qid int64 1 74.7M | question stringlengths 12 33.8k | date stringlengths 10 10 | metadata list | response_j stringlengths 0 115k | response_k stringlengths 2 98.3k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
144,075 | Is [TeraCopy](http://www.codesector.com/teracopy.php) still useful in Windows 7? | 2010/05/22 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/144075",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/15114/"
] | TeraCopy is not only a fast way of copying your files but a safe way as well. That's the primary reason I use it—I can count on it completing its job, or at least safely aborting, without damaging the file being moved or copied. The same can't be said of the still-unstable Windows shell, which just crashed on me yesterday, for example. | Yes it is for special purposes. If you want to pause your copy and so on, its really useful. (However I just use Total Commander at those times. >.>) |
144,075 | Is [TeraCopy](http://www.codesector.com/teracopy.php) still useful in Windows 7? | 2010/05/22 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/144075",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/15114/"
] | You might want to take a look at [this thread.](https://superuser.com/questions/125141/is-there-a-way-to-transfer-thousand-of-small-files-faster-on-windows-7/125158#125158) I've used tera copy on Windows 7 and yes, it does speed up transfering your files. I've used it to transfer files across a single disk and across a network, and in both ways it greatly speeds up the process.
Hope this helps some. | Original Answer
---------------
Truthfully I haven't tried TeraCopy yet, but your question is interesting because I just found it a couple days ago while trying to delete a large amount of files on a remote server. So I can at least speak for the Win7 stock behavior:
Windows 7 file copy, move, and delete are absolutely not any faster than any other version of Windows I've used, including 2000, XP, Server2003, and Vista. I do this stuff a lot on the job and it's still torture in Win7, whether you use the GUI or the command line, excepting robocopy (which won't do deletes). Need to do multiple file operations on large sets of files at the same time? Say goodbye to your OS until next week... I usually do these operations on a remote workstation I have setup and let it do the big file operations on shares while I use my desktop workstation for real work.
Updated Answer
--------------
I have been using TeraCopy for quite awhile now (since my original answer to this question), and I've found that it *significantly* increases large copy operation speeds.
My main use has been on a corporate network domain. At the same moment, my boss and I, sitting side by side on windows 7 laptops, started to copy the same directory from an ntfs share. The directory contained ~3000 files and totaled ~3GB. I used teracopy, he used windows explorer, regular old windows 7 copy paste. My copy operation completed in approximately 1/10th of the amount of time it took for his. By this, I mean that at the time my teracopy operation completed, his explorer copy window showed about 10% completion.
I know that this is extremely unscientific, but this simple test and my direct experiences with using teracopy on a day-to-day basis have led me to believe that it is FAR faster than windows explorer's copy behavior. |
144,075 | Is [TeraCopy](http://www.codesector.com/teracopy.php) still useful in Windows 7? | 2010/05/22 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/144075",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/15114/"
] | You might want to take a look at [this thread.](https://superuser.com/questions/125141/is-there-a-way-to-transfer-thousand-of-small-files-faster-on-windows-7/125158#125158) I've used tera copy on Windows 7 and yes, it does speed up transfering your files. I've used it to transfer files across a single disk and across a network, and in both ways it greatly speeds up the process.
Hope this helps some. | TeraCopy is not only a fast way of copying your files but a safe way as well. That's the primary reason I use it—I can count on it completing its job, or at least safely aborting, without damaging the file being moved or copied. The same can't be said of the still-unstable Windows shell, which just crashed on me yesterday, for example. |
144,075 | Is [TeraCopy](http://www.codesector.com/teracopy.php) still useful in Windows 7? | 2010/05/22 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/144075",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/15114/"
] | Original Answer
---------------
Truthfully I haven't tried TeraCopy yet, but your question is interesting because I just found it a couple days ago while trying to delete a large amount of files on a remote server. So I can at least speak for the Win7 stock behavior:
Windows 7 file copy, move, and delete are absolutely not any faster than any other version of Windows I've used, including 2000, XP, Server2003, and Vista. I do this stuff a lot on the job and it's still torture in Win7, whether you use the GUI or the command line, excepting robocopy (which won't do deletes). Need to do multiple file operations on large sets of files at the same time? Say goodbye to your OS until next week... I usually do these operations on a remote workstation I have setup and let it do the big file operations on shares while I use my desktop workstation for real work.
Updated Answer
--------------
I have been using TeraCopy for quite awhile now (since my original answer to this question), and I've found that it *significantly* increases large copy operation speeds.
My main use has been on a corporate network domain. At the same moment, my boss and I, sitting side by side on windows 7 laptops, started to copy the same directory from an ntfs share. The directory contained ~3000 files and totaled ~3GB. I used teracopy, he used windows explorer, regular old windows 7 copy paste. My copy operation completed in approximately 1/10th of the amount of time it took for his. By this, I mean that at the time my teracopy operation completed, his explorer copy window showed about 10% completion.
I know that this is extremely unscientific, but this simple test and my direct experiences with using teracopy on a day-to-day basis have led me to believe that it is FAR faster than windows explorer's copy behavior. | TeraCopy is not only a fast way of copying your files but a safe way as well. That's the primary reason I use it—I can count on it completing its job, or at least safely aborting, without damaging the file being moved or copied. The same can't be said of the still-unstable Windows shell, which just crashed on me yesterday, for example. |
1,224,941 | We’re in need of separated ethernet networks with all network traffic going through the ISP issued modem/router (*ZyXEL P2812*) (possibly with its wireless functions disabled and set to bridge mode).
We’re planning to use two routers for wireless network traffic. *Asus AC87U* and *NetGear WNR612*.
The *Asus* router would be the main router, handling the most important tasks, and the *NetGear* router would be the “slave” router.
The optimal solution would be to have the two routers act independently of each other. Where the devices connected to the i.e the *Asus* router would have no way to communicate with the *NetGear* router, and vice versa.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/8qFHE.jpg)
The networking devices in the diagram is the actual devices I have at hand. Using other hardware is also a possibility.
It would seem like a fairly simple scenario, but I’m not entirely sure how to configure it correctly.
Basically it would work like it was two different houses on two different networks. There should be no way to communicate with the other network without being connected to the corresponding router.
Any thoughts not big enough for an answer is still welcome as comments. | 2017/07/02 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/1224941",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/310702/"
] | A huge amount depends on the exact hardware you have, how its connected, and your networking confidence. Can you add a list of exact models of the 3 items of WiFi and routing equipment in your picture, including the actual box connecting you to the internet if its different (pictures arent any use) and a bit of description of your confidence, experience or ability, to the question?
Also importantly, we need to know more exact details for how the networking should end up. Are all connections WiFi or are any devices connected using network cables, if so which? How many devices are connected in total, which are connected to which, and how are they connected (WiFi/wired)? Which ones must be able to talk with each other, or blocked from seeing each other?
Its quite a bit of info but if you can add it, someone might be able to answer you and help.
As it stands, a good answer for you could be anything from "Its built-in, do it this way", through to "install OpenWRT because the manufacturer code doesn't allow it", thorough to complete noob help or reorganising it all. What I do here is a different solution again - add a software router I've installed myself, to control access. So you can see, there are several options depending on you and your equipment. But what you're after should not be difficult to do, for almost any router, even a home router.
The basic answers are adding firewall or routing rules (so the two IPs can't communicate), using built-in isolation if included, or using VLANs. The first two are usually easiest if its new to you. Not all home routers have the second. Almost all home routers have enough capability to do this using rules and/or routing. In many cases it depends on which exact devices on the network need to be able to see (or not see) which other devices, and how they are connected.
Exact details beyond that are almost impossible without knowing the info above. If you add that, it will be easier to comment.
**Update 1: security/privacy**
* Bear in mind that if one router's data travels through the other router, the master router is being trusted to not watch its data in transit. Even if the two networks don't communicate, the router that both travel through can see all data, so anyone who controls that device, can arrange to see all data. Is that acceptable?
**Update 1: howto**
The Asus RT-AC87U is a very nicely featured modern router that beyond doubt will do what you need without thinking twice. The manual (online at Asus support) suggests immediately a number of ways to do it. Two of them look very easy. Other methods would need a bit more explanation and no point to writing on that, if either of the first 2 works well enough.
* Section 3.2 "Creating a guest network" - creates a guest network that can't access your main network, directly on the Asus. Pros - looks dead simple, less to go wrong, and should do what you want. Cons - person using slave router won't have a slave router as it won't be needed, they would connect directly to the Asus which would handle isolation itself. This is by far the easiest way if acceptable.
* The zyxel might be locked down, but it's probably working fine in bridging mode. Even if the ISP has put tape across it other ports, as some do, they should still be bridged if usable. I can't think why they wouldn't be left that way. As the Zyxel almost certainly has its DHCP setup working (we know this because it acts as a router not just a modem), it will handle devices attached via the two other routers. So if you can, try to connect **both** the Asus and the Netgear directly to it, and see if they can **both** see the internet at the same time. If they can, its all pretty much solved. What this does is make the Netgear appear to the Asus as a WAN (non local) device, which can be easily blocked 100% and treated as untrustworthy. (It also makes the Asus appear to be on the WAN from the Netgear's perspective but that's not an issue as you explained). You will need to sort out DHCP but as the ISP supply the Zyxel, its quite likely that is already set up properly and will work automatically. What should happen is that the Asus and Netgear (and devices connected to them) will both accept IP addresses from the Zyxel, since you already seem to have the Asus behind the Zyxel anyway, and then set up the network services or firewall or incoming rules, to prevent unexpected packets from outside the Asus passing through the Asus. Pros- all, if it works (which it should). Cons - none if it works (which it should :) )
Try to get one of those two ways working. If you need more help, update your question to explain whay youve tried, what worked and what isnt (yet) working.
See also
* section 4.1.6 "professional" covers the "AP isolation" setting which probably isn't what you want, but is worth knowing about in case it becomes relevant. It would stop all wireless devices connected to the Asus from intercommunicating.
* section 4.6.4 "network services" which covers part of the firewall. It says "blocks LAN to WAN" but there's a chance it could also be used to block LAN to/from WiFi using an IP based rule, and if both routers work behind the zyxel then its probably what you need to lock down incoming packets from the netgear.
Also if confident, don't overlook the option to define a specific IP range (subnet) for devices attached to the Asus, or to use the DHCP server built into it, which will help as well, by ensuring your "master" devices are on a different subnet entirely from the others. See sections 3.1.1 "setting up the wireless security settings" and 4.2.2 covers network setup for the wired network. | To separate devices on the secondary router from those on the main one,
just plug the secondary one into one of the LAN ports of the main one:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/evcNW.png)
For more information, see [this answer](https://superuser.com/a/936639/8672) of mine. |
10,089,126 | I tried to do my homework in this topic, but unfortunately with no luck, at least the picture not as clear I can start digging deeper or registering for a service etc.
What I am trying to implement: Simple 2 player board game, with CPU or internet opponent. The game is a phone game for all the 3 platforms iPhone, Android, WP7. (please do not harm WP7:-)
* One option is go to some cloud (Azure, Amazon) and implement some game server. Sounds reinventing the wheel, but maybe there is an open source implementation. (only ASP.NET because my skills)
* My current understanding my other and preferable option is using a service like Openfeint or ScoreLoop (bought (and eaten?) by RIM :-().
Unfortunately it is not clear for me (after reading the two FAQs) if besides of high score lists and maintaining statistics is any of game server is capable to conducting a board game between two authenticated player?
Could anyone point me where to start? (or suggest me a WP7 sample or marketplace game which uses a public game server for two player board game internet gameplay?)
Thx for answers | 2012/04/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/10089126",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1157814/"
] | I also wanted to develop a multiplayer game and examined Openfeint, Scoreloop and Skiller. I ended up using [Skiller](http://www.skiller-games.com) as my multiplayer engine, since it was the only one that supports multiplayer and it works great.
Hope i helped. | Look at Azure for social games toolkit <https://github.com/WindowsAzure-Toolkits/wa-toolkit-games> |
10,089,126 | I tried to do my homework in this topic, but unfortunately with no luck, at least the picture not as clear I can start digging deeper or registering for a service etc.
What I am trying to implement: Simple 2 player board game, with CPU or internet opponent. The game is a phone game for all the 3 platforms iPhone, Android, WP7. (please do not harm WP7:-)
* One option is go to some cloud (Azure, Amazon) and implement some game server. Sounds reinventing the wheel, but maybe there is an open source implementation. (only ASP.NET because my skills)
* My current understanding my other and preferable option is using a service like Openfeint or ScoreLoop (bought (and eaten?) by RIM :-().
Unfortunately it is not clear for me (after reading the two FAQs) if besides of high score lists and maintaining statistics is any of game server is capable to conducting a board game between two authenticated player?
Could anyone point me where to start? (or suggest me a WP7 sample or marketplace game which uses a public game server for two player board game internet gameplay?)
Thx for answers | 2012/04/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/10089126",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1157814/"
] | I also wanted to develop a multiplayer game and examined Openfeint, Scoreloop and Skiller. I ended up using [Skiller](http://www.skiller-games.com) as my multiplayer engine, since it was the only one that supports multiplayer and it works great.
Hope i helped. | There as some areas of concern outside of the logic of just the game.
User Identity and Authorizing. (Game Center)
Game Data Persistence and Storage. (Cloud Database like AWS DynamoDB)
Game Match Queuing. (AWS SQS) Don't attempt this with a database using pessimistic concurrency.
Notifications of Match Players are ready for sleeping clients. (AWS SNS to APNS/Google to Endpoint(this mobile device))
Polling or Notification for Next Move. (AWS SQS or SNS) I wouldn't poll a Database for this.
Those services are just example recommendations. I don't work for Amazon, they are the easiest and most affordable to get up and running but there maybe better services out there. I found them with your same requirements in mind. I don't want to commit to 100 bux plus a month if my idea is a boon-dongle.
You could do all that listed above to start out for under $15 a month using cloud services. The best thing is if your idea takes off you simply bump up the thresholds on those with a flick of a switch from an admin portal. Some automatically scale. |
10,640 | **From a SEO point of view, would you exclude forms from being indexed/crawled by Google or not?**
I mean my forms hardly ever contains keyword/keyphrases.
So I'm wondering what's the point of letting Google index them?
Moreover I think these form-pages might reduce PR of all other pages in the site cause the other pages are linking to the form-pages.
If your answer is "yes I would exclude them form indexing" would you simply use robots.txt to exclude them?
Thanks! | 2011/03/14 | [
"https://webmasters.stackexchange.com/questions/10640",
"https://webmasters.stackexchange.com",
"https://webmasters.stackexchange.com/users/1429/"
] | iFrames and frames in general are not search engine friendly and I would not expect them to be indexed. However, that doesn't mean they won't be indexed now or in the future. If your goal is to keep that content out of the search engines you should be explicitly blocking it with robots.txt or the x-robots.tag header.
FYI, blocking this is silly because:
1) Content has nothing to do with PR at all
2) If the form covers content related to the site you're removing keywords and content from your website that can help you rank better.
3) Frames are not very accessible so you're alienating some of your users.
**update**
My answer is still don't block them. You gain nothing and only potentially hurt yourself by blocking pages that have to them and from them. Internal linking is important and clearly being overlooked here.
But if you're going to block them using the x-robots-tag header is ideal as robots.txt is not always honored as you would expect with the search engines. Of course, using both is probably the safest bet. | II have a youtube Iframe in my website, after a week or 2, that youtube iframe over pass and out rank my ranking on google search, I think iframe affect page ranking. |
26,230,093 | I want to disable a specific kind of warning but I'm having trouble finding its warning number so that I can blacklist it to the depths of hell in the project settings. This particular warning isn't showing up in any console output (only in the Error List UI), so it isn't revealing its number.
Does anyone have a list of all compiler errors and warnings along with their numbers?
Regardless of whether I just haven't looked well enough for either the specific warning number or a list, my faith in humanity suffered some damage when I couldn't find such a list on the internet. So I think an exhaustive list would be useful. | 2014/10/07 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/26230093",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/108026/"
] | If you want to generate a single table of all the C# error codes and their respective message (e.g. for reference purposes), you can use [this](https://sites.google.com/site/softwareabnet/Home/csharp/CsharpErrorMsgs) useful script, which parses the MSDN list and compiles a HTML table (could use some styling though). | You'll find a list of [error codes for VS 2013 under MSDN](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms228296.aspx).
If you need a list for a different version of Visual Studio, there is a link "Other Versions" at the top of the page.
Note that these are organized by number, so you'll still have to search through them to find the specific error you're looking for. |
26,230,093 | I want to disable a specific kind of warning but I'm having trouble finding its warning number so that I can blacklist it to the depths of hell in the project settings. This particular warning isn't showing up in any console output (only in the Error List UI), so it isn't revealing its number.
Does anyone have a list of all compiler errors and warnings along with their numbers?
Regardless of whether I just haven't looked well enough for either the specific warning number or a list, my faith in humanity suffered some damage when I couldn't find such a list on the internet. So I think an exhaustive list would be useful. | 2014/10/07 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/26230093",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/108026/"
] | The list on MSDN is incomplete. I made a small program to generate the [full list](https://github.com/thomaslevesque/GenerateCSharpErrors/blob/master/CSharpErrorsAndWarnings.md) from the Roslyn source code. | You'll find a list of [error codes for VS 2013 under MSDN](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms228296.aspx).
If you need a list for a different version of Visual Studio, there is a link "Other Versions" at the top of the page.
Note that these are organized by number, so you'll still have to search through them to find the specific error you're looking for. |
26,230,093 | I want to disable a specific kind of warning but I'm having trouble finding its warning number so that I can blacklist it to the depths of hell in the project settings. This particular warning isn't showing up in any console output (only in the Error List UI), so it isn't revealing its number.
Does anyone have a list of all compiler errors and warnings along with their numbers?
Regardless of whether I just haven't looked well enough for either the specific warning number or a list, my faith in humanity suffered some damage when I couldn't find such a list on the internet. So I think an exhaustive list would be useful. | 2014/10/07 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/26230093",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/108026/"
] | The list on MSDN is incomplete. I made a small program to generate the [full list](https://github.com/thomaslevesque/GenerateCSharpErrors/blob/master/CSharpErrorsAndWarnings.md) from the Roslyn source code. | If you want to generate a single table of all the C# error codes and their respective message (e.g. for reference purposes), you can use [this](https://sites.google.com/site/softwareabnet/Home/csharp/CsharpErrorMsgs) useful script, which parses the MSDN list and compiles a HTML table (could use some styling though). |
39,482 | Which is the correct form in this sentence: "in" or "on"?
>
> "I'm sending you the requested permission for using my photographs in/on your project"
>
>
> | 2011/08/26 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/39482",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/12422/"
] | ***In* vs. *on***: Although there is use for [both forms](http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=on+your+project%2C+in+your+project&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=0&smoothing=3), it sounds better to say "in your project". That is, your photographs are becoming a part of this project, so they are *in* it rather than *on* it. There is no hard and fast rule on this, however. You can say:
>
> I am in choir.
>
>
> I am on the Executive Board.
>
>
> | "***In*** your project" sounds correct to me. |
25,379 | I'm male 90kg 172cm. I've been going to gym for about 3 weeks. It seems like my legs are weak compared to upper body. For example I could hardly do 4x15 squats with 40/45kg during 1/2 week, while I bench press about 70/75kg. (from my observations all people in the gym squat more then bench press) A friend of mine says I should increase the weight for squats and reduce reps for time being. What's the logic behind this advice? Is it better to slowly increase the weight keeping current sets and reps? | 2015/07/09 | [
"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/25379",
"https://fitness.stackexchange.com",
"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/users/12044/"
] | Reps in the range of 12+ tend to be geared more towards muscle endurance than hypertrophy (more muscle mass) or strength.
A vast number of training programs with a trainee's 1-rep max (1rm) in mind, this is the most that the trainee can lift one time before failure.
As shown in the image, working in a lower rep range will provide your body with a different stimulus that will promote overall strength gains. That doesn't mean that you *have* to work in the lower rep range, but progress will be slower if you stick to 15 reps for all of your lifts. This [page](http://www.allthingsgym.com/rep-ranges-table-for-strength-and-mass/) provides various links that will allow you to explore the effects of the different rep ranges. You can also use the [ExRx](http://www.exrx.net/Calculators/OneRepMax.html) website to help estimate your 1rm to better plan your routines / overall program.
In the end, what you decide to do in terms of increasing the weight for your squats while decreasing the number of reps, is ultimately up to what your goals are. If you're looking for maximal strength then sticking to sets of 3-5 reps might be best, while going for size will benefit from having sets with 8-12 reps. | 15 is a very high number of reps compared to what most gym-goers do, it's also in fact, as Alex L showed, a very endurance focused rep range.
There are three main factors which affect how many reps you can do:
* **I. neurological adaptation** This is your nervous systems ability to make your muscles do their work at the highest possible strength. When you work out at 1-5 reps, your nerves will perform better.
* **II. Muscle fibre type 1** These are your slow twitch fibers, they are the ones doing the work when you need endurance, when you do 50 body weight squats etc. When you work out at 12+ reps, you will get increases in these fibers mostly.
* **III. Muscle fibre type 2** These are your fast twitch fibers, they are used when you need to lift heavy, but they also tire out a lot faster than the type 1 fibres. When you work out at 1-5 reps, you will get increases in these fibers mostly. |
25,379 | I'm male 90kg 172cm. I've been going to gym for about 3 weeks. It seems like my legs are weak compared to upper body. For example I could hardly do 4x15 squats with 40/45kg during 1/2 week, while I bench press about 70/75kg. (from my observations all people in the gym squat more then bench press) A friend of mine says I should increase the weight for squats and reduce reps for time being. What's the logic behind this advice? Is it better to slowly increase the weight keeping current sets and reps? | 2015/07/09 | [
"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/25379",
"https://fitness.stackexchange.com",
"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/users/12044/"
] | Reps in the range of 12+ tend to be geared more towards muscle endurance than hypertrophy (more muscle mass) or strength.
A vast number of training programs with a trainee's 1-rep max (1rm) in mind, this is the most that the trainee can lift one time before failure.
As shown in the image, working in a lower rep range will provide your body with a different stimulus that will promote overall strength gains. That doesn't mean that you *have* to work in the lower rep range, but progress will be slower if you stick to 15 reps for all of your lifts. This [page](http://www.allthingsgym.com/rep-ranges-table-for-strength-and-mass/) provides various links that will allow you to explore the effects of the different rep ranges. You can also use the [ExRx](http://www.exrx.net/Calculators/OneRepMax.html) website to help estimate your 1rm to better plan your routines / overall program.
In the end, what you decide to do in terms of increasing the weight for your squats while decreasing the number of reps, is ultimately up to what your goals are. If you're looking for maximal strength then sticking to sets of 3-5 reps might be best, while going for size will benefit from having sets with 8-12 reps. | Can I just say that you should be patient. I've seen some of the younger personal trainers in my gym tell guys to do insane squats when they're starting out and the muscles just aren't developed enough. It's painful, dangerous and would scare me away from the gym. Happy training. |
25,379 | I'm male 90kg 172cm. I've been going to gym for about 3 weeks. It seems like my legs are weak compared to upper body. For example I could hardly do 4x15 squats with 40/45kg during 1/2 week, while I bench press about 70/75kg. (from my observations all people in the gym squat more then bench press) A friend of mine says I should increase the weight for squats and reduce reps for time being. What's the logic behind this advice? Is it better to slowly increase the weight keeping current sets and reps? | 2015/07/09 | [
"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/25379",
"https://fitness.stackexchange.com",
"https://fitness.stackexchange.com/users/12044/"
] | 15 is a very high number of reps compared to what most gym-goers do, it's also in fact, as Alex L showed, a very endurance focused rep range.
There are three main factors which affect how many reps you can do:
* **I. neurological adaptation** This is your nervous systems ability to make your muscles do their work at the highest possible strength. When you work out at 1-5 reps, your nerves will perform better.
* **II. Muscle fibre type 1** These are your slow twitch fibers, they are the ones doing the work when you need endurance, when you do 50 body weight squats etc. When you work out at 12+ reps, you will get increases in these fibers mostly.
* **III. Muscle fibre type 2** These are your fast twitch fibers, they are used when you need to lift heavy, but they also tire out a lot faster than the type 1 fibres. When you work out at 1-5 reps, you will get increases in these fibers mostly. | Can I just say that you should be patient. I've seen some of the younger personal trainers in my gym tell guys to do insane squats when they're starting out and the muscles just aren't developed enough. It's painful, dangerous and would scare me away from the gym. Happy training. |
29,343,041 | I am working on Android application in which i have to download audio files from google drive and then save these files in sd-card.. Is there any api or sample project that helps me in downloading mp3 files from google drive
OR
Is there any other way to to download mp3 file from google drive programatically...
Can we use public downloadable url for achieving above mentioned purpose
Thanks | 2015/03/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/29343041",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/4000131/"
] | There are two a APIs that that allow you to do it. The [GDAA](https://developers.google.com/drive/android/get-started) and the [REST](https://developers.google.com/drive/v2/reference/). None of them deals with the mp3 files specifically, though. The APIs deal with a binary file content only. That means you:
1. Find the file first. Either you know the name, mime type,... or you know it's Id. If you use REST, the Id can be extracted from the file's URL.
2. Download the content as a binary stream.
3. Save the content as an mp3 file on Android.
If you insist on applying the URL based Id, it is easier to use the REST, since:
* the URL directly corresponds with the REST Id (aka ResourceId in GDAA)
* you can use the [REST playground](https://developers.google.com/drive/v2/reference/files/list) (bottom) to test things interactively
Also, you may use the [demo code here](https://github.com/seanpjanson/GDAADemo) to see the (dis)advantages of using one API or another. It deals with jpg content instead of mp3, but it has all the building blocks you need. Be sure you understand the [relation](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29030110/cannot-get-folderid-that-i-just-created-on-google-drive) of DriveId and ResourceId.
Good Luck | Go to [Developers Google Website click here](https://developers.google.com/drive/android/files)
you will get information how to download file. |
7,695,810 | I have a web application from which emails should be sent after specific actions. I have some alternatives for handling this I'm not sure which one is the best.
The first is that, when a user does an action the email is being sent directly from the ASP.NET application. But I think this is not a really reliable system because if the SMTP server is down or something else happens, the user just gets a feedback that his action cannot be completed.
As an alternative I was thinking about implementing a queuing system for what I have some ideas:
* Push emails to send, into a database table, and a service application periodically checks for new messages, then sends them. On successful send it marks the email task completed.
* Use MSMQ for queing. In this case the whole email could be passed as a message; or the other way is to store the message with attachments into a db table, and pass only the data which is required to query the db table and send the message. In this case I don't have to deal with size limits of MSMQ (because of attachments).
* something else, like a local WCF service to notify the service
Which way you think is the best? | 2011/10/08 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/7695810",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/932757/"
] | Use MSMQ is not good solution since has a limitation of 4 MB of each size. <http://blogs.msdn.com/b/johnbreakwell/archive/2007/08/22/why-is-there-a-4mb-limit-on-msmq-messages.aspx>
Worse case scenario, if MSMQ is failed like it process throw error or suddenly shutdown, it will loss many message. In my case, this solution is good when hardware and software is instaled in almost ideal
Use database and window service is better since it is a simple and doesn't need much effort.
I usually use a combination of database and file. The database contains table to save a header information and a flag that message has been action (either success or error or else) and files contains message (either html or plain) and attachment in original format.
When process is run to send, it is quicker to assemble a message from files rather than from querying blob/clob.
Since they are using file system on the application, you can add hardware like server or components or else to add availibility of the system easily.
Database can be added too, but it will cost you more license in databse software.
I add a test send email after send email in x times to make sure it is works well; this test email is send to my self or dummy inbox and an application to check the test email that is the same email that send and receive. If it is the same, sending pending email will continue again
Another way if you are using MS Exchange, you can use message queue by utilize its web service to queue send. This is an easy way but you need license.
You can see on MSDN library how to utilize MS Exchange web service. | You can use an email server like hmail. In order to push emails into a queue, you can push them to a mail server. To do that, you can write a windows form application that has a timer object that checks every row that has a Status 0(not sent) in email table. When the thread sends it to the mail server, it will be marked as 1(sent).
You can also classify your emails if you use DB. Different actions can send different emails. You can store this info in DB also so that your windows form application thread will now which email template to send. |
2,474,115 | I have a c# windows client app packaged using ClickOnce.
Using c# how can I programmatically get the registry entry for that application?
As I am wanting to write a registry entry for a child app NEAR the same location | 2010/03/18 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2474115",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/315041/"
] | I ended up setting up a non-SSL virtual host for the map pages; I learned that it wasn't a requirement to have those pages encrypted as well. | Try the [static map images at OpenStreetMap](http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Staticmaps), perhaps. |
2,474,115 | I have a c# windows client app packaged using ClickOnce.
Using c# how can I programmatically get the registry entry for that application?
As I am wanting to write a registry entry for a child app NEAR the same location | 2010/03/18 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2474115",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/315041/"
] | Try to use [streetdirectory maps](http://www.streetdirectory.com/api/widgets/). | Try the [static map images at OpenStreetMap](http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Staticmaps), perhaps. |
29,454 | First let me tell that I don't have any kind of prior knowledge of music. What I have done upto now is, I have listened every album of Eminem and Linkin Park. Nowadays I'm listening 50cent and Yellawolf. I tried to listen old rap of NAS, 2-pac etc but I didn't find it as good as Eminem's music is. In this question I will only ask about hip-hop music(Rap). The basic question is, how should I start learning rap music. But I'll make the question a little branched. I have already searched online for how to learn rap but could not find something satisfactory. The problem is that internet suggest that I do not need any musical knowledge for learning rap. It says just listen to some rappers, take a beat, try your own rap! E.g. [this website](http://www.wikihow.com/Start-Rapping) suggest something along these lines. So the questions,
1. Is Rap music?
The question may sound strange, but this question pops up everyday in my mind. Most of the online sources suggest something like, rap is not music or at least not conventional music. Whenever I watch some youtube video people would comment, oh this is not music, they are just talking or looping which is cheating, they stolen a beat and a chorus and made a song. At least wikipedea says that rap is a specific genre of music. So I think rap *is* music.
2. Do I need to learn conventional music for learning hip-hop music(rap)?
I searched on internet, how the popular rappers learned rap. What I found is that most of the artists learned it by directly listening the rap music, they understand what the rapper does in the song, recognize their techniques, and finally developed their own techniques, flow and style. I wonder how they make melodic rap then. Do I need to learn conventional music for making melodic rap e.g. just like Eminem's songs are, like 50 cent's choruses.
3. Which books, videos or other resources should I follow?
Another curious and strange question I'd ask is,
4. Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?
I only need yes/no type answer. A concise explanation would also be fine. The reason I'm asking this strange question is because I want to make sure that what I am going to learn is at least music. If something can be played on a piano or a harmonium then for sure it is music. | 2015/02/04 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/29454",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/18684/"
] | A fascinating question I have also pondered - here are my thoughts. Someone once told me music is **anything with rhythm and/or tone**. Rap has both of theses.
1) As a kid of the 90's, I completely identify with this question. The other day, my parents gawked at the mere mentioned of rap and asked, *"Rap? Is that still going on?!"* **Of course rap is music.** Spoken poetry accompanied with music has become it's own paradigm, with jazz and blues. And yes, rap is included in this paradigm. It isn't going away.
Furthermore, the ability to improvise poetry is not an easily learned skill. It requires a large vocabulary and quick wit.
2) Knowledge empowers. I think anyone would be hard pressed to say that learning conventional music theory would ***deter your skills in rap music.***
3) This might come off as odd, but I would check out some **poetry.** Yes, I mean ***the Edgar Allen Poes, the Shakespeares, the Robert Frosts,*** however, I would also suggest reading the lyrics of other musical artists. Check out some Pink Floyd, check out some musicals, check out some hymns.
4) Can instruments rap? Eh, I guess they could be made to, however musical instruments sometimes play a huge part in the making of rap music. The Roots, Rage Against the Machine, Beastie Boys - **tons of rap artists use instrumentation over backing tracks or DJ's to make their music.** Personally, I find rap with instrumentation more appealing. | I think the answer to "Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?" is no. If you meant can rap music use musical instruments then of course, but you will have heard that in the music you already mentioned.
So I think you are asking "can you have rap music that *only* uses instruments, and no vocals"? i.e. Can you have instrumental rap music?
I don't think you can. You could certainly write a classical piece which followed the same patterns as a rapper's flow but I don't think you could say that piece *is* rap. |
29,454 | First let me tell that I don't have any kind of prior knowledge of music. What I have done upto now is, I have listened every album of Eminem and Linkin Park. Nowadays I'm listening 50cent and Yellawolf. I tried to listen old rap of NAS, 2-pac etc but I didn't find it as good as Eminem's music is. In this question I will only ask about hip-hop music(Rap). The basic question is, how should I start learning rap music. But I'll make the question a little branched. I have already searched online for how to learn rap but could not find something satisfactory. The problem is that internet suggest that I do not need any musical knowledge for learning rap. It says just listen to some rappers, take a beat, try your own rap! E.g. [this website](http://www.wikihow.com/Start-Rapping) suggest something along these lines. So the questions,
1. Is Rap music?
The question may sound strange, but this question pops up everyday in my mind. Most of the online sources suggest something like, rap is not music or at least not conventional music. Whenever I watch some youtube video people would comment, oh this is not music, they are just talking or looping which is cheating, they stolen a beat and a chorus and made a song. At least wikipedea says that rap is a specific genre of music. So I think rap *is* music.
2. Do I need to learn conventional music for learning hip-hop music(rap)?
I searched on internet, how the popular rappers learned rap. What I found is that most of the artists learned it by directly listening the rap music, they understand what the rapper does in the song, recognize their techniques, and finally developed their own techniques, flow and style. I wonder how they make melodic rap then. Do I need to learn conventional music for making melodic rap e.g. just like Eminem's songs are, like 50 cent's choruses.
3. Which books, videos or other resources should I follow?
Another curious and strange question I'd ask is,
4. Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?
I only need yes/no type answer. A concise explanation would also be fine. The reason I'm asking this strange question is because I want to make sure that what I am going to learn is at least music. If something can be played on a piano or a harmonium then for sure it is music. | 2015/02/04 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/29454",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/18684/"
] | Taking them one at a time:
**Is Rap music?**
Yes, or rather, Hip-Hop is, but in many ways it is meta-music. Going back to ["Rapper's Delight" by the Sugar Hill Gang](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKTUAESacQM) (the first release of the music beyond it's core audience), it took and recontextualized the bass line to [Chic's "Good Times"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTusMLs9SJE). The DJ technique is to take pieces of pre-existing songs and recontextualize them, be it as overt as Vanilla Ice taking a Queen bassline for "Ice Ice Baby" to the thousands of small, manipulated samples in albums like De la Soul's *3 Feet High And Rising* and the Beastie Boys' \*Paul's Boutique".
*Rap* is a vocal technique, *Hip-Hop* is the music and the culture. Boogie Down Production's KRS-ONE took a verse on a song on REM's *Green* album, which is an example of Rap which is not Hip-Hop, and ["Pump Up The Volume" by MARRS](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cak1xly8oUM) is an example of Hip-Hop without Rap.
**Do I need to learn conventional music for learning hip-hop music(rap)?**
Many hip-hop musicians don't know much about conventional music beyond listening to it. Scratching a record, a core DJ technique, is all about rhythm and not about melody and harmony, but that isn't all of what goes in.
Rap, as a vocal style, is not usually too melodically strong. At least that's my take. I've heard rappers grab a melody, like KRS-ONE taking Billy Joel's "Still Rock and Roll to Me" in BDP's "The Bridge Is Over", but it isn't melodic like you'd expect from more traditional singers.
A failing I see is not seeing that Hip-Hop Music is mostly defined by rhythm, not melody and harmony. I have heard [talented violinists, for example, trying to play classical compositions over beats](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0heLa3kN4Q) and not really satisfying the requirements of either genre, at least to my ears.
But there are certainly gifted musicians in the genre. [Flavor Flav](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_Flav) seems like just the hype man of Public Enemy, for example, but is a musical prodigy who can play fifteen instruments.
**Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?**
[The Roots and Jay-Z say so.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15c3JuPG0kY)
If voice is counted as an instrument, all you need is a rapper, and a capella is certainly music. [Add a beatboxer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icBflcYZhpo) and you have the rhythm reinforced. Beyond that, if you have musicians that can cover the song you're otherwise sampling, or just drive the beat you want, you have Hip-Hop on instruments. | A fascinating question I have also pondered - here are my thoughts. Someone once told me music is **anything with rhythm and/or tone**. Rap has both of theses.
1) As a kid of the 90's, I completely identify with this question. The other day, my parents gawked at the mere mentioned of rap and asked, *"Rap? Is that still going on?!"* **Of course rap is music.** Spoken poetry accompanied with music has become it's own paradigm, with jazz and blues. And yes, rap is included in this paradigm. It isn't going away.
Furthermore, the ability to improvise poetry is not an easily learned skill. It requires a large vocabulary and quick wit.
2) Knowledge empowers. I think anyone would be hard pressed to say that learning conventional music theory would ***deter your skills in rap music.***
3) This might come off as odd, but I would check out some **poetry.** Yes, I mean ***the Edgar Allen Poes, the Shakespeares, the Robert Frosts,*** however, I would also suggest reading the lyrics of other musical artists. Check out some Pink Floyd, check out some musicals, check out some hymns.
4) Can instruments rap? Eh, I guess they could be made to, however musical instruments sometimes play a huge part in the making of rap music. The Roots, Rage Against the Machine, Beastie Boys - **tons of rap artists use instrumentation over backing tracks or DJ's to make their music.** Personally, I find rap with instrumentation more appealing. |
29,454 | First let me tell that I don't have any kind of prior knowledge of music. What I have done upto now is, I have listened every album of Eminem and Linkin Park. Nowadays I'm listening 50cent and Yellawolf. I tried to listen old rap of NAS, 2-pac etc but I didn't find it as good as Eminem's music is. In this question I will only ask about hip-hop music(Rap). The basic question is, how should I start learning rap music. But I'll make the question a little branched. I have already searched online for how to learn rap but could not find something satisfactory. The problem is that internet suggest that I do not need any musical knowledge for learning rap. It says just listen to some rappers, take a beat, try your own rap! E.g. [this website](http://www.wikihow.com/Start-Rapping) suggest something along these lines. So the questions,
1. Is Rap music?
The question may sound strange, but this question pops up everyday in my mind. Most of the online sources suggest something like, rap is not music or at least not conventional music. Whenever I watch some youtube video people would comment, oh this is not music, they are just talking or looping which is cheating, they stolen a beat and a chorus and made a song. At least wikipedea says that rap is a specific genre of music. So I think rap *is* music.
2. Do I need to learn conventional music for learning hip-hop music(rap)?
I searched on internet, how the popular rappers learned rap. What I found is that most of the artists learned it by directly listening the rap music, they understand what the rapper does in the song, recognize their techniques, and finally developed their own techniques, flow and style. I wonder how they make melodic rap then. Do I need to learn conventional music for making melodic rap e.g. just like Eminem's songs are, like 50 cent's choruses.
3. Which books, videos or other resources should I follow?
Another curious and strange question I'd ask is,
4. Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?
I only need yes/no type answer. A concise explanation would also be fine. The reason I'm asking this strange question is because I want to make sure that what I am going to learn is at least music. If something can be played on a piano or a harmonium then for sure it is music. | 2015/02/04 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/29454",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/18684/"
] | A fascinating question I have also pondered - here are my thoughts. Someone once told me music is **anything with rhythm and/or tone**. Rap has both of theses.
1) As a kid of the 90's, I completely identify with this question. The other day, my parents gawked at the mere mentioned of rap and asked, *"Rap? Is that still going on?!"* **Of course rap is music.** Spoken poetry accompanied with music has become it's own paradigm, with jazz and blues. And yes, rap is included in this paradigm. It isn't going away.
Furthermore, the ability to improvise poetry is not an easily learned skill. It requires a large vocabulary and quick wit.
2) Knowledge empowers. I think anyone would be hard pressed to say that learning conventional music theory would ***deter your skills in rap music.***
3) This might come off as odd, but I would check out some **poetry.** Yes, I mean ***the Edgar Allen Poes, the Shakespeares, the Robert Frosts,*** however, I would also suggest reading the lyrics of other musical artists. Check out some Pink Floyd, check out some musicals, check out some hymns.
4) Can instruments rap? Eh, I guess they could be made to, however musical instruments sometimes play a huge part in the making of rap music. The Roots, Rage Against the Machine, Beastie Boys - **tons of rap artists use instrumentation over backing tracks or DJ's to make their music.** Personally, I find rap with instrumentation more appealing. | Short answers: 1) Yes, rap is music. 2) No, you don't need to learn conventional music, but it can definitely help. 3) There are no specific books or resources you should follow. Develop your own style based upon what you already know, and incorporate any new knowledge, further developing it. 4) Yes, there are plenty of instrumental covers of rap music.
Long 'answers' - I hope no one takes any offense, OP included:
I'll assume you aren't trolling and you truly have these questions... You seem to be seeking definitive answers to questions that have no definitive answers. Leaving textbook or dictionary definitions out of it, the concept of music is one that is defined by individual perception and interpretation. What is music to one person may not be to another, and neither person is right nor wrong. Your subsequent questions rely on a definitive answer to the first.
But, casting that aside for now, the main issue is differentiating between rap, rap music, and hip hop music. I'll leave hip hop as a culture out of this. Again, this is all open to interpretation, especially considering that a lexicon is based on usage and is both regional and cultural. So, this is all from my perspective as a non-hip hop musician in the southern US. Rap is, as has already been pointed out, a vocal technique - or more specifically it is rhythmically improvising or reciting rhymes or verses. Rap music, which is generally what people seem to refer to when they use the term 'rap', is essentially rapping to music. Hip hop music is a broader genre that generally encompasses rap music. Making it more confusing, genres have a tendency to blur over time and the music industry loves crossover appeal in order for a song to reach wider audiences.
Do you need to learn 'conventional music' for learning rap music? No, but that really depends on what you're trying to do and what you personally consider to be rap music. I am a classically trained musician, but I know many songwriters, producers (amateur counts right?) and even musicians that have no formal knowledge of music theory, and I consider them better than myself in what they try to achieve. Listening to a lot of music tends to give one an innate understanding, whether they know what musical terms different concepts are called or not. It can definitely help though.
Naming resources isn't useful without knowing what your goal is. If your goal is to sell your music through any of the currently generally available avenues, you're on a hard road of discovery and learning no matter where your talents lie. If your goal is to make music, then pick up a pencil, tap it on the table, and make up some rhymes to the beat. :) If you're really serious about it, I'd recommend downloading a trial of a DAW like FL Studio and playing around with it. Try creating basic renditions of your favorite songs. Learn how to make basic beats and/or melodies. Download other people's projects and see how they fit together. Then play around with your own ideas. I'm sure there is a multitude of much simpler music creation software, but I am not familiar with any of them. There's probably an app for that.
As far as whether you can play rap on an instrument, I'll start with the assumption that you're discounting vocals as an instrument. If you consider Linkin Park rap then check out Eklipse - In the End. The problem is whether you consider their version rap. Probably not. If you play a rap song on a classical instrument (again, discounting vocals), then is it rap at that point? I'd say no, since I consider rap music to be rapping to music. But can you have instrumental hip hop music, or instrumental versions of hip hop music? Absolutely. Just search for a hip hop song (or just 'hip hop') adding the word instrumental. Some will be a hip hop song without lyrics. Some will be a completely different genre version of a hip hop song. |
29,454 | First let me tell that I don't have any kind of prior knowledge of music. What I have done upto now is, I have listened every album of Eminem and Linkin Park. Nowadays I'm listening 50cent and Yellawolf. I tried to listen old rap of NAS, 2-pac etc but I didn't find it as good as Eminem's music is. In this question I will only ask about hip-hop music(Rap). The basic question is, how should I start learning rap music. But I'll make the question a little branched. I have already searched online for how to learn rap but could not find something satisfactory. The problem is that internet suggest that I do not need any musical knowledge for learning rap. It says just listen to some rappers, take a beat, try your own rap! E.g. [this website](http://www.wikihow.com/Start-Rapping) suggest something along these lines. So the questions,
1. Is Rap music?
The question may sound strange, but this question pops up everyday in my mind. Most of the online sources suggest something like, rap is not music or at least not conventional music. Whenever I watch some youtube video people would comment, oh this is not music, they are just talking or looping which is cheating, they stolen a beat and a chorus and made a song. At least wikipedea says that rap is a specific genre of music. So I think rap *is* music.
2. Do I need to learn conventional music for learning hip-hop music(rap)?
I searched on internet, how the popular rappers learned rap. What I found is that most of the artists learned it by directly listening the rap music, they understand what the rapper does in the song, recognize their techniques, and finally developed their own techniques, flow and style. I wonder how they make melodic rap then. Do I need to learn conventional music for making melodic rap e.g. just like Eminem's songs are, like 50 cent's choruses.
3. Which books, videos or other resources should I follow?
Another curious and strange question I'd ask is,
4. Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?
I only need yes/no type answer. A concise explanation would also be fine. The reason I'm asking this strange question is because I want to make sure that what I am going to learn is at least music. If something can be played on a piano or a harmonium then for sure it is music. | 2015/02/04 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/29454",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/18684/"
] | A fascinating question I have also pondered - here are my thoughts. Someone once told me music is **anything with rhythm and/or tone**. Rap has both of theses.
1) As a kid of the 90's, I completely identify with this question. The other day, my parents gawked at the mere mentioned of rap and asked, *"Rap? Is that still going on?!"* **Of course rap is music.** Spoken poetry accompanied with music has become it's own paradigm, with jazz and blues. And yes, rap is included in this paradigm. It isn't going away.
Furthermore, the ability to improvise poetry is not an easily learned skill. It requires a large vocabulary and quick wit.
2) Knowledge empowers. I think anyone would be hard pressed to say that learning conventional music theory would ***deter your skills in rap music.***
3) This might come off as odd, but I would check out some **poetry.** Yes, I mean ***the Edgar Allen Poes, the Shakespeares, the Robert Frosts,*** however, I would also suggest reading the lyrics of other musical artists. Check out some Pink Floyd, check out some musicals, check out some hymns.
4) Can instruments rap? Eh, I guess they could be made to, however musical instruments sometimes play a huge part in the making of rap music. The Roots, Rage Against the Machine, Beastie Boys - **tons of rap artists use instrumentation over backing tracks or DJ's to make their music.** Personally, I find rap with instrumentation more appealing. | **Is Rap music?**
Yes of cause it is.
**Do I need to learn conventional music for learning hip-hop music(rap)?**
No but it helps, many artist know how to play musical instruments
**Which books, videos or other resources should I follow?**
You need to listen to more artist and types of rap old and new. Expand what you listen to there is so much more richness and different styles then those rappers you mentioned.
Try some:
Underground:
* MF DOOM
* RA Rugged man
Gangster
* WU Tang
* NWA
Old School
* KRS ONE
* EPMD
Story Telling
* ja rule the damaja - you can't stop the profit
* Young MC
Hard/Horror core
* Necro
* Jedi Mind tricks (Vinnie Paz)
Fun / light
* Humpty Hump - Humpty Dance
* Will Smith
International
Overseas rappers.
Some good Australian and UK hip-hop. Dizze Rascal, Hilltop hoods
Mellow
* Tribe called quest
etc. Once you have this broad understanding of what HIP HOP is you will be much better equipped to try your hand at it.
**Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?**
As other have said rap is the voice which can be used with any musical instrument. See Dance with the Devil (Immortal Technique song) where he uses Francis Lai - Love Story piano
for his melody.
Or learn from any KRS ONE songs. Where he teaches "Rap is something you do, Hip Hop is something you live" |
29,454 | First let me tell that I don't have any kind of prior knowledge of music. What I have done upto now is, I have listened every album of Eminem and Linkin Park. Nowadays I'm listening 50cent and Yellawolf. I tried to listen old rap of NAS, 2-pac etc but I didn't find it as good as Eminem's music is. In this question I will only ask about hip-hop music(Rap). The basic question is, how should I start learning rap music. But I'll make the question a little branched. I have already searched online for how to learn rap but could not find something satisfactory. The problem is that internet suggest that I do not need any musical knowledge for learning rap. It says just listen to some rappers, take a beat, try your own rap! E.g. [this website](http://www.wikihow.com/Start-Rapping) suggest something along these lines. So the questions,
1. Is Rap music?
The question may sound strange, but this question pops up everyday in my mind. Most of the online sources suggest something like, rap is not music or at least not conventional music. Whenever I watch some youtube video people would comment, oh this is not music, they are just talking or looping which is cheating, they stolen a beat and a chorus and made a song. At least wikipedea says that rap is a specific genre of music. So I think rap *is* music.
2. Do I need to learn conventional music for learning hip-hop music(rap)?
I searched on internet, how the popular rappers learned rap. What I found is that most of the artists learned it by directly listening the rap music, they understand what the rapper does in the song, recognize their techniques, and finally developed their own techniques, flow and style. I wonder how they make melodic rap then. Do I need to learn conventional music for making melodic rap e.g. just like Eminem's songs are, like 50 cent's choruses.
3. Which books, videos or other resources should I follow?
Another curious and strange question I'd ask is,
4. Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?
I only need yes/no type answer. A concise explanation would also be fine. The reason I'm asking this strange question is because I want to make sure that what I am going to learn is at least music. If something can be played on a piano or a harmonium then for sure it is music. | 2015/02/04 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/29454",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/18684/"
] | Taking them one at a time:
**Is Rap music?**
Yes, or rather, Hip-Hop is, but in many ways it is meta-music. Going back to ["Rapper's Delight" by the Sugar Hill Gang](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKTUAESacQM) (the first release of the music beyond it's core audience), it took and recontextualized the bass line to [Chic's "Good Times"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTusMLs9SJE). The DJ technique is to take pieces of pre-existing songs and recontextualize them, be it as overt as Vanilla Ice taking a Queen bassline for "Ice Ice Baby" to the thousands of small, manipulated samples in albums like De la Soul's *3 Feet High And Rising* and the Beastie Boys' \*Paul's Boutique".
*Rap* is a vocal technique, *Hip-Hop* is the music and the culture. Boogie Down Production's KRS-ONE took a verse on a song on REM's *Green* album, which is an example of Rap which is not Hip-Hop, and ["Pump Up The Volume" by MARRS](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cak1xly8oUM) is an example of Hip-Hop without Rap.
**Do I need to learn conventional music for learning hip-hop music(rap)?**
Many hip-hop musicians don't know much about conventional music beyond listening to it. Scratching a record, a core DJ technique, is all about rhythm and not about melody and harmony, but that isn't all of what goes in.
Rap, as a vocal style, is not usually too melodically strong. At least that's my take. I've heard rappers grab a melody, like KRS-ONE taking Billy Joel's "Still Rock and Roll to Me" in BDP's "The Bridge Is Over", but it isn't melodic like you'd expect from more traditional singers.
A failing I see is not seeing that Hip-Hop Music is mostly defined by rhythm, not melody and harmony. I have heard [talented violinists, for example, trying to play classical compositions over beats](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0heLa3kN4Q) and not really satisfying the requirements of either genre, at least to my ears.
But there are certainly gifted musicians in the genre. [Flavor Flav](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_Flav) seems like just the hype man of Public Enemy, for example, but is a musical prodigy who can play fifteen instruments.
**Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?**
[The Roots and Jay-Z say so.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15c3JuPG0kY)
If voice is counted as an instrument, all you need is a rapper, and a capella is certainly music. [Add a beatboxer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icBflcYZhpo) and you have the rhythm reinforced. Beyond that, if you have musicians that can cover the song you're otherwise sampling, or just drive the beat you want, you have Hip-Hop on instruments. | I think the answer to "Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?" is no. If you meant can rap music use musical instruments then of course, but you will have heard that in the music you already mentioned.
So I think you are asking "can you have rap music that *only* uses instruments, and no vocals"? i.e. Can you have instrumental rap music?
I don't think you can. You could certainly write a classical piece which followed the same patterns as a rapper's flow but I don't think you could say that piece *is* rap. |
29,454 | First let me tell that I don't have any kind of prior knowledge of music. What I have done upto now is, I have listened every album of Eminem and Linkin Park. Nowadays I'm listening 50cent and Yellawolf. I tried to listen old rap of NAS, 2-pac etc but I didn't find it as good as Eminem's music is. In this question I will only ask about hip-hop music(Rap). The basic question is, how should I start learning rap music. But I'll make the question a little branched. I have already searched online for how to learn rap but could not find something satisfactory. The problem is that internet suggest that I do not need any musical knowledge for learning rap. It says just listen to some rappers, take a beat, try your own rap! E.g. [this website](http://www.wikihow.com/Start-Rapping) suggest something along these lines. So the questions,
1. Is Rap music?
The question may sound strange, but this question pops up everyday in my mind. Most of the online sources suggest something like, rap is not music or at least not conventional music. Whenever I watch some youtube video people would comment, oh this is not music, they are just talking or looping which is cheating, they stolen a beat and a chorus and made a song. At least wikipedea says that rap is a specific genre of music. So I think rap *is* music.
2. Do I need to learn conventional music for learning hip-hop music(rap)?
I searched on internet, how the popular rappers learned rap. What I found is that most of the artists learned it by directly listening the rap music, they understand what the rapper does in the song, recognize their techniques, and finally developed their own techniques, flow and style. I wonder how they make melodic rap then. Do I need to learn conventional music for making melodic rap e.g. just like Eminem's songs are, like 50 cent's choruses.
3. Which books, videos or other resources should I follow?
Another curious and strange question I'd ask is,
4. Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?
I only need yes/no type answer. A concise explanation would also be fine. The reason I'm asking this strange question is because I want to make sure that what I am going to learn is at least music. If something can be played on a piano or a harmonium then for sure it is music. | 2015/02/04 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/29454",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/18684/"
] | Taking them one at a time:
**Is Rap music?**
Yes, or rather, Hip-Hop is, but in many ways it is meta-music. Going back to ["Rapper's Delight" by the Sugar Hill Gang](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKTUAESacQM) (the first release of the music beyond it's core audience), it took and recontextualized the bass line to [Chic's "Good Times"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTusMLs9SJE). The DJ technique is to take pieces of pre-existing songs and recontextualize them, be it as overt as Vanilla Ice taking a Queen bassline for "Ice Ice Baby" to the thousands of small, manipulated samples in albums like De la Soul's *3 Feet High And Rising* and the Beastie Boys' \*Paul's Boutique".
*Rap* is a vocal technique, *Hip-Hop* is the music and the culture. Boogie Down Production's KRS-ONE took a verse on a song on REM's *Green* album, which is an example of Rap which is not Hip-Hop, and ["Pump Up The Volume" by MARRS](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cak1xly8oUM) is an example of Hip-Hop without Rap.
**Do I need to learn conventional music for learning hip-hop music(rap)?**
Many hip-hop musicians don't know much about conventional music beyond listening to it. Scratching a record, a core DJ technique, is all about rhythm and not about melody and harmony, but that isn't all of what goes in.
Rap, as a vocal style, is not usually too melodically strong. At least that's my take. I've heard rappers grab a melody, like KRS-ONE taking Billy Joel's "Still Rock and Roll to Me" in BDP's "The Bridge Is Over", but it isn't melodic like you'd expect from more traditional singers.
A failing I see is not seeing that Hip-Hop Music is mostly defined by rhythm, not melody and harmony. I have heard [talented violinists, for example, trying to play classical compositions over beats](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0heLa3kN4Q) and not really satisfying the requirements of either genre, at least to my ears.
But there are certainly gifted musicians in the genre. [Flavor Flav](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_Flav) seems like just the hype man of Public Enemy, for example, but is a musical prodigy who can play fifteen instruments.
**Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?**
[The Roots and Jay-Z say so.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15c3JuPG0kY)
If voice is counted as an instrument, all you need is a rapper, and a capella is certainly music. [Add a beatboxer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icBflcYZhpo) and you have the rhythm reinforced. Beyond that, if you have musicians that can cover the song you're otherwise sampling, or just drive the beat you want, you have Hip-Hop on instruments. | Short answers: 1) Yes, rap is music. 2) No, you don't need to learn conventional music, but it can definitely help. 3) There are no specific books or resources you should follow. Develop your own style based upon what you already know, and incorporate any new knowledge, further developing it. 4) Yes, there are plenty of instrumental covers of rap music.
Long 'answers' - I hope no one takes any offense, OP included:
I'll assume you aren't trolling and you truly have these questions... You seem to be seeking definitive answers to questions that have no definitive answers. Leaving textbook or dictionary definitions out of it, the concept of music is one that is defined by individual perception and interpretation. What is music to one person may not be to another, and neither person is right nor wrong. Your subsequent questions rely on a definitive answer to the first.
But, casting that aside for now, the main issue is differentiating between rap, rap music, and hip hop music. I'll leave hip hop as a culture out of this. Again, this is all open to interpretation, especially considering that a lexicon is based on usage and is both regional and cultural. So, this is all from my perspective as a non-hip hop musician in the southern US. Rap is, as has already been pointed out, a vocal technique - or more specifically it is rhythmically improvising or reciting rhymes or verses. Rap music, which is generally what people seem to refer to when they use the term 'rap', is essentially rapping to music. Hip hop music is a broader genre that generally encompasses rap music. Making it more confusing, genres have a tendency to blur over time and the music industry loves crossover appeal in order for a song to reach wider audiences.
Do you need to learn 'conventional music' for learning rap music? No, but that really depends on what you're trying to do and what you personally consider to be rap music. I am a classically trained musician, but I know many songwriters, producers (amateur counts right?) and even musicians that have no formal knowledge of music theory, and I consider them better than myself in what they try to achieve. Listening to a lot of music tends to give one an innate understanding, whether they know what musical terms different concepts are called or not. It can definitely help though.
Naming resources isn't useful without knowing what your goal is. If your goal is to sell your music through any of the currently generally available avenues, you're on a hard road of discovery and learning no matter where your talents lie. If your goal is to make music, then pick up a pencil, tap it on the table, and make up some rhymes to the beat. :) If you're really serious about it, I'd recommend downloading a trial of a DAW like FL Studio and playing around with it. Try creating basic renditions of your favorite songs. Learn how to make basic beats and/or melodies. Download other people's projects and see how they fit together. Then play around with your own ideas. I'm sure there is a multitude of much simpler music creation software, but I am not familiar with any of them. There's probably an app for that.
As far as whether you can play rap on an instrument, I'll start with the assumption that you're discounting vocals as an instrument. If you consider Linkin Park rap then check out Eklipse - In the End. The problem is whether you consider their version rap. Probably not. If you play a rap song on a classical instrument (again, discounting vocals), then is it rap at that point? I'd say no, since I consider rap music to be rapping to music. But can you have instrumental hip hop music, or instrumental versions of hip hop music? Absolutely. Just search for a hip hop song (or just 'hip hop') adding the word instrumental. Some will be a hip hop song without lyrics. Some will be a completely different genre version of a hip hop song. |
29,454 | First let me tell that I don't have any kind of prior knowledge of music. What I have done upto now is, I have listened every album of Eminem and Linkin Park. Nowadays I'm listening 50cent and Yellawolf. I tried to listen old rap of NAS, 2-pac etc but I didn't find it as good as Eminem's music is. In this question I will only ask about hip-hop music(Rap). The basic question is, how should I start learning rap music. But I'll make the question a little branched. I have already searched online for how to learn rap but could not find something satisfactory. The problem is that internet suggest that I do not need any musical knowledge for learning rap. It says just listen to some rappers, take a beat, try your own rap! E.g. [this website](http://www.wikihow.com/Start-Rapping) suggest something along these lines. So the questions,
1. Is Rap music?
The question may sound strange, but this question pops up everyday in my mind. Most of the online sources suggest something like, rap is not music or at least not conventional music. Whenever I watch some youtube video people would comment, oh this is not music, they are just talking or looping which is cheating, they stolen a beat and a chorus and made a song. At least wikipedea says that rap is a specific genre of music. So I think rap *is* music.
2. Do I need to learn conventional music for learning hip-hop music(rap)?
I searched on internet, how the popular rappers learned rap. What I found is that most of the artists learned it by directly listening the rap music, they understand what the rapper does in the song, recognize their techniques, and finally developed their own techniques, flow and style. I wonder how they make melodic rap then. Do I need to learn conventional music for making melodic rap e.g. just like Eminem's songs are, like 50 cent's choruses.
3. Which books, videos or other resources should I follow?
Another curious and strange question I'd ask is,
4. Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?
I only need yes/no type answer. A concise explanation would also be fine. The reason I'm asking this strange question is because I want to make sure that what I am going to learn is at least music. If something can be played on a piano or a harmonium then for sure it is music. | 2015/02/04 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/29454",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/18684/"
] | Taking them one at a time:
**Is Rap music?**
Yes, or rather, Hip-Hop is, but in many ways it is meta-music. Going back to ["Rapper's Delight" by the Sugar Hill Gang](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKTUAESacQM) (the first release of the music beyond it's core audience), it took and recontextualized the bass line to [Chic's "Good Times"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTusMLs9SJE). The DJ technique is to take pieces of pre-existing songs and recontextualize them, be it as overt as Vanilla Ice taking a Queen bassline for "Ice Ice Baby" to the thousands of small, manipulated samples in albums like De la Soul's *3 Feet High And Rising* and the Beastie Boys' \*Paul's Boutique".
*Rap* is a vocal technique, *Hip-Hop* is the music and the culture. Boogie Down Production's KRS-ONE took a verse on a song on REM's *Green* album, which is an example of Rap which is not Hip-Hop, and ["Pump Up The Volume" by MARRS](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cak1xly8oUM) is an example of Hip-Hop without Rap.
**Do I need to learn conventional music for learning hip-hop music(rap)?**
Many hip-hop musicians don't know much about conventional music beyond listening to it. Scratching a record, a core DJ technique, is all about rhythm and not about melody and harmony, but that isn't all of what goes in.
Rap, as a vocal style, is not usually too melodically strong. At least that's my take. I've heard rappers grab a melody, like KRS-ONE taking Billy Joel's "Still Rock and Roll to Me" in BDP's "The Bridge Is Over", but it isn't melodic like you'd expect from more traditional singers.
A failing I see is not seeing that Hip-Hop Music is mostly defined by rhythm, not melody and harmony. I have heard [talented violinists, for example, trying to play classical compositions over beats](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0heLa3kN4Q) and not really satisfying the requirements of either genre, at least to my ears.
But there are certainly gifted musicians in the genre. [Flavor Flav](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_Flav) seems like just the hype man of Public Enemy, for example, but is a musical prodigy who can play fifteen instruments.
**Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?**
[The Roots and Jay-Z say so.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15c3JuPG0kY)
If voice is counted as an instrument, all you need is a rapper, and a capella is certainly music. [Add a beatboxer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icBflcYZhpo) and you have the rhythm reinforced. Beyond that, if you have musicians that can cover the song you're otherwise sampling, or just drive the beat you want, you have Hip-Hop on instruments. | **Is Rap music?**
Yes of cause it is.
**Do I need to learn conventional music for learning hip-hop music(rap)?**
No but it helps, many artist know how to play musical instruments
**Which books, videos or other resources should I follow?**
You need to listen to more artist and types of rap old and new. Expand what you listen to there is so much more richness and different styles then those rappers you mentioned.
Try some:
Underground:
* MF DOOM
* RA Rugged man
Gangster
* WU Tang
* NWA
Old School
* KRS ONE
* EPMD
Story Telling
* ja rule the damaja - you can't stop the profit
* Young MC
Hard/Horror core
* Necro
* Jedi Mind tricks (Vinnie Paz)
Fun / light
* Humpty Hump - Humpty Dance
* Will Smith
International
Overseas rappers.
Some good Australian and UK hip-hop. Dizze Rascal, Hilltop hoods
Mellow
* Tribe called quest
etc. Once you have this broad understanding of what HIP HOP is you will be much better equipped to try your hand at it.
**Can Rap be played on a musical instrument?**
As other have said rap is the voice which can be used with any musical instrument. See Dance with the Devil (Immortal Technique song) where he uses Francis Lai - Love Story piano
for his melody.
Or learn from any KRS ONE songs. Where he teaches "Rap is something you do, Hip Hop is something you live" |
149,051 | Starting up iTunes on my Windows 8.1 computer to sync iPhone 4 via USB immediately brings up the error message:
>
> The iPhone can't be synced. An unknown error occurred (-54)
>
>
>
Any ideas how to overcome the error? | 2014/10/10 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/149051",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/94178/"
] | Error -54 is a file permissions issue.
Here are a couple of methods to reset common errors...
**Fix the iTunes folder permissions**
Open the Start menu & type %userprofile% (including both % symbols) then hit Enter you should see the My Music folder, which is the default location for iTunes music files.
Open My Music, select the iTunes folder
Then, make sure you have sufficient control over the contents of that folder -
* right-click on the folder, go to Properties
* Security tab, Advanced..
* Permissions tab, Change Permissions...
* click your account name in the list, make sure it says 'Full Control' [if not, reply to that effect & we will need to revise this answer]
* check the box underneath for "Replace all child object permissions with inheritable permissions from this object"
* click OK. That should recursively give correct permissions right down the folder hierarchy.
Try your sync again…
---
Additional method, if the first doesn't work…
**Restore TrustedInstaller permissions**
1. Right click on the file or directory.
2. Click on “Properties” on the right click menu.
3. Click on “Security” tab.
4. Click on “Advanced” button at the bottom.
5. In Advanced Security Dialog window, click on “Owner” tab.
6. Here you will be able to see current owner (i.e. Trusted Installer).
7. To take ownership of the object, click on the Edit button. Give permission to UAC. Then highlight the user name in the “Change owner to” box that you want to assign as the owner for the object. Click “OK” to finish the process.
8. Back in Advanced Security Settings window, you will see the current owner has changed to the user you just selected.
9. Click “OK” button to exit this window.
10. Click “OK” again to exit completely from the Properties window.
11. Repeat step 1 to 4 to open the object’s Properties window again.
12. Back in object’s Properties window, click on Edit button, and confirm the UAC elevation request.
13. Highlight the Administrators in the “Group or user names” box. If the user ID or group that you want to manage the permissions for the object doesn’t exist, click on “Add” button, and type in the user name or group name desired into the “Enter object names to select (Can use Everyone as user Name)” box, and finish off by clicking on “OK”.
14. In the Permissions for Administrators box below (or any other user name or group name you chose), click on “Full Control” under the “Allow” column to assign full access rights control permissions to Administrators group.
Also refer this link
<http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/Troubleshoot-access-denied-when-opening-files-or-folders>
*Update June 2016*
Apparently, the layout of the perms windows has changed in Win 8 & later - see
[Set Folder Permissions in Windows 8 or 8.1 Computer](http://www.isunshare.com/windows-8/set-folder-permissions-in-windows-8-8.1-computer.html) or
[How to Take Full Ownership of Files & Folders in Windows 8 / 10](http://www.thewindowsclub.com/take-ownership-windows-8) for further info.
If neither of the above methods works...
========================================
There is a utility called [Windows Repair (All-in-One)](http://www.tweaking.com/content/page/windows_repair_all_in_one.html) by tweaking.com which I would highly recommend for a non-expert way to ensure Windows has all its correct defaults.
It is not any kind of *"go-faster"* tool, it doesn't speed up your machine in some 'magical' way. It just makes sure everything is as it should be. It won't break anything, so long as you follow the instructions precisely.
The free version is all you need, though personally I bought the pro version just to reward the author. [I have no affiliation, it's just saved my neck enough times to be worth recommending] | I ran into this problem with permissions on my daughter's phone. Restrictions was enabled and that made this error when trying to sync. |
149,051 | Starting up iTunes on my Windows 8.1 computer to sync iPhone 4 via USB immediately brings up the error message:
>
> The iPhone can't be synced. An unknown error occurred (-54)
>
>
>
Any ideas how to overcome the error? | 2014/10/10 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/149051",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/94178/"
] | Error -54 is a file permissions issue.
Here are a couple of methods to reset common errors...
**Fix the iTunes folder permissions**
Open the Start menu & type %userprofile% (including both % symbols) then hit Enter you should see the My Music folder, which is the default location for iTunes music files.
Open My Music, select the iTunes folder
Then, make sure you have sufficient control over the contents of that folder -
* right-click on the folder, go to Properties
* Security tab, Advanced..
* Permissions tab, Change Permissions...
* click your account name in the list, make sure it says 'Full Control' [if not, reply to that effect & we will need to revise this answer]
* check the box underneath for "Replace all child object permissions with inheritable permissions from this object"
* click OK. That should recursively give correct permissions right down the folder hierarchy.
Try your sync again…
---
Additional method, if the first doesn't work…
**Restore TrustedInstaller permissions**
1. Right click on the file or directory.
2. Click on “Properties” on the right click menu.
3. Click on “Security” tab.
4. Click on “Advanced” button at the bottom.
5. In Advanced Security Dialog window, click on “Owner” tab.
6. Here you will be able to see current owner (i.e. Trusted Installer).
7. To take ownership of the object, click on the Edit button. Give permission to UAC. Then highlight the user name in the “Change owner to” box that you want to assign as the owner for the object. Click “OK” to finish the process.
8. Back in Advanced Security Settings window, you will see the current owner has changed to the user you just selected.
9. Click “OK” button to exit this window.
10. Click “OK” again to exit completely from the Properties window.
11. Repeat step 1 to 4 to open the object’s Properties window again.
12. Back in object’s Properties window, click on Edit button, and confirm the UAC elevation request.
13. Highlight the Administrators in the “Group or user names” box. If the user ID or group that you want to manage the permissions for the object doesn’t exist, click on “Add” button, and type in the user name or group name desired into the “Enter object names to select (Can use Everyone as user Name)” box, and finish off by clicking on “OK”.
14. In the Permissions for Administrators box below (or any other user name or group name you chose), click on “Full Control” under the “Allow” column to assign full access rights control permissions to Administrators group.
Also refer this link
<http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/Troubleshoot-access-denied-when-opening-files-or-folders>
*Update June 2016*
Apparently, the layout of the perms windows has changed in Win 8 & later - see
[Set Folder Permissions in Windows 8 or 8.1 Computer](http://www.isunshare.com/windows-8/set-folder-permissions-in-windows-8-8.1-computer.html) or
[How to Take Full Ownership of Files & Folders in Windows 8 / 10](http://www.thewindowsclub.com/take-ownership-windows-8) for further info.
If neither of the above methods works...
========================================
There is a utility called [Windows Repair (All-in-One)](http://www.tweaking.com/content/page/windows_repair_all_in_one.html) by tweaking.com which I would highly recommend for a non-expert way to ensure Windows has all its correct defaults.
It is not any kind of *"go-faster"* tool, it doesn't speed up your machine in some 'magical' way. It just makes sure everything is as it should be. It won't break anything, so long as you follow the instructions precisely.
The free version is all you need, though personally I bought the pro version just to reward the author. [I have no affiliation, it's just saved my neck enough times to be worth recommending] | Much appreciate your efforts to help, but as noted in many posts, Windows 10 goes through the motions of changing the file 'read-only' attribute but refuses to actually do so.
In my case, the sync errors only occurred when I had my contact manager (MS Outlook) running, so it was locking the files.
Exit Outlook, run iTunes to do the sync, and problem solved. |
51,679 | I have just renewed my British passport, and it contains a very strange sticker. I made a photo of it...
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rUyKr.jpg)
It says "Please remove this label". By feeling and pressing the sticker I do not detect anything underneath it. Holding to the light reveals nothing. The pages behind this page are all blank. There is no explanation in the guidance brochure they sent along with the passport (I am one of those people that reads *every word* of the guidance). Below the sticker there is some text, if you read paragraph 7 you learn that tampering with a British passport may be actionable as a criminal offence. Incredible to relate, this text is on the **same page** as the sticker they want you to remove.
Is the purpose of this sticker simply to prove I have examined the passport? Does it replace the wet signature the end user should provide? Or does it flag up if I walk near a scanner? Some kind of electronic signal? If not, what is the purpose of this sticker?
I will be renewing my American passport later this year. Will it have the same thing? Something that needs to be removed where there's no apparent underlying purpose? What are the Americans doing?
I do not know the answer and for reasons not worth exposing here I am reluctant to remove it. Yes, I know I can raise paperwork to the Passport Office for an explanation, but it takes a long time and a medium probability of having to approach the Commissioner to get it resolved. And when their answer finally arrived, there's a very good chance I wouldn't believe it anyway.
Question: what is the purpose of the "Please remove this label" sticker.
**Adding...**
There is an existing thread on the net and [Nate Eldredge](https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/1362/nate-eldredge) (to whom thanks) provided the [link](http://forums.digitalspy.co.uk/showthread.php?t=1475516). Some ideas were floated but the thread degenerated into silly conjectures. They didn't nail it down. If it is some sort of progress indicator, why is it not on the cover?
A blog entry discovered by [cicto](https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/28690/clcto) (to whom thanks) presents a [credible discussion](http://www.akwatts.co.uk/please-remove-this-label-uk-passport/) that the sticker contains an electronic circuit. But when it gets to *purpose*, the article descends into speculation. | 2015/07/25 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/51679",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/1737/"
] | The general consensus on the internet seems to be that the sticker is an RFID chip used by Identity and Passport Service (IPS) to track the production process of the passport from start to shipping. There are many such questions disseminated across the web ([here](http://www.funtrivia.com/askft/Question137848.html), [here](http://www.reddit.com/r/whatisthisthing/comments/24rqf9/had_to_remove_this_label_from_my_uk_passport/) and [here](http://www.c4p.biz/forum/post/index.htmhttp://www.c4p.biz/forum/post/index.htm?t=14231) are a few examples). Most mention stories of people traveling with and without the label on their passport and none seem to have had any problem.
We are in luck since, as a further proof, [this guy peeled the sticker away to inspect it up close](http://www.akwatts.co.uk/please-remove-this-label-uk-passport/) and confirmed that on its back lies an RFID chip:
Since you are effectively concerned about tampering with the passport, personally I don't think that removing a label which explicitly asks you to do so constitutes tampering. Tampering would be attempting to modify, forge, hide or remove any of the information recorded on the document. | HMPO have now included a little note along with the passport that says *"the label on the back of your passport was used during the production process and can now be removed"*.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rTPEN.jpg) |
51,679 | I have just renewed my British passport, and it contains a very strange sticker. I made a photo of it...
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rUyKr.jpg)
It says "Please remove this label". By feeling and pressing the sticker I do not detect anything underneath it. Holding to the light reveals nothing. The pages behind this page are all blank. There is no explanation in the guidance brochure they sent along with the passport (I am one of those people that reads *every word* of the guidance). Below the sticker there is some text, if you read paragraph 7 you learn that tampering with a British passport may be actionable as a criminal offence. Incredible to relate, this text is on the **same page** as the sticker they want you to remove.
Is the purpose of this sticker simply to prove I have examined the passport? Does it replace the wet signature the end user should provide? Or does it flag up if I walk near a scanner? Some kind of electronic signal? If not, what is the purpose of this sticker?
I will be renewing my American passport later this year. Will it have the same thing? Something that needs to be removed where there's no apparent underlying purpose? What are the Americans doing?
I do not know the answer and for reasons not worth exposing here I am reluctant to remove it. Yes, I know I can raise paperwork to the Passport Office for an explanation, but it takes a long time and a medium probability of having to approach the Commissioner to get it resolved. And when their answer finally arrived, there's a very good chance I wouldn't believe it anyway.
Question: what is the purpose of the "Please remove this label" sticker.
**Adding...**
There is an existing thread on the net and [Nate Eldredge](https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/1362/nate-eldredge) (to whom thanks) provided the [link](http://forums.digitalspy.co.uk/showthread.php?t=1475516). Some ideas were floated but the thread degenerated into silly conjectures. They didn't nail it down. If it is some sort of progress indicator, why is it not on the cover?
A blog entry discovered by [cicto](https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/28690/clcto) (to whom thanks) presents a [credible discussion](http://www.akwatts.co.uk/please-remove-this-label-uk-passport/) that the sticker contains an electronic circuit. But when it gets to *purpose*, the article descends into speculation. | 2015/07/25 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/51679",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/1737/"
] | The general consensus on the internet seems to be that the sticker is an RFID chip used by Identity and Passport Service (IPS) to track the production process of the passport from start to shipping. There are many such questions disseminated across the web ([here](http://www.funtrivia.com/askft/Question137848.html), [here](http://www.reddit.com/r/whatisthisthing/comments/24rqf9/had_to_remove_this_label_from_my_uk_passport/) and [here](http://www.c4p.biz/forum/post/index.htmhttp://www.c4p.biz/forum/post/index.htm?t=14231) are a few examples). Most mention stories of people traveling with and without the label on their passport and none seem to have had any problem.
We are in luck since, as a further proof, [this guy peeled the sticker away to inspect it up close](http://www.akwatts.co.uk/please-remove-this-label-uk-passport/) and confirmed that on its back lies an RFID chip:
Since you are effectively concerned about tampering with the passport, personally I don't think that removing a label which explicitly asks you to do so constitutes tampering. Tampering would be attempting to modify, forge, hide or remove any of the information recorded on the document. | The new passport contain an RFID chip in the back cover of the passport, I suspect the yellow sticker is actually to disable the embedded RFID chip, to stop it from being read while the passport is being delivered. The position of the yellow stick on the page before the back cover seems to correspond with the position of the RFID in the back cover. |
51,679 | I have just renewed my British passport, and it contains a very strange sticker. I made a photo of it...
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rUyKr.jpg)
It says "Please remove this label". By feeling and pressing the sticker I do not detect anything underneath it. Holding to the light reveals nothing. The pages behind this page are all blank. There is no explanation in the guidance brochure they sent along with the passport (I am one of those people that reads *every word* of the guidance). Below the sticker there is some text, if you read paragraph 7 you learn that tampering with a British passport may be actionable as a criminal offence. Incredible to relate, this text is on the **same page** as the sticker they want you to remove.
Is the purpose of this sticker simply to prove I have examined the passport? Does it replace the wet signature the end user should provide? Or does it flag up if I walk near a scanner? Some kind of electronic signal? If not, what is the purpose of this sticker?
I will be renewing my American passport later this year. Will it have the same thing? Something that needs to be removed where there's no apparent underlying purpose? What are the Americans doing?
I do not know the answer and for reasons not worth exposing here I am reluctant to remove it. Yes, I know I can raise paperwork to the Passport Office for an explanation, but it takes a long time and a medium probability of having to approach the Commissioner to get it resolved. And when their answer finally arrived, there's a very good chance I wouldn't believe it anyway.
Question: what is the purpose of the "Please remove this label" sticker.
**Adding...**
There is an existing thread on the net and [Nate Eldredge](https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/1362/nate-eldredge) (to whom thanks) provided the [link](http://forums.digitalspy.co.uk/showthread.php?t=1475516). Some ideas were floated but the thread degenerated into silly conjectures. They didn't nail it down. If it is some sort of progress indicator, why is it not on the cover?
A blog entry discovered by [cicto](https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/28690/clcto) (to whom thanks) presents a [credible discussion](http://www.akwatts.co.uk/please-remove-this-label-uk-passport/) that the sticker contains an electronic circuit. But when it gets to *purpose*, the article descends into speculation. | 2015/07/25 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/51679",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/1737/"
] | The general consensus on the internet seems to be that the sticker is an RFID chip used by Identity and Passport Service (IPS) to track the production process of the passport from start to shipping. There are many such questions disseminated across the web ([here](http://www.funtrivia.com/askft/Question137848.html), [here](http://www.reddit.com/r/whatisthisthing/comments/24rqf9/had_to_remove_this_label_from_my_uk_passport/) and [here](http://www.c4p.biz/forum/post/index.htmhttp://www.c4p.biz/forum/post/index.htm?t=14231) are a few examples). Most mention stories of people traveling with and without the label on their passport and none seem to have had any problem.
We are in luck since, as a further proof, [this guy peeled the sticker away to inspect it up close](http://www.akwatts.co.uk/please-remove-this-label-uk-passport/) and confirmed that on its back lies an RFID chip:
Since you are effectively concerned about tampering with the passport, personally I don't think that removing a label which explicitly asks you to do so constitutes tampering. Tampering would be attempting to modify, forge, hide or remove any of the information recorded on the document. | The level of conspiracy theories here is amazing. The sticker is not for tracking, but to prevent tracking. It is placed so that when the passport is closed, it interferes with any signal coming from the passport's own RFID tag which is now in the cover. In other words, it's a "cloaking device" to prevent interference with delivery tracking systems (which are in the envelope) and identification of the enclosed item as a passport - which is really easy to do from about five meters away using professional gear once the sticker is removed. (Professional gear available for about £40 from Maplin if you know what to buy - your phone will only work from about 3cm)
As for it being a method for "forcing" people to fall foul of tampering laws, I have a big roll of aluminium foil available for anyone who's worried about it. Of course, that foil is also useful for blocking RFID, so why not wrap your passport in it. |
51,679 | I have just renewed my British passport, and it contains a very strange sticker. I made a photo of it...
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rUyKr.jpg)
It says "Please remove this label". By feeling and pressing the sticker I do not detect anything underneath it. Holding to the light reveals nothing. The pages behind this page are all blank. There is no explanation in the guidance brochure they sent along with the passport (I am one of those people that reads *every word* of the guidance). Below the sticker there is some text, if you read paragraph 7 you learn that tampering with a British passport may be actionable as a criminal offence. Incredible to relate, this text is on the **same page** as the sticker they want you to remove.
Is the purpose of this sticker simply to prove I have examined the passport? Does it replace the wet signature the end user should provide? Or does it flag up if I walk near a scanner? Some kind of electronic signal? If not, what is the purpose of this sticker?
I will be renewing my American passport later this year. Will it have the same thing? Something that needs to be removed where there's no apparent underlying purpose? What are the Americans doing?
I do not know the answer and for reasons not worth exposing here I am reluctant to remove it. Yes, I know I can raise paperwork to the Passport Office for an explanation, but it takes a long time and a medium probability of having to approach the Commissioner to get it resolved. And when their answer finally arrived, there's a very good chance I wouldn't believe it anyway.
Question: what is the purpose of the "Please remove this label" sticker.
**Adding...**
There is an existing thread on the net and [Nate Eldredge](https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/1362/nate-eldredge) (to whom thanks) provided the [link](http://forums.digitalspy.co.uk/showthread.php?t=1475516). Some ideas were floated but the thread degenerated into silly conjectures. They didn't nail it down. If it is some sort of progress indicator, why is it not on the cover?
A blog entry discovered by [cicto](https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/28690/clcto) (to whom thanks) presents a [credible discussion](http://www.akwatts.co.uk/please-remove-this-label-uk-passport/) that the sticker contains an electronic circuit. But when it gets to *purpose*, the article descends into speculation. | 2015/07/25 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/51679",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/1737/"
] | HMPO have now included a little note along with the passport that says *"the label on the back of your passport was used during the production process and can now be removed"*.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rTPEN.jpg) | The new passport contain an RFID chip in the back cover of the passport, I suspect the yellow sticker is actually to disable the embedded RFID chip, to stop it from being read while the passport is being delivered. The position of the yellow stick on the page before the back cover seems to correspond with the position of the RFID in the back cover. |
51,679 | I have just renewed my British passport, and it contains a very strange sticker. I made a photo of it...
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rUyKr.jpg)
It says "Please remove this label". By feeling and pressing the sticker I do not detect anything underneath it. Holding to the light reveals nothing. The pages behind this page are all blank. There is no explanation in the guidance brochure they sent along with the passport (I am one of those people that reads *every word* of the guidance). Below the sticker there is some text, if you read paragraph 7 you learn that tampering with a British passport may be actionable as a criminal offence. Incredible to relate, this text is on the **same page** as the sticker they want you to remove.
Is the purpose of this sticker simply to prove I have examined the passport? Does it replace the wet signature the end user should provide? Or does it flag up if I walk near a scanner? Some kind of electronic signal? If not, what is the purpose of this sticker?
I will be renewing my American passport later this year. Will it have the same thing? Something that needs to be removed where there's no apparent underlying purpose? What are the Americans doing?
I do not know the answer and for reasons not worth exposing here I am reluctant to remove it. Yes, I know I can raise paperwork to the Passport Office for an explanation, but it takes a long time and a medium probability of having to approach the Commissioner to get it resolved. And when their answer finally arrived, there's a very good chance I wouldn't believe it anyway.
Question: what is the purpose of the "Please remove this label" sticker.
**Adding...**
There is an existing thread on the net and [Nate Eldredge](https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/1362/nate-eldredge) (to whom thanks) provided the [link](http://forums.digitalspy.co.uk/showthread.php?t=1475516). Some ideas were floated but the thread degenerated into silly conjectures. They didn't nail it down. If it is some sort of progress indicator, why is it not on the cover?
A blog entry discovered by [cicto](https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/28690/clcto) (to whom thanks) presents a [credible discussion](http://www.akwatts.co.uk/please-remove-this-label-uk-passport/) that the sticker contains an electronic circuit. But when it gets to *purpose*, the article descends into speculation. | 2015/07/25 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/51679",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/1737/"
] | HMPO have now included a little note along with the passport that says *"the label on the back of your passport was used during the production process and can now be removed"*.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rTPEN.jpg) | The level of conspiracy theories here is amazing. The sticker is not for tracking, but to prevent tracking. It is placed so that when the passport is closed, it interferes with any signal coming from the passport's own RFID tag which is now in the cover. In other words, it's a "cloaking device" to prevent interference with delivery tracking systems (which are in the envelope) and identification of the enclosed item as a passport - which is really easy to do from about five meters away using professional gear once the sticker is removed. (Professional gear available for about £40 from Maplin if you know what to buy - your phone will only work from about 3cm)
As for it being a method for "forcing" people to fall foul of tampering laws, I have a big roll of aluminium foil available for anyone who's worried about it. Of course, that foil is also useful for blocking RFID, so why not wrap your passport in it. |
51,679 | I have just renewed my British passport, and it contains a very strange sticker. I made a photo of it...
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rUyKr.jpg)
It says "Please remove this label". By feeling and pressing the sticker I do not detect anything underneath it. Holding to the light reveals nothing. The pages behind this page are all blank. There is no explanation in the guidance brochure they sent along with the passport (I am one of those people that reads *every word* of the guidance). Below the sticker there is some text, if you read paragraph 7 you learn that tampering with a British passport may be actionable as a criminal offence. Incredible to relate, this text is on the **same page** as the sticker they want you to remove.
Is the purpose of this sticker simply to prove I have examined the passport? Does it replace the wet signature the end user should provide? Or does it flag up if I walk near a scanner? Some kind of electronic signal? If not, what is the purpose of this sticker?
I will be renewing my American passport later this year. Will it have the same thing? Something that needs to be removed where there's no apparent underlying purpose? What are the Americans doing?
I do not know the answer and for reasons not worth exposing here I am reluctant to remove it. Yes, I know I can raise paperwork to the Passport Office for an explanation, but it takes a long time and a medium probability of having to approach the Commissioner to get it resolved. And when their answer finally arrived, there's a very good chance I wouldn't believe it anyway.
Question: what is the purpose of the "Please remove this label" sticker.
**Adding...**
There is an existing thread on the net and [Nate Eldredge](https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/1362/nate-eldredge) (to whom thanks) provided the [link](http://forums.digitalspy.co.uk/showthread.php?t=1475516). Some ideas were floated but the thread degenerated into silly conjectures. They didn't nail it down. If it is some sort of progress indicator, why is it not on the cover?
A blog entry discovered by [cicto](https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/28690/clcto) (to whom thanks) presents a [credible discussion](http://www.akwatts.co.uk/please-remove-this-label-uk-passport/) that the sticker contains an electronic circuit. But when it gets to *purpose*, the article descends into speculation. | 2015/07/25 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/51679",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/1737/"
] | The level of conspiracy theories here is amazing. The sticker is not for tracking, but to prevent tracking. It is placed so that when the passport is closed, it interferes with any signal coming from the passport's own RFID tag which is now in the cover. In other words, it's a "cloaking device" to prevent interference with delivery tracking systems (which are in the envelope) and identification of the enclosed item as a passport - which is really easy to do from about five meters away using professional gear once the sticker is removed. (Professional gear available for about £40 from Maplin if you know what to buy - your phone will only work from about 3cm)
As for it being a method for "forcing" people to fall foul of tampering laws, I have a big roll of aluminium foil available for anyone who's worried about it. Of course, that foil is also useful for blocking RFID, so why not wrap your passport in it. | The new passport contain an RFID chip in the back cover of the passport, I suspect the yellow sticker is actually to disable the embedded RFID chip, to stop it from being read while the passport is being delivered. The position of the yellow stick on the page before the back cover seems to correspond with the position of the RFID in the back cover. |
52,653 | I just need a simple explanation of what exactly ridge regression is so I can have a decent intuitive understanding of it. I understand it's about applying some sort of penalty to the regression coefficients... but beyond that I'm a little confused about how it is different from other kinds of regression which implement penalties. In what case should you use ridge regression as opposed to some other kind of regression? | 2013/03/19 | [
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/52653",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/21064/"
] | Ridge Regression is a remedial measure taken to alleviate multicollinearity amongst regression predictor variables in a model. Often predictor variables used in a regression are highly correlated. When they are, the regression coefficient of any one variable depend on which other predictor variables are included in the model, and which ones are left out. (So the predictor variable does not reflect any inherent effect of that particular predictor on the response variable, but only a marginal or partial effect, given whatever other correlated predictor variables are included in the model). Ridge regression adds a small bias factor to the variables in order to alleviate this problem. Hope that helps. | The posts above nicely describe ridge regression and its mathematical underpinning. However, they don't address the issue of where ridge regression should be used, compared to other shrinkage methods. It might be so because there are no specific situation where one shrinkage method has been shown to perform better than another. There are many different ways of addressing the issue of multicollinearity among the predictor variables, depending on its source. Ridge regression happens to be one of those methods that addresses the issue of multicollinearity by shrinking (in some cases, shrinking it close to or equal to zero, for large values of the tuning parameter) the coefficient estimates of the highly correlated variables.
Unlike least squares method, ridge regression produces a set of coefficient estimates for different values of the tuning parameter. So, it's advisable to use the results of ridge regession (the set of coefficient estimates) with a model selection technique (such as, cross-validation) to determine the most appropriate model for the given data. |
32,395 | My computer is equipped with two sound cards, the integrated one on the motherboard, as well as a Soundblaster Live I installed myself. The Soundblaster has a special front panel with midi ports, and a volume control for the output. For some reason unbeknownst to me, the analog output on the back panel of the Soundblaster is only sending left side sound, so what I want to do is send sound from both the integrated card and the Soundblaster, so I can have my headphones plugged in the front of the Soundblaster, and my loudspeakers plugged in the integrated card in the back. Unfortunately, Windows only seems to have support for one sound output device at a time, so I was wondering if there was any other way of doing it. | 2009/08/30 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/32395",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/9106/"
] | The problem with onboard audio is that it doesn't always play well with dedicated sound cards. I would recommend that you turn off your onboard sound device in the bios and get some hardware that connects to the soundblaster card to drive both the speakers and your headphones. Many PC speaker systems, like the logitech X-240 -link below #1-, have a little satellite device that sits on your desk. It usually has both volume control for the speakers and a headphone jack.
If you really want to use your current speaker system, you can get a little "Speaker/Headset Switching Hub" -link below #2-. These devices plug directly into your sound card and then run the sound for your speakers. The only down side is that most of them only support 2.1 sound, not surround sound.
A third option would be to get a USB headset. The downside of this option is that you have to change sound hardware settings when you want to use your headphones. I have friends who use this option and it seems to work well.
If you want to use your front panel audio ports, I would look and see if your soundblaster card has audio headers. Look for "Intel HD Audio Compatible Front Panel Header" in the specs. I don't think the cheaper ones have it and the more expensive ones sometimes come with something you put in the drive bay. I think all the X-Fi cards have it.
Keep in mind that you could have some faulty hardware somewhere if you only get sound out of one channel. I would try testing out each port with a known good set of headphones and see what kind of audio signal you get. If you have surround sound, you may be plugging into a rear channel by accident.
Hope that helps
---
Links (New users can't post multiple links)
#1: Go to logitech's webpage and go to the speaker+audio section. If you look under speaker subheading, the X-240's are at the bottom.
#2: Go to amazon and search for "Manhattan-Speaker-Headset-Switching-Hub" it's the only result at $9.99 . | Only thing I know of that might do this is [Pulseaudio](http://pulseaudio.org/).
>
> Support for more than one sink/source
>
>
>
Sink being output. It's not in version 1 yet so caveat hacker. |
9,634 | I remember ubuntu like a system which had every repository that I could enable and download apps. But now in fedora I can use only her repository and it's all. Do you know if I can change my fedora to be more like ubuntu? | 2011/03/19 | [
"https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9634",
"https://unix.stackexchange.com",
"https://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1924/"
] | you can download rpm from sites like rpmfusion and rpmfind etc.[RPM Fusion Repo](http://rpmfusion.org/Configuration)
or repositry information can be manually entered & configured in /etc/yum.repos.d/rpmfusion.repo
once a repo is added to yum, you can enable/disable using "yum --enable-repo" or "yum --disable-repo" | If you are not satisfied with the vanilla version of Fedora, you can try [FusionLinux](http://fusionlinux.org/).
Its 100% compatible with Fedora and combines free and non-free software to bring the user the most advanced experience on the Linux platform. |
106,496 | To illustrate this question, assume we have two Imperial Class Star Destroyers who were both shipped out of adjacent construction bays at Kuat Drive Yards on the same standard day, and are both manned by a new crew of clones freshly graduated from the same batch on Kamino. Both ships can be expected to perform as nearly identically as can be expected in every way possible.
Both capital ships are currently next to each other. They are both ready to jump to Endor, and a remote signal was emitted from Kuat Space Traffic Control to fire both ships' hyperspace engines at the same time. Given such conditions, can the two capital ships see each other while still in hyperspace?
Is it possible that the answer depends on this associated question: How fast is hyperspace travel?
**Edit**: It seems the answer is now official in the movies. In Ep VII TV Spot 7 ([YouTube link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rewTgkI5Xhg)), it can be seen that from the cockpit of an X-Wing in hyperspace, fellow X-Wings are visible to the eye. I guess that settles it as canon. It seems ships can synchronise jumps after all. | 2015/10/31 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/106496",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44906/"
] | I have always thought of hyperspace as being akin to a warp bubble. That is, a ship in hyperspace is more or less isolated from the rest of the universe. You can't be seen/detected, but you also can't see or detect anything outside the ship(the force being a probable exception). I think Josh is right that sight is ineffective, but not about other forms of detection being useful(note: it's possible this whole thing should be a reply to Josh, but sadly I don't have the rep for it).
Maybe the best example of what i'm talking about is the M. Falcon's first encounter with the Death Star; Han isn't expecting a debris field, even referencing that whatever they flew into isn't "on any of the charts." This suggests ships in Star Wars can't even detect the absence of a planet up ahead, let alone smaller phenomena like a nearby ship. They rely almost entirely on (in this case incorrect) internal representations of the universe. | The evidence in the films suggests that **no, they can't see each other, but they can *detect* each other by other means.**
We see what light speed looks like several times when the Falcon makes the jump: a ring of lights streaking past. This effect is constant throughout the series regardless of location and does not appear to allow light speed travelers to visually discern local space in anyway. Contrast this with, for example, *Star Trek*, where individual stars can be seen streaking by.
While there is no technology in our universe that would allow the ships to detect each other, clearly a universe that permits matter to move faster than light would allow energy to do so as well. The manner in which a ship's computer calculates a light speed jump suggests that it is scanning the path ahead *much faster* than the speed of light to make sure the path is clear. (The only other explanation is that every ship contains a *complete and perfectly accurate* model of at least the Galaxy, which is problematic enough *before* the empire starts blowing up planets and really throwing things off.)
However, this scanning technology does appear to be highly directional based on how easily one ship may elude another by jumping to light speed. Without knowing the exact direction to scan in, the pursuing ship seems to have no way of locating the ship that escaped it (which is pretty much always the Falcon). So it is probably possible for one ship to covertly stalk another at light speed and remain undetected (much like one submarine following another), but in the scenario you mention where the ships are aware of each other, they should be able to detect each other just fine. The computers would display the ships visually to the crew so they could be "seen" in this manner. |
106,496 | To illustrate this question, assume we have two Imperial Class Star Destroyers who were both shipped out of adjacent construction bays at Kuat Drive Yards on the same standard day, and are both manned by a new crew of clones freshly graduated from the same batch on Kamino. Both ships can be expected to perform as nearly identically as can be expected in every way possible.
Both capital ships are currently next to each other. They are both ready to jump to Endor, and a remote signal was emitted from Kuat Space Traffic Control to fire both ships' hyperspace engines at the same time. Given such conditions, can the two capital ships see each other while still in hyperspace?
Is it possible that the answer depends on this associated question: How fast is hyperspace travel?
**Edit**: It seems the answer is now official in the movies. In Ep VII TV Spot 7 ([YouTube link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rewTgkI5Xhg)), it can be seen that from the cockpit of an X-Wing in hyperspace, fellow X-Wings are visible to the eye. I guess that settles it as canon. It seems ships can synchronise jumps after all. | 2015/10/31 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/106496",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44906/"
] | The evidence in the films suggests that **no, they can't see each other, but they can *detect* each other by other means.**
We see what light speed looks like several times when the Falcon makes the jump: a ring of lights streaking past. This effect is constant throughout the series regardless of location and does not appear to allow light speed travelers to visually discern local space in anyway. Contrast this with, for example, *Star Trek*, where individual stars can be seen streaking by.
While there is no technology in our universe that would allow the ships to detect each other, clearly a universe that permits matter to move faster than light would allow energy to do so as well. The manner in which a ship's computer calculates a light speed jump suggests that it is scanning the path ahead *much faster* than the speed of light to make sure the path is clear. (The only other explanation is that every ship contains a *complete and perfectly accurate* model of at least the Galaxy, which is problematic enough *before* the empire starts blowing up planets and really throwing things off.)
However, this scanning technology does appear to be highly directional based on how easily one ship may elude another by jumping to light speed. Without knowing the exact direction to scan in, the pursuing ship seems to have no way of locating the ship that escaped it (which is pretty much always the Falcon). So it is probably possible for one ship to covertly stalk another at light speed and remain undetected (much like one submarine following another), but in the scenario you mention where the ships are aware of each other, they should be able to detect each other just fine. The computers would display the ships visually to the crew so they could be "seen" in this manner. | The answer is "no". I don't have canon cites at the moment, but in several Legends works it is shown that any attempts, ever, of finding a ship which entered hypserspace, is to try and follow their projected route of escape, and plot stars in that direction. Since this included situations where faster ships were the ones wanting to give chase, it's clear that if there was any way of hyperspace tracking from within hyperspace, such guesswork about "where the projected vector may go" wouldn't be necessary (and being really really poor results wise, wouldn't be chosen). |
106,496 | To illustrate this question, assume we have two Imperial Class Star Destroyers who were both shipped out of adjacent construction bays at Kuat Drive Yards on the same standard day, and are both manned by a new crew of clones freshly graduated from the same batch on Kamino. Both ships can be expected to perform as nearly identically as can be expected in every way possible.
Both capital ships are currently next to each other. They are both ready to jump to Endor, and a remote signal was emitted from Kuat Space Traffic Control to fire both ships' hyperspace engines at the same time. Given such conditions, can the two capital ships see each other while still in hyperspace?
Is it possible that the answer depends on this associated question: How fast is hyperspace travel?
**Edit**: It seems the answer is now official in the movies. In Ep VII TV Spot 7 ([YouTube link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rewTgkI5Xhg)), it can be seen that from the cockpit of an X-Wing in hyperspace, fellow X-Wings are visible to the eye. I guess that settles it as canon. It seems ships can synchronise jumps after all. | 2015/10/31 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/106496",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44906/"
] | The evidence in the films suggests that **no, they can't see each other, but they can *detect* each other by other means.**
We see what light speed looks like several times when the Falcon makes the jump: a ring of lights streaking past. This effect is constant throughout the series regardless of location and does not appear to allow light speed travelers to visually discern local space in anyway. Contrast this with, for example, *Star Trek*, where individual stars can be seen streaking by.
While there is no technology in our universe that would allow the ships to detect each other, clearly a universe that permits matter to move faster than light would allow energy to do so as well. The manner in which a ship's computer calculates a light speed jump suggests that it is scanning the path ahead *much faster* than the speed of light to make sure the path is clear. (The only other explanation is that every ship contains a *complete and perfectly accurate* model of at least the Galaxy, which is problematic enough *before* the empire starts blowing up planets and really throwing things off.)
However, this scanning technology does appear to be highly directional based on how easily one ship may elude another by jumping to light speed. Without knowing the exact direction to scan in, the pursuing ship seems to have no way of locating the ship that escaped it (which is pretty much always the Falcon). So it is probably possible for one ship to covertly stalk another at light speed and remain undetected (much like one submarine following another), but in the scenario you mention where the ships are aware of each other, they should be able to detect each other just fine. The computers would display the ships visually to the crew so they could be "seen" in this manner. | The answer is, if they are in close proximity to one another then yes they could see each other as they are motionless relative to one another.
However, it's more sticky than that. Unless timing is absolutely perfect in every stage of acceleration, one ship will quickly move out of sight of the other.
To add one more sticky point, if they are within close proximity to one another, their increasing gravity wells would start to pull the two ships into each other. The closer you get to light speed, the more mass you gain and therefore the greater the gravitation of you and your vessels. |
106,496 | To illustrate this question, assume we have two Imperial Class Star Destroyers who were both shipped out of adjacent construction bays at Kuat Drive Yards on the same standard day, and are both manned by a new crew of clones freshly graduated from the same batch on Kamino. Both ships can be expected to perform as nearly identically as can be expected in every way possible.
Both capital ships are currently next to each other. They are both ready to jump to Endor, and a remote signal was emitted from Kuat Space Traffic Control to fire both ships' hyperspace engines at the same time. Given such conditions, can the two capital ships see each other while still in hyperspace?
Is it possible that the answer depends on this associated question: How fast is hyperspace travel?
**Edit**: It seems the answer is now official in the movies. In Ep VII TV Spot 7 ([YouTube link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rewTgkI5Xhg)), it can be seen that from the cockpit of an X-Wing in hyperspace, fellow X-Wings are visible to the eye. I guess that settles it as canon. It seems ships can synchronise jumps after all. | 2015/10/31 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/106496",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44906/"
] | ### YES. Ships in hyperspace *can* see one another.
The canon [Clone Wars TV series](http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(TV_series)) has at times shown *several* starships in hyperspace *together* in the same hyperspace-tunnel. **It would appear that someone need only look through the correct viewport to see the other ships inside the same hyperspace-tunnel.**
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/t0Acn.jpg)
Also, in [TV Spot #7 of *Star Wars: The Force Awakens*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rewTgkI5Xhg&t=0m10s), we again can see other ships from inside the cockpit *while in a hyperspace tunnel*.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dVVQJ.gif)
Click [here](http://gifs.com/gif/star-wars-the-force-awakens-tv-spot-7-2015-j-j-abrams-0gAMz7) for HD gif.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ErAeN.jpg)
It would appear that multiple ships can indeed travel in the same hyperspace tunnel and thus **can be seen by one another while at lightspeed**. | The evidence in the films suggests that **no, they can't see each other, but they can *detect* each other by other means.**
We see what light speed looks like several times when the Falcon makes the jump: a ring of lights streaking past. This effect is constant throughout the series regardless of location and does not appear to allow light speed travelers to visually discern local space in anyway. Contrast this with, for example, *Star Trek*, where individual stars can be seen streaking by.
While there is no technology in our universe that would allow the ships to detect each other, clearly a universe that permits matter to move faster than light would allow energy to do so as well. The manner in which a ship's computer calculates a light speed jump suggests that it is scanning the path ahead *much faster* than the speed of light to make sure the path is clear. (The only other explanation is that every ship contains a *complete and perfectly accurate* model of at least the Galaxy, which is problematic enough *before* the empire starts blowing up planets and really throwing things off.)
However, this scanning technology does appear to be highly directional based on how easily one ship may elude another by jumping to light speed. Without knowing the exact direction to scan in, the pursuing ship seems to have no way of locating the ship that escaped it (which is pretty much always the Falcon). So it is probably possible for one ship to covertly stalk another at light speed and remain undetected (much like one submarine following another), but in the scenario you mention where the ships are aware of each other, they should be able to detect each other just fine. The computers would display the ships visually to the crew so they could be "seen" in this manner. |
106,496 | To illustrate this question, assume we have two Imperial Class Star Destroyers who were both shipped out of adjacent construction bays at Kuat Drive Yards on the same standard day, and are both manned by a new crew of clones freshly graduated from the same batch on Kamino. Both ships can be expected to perform as nearly identically as can be expected in every way possible.
Both capital ships are currently next to each other. They are both ready to jump to Endor, and a remote signal was emitted from Kuat Space Traffic Control to fire both ships' hyperspace engines at the same time. Given such conditions, can the two capital ships see each other while still in hyperspace?
Is it possible that the answer depends on this associated question: How fast is hyperspace travel?
**Edit**: It seems the answer is now official in the movies. In Ep VII TV Spot 7 ([YouTube link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rewTgkI5Xhg)), it can be seen that from the cockpit of an X-Wing in hyperspace, fellow X-Wings are visible to the eye. I guess that settles it as canon. It seems ships can synchronise jumps after all. | 2015/10/31 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/106496",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44906/"
] | I have always thought of hyperspace as being akin to a warp bubble. That is, a ship in hyperspace is more or less isolated from the rest of the universe. You can't be seen/detected, but you also can't see or detect anything outside the ship(the force being a probable exception). I think Josh is right that sight is ineffective, but not about other forms of detection being useful(note: it's possible this whole thing should be a reply to Josh, but sadly I don't have the rep for it).
Maybe the best example of what i'm talking about is the M. Falcon's first encounter with the Death Star; Han isn't expecting a debris field, even referencing that whatever they flew into isn't "on any of the charts." This suggests ships in Star Wars can't even detect the absence of a planet up ahead, let alone smaller phenomena like a nearby ship. They rely almost entirely on (in this case incorrect) internal representations of the universe. | The answer is "no". I don't have canon cites at the moment, but in several Legends works it is shown that any attempts, ever, of finding a ship which entered hypserspace, is to try and follow their projected route of escape, and plot stars in that direction. Since this included situations where faster ships were the ones wanting to give chase, it's clear that if there was any way of hyperspace tracking from within hyperspace, such guesswork about "where the projected vector may go" wouldn't be necessary (and being really really poor results wise, wouldn't be chosen). |
106,496 | To illustrate this question, assume we have two Imperial Class Star Destroyers who were both shipped out of adjacent construction bays at Kuat Drive Yards on the same standard day, and are both manned by a new crew of clones freshly graduated from the same batch on Kamino. Both ships can be expected to perform as nearly identically as can be expected in every way possible.
Both capital ships are currently next to each other. They are both ready to jump to Endor, and a remote signal was emitted from Kuat Space Traffic Control to fire both ships' hyperspace engines at the same time. Given such conditions, can the two capital ships see each other while still in hyperspace?
Is it possible that the answer depends on this associated question: How fast is hyperspace travel?
**Edit**: It seems the answer is now official in the movies. In Ep VII TV Spot 7 ([YouTube link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rewTgkI5Xhg)), it can be seen that from the cockpit of an X-Wing in hyperspace, fellow X-Wings are visible to the eye. I guess that settles it as canon. It seems ships can synchronise jumps after all. | 2015/10/31 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/106496",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44906/"
] | I have always thought of hyperspace as being akin to a warp bubble. That is, a ship in hyperspace is more or less isolated from the rest of the universe. You can't be seen/detected, but you also can't see or detect anything outside the ship(the force being a probable exception). I think Josh is right that sight is ineffective, but not about other forms of detection being useful(note: it's possible this whole thing should be a reply to Josh, but sadly I don't have the rep for it).
Maybe the best example of what i'm talking about is the M. Falcon's first encounter with the Death Star; Han isn't expecting a debris field, even referencing that whatever they flew into isn't "on any of the charts." This suggests ships in Star Wars can't even detect the absence of a planet up ahead, let alone smaller phenomena like a nearby ship. They rely almost entirely on (in this case incorrect) internal representations of the universe. | The answer is, if they are in close proximity to one another then yes they could see each other as they are motionless relative to one another.
However, it's more sticky than that. Unless timing is absolutely perfect in every stage of acceleration, one ship will quickly move out of sight of the other.
To add one more sticky point, if they are within close proximity to one another, their increasing gravity wells would start to pull the two ships into each other. The closer you get to light speed, the more mass you gain and therefore the greater the gravitation of you and your vessels. |
106,496 | To illustrate this question, assume we have two Imperial Class Star Destroyers who were both shipped out of adjacent construction bays at Kuat Drive Yards on the same standard day, and are both manned by a new crew of clones freshly graduated from the same batch on Kamino. Both ships can be expected to perform as nearly identically as can be expected in every way possible.
Both capital ships are currently next to each other. They are both ready to jump to Endor, and a remote signal was emitted from Kuat Space Traffic Control to fire both ships' hyperspace engines at the same time. Given such conditions, can the two capital ships see each other while still in hyperspace?
Is it possible that the answer depends on this associated question: How fast is hyperspace travel?
**Edit**: It seems the answer is now official in the movies. In Ep VII TV Spot 7 ([YouTube link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rewTgkI5Xhg)), it can be seen that from the cockpit of an X-Wing in hyperspace, fellow X-Wings are visible to the eye. I guess that settles it as canon. It seems ships can synchronise jumps after all. | 2015/10/31 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/106496",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44906/"
] | ### YES. Ships in hyperspace *can* see one another.
The canon [Clone Wars TV series](http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(TV_series)) has at times shown *several* starships in hyperspace *together* in the same hyperspace-tunnel. **It would appear that someone need only look through the correct viewport to see the other ships inside the same hyperspace-tunnel.**
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/t0Acn.jpg)
Also, in [TV Spot #7 of *Star Wars: The Force Awakens*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rewTgkI5Xhg&t=0m10s), we again can see other ships from inside the cockpit *while in a hyperspace tunnel*.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dVVQJ.gif)
Click [here](http://gifs.com/gif/star-wars-the-force-awakens-tv-spot-7-2015-j-j-abrams-0gAMz7) for HD gif.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ErAeN.jpg)
It would appear that multiple ships can indeed travel in the same hyperspace tunnel and thus **can be seen by one another while at lightspeed**. | I have always thought of hyperspace as being akin to a warp bubble. That is, a ship in hyperspace is more or less isolated from the rest of the universe. You can't be seen/detected, but you also can't see or detect anything outside the ship(the force being a probable exception). I think Josh is right that sight is ineffective, but not about other forms of detection being useful(note: it's possible this whole thing should be a reply to Josh, but sadly I don't have the rep for it).
Maybe the best example of what i'm talking about is the M. Falcon's first encounter with the Death Star; Han isn't expecting a debris field, even referencing that whatever they flew into isn't "on any of the charts." This suggests ships in Star Wars can't even detect the absence of a planet up ahead, let alone smaller phenomena like a nearby ship. They rely almost entirely on (in this case incorrect) internal representations of the universe. |
106,496 | To illustrate this question, assume we have two Imperial Class Star Destroyers who were both shipped out of adjacent construction bays at Kuat Drive Yards on the same standard day, and are both manned by a new crew of clones freshly graduated from the same batch on Kamino. Both ships can be expected to perform as nearly identically as can be expected in every way possible.
Both capital ships are currently next to each other. They are both ready to jump to Endor, and a remote signal was emitted from Kuat Space Traffic Control to fire both ships' hyperspace engines at the same time. Given such conditions, can the two capital ships see each other while still in hyperspace?
Is it possible that the answer depends on this associated question: How fast is hyperspace travel?
**Edit**: It seems the answer is now official in the movies. In Ep VII TV Spot 7 ([YouTube link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rewTgkI5Xhg)), it can be seen that from the cockpit of an X-Wing in hyperspace, fellow X-Wings are visible to the eye. I guess that settles it as canon. It seems ships can synchronise jumps after all. | 2015/10/31 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/106496",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44906/"
] | The answer is, if they are in close proximity to one another then yes they could see each other as they are motionless relative to one another.
However, it's more sticky than that. Unless timing is absolutely perfect in every stage of acceleration, one ship will quickly move out of sight of the other.
To add one more sticky point, if they are within close proximity to one another, their increasing gravity wells would start to pull the two ships into each other. The closer you get to light speed, the more mass you gain and therefore the greater the gravitation of you and your vessels. | The answer is "no". I don't have canon cites at the moment, but in several Legends works it is shown that any attempts, ever, of finding a ship which entered hypserspace, is to try and follow their projected route of escape, and plot stars in that direction. Since this included situations where faster ships were the ones wanting to give chase, it's clear that if there was any way of hyperspace tracking from within hyperspace, such guesswork about "where the projected vector may go" wouldn't be necessary (and being really really poor results wise, wouldn't be chosen). |
106,496 | To illustrate this question, assume we have two Imperial Class Star Destroyers who were both shipped out of adjacent construction bays at Kuat Drive Yards on the same standard day, and are both manned by a new crew of clones freshly graduated from the same batch on Kamino. Both ships can be expected to perform as nearly identically as can be expected in every way possible.
Both capital ships are currently next to each other. They are both ready to jump to Endor, and a remote signal was emitted from Kuat Space Traffic Control to fire both ships' hyperspace engines at the same time. Given such conditions, can the two capital ships see each other while still in hyperspace?
Is it possible that the answer depends on this associated question: How fast is hyperspace travel?
**Edit**: It seems the answer is now official in the movies. In Ep VII TV Spot 7 ([YouTube link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rewTgkI5Xhg)), it can be seen that from the cockpit of an X-Wing in hyperspace, fellow X-Wings are visible to the eye. I guess that settles it as canon. It seems ships can synchronise jumps after all. | 2015/10/31 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/106496",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44906/"
] | ### YES. Ships in hyperspace *can* see one another.
The canon [Clone Wars TV series](http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(TV_series)) has at times shown *several* starships in hyperspace *together* in the same hyperspace-tunnel. **It would appear that someone need only look through the correct viewport to see the other ships inside the same hyperspace-tunnel.**
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/t0Acn.jpg)
Also, in [TV Spot #7 of *Star Wars: The Force Awakens*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rewTgkI5Xhg&t=0m10s), we again can see other ships from inside the cockpit *while in a hyperspace tunnel*.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dVVQJ.gif)
Click [here](http://gifs.com/gif/star-wars-the-force-awakens-tv-spot-7-2015-j-j-abrams-0gAMz7) for HD gif.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ErAeN.jpg)
It would appear that multiple ships can indeed travel in the same hyperspace tunnel and thus **can be seen by one another while at lightspeed**. | The answer is "no". I don't have canon cites at the moment, but in several Legends works it is shown that any attempts, ever, of finding a ship which entered hypserspace, is to try and follow their projected route of escape, and plot stars in that direction. Since this included situations where faster ships were the ones wanting to give chase, it's clear that if there was any way of hyperspace tracking from within hyperspace, such guesswork about "where the projected vector may go" wouldn't be necessary (and being really really poor results wise, wouldn't be chosen). |
106,496 | To illustrate this question, assume we have two Imperial Class Star Destroyers who were both shipped out of adjacent construction bays at Kuat Drive Yards on the same standard day, and are both manned by a new crew of clones freshly graduated from the same batch on Kamino. Both ships can be expected to perform as nearly identically as can be expected in every way possible.
Both capital ships are currently next to each other. They are both ready to jump to Endor, and a remote signal was emitted from Kuat Space Traffic Control to fire both ships' hyperspace engines at the same time. Given such conditions, can the two capital ships see each other while still in hyperspace?
Is it possible that the answer depends on this associated question: How fast is hyperspace travel?
**Edit**: It seems the answer is now official in the movies. In Ep VII TV Spot 7 ([YouTube link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rewTgkI5Xhg)), it can be seen that from the cockpit of an X-Wing in hyperspace, fellow X-Wings are visible to the eye. I guess that settles it as canon. It seems ships can synchronise jumps after all. | 2015/10/31 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/106496",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44906/"
] | ### YES. Ships in hyperspace *can* see one another.
The canon [Clone Wars TV series](http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(TV_series)) has at times shown *several* starships in hyperspace *together* in the same hyperspace-tunnel. **It would appear that someone need only look through the correct viewport to see the other ships inside the same hyperspace-tunnel.**
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/t0Acn.jpg)
Also, in [TV Spot #7 of *Star Wars: The Force Awakens*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rewTgkI5Xhg&t=0m10s), we again can see other ships from inside the cockpit *while in a hyperspace tunnel*.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dVVQJ.gif)
Click [here](http://gifs.com/gif/star-wars-the-force-awakens-tv-spot-7-2015-j-j-abrams-0gAMz7) for HD gif.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ErAeN.jpg)
It would appear that multiple ships can indeed travel in the same hyperspace tunnel and thus **can be seen by one another while at lightspeed**. | The answer is, if they are in close proximity to one another then yes they could see each other as they are motionless relative to one another.
However, it's more sticky than that. Unless timing is absolutely perfect in every stage of acceleration, one ship will quickly move out of sight of the other.
To add one more sticky point, if they are within close proximity to one another, their increasing gravity wells would start to pull the two ships into each other. The closer you get to light speed, the more mass you gain and therefore the greater the gravitation of you and your vessels. |
71,858,814 | Could not find a working python interpreter. Please make sure one of the following is in your PATH: python python3 python3.8 python3.7 python2.7 python2
I installed python 3.10.4
Path is set in environment variables. Still not working. | 2022/04/13 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/71858814",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/18794205/"
] | How to set path:
1. Find the path to install Python on your computer. To do this, open the Windows search bar and type python.exe. Select the Open file location option.
2. Copy path of python folder.
3. To add Python To PATH In User Variables: Open My Computer\Properties\Advanced system settings\Advanced Environment Variables\Environment Variables.
4. In the User Variables menu, find a variable named Path. Then paste the path you copied earlier into the Variable Value option using Ctrl+v and click OK.
5. if you cannot find this variable, you may need to create it. To do this, click New. Then, in the variable name form, enter the path and paste your Python path into the variable value field.
6.You can also add Python to the PATH system variable. Although this is just an alternative and not needed if you have already added it to the Users variables.
To use the System Variables option, follow the steps highlighted above to copy the Python path and its script. Then go back to environment variables. Then, in the system variables segment, look for a variable named Path. Click this variable and click Edit.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BrIIn.png)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/wznYg.png) | It is working now. We have to set paths in both user variables and system variables. Then restart the PC. |
71,858,814 | Could not find a working python interpreter. Please make sure one of the following is in your PATH: python python3 python3.8 python3.7 python2.7 python2
I installed python 3.10.4
Path is set in environment variables. Still not working. | 2022/04/13 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/71858814",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/18794205/"
] | It is working now. We have to set paths in both user variables and system variables. Then restart the PC. | If you have already set the path and can see only python and/or python 3 in the destination folder:
Type "python" in cmd. It will automatically take you to Windows Store, Install python 3.8 from there. Or you can externally install python 3.8 for latest Firebase plugin. This removes the error. |
71,858,814 | Could not find a working python interpreter. Please make sure one of the following is in your PATH: python python3 python3.8 python3.7 python2.7 python2
I installed python 3.10.4
Path is set in environment variables. Still not working. | 2022/04/13 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/71858814",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/18794205/"
] | How to set path:
1. Find the path to install Python on your computer. To do this, open the Windows search bar and type python.exe. Select the Open file location option.
2. Copy path of python folder.
3. To add Python To PATH In User Variables: Open My Computer\Properties\Advanced system settings\Advanced Environment Variables\Environment Variables.
4. In the User Variables menu, find a variable named Path. Then paste the path you copied earlier into the Variable Value option using Ctrl+v and click OK.
5. if you cannot find this variable, you may need to create it. To do this, click New. Then, in the variable name form, enter the path and paste your Python path into the variable value field.
6.You can also add Python to the PATH system variable. Although this is just an alternative and not needed if you have already added it to the Users variables.
To use the System Variables option, follow the steps highlighted above to copy the Python path and its script. Then go back to environment variables. Then, in the system variables segment, look for a variable named Path. Click this variable and click Edit.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BrIIn.png)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/wznYg.png) | If you have already set the path and can see only python and/or python 3 in the destination folder:
Type "python" in cmd. It will automatically take you to Windows Store, Install python 3.8 from there. Or you can externally install python 3.8 for latest Firebase plugin. This removes the error. |
130,726 | I need to change from route A to route B in a mobile app. Route B requires new data to be fetched. My question is quite simple: Are there studies that show whether mobile app users prefer / expect apps to 1) send users to the new route and wait there while the data loads, or 2) stay on the current route and then display the second route when all the data has loaded?
My hunch is users prefer the former (this is much closer to the "progressive rendering" philosophy of modern single page apps), but I'm wondering if there is empiric research that supports this claim. Any pointers others can offer on research in this area would be helpful! | 2019/12/21 | [
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/130726",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com",
"https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/79519/"
] | **Users don’t care about the route, but they do care how long they have to wait and if they feel like they’re progressing toward their goal**
In some SPAs routing may not exist, making this more of a responsiveness question. In your case it does so I would recommend you change routes immediately and then fill the void with positive feedback as you progressively display the page and load the data. Changing route would be one method to help reinforce progression, but this can also be done regardless of route.
**Longer answer**
The perception of wait time can drastically impact the user experience. Actions or requests that are fulfilled immediately can feel unresponsive. There’s an interesting study on this by NNGroup regarding application responsiveness. They determined there are three main thresholds for wait times in an application:
<https://www.nngroup.com/articles/website-response-times/>
>
> • 0.1 seconds gives the feeling of instantaneous response. • 1 second keeps the user's flow of thought seamless • 10 seconds keeps the user's attention ... After 10 seconds, they start thinking about other things, making it harder to get their brains back on track once the computer finally does respond
>
>
>
\*Note: more current research suggests the ceiling for load time is more like 3 seconds before application abandonment occurs \*
**Wait time is different from time occupied.**
Waiting can be excruciating for us humans. And, we spend a good majority of our lives in this very act. But, there are ways to alleviate the pain of waiting, changing their perception, and create a better experience for users.
1. Fill the time with something meaningful
2. Justify the wait time
3. Be transparent about how long they will wait
**Additional reading**
<https://neilpatel.com/blog/loading-time/>
<https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thinkwithgoogle.com/marketing-resources/experience-design/mobile-page-speed-load-time/amp/> | A lot of the findings for web need to be reconsidered for mobile, to simply apply web best-practices on mobile is to approach mobile poorly. If you don't dig deeper than web UX on mobile then you are effectively making websites on mobile, the experience will be lackluster.
You don't need to change from route A to route B, the User does. Why does the User need to do that? When does the User need to do that? How often does the User need to do that? What is the probability that the User will need to do that?
If the probability warrants pre-fetching, then prefetching is probably a good idea. Prefetching may not be a great idea if you are targeting low income Users, but it might be an increasingly good idea if targeting Users in poor connectivity areas. |
50,308 | This may be a trivial question but I have just started learning music theory &
I'm not able to identify the chords shown below. So I want to know the two chords
in the last measure on the 2nd & 3rd beat which I have encircled in the image.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Se9fS.jpg)
So far I have done the follwing:
* For the first chord the notes are D# , A# , C & G(F ## enharmonic).
* Then I'm using [this](http://www.scales-chords.com/chordid.php) website to input the notes to get the chord
name.
* For the first chord it gives me three options **Cm7 , D#6 and Eb6**
So how to identify exactly which one is the chord shown in the sheet.
* For the second chord the notes are G , G# , B and G
* This I really don't understand and the website shows no chord with exactly these notes.
*Any help or suggestion in this regard will be apprecited.* | 2016/11/15 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/50308",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/34617/"
] | Don't forget that in Emaj/C#m there are 4 sharps. In your first chord, you forgot to sharpen C. So the notes should be - D# Fx A# C# giving D#7. The next won't have G - every G will be G#. So with only G# and B some would say it's not a chord, but those notes could belong to a triad E major, or G#m. More likely the latter as the D#7 is a secondary dominant leading to it.
Love to know why the 3/4 time sig. comes after a couple of 3/4 bars! | This is simply a d sharp major chord with a 7th. It's the enharmonic variant of an e flat major 7 chord. It resolves to a g sharp minor chord as expected.
If your learning website doesn't show this chord, it's simply incomplete - enharmonic variants are used all the time, and it's important to understand them. |
50,308 | This may be a trivial question but I have just started learning music theory &
I'm not able to identify the chords shown below. So I want to know the two chords
in the last measure on the 2nd & 3rd beat which I have encircled in the image.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Se9fS.jpg)
So far I have done the follwing:
* For the first chord the notes are D# , A# , C & G(F ## enharmonic).
* Then I'm using [this](http://www.scales-chords.com/chordid.php) website to input the notes to get the chord
name.
* For the first chord it gives me three options **Cm7 , D#6 and Eb6**
So how to identify exactly which one is the chord shown in the sheet.
* For the second chord the notes are G , G# , B and G
* This I really don't understand and the website shows no chord with exactly these notes.
*Any help or suggestion in this regard will be apprecited.* | 2016/11/15 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/50308",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/34617/"
] | Don't forget that in Emaj/C#m there are 4 sharps. In your first chord, you forgot to sharpen C. So the notes should be - D# Fx A# C# giving D#7. The next won't have G - every G will be G#. So with only G# and B some would say it's not a chord, but those notes could belong to a triad E major, or G#m. More likely the latter as the D#7 is a secondary dominant leading to it.
Love to know why the 3/4 time sig. comes after a couple of 3/4 bars! | In bar two you clearly want a passing six four progression, you have it done perfectly except for the last beat. If you had the D in the bass you passing 6/4 progression would be perfect.
The Progression is either ii6-V6/4-ii5/3 or ii5/3-V6/4-ii6 and also the tenor voice needs to be rearranged a bit. The proper 6/4 progression has one voice that has three notes that stay on the same pitch, one voice that has three notes in a row going up, three going down and one where you have a up-down effect.
This is how it should look.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/MFCLe.jpg) |
50,308 | This may be a trivial question but I have just started learning music theory &
I'm not able to identify the chords shown below. So I want to know the two chords
in the last measure on the 2nd & 3rd beat which I have encircled in the image.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Se9fS.jpg)
So far I have done the follwing:
* For the first chord the notes are D# , A# , C & G(F ## enharmonic).
* Then I'm using [this](http://www.scales-chords.com/chordid.php) website to input the notes to get the chord
name.
* For the first chord it gives me three options **Cm7 , D#6 and Eb6**
So how to identify exactly which one is the chord shown in the sheet.
* For the second chord the notes are G , G# , B and G
* This I really don't understand and the website shows no chord with exactly these notes.
*Any help or suggestion in this regard will be apprecited.* | 2016/11/15 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/50308",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/34617/"
] | Don't forget that in Emaj/C#m there are 4 sharps. In your first chord, you forgot to sharpen C. So the notes should be - D# Fx A# C# giving D#7. The next won't have G - every G will be G#. So with only G# and B some would say it's not a chord, but those notes could belong to a triad E major, or G#m. More likely the latter as the D#7 is a secondary dominant leading to it.
Love to know why the 3/4 time sig. comes after a couple of 3/4 bars! | It's important to understand that while a key signature only shows a sharp in one line/space of the staff, it applies to ALL of them. This is why that last chord was so confusing to you: the G# in the key signature applies to every G on the staff, meaning that the chord is actually G# G# B G#, or a G# minor chord without the fifth. Omitting the fifth is actually pretty common, as it's the root and third that determine the chord's nature, so you'll have to watch out for that.
When analyzing chords in classical music, it's usually unhelpful to look at the enharmonics, barring certain key changes (when going from Gb Major to B Major or something similar).
If we stack the notes in the first chord into thirds, we end up with D# F## A# C#. Looking at the intervals between the chords, we discover that it looks like this:
D# (↑M3) F## (↑m3) A# (↑m3) C#
What chord has the pattern of a major third followed by two minor thirds? A dominant 7th chord. You can use this technique to identify almost every triadic and seventh chord. |
50,308 | This may be a trivial question but I have just started learning music theory &
I'm not able to identify the chords shown below. So I want to know the two chords
in the last measure on the 2nd & 3rd beat which I have encircled in the image.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Se9fS.jpg)
So far I have done the follwing:
* For the first chord the notes are D# , A# , C & G(F ## enharmonic).
* Then I'm using [this](http://www.scales-chords.com/chordid.php) website to input the notes to get the chord
name.
* For the first chord it gives me three options **Cm7 , D#6 and Eb6**
So how to identify exactly which one is the chord shown in the sheet.
* For the second chord the notes are G , G# , B and G
* This I really don't understand and the website shows no chord with exactly these notes.
*Any help or suggestion in this regard will be apprecited.* | 2016/11/15 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/50308",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/34617/"
] | It's important to understand that while a key signature only shows a sharp in one line/space of the staff, it applies to ALL of them. This is why that last chord was so confusing to you: the G# in the key signature applies to every G on the staff, meaning that the chord is actually G# G# B G#, or a G# minor chord without the fifth. Omitting the fifth is actually pretty common, as it's the root and third that determine the chord's nature, so you'll have to watch out for that.
When analyzing chords in classical music, it's usually unhelpful to look at the enharmonics, barring certain key changes (when going from Gb Major to B Major or something similar).
If we stack the notes in the first chord into thirds, we end up with D# F## A# C#. Looking at the intervals between the chords, we discover that it looks like this:
D# (↑M3) F## (↑m3) A# (↑m3) C#
What chord has the pattern of a major third followed by two minor thirds? A dominant 7th chord. You can use this technique to identify almost every triadic and seventh chord. | This is simply a d sharp major chord with a 7th. It's the enharmonic variant of an e flat major 7 chord. It resolves to a g sharp minor chord as expected.
If your learning website doesn't show this chord, it's simply incomplete - enharmonic variants are used all the time, and it's important to understand them. |
50,308 | This may be a trivial question but I have just started learning music theory &
I'm not able to identify the chords shown below. So I want to know the two chords
in the last measure on the 2nd & 3rd beat which I have encircled in the image.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Se9fS.jpg)
So far I have done the follwing:
* For the first chord the notes are D# , A# , C & G(F ## enharmonic).
* Then I'm using [this](http://www.scales-chords.com/chordid.php) website to input the notes to get the chord
name.
* For the first chord it gives me three options **Cm7 , D#6 and Eb6**
So how to identify exactly which one is the chord shown in the sheet.
* For the second chord the notes are G , G# , B and G
* This I really don't understand and the website shows no chord with exactly these notes.
*Any help or suggestion in this regard will be apprecited.* | 2016/11/15 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/50308",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/34617/"
] | It's important to understand that while a key signature only shows a sharp in one line/space of the staff, it applies to ALL of them. This is why that last chord was so confusing to you: the G# in the key signature applies to every G on the staff, meaning that the chord is actually G# G# B G#, or a G# minor chord without the fifth. Omitting the fifth is actually pretty common, as it's the root and third that determine the chord's nature, so you'll have to watch out for that.
When analyzing chords in classical music, it's usually unhelpful to look at the enharmonics, barring certain key changes (when going from Gb Major to B Major or something similar).
If we stack the notes in the first chord into thirds, we end up with D# F## A# C#. Looking at the intervals between the chords, we discover that it looks like this:
D# (↑M3) F## (↑m3) A# (↑m3) C#
What chord has the pattern of a major third followed by two minor thirds? A dominant 7th chord. You can use this technique to identify almost every triadic and seventh chord. | In bar two you clearly want a passing six four progression, you have it done perfectly except for the last beat. If you had the D in the bass you passing 6/4 progression would be perfect.
The Progression is either ii6-V6/4-ii5/3 or ii5/3-V6/4-ii6 and also the tenor voice needs to be rearranged a bit. The proper 6/4 progression has one voice that has three notes that stay on the same pitch, one voice that has three notes in a row going up, three going down and one where you have a up-down effect.
This is how it should look.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/MFCLe.jpg) |
1,710,334 | There doesn't seem to be a post-build solution task. One could presumably hack it by creating a dummy project that is the last one to build and put a beep in the post-build project. | 2009/11/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1710334",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/9587/"
] | There is Visual Studio Ding extension.
>
> This small extension will play notification sounds when following
> events occur:
>
>
> * Build Complete
> + Entering debugger mode (breakpoint hit, etc)
> + Unit tests finished to run
>
>
>
<https://visualstudiogallery.msdn.microsoft.com/941d0ed0-1218-452e-8585-d3ac693cda17> | You could write a simple .bat file that you could add to the post-build events...
Here a link: [Pre-build Event/Post-build Event Command Line Dialog Box](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/42x5kfw4%28VS.80%29.aspx) |
1,710,334 | There doesn't seem to be a post-build solution task. One could presumably hack it by creating a dummy project that is the last one to build and put a beep in the post-build project. | 2009/11/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1710334",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/9587/"
] | Do you need something like [this](http://weblogs.asp.net/rrobbins/archive/2007/11/02/sound-events-for-visual-studio.aspx) (screenshot is there)?
>
> Did you know you can assign sounds to a few Visual Studio events? You can assign a WAV file to play when a build fails or succeeds. Just open the Control Panel, select Sounds and Audio Devices and then click the Sounds tab. Scroll down to Microsoft Development Environment. I assigned my Build Succeeded to a WAV file of Darth Vader saying "All Too Easy" and my Build Failed to a WAV file of Han Solo saying "I got a bad feeling about this."
>
>
> | I have used [this](http://devlicious.com/blogs/christopher_bennage/archive/2009/08/27/build-notification-visual-studio-amp-snarl.aspx).
It's pretty neat for visual notification, while the options posted by others are all fine for audio. |
1,710,334 | There doesn't seem to be a post-build solution task. One could presumably hack it by creating a dummy project that is the last one to build and put a beep in the post-build project. | 2009/11/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1710334",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/9587/"
] | Go to Start -> Control Panel -> Sounds and Audio Devices. Then on the Sounds tab you'll find a set of sounds for Microsoft Visual Studio in the Program Events list. You can attach a sound to build finishing, etc. | I have used [this](http://devlicious.com/blogs/christopher_bennage/archive/2009/08/27/build-notification-visual-studio-amp-snarl.aspx).
It's pretty neat for visual notification, while the options posted by others are all fine for audio. |
1,710,334 | There doesn't seem to be a post-build solution task. One could presumably hack it by creating a dummy project that is the last one to build and put a beep in the post-build project. | 2009/11/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1710334",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/9587/"
] | There is Visual Studio Ding extension.
>
> This small extension will play notification sounds when following
> events occur:
>
>
> * Build Complete
> + Entering debugger mode (breakpoint hit, etc)
> + Unit tests finished to run
>
>
>
<https://visualstudiogallery.msdn.microsoft.com/941d0ed0-1218-452e-8585-d3ac693cda17> | I use [Growl with visual studio add on](http://www.growlforwindows.com/gfw/plugins/visualstudio). It's also working with VS2013 by using [this tweak](http://www.alexdresko.com/2014/03/28/growl-for-windows-visual-studio-2013/). |
1,710,334 | There doesn't seem to be a post-build solution task. One could presumably hack it by creating a dummy project that is the last one to build and put a beep in the post-build project. | 2009/11/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1710334",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/9587/"
] | Do you need something like [this](http://weblogs.asp.net/rrobbins/archive/2007/11/02/sound-events-for-visual-studio.aspx) (screenshot is there)?
>
> Did you know you can assign sounds to a few Visual Studio events? You can assign a WAV file to play when a build fails or succeeds. Just open the Control Panel, select Sounds and Audio Devices and then click the Sounds tab. Scroll down to Microsoft Development Environment. I assigned my Build Succeeded to a WAV file of Darth Vader saying "All Too Easy" and my Build Failed to a WAV file of Han Solo saying "I got a bad feeling about this."
>
>
> | Personally I just have the "Output" window turn on by default and don't use the task list. This way I can see what it is doing at all times. I find the messages from this window to be much more enlightening than the task/error list. |
1,710,334 | There doesn't seem to be a post-build solution task. One could presumably hack it by creating a dummy project that is the last one to build and put a beep in the post-build project. | 2009/11/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1710334",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/9587/"
] | There is Visual Studio Ding extension.
>
> This small extension will play notification sounds when following
> events occur:
>
>
> * Build Complete
> + Entering debugger mode (breakpoint hit, etc)
> + Unit tests finished to run
>
>
>
<https://visualstudiogallery.msdn.microsoft.com/941d0ed0-1218-452e-8585-d3ac693cda17> | Personally I just have the "Output" window turn on by default and don't use the task list. This way I can see what it is doing at all times. I find the messages from this window to be much more enlightening than the task/error list. |
1,710,334 | There doesn't seem to be a post-build solution task. One could presumably hack it by creating a dummy project that is the last one to build and put a beep in the post-build project. | 2009/11/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1710334",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/9587/"
] | The [ToastNotifier Extension](https://visualstudiogallery.msdn.microsoft.com/7aa63d6e-5701-40e4-9b91-9039a7d6ba26) seems to work well for visual feedback. | You could write a simple .bat file that you could add to the post-build events...
Here a link: [Pre-build Event/Post-build Event Command Line Dialog Box](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/42x5kfw4%28VS.80%29.aspx) |
1,710,334 | There doesn't seem to be a post-build solution task. One could presumably hack it by creating a dummy project that is the last one to build and put a beep in the post-build project. | 2009/11/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1710334",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/9587/"
] | Do you need something like [this](http://weblogs.asp.net/rrobbins/archive/2007/11/02/sound-events-for-visual-studio.aspx) (screenshot is there)?
>
> Did you know you can assign sounds to a few Visual Studio events? You can assign a WAV file to play when a build fails or succeeds. Just open the Control Panel, select Sounds and Audio Devices and then click the Sounds tab. Scroll down to Microsoft Development Environment. I assigned my Build Succeeded to a WAV file of Darth Vader saying "All Too Easy" and my Build Failed to a WAV file of Han Solo saying "I got a bad feeling about this."
>
>
> | I use [Growl with visual studio add on](http://www.growlforwindows.com/gfw/plugins/visualstudio). It's also working with VS2013 by using [this tweak](http://www.alexdresko.com/2014/03/28/growl-for-windows-visual-studio-2013/). |
1,710,334 | There doesn't seem to be a post-build solution task. One could presumably hack it by creating a dummy project that is the last one to build and put a beep in the post-build project. | 2009/11/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1710334",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/9587/"
] | Go to Start -> Control Panel -> Sounds and Audio Devices. Then on the Sounds tab you'll find a set of sounds for Microsoft Visual Studio in the Program Events list. You can attach a sound to build finishing, etc. | You can also now as of VS2019 gain access to the system sounds through the UI. Go Options->Test.
You can also find more info out here: <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/test/run-unit-tests-with-test-explorer?view=vs-2019#test-audio-cue>
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/6FbF4.png) |
1,710,334 | There doesn't seem to be a post-build solution task. One could presumably hack it by creating a dummy project that is the last one to build and put a beep in the post-build project. | 2009/11/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1710334",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/9587/"
] | The [ToastNotifier Extension](https://visualstudiogallery.msdn.microsoft.com/7aa63d6e-5701-40e4-9b91-9039a7d6ba26) seems to work well for visual feedback. | I use [Growl with visual studio add on](http://www.growlforwindows.com/gfw/plugins/visualstudio). It's also working with VS2013 by using [this tweak](http://www.alexdresko.com/2014/03/28/growl-for-windows-visual-studio-2013/). |
124,602 | Would you give me a hand ?
I have an IR sensor with 3 pins. It looks like the one in the picture, and I did not find any datasheet for it on the internet. actually, I have 3 questions :
1- I want to identify its pins ? (Where can I put the positive, ground ...etc. ?)
2- How to connect it with a visible LED so that when the IR sensor receive IR Rays, the LED lights up ?
3- Should I transmit IR Rays with a specific frequency ? or just connect IR LED to the power only ?
 | 2014/08/09 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/124602",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/50937/"
] | I have an IR receiver that looks like yours. The one I have is equivalent to this TSOP38238 from [Adafruit](https://learn.adafruit.com/ir-sensor)::
This IR detector demodulates a modulated IR at 38kHz and provides a digital decoded signal at the output.
Assuming it's the same one; here's the pinout:
The DATASHEET is available [here](http://www.adafruit.com/datasheets/tsop382.pdf) (TSOP38238).
Head over to [Adafruit](https://learn.adafruit.com/ir-sensor) for all the details including how to connect to a visible LED:
 | It looks very much like a TSOP382xx from Vishay, available at Adafruit:
<https://www.sparkfun.com/products/10266> You can find a datasheet there also.
The carrier frequency depends on which model you have, the last two digits in the part number.
As you can see from the block diagram above pin 1 is your output (far left on your picture). The receiver sinks pin 1 when the correct carrier is detected. But it can only sink a maximum of 5mA so you must limit the diode current if you hook one up directly to the output. I would use a buffer stage of some sorts. Hint: you could probably make one yourself with a PNP transistor. |
124,602 | Would you give me a hand ?
I have an IR sensor with 3 pins. It looks like the one in the picture, and I did not find any datasheet for it on the internet. actually, I have 3 questions :
1- I want to identify its pins ? (Where can I put the positive, ground ...etc. ?)
2- How to connect it with a visible LED so that when the IR sensor receive IR Rays, the LED lights up ?
3- Should I transmit IR Rays with a specific frequency ? or just connect IR LED to the power only ?
 | 2014/08/09 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/124602",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/50937/"
] | I have an IR receiver that looks like yours. The one I have is equivalent to this TSOP38238 from [Adafruit](https://learn.adafruit.com/ir-sensor)::
This IR detector demodulates a modulated IR at 38kHz and provides a digital decoded signal at the output.
Assuming it's the same one; here's the pinout:
The DATASHEET is available [here](http://www.adafruit.com/datasheets/tsop382.pdf) (TSOP38238).
Head over to [Adafruit](https://learn.adafruit.com/ir-sensor) for all the details including how to connect to a visible LED:
 | I have a method to find the pin outs ,my method is by luck though but is quite easy if you got the sensor out of a PCB of an old electronic if its able to power up. if can power it up do a continuity test find in the 3 pins which is ground after you found the ground mark it if your able to or remember it and find another pin with a voltage of 3.3 volts and that it u found the pin out hope i help someone |
124,602 | Would you give me a hand ?
I have an IR sensor with 3 pins. It looks like the one in the picture, and I did not find any datasheet for it on the internet. actually, I have 3 questions :
1- I want to identify its pins ? (Where can I put the positive, ground ...etc. ?)
2- How to connect it with a visible LED so that when the IR sensor receive IR Rays, the LED lights up ?
3- Should I transmit IR Rays with a specific frequency ? or just connect IR LED to the power only ?
 | 2014/08/09 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/124602",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/50937/"
] | I have a method to find the pin outs ,my method is by luck though but is quite easy if you got the sensor out of a PCB of an old electronic if its able to power up. if can power it up do a continuity test find in the 3 pins which is ground after you found the ground mark it if your able to or remember it and find another pin with a voltage of 3.3 volts and that it u found the pin out hope i help someone | It looks very much like a TSOP382xx from Vishay, available at Adafruit:
<https://www.sparkfun.com/products/10266> You can find a datasheet there also.
The carrier frequency depends on which model you have, the last two digits in the part number.
As you can see from the block diagram above pin 1 is your output (far left on your picture). The receiver sinks pin 1 when the correct carrier is detected. But it can only sink a maximum of 5mA so you must limit the diode current if you hook one up directly to the output. I would use a buffer stage of some sorts. Hint: you could probably make one yourself with a PNP transistor. |
595,416 | I've got an application here that I wrote many years ago that consists of a heavy-weight front end that directly queries a database server. This application runs on about 7 dedicated workstations. There is also a web-based front-end that I whipped up that shares the same feature set, and a web-based administration too for managing and reporting on the data -- they all just hit the database directly.
The application is quite simple and I understand the problem it solves very well. It could use an update, and I don't even have access to the tools necessary to work on the GUI anymore. I've been getting into Java lately, and it seems like a rewrite of this app would be a good project to get started with.
So my question then is this:
The application will require a non-web GUI, I suppose in Swing. This is necessary for very particular reasons. The application will also require a web-based GUI with the same exact features as the Swing front that will probably be deployed as a JSR-168 portlet, and a web-based administration tool (portlet also). With my previous design I ended up with a lot of duplicate code because each component had its own code base, and I foolishly used stored procedures to help to ensure that critical calculations were at least consistent.
Where should I start? I'm having such a hard time wrapping my mind around how this should all work in the Java world. I guess what I'm having the hardest time with is how do I create an application that can have both a Swing (or whatever) front-end and a web-based front end with as little duplication as possible?
Edit: I know conceptually how this *can* work. What I'm asking is for advice specifically related to Java technologies. Which frameworks to consider, etc. | 2009/02/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/595416",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/70132/"
] | Use a middle tier server.
---
Swing Client -> middle-server with spring-remoting -> database
Web Client -> middle-server with spring-remoting -> database
---
Web Client write once any MVC framework will work stripes, struts, even grails if you are brave rememder to keep it thin....
---
Swing Client write once using miglayout, and glazelist.
**<http://www.miglayout.com/>**
**<http://publicobject.com/glazedlists/glazedlists-1.8.0/>**
take a look at this posting.....
**[Java Swing: Libraries, Tools, Layout Managers](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/458817/java-swing-libraries-tools-layout-managers)**
---
Middle-server write once using jdbc cause you have the db already..
**<http://www.springsource.org/>**
---
database write once using whatever you like. It seems already have this.... | Obviously start with a unified code base. You might also want to consider whether you really do need multiple interfaces.
You want to make sure that your code does not have unnecessary dependencies. For instance, make you UI as shallow as possible, rather than the usual ball of mud. Avoid singletons, as they cause dependency hell.
It may seem very enterprisey to have a middle tier, but it also adds a lot of work. For a small group it is entirely pointless. |
595,416 | I've got an application here that I wrote many years ago that consists of a heavy-weight front end that directly queries a database server. This application runs on about 7 dedicated workstations. There is also a web-based front-end that I whipped up that shares the same feature set, and a web-based administration too for managing and reporting on the data -- they all just hit the database directly.
The application is quite simple and I understand the problem it solves very well. It could use an update, and I don't even have access to the tools necessary to work on the GUI anymore. I've been getting into Java lately, and it seems like a rewrite of this app would be a good project to get started with.
So my question then is this:
The application will require a non-web GUI, I suppose in Swing. This is necessary for very particular reasons. The application will also require a web-based GUI with the same exact features as the Swing front that will probably be deployed as a JSR-168 portlet, and a web-based administration tool (portlet also). With my previous design I ended up with a lot of duplicate code because each component had its own code base, and I foolishly used stored procedures to help to ensure that critical calculations were at least consistent.
Where should I start? I'm having such a hard time wrapping my mind around how this should all work in the Java world. I guess what I'm having the hardest time with is how do I create an application that can have both a Swing (or whatever) front-end and a web-based front end with as little duplication as possible?
Edit: I know conceptually how this *can* work. What I'm asking is for advice specifically related to Java technologies. Which frameworks to consider, etc. | 2009/02/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/595416",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/70132/"
] | Build a Core that contains the business logic. Use JDepend or a similar tool to ensure that it nowhere references anything swing or anything web/jsp/servlet.
Build the two UIs: For the web version pick a webframework of your choice and call your business logic from there.
For the Swing framework you have two options: access the businesslogic through webservices (you could use RMI or whatever, but I wouldn't), i.e. the logic is on the same webserver that serves the webapp (I'd probably prefer that). The alternative is to ship the weblogic with a swing GUI. Makes the coding and debugging easier, but now you have multiple points that access the db which causes headaches when you want to use caching
In any case you should only duplicate the gui stuff, once in html/css/javascript and once in swing.
Congrats on that project it will teach you tons about design and software architecture | Use a middle tier server.
---
Swing Client -> middle-server with spring-remoting -> database
Web Client -> middle-server with spring-remoting -> database
---
Web Client write once any MVC framework will work stripes, struts, even grails if you are brave rememder to keep it thin....
---
Swing Client write once using miglayout, and glazelist.
**<http://www.miglayout.com/>**
**<http://publicobject.com/glazedlists/glazedlists-1.8.0/>**
take a look at this posting.....
**[Java Swing: Libraries, Tools, Layout Managers](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/458817/java-swing-libraries-tools-layout-managers)**
---
Middle-server write once using jdbc cause you have the db already..
**<http://www.springsource.org/>**
---
database write once using whatever you like. It seems already have this.... |
595,416 | I've got an application here that I wrote many years ago that consists of a heavy-weight front end that directly queries a database server. This application runs on about 7 dedicated workstations. There is also a web-based front-end that I whipped up that shares the same feature set, and a web-based administration too for managing and reporting on the data -- they all just hit the database directly.
The application is quite simple and I understand the problem it solves very well. It could use an update, and I don't even have access to the tools necessary to work on the GUI anymore. I've been getting into Java lately, and it seems like a rewrite of this app would be a good project to get started with.
So my question then is this:
The application will require a non-web GUI, I suppose in Swing. This is necessary for very particular reasons. The application will also require a web-based GUI with the same exact features as the Swing front that will probably be deployed as a JSR-168 portlet, and a web-based administration tool (portlet also). With my previous design I ended up with a lot of duplicate code because each component had its own code base, and I foolishly used stored procedures to help to ensure that critical calculations were at least consistent.
Where should I start? I'm having such a hard time wrapping my mind around how this should all work in the Java world. I guess what I'm having the hardest time with is how do I create an application that can have both a Swing (or whatever) front-end and a web-based front end with as little duplication as possible?
Edit: I know conceptually how this *can* work. What I'm asking is for advice specifically related to Java technologies. Which frameworks to consider, etc. | 2009/02/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/595416",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/70132/"
] | You should have a project with all business logic.
Then, 2 separated projects, 1 for the web access, and 1 for the Swing application. those projects both calling the business logic API.
in these 2 projects, have only presentation code | Obviously start with a unified code base. You might also want to consider whether you really do need multiple interfaces.
You want to make sure that your code does not have unnecessary dependencies. For instance, make you UI as shallow as possible, rather than the usual ball of mud. Avoid singletons, as they cause dependency hell.
It may seem very enterprisey to have a middle tier, but it also adds a lot of work. For a small group it is entirely pointless. |
595,416 | I've got an application here that I wrote many years ago that consists of a heavy-weight front end that directly queries a database server. This application runs on about 7 dedicated workstations. There is also a web-based front-end that I whipped up that shares the same feature set, and a web-based administration too for managing and reporting on the data -- they all just hit the database directly.
The application is quite simple and I understand the problem it solves very well. It could use an update, and I don't even have access to the tools necessary to work on the GUI anymore. I've been getting into Java lately, and it seems like a rewrite of this app would be a good project to get started with.
So my question then is this:
The application will require a non-web GUI, I suppose in Swing. This is necessary for very particular reasons. The application will also require a web-based GUI with the same exact features as the Swing front that will probably be deployed as a JSR-168 portlet, and a web-based administration tool (portlet also). With my previous design I ended up with a lot of duplicate code because each component had its own code base, and I foolishly used stored procedures to help to ensure that critical calculations were at least consistent.
Where should I start? I'm having such a hard time wrapping my mind around how this should all work in the Java world. I guess what I'm having the hardest time with is how do I create an application that can have both a Swing (or whatever) front-end and a web-based front end with as little duplication as possible?
Edit: I know conceptually how this *can* work. What I'm asking is for advice specifically related to Java technologies. Which frameworks to consider, etc. | 2009/02/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/595416",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/70132/"
] | Build a Core that contains the business logic. Use JDepend or a similar tool to ensure that it nowhere references anything swing or anything web/jsp/servlet.
Build the two UIs: For the web version pick a webframework of your choice and call your business logic from there.
For the Swing framework you have two options: access the businesslogic through webservices (you could use RMI or whatever, but I wouldn't), i.e. the logic is on the same webserver that serves the webapp (I'd probably prefer that). The alternative is to ship the weblogic with a swing GUI. Makes the coding and debugging easier, but now you have multiple points that access the db which causes headaches when you want to use caching
In any case you should only duplicate the gui stuff, once in html/css/javascript and once in swing.
Congrats on that project it will teach you tons about design and software architecture | You should have a project with all business logic.
Then, 2 separated projects, 1 for the web access, and 1 for the Swing application. those projects both calling the business logic API.
in these 2 projects, have only presentation code |
595,416 | I've got an application here that I wrote many years ago that consists of a heavy-weight front end that directly queries a database server. This application runs on about 7 dedicated workstations. There is also a web-based front-end that I whipped up that shares the same feature set, and a web-based administration too for managing and reporting on the data -- they all just hit the database directly.
The application is quite simple and I understand the problem it solves very well. It could use an update, and I don't even have access to the tools necessary to work on the GUI anymore. I've been getting into Java lately, and it seems like a rewrite of this app would be a good project to get started with.
So my question then is this:
The application will require a non-web GUI, I suppose in Swing. This is necessary for very particular reasons. The application will also require a web-based GUI with the same exact features as the Swing front that will probably be deployed as a JSR-168 portlet, and a web-based administration tool (portlet also). With my previous design I ended up with a lot of duplicate code because each component had its own code base, and I foolishly used stored procedures to help to ensure that critical calculations were at least consistent.
Where should I start? I'm having such a hard time wrapping my mind around how this should all work in the Java world. I guess what I'm having the hardest time with is how do I create an application that can have both a Swing (or whatever) front-end and a web-based front end with as little duplication as possible?
Edit: I know conceptually how this *can* work. What I'm asking is for advice specifically related to Java technologies. Which frameworks to consider, etc. | 2009/02/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/595416",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/70132/"
] | Build a Core that contains the business logic. Use JDepend or a similar tool to ensure that it nowhere references anything swing or anything web/jsp/servlet.
Build the two UIs: For the web version pick a webframework of your choice and call your business logic from there.
For the Swing framework you have two options: access the businesslogic through webservices (you could use RMI or whatever, but I wouldn't), i.e. the logic is on the same webserver that serves the webapp (I'd probably prefer that). The alternative is to ship the weblogic with a swing GUI. Makes the coding and debugging easier, but now you have multiple points that access the db which causes headaches when you want to use caching
In any case you should only duplicate the gui stuff, once in html/css/javascript and once in swing.
Congrats on that project it will teach you tons about design and software architecture | Obviously start with a unified code base. You might also want to consider whether you really do need multiple interfaces.
You want to make sure that your code does not have unnecessary dependencies. For instance, make you UI as shallow as possible, rather than the usual ball of mud. Avoid singletons, as they cause dependency hell.
It may seem very enterprisey to have a middle tier, but it also adds a lot of work. For a small group it is entirely pointless. |
174,539 | So I have this superweapon. He's a powerful lifeform made to devour other races so this one race can colonize their worlds. He's given a near unrelenting hunger as persuasion to do so. The problem is that he'd need to be able to fuel himself using various types of lifeforms of **all sorts of elements**,
**but**
He can't just eat random stuff like the planets themselves... **(Can eat silicon based lifeforms but not regular rocks)**
He can't convert matter into energy, only store loads of energy from food and use stored energy to fuel his powers (super strength and speed, electrical shocks, energy blasts) and create more mass when needed or regenerate (it is my understanding that it takes tons of energy to create a small amount of matter).
Would he really have to eat tons of food? Is there any loophole to energy-matter conversion/conservation of mass? Anything theoretical even? Extradimensional? How could I make this work?
Honestly I don't know if anyone can figure out what I'm trying to communicate here I barely can. | 2020/04/18 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/174539",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/68865/"
] | **It is a bird. The most dangerous bird on earth.**
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9aTeN.jpg)
<https://jungletours.com.au/is-a-cassowary-a-dinosaur/>
Your shapeshifter is a cassowary. These flightless birds are residents of the deep forest and have no trouble with heavy brush. They are large and truly formidable. Cassowaries are called the most dangerous bird on earth because of their reputation as killers of humans. I cannot think of anything other than a crocodile that would take on a cassowary in their native territories. Or really anywhere else.
Assuming your shapeshifter is a human, the world as perceived by a cassowary would make sense. They are as big as humans. They are visual creatures, with vision that is better than human vision for color and low light.
Plus they look cool and have not been done to death. If your readers will not know what a cassowary is, you could get many of the same benefits with a wild turkey. | Flea or similar. Almost by definition what you're interested in is where people are going, and by hitching a ride you can get into the most interesting restricted areas without attracting attention. Fleas have the advantage of being able to get easily on or off a host.[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/AdWTS.jpg) and can also infiltrate the narrowest cracks and explore in detail. |
174,539 | So I have this superweapon. He's a powerful lifeform made to devour other races so this one race can colonize their worlds. He's given a near unrelenting hunger as persuasion to do so. The problem is that he'd need to be able to fuel himself using various types of lifeforms of **all sorts of elements**,
**but**
He can't just eat random stuff like the planets themselves... **(Can eat silicon based lifeforms but not regular rocks)**
He can't convert matter into energy, only store loads of energy from food and use stored energy to fuel his powers (super strength and speed, electrical shocks, energy blasts) and create more mass when needed or regenerate (it is my understanding that it takes tons of energy to create a small amount of matter).
Would he really have to eat tons of food? Is there any loophole to energy-matter conversion/conservation of mass? Anything theoretical even? Extradimensional? How could I make this work?
Honestly I don't know if anyone can figure out what I'm trying to communicate here I barely can. | 2020/04/18 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/174539",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/68865/"
] | This is somewhat overthinking the problem. Rather than find some sort of exotic animal form, you want to blend into the environment you are examining.
Consider the ninja. We have been conditioned by decades of cheesy martial arts movies to believe a ninja looks like this:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4RpRC.jpg)
Of course, a person dressed as an Edo era stage hand carrying swords or other weaponry would stand out immediately, both in feudal Japan or in a modern environment. On the other hand, in a modern urban environment, no one would think twice about seeing this guy in their location:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vo8V5.png)
In fact, you might even hold the door open for them. Ninja's in Feudal Japan were consummate actors able to mimic the social and other behaviours of people they were imitating, so they would not get tripped up by behaving like a farmer when they were acting as a merchant. Modern day operators do many of the same things, even on the internet - the idea of having attractive fake on line profiles to lure unsuspecting people or using known emails to "phish" are fairly well known by this time.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/X4s8g.jpg)
*Boris likes long walks on the beach and compromising information about you. Text at this number...*
And don't forget that human beings are also quite adept at movement through dense forests and jungles. Tribesmen since time immemorial have grown up there, and explorers, adventurers and soldiers can learn to operate in these sorts of environments as well (you don't even need to be SAS or other Special Operations Forces, regular British Infantry were trained to operate in the jungles of Malaysia, the forests of Kenya or even the "urban jungles" of Belfast).
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/LcMYM.jpg)
Perhaps the only advantage a shape shifter would have is the ability to change their body image. They can come into an area as an overweight delivery man, and after exfiltrating, change their appearance so they no longer have the same hight, weight, facial features or movement (becoming taller or shorter as needed). | Flea or similar. Almost by definition what you're interested in is where people are going, and by hitching a ride you can get into the most interesting restricted areas without attracting attention. Fleas have the advantage of being able to get easily on or off a host.[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/AdWTS.jpg) and can also infiltrate the narrowest cracks and explore in detail. |
174,539 | So I have this superweapon. He's a powerful lifeform made to devour other races so this one race can colonize their worlds. He's given a near unrelenting hunger as persuasion to do so. The problem is that he'd need to be able to fuel himself using various types of lifeforms of **all sorts of elements**,
**but**
He can't just eat random stuff like the planets themselves... **(Can eat silicon based lifeforms but not regular rocks)**
He can't convert matter into energy, only store loads of energy from food and use stored energy to fuel his powers (super strength and speed, electrical shocks, energy blasts) and create more mass when needed or regenerate (it is my understanding that it takes tons of energy to create a small amount of matter).
Would he really have to eat tons of food? Is there any loophole to energy-matter conversion/conservation of mass? Anything theoretical even? Extradimensional? How could I make this work?
Honestly I don't know if anyone can figure out what I'm trying to communicate here I barely can. | 2020/04/18 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/174539",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/68865/"
] | Flea or similar. Almost by definition what you're interested in is where people are going, and by hitching a ride you can get into the most interesting restricted areas without attracting attention. Fleas have the advantage of being able to get easily on or off a host.[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/AdWTS.jpg) and can also infiltrate the narrowest cracks and explore in detail. | **A Secretary bird or a Harpy eagle.**
The secretary bird sounds like an ideal form. Even though they are birds, they spend most of their time walking on land, despite being good fliers (so they can climb no problem) are 4 feet (1,2 meters) tall (not too tall meaning they can likely go into spaces a toddler can) and have a kick worth around 5 times their weight. They're also known as "the devil's horse" . See [the following](https://justbirding.com/secretary-bird-facts/):
"Secretary birds can run so fast that they've earned the nickname “devil's horse.” There is no concrete number on max speed, but they do a lot of walking and they can travel up to 18 miles (30 kilometers) per day!"
So we have a bird with good endurance, supposedly good speed and with little problems regarding climbing (they nest on trees and fly well, so shouldn't be much of a problem). [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fzs0v.jpg)
But maybe you might also be interested in a form that has even greater eyesight and hearing, meaning it can track intruders better, while still being able to navigate in closed spaces. If that's what you want, look no further than the harpy eagle.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Xex8F.jpg)
If the picture doesn't tell enough, this bird is not only big, it's strong. Harpy eagles are considered the strongest eagles by many, having talons the size of a grizzly bear's claws, which it uses to hunt and dismember the monkeys it feeds on. In addition, it's native to rainforest biome, with its relatively short wings (1,7 to 2,2 meters from tip to tip) having specialized to fly fast through the dense vegetation. It can reach speeds of up to 50 miles (80 kilometers) per hour.
"Its short, broad wings help the harpy fly almost straight up, too, so it can attack prey from below as well as above. And the harpy eagle can turn its head upside down to get a better look at its potential meal."
<https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/harpy-eagle>
This eagle also posses great eyesight, with better color vision than ours, along with a face disk that grants it good hearing. It's sheer size and strength also make it able to knock down humans with a well placed attack to the head.
"It has excellent vision and can see something less than 2 centimeters (1 inch) in size from almost 200 meters (220 yards) away." <http://justfunfacts.com/interesting-facts-about-harpy-eagles/>
So we have a powerful raptor with strong claws, wings adapted for flying in relatively confined spaces, good speed and supposedly good endurance, along with the ability to subdue a potential invader without needing to change form. |
174,539 | So I have this superweapon. He's a powerful lifeform made to devour other races so this one race can colonize their worlds. He's given a near unrelenting hunger as persuasion to do so. The problem is that he'd need to be able to fuel himself using various types of lifeforms of **all sorts of elements**,
**but**
He can't just eat random stuff like the planets themselves... **(Can eat silicon based lifeforms but not regular rocks)**
He can't convert matter into energy, only store loads of energy from food and use stored energy to fuel his powers (super strength and speed, electrical shocks, energy blasts) and create more mass when needed or regenerate (it is my understanding that it takes tons of energy to create a small amount of matter).
Would he really have to eat tons of food? Is there any loophole to energy-matter conversion/conservation of mass? Anything theoretical even? Extradimensional? How could I make this work?
Honestly I don't know if anyone can figure out what I'm trying to communicate here I barely can. | 2020/04/18 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/174539",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/68865/"
] | **It is a bird. The most dangerous bird on earth.**
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9aTeN.jpg)
<https://jungletours.com.au/is-a-cassowary-a-dinosaur/>
Your shapeshifter is a cassowary. These flightless birds are residents of the deep forest and have no trouble with heavy brush. They are large and truly formidable. Cassowaries are called the most dangerous bird on earth because of their reputation as killers of humans. I cannot think of anything other than a crocodile that would take on a cassowary in their native territories. Or really anywhere else.
Assuming your shapeshifter is a human, the world as perceived by a cassowary would make sense. They are as big as humans. They are visual creatures, with vision that is better than human vision for color and low light.
Plus they look cool and have not been done to death. If your readers will not know what a cassowary is, you could get many of the same benefits with a wild turkey. | I would say some kind of monkey, as they can get around trees very well and can climb basically anything they can grab. In a forest, they could just swing through the canopy, while in a dense urban setting, they could climb along rooftops or ledges on walls. Also, if your shapeshifters don't have to take the form of a real animal, there's no need to, as they could just make their own form that suits them or the environment, but if they have to pick a real, still-living animal, a monkey would be the best choice. |
174,539 | So I have this superweapon. He's a powerful lifeform made to devour other races so this one race can colonize their worlds. He's given a near unrelenting hunger as persuasion to do so. The problem is that he'd need to be able to fuel himself using various types of lifeforms of **all sorts of elements**,
**but**
He can't just eat random stuff like the planets themselves... **(Can eat silicon based lifeforms but not regular rocks)**
He can't convert matter into energy, only store loads of energy from food and use stored energy to fuel his powers (super strength and speed, electrical shocks, energy blasts) and create more mass when needed or regenerate (it is my understanding that it takes tons of energy to create a small amount of matter).
Would he really have to eat tons of food? Is there any loophole to energy-matter conversion/conservation of mass? Anything theoretical even? Extradimensional? How could I make this work?
Honestly I don't know if anyone can figure out what I'm trying to communicate here I barely can. | 2020/04/18 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/174539",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/68865/"
] | **A Secretary bird or a Harpy eagle.**
The secretary bird sounds like an ideal form. Even though they are birds, they spend most of their time walking on land, despite being good fliers (so they can climb no problem) are 4 feet (1,2 meters) tall (not too tall meaning they can likely go into spaces a toddler can) and have a kick worth around 5 times their weight. They're also known as "the devil's horse" . See [the following](https://justbirding.com/secretary-bird-facts/):
"Secretary birds can run so fast that they've earned the nickname “devil's horse.” There is no concrete number on max speed, but they do a lot of walking and they can travel up to 18 miles (30 kilometers) per day!"
So we have a bird with good endurance, supposedly good speed and with little problems regarding climbing (they nest on trees and fly well, so shouldn't be much of a problem). [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fzs0v.jpg)
But maybe you might also be interested in a form that has even greater eyesight and hearing, meaning it can track intruders better, while still being able to navigate in closed spaces. If that's what you want, look no further than the harpy eagle.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Xex8F.jpg)
If the picture doesn't tell enough, this bird is not only big, it's strong. Harpy eagles are considered the strongest eagles by many, having talons the size of a grizzly bear's claws, which it uses to hunt and dismember the monkeys it feeds on. In addition, it's native to rainforest biome, with its relatively short wings (1,7 to 2,2 meters from tip to tip) having specialized to fly fast through the dense vegetation. It can reach speeds of up to 50 miles (80 kilometers) per hour.
"Its short, broad wings help the harpy fly almost straight up, too, so it can attack prey from below as well as above. And the harpy eagle can turn its head upside down to get a better look at its potential meal."
<https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/harpy-eagle>
This eagle also posses great eyesight, with better color vision than ours, along with a face disk that grants it good hearing. It's sheer size and strength also make it able to knock down humans with a well placed attack to the head.
"It has excellent vision and can see something less than 2 centimeters (1 inch) in size from almost 200 meters (220 yards) away." <http://justfunfacts.com/interesting-facts-about-harpy-eagles/>
So we have a powerful raptor with strong claws, wings adapted for flying in relatively confined spaces, good speed and supposedly good endurance, along with the ability to subdue a potential invader without needing to change form. | I would say some kind of monkey, as they can get around trees very well and can climb basically anything they can grab. In a forest, they could just swing through the canopy, while in a dense urban setting, they could climb along rooftops or ledges on walls. Also, if your shapeshifters don't have to take the form of a real animal, there's no need to, as they could just make their own form that suits them or the environment, but if they have to pick a real, still-living animal, a monkey would be the best choice. |
174,539 | So I have this superweapon. He's a powerful lifeform made to devour other races so this one race can colonize their worlds. He's given a near unrelenting hunger as persuasion to do so. The problem is that he'd need to be able to fuel himself using various types of lifeforms of **all sorts of elements**,
**but**
He can't just eat random stuff like the planets themselves... **(Can eat silicon based lifeforms but not regular rocks)**
He can't convert matter into energy, only store loads of energy from food and use stored energy to fuel his powers (super strength and speed, electrical shocks, energy blasts) and create more mass when needed or regenerate (it is my understanding that it takes tons of energy to create a small amount of matter).
Would he really have to eat tons of food? Is there any loophole to energy-matter conversion/conservation of mass? Anything theoretical even? Extradimensional? How could I make this work?
Honestly I don't know if anyone can figure out what I'm trying to communicate here I barely can. | 2020/04/18 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/174539",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/68865/"
] | This is somewhat overthinking the problem. Rather than find some sort of exotic animal form, you want to blend into the environment you are examining.
Consider the ninja. We have been conditioned by decades of cheesy martial arts movies to believe a ninja looks like this:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4RpRC.jpg)
Of course, a person dressed as an Edo era stage hand carrying swords or other weaponry would stand out immediately, both in feudal Japan or in a modern environment. On the other hand, in a modern urban environment, no one would think twice about seeing this guy in their location:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vo8V5.png)
In fact, you might even hold the door open for them. Ninja's in Feudal Japan were consummate actors able to mimic the social and other behaviours of people they were imitating, so they would not get tripped up by behaving like a farmer when they were acting as a merchant. Modern day operators do many of the same things, even on the internet - the idea of having attractive fake on line profiles to lure unsuspecting people or using known emails to "phish" are fairly well known by this time.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/X4s8g.jpg)
*Boris likes long walks on the beach and compromising information about you. Text at this number...*
And don't forget that human beings are also quite adept at movement through dense forests and jungles. Tribesmen since time immemorial have grown up there, and explorers, adventurers and soldiers can learn to operate in these sorts of environments as well (you don't even need to be SAS or other Special Operations Forces, regular British Infantry were trained to operate in the jungles of Malaysia, the forests of Kenya or even the "urban jungles" of Belfast).
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/LcMYM.jpg)
Perhaps the only advantage a shape shifter would have is the ability to change their body image. They can come into an area as an overweight delivery man, and after exfiltrating, change their appearance so they no longer have the same hight, weight, facial features or movement (becoming taller or shorter as needed). | **A Secretary bird or a Harpy eagle.**
The secretary bird sounds like an ideal form. Even though they are birds, they spend most of their time walking on land, despite being good fliers (so they can climb no problem) are 4 feet (1,2 meters) tall (not too tall meaning they can likely go into spaces a toddler can) and have a kick worth around 5 times their weight. They're also known as "the devil's horse" . See [the following](https://justbirding.com/secretary-bird-facts/):
"Secretary birds can run so fast that they've earned the nickname “devil's horse.” There is no concrete number on max speed, but they do a lot of walking and they can travel up to 18 miles (30 kilometers) per day!"
So we have a bird with good endurance, supposedly good speed and with little problems regarding climbing (they nest on trees and fly well, so shouldn't be much of a problem). [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fzs0v.jpg)
But maybe you might also be interested in a form that has even greater eyesight and hearing, meaning it can track intruders better, while still being able to navigate in closed spaces. If that's what you want, look no further than the harpy eagle.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Xex8F.jpg)
If the picture doesn't tell enough, this bird is not only big, it's strong. Harpy eagles are considered the strongest eagles by many, having talons the size of a grizzly bear's claws, which it uses to hunt and dismember the monkeys it feeds on. In addition, it's native to rainforest biome, with its relatively short wings (1,7 to 2,2 meters from tip to tip) having specialized to fly fast through the dense vegetation. It can reach speeds of up to 50 miles (80 kilometers) per hour.
"Its short, broad wings help the harpy fly almost straight up, too, so it can attack prey from below as well as above. And the harpy eagle can turn its head upside down to get a better look at its potential meal."
<https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/harpy-eagle>
This eagle also posses great eyesight, with better color vision than ours, along with a face disk that grants it good hearing. It's sheer size and strength also make it able to knock down humans with a well placed attack to the head.
"It has excellent vision and can see something less than 2 centimeters (1 inch) in size from almost 200 meters (220 yards) away." <http://justfunfacts.com/interesting-facts-about-harpy-eagles/>
So we have a powerful raptor with strong claws, wings adapted for flying in relatively confined spaces, good speed and supposedly good endurance, along with the ability to subdue a potential invader without needing to change form. |
174,539 | So I have this superweapon. He's a powerful lifeform made to devour other races so this one race can colonize their worlds. He's given a near unrelenting hunger as persuasion to do so. The problem is that he'd need to be able to fuel himself using various types of lifeforms of **all sorts of elements**,
**but**
He can't just eat random stuff like the planets themselves... **(Can eat silicon based lifeforms but not regular rocks)**
He can't convert matter into energy, only store loads of energy from food and use stored energy to fuel his powers (super strength and speed, electrical shocks, energy blasts) and create more mass when needed or regenerate (it is my understanding that it takes tons of energy to create a small amount of matter).
Would he really have to eat tons of food? Is there any loophole to energy-matter conversion/conservation of mass? Anything theoretical even? Extradimensional? How could I make this work?
Honestly I don't know if anyone can figure out what I'm trying to communicate here I barely can. | 2020/04/18 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/174539",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/68865/"
] | **It is a bird. The most dangerous bird on earth.**
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9aTeN.jpg)
<https://jungletours.com.au/is-a-cassowary-a-dinosaur/>
Your shapeshifter is a cassowary. These flightless birds are residents of the deep forest and have no trouble with heavy brush. They are large and truly formidable. Cassowaries are called the most dangerous bird on earth because of their reputation as killers of humans. I cannot think of anything other than a crocodile that would take on a cassowary in their native territories. Or really anywhere else.
Assuming your shapeshifter is a human, the world as perceived by a cassowary would make sense. They are as big as humans. They are visual creatures, with vision that is better than human vision for color and low light.
Plus they look cool and have not been done to death. If your readers will not know what a cassowary is, you could get many of the same benefits with a wild turkey. | **Goshawk**
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/mQeya.png)
[Goshawks](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CFckjfP-1E) are pretty darn good at flying through small gaps. They are designed to fly around in dense forests.
Smaller birds like [sparrowhawks](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ra6I6svXQPg) are presumably better. The larger bird has more endurance though.
**Bonus Points:** Birds of prey are known for good eyesight which is always a plus when scouting. |
174,539 | So I have this superweapon. He's a powerful lifeform made to devour other races so this one race can colonize their worlds. He's given a near unrelenting hunger as persuasion to do so. The problem is that he'd need to be able to fuel himself using various types of lifeforms of **all sorts of elements**,
**but**
He can't just eat random stuff like the planets themselves... **(Can eat silicon based lifeforms but not regular rocks)**
He can't convert matter into energy, only store loads of energy from food and use stored energy to fuel his powers (super strength and speed, electrical shocks, energy blasts) and create more mass when needed or regenerate (it is my understanding that it takes tons of energy to create a small amount of matter).
Would he really have to eat tons of food? Is there any loophole to energy-matter conversion/conservation of mass? Anything theoretical even? Extradimensional? How could I make this work?
Honestly I don't know if anyone can figure out what I'm trying to communicate here I barely can. | 2020/04/18 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/174539",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/68865/"
] | **It is a bird. The most dangerous bird on earth.**
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9aTeN.jpg)
<https://jungletours.com.au/is-a-cassowary-a-dinosaur/>
Your shapeshifter is a cassowary. These flightless birds are residents of the deep forest and have no trouble with heavy brush. They are large and truly formidable. Cassowaries are called the most dangerous bird on earth because of their reputation as killers of humans. I cannot think of anything other than a crocodile that would take on a cassowary in their native territories. Or really anywhere else.
Assuming your shapeshifter is a human, the world as perceived by a cassowary would make sense. They are as big as humans. They are visual creatures, with vision that is better than human vision for color and low light.
Plus they look cool and have not been done to death. If your readers will not know what a cassowary is, you could get many of the same benefits with a wild turkey. | **A Secretary bird or a Harpy eagle.**
The secretary bird sounds like an ideal form. Even though they are birds, they spend most of their time walking on land, despite being good fliers (so they can climb no problem) are 4 feet (1,2 meters) tall (not too tall meaning they can likely go into spaces a toddler can) and have a kick worth around 5 times their weight. They're also known as "the devil's horse" . See [the following](https://justbirding.com/secretary-bird-facts/):
"Secretary birds can run so fast that they've earned the nickname “devil's horse.” There is no concrete number on max speed, but they do a lot of walking and they can travel up to 18 miles (30 kilometers) per day!"
So we have a bird with good endurance, supposedly good speed and with little problems regarding climbing (they nest on trees and fly well, so shouldn't be much of a problem). [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fzs0v.jpg)
But maybe you might also be interested in a form that has even greater eyesight and hearing, meaning it can track intruders better, while still being able to navigate in closed spaces. If that's what you want, look no further than the harpy eagle.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Xex8F.jpg)
If the picture doesn't tell enough, this bird is not only big, it's strong. Harpy eagles are considered the strongest eagles by many, having talons the size of a grizzly bear's claws, which it uses to hunt and dismember the monkeys it feeds on. In addition, it's native to rainforest biome, with its relatively short wings (1,7 to 2,2 meters from tip to tip) having specialized to fly fast through the dense vegetation. It can reach speeds of up to 50 miles (80 kilometers) per hour.
"Its short, broad wings help the harpy fly almost straight up, too, so it can attack prey from below as well as above. And the harpy eagle can turn its head upside down to get a better look at its potential meal."
<https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/harpy-eagle>
This eagle also posses great eyesight, with better color vision than ours, along with a face disk that grants it good hearing. It's sheer size and strength also make it able to knock down humans with a well placed attack to the head.
"It has excellent vision and can see something less than 2 centimeters (1 inch) in size from almost 200 meters (220 yards) away." <http://justfunfacts.com/interesting-facts-about-harpy-eagles/>
So we have a powerful raptor with strong claws, wings adapted for flying in relatively confined spaces, good speed and supposedly good endurance, along with the ability to subdue a potential invader without needing to change form. |
174,539 | So I have this superweapon. He's a powerful lifeform made to devour other races so this one race can colonize their worlds. He's given a near unrelenting hunger as persuasion to do so. The problem is that he'd need to be able to fuel himself using various types of lifeforms of **all sorts of elements**,
**but**
He can't just eat random stuff like the planets themselves... **(Can eat silicon based lifeforms but not regular rocks)**
He can't convert matter into energy, only store loads of energy from food and use stored energy to fuel his powers (super strength and speed, electrical shocks, energy blasts) and create more mass when needed or regenerate (it is my understanding that it takes tons of energy to create a small amount of matter).
Would he really have to eat tons of food? Is there any loophole to energy-matter conversion/conservation of mass? Anything theoretical even? Extradimensional? How could I make this work?
Honestly I don't know if anyone can figure out what I'm trying to communicate here I barely can. | 2020/04/18 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/174539",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/68865/"
] | This is somewhat overthinking the problem. Rather than find some sort of exotic animal form, you want to blend into the environment you are examining.
Consider the ninja. We have been conditioned by decades of cheesy martial arts movies to believe a ninja looks like this:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4RpRC.jpg)
Of course, a person dressed as an Edo era stage hand carrying swords or other weaponry would stand out immediately, both in feudal Japan or in a modern environment. On the other hand, in a modern urban environment, no one would think twice about seeing this guy in their location:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vo8V5.png)
In fact, you might even hold the door open for them. Ninja's in Feudal Japan were consummate actors able to mimic the social and other behaviours of people they were imitating, so they would not get tripped up by behaving like a farmer when they were acting as a merchant. Modern day operators do many of the same things, even on the internet - the idea of having attractive fake on line profiles to lure unsuspecting people or using known emails to "phish" are fairly well known by this time.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/X4s8g.jpg)
*Boris likes long walks on the beach and compromising information about you. Text at this number...*
And don't forget that human beings are also quite adept at movement through dense forests and jungles. Tribesmen since time immemorial have grown up there, and explorers, adventurers and soldiers can learn to operate in these sorts of environments as well (you don't even need to be SAS or other Special Operations Forces, regular British Infantry were trained to operate in the jungles of Malaysia, the forests of Kenya or even the "urban jungles" of Belfast).
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/LcMYM.jpg)
Perhaps the only advantage a shape shifter would have is the ability to change their body image. They can come into an area as an overweight delivery man, and after exfiltrating, change their appearance so they no longer have the same hight, weight, facial features or movement (becoming taller or shorter as needed). | **Goshawk**
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/mQeya.png)
[Goshawks](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CFckjfP-1E) are pretty darn good at flying through small gaps. They are designed to fly around in dense forests.
Smaller birds like [sparrowhawks](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ra6I6svXQPg) are presumably better. The larger bird has more endurance though.
**Bonus Points:** Birds of prey are known for good eyesight which is always a plus when scouting. |
174,539 | So I have this superweapon. He's a powerful lifeform made to devour other races so this one race can colonize their worlds. He's given a near unrelenting hunger as persuasion to do so. The problem is that he'd need to be able to fuel himself using various types of lifeforms of **all sorts of elements**,
**but**
He can't just eat random stuff like the planets themselves... **(Can eat silicon based lifeforms but not regular rocks)**
He can't convert matter into energy, only store loads of energy from food and use stored energy to fuel his powers (super strength and speed, electrical shocks, energy blasts) and create more mass when needed or regenerate (it is my understanding that it takes tons of energy to create a small amount of matter).
Would he really have to eat tons of food? Is there any loophole to energy-matter conversion/conservation of mass? Anything theoretical even? Extradimensional? How could I make this work?
Honestly I don't know if anyone can figure out what I'm trying to communicate here I barely can. | 2020/04/18 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/174539",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/68865/"
] | This is somewhat overthinking the problem. Rather than find some sort of exotic animal form, you want to blend into the environment you are examining.
Consider the ninja. We have been conditioned by decades of cheesy martial arts movies to believe a ninja looks like this:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4RpRC.jpg)
Of course, a person dressed as an Edo era stage hand carrying swords or other weaponry would stand out immediately, both in feudal Japan or in a modern environment. On the other hand, in a modern urban environment, no one would think twice about seeing this guy in their location:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vo8V5.png)
In fact, you might even hold the door open for them. Ninja's in Feudal Japan were consummate actors able to mimic the social and other behaviours of people they were imitating, so they would not get tripped up by behaving like a farmer when they were acting as a merchant. Modern day operators do many of the same things, even on the internet - the idea of having attractive fake on line profiles to lure unsuspecting people or using known emails to "phish" are fairly well known by this time.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/X4s8g.jpg)
*Boris likes long walks on the beach and compromising information about you. Text at this number...*
And don't forget that human beings are also quite adept at movement through dense forests and jungles. Tribesmen since time immemorial have grown up there, and explorers, adventurers and soldiers can learn to operate in these sorts of environments as well (you don't even need to be SAS or other Special Operations Forces, regular British Infantry were trained to operate in the jungles of Malaysia, the forests of Kenya or even the "urban jungles" of Belfast).
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/LcMYM.jpg)
Perhaps the only advantage a shape shifter would have is the ability to change their body image. They can come into an area as an overweight delivery man, and after exfiltrating, change their appearance so they no longer have the same hight, weight, facial features or movement (becoming taller or shorter as needed). | I would say some kind of monkey, as they can get around trees very well and can climb basically anything they can grab. In a forest, they could just swing through the canopy, while in a dense urban setting, they could climb along rooftops or ledges on walls. Also, if your shapeshifters don't have to take the form of a real animal, there's no need to, as they could just make their own form that suits them or the environment, but if they have to pick a real, still-living animal, a monkey would be the best choice. |
161,427 | In mechanics there is a *relative* concept of "inertial frame": frame A is inertial with respect to frame B if A moves uniformly with respect B. That concept is easy to understand.
There also seems to be an *absolute* concept of "inertial frame". I keep reading things like "A is an inertial frame", without specifying *with respect to which other frame B*. Every time I read that kind of statements I get stuck. I cannot see how A can be "inertial". I can only see how it can be "inertial with respect to B".
Related to this, I keep reading things like "the solar system is accelerating" or "an object is moving" (for example [here](https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/16885/) and [here](https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/161203/68588)). Those statements I simply can't understand, unless they specify *with respect to what frame* (or object) that movement is defined.
I suspect my inability to understand the absolute concept of inertial frame is related to my inability to understand the statement "an object is moving". I only keep wondering: "with respect to what?".
So, my question is: can you really say "A is inertial" or "B is moving" in an absolute sense? (i.e without adding "with respect to C"). If so, how is that interpreted? | 2015/01/25 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/161427",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/68588/"
] | Suppose you surround yourself with a sphere of test masses that are too small to have any significant gravitational field. You are in an inertial frame if the masses remain as a sphere and do not accelerate away from you. You do not need to refer to any other frames - this measurement is done entirely in your own frame and works even if you are in a sealed room (or spaceship!) with no way to see what is outside.
This works in both special and general relativity. For example the International Space Station is, from our point of view, accelerating towards the Earth because it's moving in a circle. However an astronaut on the ISS could do this experiment and would report that they are in an (approximately) inertial frame. The difference is that in GR the frame is only locally inertial. If the astronaut made the frame too big they would see the sphere deforming due to tidal forces. | Everything we can measure is relative, because measurement is comparision with a standard. Hence, there are, in a strict sense, no absolute frames in experimental science. The task is rather to make it clear in our mind against what we measure and specify our physical quantities, in order to be able to share our results and to build a common knowledge. Take the example of Newton's rotating bucket. If the bucket is closed with a cover, a state of rotation omega can be detected from inside the bucket by measuring the centrifugal force F = m*r*(omega)^2. This measurement is obviously not "relative to the fixed stars", but relative to the test mass m used to determine the state of rotation, the radius r being a mere factor of geometry. It is already interesting from a philosophical point of view that mass is used to determine a state of rotation; hence mass must be intrinsically linked to rotation. |
161,427 | In mechanics there is a *relative* concept of "inertial frame": frame A is inertial with respect to frame B if A moves uniformly with respect B. That concept is easy to understand.
There also seems to be an *absolute* concept of "inertial frame". I keep reading things like "A is an inertial frame", without specifying *with respect to which other frame B*. Every time I read that kind of statements I get stuck. I cannot see how A can be "inertial". I can only see how it can be "inertial with respect to B".
Related to this, I keep reading things like "the solar system is accelerating" or "an object is moving" (for example [here](https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/16885/) and [here](https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/161203/68588)). Those statements I simply can't understand, unless they specify *with respect to what frame* (or object) that movement is defined.
I suspect my inability to understand the absolute concept of inertial frame is related to my inability to understand the statement "an object is moving". I only keep wondering: "with respect to what?".
So, my question is: can you really say "A is inertial" or "B is moving" in an absolute sense? (i.e without adding "with respect to C"). If so, how is that interpreted? | 2015/01/25 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/161427",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/68588/"
] | Suppose you surround yourself with a sphere of test masses that are too small to have any significant gravitational field. You are in an inertial frame if the masses remain as a sphere and do not accelerate away from you. You do not need to refer to any other frames - this measurement is done entirely in your own frame and works even if you are in a sealed room (or spaceship!) with no way to see what is outside.
This works in both special and general relativity. For example the International Space Station is, from our point of view, accelerating towards the Earth because it's moving in a circle. However an astronaut on the ISS could do this experiment and would report that they are in an (approximately) inertial frame. The difference is that in GR the frame is only locally inertial. If the astronaut made the frame too big they would see the sphere deforming due to tidal forces. | An inertial frame is one with respect to which Newtons second and first laws are valid.There is no ideal inertial frame in the universe although the heliocentric refrence frame fixed with the center of the sun can be regarded as an inertial frame with a high degree of accuracy. If we assume the heliocentric frame as an inertial one then all other frames moving with constant velocity with respect to it are also inertial. |
161,427 | In mechanics there is a *relative* concept of "inertial frame": frame A is inertial with respect to frame B if A moves uniformly with respect B. That concept is easy to understand.
There also seems to be an *absolute* concept of "inertial frame". I keep reading things like "A is an inertial frame", without specifying *with respect to which other frame B*. Every time I read that kind of statements I get stuck. I cannot see how A can be "inertial". I can only see how it can be "inertial with respect to B".
Related to this, I keep reading things like "the solar system is accelerating" or "an object is moving" (for example [here](https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/16885/) and [here](https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/161203/68588)). Those statements I simply can't understand, unless they specify *with respect to what frame* (or object) that movement is defined.
I suspect my inability to understand the absolute concept of inertial frame is related to my inability to understand the statement "an object is moving". I only keep wondering: "with respect to what?".
So, my question is: can you really say "A is inertial" or "B is moving" in an absolute sense? (i.e without adding "with respect to C"). If so, how is that interpreted? | 2015/01/25 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/161427",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/68588/"
] | I'd just like to add to the answer given by dmckee♦ regarding identifying inertial reference frames. The confusion you're having appears to be due to using a naive definition of an inertial reference frame. The first thing you need to understand is that gravity is another one of those pseudo-forces that dmckee♦ mentioned. Even if you ignore the Coriolis and centripetal forces that you experience on Earth (imagine it wasn't rotating), you are still in a non-inertial reference frame due to having to invoke gravity to explain why you're being attracted to the earth. This explains why someone standing on a non-rotating planet and someone in free fall are not moving at a constant velocity relative to each other, as it is only the person in free fall who is in an inertial reference frame. To frame this in terms of the simplified definition (where an accelerating reference frame is non-inertial), the person in free fall experiences zero **proper** acceleration whereas the person on the non-rotating planet does not.
You might be wondering how someone in free fall can be in an inertial reference frame if gravity needs to be invoked to explain their nonlinear motion around say, a planet. This is because someone in free fall isn't in a **global** inertial reference frame. They are only in an inertial reference frame **locally**, which is to say over a small area of space where the effect of gravity cannot be measured. You might also be wondering what causes planets to orbit stars if gravity is a fictitious force. The answer is that the planets are actually traveling in straight lines (meaning they're not being acted on by a force). The difference is that the straight lines occupy curved space and the paths traveled by the planets are known as geodesics. The curvature of this space is determined by the mass of the object occupying it. | An inertial frame is one with respect to which Newtons second and first laws are valid.There is no ideal inertial frame in the universe although the heliocentric refrence frame fixed with the center of the sun can be regarded as an inertial frame with a high degree of accuracy. If we assume the heliocentric frame as an inertial one then all other frames moving with constant velocity with respect to it are also inertial. |
161,427 | In mechanics there is a *relative* concept of "inertial frame": frame A is inertial with respect to frame B if A moves uniformly with respect B. That concept is easy to understand.
There also seems to be an *absolute* concept of "inertial frame". I keep reading things like "A is an inertial frame", without specifying *with respect to which other frame B*. Every time I read that kind of statements I get stuck. I cannot see how A can be "inertial". I can only see how it can be "inertial with respect to B".
Related to this, I keep reading things like "the solar system is accelerating" or "an object is moving" (for example [here](https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/16885/) and [here](https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/161203/68588)). Those statements I simply can't understand, unless they specify *with respect to what frame* (or object) that movement is defined.
I suspect my inability to understand the absolute concept of inertial frame is related to my inability to understand the statement "an object is moving". I only keep wondering: "with respect to what?".
So, my question is: can you really say "A is inertial" or "B is moving" in an absolute sense? (i.e without adding "with respect to C"). If so, how is that interpreted? | 2015/01/25 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/161427",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/68588/"
] | I'd just like to add to the answer given by dmckee♦ regarding identifying inertial reference frames. The confusion you're having appears to be due to using a naive definition of an inertial reference frame. The first thing you need to understand is that gravity is another one of those pseudo-forces that dmckee♦ mentioned. Even if you ignore the Coriolis and centripetal forces that you experience on Earth (imagine it wasn't rotating), you are still in a non-inertial reference frame due to having to invoke gravity to explain why you're being attracted to the earth. This explains why someone standing on a non-rotating planet and someone in free fall are not moving at a constant velocity relative to each other, as it is only the person in free fall who is in an inertial reference frame. To frame this in terms of the simplified definition (where an accelerating reference frame is non-inertial), the person in free fall experiences zero **proper** acceleration whereas the person on the non-rotating planet does not.
You might be wondering how someone in free fall can be in an inertial reference frame if gravity needs to be invoked to explain their nonlinear motion around say, a planet. This is because someone in free fall isn't in a **global** inertial reference frame. They are only in an inertial reference frame **locally**, which is to say over a small area of space where the effect of gravity cannot be measured. You might also be wondering what causes planets to orbit stars if gravity is a fictitious force. The answer is that the planets are actually traveling in straight lines (meaning they're not being acted on by a force). The difference is that the straight lines occupy curved space and the paths traveled by the planets are known as geodesics. The curvature of this space is determined by the mass of the object occupying it. | Everything we can measure is relative, because measurement is comparision with a standard. Hence, there are, in a strict sense, no absolute frames in experimental science. The task is rather to make it clear in our mind against what we measure and specify our physical quantities, in order to be able to share our results and to build a common knowledge. Take the example of Newton's rotating bucket. If the bucket is closed with a cover, a state of rotation omega can be detected from inside the bucket by measuring the centrifugal force F = m*r*(omega)^2. This measurement is obviously not "relative to the fixed stars", but relative to the test mass m used to determine the state of rotation, the radius r being a mere factor of geometry. It is already interesting from a philosophical point of view that mass is used to determine a state of rotation; hence mass must be intrinsically linked to rotation. |
429,634 | I have an Apache 2.2 server with an SSL certificate hosting several services that should be only access using SSL.
ie: **https**://myserver.com/topsecret/ should be allowed while **http**://myserver.com/topsecret/ should be either denied or, ideally, redirected to https.
<http://myserver.com/public> should not have this restriction, and should work using either http or https.
The decision to allow/deny http is made at the top level directory, and affects all content underneath it.
Is there a directive that can be placed in the Apache config to retrict access in this manner? | 2008/09/19 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/429634",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/11495/"
] | Someone mentioned SSLRequireSSL but I don't think it works by itself and I haven't found a successful example with it. The recommended way is <https://wiki.apache.org/httpd/RedirectSSL> I've applied that and it works well! | Assuming you are using VirtualHost directives,
Place a Directory directive in the non-ssl virtualhost denying access.
Then, place a Directory directive in the ssl virtualhost granting access. |
20,521,380 | I'm trying to compile for a binary but am getting an error on 4 files stating:
Interface Builder was unable to determine the type of “FileName.xib".
I got some feedback saying I should disable the Use Auto Layout feature, but can't find it. I've attached a screen shot of what my editor looks like, where I should be seeing the option (I've narrowed the image to be more portable).
Is this a version issue? At the moment I'm stuck with Xcode 4.0.1.
Thanks for any and all help.
Cayce
 | 2013/12/11 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/20521380",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/830279/"
] | Autolayout isn't supported in 4.0. | Use latest version of Xcode then you can see
 |
50,788 | Is post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression (for example regulation by microRNAs) a type of epigenetic gene expression regulation?
I think we can categorize it as epigenetic since the DNA sequence is not changed, but I have never come across that terming in any papers. Does someone have any idea, or know of any papers that categorize post-transcriptional regulation as epigenetic? | 2016/08/17 | [
"https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/50788",
"https://biology.stackexchange.com",
"https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/5054/"
] | **On epigenetic and genetic effects:**
Changes to the genome can be of two key types: genetic and epigenetic. Genetic changes are those which cause changes in the nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic are changes to the genome that do not involve making changes to the nucleotide sequence, e.g. post-transcriptional processing.
>
> ["Functionally relevant changes to the genome that do not involve a
> change in the nucleotide sequence. Examples of mechanisms that produce
> such changes are DNA methylation and histone modification, each of
> which alters how genes are expressed without altering the underlying
> DNA sequence".](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics)
>
>
>
[Epigenetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics) is also generally used to refer to the study of variation induced by heritable non-genetic factors that affect the genome, such as maternal and paternal effects. The two subtly different definitions are responsible for some of the common confusion.
>
> ["Today, epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in gene
> expression without the change in gene sequence. ".](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2691666/)
>
>
>
**On microRNA**
There is some contention around whether miRNA is specifically an epigenetic mechanism - you've used it as an example - post transcriptional modifications would generally be considered epigenetic effects. See the paper from which the following extract comes which covers "classical" mechanisms too:
>
> ["Whether miRNA regulation is an epigenetic mechanism in its own right is unclear"](http://www.nature.com/pr/journal/v61/n5-2/full/pr2007126a.html)
>
>
>
Also see [whatisepigenetics.com](http://www.whatisepigenetics.com/fundamentals/):
>
> "At least three systems including DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-associated gene silencing are currently considered to initiate and sustain epigenetic change."
>
>
>
And part of the conflict is perhaps because miRNA's are seemingly involved in the control of epigenetic processes:
>
> "Epigenetics is defined as mitotically and meiotically heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve a change in the DNA sequence. Two major areas of epigenetics—DNA methylation and histone modifications—are known to have profound effects on controlling gene expression. DNA methylation is involved in normal cellular control of expression, and aberrant hypermethylation can lead to silencing of tumor-suppressor genes in carcinogenesis. Histone modifications control the accessibility of the chromatin and transcriptional activities inside a cell. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules, ~22 nucleotides long that can negatively control their target gene expression posttranscriptionally. ....
>
>
> [Taken together, miRNAs can be considered important players in the epigenetic control of gene expression.](http://www.nature.com/pr/journal/v61/n5-2/full/pr2007127a.html)"
>
>
>
From a quantitative geneticist standpoint, if it affects phenotypic variation by altering genomic properties but there is no variation in the DNA sequence, then miRNA based post-transcription modification is a source of epigenetic variance. It seems that, for molecular biologists, post-transcription modification by miRNA falls outside of the classical definition of epigenetic effects, but I've not seen any literature explaining why nor classifying it as a genetic effect. | I disagree with rg255 on this. Most if not all of posttranscriptional modification is encoded in the actual DNA sequence. Those microRNAs for example can be determined by reading the DNA bases or finding the encoded enzymes that do RNA editing (like C to U by TPR enzymes). The DNA sequence already encodes all the information that will determine if it will get modified or not.
Epigenetic regulation on the other hand are encoded on the histones and other proteins associated with DNA and can by definition not be understood by reading the sequence (e.g. acetylation and methylation). This information does not code for proteins or transcripts.
EDIT:
A quick Pubmed search underlines what most scientists think is epigenetic [Pubmed search](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=epigenetic "Pubmed"). You see loads of methylation/histone research but miRNA or transcription factors are nowhere to be seen. |
50,788 | Is post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression (for example regulation by microRNAs) a type of epigenetic gene expression regulation?
I think we can categorize it as epigenetic since the DNA sequence is not changed, but I have never come across that terming in any papers. Does someone have any idea, or know of any papers that categorize post-transcriptional regulation as epigenetic? | 2016/08/17 | [
"https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/50788",
"https://biology.stackexchange.com",
"https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/5054/"
] | **On epigenetic and genetic effects:**
Changes to the genome can be of two key types: genetic and epigenetic. Genetic changes are those which cause changes in the nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic are changes to the genome that do not involve making changes to the nucleotide sequence, e.g. post-transcriptional processing.
>
> ["Functionally relevant changes to the genome that do not involve a
> change in the nucleotide sequence. Examples of mechanisms that produce
> such changes are DNA methylation and histone modification, each of
> which alters how genes are expressed without altering the underlying
> DNA sequence".](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics)
>
>
>
[Epigenetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics) is also generally used to refer to the study of variation induced by heritable non-genetic factors that affect the genome, such as maternal and paternal effects. The two subtly different definitions are responsible for some of the common confusion.
>
> ["Today, epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in gene
> expression without the change in gene sequence. ".](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2691666/)
>
>
>
**On microRNA**
There is some contention around whether miRNA is specifically an epigenetic mechanism - you've used it as an example - post transcriptional modifications would generally be considered epigenetic effects. See the paper from which the following extract comes which covers "classical" mechanisms too:
>
> ["Whether miRNA regulation is an epigenetic mechanism in its own right is unclear"](http://www.nature.com/pr/journal/v61/n5-2/full/pr2007126a.html)
>
>
>
Also see [whatisepigenetics.com](http://www.whatisepigenetics.com/fundamentals/):
>
> "At least three systems including DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-associated gene silencing are currently considered to initiate and sustain epigenetic change."
>
>
>
And part of the conflict is perhaps because miRNA's are seemingly involved in the control of epigenetic processes:
>
> "Epigenetics is defined as mitotically and meiotically heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve a change in the DNA sequence. Two major areas of epigenetics—DNA methylation and histone modifications—are known to have profound effects on controlling gene expression. DNA methylation is involved in normal cellular control of expression, and aberrant hypermethylation can lead to silencing of tumor-suppressor genes in carcinogenesis. Histone modifications control the accessibility of the chromatin and transcriptional activities inside a cell. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules, ~22 nucleotides long that can negatively control their target gene expression posttranscriptionally. ....
>
>
> [Taken together, miRNAs can be considered important players in the epigenetic control of gene expression.](http://www.nature.com/pr/journal/v61/n5-2/full/pr2007127a.html)"
>
>
>
From a quantitative geneticist standpoint, if it affects phenotypic variation by altering genomic properties but there is no variation in the DNA sequence, then miRNA based post-transcription modification is a source of epigenetic variance. It seems that, for molecular biologists, post-transcription modification by miRNA falls outside of the classical definition of epigenetic effects, but I've not seen any literature explaining why nor classifying it as a genetic effect. | You should check out this article by Adrian Bird, titled [Perceptions on Epigenetics](http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature05913)
Excerpts from the article:
>
> Should heritability be mandatory in a contemporary view of epigenetics?
>
>
>
...
>
> To explain why, it is necessary to introduce a third, somewhat informal, ‘definition’ of epigenetics that has crept into widespread use. This incarnation of epigenetics encompasses the biology of chromatin, including the complex language of chromatin marks (see page 407), the transcriptional effects of RNA interference (see page 399) and, for good measure, the effects of the higher-order structure of chromosomes and the nucleus (see page 413)
>
>
>
Finally he goes on to propose a new definition:
>
> The following could be a unifying definition of epigenetic events: the structural adaptation of chromosomal regions so as to register, signal or perpetuate altered activity states
>
>
>
If we consider that this definition might also be a possible definition for what epigenetics is, then yes RNAi would fall under the broader bounds of epigenetics |
50,788 | Is post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression (for example regulation by microRNAs) a type of epigenetic gene expression regulation?
I think we can categorize it as epigenetic since the DNA sequence is not changed, but I have never come across that terming in any papers. Does someone have any idea, or know of any papers that categorize post-transcriptional regulation as epigenetic? | 2016/08/17 | [
"https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/50788",
"https://biology.stackexchange.com",
"https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/5054/"
] | miRNAs and other post-transcriptional regulators are very well "genetic". They are encoded by genetic elements, are expressed and are affected by mutations. Just because this mode of regulation was not well known previously, it should not be classified as an epigenetic mechanism while the traditional protein based transcription factors (TF) are not.
Epigenetics, as it is originally defined (the "formal definition") is about mechanisms that can perpetuate the state of a cell to its next generation. Inheritance of gene expression programmes is therefore epigenetic. Although the gene expression programmes themselves can be implemented via different factors including protein and RNA based regulators, they would not necessarily constitute the epigenetic mechanisms that lead to inheritance of this state.
rg255's point of view is that any mechanism that causes a variation in the functional aspects of the genome without altering the genome sequence itself, would be epigenetic. This is technically correct but in that case all gene expression regulators including TFs should constitute epigenetic mechanisms.
---
Now, the main issue is where to draw the line between *gene regulation* and *epigenetics*?
In my opinion, the *epigenetic* mechanisms are one of the ways to regulate the gene expression. Although histone modifications and DNA methylation regulate gene expression and also confer heritability to the gene expression programme, the heritability can be implemented without them as well.
You can imagine a cell as a vessel which runs a system of biochemical reactions. This system can have multiple steady states (for e.g. multiple fates of a stem cell). To perpetuate a state, the new cell just needs to have the right initial conditions. This can be proved mathematically too. Such a system can be implemented via the traditional transcription factors as well. So *what is epigenetic?*
IMHO *epigenetic* was a loose term to denote something that people were not fully aware of, at that time. Anything that was not directly mediated by transcription factors was termed as epigenetic, including long distance regulators, non-coding RNA etc.
---
**BOTTOMLINE**
I **would not** classify non-coding RNAs as "epigenetic" for the very reason that they are encoded by genes and have more or less a direct effect on the target genes, just like TFs (which are apparently *not epigenetic*). As for the papers, there were many papers that used to assign these under epigenetic mechanisms, but that is IMO just too vaguely arbitrary. (Ironically, I happened to come across miRNAs and lncRNAs while I was doing a summer project on *epigenetics* and was reading relevant papers.)
What *should be* considered *epigenetic* would be a subject of another debate. | **On epigenetic and genetic effects:**
Changes to the genome can be of two key types: genetic and epigenetic. Genetic changes are those which cause changes in the nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic are changes to the genome that do not involve making changes to the nucleotide sequence, e.g. post-transcriptional processing.
>
> ["Functionally relevant changes to the genome that do not involve a
> change in the nucleotide sequence. Examples of mechanisms that produce
> such changes are DNA methylation and histone modification, each of
> which alters how genes are expressed without altering the underlying
> DNA sequence".](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics)
>
>
>
[Epigenetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics) is also generally used to refer to the study of variation induced by heritable non-genetic factors that affect the genome, such as maternal and paternal effects. The two subtly different definitions are responsible for some of the common confusion.
>
> ["Today, epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in gene
> expression without the change in gene sequence. ".](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2691666/)
>
>
>
**On microRNA**
There is some contention around whether miRNA is specifically an epigenetic mechanism - you've used it as an example - post transcriptional modifications would generally be considered epigenetic effects. See the paper from which the following extract comes which covers "classical" mechanisms too:
>
> ["Whether miRNA regulation is an epigenetic mechanism in its own right is unclear"](http://www.nature.com/pr/journal/v61/n5-2/full/pr2007126a.html)
>
>
>
Also see [whatisepigenetics.com](http://www.whatisepigenetics.com/fundamentals/):
>
> "At least three systems including DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-associated gene silencing are currently considered to initiate and sustain epigenetic change."
>
>
>
And part of the conflict is perhaps because miRNA's are seemingly involved in the control of epigenetic processes:
>
> "Epigenetics is defined as mitotically and meiotically heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve a change in the DNA sequence. Two major areas of epigenetics—DNA methylation and histone modifications—are known to have profound effects on controlling gene expression. DNA methylation is involved in normal cellular control of expression, and aberrant hypermethylation can lead to silencing of tumor-suppressor genes in carcinogenesis. Histone modifications control the accessibility of the chromatin and transcriptional activities inside a cell. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules, ~22 nucleotides long that can negatively control their target gene expression posttranscriptionally. ....
>
>
> [Taken together, miRNAs can be considered important players in the epigenetic control of gene expression.](http://www.nature.com/pr/journal/v61/n5-2/full/pr2007127a.html)"
>
>
>
From a quantitative geneticist standpoint, if it affects phenotypic variation by altering genomic properties but there is no variation in the DNA sequence, then miRNA based post-transcription modification is a source of epigenetic variance. It seems that, for molecular biologists, post-transcription modification by miRNA falls outside of the classical definition of epigenetic effects, but I've not seen any literature explaining why nor classifying it as a genetic effect. |
50,788 | Is post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression (for example regulation by microRNAs) a type of epigenetic gene expression regulation?
I think we can categorize it as epigenetic since the DNA sequence is not changed, but I have never come across that terming in any papers. Does someone have any idea, or know of any papers that categorize post-transcriptional regulation as epigenetic? | 2016/08/17 | [
"https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/50788",
"https://biology.stackexchange.com",
"https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/5054/"
] | miRNAs and other post-transcriptional regulators are very well "genetic". They are encoded by genetic elements, are expressed and are affected by mutations. Just because this mode of regulation was not well known previously, it should not be classified as an epigenetic mechanism while the traditional protein based transcription factors (TF) are not.
Epigenetics, as it is originally defined (the "formal definition") is about mechanisms that can perpetuate the state of a cell to its next generation. Inheritance of gene expression programmes is therefore epigenetic. Although the gene expression programmes themselves can be implemented via different factors including protein and RNA based regulators, they would not necessarily constitute the epigenetic mechanisms that lead to inheritance of this state.
rg255's point of view is that any mechanism that causes a variation in the functional aspects of the genome without altering the genome sequence itself, would be epigenetic. This is technically correct but in that case all gene expression regulators including TFs should constitute epigenetic mechanisms.
---
Now, the main issue is where to draw the line between *gene regulation* and *epigenetics*?
In my opinion, the *epigenetic* mechanisms are one of the ways to regulate the gene expression. Although histone modifications and DNA methylation regulate gene expression and also confer heritability to the gene expression programme, the heritability can be implemented without them as well.
You can imagine a cell as a vessel which runs a system of biochemical reactions. This system can have multiple steady states (for e.g. multiple fates of a stem cell). To perpetuate a state, the new cell just needs to have the right initial conditions. This can be proved mathematically too. Such a system can be implemented via the traditional transcription factors as well. So *what is epigenetic?*
IMHO *epigenetic* was a loose term to denote something that people were not fully aware of, at that time. Anything that was not directly mediated by transcription factors was termed as epigenetic, including long distance regulators, non-coding RNA etc.
---
**BOTTOMLINE**
I **would not** classify non-coding RNAs as "epigenetic" for the very reason that they are encoded by genes and have more or less a direct effect on the target genes, just like TFs (which are apparently *not epigenetic*). As for the papers, there were many papers that used to assign these under epigenetic mechanisms, but that is IMO just too vaguely arbitrary. (Ironically, I happened to come across miRNAs and lncRNAs while I was doing a summer project on *epigenetics* and was reading relevant papers.)
What *should be* considered *epigenetic* would be a subject of another debate. | I disagree with rg255 on this. Most if not all of posttranscriptional modification is encoded in the actual DNA sequence. Those microRNAs for example can be determined by reading the DNA bases or finding the encoded enzymes that do RNA editing (like C to U by TPR enzymes). The DNA sequence already encodes all the information that will determine if it will get modified or not.
Epigenetic regulation on the other hand are encoded on the histones and other proteins associated with DNA and can by definition not be understood by reading the sequence (e.g. acetylation and methylation). This information does not code for proteins or transcripts.
EDIT:
A quick Pubmed search underlines what most scientists think is epigenetic [Pubmed search](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=epigenetic "Pubmed"). You see loads of methylation/histone research but miRNA or transcription factors are nowhere to be seen. |
50,788 | Is post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression (for example regulation by microRNAs) a type of epigenetic gene expression regulation?
I think we can categorize it as epigenetic since the DNA sequence is not changed, but I have never come across that terming in any papers. Does someone have any idea, or know of any papers that categorize post-transcriptional regulation as epigenetic? | 2016/08/17 | [
"https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/50788",
"https://biology.stackexchange.com",
"https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/5054/"
] | miRNAs and other post-transcriptional regulators are very well "genetic". They are encoded by genetic elements, are expressed and are affected by mutations. Just because this mode of regulation was not well known previously, it should not be classified as an epigenetic mechanism while the traditional protein based transcription factors (TF) are not.
Epigenetics, as it is originally defined (the "formal definition") is about mechanisms that can perpetuate the state of a cell to its next generation. Inheritance of gene expression programmes is therefore epigenetic. Although the gene expression programmes themselves can be implemented via different factors including protein and RNA based regulators, they would not necessarily constitute the epigenetic mechanisms that lead to inheritance of this state.
rg255's point of view is that any mechanism that causes a variation in the functional aspects of the genome without altering the genome sequence itself, would be epigenetic. This is technically correct but in that case all gene expression regulators including TFs should constitute epigenetic mechanisms.
---
Now, the main issue is where to draw the line between *gene regulation* and *epigenetics*?
In my opinion, the *epigenetic* mechanisms are one of the ways to regulate the gene expression. Although histone modifications and DNA methylation regulate gene expression and also confer heritability to the gene expression programme, the heritability can be implemented without them as well.
You can imagine a cell as a vessel which runs a system of biochemical reactions. This system can have multiple steady states (for e.g. multiple fates of a stem cell). To perpetuate a state, the new cell just needs to have the right initial conditions. This can be proved mathematically too. Such a system can be implemented via the traditional transcription factors as well. So *what is epigenetic?*
IMHO *epigenetic* was a loose term to denote something that people were not fully aware of, at that time. Anything that was not directly mediated by transcription factors was termed as epigenetic, including long distance regulators, non-coding RNA etc.
---
**BOTTOMLINE**
I **would not** classify non-coding RNAs as "epigenetic" for the very reason that they are encoded by genes and have more or less a direct effect on the target genes, just like TFs (which are apparently *not epigenetic*). As for the papers, there were many papers that used to assign these under epigenetic mechanisms, but that is IMO just too vaguely arbitrary. (Ironically, I happened to come across miRNAs and lncRNAs while I was doing a summer project on *epigenetics* and was reading relevant papers.)
What *should be* considered *epigenetic* would be a subject of another debate. | You should check out this article by Adrian Bird, titled [Perceptions on Epigenetics](http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature05913)
Excerpts from the article:
>
> Should heritability be mandatory in a contemporary view of epigenetics?
>
>
>
...
>
> To explain why, it is necessary to introduce a third, somewhat informal, ‘definition’ of epigenetics that has crept into widespread use. This incarnation of epigenetics encompasses the biology of chromatin, including the complex language of chromatin marks (see page 407), the transcriptional effects of RNA interference (see page 399) and, for good measure, the effects of the higher-order structure of chromosomes and the nucleus (see page 413)
>
>
>
Finally he goes on to propose a new definition:
>
> The following could be a unifying definition of epigenetic events: the structural adaptation of chromosomal regions so as to register, signal or perpetuate altered activity states
>
>
>
If we consider that this definition might also be a possible definition for what epigenetics is, then yes RNAi would fall under the broader bounds of epigenetics |
153,378 | The [Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary's article for "ABC"](https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/abc_1?q=ABC) contains the following example:
>
> Do you know your ABC?
>
>
>
I wonder why "your" is used in this example sentence. ABC in the stated meaning of *"all the letters of the alphabet, especially as they are learnt by children"* is the same for all people and therefore the same for all children.
So, what's the point in asking a child "Do you know **your** ABC?" if there is no "his", "her" or "their" ABCs? | 2018/01/12 | [
"https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/153378",
"https://ell.stackexchange.com",
"https://ell.stackexchange.com/users/64727/"
] | *Your* can indicate something specific that the people in the conversation are aware of or have a reference to, at least in casual conversation. The OALD entry for *[your](https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/your)* includes
>
> 3. *(informal)* used to show that somebody/something is well known or often talked about
>
>
>
> >
> > This is your typical English pub.
> >
> > (ironic, disapproving) You and your bright ideas!
> >
> >
> >
>
>
>
[Macmillan's entry](https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/your) has a similar sense:
>
> *informal* used for showing that something is a typical or normal example of its type
>
>
>
> >
> > The National Television Awards is your typical glitzy event.
> >
> > This group is better than your average pop band.
> >
> >
> >
>
>
>
*[Merriam-Webster](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/your)* offers a more forceful definition:
>
> used with little or no meaning almost as an equivalent to the definite article *the*:
>
>
>
> >
> > your typical teenager
> >
> >
> >
>
>
>
Still, I would not use *your* in this sense in formal communications, and it is not interchangeable with *the* even in American English. It would be safer to say that *your* refers to someone's experience with something, and not that it is necessarily owned or associated with them. The effect of using *your* instead of *the* or another determiner is to suggest a shared knowledge or understanding of something. The effect is thus mildly ingratiating and socially leveling. My neighbor said *this isn't your typical January weather* to me because we *both* know that a forecast high of 68°F (20°C) is not normal for Washington, D.C. this time of year, and we can build a rapport based on that. | *Your* is the possessive form of *you*. *ABCs* is acting as a noun.
"To know one's ABCs" is an idiom, it means to know the alphabet, or to know the basics of a subject.
You can use any possessive pronoun in the expression.
Examples:
* *Does he know his ABCs?*
* *No, but my daughter knows her ABCs.*
* *I wish I knew my ABCs.* |
365,234 | I'm new here. Will someone help me to fix this? I updated my Mac to macOS Mojave and now it cannot connect with Bluetooth devices. Why is this happening and how can I fix this?
it's a MacBook Pro and I tried to connect my wireless headphone. I do not remember the brand. | 2019/07/24 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/365234",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/339724/"
] | I tried all available methods.
1. Deleting files from:
* /Library/Preferences - com.apple.Bluetooth.plist
* ~/Library/Preferences/ByHost - com.apple.Bluetooth.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
* and after reboot
2. To reset your Mac’s Bluetooth module
3. Tried through safe mode.
4. Created a new user.
5. Turned off the wifi
6. Made a clean install.
7. Install Catalina
8. Return from backup 10.14.5
9. After replacing the bluetooth board.
\*\* Now everything works! \*\* | Try booting the Mac into safe mode.
>
> [Safe mode (sometimes called safe boot)](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201262) is a way to start up your Mac
> so that it performs certain checks and prevents some software from
> automatically loading or opening.
>
>
> 1. Start or restart your Mac, then immediately press and hold the Shift key. The Apple logo appears on your display. If you don't see
> the Apple logo, learn what to do.
> 2. Release the Shift key when you see the login window. If your startup disk is encrypted with FileVault, you might be asked to log in
> twice: once to unlock the startup disk, and again to log in to the
> Finder.
>
>
>
Test to see if Bluetooth can connect while in safe mode. If it can, restart your Mac without pressing any keys during startup for the regular boot.
If you are still having issues connecting, make a new user account (with admin privileges) and see if the problem exists on that account.
If it exists on the other user account then you may need to [reinstall MacOS Mojave](https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/reinstall-macos-mchlp1599/mac). |
16,175 | I have a yoghurt-based sauce, e.g. yoghurt with garlic, pepper and salt, and I want to thicken it. Basically I don't want to change the taste, although minor changes are fine but I'd like to adjust its consistency.
How can I achieve that? What should I add to thicken cold sauce?
Potato flour is not an option as I don't want to warm the sauce. | 2011/07/15 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/16175",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/5397/"
] | The usual way is to use a thickener. Some of them require warming, but others do not. Guar or xanthan gum will work if used in the cold sauce. It is the easiest way. If you don't have them, yuo can use gelatine, but you'll have to dissolve it in warm liquid first and then add to the cold sauce, then wait to thicken. None of these will change the taste.
If you are from the "no additives" fraction, you can just use a thicker dairy product. I don't think the heavy whipping cream would be a particularly good fit to yogurt. The best choice would be a fermented product thicker than yogurt, e.g. sour cream or creme fraiche. But you can also use a cheese, although this will change the taste (without making it bad or too different from the original). Good choices would be cream cheese, ricotta, quark, tvorog or mascarpone. | Mixing in Heavy whipping cream and whipping the mixture should give you a thicker consistency while maintaining cold temperatures and should not dilute the flavor, though you might want to adjust your yogurt/whipping cream proportions.
If you want an even more thick consistency, you might try butter. I would whip the butter first and then add your yoghurt sauce to mix it in. |
16,175 | I have a yoghurt-based sauce, e.g. yoghurt with garlic, pepper and salt, and I want to thicken it. Basically I don't want to change the taste, although minor changes are fine but I'd like to adjust its consistency.
How can I achieve that? What should I add to thicken cold sauce?
Potato flour is not an option as I don't want to warm the sauce. | 2011/07/15 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/16175",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/5397/"
] | The usual way is to use a thickener. Some of them require warming, but others do not. Guar or xanthan gum will work if used in the cold sauce. It is the easiest way. If you don't have them, yuo can use gelatine, but you'll have to dissolve it in warm liquid first and then add to the cold sauce, then wait to thicken. None of these will change the taste.
If you are from the "no additives" fraction, you can just use a thicker dairy product. I don't think the heavy whipping cream would be a particularly good fit to yogurt. The best choice would be a fermented product thicker than yogurt, e.g. sour cream or creme fraiche. But you can also use a cheese, although this will change the taste (without making it bad or too different from the original). Good choices would be cream cheese, ricotta, quark, tvorog or mascarpone. | If the yogurt doesn’t contain modified food starch, gelatin, or gums, you could put the sauce in a coffee filter or cheesecloth lined strainer for a few hours to let some water release from the yogurt. |
16,175 | I have a yoghurt-based sauce, e.g. yoghurt with garlic, pepper and salt, and I want to thicken it. Basically I don't want to change the taste, although minor changes are fine but I'd like to adjust its consistency.
How can I achieve that? What should I add to thicken cold sauce?
Potato flour is not an option as I don't want to warm the sauce. | 2011/07/15 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/16175",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/5397/"
] | The usual way is to use a thickener. Some of them require warming, but others do not. Guar or xanthan gum will work if used in the cold sauce. It is the easiest way. If you don't have them, yuo can use gelatine, but you'll have to dissolve it in warm liquid first and then add to the cold sauce, then wait to thicken. None of these will change the taste.
If you are from the "no additives" fraction, you can just use a thicker dairy product. I don't think the heavy whipping cream would be a particularly good fit to yogurt. The best choice would be a fermented product thicker than yogurt, e.g. sour cream or creme fraiche. But you can also use a cheese, although this will change the taste (without making it bad or too different from the original). Good choices would be cream cheese, ricotta, quark, tvorog or mascarpone. | When I make yogurt based sauces, cold (tzatziki) or hot (curries etcetera), I strain the yogurt to remove some of the liquid (whey), which thickens it. Greek yogurt is strained yogurt.
It isn't necessary to use additives for thickening.
I now use cheese cloth to do the straining. Stockings, towels and jelly bags are strainers I have used in the past, before I invested in a roll of cheese cloth.
It is simple to make thickened yogurt, half hour in the straining cloth gives good results.
Note: I always save the whey, and use it for something - add it to a pot of beans if nothing else. |
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