your meaning may be clear in your head, but don't assume that the reader knows what you're trying to say. | Apropos?
He experiences many troubles apropos this problem. |
132,809 | Can "shavelings" be used to refer to Asian monks? Or it only refers to Occidental shaven-headed church men?
Can a shaven-headed civilian be called a "shaveling"? | 2013/10/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/132809",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/54307/"
] | He experiences many troubles **regarding** this problem. | I think the word you are looking for here is *associated*. |
132,809 | Can "shavelings" be used to refer to Asian monks? Or it only refers to Occidental shaven-headed church men?
Can a shaven-headed civilian be called a "shaveling"? | 2013/10/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/132809",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/54307/"
] | He experiences many troubles **regarding** this problem. | Apropos?
He experiences many troubles apropos this problem. |
32,385,461 | Linux currently has time\_t as 32 bits on Linux 32 bit. This will run out in less than 25 years (mortgage times) and Linux is being used embedded in devices with long > 10 year lifetimes (cars). Is there an upgrade plan for this platform? | 2015/09/03 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/32385461",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/5129715/"
] | So you want to put your project on sharepoint? Cool!
In your case you definetly want to get your own SharePoint environment. To develop Apps (or Add-ins as they are called today) you mainly use Client-side code and techniques. This also means that you need to handle the SharePoint resources with asyncronous programming. Its very powerful, But that is not what you are asking for.
I would set up an SharePoint 2013 Foundation environment since its free and will very much deliver the capabilities you are after. Keep in mind though that SharePoint is a HUGE system that requires some understanding to be utilized.
I made a blogpost a while back where i Installed Win Server 2012 R2 on a external disk, this example works with SharePoint if you just want to debug your project on a SharePoint server. Check it out here: <http://bayerlein.se/install-windows-server-on-external-hdd-with-the-help-of-virtual-box/>
This solution will of course also require that you install your development program in the same environment.
Good luck//Kodz | It really depends upon what you want to do. Do you need to create a provider hosted app with MVC for SharePoint 2013? In that case, you might succeed with including the necessary references and tooling code (but you still might lack the app manifest project). Technically your project won't run on SharePoint but uses the SharePoint API.
If you need to create an SharePoint solution package, you need a SharePoint development install (and as SharePoint doesn't install on all client OS, your best way is going virtual with a SharePoint development VM). Keep in mind that developing solution packages is a different kind of trade than developing for MVC, so start with a Pluralsite course or some other kind of training. |
32,385,461 | Linux currently has time\_t as 32 bits on Linux 32 bit. This will run out in less than 25 years (mortgage times) and Linux is being used embedded in devices with long > 10 year lifetimes (cars). Is there an upgrade plan for this platform? | 2015/09/03 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/32385461",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/5129715/"
] | So you want to put your project on sharepoint? Cool!
In your case you definetly want to get your own SharePoint environment. To develop Apps (or Add-ins as they are called today) you mainly use Client-side code and techniques. This also means that you need to handle the SharePoint resources with asyncronous programming. Its very powerful, But that is not what you are asking for.
I would set up an SharePoint 2013 Foundation environment since its free and will very much deliver the capabilities you are after. Keep in mind though that SharePoint is a HUGE system that requires some understanding to be utilized.
I made a blogpost a while back where i Installed Win Server 2012 R2 on a external disk, this example works with SharePoint if you just want to debug your project on a SharePoint server. Check it out here: <http://bayerlein.se/install-windows-server-on-external-hdd-with-the-help-of-virtual-box/>
This solution will of course also require that you install your development program in the same environment.
Good luck//Kodz | I think you can create a SharePoint app. You can use VS2015 with SP online so that you don't need to install SP locally. Create a trial o365 account and enable developer site on it. You can deploy your app on the developer site then. If you have developer site from you client instead of using sp online you can use that too.
Once your app works you can create package to deploy on the SharePoint environment. |
32,385,461 | Linux currently has time\_t as 32 bits on Linux 32 bit. This will run out in less than 25 years (mortgage times) and Linux is being used embedded in devices with long > 10 year lifetimes (cars). Is there an upgrade plan for this platform? | 2015/09/03 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/32385461",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/5129715/"
] | So you want to put your project on sharepoint? Cool!
In your case you definetly want to get your own SharePoint environment. To develop Apps (or Add-ins as they are called today) you mainly use Client-side code and techniques. This also means that you need to handle the SharePoint resources with asyncronous programming. Its very powerful, But that is not what you are asking for.
I would set up an SharePoint 2013 Foundation environment since its free and will very much deliver the capabilities you are after. Keep in mind though that SharePoint is a HUGE system that requires some understanding to be utilized.
I made a blogpost a while back where i Installed Win Server 2012 R2 on a external disk, this example works with SharePoint if you just want to debug your project on a SharePoint server. Check it out here: <http://bayerlein.se/install-windows-server-on-external-hdd-with-the-help-of-virtual-box/>
This solution will of course also require that you install your development program in the same environment.
Good luck//Kodz | I think right now, the best way for you would be signing up as Microsoft Office 365 Developer and having a trial of the 365 cloud where you can setup sharepoint 2013 site collection and also develop apps using their tool NAPA.
These days they are calling apps "SharePoint Add-ins"
[NAPA and SharePoint Add-ins](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/office/jj220038.aspx)
I would also suggest you take a look at this article:
[SharePoint 2013 Developing Apps vs. Solutions](http://blogs.msdn.com/b/uksharepoint/archive/2013/03/25/sharepoint-2013-development-apps-versus-solutions.aspx) |
61,646,273 | I'm want to (or think I need to) use AJAX to accomplish what I intend.
When clicking on a specific link in a list of links, I want to fill the HTML markup below with content of specific subpages. The data is naturally somewhere in the database and actually easily accessible with the CMS's API (**I'm using Processwire**).
I'm quite new to coding and especially AJAX and **all documentation I find online only mention it in combination with a JSON file** that would be loaded via AJAX.
However, I don't have a JSON file on the server, that means, according to my understanding, I would need to
1. store the data I need in a multidimensional php array,
2. use json\_decode to create and then save that JSON-file on the server,
3. load that file via AJAX and process through more JS.
Let alone keep that JSON-file updated (or create a new one and delete the old one?) since new content will arrive periodically. It seems unnecessarily complicated to me, but what do I know.
There's got to be a better way…
Any help is appreciated. | 2020/05/06 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/61646273",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2537250/"
] | AJAX is simply a way to make a request to the web server for information.
When you make an AJAX request you ask for a response from a file on a server. So, you can send an AJAX request to a PHP script for-instance.
The PHP script could return anything, JSON is common and very widely used response format, but XML might be another one you've encountered.
So, your request for information is made using AJAX, and the response you get back is JSON.
You don't need to store a JSON file on your server. You just need to make an AJAX request that returns current data in JSON format. | AJAX allows you to do asynchronous HTTP requests.
You can of course ask for a json file, but you can also (for example) call an API.
I suggest you start by reading the the getting started guide for AJAX in MDN:
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/AJAX/Getting_Started> |
62,439 | I have read on [Wikipedia:Soissons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Soissons) and elsewhere that [Syagrius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syagrius), the last ruler of the Kingdom of Soissons, always **claimed to be merely the ruler of a Roman province** rather than the king of an independent entity. I have yet to find an original source attesting this.
Given the fact that - at least to my knowledge - **the only original source that even mentions Syagrius's name is Gregory of Tours** (original in the sense that all other sources like Fredegar's chronicle and the *Fränkische Völkertafel* are derived from him) I have hard time believing that this is attested anywhere, and it is merely an example of Wikipedia's lack of precision. | 2021/01/04 | [
"https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/62439",
"https://history.stackexchange.com",
"https://history.stackexchange.com/users/48293/"
] | I'd say more likely an uncareful phrasing, rooted in a desire to not lavish too many words on side detail.
Romans didn't have kings. They had an emperor, and people administering territories and/or leading armies on behalf of the emperor. The Germans who at this time were running things in Italy were still insisting they were [Magister Militum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer#Leader_of_the_foederati) (supreme military commander) under a puppet western Emperor. After 476 Odoacer dispensed with the puppet emperor, and his fellow Germans were calling him "Rex" (King) of Italy, but he *still* felt the need to keep up a pretense with the Romans of being a "Patrician" operating under the authority delegated to him by Emperor Zeno in Constantinople. Italian coinage of the era depicts both Odoacer and Zeno.
So it would be unlikely in the extreme that anyone would try to sell his rightful leadership over Roman subjects to them as him being their king. It would be far more typical to either style himself as an administrator for the province, a general, or as **the** Roman Emperor. Doing the latter would require marching on Rome to prove it, as General [Magnus Maximus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus) did in 383. If someone thinks he may have used "Rex Romanorum" (King of the Romans) anyway, they are the party that needs to bring compelling evidence.
The Wikipedia page on Syagrius makes this more clear, which it has the focus to do since it is actually about the man rather than the province in question.
>
> Historians have mistrusted the title "rex Romanorum" that Gregory of
> Tours gave him, at least as early as Godefroid Kurth, who dismissed it
> as a gross error in 1893. The common consensus has been to follow
> Kurth, based on the historical truism that Romans hated kingship from
> the days of the expulsion of Tarquin the Proud; ...
>
>
>
Some titles known to have been used by de-facto rulers of nominally Roman territory in the late imperial period are:
* [Dux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dux) (leader) - usually military leader, sometimes with governing duties.
* [Proconsuls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul#Roman_Empire) (for the Counsul) - Ex-Counsul provincial governor, non-military.
* [Pro-praetor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore) (for the Praetor) - provincial governor in border provinces. Likely out of use by 5th Century.
* [Praeses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses#Roman_governors) (Placed before) - Provincial Governor, generic, so likely not used in individual official titles.
* [Magister Militum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_militum) (Head of the military) - supreme military theater commander.
* [Comes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comes) (Companion (to the Emperor)) - Provincial Governor appointed directly by the Emperor.
* [Consul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul) - Co-chief magistrate of the Empire. Sort of an archaic title left over from the Republic era. In Imperial times the Emperor usually was one of the two, and the other often (but not always) was in charge of the expeditionary armies. | To make a long answer short:
Nobody knows what title(s) Syagrius actually used.
Part One (of Ten): Imperial titles.
I note that Greek texts tended to refer to the Roman Emperor as *Basileus*, which originally meant *rex* or king, but later tended to mean emperor, from early in the empire.
I have also read that some late Roman writers tended to refer to Roman Emperors as *reges* "kings". I note that Emperor Constantine I appointed his nephew Hannibalianus *Rex Regum et Ponticarum Gentium*, "King of the Kings and of the Pontic People".[1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibalianus) in 337.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibalianus> [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibalianus)
If the Romans got over their horror of Hannibal by then they might have got over their hate for the title of king.
Part Two: Royal Titles:
I also note that though Odoacer and later Theodoric and his successors used the title of *rex*, "king", there were three different ways the title of *rex* could be used in Medieval times.
A king might use the simple and plain title of *rex*, meaning "King" or "the king", apparently assuming that everyone would know which kingdom he ruled.
Or a king might use the title of king of an ethic group.
Or a king might use the title of king of a land area.
So I ask whether Odoacer or Theodoric ever used the title of "King of Italy" or instead used the title of king as leader of their Germanic tribesmen, an ethnic kingship, while claiming territorial rule over Romans in Italy as Roman officials with Roman titles.
My answer here: [https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/47888/why-did-odoacer-choose-to-be-king-instead-of-emperor[1]](https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/47888/why-did-odoacer-choose-to-be-king-instead-of-emperor%5B1%5D) also asks that question.
Part three: Syagrius as a Possible Roman officer:
In any case a Roman ruler of a detached region like Syagrius in northern Gaul could either claim to be a Roman official loyal to an emperor, or else claim to be an emperor himself.
So Syagrius might have claimed to be the successor of his father Aegideus as *magister militum per Gallias* or assumed some other title, or maybe even been granted such a title by a Roman Emperor or a Roman usurper.
Part Four: A List of Changes of Emperors During Six Important Years From 474 to 480.
In 474 the Eastern Emperor Leo I sent his relative Julius Nepos to depose the western Emperor Glycerius who he considered an illegitimate ruler. Leo I died in 474 and was succeeded by his grandson Leo II and his son-in-law Zeno.
In 475 western emperor Julius Nepos was deposed by Orestes, who made his young son Romulus Augustulus emperor in the west. Julius Nepos fled to Dalmatia. Basilicus deposed Zeno and made himself eastern emperor in 475 to 476.
In 476 the Germanic soldiers under Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustulus and the Roman senate sent a message to Constantinople saying that one emperor would be enough for the entire empire from now on. Zeno continued to recognize Julius Nepos as the rightful western Emperor until Nepos was assassinated in 480, perhaps at the instigation of Odoacer and/or Glycerius.
Part Five: Later Imperial Claimants in the West.
There were several claimants of the western imperial throne after 476/480.
Burdunellus became a "tryant" in Spain in 496 (but was soon defeated and killed), which should mean that he claimed to be emperor. Peter became a "tryant" in Spain in 506 (but was soon defeated and killed), which should mean that he claimed to be emperor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdunellus> [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdunellus)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_(usurper)> [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_(usurper))
Part Six: "Emperor" Masties.
When the Vandals took over Roman North Africa in the early 5th century, a number of small Romano-Berber states emerged where the Vandals didn't manage to take over. Some of those states endured until the Muslim conquest in about 650 to 700.
A man named Masties was a ruler of the Kingdom of Aures in eastern Algeria and part of Tunesia. Mastises supposedly ruled for 67 years from c. 426-494 or from 449-516.
>
> According to an inscription found at Arris, Masties reigned for 67 years as a dux, and 40 years (or only 10 years) of them as an Emperor of "Romans and Moors" until 516 AD, where he knew how to practice a skillful policy to balance between the Byzantines and the Moors.[4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_(usurper)) There is no indication that the "empire" of Masties was recognized by Constantinople, in which the Berber princes were considered as "usurpers".
>
>
>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masties> [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masties)
If Masties used the title of Emperor for 40 years, he would have started using it between 454 and 476, and if Masties claimed to be emperor for ten years, he would have started using the title between 484 and 506.
Part Seven: List of Dates When Masties Might Have Claimed the Imperial Title.
Valentinian III was killed in 455, the last emperor descended from the Theodosian dynasty.
Petronius Maximus was killed in 455.
Avitus was deposed in 456.
Marcian (east) died in 457, the last emperor connected by marriage with the Theodosian dynasty.
Majorian was killed in 461.
Libius Severus died in 465.
Anthemius was killed in 472.
Olybrius died in 472.
Glycerius was deposed in 474.
Leo I (east) and Leo II (east) died in 474.
Julius Nepos was deposed in 475 but continued to reign in Dalmatia until 480.
Zeno (east) was deposed by Basilicus in 475.
Romulus Augustulus was deposed in 476.
Basicilus (east) was deposed by Zeno in 476.
Julius Nepos was assassinated in 480.
Syagrius in Gaul might have been deposed and killed in 486.
Syagrius in Gaul might have been deposed and killed in 487.
Zeno (east) died in 491.
Syagrius in Gaul might have been deposed and killed in 493.
Syagrius in Gaul might have been deposed and killed in 494.
Usurper Burdunellus in spain was killed in 496.
Usurper Peter in Spain was killed in 506.
So Masties might have used the extinction of the Theodosian Dynasty, or the overthrow of an emperor by a usurper or a barbarian, to justify claiming the imperial throne, sometime during the period of 454 to 506.
Or possibly another Romano-Berber ruler used the Imperial title in Africa without any evidence surviving to the present, and Masties took the title when that other "emperor" died.
Part Eight: Emperors in Britain?
The western Roman Empire lost control of Britain during the usurpation of Constantine III in 407-411, and never regained it except possibly for unproved brief occupation of parts. More than a century later Procopius wrote that since that time Britain had been ruled by "tyrants", which should mean Roman usurpers not recognized by the Emperors in the west or the east.
So it is possible that Syagrius might have recognized the authority of emperors in Britain, instead of or in addition to the western and/or eastern emperors. Or maybe Syagrius changed his allegiance one or more times.
Part Nine: Syagrius as Emperor or Usurper?
Or Syagrius might have claimed to be emperor himself during part or all of his rule.
>
> Historians have mistrusted the title "rex Romanorum" that Gregory of Tours gave him, at least as early as Godefroid Kurth, who dismissed it as a gross error in 1893. The common consensus has been to follow Kurth, based on the historical truism that Romans hated kingship from the days of the expulsion of Tarquin the Proud; for example, Syagrius' article in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire omits this title, preferring to refer to him as a "Roman ruler (in North Gaul)". However, S. Fanning has assembled a number of examples of rex being used in a neutral, if not favorable, context, and argues that "the phrase Romanorum rex is not peculiar to Gregory of Tours or to Frankish sources", and that Gregory's usage may indeed show "that they were, or were seen to be, claiming to be Roman emperors."[5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masties)
>
>
>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syagrius> [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syagrius)
>
> S. Fanning, "Emperors and empires in fifth-century Gaul", in John Drinkwater and Hugh Elton, Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity? (Cambridge: University Press, 1992), pp. 288–297
>
>
>
Part Ten: Conclusion.
So this long answer shows that nobody knows what titles Syagrius used during his rule, but there are interesting possibilities. |
62,439 | I have read on [Wikipedia:Soissons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Soissons) and elsewhere that [Syagrius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syagrius), the last ruler of the Kingdom of Soissons, always **claimed to be merely the ruler of a Roman province** rather than the king of an independent entity. I have yet to find an original source attesting this.
Given the fact that - at least to my knowledge - **the only original source that even mentions Syagrius's name is Gregory of Tours** (original in the sense that all other sources like Fredegar's chronicle and the *Fränkische Völkertafel* are derived from him) I have hard time believing that this is attested anywhere, and it is merely an example of Wikipedia's lack of precision. | 2021/01/04 | [
"https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/62439",
"https://history.stackexchange.com",
"https://history.stackexchange.com/users/48293/"
] | I'd say more likely an uncareful phrasing, rooted in a desire to not lavish too many words on side detail.
Romans didn't have kings. They had an emperor, and people administering territories and/or leading armies on behalf of the emperor. The Germans who at this time were running things in Italy were still insisting they were [Magister Militum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer#Leader_of_the_foederati) (supreme military commander) under a puppet western Emperor. After 476 Odoacer dispensed with the puppet emperor, and his fellow Germans were calling him "Rex" (King) of Italy, but he *still* felt the need to keep up a pretense with the Romans of being a "Patrician" operating under the authority delegated to him by Emperor Zeno in Constantinople. Italian coinage of the era depicts both Odoacer and Zeno.
So it would be unlikely in the extreme that anyone would try to sell his rightful leadership over Roman subjects to them as him being their king. It would be far more typical to either style himself as an administrator for the province, a general, or as **the** Roman Emperor. Doing the latter would require marching on Rome to prove it, as General [Magnus Maximus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus) did in 383. If someone thinks he may have used "Rex Romanorum" (King of the Romans) anyway, they are the party that needs to bring compelling evidence.
The Wikipedia page on Syagrius makes this more clear, which it has the focus to do since it is actually about the man rather than the province in question.
>
> Historians have mistrusted the title "rex Romanorum" that Gregory of
> Tours gave him, at least as early as Godefroid Kurth, who dismissed it
> as a gross error in 1893. The common consensus has been to follow
> Kurth, based on the historical truism that Romans hated kingship from
> the days of the expulsion of Tarquin the Proud; ...
>
>
>
Some titles known to have been used by de-facto rulers of nominally Roman territory in the late imperial period are:
* [Dux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dux) (leader) - usually military leader, sometimes with governing duties.
* [Proconsuls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul#Roman_Empire) (for the Counsul) - Ex-Counsul provincial governor, non-military.
* [Pro-praetor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore) (for the Praetor) - provincial governor in border provinces. Likely out of use by 5th Century.
* [Praeses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses#Roman_governors) (Placed before) - Provincial Governor, generic, so likely not used in individual official titles.
* [Magister Militum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_militum) (Head of the military) - supreme military theater commander.
* [Comes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comes) (Companion (to the Emperor)) - Provincial Governor appointed directly by the Emperor.
* [Consul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul) - Co-chief magistrate of the Empire. Sort of an archaic title left over from the Republic era. In Imperial times the Emperor usually was one of the two, and the other often (but not always) was in charge of the expeditionary armies. | @MAGolding is mostly right in his answer -- especially the part that we don't know what title Syagrius used for himself -- but we can be fairly confident there was one he did not use -- emperor.
Consider the background of his rump state. After the death of Valentinian III, & the chaos that followed, the general Ricimer took control of Rome & her garrison, & became the man who picked emperors. His father Aegidius, in command of an army in Gaul, was one of several who refused to recognize Ricimer or his puppet emperors, & revolted against him. Now this situation was largely so much posing, because neither Ricimer nor Aegidius were in a position to do much about the other (IIRC the chronicler Hydatius does mention that Aegidius attempted to march on Ricimer, but was unable to proceed past the boundaries of Gaul), however Aegidius was faced by the threat of Germanic barbarians inside the nominal boundaries of the Empire. These included the Visigoths & Burgundians. They claimed to be loyal supporters of the true Roman emperor, & if he claimed the purple they could use this as an excuse to attack him.
Aegidius' best move would be to acknowledge the remaining emperor, the one in Constantinople, as his master. This would not only give him legitimacy, and would prompt the grant of a title from that emperor giving him some measure of prestige his rivals lacked, it now became politically inconvenient for these barbarians to attack him. While the emperor was too far away in Constantinople to offer him any real help, he did take some interest in the affairs of Gaul & Spain; IIRC, the letters of Avitus of Vienne, who handled the foreign correspondence of the king of the Burgundians in the late 5th century, includes several letters written to the eastern emperor or his representative, who dangled prestigious although empty titles before the Burgund king in return for favors.
If his father did embrace this solution -- give lip service to the emperor in Constantinople -- Syagrius would continue this: acknowledge the emperor in Constantinople as his liege in return for a title. This worked well enough until Clovis became king of the Franks. Clovis was more interested in ruling Gaul than being a peaceable subject of the Roman empire. After consolidating his position amongst the Franks, he was able to not only destroy Syagrius but overthrow his chief rival in the Battle of Vouillé (Alaric II king of the Visigoths), who was nominally loyal to the eastern emperor. With no recourse to Clovis' actions, the emperor could only acquiesce to the new situation, & made Clovis an honorary consul and patrician.
In short, Syagrius could not have ruled his share of Gaul had his father or he used the title "emperor", because that would both destroy the prestige he received from the connection, & make him vulnerable to destruction as a rebel. |
62,439 | I have read on [Wikipedia:Soissons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Soissons) and elsewhere that [Syagrius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syagrius), the last ruler of the Kingdom of Soissons, always **claimed to be merely the ruler of a Roman province** rather than the king of an independent entity. I have yet to find an original source attesting this.
Given the fact that - at least to my knowledge - **the only original source that even mentions Syagrius's name is Gregory of Tours** (original in the sense that all other sources like Fredegar's chronicle and the *Fränkische Völkertafel* are derived from him) I have hard time believing that this is attested anywhere, and it is merely an example of Wikipedia's lack of precision. | 2021/01/04 | [
"https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/62439",
"https://history.stackexchange.com",
"https://history.stackexchange.com/users/48293/"
] | To make a long answer short:
Nobody knows what title(s) Syagrius actually used.
Part One (of Ten): Imperial titles.
I note that Greek texts tended to refer to the Roman Emperor as *Basileus*, which originally meant *rex* or king, but later tended to mean emperor, from early in the empire.
I have also read that some late Roman writers tended to refer to Roman Emperors as *reges* "kings". I note that Emperor Constantine I appointed his nephew Hannibalianus *Rex Regum et Ponticarum Gentium*, "King of the Kings and of the Pontic People".[1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibalianus) in 337.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibalianus> [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibalianus)
If the Romans got over their horror of Hannibal by then they might have got over their hate for the title of king.
Part Two: Royal Titles:
I also note that though Odoacer and later Theodoric and his successors used the title of *rex*, "king", there were three different ways the title of *rex* could be used in Medieval times.
A king might use the simple and plain title of *rex*, meaning "King" or "the king", apparently assuming that everyone would know which kingdom he ruled.
Or a king might use the title of king of an ethic group.
Or a king might use the title of king of a land area.
So I ask whether Odoacer or Theodoric ever used the title of "King of Italy" or instead used the title of king as leader of their Germanic tribesmen, an ethnic kingship, while claiming territorial rule over Romans in Italy as Roman officials with Roman titles.
My answer here: [https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/47888/why-did-odoacer-choose-to-be-king-instead-of-emperor[1]](https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/47888/why-did-odoacer-choose-to-be-king-instead-of-emperor%5B1%5D) also asks that question.
Part three: Syagrius as a Possible Roman officer:
In any case a Roman ruler of a detached region like Syagrius in northern Gaul could either claim to be a Roman official loyal to an emperor, or else claim to be an emperor himself.
So Syagrius might have claimed to be the successor of his father Aegideus as *magister militum per Gallias* or assumed some other title, or maybe even been granted such a title by a Roman Emperor or a Roman usurper.
Part Four: A List of Changes of Emperors During Six Important Years From 474 to 480.
In 474 the Eastern Emperor Leo I sent his relative Julius Nepos to depose the western Emperor Glycerius who he considered an illegitimate ruler. Leo I died in 474 and was succeeded by his grandson Leo II and his son-in-law Zeno.
In 475 western emperor Julius Nepos was deposed by Orestes, who made his young son Romulus Augustulus emperor in the west. Julius Nepos fled to Dalmatia. Basilicus deposed Zeno and made himself eastern emperor in 475 to 476.
In 476 the Germanic soldiers under Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustulus and the Roman senate sent a message to Constantinople saying that one emperor would be enough for the entire empire from now on. Zeno continued to recognize Julius Nepos as the rightful western Emperor until Nepos was assassinated in 480, perhaps at the instigation of Odoacer and/or Glycerius.
Part Five: Later Imperial Claimants in the West.
There were several claimants of the western imperial throne after 476/480.
Burdunellus became a "tryant" in Spain in 496 (but was soon defeated and killed), which should mean that he claimed to be emperor. Peter became a "tryant" in Spain in 506 (but was soon defeated and killed), which should mean that he claimed to be emperor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdunellus> [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdunellus)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_(usurper)> [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_(usurper))
Part Six: "Emperor" Masties.
When the Vandals took over Roman North Africa in the early 5th century, a number of small Romano-Berber states emerged where the Vandals didn't manage to take over. Some of those states endured until the Muslim conquest in about 650 to 700.
A man named Masties was a ruler of the Kingdom of Aures in eastern Algeria and part of Tunesia. Mastises supposedly ruled for 67 years from c. 426-494 or from 449-516.
>
> According to an inscription found at Arris, Masties reigned for 67 years as a dux, and 40 years (or only 10 years) of them as an Emperor of "Romans and Moors" until 516 AD, where he knew how to practice a skillful policy to balance between the Byzantines and the Moors.[4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_(usurper)) There is no indication that the "empire" of Masties was recognized by Constantinople, in which the Berber princes were considered as "usurpers".
>
>
>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masties> [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masties)
If Masties used the title of Emperor for 40 years, he would have started using it between 454 and 476, and if Masties claimed to be emperor for ten years, he would have started using the title between 484 and 506.
Part Seven: List of Dates When Masties Might Have Claimed the Imperial Title.
Valentinian III was killed in 455, the last emperor descended from the Theodosian dynasty.
Petronius Maximus was killed in 455.
Avitus was deposed in 456.
Marcian (east) died in 457, the last emperor connected by marriage with the Theodosian dynasty.
Majorian was killed in 461.
Libius Severus died in 465.
Anthemius was killed in 472.
Olybrius died in 472.
Glycerius was deposed in 474.
Leo I (east) and Leo II (east) died in 474.
Julius Nepos was deposed in 475 but continued to reign in Dalmatia until 480.
Zeno (east) was deposed by Basilicus in 475.
Romulus Augustulus was deposed in 476.
Basicilus (east) was deposed by Zeno in 476.
Julius Nepos was assassinated in 480.
Syagrius in Gaul might have been deposed and killed in 486.
Syagrius in Gaul might have been deposed and killed in 487.
Zeno (east) died in 491.
Syagrius in Gaul might have been deposed and killed in 493.
Syagrius in Gaul might have been deposed and killed in 494.
Usurper Burdunellus in spain was killed in 496.
Usurper Peter in Spain was killed in 506.
So Masties might have used the extinction of the Theodosian Dynasty, or the overthrow of an emperor by a usurper or a barbarian, to justify claiming the imperial throne, sometime during the period of 454 to 506.
Or possibly another Romano-Berber ruler used the Imperial title in Africa without any evidence surviving to the present, and Masties took the title when that other "emperor" died.
Part Eight: Emperors in Britain?
The western Roman Empire lost control of Britain during the usurpation of Constantine III in 407-411, and never regained it except possibly for unproved brief occupation of parts. More than a century later Procopius wrote that since that time Britain had been ruled by "tyrants", which should mean Roman usurpers not recognized by the Emperors in the west or the east.
So it is possible that Syagrius might have recognized the authority of emperors in Britain, instead of or in addition to the western and/or eastern emperors. Or maybe Syagrius changed his allegiance one or more times.
Part Nine: Syagrius as Emperor or Usurper?
Or Syagrius might have claimed to be emperor himself during part or all of his rule.
>
> Historians have mistrusted the title "rex Romanorum" that Gregory of Tours gave him, at least as early as Godefroid Kurth, who dismissed it as a gross error in 1893. The common consensus has been to follow Kurth, based on the historical truism that Romans hated kingship from the days of the expulsion of Tarquin the Proud; for example, Syagrius' article in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire omits this title, preferring to refer to him as a "Roman ruler (in North Gaul)". However, S. Fanning has assembled a number of examples of rex being used in a neutral, if not favorable, context, and argues that "the phrase Romanorum rex is not peculiar to Gregory of Tours or to Frankish sources", and that Gregory's usage may indeed show "that they were, or were seen to be, claiming to be Roman emperors."[5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masties)
>
>
>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syagrius> [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syagrius)
>
> S. Fanning, "Emperors and empires in fifth-century Gaul", in John Drinkwater and Hugh Elton, Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity? (Cambridge: University Press, 1992), pp. 288–297
>
>
>
Part Ten: Conclusion.
So this long answer shows that nobody knows what titles Syagrius used during his rule, but there are interesting possibilities. | @MAGolding is mostly right in his answer -- especially the part that we don't know what title Syagrius used for himself -- but we can be fairly confident there was one he did not use -- emperor.
Consider the background of his rump state. After the death of Valentinian III, & the chaos that followed, the general Ricimer took control of Rome & her garrison, & became the man who picked emperors. His father Aegidius, in command of an army in Gaul, was one of several who refused to recognize Ricimer or his puppet emperors, & revolted against him. Now this situation was largely so much posing, because neither Ricimer nor Aegidius were in a position to do much about the other (IIRC the chronicler Hydatius does mention that Aegidius attempted to march on Ricimer, but was unable to proceed past the boundaries of Gaul), however Aegidius was faced by the threat of Germanic barbarians inside the nominal boundaries of the Empire. These included the Visigoths & Burgundians. They claimed to be loyal supporters of the true Roman emperor, & if he claimed the purple they could use this as an excuse to attack him.
Aegidius' best move would be to acknowledge the remaining emperor, the one in Constantinople, as his master. This would not only give him legitimacy, and would prompt the grant of a title from that emperor giving him some measure of prestige his rivals lacked, it now became politically inconvenient for these barbarians to attack him. While the emperor was too far away in Constantinople to offer him any real help, he did take some interest in the affairs of Gaul & Spain; IIRC, the letters of Avitus of Vienne, who handled the foreign correspondence of the king of the Burgundians in the late 5th century, includes several letters written to the eastern emperor or his representative, who dangled prestigious although empty titles before the Burgund king in return for favors.
If his father did embrace this solution -- give lip service to the emperor in Constantinople -- Syagrius would continue this: acknowledge the emperor in Constantinople as his liege in return for a title. This worked well enough until Clovis became king of the Franks. Clovis was more interested in ruling Gaul than being a peaceable subject of the Roman empire. After consolidating his position amongst the Franks, he was able to not only destroy Syagrius but overthrow his chief rival in the Battle of Vouillé (Alaric II king of the Visigoths), who was nominally loyal to the eastern emperor. With no recourse to Clovis' actions, the emperor could only acquiesce to the new situation, & made Clovis an honorary consul and patrician.
In short, Syagrius could not have ruled his share of Gaul had his father or he used the title "emperor", because that would both destroy the prestige he received from the connection, & make him vulnerable to destruction as a rebel. |
58,916,130 | I'm a 100% newbie with Twilio but trying to help someone out.
We have a website where someone fills out a form and it kicks off some automated texts. First we want some automated back and forth (at the moment this is being done by our website built on bubble.io, but we could switch it to Twilio if need be).
At the end of the automated conversation, we want a human to then step in and have a human conversation.
Is this possible? How would I do that?
We're open to any platform. | 2019/11/18 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/58916130",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1813321/"
] | take a look at this part of the Twilio documentation, it may provide additional insight into what you are attempting. Studio is good for the initial human<>bot interaction but at some point for 2-way dialog, you will need to introduce Programmable Chat.
How to hand-off messaging conversations from Autopilot to your Contact Center
<https://www.twilio.com/docs/autopilot/guides/how-to-hand-off> | This question is too open-ended to really answer, but sounds like a good use case for [Twilio Studio](https://www.twilio.com/docs/studio), which is a GUI interface to the Twilio API and has widgets to gather text input, make http requests to send that input wherever you need, and connect the user to an agent afterwards. |
58,916,130 | I'm a 100% newbie with Twilio but trying to help someone out.
We have a website where someone fills out a form and it kicks off some automated texts. First we want some automated back and forth (at the moment this is being done by our website built on bubble.io, but we could switch it to Twilio if need be).
At the end of the automated conversation, we want a human to then step in and have a human conversation.
Is this possible? How would I do that?
We're open to any platform. | 2019/11/18 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/58916130",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1813321/"
] | To achieve your goal try following five steps:
1. [Hand-off documentation](https://www.twilio.com/docs/autopilot/guides/how-to-hand-off)
2. [send-to-agent-action](https://www.twilio.com/docs/autopilot/guides/how-to-hand-off?code-sample=code-send-to-agent-action-5&code-language=JSON&code-sdk-version=default)
3. [send-to-agent-function](https://www.twilio.com/docs/autopilot/guides/how-to-hand-off?code-sample=code-send-to-agent-function-5&code-language=Node.js&code-sdk-version=default)
4. [Build Agent Hand-off](https://www.twilio.com/docs/autopilot/guides/how-to-hand-off?code-sample=code-send-to-agent-function-5&code-language=Node.js&code-sdk-version=default#6-build-agent-hand-off)
5. [Complete the hand-off](https://www.twilio.com/docs/autopilot/guides/how-to-hand-off?code-sample=code-send-to-agent-function-5&code-language=Node.js&code-sdk-version=default#complete-the-hand-off)
To sum up, you need to go through several steps. First of all, visit [1](https://www.twilio.com/docs/autopilot/guides/how-to-hand-off) this link (although there might be need of this link to do miscellaneous tasks until to achieve your final output). After going to [1](https://www.twilio.com/docs/autopilot/guides/how-to-hand-off) this link follow the steps (side navigation menu) as per as your need. The documentation is well directed. Then follow the rest links i have mentioned (go one by one from [2](https://www.twilio.com/docs/autopilot/guides/how-to-hand-off?code-sample=code-send-to-agent-action-5&code-language=JSON&code-sdk-version=default) to [5](https://www.twilio.com/docs/autopilot/guides/how-to-hand-off?code-sample=code-send-to-agent-function-5&code-language=Node.js&code-sdk-version=default#complete-the-hand-off). These are the things you have to go through each of them to achieve your goal).
That's all. Hopefully, it'll be helpful for you :) | This question is too open-ended to really answer, but sounds like a good use case for [Twilio Studio](https://www.twilio.com/docs/studio), which is a GUI interface to the Twilio API and has widgets to gather text input, make http requests to send that input wherever you need, and connect the user to an agent afterwards. |
61,036 | I am planning on installing an OEM heated steering wheel but I'm concerned that I might not have the wheels and steering perfectly aligned, and I'll install the new steering wheel slightly off-centered. Would this be corrected on the next alignment visit?
The vehicle is a 16' Volvo XC90 and has electric power-assisted rack-and-pinion steering. | 2018/11/20 | [
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/61036",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/users/43413/"
] | The alignment checks are for your tires relative to each other -- they'll make sure both tires are pointing the same direction at the same time. They don't check whether your steering wheel is aligned, so you're out of luck there.
However, it seems that it's not too hard to tell when the steering wheel is off center. if you'd like, you can take a picture of what the steering wheel looked like relative to the dash before you take it off, then try one notch over to see how different it looks.
This is a steering wheel (on a Volvo XC90) in the proper orientation:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZuYS7.jpg)
And this is one just one notch off.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Y2iIw.jpg)
These are screengrabs from [this YouTube tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7ogZNlF63A), which seems to walk you through the whole process if you'd like to take a look. | You don't have to replace the steering wheel. You have a mechanic pull it (or you borrow a steering wheel puller) and then put it back on correctly. HOWEVER a proper alignment will in fact fix a crooked steering wheel. The proper way to align a car is to center the steering wheel and then adjust the wheels to it. Additionally this is the ONLY way to adjust it on some cars as there is a flat spot in the shaft the steering wheel fits against. Source: I have done alignments. |
20,357 | I face two sources of frustration on SE.
The one are the anonymous, unexplained downvotes. They aren't fun, and from experience, commenting to ask for an explanation just adds to the frustration, as you never get a reply.
The other are the accepted answers that you are convinced are wrong, though they keep getting votes. Claiming that they are wrong also has no effect as your post goes unnoticed or is not believed, an accepted answer often masking others.
[I am not claiming that I am always right to think an answer wrong - I may err too with significant probability. I am just saying that this is an uncomfortable situation.]
Have you found a way to cope with that ? (I am not looking for a way to counteract these situations, rather to accept misfortune :) | 2015/04/24 | [
"https://math.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/20357",
"https://math.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.meta.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | Advice: Ignore downvotes. Don't let others determine your mood.
Don't ask "why the downvote?"
Dont come to Meta and complain about downvotes.
Instead, concentrate on the math! | I agree with you - I'm just starting out so I can't comment in meta. I just had a blanket down-vote of everything I'd posted up to now (member for 11 days). No comments and no explanation.
I believe there is a chance I may get the down-votes reversed by an automated procedure that runs overnight.
It's not very friendly - I have no idea what I've done to offend or how to correct my behaviour for the future.
Any suggestions gratefully received \ldots |
317,214 | For cynical people, the word "cynics" is commonly used. For example, [on this page at dictionary.com](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/cynic), one of the definitions is
>
> cynical: (adjective) of or relating to the **Cynics** or their doctrines.
>
>
>
Is there a similar term for naive that can be used in a similar fashion? For example, something like
>
> of or relating to the **Naives** or their doctorines.
>
>
> | 2016/04/02 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/317214",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/33530/"
] | ***naif***, as defined by [Vocabulary.com](https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/naif)
>
> noun: a naive or inexperienced person
>
>
> .....naif is [similar to] to the adjective naive. They share a common
> origin, the French word naïf, which means both "natural, unspoiled, or
> innocent" and also "foolish." When you describe someone using the
> adjective form of naif — which can be used interchangeably with naive
> — you are usually implying that the person is a little childlike or
> immature
>
>
> adjective: marked by or showing unaffected simplicity and lack of
> guile or worldly experience
>
>
>
When I first saw the question, I immediately thought **naif**. Then I saw it in comments, and assumed somebody was busy writing an answer. But no, maybe because Colin Fine (see comment) doubts that 2% of English speakers would recognize the word "naïf". Assuming he is right, that would be about 20,000,000 people worldwide. IMO, enough to justify an answer!
As for a collection of naïfs, I suggest **"a nursery of naïfs".**
Example Sentence (made up and plausible for any political commentator writing for a literate audience):
>
> Only economic naïfs believe that X's policies will
> do anything to help the middle class.
>
>
> | There are two problems here.
First, In the definition you quote, "the Cynics" (note the capital C) is a proper noun, the name of a group of ancient Greek philosophers. That is the reason that "the Cynics" has been used without some context specifying the group. If you used another plural noun (eg "the thinkers" or "the idiots") it would not be meaningful unless somehow you indicated which group of thinkers or idiots you meant.
Secondly, "naive" is not normally used as a noun in English. Since English is very fluid in its parts of speech, you will be understood if you say "the naives", but it is not idiomatic, and since it is not a proper noun like "the Cynics", it will not designate any particular group unless the context provides one.
(In writing, it is also likely to be misread as "the natives", but that is another matter). |
1,947,576 | I have a set of struct definitions that are used by both C# managed components and unmanaged C/C++ components. Right now, the identical struct definitions exist separately in C/C++ and C# code - causing duplication and related chaos. What's the best way to maintain single definitions that can be used from both C# and C/C++?
Thanks!
Amit
P.S.: I'm a C/C++ guy so if there's an obvious way to do this, I might be missing it completely! | 2009/12/22 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1947576",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/237007/"
] | I'm not familiar with your project(s), obviously, but have you considered building a managed bridge for your library in [C++/CLI](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms379617(VS.80).aspx)? With the "It Just Works" hackering the C++/CLI compiler does for you, many times you'll be able to marshal and share managed types with native code and back and forth.
Again, I don't know if it's right for you without more specifics, but it might be worth looking into. | you need a IDL (**interface definition language**) try googling:
1. protocol buffers.
2. ICE (internet communication engine).
3. Perhaps Microsoft COM ?.
4. --edit: new entry -- it appears microsoft has an [IDL compiler](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa367062(VS.85).aspx).
It all depends on what you want. all the above technologies have an IDL element to them, and come with their own set of baggage. **I personally would stay low level C/C++ :D.** So I would Google **"Imatix GSL"** and use the mentioned technology to model the problem in XML and generate the data structures in any programming language -- this technology is very simple and subtle and requires an experience programmer so if it doesn't make sense you should stick with an IDL.
-- edit: programming technique --
You can solve the problem by pure technique if you like. Chaos ensues when the rigor of engineering breaks down. If you make a decision to firewall and encapsulate the problem into pure C/C++ code you won't have to worry about the interface falling appart in your dependant code -- this is because any usefull language can interface with the [ABI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface) of your platform (simple C functions :P). The crux is not to expose internals, but just an interface with opaque types, such as numeric handles that represent objects and functions that may be performed on your types. |
1,947,576 | I have a set of struct definitions that are used by both C# managed components and unmanaged C/C++ components. Right now, the identical struct definitions exist separately in C/C++ and C# code - causing duplication and related chaos. What's the best way to maintain single definitions that can be used from both C# and C/C++?
Thanks!
Amit
P.S.: I'm a C/C++ guy so if there's an obvious way to do this, I might be missing it completely! | 2009/12/22 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1947576",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/237007/"
] | I'm not familiar with your project(s), obviously, but have you considered building a managed bridge for your library in [C++/CLI](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms379617(VS.80).aspx)? With the "It Just Works" hackering the C++/CLI compiler does for you, many times you'll be able to marshal and share managed types with native code and back and forth.
Again, I don't know if it's right for you without more specifics, but it might be worth looking into. | I once wanted to do so in one of my projects that had a hard separation between C# code and C code. Ideally, the C# code would have borrowed header files from the C code but:
* since C# doesn't support include, I don't see how you could share the definition of a structure and include it both in your C# or C/C++ code
* having my structure definitions in separate headers wasn't convenient anyway
* I didn't want to rely on IDL or custom "parse the C headers and only extract structures definitions" preprocessing step |
4,696 | There seems to be an increasing use of modal dialog boxes on the web, but when should you use them? Why would you choose to use them instead of inline controls or another page, and when should you completely avoid them? | 2009/12/20 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4696",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I have found that modals are best to use when you are trying to isolate an action by the user. By using a modal you capture the focus of the user and this allows you to remove secondary distractions, such as navigation, utility links, images or other components that could distract from what you want the user to see or experience.
As far as when NOT to use a modal you will just have to use your best judgment on that one. I don't think you can apply strict rules to something like that. | I posted this on another question, but I'll include it here as well:
I'm working on an implementation of a webpage that needs to feel like a flexible web app. There are multiple forms that the user can fill out.
For my purposes and users, here some *assumptions* (agreed on by stakeholders & SMEs, but may be overturned in user testing):
1. Users coming to this web app *know what they want to do*. They are coming to complete a specific task known in advance. That is the purpose of this page. Users don't come here to look around.
2. Because they know what they're doing, *they know the required information* to fill out the necessary forms.
I've been suggesting the use of lightboxed forms. I'm normally be against using modal windows, but I'm am also VERY opposed to just sending the user to new pages every time they attempt a simple update or add. And I don't think that accordions are the correct solution here (though they might be an alternative option).
In our context, the lightbox forms are only displayed **upon user request**. They allow **quick, easy escape/closing**. They focus the user on the action *they just requested* so there is no surprise at the change on the page. The users are not removed them from the page/app they are working in.
One of the forms is has three (3), discreet steps. So we are using a wizard in the lightbox with progress tracking. This has actually been a significant challenge point with a single person in our group, who (rightly so) is adamantly opposed to multi-panel modals. Usually I agreed in whole.
In this case, a wizard is an accepted pattern for this type of interaction. The users know what they are trying to do and the steps necessary to do it. The lightbox focuses the user on their requested action without leaving the overview page (which gives information on selections and previous action inputs), but allows for quick closing.
While I agree that modals/overlays/lightboxes/etc should be used sparingly, they are not evil or poor UX by nature. User requested versions for a focused task are a valid use case and in many situation may be superior than alternatives when implemented carefully. |
4,696 | There seems to be an increasing use of modal dialog boxes on the web, but when should you use them? Why would you choose to use them instead of inline controls or another page, and when should you completely avoid them? | 2009/12/20 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4696",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I have found that modals are best to use when you are trying to isolate an action by the user. By using a modal you capture the focus of the user and this allows you to remove secondary distractions, such as navigation, utility links, images or other components that could distract from what you want the user to see or experience.
As far as when NOT to use a modal you will just have to use your best judgment on that one. I don't think you can apply strict rules to something like that. | Modal dialogs should only be used when the user is required to make a choice or needs to know something specific before continuing. Warnings about how something that they are choosing to do can potentially cause problems (like deleting something permanently) and things like that.
Logging in to access a secured section of the site (or to post a comment on a page) is also okay, as long as you do it correctly. |
4,696 | There seems to be an increasing use of modal dialog boxes on the web, but when should you use them? Why would you choose to use them instead of inline controls or another page, and when should you completely avoid them? | 2009/12/20 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4696",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | Some people distinguish between dialog boxes and alert boxes (an alert box typically has only one or two buttons and no other inputs, whereas a dialog has input fields of some sort). And there is a school of thought that says you should **never** use modal alert boxes (See "[Should alert boxes be avoided at any cost?](https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4518/should-alert-boxes-be-avoided-at-any-cost)".)
Putting a form into a modal dialog can be more responsive than putting it into a separate page, since the dialog box code can be contained entirely within the previous page -- no network traffic. However I have seen many users who are confused by modal dialogs. You'll want to test with end users. Of course. `:)` | Modal dialogs should only be used when the user is required to make a choice or needs to know something specific before continuing. Warnings about how something that they are choosing to do can potentially cause problems (like deleting something permanently) and things like that.
Logging in to access a secured section of the site (or to post a comment on a page) is also okay, as long as you do it correctly. |
4,696 | There seems to be an increasing use of modal dialog boxes on the web, but when should you use them? Why would you choose to use them instead of inline controls or another page, and when should you completely avoid them? | 2009/12/20 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4696",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I use a combination of inline editing, soft modals, full modals and floating windows.
1. **Inline editing.** If possible, always try to use this. It requires the least amount of context switching. It's quick.
2. **Soft modals.** Example: Windows Start Menus. They are rich controls and can have forms, but they spawn off a single menu and can be dismissed by clicking anywhere. These are good to use from menus.
3. **Full Modals.** These mask the entire screen and allow ONLY interaction with the modal. I use these when I want to focus the user on one task and not continue without filling in the form.
4. **Floating Windows.** These are good for status messages. They float on the UI but can be moved around and minimized. Use these for things that need to persist as you travel around the application.
I hope this is helpful. | I have found that modals are best to use when you are trying to isolate an action by the user. By using a modal you capture the focus of the user and this allows you to remove secondary distractions, such as navigation, utility links, images or other components that could distract from what you want the user to see or experience.
As far as when NOT to use a modal you will just have to use your best judgment on that one. I don't think you can apply strict rules to something like that. |
4,696 | There seems to be an increasing use of modal dialog boxes on the web, but when should you use them? Why would you choose to use them instead of inline controls or another page, and when should you completely avoid them? | 2009/12/20 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4696",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I have found that modals are best to use when you are trying to isolate an action by the user. By using a modal you capture the focus of the user and this allows you to remove secondary distractions, such as navigation, utility links, images or other components that could distract from what you want the user to see or experience.
As far as when NOT to use a modal you will just have to use your best judgment on that one. I don't think you can apply strict rules to something like that. | Some people distinguish between dialog boxes and alert boxes (an alert box typically has only one or two buttons and no other inputs, whereas a dialog has input fields of some sort). And there is a school of thought that says you should **never** use modal alert boxes (See "[Should alert boxes be avoided at any cost?](https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4518/should-alert-boxes-be-avoided-at-any-cost)".)
Putting a form into a modal dialog can be more responsive than putting it into a separate page, since the dialog box code can be contained entirely within the previous page -- no network traffic. However I have seen many users who are confused by modal dialogs. You'll want to test with end users. Of course. `:)` |
4,696 | There seems to be an increasing use of modal dialog boxes on the web, but when should you use them? Why would you choose to use them instead of inline controls or another page, and when should you completely avoid them? | 2009/12/20 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4696",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | My rule of thumb would be to use a modal window when there is a dead end for the functionality. For instance, when you update profile information, set up an account etc. | Some people distinguish between dialog boxes and alert boxes (an alert box typically has only one or two buttons and no other inputs, whereas a dialog has input fields of some sort). And there is a school of thought that says you should **never** use modal alert boxes (See "[Should alert boxes be avoided at any cost?](https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4518/should-alert-boxes-be-avoided-at-any-cost)".)
Putting a form into a modal dialog can be more responsive than putting it into a separate page, since the dialog box code can be contained entirely within the previous page -- no network traffic. However I have seen many users who are confused by modal dialogs. You'll want to test with end users. Of course. `:)` |
4,696 | There seems to be an increasing use of modal dialog boxes on the web, but when should you use them? Why would you choose to use them instead of inline controls or another page, and when should you completely avoid them? | 2009/12/20 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4696",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I use a combination of inline editing, soft modals, full modals and floating windows.
1. **Inline editing.** If possible, always try to use this. It requires the least amount of context switching. It's quick.
2. **Soft modals.** Example: Windows Start Menus. They are rich controls and can have forms, but they spawn off a single menu and can be dismissed by clicking anywhere. These are good to use from menus.
3. **Full Modals.** These mask the entire screen and allow ONLY interaction with the modal. I use these when I want to focus the user on one task and not continue without filling in the form.
4. **Floating Windows.** These are good for status messages. They float on the UI but can be moved around and minimized. Use these for things that need to persist as you travel around the application.
I hope this is helpful. | Modal dialogs should only be used when the user is required to make a choice or needs to know something specific before continuing. Warnings about how something that they are choosing to do can potentially cause problems (like deleting something permanently) and things like that.
Logging in to access a secured section of the site (or to post a comment on a page) is also okay, as long as you do it correctly. |
4,696 | There seems to be an increasing use of modal dialog boxes on the web, but when should you use them? Why would you choose to use them instead of inline controls or another page, and when should you completely avoid them? | 2009/12/20 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4696",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I use a combination of inline editing, soft modals, full modals and floating windows.
1. **Inline editing.** If possible, always try to use this. It requires the least amount of context switching. It's quick.
2. **Soft modals.** Example: Windows Start Menus. They are rich controls and can have forms, but they spawn off a single menu and can be dismissed by clicking anywhere. These are good to use from menus.
3. **Full Modals.** These mask the entire screen and allow ONLY interaction with the modal. I use these when I want to focus the user on one task and not continue without filling in the form.
4. **Floating Windows.** These are good for status messages. They float on the UI but can be moved around and minimized. Use these for things that need to persist as you travel around the application.
I hope this is helpful. | Some people distinguish between dialog boxes and alert boxes (an alert box typically has only one or two buttons and no other inputs, whereas a dialog has input fields of some sort). And there is a school of thought that says you should **never** use modal alert boxes (See "[Should alert boxes be avoided at any cost?](https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4518/should-alert-boxes-be-avoided-at-any-cost)".)
Putting a form into a modal dialog can be more responsive than putting it into a separate page, since the dialog box code can be contained entirely within the previous page -- no network traffic. However I have seen many users who are confused by modal dialogs. You'll want to test with end users. Of course. `:)` |
4,696 | There seems to be an increasing use of modal dialog boxes on the web, but when should you use them? Why would you choose to use them instead of inline controls or another page, and when should you completely avoid them? | 2009/12/20 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4696",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | Some people distinguish between dialog boxes and alert boxes (an alert box typically has only one or two buttons and no other inputs, whereas a dialog has input fields of some sort). And there is a school of thought that says you should **never** use modal alert boxes (See "[Should alert boxes be avoided at any cost?](https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4518/should-alert-boxes-be-avoided-at-any-cost)".)
Putting a form into a modal dialog can be more responsive than putting it into a separate page, since the dialog box code can be contained entirely within the previous page -- no network traffic. However I have seen many users who are confused by modal dialogs. You'll want to test with end users. Of course. `:)` | I posted this on another question, but I'll include it here as well:
I'm working on an implementation of a webpage that needs to feel like a flexible web app. There are multiple forms that the user can fill out.
For my purposes and users, here some *assumptions* (agreed on by stakeholders & SMEs, but may be overturned in user testing):
1. Users coming to this web app *know what they want to do*. They are coming to complete a specific task known in advance. That is the purpose of this page. Users don't come here to look around.
2. Because they know what they're doing, *they know the required information* to fill out the necessary forms.
I've been suggesting the use of lightboxed forms. I'm normally be against using modal windows, but I'm am also VERY opposed to just sending the user to new pages every time they attempt a simple update or add. And I don't think that accordions are the correct solution here (though they might be an alternative option).
In our context, the lightbox forms are only displayed **upon user request**. They allow **quick, easy escape/closing**. They focus the user on the action *they just requested* so there is no surprise at the change on the page. The users are not removed them from the page/app they are working in.
One of the forms is has three (3), discreet steps. So we are using a wizard in the lightbox with progress tracking. This has actually been a significant challenge point with a single person in our group, who (rightly so) is adamantly opposed to multi-panel modals. Usually I agreed in whole.
In this case, a wizard is an accepted pattern for this type of interaction. The users know what they are trying to do and the steps necessary to do it. The lightbox focuses the user on their requested action without leaving the overview page (which gives information on selections and previous action inputs), but allows for quick closing.
While I agree that modals/overlays/lightboxes/etc should be used sparingly, they are not evil or poor UX by nature. User requested versions for a focused task are a valid use case and in many situation may be superior than alternatives when implemented carefully. |
4,696 | There seems to be an increasing use of modal dialog boxes on the web, but when should you use them? Why would you choose to use them instead of inline controls or another page, and when should you completely avoid them? | 2009/12/20 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/4696",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | The most general rules I could think of would be:
* Modal dialogs can make sense when
they help you keeping the flow (i.e.
you don't have to leave the page
you're on).
* Don't use modal dialogs for things
that should be linkable or searchable (as the URL doesn't change, it
can't be linked externally and that includes search engines).
Edit: Also take a look at facebook, with a few exceptions I think they handle it pretty well. | Modal dialogs should only be used when the user is required to make a choice or needs to know something specific before continuing. Warnings about how something that they are choosing to do can potentially cause problems (like deleting something permanently) and things like that.
Logging in to access a secured section of the site (or to post a comment on a page) is also okay, as long as you do it correctly. |
20,914 | If a new product infringes upon a patent, but is never sold (only rented out), can the patent owner sue? | 2019/11/11 | [
"https://patents.stackexchange.com/questions/20914",
"https://patents.stackexchange.com",
"https://patents.stackexchange.com/users/22601/"
] | I am not a lawyer so this answer isn't based on direct legal knowledge. That said, I would be very surprised if the patent owner couldn't successfully sue anyone using the patented technology whether or not it is sold or rented. There is a [research exemption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_exemption), but that has nothing to do with renting vs. selling a patented technology. So to be explicit:
>
> If a new product infringes upon a patent, but is never sold (only
> rented out), can the patent owner sue?
>
>
>
**Yes** | If you're in the USA and the question is "if I do X, can person A sue", the answer is always "yes". But in this case, it would be a legitimate answer. You can infringe a patent all by yourself, sitting at home, without ever leaving the house or selling the product. |
20,914 | If a new product infringes upon a patent, but is never sold (only rented out), can the patent owner sue? | 2019/11/11 | [
"https://patents.stackexchange.com/questions/20914",
"https://patents.stackexchange.com",
"https://patents.stackexchange.com/users/22601/"
] | I am an attorney (though this is not my specialty). But yes, you can be sued for patent infringement if you are renting the product out. The key is that you are earning money (or better said, depriving the patent owner of making money). It helps to think of it like, "am I possibly taking money out of their pocket? If yes, it's probably patent infringement."
As Eric Shain mentioned, there is generally an exception for development/testing (which isn't taking any money away from the patent owner), versus selling, renting, giving away, etc. - all of those are going to take money out of the owner's pocket (theoretically - you can always argue that they wouldn't have gotten this business anyway, but that's a hard argument to win). | If you're in the USA and the question is "if I do X, can person A sue", the answer is always "yes". But in this case, it would be a legitimate answer. You can infringe a patent all by yourself, sitting at home, without ever leaving the house or selling the product. |
889 | Can someone give me a few examples, if they exist, of problems in operations research that could be solved using machine learning.
I am aware that machine learning examples are data-driven and do not give exact solutions, so I am expecting heuristics, and possibly solutions that are specific for a particular instance of the problem.
I am looking for 'direct' machine learning solutions that use machine learning to find a solution of the actual problem, and not just 'indirect' approaches that try to improve existing methods.
EDIT:
I am looking for examples in which the ML approach outperforms other methods. | 2019/07/04 | [
"https://or.stackexchange.com/questions/889",
"https://or.stackexchange.com",
"https://or.stackexchange.com/users/811/"
] | Using OR in ML is a very popular approach due to the optimization nature lying behind ML.
However, as you ask, there are also many examples (younger, newer) where you apply ML to solve OR problems. For example, for routing problems: <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.08475.pdf>
The list can be appended, but I think your question needs to be improved before. | There is a paper [Learning Fast Optimizers for Contextual Stochastic Integer Programs](http://auai.org/uai2018/proceedings/papers/217.pdf) where they develop a "learnable local solver" to solve problems where the MIP solvers did not scale.
I have not studied the paper, yet, but it may fit your bill.
EDIT: From the abstract/introduction: The problems are two-stage stochastic optimization, where the learned local solver is applied to the first stage, after which the (deterministic) second stage is handed to a MIP solver. This performs better than handing the overall problem to a MIP solver (better objective within same time limit). |
889 | Can someone give me a few examples, if they exist, of problems in operations research that could be solved using machine learning.
I am aware that machine learning examples are data-driven and do not give exact solutions, so I am expecting heuristics, and possibly solutions that are specific for a particular instance of the problem.
I am looking for 'direct' machine learning solutions that use machine learning to find a solution of the actual problem, and not just 'indirect' approaches that try to improve existing methods.
EDIT:
I am looking for examples in which the ML approach outperforms other methods. | 2019/07/04 | [
"https://or.stackexchange.com/questions/889",
"https://or.stackexchange.com",
"https://or.stackexchange.com/users/811/"
] | There are many recent and not so recent papers that use ML to "solve" optimization problems, like [Learning Combinatorial Optimization Algorithms over Graphs](https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.01665). A very, very good entry to the subject is the survey [Machine Learning for Combinatorial Optimization: a Methodological Tour d'Horizon](https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.06128).
In your last sentence you probably ask too much. For optimization problems, there are basically two kinds of approaches, exact and heuristic. For all optimization problems you can think of, both approaches have been suggested. Of course (**of course!**) no algorithm can beat an exact approach, at least not in terms of solution quality as these - by definition - find the best possible solutions. This is not the case for heuristics, which can be of better or worse quality (but maybe beat the exact methods in terms of runtime, so there is a tradeoff). Therefore, when you ask for ML approaches to beat optimization algorithms, these can beat, at best, other heuristics. And again: An ML approach is (almost always) a heuristic approach, and I would add "yet another heuristic approach". You cannot expect them to beat existing heuristics, but you can be lucky, which is true for any other heuristic.
*edit:* re-reading your question I conclude that I could not really contribute to an answer. | Using OR in ML is a very popular approach due to the optimization nature lying behind ML.
However, as you ask, there are also many examples (younger, newer) where you apply ML to solve OR problems. For example, for routing problems: <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.08475.pdf>
The list can be appended, but I think your question needs to be improved before. |
889 | Can someone give me a few examples, if they exist, of problems in operations research that could be solved using machine learning.
I am aware that machine learning examples are data-driven and do not give exact solutions, so I am expecting heuristics, and possibly solutions that are specific for a particular instance of the problem.
I am looking for 'direct' machine learning solutions that use machine learning to find a solution of the actual problem, and not just 'indirect' approaches that try to improve existing methods.
EDIT:
I am looking for examples in which the ML approach outperforms other methods. | 2019/07/04 | [
"https://or.stackexchange.com/questions/889",
"https://or.stackexchange.com",
"https://or.stackexchange.com/users/811/"
] | Bertsimas and Stellato just put up a new preprint which proposes a method to solve online mixed-integer optimization (MIO) problems at very high speed using machine learning. They benchmark their method against Gurobi and obtain speedups of two to three orders of magnitude on benchmarks with real-world data.
<https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.02206> | Using OR in ML is a very popular approach due to the optimization nature lying behind ML.
However, as you ask, there are also many examples (younger, newer) where you apply ML to solve OR problems. For example, for routing problems: <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.08475.pdf>
The list can be appended, but I think your question needs to be improved before. |
889 | Can someone give me a few examples, if they exist, of problems in operations research that could be solved using machine learning.
I am aware that machine learning examples are data-driven and do not give exact solutions, so I am expecting heuristics, and possibly solutions that are specific for a particular instance of the problem.
I am looking for 'direct' machine learning solutions that use machine learning to find a solution of the actual problem, and not just 'indirect' approaches that try to improve existing methods.
EDIT:
I am looking for examples in which the ML approach outperforms other methods. | 2019/07/04 | [
"https://or.stackexchange.com/questions/889",
"https://or.stackexchange.com",
"https://or.stackexchange.com/users/811/"
] | Using OR in ML is a very popular approach due to the optimization nature lying behind ML.
However, as you ask, there are also many examples (younger, newer) where you apply ML to solve OR problems. For example, for routing problems: <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.08475.pdf>
The list can be appended, but I think your question needs to be improved before. | Also this special issues can give idea:
[Special issue: Combining optimization and machine learning: applications in vehicle routing, network design and crew scheduling](https://www.euro-online.org/web/pages/1486/special-issues?id=19)
[Special Issue "Machine Learning and Optimization with Applications of Power System"](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies/special_issues/Machine_Learning_Optimization_Power_System)
[Special Issue on Machine Learning and Optimization](https://pubsonline.informs.org/toc/ijoo/1/2) |
889 | Can someone give me a few examples, if they exist, of problems in operations research that could be solved using machine learning.
I am aware that machine learning examples are data-driven and do not give exact solutions, so I am expecting heuristics, and possibly solutions that are specific for a particular instance of the problem.
I am looking for 'direct' machine learning solutions that use machine learning to find a solution of the actual problem, and not just 'indirect' approaches that try to improve existing methods.
EDIT:
I am looking for examples in which the ML approach outperforms other methods. | 2019/07/04 | [
"https://or.stackexchange.com/questions/889",
"https://or.stackexchange.com",
"https://or.stackexchange.com/users/811/"
] | There are many recent and not so recent papers that use ML to "solve" optimization problems, like [Learning Combinatorial Optimization Algorithms over Graphs](https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.01665). A very, very good entry to the subject is the survey [Machine Learning for Combinatorial Optimization: a Methodological Tour d'Horizon](https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.06128).
In your last sentence you probably ask too much. For optimization problems, there are basically two kinds of approaches, exact and heuristic. For all optimization problems you can think of, both approaches have been suggested. Of course (**of course!**) no algorithm can beat an exact approach, at least not in terms of solution quality as these - by definition - find the best possible solutions. This is not the case for heuristics, which can be of better or worse quality (but maybe beat the exact methods in terms of runtime, so there is a tradeoff). Therefore, when you ask for ML approaches to beat optimization algorithms, these can beat, at best, other heuristics. And again: An ML approach is (almost always) a heuristic approach, and I would add "yet another heuristic approach". You cannot expect them to beat existing heuristics, but you can be lucky, which is true for any other heuristic.
*edit:* re-reading your question I conclude that I could not really contribute to an answer. | There is a paper [Learning Fast Optimizers for Contextual Stochastic Integer Programs](http://auai.org/uai2018/proceedings/papers/217.pdf) where they develop a "learnable local solver" to solve problems where the MIP solvers did not scale.
I have not studied the paper, yet, but it may fit your bill.
EDIT: From the abstract/introduction: The problems are two-stage stochastic optimization, where the learned local solver is applied to the first stage, after which the (deterministic) second stage is handed to a MIP solver. This performs better than handing the overall problem to a MIP solver (better objective within same time limit). |
889 | Can someone give me a few examples, if they exist, of problems in operations research that could be solved using machine learning.
I am aware that machine learning examples are data-driven and do not give exact solutions, so I am expecting heuristics, and possibly solutions that are specific for a particular instance of the problem.
I am looking for 'direct' machine learning solutions that use machine learning to find a solution of the actual problem, and not just 'indirect' approaches that try to improve existing methods.
EDIT:
I am looking for examples in which the ML approach outperforms other methods. | 2019/07/04 | [
"https://or.stackexchange.com/questions/889",
"https://or.stackexchange.com",
"https://or.stackexchange.com/users/811/"
] | Bertsimas and Stellato just put up a new preprint which proposes a method to solve online mixed-integer optimization (MIO) problems at very high speed using machine learning. They benchmark their method against Gurobi and obtain speedups of two to three orders of magnitude on benchmarks with real-world data.
<https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.02206> | There is a paper [Learning Fast Optimizers for Contextual Stochastic Integer Programs](http://auai.org/uai2018/proceedings/papers/217.pdf) where they develop a "learnable local solver" to solve problems where the MIP solvers did not scale.
I have not studied the paper, yet, but it may fit your bill.
EDIT: From the abstract/introduction: The problems are two-stage stochastic optimization, where the learned local solver is applied to the first stage, after which the (deterministic) second stage is handed to a MIP solver. This performs better than handing the overall problem to a MIP solver (better objective within same time limit). |
889 | Can someone give me a few examples, if they exist, of problems in operations research that could be solved using machine learning.
I am aware that machine learning examples are data-driven and do not give exact solutions, so I am expecting heuristics, and possibly solutions that are specific for a particular instance of the problem.
I am looking for 'direct' machine learning solutions that use machine learning to find a solution of the actual problem, and not just 'indirect' approaches that try to improve existing methods.
EDIT:
I am looking for examples in which the ML approach outperforms other methods. | 2019/07/04 | [
"https://or.stackexchange.com/questions/889",
"https://or.stackexchange.com",
"https://or.stackexchange.com/users/811/"
] | There is a paper [Learning Fast Optimizers for Contextual Stochastic Integer Programs](http://auai.org/uai2018/proceedings/papers/217.pdf) where they develop a "learnable local solver" to solve problems where the MIP solvers did not scale.
I have not studied the paper, yet, but it may fit your bill.
EDIT: From the abstract/introduction: The problems are two-stage stochastic optimization, where the learned local solver is applied to the first stage, after which the (deterministic) second stage is handed to a MIP solver. This performs better than handing the overall problem to a MIP solver (better objective within same time limit). | Also this special issues can give idea:
[Special issue: Combining optimization and machine learning: applications in vehicle routing, network design and crew scheduling](https://www.euro-online.org/web/pages/1486/special-issues?id=19)
[Special Issue "Machine Learning and Optimization with Applications of Power System"](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies/special_issues/Machine_Learning_Optimization_Power_System)
[Special Issue on Machine Learning and Optimization](https://pubsonline.informs.org/toc/ijoo/1/2) |
889 | Can someone give me a few examples, if they exist, of problems in operations research that could be solved using machine learning.
I am aware that machine learning examples are data-driven and do not give exact solutions, so I am expecting heuristics, and possibly solutions that are specific for a particular instance of the problem.
I am looking for 'direct' machine learning solutions that use machine learning to find a solution of the actual problem, and not just 'indirect' approaches that try to improve existing methods.
EDIT:
I am looking for examples in which the ML approach outperforms other methods. | 2019/07/04 | [
"https://or.stackexchange.com/questions/889",
"https://or.stackexchange.com",
"https://or.stackexchange.com/users/811/"
] | There are many recent and not so recent papers that use ML to "solve" optimization problems, like [Learning Combinatorial Optimization Algorithms over Graphs](https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.01665). A very, very good entry to the subject is the survey [Machine Learning for Combinatorial Optimization: a Methodological Tour d'Horizon](https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.06128).
In your last sentence you probably ask too much. For optimization problems, there are basically two kinds of approaches, exact and heuristic. For all optimization problems you can think of, both approaches have been suggested. Of course (**of course!**) no algorithm can beat an exact approach, at least not in terms of solution quality as these - by definition - find the best possible solutions. This is not the case for heuristics, which can be of better or worse quality (but maybe beat the exact methods in terms of runtime, so there is a tradeoff). Therefore, when you ask for ML approaches to beat optimization algorithms, these can beat, at best, other heuristics. And again: An ML approach is (almost always) a heuristic approach, and I would add "yet another heuristic approach". You cannot expect them to beat existing heuristics, but you can be lucky, which is true for any other heuristic.
*edit:* re-reading your question I conclude that I could not really contribute to an answer. | Bertsimas and Stellato just put up a new preprint which proposes a method to solve online mixed-integer optimization (MIO) problems at very high speed using machine learning. They benchmark their method against Gurobi and obtain speedups of two to three orders of magnitude on benchmarks with real-world data.
<https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.02206> |
889 | Can someone give me a few examples, if they exist, of problems in operations research that could be solved using machine learning.
I am aware that machine learning examples are data-driven and do not give exact solutions, so I am expecting heuristics, and possibly solutions that are specific for a particular instance of the problem.
I am looking for 'direct' machine learning solutions that use machine learning to find a solution of the actual problem, and not just 'indirect' approaches that try to improve existing methods.
EDIT:
I am looking for examples in which the ML approach outperforms other methods. | 2019/07/04 | [
"https://or.stackexchange.com/questions/889",
"https://or.stackexchange.com",
"https://or.stackexchange.com/users/811/"
] | There are many recent and not so recent papers that use ML to "solve" optimization problems, like [Learning Combinatorial Optimization Algorithms over Graphs](https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.01665). A very, very good entry to the subject is the survey [Machine Learning for Combinatorial Optimization: a Methodological Tour d'Horizon](https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.06128).
In your last sentence you probably ask too much. For optimization problems, there are basically two kinds of approaches, exact and heuristic. For all optimization problems you can think of, both approaches have been suggested. Of course (**of course!**) no algorithm can beat an exact approach, at least not in terms of solution quality as these - by definition - find the best possible solutions. This is not the case for heuristics, which can be of better or worse quality (but maybe beat the exact methods in terms of runtime, so there is a tradeoff). Therefore, when you ask for ML approaches to beat optimization algorithms, these can beat, at best, other heuristics. And again: An ML approach is (almost always) a heuristic approach, and I would add "yet another heuristic approach". You cannot expect them to beat existing heuristics, but you can be lucky, which is true for any other heuristic.
*edit:* re-reading your question I conclude that I could not really contribute to an answer. | Also this special issues can give idea:
[Special issue: Combining optimization and machine learning: applications in vehicle routing, network design and crew scheduling](https://www.euro-online.org/web/pages/1486/special-issues?id=19)
[Special Issue "Machine Learning and Optimization with Applications of Power System"](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies/special_issues/Machine_Learning_Optimization_Power_System)
[Special Issue on Machine Learning and Optimization](https://pubsonline.informs.org/toc/ijoo/1/2) |
889 | Can someone give me a few examples, if they exist, of problems in operations research that could be solved using machine learning.
I am aware that machine learning examples are data-driven and do not give exact solutions, so I am expecting heuristics, and possibly solutions that are specific for a particular instance of the problem.
I am looking for 'direct' machine learning solutions that use machine learning to find a solution of the actual problem, and not just 'indirect' approaches that try to improve existing methods.
EDIT:
I am looking for examples in which the ML approach outperforms other methods. | 2019/07/04 | [
"https://or.stackexchange.com/questions/889",
"https://or.stackexchange.com",
"https://or.stackexchange.com/users/811/"
] | Bertsimas and Stellato just put up a new preprint which proposes a method to solve online mixed-integer optimization (MIO) problems at very high speed using machine learning. They benchmark their method against Gurobi and obtain speedups of two to three orders of magnitude on benchmarks with real-world data.
<https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.02206> | Also this special issues can give idea:
[Special issue: Combining optimization and machine learning: applications in vehicle routing, network design and crew scheduling](https://www.euro-online.org/web/pages/1486/special-issues?id=19)
[Special Issue "Machine Learning and Optimization with Applications of Power System"](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies/special_issues/Machine_Learning_Optimization_Power_System)
[Special Issue on Machine Learning and Optimization](https://pubsonline.informs.org/toc/ijoo/1/2) |
33,896,810 | I need to understand the concept of Apache Sling in AEM. AEM docs says *Apache Sling can be described as a RESTful web framework and Apache Sling is RESTful framework to access a java content repository over http protocol*.
I used sling api to access the JCR node/properties. I really dont know where restful is used here. Can anyone please tell how Apache Sling is working as a RESTful web framework in CQ/AEM? | 2015/11/24 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/33896810",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1074881/"
] | The way I understand it, calling a framework RESTful is a bit of a stretch. A framework can be used to build a RESTful application if it allows you to follow the defining constraints of REST. At the same time, it's possible to violate them regardless of the framework. Therefore, no matter how "RESTful" your tools are, you can end up with an application that has nothing to do with REST.
In case of Sling, you can easily create a Servlet, specify that it should use the GET method and have it modify the state of the repository, violating the semantics of the underlying HTTP protocol.
I think what they mean in the Adobe documentation that you referred to is that the default servlets will behave in a way consistent with HTTP, [the way Thomas explained in his answer](https://stackoverflow.com/a/33913673/1407656).
However, being consistent with the underlying protocol does not seem enough to call an API RESTful. For instance, I don't really see how Sling (considered in isolation) uses *HATEOAS* (*Hypertext as the Engine of Application State*). [You need to drive the application state using hypermedia](http://roy.gbiv.com/untangled/2008/rest-apis-must-be-hypertext-driven). It makes more sense to me if we consider Sling together with CRXDE, which provides hypermedia controls for resource manipulation.
As for AEM itself, I saw [a presentation earlier this year by none other than *Roy Fielding* himself about REST in AEM](http://www.slideshare.net/AEMHub2014/rest-in-aem-by-roy-fielding) and the point he makes is that AEM is RESTful in the sense that it can be used like a website.
* It's navigable
* it uses hypertext (interpreted by the browser) as the engine of application state
* manipulates resources through the exchange of representations
* access methods (as defined by the underlying protocol, HTTP in this case) have the same semantics for all resources.
etc.
It's effectively a website you can use for content management (and more). It can be used by a client (a browser) simply by going to the welcome page and following the hyperlinks, interpreting code retrieved on demand with no need for out-of-band communication (as in reading documentation, building URLs by hand and the like)
*Please mind that this answer is my own interpretation of the information I found in AEM and Sling documentation and Roy Fielding's posts and presentations and that it's in no way endorsed or approved by Adobe or Roy Fielding himself ;)* | Did you read the documentation of Apache Sling? Or what exactly is your question?
Anyway, Sling was developed for CQ together with JCR. Both were then submitted to Apache (Jackrabbit as the reference implementation of JCR).
Sling is RESTful as it doesn't use sessions (except while authoring) to provide the content that is stored in JCR. It uses the main HTTP protocols, mainly GET and POST, but also PUT and DELETE can be used. You can use so called selectors and extensions to give different views on the same content. Most commonly HTML, JSON and XML. |
18,026 | It's getting colder outside and I have a lot of jalapenos in my garden. I like eating them fresh (not cooked) on homemade tacos and omelets, etc.
If I freeze them and thaw them out later in the winter, will they still be as spicy and crunchy, or does the freezing and thawing take some flavor away from them? | 2011/09/26 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/18026",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/7000/"
] | I have a whole freezer full of jalapenos - so yes, you definitely can.
They definitely retain their heat just fine.
They keep their texture better if you do 2 things:
* Use a vacuum sealer and take out all the air - to reduce freezer burn. Because of this, I recommend you freeze them in batches.
* Blanche them for 2-3 minutes in boiling water and then drop them in freezing water. From what I've read, this destroys a particular enzyme that helps *not* break the pepper down further. I've done this and not done this - and doing it *definitely* helps on the texture.
They should be good for a little over a year in a vacuum sealed bag - as far as the texture goes. They should never *go bad* otherwise.
Cos and Sobachatina - bring up another good point: freezing fast and effectively. You can try AB's method that Cos points out, but I do what Sobachatina does. Freeze on a single layer on a tray in the freezer. They freeze quicker and better than dumping them in a bag. | A tip from a friend of mine works great if you only want to use your jalapenos for cooking!! Chop them up and push them into an ice cube tray. Top up with a tiny bit of cold water and then freeze. Once frozen take them out of the tray and put into plastic bag. To use just take as many cubes as you think you need and just throw them into whatever you are cooking |
18,026 | It's getting colder outside and I have a lot of jalapenos in my garden. I like eating them fresh (not cooked) on homemade tacos and omelets, etc.
If I freeze them and thaw them out later in the winter, will they still be as spicy and crunchy, or does the freezing and thawing take some flavor away from them? | 2011/09/26 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/18026",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/7000/"
] | I have a whole freezer full of jalapenos - so yes, you definitely can.
They definitely retain their heat just fine.
They keep their texture better if you do 2 things:
* Use a vacuum sealer and take out all the air - to reduce freezer burn. Because of this, I recommend you freeze them in batches.
* Blanche them for 2-3 minutes in boiling water and then drop them in freezing water. From what I've read, this destroys a particular enzyme that helps *not* break the pepper down further. I've done this and not done this - and doing it *definitely* helps on the texture.
They should be good for a little over a year in a vacuum sealed bag - as far as the texture goes. They should never *go bad* otherwise.
Cos and Sobachatina - bring up another good point: freezing fast and effectively. You can try AB's method that Cos points out, but I do what Sobachatina does. Freeze on a single layer on a tray in the freezer. They freeze quicker and better than dumping them in a bag. | If you don't have a vacuum sealer I use a drinking straw and suck out most of the air from a freezer baggie before sealing. |
18,026 | It's getting colder outside and I have a lot of jalapenos in my garden. I like eating them fresh (not cooked) on homemade tacos and omelets, etc.
If I freeze them and thaw them out later in the winter, will they still be as spicy and crunchy, or does the freezing and thawing take some flavor away from them? | 2011/09/26 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/18026",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/7000/"
] | I have a whole freezer full of jalapenos - so yes, you definitely can.
They definitely retain their heat just fine.
They keep their texture better if you do 2 things:
* Use a vacuum sealer and take out all the air - to reduce freezer burn. Because of this, I recommend you freeze them in batches.
* Blanche them for 2-3 minutes in boiling water and then drop them in freezing water. From what I've read, this destroys a particular enzyme that helps *not* break the pepper down further. I've done this and not done this - and doing it *definitely* helps on the texture.
They should be good for a little over a year in a vacuum sealed bag - as far as the texture goes. They should never *go bad* otherwise.
Cos and Sobachatina - bring up another good point: freezing fast and effectively. You can try AB's method that Cos points out, but I do what Sobachatina does. Freeze on a single layer on a tray in the freezer. They freeze quicker and better than dumping them in a bag. | Yes you can, you just have to take out all the air out by using a vacuum sealer to reduce freezer burn. In this way you can freeze them for a long time and you should freeze them in batches. |
18,026 | It's getting colder outside and I have a lot of jalapenos in my garden. I like eating them fresh (not cooked) on homemade tacos and omelets, etc.
If I freeze them and thaw them out later in the winter, will they still be as spicy and crunchy, or does the freezing and thawing take some flavor away from them? | 2011/09/26 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/18026",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/7000/"
] | A tip from a friend of mine works great if you only want to use your jalapenos for cooking!! Chop them up and push them into an ice cube tray. Top up with a tiny bit of cold water and then freeze. Once frozen take them out of the tray and put into plastic bag. To use just take as many cubes as you think you need and just throw them into whatever you are cooking | If you don't have a vacuum sealer I use a drinking straw and suck out most of the air from a freezer baggie before sealing. |
18,026 | It's getting colder outside and I have a lot of jalapenos in my garden. I like eating them fresh (not cooked) on homemade tacos and omelets, etc.
If I freeze them and thaw them out later in the winter, will they still be as spicy and crunchy, or does the freezing and thawing take some flavor away from them? | 2011/09/26 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/18026",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/7000/"
] | A tip from a friend of mine works great if you only want to use your jalapenos for cooking!! Chop them up and push them into an ice cube tray. Top up with a tiny bit of cold water and then freeze. Once frozen take them out of the tray and put into plastic bag. To use just take as many cubes as you think you need and just throw them into whatever you are cooking | Yes you can, you just have to take out all the air out by using a vacuum sealer to reduce freezer burn. In this way you can freeze them for a long time and you should freeze them in batches. |
114,125 | I'm curious why this particular shape of jaws on digital caliper like [this one](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B01MCVVMLZ) has.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/WP9zo.png)
I mean the tapered pointy ends of the outer and inner jaws. The different shapes of the inner jaws one having a step. | 2017/05/04 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/114125",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/7229/"
] | The jaws have a knife edge for measuring the distance between two holes, which is needed when measuring the distance between hole centres.
If the jaws didn't have a knife-edge tip, the width of the tip would hold the caliper away from the hole at two points and the measurement would be wrong.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/RjEEO.jpg)
* A - knife edge on inside jaws for measuring inside holes
* B - recess to give clearance and define measuring surface
* C - ditto
* D - rectangular edge for measuring flat (or convex) surfaces. This edge is usually lapped flat, an expensive precision operation that cannot be easily performed up against an internal corner, hence the recessed corner.
* E - knife edge for measuring in holes (or similar surfaces that are concave in one dimension) or where access is limited.
---
The recesses for clearance are found on other tools where you need to prevent sharp corners (or burrs) on the object from contacting a radiussed inner corner on the measuring tool.
Note the recess in the corner of this engineer's square
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zVxwI.jpg)
---
There are a wide range of jaw shapes available for specialised purposes.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Al8oI.jpg)
*Source - [Mitutoyo](http://www.mitutoyo.co.jp/eng/support/service/catalog/08/E12026.pdf)*
The most common jaw shape is probably a compromise that is useful in a wide range of situations. | The tapered ends in the shorter inside measure jaws allow for measurement of diameter of small holes, narrow grooves or small spaces between two other parts. |
13,684 | Is it possible to express both the MHC class-1 and MHC class-2 both in one cell? | 2013/11/27 | [
"https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/13684",
"https://biology.stackexchange.com",
"https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/5021/"
] | Sure generally any cell that expresses MHCII will also express MHCI. Most cells in the body express MHCI as a self-identifier and to present intracellular proteins to T cells as a sort of a status update i.e. the cell will constantly be presenting peptides (pieces of endogenous proteins) on its surface bound to MHCI, if the cell becomes infected it could also present viral proteins on its surface with MHCI, which can potentially be recognized by a T cell specific for that particular epitope. B cells and antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages express MHCII but also need to be able to be identified as self through their basal level of MHCI presentation of self-peptides. The two MHC molecules are recognized by different cell types, MHCI by CD8 T cells and MHCII by CD4 T cells. So you could consider them to work independently from one another. The source of antigens (peptides here) and process for presenting them via MHCI and MHCII are somewhat different from one another. | You should find a mechanism to make this possible - mechanism that controls the ignition of the expression of MHC-I and MHC-II at the same time.
In other words, parallelism is required by the cell.
Some think such parallelism exists in one process in childbirth, for instance.
I personally think that such processes are in series, than exact parallelism, because such machinery would require large amount of memory, which our cells do not have, and fine tuning machinery, which is would require too much energy to keep to maintain the control system.
In reality, the processes seem to be happening at the same time, because there is so many of them.
However, I think this is a paralysis, since different processes are occurring.
But to show that two processes happen in exactly the same time would require the fine tuning machinery which should be found first, and also the energy aspect would require too much energy to control it.
Third argument against such parallelism is in probability theory.
I take an example about the logic behind how to falsify your statement.
**Statement:** If something is a B-cell, then it can express MHC-I and MHC-II at exactly the same time.
**Contraposition of this:** This something cannot express MHC-I or MHC-II at exactly the same time, then it is not a B-cell. This is wrong because this something is still B-cell, although it cannot express MHC-I or MHC-II in all situations.
Another perspective, the probability that these two events happen at the same time in time space with one independent system is zero.
The probability that these two events happen at the same time in time space with two independent systems is zero still. You need to have three systems to make this possible: fine tuning machine and the machines that expresses this. However, I have not seen such machinery to exist.
Generally, one point in probability space is always zero. |
35,790,641 | I am currently exploring websharper. However, the UI.Next API seems kind of sluggish. Albeit, it is still experimental. I am thinking the speed and flexibility offered by Facebook's, reactjs and it's functional design, should make a great fit. Has any tried this? How successfully? Since UI.Next is merely a library to the WebSharper framework, one might expect an adapter to the reactjs library could similarly work...
Thank in advance for your response. | 2016/03/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/35790641",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1612190/"
] | Already does...
[Found the documentation clarifying this point](http://websharper.com/docs/ui.next)
>
> (WebSharper.UI.Next is...) A reactive DOM library for displaying these time-varying values in a functional way. If you are familiar with Facebook React, then you will find some similarities with this approach: instead of explicitly inserting, modifying and removing DOM nodes, you return a value that represents a DOM tree based on inputs. The main difference is that these inputs are nodes of the dataflow layer, rather than a single state value associated with the component.
>
>
> | Although UI.Next has some 'react-like' features, it explicitly avoids the Virtual Dom approach which is the key underlying technology behind React.
The result is that in order to build a complex GUI in UI.Next you need to explicitly set up the necessary observables, rather than just rendering and handling events. Personally, I find this harder and more timeconsuming, but YMMV.
There are some tantalising indications that a binding to React may be on the cards quite soon: <http://websharper.com/blog-entry/4665/websharper-a-year-in-review> mentions a forthcoming React library. |
168,471 | A bit of context first,
We (Software company) made a mobile app for a client, but the client didn't have the budget to make a homepage for it to promote the app
Our employer said we're free to make one for him if it's in our own time,
so I made one, because I like web development so it was fun to make, especially since I was free to make it however I saw fit, and also the app was for a good cause (2 birds 1 stone)
I was proud of the page I made so I added to the bottom of the page in small text
"Made with ❤ by [my name]"
So I can add it to my portfolio
When my employer saw the page his first reaction was:
"I didn't ask for this, did you do it in your own time?"
When told that it wasn't on the company's time he asked to remove the caption I added at the end.
Now, I'm thinking of saying it's an all in one take it or leave it, because I did it for free at least let me take credit for it.
But I want to hear other opinions, am I just being selfish?
PS: forgot to mention that the employer didn't ask to simply remove it, He asked to either put the company's name or remove it | 2021/01/12 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/168471",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/123666/"
] | Thing is, you didn't make the site for the client, you made it for your employer.
Your employer is the one providing it to the client, so if they don't like the note in the footer, you can't really argue with that. - You weren't obligated to do the work, and it's up to you if you hand it over to your employer however, now they've already seen it, it would be awkward to take it back.
>
> But I want to hear other opinions, am I just being selfish?
>
>
>
In my opinion you shouldn't have made it, and your employer was completely wrong to say you could do it in your own time.
I think removing the text is the best way forward, and I would still include it in my personal portfolio.
What I would have done. I would have asked my employer for permission to contact the client and build the site for them on a freelance basis. If the employer agreed, they wouldn't have had a say over it. | Your employer may feel that footer doesn't look professional (and I would agree). While your intention and sentiment are good, professionalism matters in this case.
Even though you did it on your time and didn't charge the client, the work will still be associated with your company and their image/reputation because of the app that goes with the site that the company did charge for.
You don't want to lessen your company's reputation for professional work, so I would recommend going along with your employer's request. |
168,471 | A bit of context first,
We (Software company) made a mobile app for a client, but the client didn't have the budget to make a homepage for it to promote the app
Our employer said we're free to make one for him if it's in our own time,
so I made one, because I like web development so it was fun to make, especially since I was free to make it however I saw fit, and also the app was for a good cause (2 birds 1 stone)
I was proud of the page I made so I added to the bottom of the page in small text
"Made with ❤ by [my name]"
So I can add it to my portfolio
When my employer saw the page his first reaction was:
"I didn't ask for this, did you do it in your own time?"
When told that it wasn't on the company's time he asked to remove the caption I added at the end.
Now, I'm thinking of saying it's an all in one take it or leave it, because I did it for free at least let me take credit for it.
But I want to hear other opinions, am I just being selfish?
PS: forgot to mention that the employer didn't ask to simply remove it, He asked to either put the company's name or remove it | 2021/01/12 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/168471",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/123666/"
] | Your employer may feel that footer doesn't look professional (and I would agree). While your intention and sentiment are good, professionalism matters in this case.
Even though you did it on your time and didn't charge the client, the work will still be associated with your company and their image/reputation because of the app that goes with the site that the company did charge for.
You don't want to lessen your company's reputation for professional work, so I would recommend going along with your employer's request. | >
> Now, I'm thinking of saying it's an all in one take it or leave it,
> because I did it for free at least let me take credit for it.
>
>
>
It's not your website. This is not your decision to make.
You can ask for permission to put a note giving you credit. But you need to respect the website owner's wishes. And you need to respect your employer's directive, assuming you wish to keep your job. |
168,471 | A bit of context first,
We (Software company) made a mobile app for a client, but the client didn't have the budget to make a homepage for it to promote the app
Our employer said we're free to make one for him if it's in our own time,
so I made one, because I like web development so it was fun to make, especially since I was free to make it however I saw fit, and also the app was for a good cause (2 birds 1 stone)
I was proud of the page I made so I added to the bottom of the page in small text
"Made with ❤ by [my name]"
So I can add it to my portfolio
When my employer saw the page his first reaction was:
"I didn't ask for this, did you do it in your own time?"
When told that it wasn't on the company's time he asked to remove the caption I added at the end.
Now, I'm thinking of saying it's an all in one take it or leave it, because I did it for free at least let me take credit for it.
But I want to hear other opinions, am I just being selfish?
PS: forgot to mention that the employer didn't ask to simply remove it, He asked to either put the company's name or remove it | 2021/01/12 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/168471",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/123666/"
] | Your employer may feel that footer doesn't look professional (and I would agree). While your intention and sentiment are good, professionalism matters in this case.
Even though you did it on your time and didn't charge the client, the work will still be associated with your company and their image/reputation because of the app that goes with the site that the company did charge for.
You don't want to lessen your company's reputation for professional work, so I would recommend going along with your employer's request. | You could put your name as an HTML comment. If you don't mind some ongoing maintenance, you could even put "If there are any technical problems with the website, please email Your Name your@email.com", again as an HTML comment. The end product would look less professional if the attribution was visible. The client would be advertising your services because they couldn't afford the website otherwise. |
168,471 | A bit of context first,
We (Software company) made a mobile app for a client, but the client didn't have the budget to make a homepage for it to promote the app
Our employer said we're free to make one for him if it's in our own time,
so I made one, because I like web development so it was fun to make, especially since I was free to make it however I saw fit, and also the app was for a good cause (2 birds 1 stone)
I was proud of the page I made so I added to the bottom of the page in small text
"Made with ❤ by [my name]"
So I can add it to my portfolio
When my employer saw the page his first reaction was:
"I didn't ask for this, did you do it in your own time?"
When told that it wasn't on the company's time he asked to remove the caption I added at the end.
Now, I'm thinking of saying it's an all in one take it or leave it, because I did it for free at least let me take credit for it.
But I want to hear other opinions, am I just being selfish?
PS: forgot to mention that the employer didn't ask to simply remove it, He asked to either put the company's name or remove it | 2021/01/12 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/168471",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/123666/"
] | Thing is, you didn't make the site for the client, you made it for your employer.
Your employer is the one providing it to the client, so if they don't like the note in the footer, you can't really argue with that. - You weren't obligated to do the work, and it's up to you if you hand it over to your employer however, now they've already seen it, it would be awkward to take it back.
>
> But I want to hear other opinions, am I just being selfish?
>
>
>
In my opinion you shouldn't have made it, and your employer was completely wrong to say you could do it in your own time.
I think removing the text is the best way forward, and I would still include it in my personal portfolio.
What I would have done. I would have asked my employer for permission to contact the client and build the site for them on a freelance basis. If the employer agreed, they wouldn't have had a say over it. | you are under no obligation to deliver free work, and they are under no obligation to receive it.
Ultimately, your actual employer makes the call.
Remember he's not the boss because he's right, he's right because he's the boss. |
168,471 | A bit of context first,
We (Software company) made a mobile app for a client, but the client didn't have the budget to make a homepage for it to promote the app
Our employer said we're free to make one for him if it's in our own time,
so I made one, because I like web development so it was fun to make, especially since I was free to make it however I saw fit, and also the app was for a good cause (2 birds 1 stone)
I was proud of the page I made so I added to the bottom of the page in small text
"Made with ❤ by [my name]"
So I can add it to my portfolio
When my employer saw the page his first reaction was:
"I didn't ask for this, did you do it in your own time?"
When told that it wasn't on the company's time he asked to remove the caption I added at the end.
Now, I'm thinking of saying it's an all in one take it or leave it, because I did it for free at least let me take credit for it.
But I want to hear other opinions, am I just being selfish?
PS: forgot to mention that the employer didn't ask to simply remove it, He asked to either put the company's name or remove it | 2021/01/12 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/168471",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/123666/"
] | you are under no obligation to deliver free work, and they are under no obligation to receive it.
Ultimately, your actual employer makes the call.
Remember he's not the boss because he's right, he's right because he's the boss. | >
> Now, I'm thinking of saying it's an all in one take it or leave it,
> because I did it for free at least let me take credit for it.
>
>
>
It's not your website. This is not your decision to make.
You can ask for permission to put a note giving you credit. But you need to respect the website owner's wishes. And you need to respect your employer's directive, assuming you wish to keep your job. |
168,471 | A bit of context first,
We (Software company) made a mobile app for a client, but the client didn't have the budget to make a homepage for it to promote the app
Our employer said we're free to make one for him if it's in our own time,
so I made one, because I like web development so it was fun to make, especially since I was free to make it however I saw fit, and also the app was for a good cause (2 birds 1 stone)
I was proud of the page I made so I added to the bottom of the page in small text
"Made with ❤ by [my name]"
So I can add it to my portfolio
When my employer saw the page his first reaction was:
"I didn't ask for this, did you do it in your own time?"
When told that it wasn't on the company's time he asked to remove the caption I added at the end.
Now, I'm thinking of saying it's an all in one take it or leave it, because I did it for free at least let me take credit for it.
But I want to hear other opinions, am I just being selfish?
PS: forgot to mention that the employer didn't ask to simply remove it, He asked to either put the company's name or remove it | 2021/01/12 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/168471",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/123666/"
] | you are under no obligation to deliver free work, and they are under no obligation to receive it.
Ultimately, your actual employer makes the call.
Remember he's not the boss because he's right, he's right because he's the boss. | You could put your name as an HTML comment. If you don't mind some ongoing maintenance, you could even put "If there are any technical problems with the website, please email Your Name your@email.com", again as an HTML comment. The end product would look less professional if the attribution was visible. The client would be advertising your services because they couldn't afford the website otherwise. |
168,471 | A bit of context first,
We (Software company) made a mobile app for a client, but the client didn't have the budget to make a homepage for it to promote the app
Our employer said we're free to make one for him if it's in our own time,
so I made one, because I like web development so it was fun to make, especially since I was free to make it however I saw fit, and also the app was for a good cause (2 birds 1 stone)
I was proud of the page I made so I added to the bottom of the page in small text
"Made with ❤ by [my name]"
So I can add it to my portfolio
When my employer saw the page his first reaction was:
"I didn't ask for this, did you do it in your own time?"
When told that it wasn't on the company's time he asked to remove the caption I added at the end.
Now, I'm thinking of saying it's an all in one take it or leave it, because I did it for free at least let me take credit for it.
But I want to hear other opinions, am I just being selfish?
PS: forgot to mention that the employer didn't ask to simply remove it, He asked to either put the company's name or remove it | 2021/01/12 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/168471",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/123666/"
] | Thing is, you didn't make the site for the client, you made it for your employer.
Your employer is the one providing it to the client, so if they don't like the note in the footer, you can't really argue with that. - You weren't obligated to do the work, and it's up to you if you hand it over to your employer however, now they've already seen it, it would be awkward to take it back.
>
> But I want to hear other opinions, am I just being selfish?
>
>
>
In my opinion you shouldn't have made it, and your employer was completely wrong to say you could do it in your own time.
I think removing the text is the best way forward, and I would still include it in my personal portfolio.
What I would have done. I would have asked my employer for permission to contact the client and build the site for them on a freelance basis. If the employer agreed, they wouldn't have had a say over it. | >
> Now, I'm thinking of saying it's an all in one take it or leave it,
> because I did it for free at least let me take credit for it.
>
>
>
It's not your website. This is not your decision to make.
You can ask for permission to put a note giving you credit. But you need to respect the website owner's wishes. And you need to respect your employer's directive, assuming you wish to keep your job. |
168,471 | A bit of context first,
We (Software company) made a mobile app for a client, but the client didn't have the budget to make a homepage for it to promote the app
Our employer said we're free to make one for him if it's in our own time,
so I made one, because I like web development so it was fun to make, especially since I was free to make it however I saw fit, and also the app was for a good cause (2 birds 1 stone)
I was proud of the page I made so I added to the bottom of the page in small text
"Made with ❤ by [my name]"
So I can add it to my portfolio
When my employer saw the page his first reaction was:
"I didn't ask for this, did you do it in your own time?"
When told that it wasn't on the company's time he asked to remove the caption I added at the end.
Now, I'm thinking of saying it's an all in one take it or leave it, because I did it for free at least let me take credit for it.
But I want to hear other opinions, am I just being selfish?
PS: forgot to mention that the employer didn't ask to simply remove it, He asked to either put the company's name or remove it | 2021/01/12 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/168471",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/123666/"
] | Thing is, you didn't make the site for the client, you made it for your employer.
Your employer is the one providing it to the client, so if they don't like the note in the footer, you can't really argue with that. - You weren't obligated to do the work, and it's up to you if you hand it over to your employer however, now they've already seen it, it would be awkward to take it back.
>
> But I want to hear other opinions, am I just being selfish?
>
>
>
In my opinion you shouldn't have made it, and your employer was completely wrong to say you could do it in your own time.
I think removing the text is the best way forward, and I would still include it in my personal portfolio.
What I would have done. I would have asked my employer for permission to contact the client and build the site for them on a freelance basis. If the employer agreed, they wouldn't have had a say over it. | You could put your name as an HTML comment. If you don't mind some ongoing maintenance, you could even put "If there are any technical problems with the website, please email Your Name your@email.com", again as an HTML comment. The end product would look less professional if the attribution was visible. The client would be advertising your services because they couldn't afford the website otherwise. |
168,471 | A bit of context first,
We (Software company) made a mobile app for a client, but the client didn't have the budget to make a homepage for it to promote the app
Our employer said we're free to make one for him if it's in our own time,
so I made one, because I like web development so it was fun to make, especially since I was free to make it however I saw fit, and also the app was for a good cause (2 birds 1 stone)
I was proud of the page I made so I added to the bottom of the page in small text
"Made with ❤ by [my name]"
So I can add it to my portfolio
When my employer saw the page his first reaction was:
"I didn't ask for this, did you do it in your own time?"
When told that it wasn't on the company's time he asked to remove the caption I added at the end.
Now, I'm thinking of saying it's an all in one take it or leave it, because I did it for free at least let me take credit for it.
But I want to hear other opinions, am I just being selfish?
PS: forgot to mention that the employer didn't ask to simply remove it, He asked to either put the company's name or remove it | 2021/01/12 | [
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/168471",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com",
"https://workplace.stackexchange.com/users/123666/"
] | >
> Now, I'm thinking of saying it's an all in one take it or leave it,
> because I did it for free at least let me take credit for it.
>
>
>
It's not your website. This is not your decision to make.
You can ask for permission to put a note giving you credit. But you need to respect the website owner's wishes. And you need to respect your employer's directive, assuming you wish to keep your job. | You could put your name as an HTML comment. If you don't mind some ongoing maintenance, you could even put "If there are any technical problems with the website, please email Your Name your@email.com", again as an HTML comment. The end product would look less professional if the attribution was visible. The client would be advertising your services because they couldn't afford the website otherwise. |
243,313 | >
> [stain](https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/stain) 1 /steɪn/ ●○○ verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] to
> accidentally make a mark on something, especially one that cannot be
> removed, or to be marked in this way
>
>
> Be careful you don’t stain the carpet.
>
>
> This tablecloth stains very easily.
>
>
> Her fingers were stained yellow from years of smoking.
>
>
> stain with
>
>
> a cowboy hat stained with dust and sweat
>
>
>
---
There are some stains on your pillow. It could be your child poured water or milk or sweat on the pillow, but you don't know what substance stained it.
Do you say "**the pillow is stained with some substance**"?
or do you use a better word instead of using "**substance**"? | 2020/04/02 | [
"https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/243313",
"https://ell.stackexchange.com",
"https://ell.stackexchange.com/users/22478/"
] | That is a permissible construction.
===================================
It's a little bit more formal than you'd expect in day-to-day life, so if someone said it the implication is that they find the unknown substance disgusting, but it's perfectly acceptable English. A more informal way of saying it would be something like "The pillow's stained with something", "Something's stained the pillow," or simply "The pillow's stained". If you were writing a formal academic paper, you might write something like "The sample was stained with an unknown foreign substance". | You do not have to mention the substance at all. It makes you sound like a forensic scientist from Mars.
In fact, it is better to avoid the issue of the stain at all and just say that this needs to go in the laundry.
("null mentions" are a fascinating component of idiomatic usage. People from a more direct culture have often asked me how to say that in English and the answer is often: you don't under normal everyday circumstances) |
42,054 | I've just decided to finally bite the bullet and learn redstone circuitry in minecraft. I'm already familiar with logical circuitry, and the [minecraftwiki page about redstone circuits](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Redstone_circuits) is certainly a good reference. But I need some goals. I can build all the flip-flops and xor gates I want, but I don't really know what to *do* with them.
So, I'm looking for some ideas that:
* Require theoretical knowledge about logical circuit components
* Are not intimidatingly enormous (or time consuming)
* Have a practical application in the game (i.e. not just art)
* Are fun!
Any thoughts? | 2011/12/17 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/42054",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/16583/"
] | There are a lot of possibilities, so I'll just list my favourite 2 done on our server.
The easier one is a **set of cannons**. We built a ship approximately 100 meters long. Along one side of the hull, I placed 4 hidden dispensers. Flipping a switch would uncover holes in the hull. Pressing a button would then launch a salvo of arrows from the ship.
Having the dispensers hidden had a nice property - as long as the shafts were closed, the cannons were completely invisible from the outside.
Probably the largest and most complex building we built was a stadium with a mob grinder.
We started by building a standard **grinder** - many levels of dark rooms with water and a hole in the middle. Mobs are spawned and then fall down to be killed at the lowest level by lava. Water then moved all the dropped items to a single place to be picked up.
Then a friend added some **control mechanisms for the grinder** (continuing in the nice tradition I started). Should a need for maintenance arise, the grinder could be turned off. The flow of lava was stopped. Using pistons, the (quite wide) vertical shaft the mobs were falling through was closed off before the bottom. Then that barrier was flooded by water, so the mobs falling in wouldn't get hurt while the grinder was turned off.
Reaching 110 meters in height, and sporting a big control room, this already was the tallest and most complex structure in our world. But then a friend had an idea.
**A stadium** built from obsidian was built on top of the grinder. A redirect switch was added, so instead of falling into lava, the **mobs** at the bottom fell into a watery **elevator**.
The elevator brought them to the top and lunged them into the obsidian stadium, where they could be killed for fun and profit. (Their flow was, of course, controlled by doors.)
And should they get out of hand or should we become tired, the solution was also simple: with a flick of a switch, **the roof** of the stadium **opened**, allowing the sunshine to burn 'em to death. (I also remember having a building with rows of armed **dispensers to shoot the remaining creepers**; that might have been a different building though, I'm not sure.)
All this may seem complex, but remember - *there are many parts which could be built separately*. The mob redirection/control, the grinder control, the automated stadium or shooting ranges could all very well stand on their own. And they wouldn't be doable without a lot of redstone, pistons, repeaters and thinking.
Oh, and last but not least; my personal favourites are **hidden doors and ~~mob~~ player traps**. I once built a network of tunnels that connected all of the buildings and spots in our valley, but were quite intricate, contained dead ends, pitfalls, lava traps and the like. And since the entry/exit points were also hidden from view, it sometimes looked like you were just walking along a hill, suddenly sunk into the terrain and reappeared atop a giant tree on the other side of the valley. (I liked leading people through them safely. :) Also, I had some hidden plantages right under everyone's noses and it took a week until they found them by randomly digging - pneumatic stone doors FTW.
I hope you'll find some inspiration here. :) | Build some hidden doorways/staircases/bridges. Those can be tough, because you have to get creative to hide all the redstone. Multi-component doors and whatnot are good too, because the ordering can get tricky. Lightswitches are nice. A self-constructing building is very satisfying, because after all the work laying the foundation, you get to watch the thing build itself. What I usually do is just start building and see what happens :)
And believe me, the logic circuit knowledge is incredibly useful. |
42,054 | I've just decided to finally bite the bullet and learn redstone circuitry in minecraft. I'm already familiar with logical circuitry, and the [minecraftwiki page about redstone circuits](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Redstone_circuits) is certainly a good reference. But I need some goals. I can build all the flip-flops and xor gates I want, but I don't really know what to *do* with them.
So, I'm looking for some ideas that:
* Require theoretical knowledge about logical circuit components
* Are not intimidatingly enormous (or time consuming)
* Have a practical application in the game (i.e. not just art)
* Are fun!
Any thoughts? | 2011/12/17 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/42054",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/16583/"
] | Redstone in a wonderful art, and it can take time to master, but once you get it, it's extremely fun. Here's a small list of things you can do to try and learn more about it. You may want to try most of these in a creative world before doing it in survival, since you'll have unlimited resources.
Basic
-----
The first things you should do are basic connectivity experiments. Put some redstone wire on the ground and see how it connects to blocks. Note how redstone torches power up and out, and how torches on the side of blocks can be turned off by power. Note how pressure plates power down as well. Understanding how redstone connects is important, since there is little consistency, and it can easily leave you confused.
### Exclusive Doors
Make a set of two doors connected to a lever. Make it so that when one is off, the other is on and vice-versa. This will teach you how to use redstone torches to invert a signal.
### Redstone Clock
Learn how to make a [redstone clock](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Redstone_Circuits#Clock_generators), especially repeater clocks. Make a set of flashing redstone torches that alternate down the line.
### Warning Light I
Use some pressure plates connected to various torches around your house to warn you when mobs are nearby. Make the warning light turn on when mobs are near, off when they are not.
### Intro to Logic
Learn how to use an [AND gate](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Redstone_Circuits#AND_gate_.28.E2.88.A7.29) to combine two signals. Make a door that only open when two levers are *both* turned on.
### Final Exam: Warning Light II
Use a clock, pressure plates, and an AND gate to make a warning light that is off when no mobs are nearby and flashes on and off when they are.
Intermediate
------------
At this point, you should be fairly exposed to redstone and able to follow most tutorials. However, you've only scratched the surface of this iceberg! These devices will be more involved than the Basic ones, but still quite easy.
### Piston Door
Create a 1x2 door that is triggered via pressure plates on either side that is moved via sticky pistons. Make sure that all redstone wiring is hidden, and place the pistons inside a wall. Make it look simply like the wall retracts, with no visible mechanics.
### Intro to Latches
Learn how to make an [RS NOR Latch](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Redstone_Circuits#RS_NOR_latch_and_Input_Stabilizers) to hold data as on or off. Create a door with an on button and an off button that will keep it open or closed, no levers used.
### Lake Secret
Create an artifical pond with a hole in the bottom that goes into a secret room. Make water flow into it out of a wall. Add a sticky piston that will block/unblock the water flow. Using a latch, create a set of buttons outside the lake that will turn it on/off and a set of buttons in the secret room to turn it on/off.
Optional: Use lava instead of water.
That's all for now, I may add some more at a later date. | Build some hidden doorways/staircases/bridges. Those can be tough, because you have to get creative to hide all the redstone. Multi-component doors and whatnot are good too, because the ordering can get tricky. Lightswitches are nice. A self-constructing building is very satisfying, because after all the work laying the foundation, you get to watch the thing build itself. What I usually do is just start building and see what happens :)
And believe me, the logic circuit knowledge is incredibly useful. |
42,054 | I've just decided to finally bite the bullet and learn redstone circuitry in minecraft. I'm already familiar with logical circuitry, and the [minecraftwiki page about redstone circuits](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Redstone_circuits) is certainly a good reference. But I need some goals. I can build all the flip-flops and xor gates I want, but I don't really know what to *do* with them.
So, I'm looking for some ideas that:
* Require theoretical knowledge about logical circuit components
* Are not intimidatingly enormous (or time consuming)
* Have a practical application in the game (i.e. not just art)
* Are fun!
Any thoughts? | 2011/12/17 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/42054",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/16583/"
] | There are a lot of possibilities, so I'll just list my favourite 2 done on our server.
The easier one is a **set of cannons**. We built a ship approximately 100 meters long. Along one side of the hull, I placed 4 hidden dispensers. Flipping a switch would uncover holes in the hull. Pressing a button would then launch a salvo of arrows from the ship.
Having the dispensers hidden had a nice property - as long as the shafts were closed, the cannons were completely invisible from the outside.
Probably the largest and most complex building we built was a stadium with a mob grinder.
We started by building a standard **grinder** - many levels of dark rooms with water and a hole in the middle. Mobs are spawned and then fall down to be killed at the lowest level by lava. Water then moved all the dropped items to a single place to be picked up.
Then a friend added some **control mechanisms for the grinder** (continuing in the nice tradition I started). Should a need for maintenance arise, the grinder could be turned off. The flow of lava was stopped. Using pistons, the (quite wide) vertical shaft the mobs were falling through was closed off before the bottom. Then that barrier was flooded by water, so the mobs falling in wouldn't get hurt while the grinder was turned off.
Reaching 110 meters in height, and sporting a big control room, this already was the tallest and most complex structure in our world. But then a friend had an idea.
**A stadium** built from obsidian was built on top of the grinder. A redirect switch was added, so instead of falling into lava, the **mobs** at the bottom fell into a watery **elevator**.
The elevator brought them to the top and lunged them into the obsidian stadium, where they could be killed for fun and profit. (Their flow was, of course, controlled by doors.)
And should they get out of hand or should we become tired, the solution was also simple: with a flick of a switch, **the roof** of the stadium **opened**, allowing the sunshine to burn 'em to death. (I also remember having a building with rows of armed **dispensers to shoot the remaining creepers**; that might have been a different building though, I'm not sure.)
All this may seem complex, but remember - *there are many parts which could be built separately*. The mob redirection/control, the grinder control, the automated stadium or shooting ranges could all very well stand on their own. And they wouldn't be doable without a lot of redstone, pistons, repeaters and thinking.
Oh, and last but not least; my personal favourites are **hidden doors and ~~mob~~ player traps**. I once built a network of tunnels that connected all of the buildings and spots in our valley, but were quite intricate, contained dead ends, pitfalls, lava traps and the like. And since the entry/exit points were also hidden from view, it sometimes looked like you were just walking along a hill, suddenly sunk into the terrain and reappeared atop a giant tree on the other side of the valley. (I liked leading people through them safely. :) Also, I had some hidden plantages right under everyone's noses and it took a week until they found them by randomly digging - pneumatic stone doors FTW.
I hope you'll find some inspiration here. :) | You might try some simple digital logic - what about a 1 or 2 bit adder to start with?
Once you've built the basic building blocks of gates, that's kind of the next logical step. You don't have to go crazy and build a full-on CPU, but experimenting with some simple arithmetic operations would likely teach you a decent amount about the way redstone works, and give you a chance to build something somewhat more complex than a simple gate. |
42,054 | I've just decided to finally bite the bullet and learn redstone circuitry in minecraft. I'm already familiar with logical circuitry, and the [minecraftwiki page about redstone circuits](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Redstone_circuits) is certainly a good reference. But I need some goals. I can build all the flip-flops and xor gates I want, but I don't really know what to *do* with them.
So, I'm looking for some ideas that:
* Require theoretical knowledge about logical circuit components
* Are not intimidatingly enormous (or time consuming)
* Have a practical application in the game (i.e. not just art)
* Are fun!
Any thoughts? | 2011/12/17 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/42054",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/16583/"
] | Redstone in a wonderful art, and it can take time to master, but once you get it, it's extremely fun. Here's a small list of things you can do to try and learn more about it. You may want to try most of these in a creative world before doing it in survival, since you'll have unlimited resources.
Basic
-----
The first things you should do are basic connectivity experiments. Put some redstone wire on the ground and see how it connects to blocks. Note how redstone torches power up and out, and how torches on the side of blocks can be turned off by power. Note how pressure plates power down as well. Understanding how redstone connects is important, since there is little consistency, and it can easily leave you confused.
### Exclusive Doors
Make a set of two doors connected to a lever. Make it so that when one is off, the other is on and vice-versa. This will teach you how to use redstone torches to invert a signal.
### Redstone Clock
Learn how to make a [redstone clock](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Redstone_Circuits#Clock_generators), especially repeater clocks. Make a set of flashing redstone torches that alternate down the line.
### Warning Light I
Use some pressure plates connected to various torches around your house to warn you when mobs are nearby. Make the warning light turn on when mobs are near, off when they are not.
### Intro to Logic
Learn how to use an [AND gate](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Redstone_Circuits#AND_gate_.28.E2.88.A7.29) to combine two signals. Make a door that only open when two levers are *both* turned on.
### Final Exam: Warning Light II
Use a clock, pressure plates, and an AND gate to make a warning light that is off when no mobs are nearby and flashes on and off when they are.
Intermediate
------------
At this point, you should be fairly exposed to redstone and able to follow most tutorials. However, you've only scratched the surface of this iceberg! These devices will be more involved than the Basic ones, but still quite easy.
### Piston Door
Create a 1x2 door that is triggered via pressure plates on either side that is moved via sticky pistons. Make sure that all redstone wiring is hidden, and place the pistons inside a wall. Make it look simply like the wall retracts, with no visible mechanics.
### Intro to Latches
Learn how to make an [RS NOR Latch](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Redstone_Circuits#RS_NOR_latch_and_Input_Stabilizers) to hold data as on or off. Create a door with an on button and an off button that will keep it open or closed, no levers used.
### Lake Secret
Create an artifical pond with a hole in the bottom that goes into a secret room. Make water flow into it out of a wall. Add a sticky piston that will block/unblock the water flow. Using a latch, create a set of buttons outside the lake that will turn it on/off and a set of buttons in the secret room to turn it on/off.
Optional: Use lava instead of water.
That's all for now, I may add some more at a later date. | You might try some simple digital logic - what about a 1 or 2 bit adder to start with?
Once you've built the basic building blocks of gates, that's kind of the next logical step. You don't have to go crazy and build a full-on CPU, but experimenting with some simple arithmetic operations would likely teach you a decent amount about the way redstone works, and give you a chance to build something somewhat more complex than a simple gate. |
42,054 | I've just decided to finally bite the bullet and learn redstone circuitry in minecraft. I'm already familiar with logical circuitry, and the [minecraftwiki page about redstone circuits](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Redstone_circuits) is certainly a good reference. But I need some goals. I can build all the flip-flops and xor gates I want, but I don't really know what to *do* with them.
So, I'm looking for some ideas that:
* Require theoretical knowledge about logical circuit components
* Are not intimidatingly enormous (or time consuming)
* Have a practical application in the game (i.e. not just art)
* Are fun!
Any thoughts? | 2011/12/17 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/42054",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/16583/"
] | There are a lot of possibilities, so I'll just list my favourite 2 done on our server.
The easier one is a **set of cannons**. We built a ship approximately 100 meters long. Along one side of the hull, I placed 4 hidden dispensers. Flipping a switch would uncover holes in the hull. Pressing a button would then launch a salvo of arrows from the ship.
Having the dispensers hidden had a nice property - as long as the shafts were closed, the cannons were completely invisible from the outside.
Probably the largest and most complex building we built was a stadium with a mob grinder.
We started by building a standard **grinder** - many levels of dark rooms with water and a hole in the middle. Mobs are spawned and then fall down to be killed at the lowest level by lava. Water then moved all the dropped items to a single place to be picked up.
Then a friend added some **control mechanisms for the grinder** (continuing in the nice tradition I started). Should a need for maintenance arise, the grinder could be turned off. The flow of lava was stopped. Using pistons, the (quite wide) vertical shaft the mobs were falling through was closed off before the bottom. Then that barrier was flooded by water, so the mobs falling in wouldn't get hurt while the grinder was turned off.
Reaching 110 meters in height, and sporting a big control room, this already was the tallest and most complex structure in our world. But then a friend had an idea.
**A stadium** built from obsidian was built on top of the grinder. A redirect switch was added, so instead of falling into lava, the **mobs** at the bottom fell into a watery **elevator**.
The elevator brought them to the top and lunged them into the obsidian stadium, where they could be killed for fun and profit. (Their flow was, of course, controlled by doors.)
And should they get out of hand or should we become tired, the solution was also simple: with a flick of a switch, **the roof** of the stadium **opened**, allowing the sunshine to burn 'em to death. (I also remember having a building with rows of armed **dispensers to shoot the remaining creepers**; that might have been a different building though, I'm not sure.)
All this may seem complex, but remember - *there are many parts which could be built separately*. The mob redirection/control, the grinder control, the automated stadium or shooting ranges could all very well stand on their own. And they wouldn't be doable without a lot of redstone, pistons, repeaters and thinking.
Oh, and last but not least; my personal favourites are **hidden doors and ~~mob~~ player traps**. I once built a network of tunnels that connected all of the buildings and spots in our valley, but were quite intricate, contained dead ends, pitfalls, lava traps and the like. And since the entry/exit points were also hidden from view, it sometimes looked like you were just walking along a hill, suddenly sunk into the terrain and reappeared atop a giant tree on the other side of the valley. (I liked leading people through them safely. :) Also, I had some hidden plantages right under everyone's noses and it took a week until they found them by randomly digging - pneumatic stone doors FTW.
I hope you'll find some inspiration here. :) | Redstone in a wonderful art, and it can take time to master, but once you get it, it's extremely fun. Here's a small list of things you can do to try and learn more about it. You may want to try most of these in a creative world before doing it in survival, since you'll have unlimited resources.
Basic
-----
The first things you should do are basic connectivity experiments. Put some redstone wire on the ground and see how it connects to blocks. Note how redstone torches power up and out, and how torches on the side of blocks can be turned off by power. Note how pressure plates power down as well. Understanding how redstone connects is important, since there is little consistency, and it can easily leave you confused.
### Exclusive Doors
Make a set of two doors connected to a lever. Make it so that when one is off, the other is on and vice-versa. This will teach you how to use redstone torches to invert a signal.
### Redstone Clock
Learn how to make a [redstone clock](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Redstone_Circuits#Clock_generators), especially repeater clocks. Make a set of flashing redstone torches that alternate down the line.
### Warning Light I
Use some pressure plates connected to various torches around your house to warn you when mobs are nearby. Make the warning light turn on when mobs are near, off when they are not.
### Intro to Logic
Learn how to use an [AND gate](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Redstone_Circuits#AND_gate_.28.E2.88.A7.29) to combine two signals. Make a door that only open when two levers are *both* turned on.
### Final Exam: Warning Light II
Use a clock, pressure plates, and an AND gate to make a warning light that is off when no mobs are nearby and flashes on and off when they are.
Intermediate
------------
At this point, you should be fairly exposed to redstone and able to follow most tutorials. However, you've only scratched the surface of this iceberg! These devices will be more involved than the Basic ones, but still quite easy.
### Piston Door
Create a 1x2 door that is triggered via pressure plates on either side that is moved via sticky pistons. Make sure that all redstone wiring is hidden, and place the pistons inside a wall. Make it look simply like the wall retracts, with no visible mechanics.
### Intro to Latches
Learn how to make an [RS NOR Latch](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Redstone_Circuits#RS_NOR_latch_and_Input_Stabilizers) to hold data as on or off. Create a door with an on button and an off button that will keep it open or closed, no levers used.
### Lake Secret
Create an artifical pond with a hole in the bottom that goes into a secret room. Make water flow into it out of a wall. Add a sticky piston that will block/unblock the water flow. Using a latch, create a set of buttons outside the lake that will turn it on/off and a set of buttons in the secret room to turn it on/off.
Optional: Use lava instead of water.
That's all for now, I may add some more at a later date. |
252,380 | For starters, this is in an RV in the United States. But the 120v electrical system is identical to a home just on a smaller scale. For specifics, it's a 50amp RV which is 110/220v split-phase. We can completely ignore the 12v/battery side of RVs for this discussion.
Because it's an RV, let me give a tiny bit of background. I have 2 sources of power - either shore power (aka plugged into a campsite) or generator power. These both feed into an automatic transfer switch (ATS).
The output of the ATS goes to my main distribution/breaker panel.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/eQGfH.jpg)
I also have a secondary panel:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/mw5BU.jpg)
I initially thought that this secondary panel was fed from a breaker in the main panel. **Turns out, it's not connected to the main panel whatsoever. It's actually fed directly from the automatic transfer switch.**
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/lKTWj.png)
This will make you weep, but here's the ATS. The input enter from the bottom of the picture and output through the top. The orange 10/2 wire is what feeds the secondary panel.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/F0p48.jpg)
Due to some future upgrades (that do involve the battery system + inverters), I'd like to make this a proper subpanel that is fed from the main breaker panel instead of the ATS. But, as you can see from the first image above, I'm out of space. My options are:
1. Replace a breaker with a tandem breaker and feed the subpanel off of the tandem
2. Move the water heater/20 amp breaker to the subpanel and using that now freed up slot
I'm leaning towards #2. **But here's where my actual question is...** how do I determine the size of breaker that should go into the newly freed up slot? Is 30amps enough? Or do I need to put a larger breaker there (and a matching one in the subpanel and upsizing the wire based on length + breaker size)?
The final product would look something like this (but obviously, with a potential different sized breakers + wire size):
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/lZmMY.png) | 2022/07/06 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/252380",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/118443/"
] | So this one turned out to be short and sweet and did require a little bit of RV knowledge. Since I'm gutting the 12v system and replacing it with 48/12v step down converters, I don't need the Power Converter breaker any longer. I'll pull the wires for that, cap them, and can then put a 30amp breaker in its place. That'll feed the subpanel.
And 30amps for it should be plenty fine, especially considering I opted for a combo washer/dryer instead of stackables. The dryer breaker isn't being used and if I do reuse it, it'll just be for some tech cabinet stuff at very minimal amperage (1-3, I'm betting). | There are 2 standards for RV’s 120v 30 amp and 240v 50amp.
The size breaker should match how you want to rewire, yes you can maintain the same generator and use the larger service.
The size breaker feeding the unit should be either 30amp 120 OR 50amp 240 by maintaining the size and type of electrical you will be able to plug in at RV parks where if you changed this and did not use 30/50 you would not be able to plug in or not allowed because of non standard equipment. |
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