qid int64 1 74.7M | question stringlengths 12 33.8k | date stringlengths 10 10 | metadata list | response_j stringlengths 0 115k | response_k stringlengths 2 98.3k |
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26,239 | Wikimedia Commons has two images of [Atilla the Hun](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Attila_the_Hun) from the Chronicon Pictum, dated around 1360. Is there anything (coin, portrait, bust, statue) older than that? | 2015/11/05 | [
"https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/26239",
"https://history.stackexchange.com",
"https://history.stackexchange.com/users/8103/"
] | It is not surprising that you ask about this topic for it is a very little studied phase of the complicated relationship between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. As you mentioned, many communists were gravely troubled by the rapprochement between Hitler and Stalin, leading to widespread disaffection in many of the Western Communist Parties. I would highly commend to you Roger Moorehouse’s “The Devils’ Alliance” (Hitler’s Pact with Stalin, 1939-1941; 2014) as one of the few references dealing with the 22 month pre-Barbarosa collaboration between these ideological enemies.
Prior to the Ribbentrop Molotov pact, the KPD had been
“… outlawed since the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, it had been forced underground, its members subject to arrest and persecution, and given only limited succour via the often tortuous lines of communication with their superiors Moscow. The fate of its leader, Ernst Thalmann, was indicative of how far the party had fallen. Once the giant of the political scene who had contested the presidency in 1925 and 1932, Thalmann was arrested by the Gestapo barely a month after Hitler came to power. Kept in solitary confinement, he was repeatedly questioned, abused and beaten-losing 4 teeth in one interrogation-but never granted the dignity of a trial. He simply disappeared, shunted between a succession of prisons and concentration camps from which he would never reemerge.”
“By 1939, the German Communists have been reduced to an underground fringe movement, isolated and largely swimming against the tide of public opinion, with its lines of command fractured, compromised and unreliable. Little wonder that the Nazi Soviet Pact was viewed with utter bewilderment in German Communists circles. Officially, at least, it was greeted as potential lifeline with the party announcing its approval of the pact as a “blow for peace” and expressing the hope that further, similar pacts would follow. Some Communists went further, speculating that the pact would signal an end to the persecution with the expectation that they would soon be able to hold their meetings without hindrance and that Thalmann and other prisoners would be released.”
From the tenor of your question, it appears that you reasonably suspect that this situation might have changed for the better, at least from the Communists’ point of view. After all the “line emanating from Moscow… came perilously close to advocating a political truce with Nazism, with communist energies instead to be focused on attacking the Western Powers as the true enemies of world revolution.” From Moscow, Walter Ulbricht, who later achieved considerable success in East German politics, “… blamed the war squarely on capitalism and “big business”, and branded British imperialism as more reactionary and more dangerous than Nazi imperialism, indeed as the “most reactionary force in the world”. Similarly, Izvestia ridiculed the West’s “war on Hitlerism” while the KPD’s official newspaper explained the rapid conquest of France and the Low Countries as the result of “the baleful politics of the ruling classes in England and France and their social democratic lackeys…”
However, Hitler was not to be mollified, his hatred of Communism never flagged, and “the Gestapo’s attention had scarcely lessened…” while most Communists lapsed into inaction with confiscations of communist leaflets declining from a monthly average of 1000 prior to the pact down to 82 by spring of 1940 and arrests of communists, declining from over 950 in 1937 to a mere 70 in April 1940; so that in June 1940 the SS could “no longer speak of organized resistance from Communist and Marxist circles”.
Accordingly, it seems that the short answer to your question is that the Nazi state brutally suppressed the KPD from the moment they acquired power, this continued through the 22 months of the pact, and that the only reason for the decline in arrests and confiscations of literature during the 22 months of the pact was the utter passivity of the KPD in that time frame leading “… one prominent historian of the period… [to describe]… the German Communists of that era as ‘the most shameful of Hitler’s accomplices’”. | After Germany was defeated in World War 1 the Red Army attempted to invade and conquer Poland. Russia was defeated in this as well so Germany and Russia actually became close allies in the 1920's and 1930's. Its important to note Stalin was Georgian and even though the "Russian side" lost to the "German side" during the Spanish Civil War of 1936 this experience gave Stalin a deep mistrust of Catholicism...and therefore everything Polish. Since the National Socialists were a "new Religion" in many ways the two sides had a lot in common...seeing conspiracies everywhere for example.
The irony that neither could see the conspiracy of the other is rather odd though. Certainly changing borders in the Ostland is a lesson everyone has forgotten yet again.
Will another 40 million have to die or will it be 400 million this go around? Who knows.
Its not like they have gravemarkers out that way. Just millions...and millions...and millions...of dead people. |
26,239 | Wikimedia Commons has two images of [Atilla the Hun](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Attila_the_Hun) from the Chronicon Pictum, dated around 1360. Is there anything (coin, portrait, bust, statue) older than that? | 2015/11/05 | [
"https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/26239",
"https://history.stackexchange.com",
"https://history.stackexchange.com/users/8103/"
] | In a now-deleted answer @Alex has correctly pointed out that Stalin handed over to the Nazis many German communists who had sought asylum in the USSR.
Other users have asked to name some people who have been handed over. Well, for example:
* [Margarete Buber-Neumann](http://Margarete%20Buber-Neumann)
* [Fritz Houtermans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Houtermans)
* [Hans Walter David](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Walter_David)
Some more names and details are given [here](http://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/1015793/39/Chernaya_kniga_kommunizma_Prestupleniya._Terror._Repressii.html) and [here](http://trst.narod.ru/rogovin/t7/ii_vii.htm).
All in all, it seems that about 500 communists were handed over by the USSR more or less directly to the care of the Gestapo (or 1000, it is possible that 500 refers to a first large tranche, I haven't got time to research it more fully right now). | After Germany was defeated in World War 1 the Red Army attempted to invade and conquer Poland. Russia was defeated in this as well so Germany and Russia actually became close allies in the 1920's and 1930's. Its important to note Stalin was Georgian and even though the "Russian side" lost to the "German side" during the Spanish Civil War of 1936 this experience gave Stalin a deep mistrust of Catholicism...and therefore everything Polish. Since the National Socialists were a "new Religion" in many ways the two sides had a lot in common...seeing conspiracies everywhere for example.
The irony that neither could see the conspiracy of the other is rather odd though. Certainly changing borders in the Ostland is a lesson everyone has forgotten yet again.
Will another 40 million have to die or will it be 400 million this go around? Who knows.
Its not like they have gravemarkers out that way. Just millions...and millions...and millions...of dead people. |
16,583,436 | I have trouble installing my Android SDK on WIndows 7 64bit. I already installed the latest JDK, but for some reason, when the Android SDK installer checks for Java, I get a blank page
I can see that the installer tried something, because another window opened in the taskbar, but it disappeared a second later and I'm left with the above, blank page. All the buttons do not work, so I can't perform the trick I've read in a different topic about press back and next again.
I've got no idea whats going on. | 2013/05/16 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/16583436",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/828591/"
] | Converting certificates between cer/pem/crt/der/pfx/p12 can be done in Linux with the use of **OpenSSL** tool via the terminal.
These commands allow you to convert certificates and keys to different formats to make them compatible with specific types of servers or software.
**Convert a DER file (.crt .cer .der) to PEM**
>
> openssl x509 -inform der -in certificate.cer -out certificate.pem
>
>
>
**Convert a PEM file to DER**
>
> openssl x509 -outform der -in certificate.pem -out certificate.der
>
>
>
**Convert a PKCS#12 file (.pfx .p12) containing a private key and certificates to PEM**
>
> openssl pkcs12 -in keyStore.pfx -out keyStore.pem -nodes
>
>
>
You can add -nocerts to only output the private key or add -nokeys to only output the certificates.
**Convert a PEM certificate file and a private key to PKCS#12 (.pfx .p12)**
>
> openssl pkcs12 -export -out certificate.pfx -inkey privateKey.key -in certificate.crt -certfile CACert.crt
>
>
>
For more information see:
>
> <http://www.sslshopper.com/article-most-common-openssl-commands.html>
>
>
> <https://support.ssl.com/index.php?/Knowledgebase/Article/View/19>
>
>
> | **Convert .crt to .p12**
openssl pkcs12 -export -out server.p12 -inkey server.key -in server.crt
Where server.key , is the server key .
server.crt is cert file from CA or self sigh |
28,162 | How does calling someone an "idiot" make one bound for Gehenna? I'm sure there is something of translation, meaning, or ancient culture to be considered here.
>
> ...and whoever says, You cursed fool! [You empty-headed **idiot**!] shall
> be liable to and unable to escape the hell (Gehenna) of fire.
>
>
> [Matthew 5:22 (Amplified Bible)](http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+5:22&version=AMP)
>
>
>
* Is this a point lost in translation?
* What point was Jesus making when he said this? | 2014/05/14 | [
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/28162",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | The root of this teaching is to show us more about murder. Specifically murder that spawns from arguments and the ruthlessness of the people. There is a reason that Gehenna was translated as Hell. But for the purposes of Today's English Language. If we where to directly translate the concept would have better to translate the word as Crematory. So he starts with a teaching about people getting angry. And the dangers of casting judgment against others. The term raca was a derogatory expression meaning “air head,” insinuating a person’s stupidity or inferiority.
**Translated just for you**
>
> I but say to you that everyone being angry with his brother will be liable to the judgement, and whoever shall anyhow say to his brother "Air Head" will be liable to the Sanhedrin, and whoever shall anyhow say "Fool" will be liable to the fires of the Crematory.
>
>
>
For the result of the offense can mean death. So he suggests that we do not offend.
**Matthew 18:7 NKJV**
>
> Woe to the world because of offenses! For offenses must come, but woe to that man by whom the offense comes!
>
>
>
To the crowd that Jesus was speaking to, this would have been obvious that the result of the offending statement of "Fool" was a risk for death. In the case of Gehenna a death that leaves you burning on a pile of garbage. | >
> **Mat 5:22** But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council: but whosoever shall say, Thou fool,**G3474** shall be in danger of hell fire.
>
>
> **2Co 11:23** Are they ministers of Christ? (I speak as a fool **G3912**) I am more; in labours more abundant, in stripes above measure, in prisons more frequent, in deaths oft.
>
>
> G3474
>
>
> μωρός
>
>
> mōros
>
>
> mo-ros'
>
>
> Probably form the base of G3466; dull or stupid (as if shut up), that is, heedless, (morally) blockhead, (apparently) absurd: - fool (-ish, X -ishness).
>
>
>
I like language studies but with this word it has no built in repugnant meaning that we can discern through translation by historical usage. Its not the equivalent of the f word or anything as far as I know.
This is my favorite kind of Bible problem one in which only Christ himself can solve. I do not claim to be him but I have this really kool recording of all the stuff I need for life in Christ called the Bible. There are other words fool used in the new testament and they are simular but they are not this exact word so its impossible to tell if they are equivocal unless they are used in a contextual exchange within reference texts of the Gospels.
With the Bible you cross reference the greek word and use its context to explain what this word fool which we are never supposed to say actually means and it turns out its close to Godless abomination.
The first rule of this kind of cross reference is that you discern who Chris is speaking to. Here it was Jews. He would have prolly been speaking in aramaic with some kind of hebrew mix. That doesn't really matter what matters is that we need to cross reference into the Old Testament.
>
> **Psa 14:1** To the chief Musician, A Psalm of David. The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. They are corrupt, they have done abominable works, there is none that doeth good.
>
>
>
The Old Testament describes this word or something simular to it as the equivalent of atheist but it adds abominable and without good. You can read pure evil as a translation.
Now that we understand how the word might have resonated with the crowd we can move forward into what the word actually means in the mind of Christ.
>
> **Mat 7:24** Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock:
>
>
> **Mat 7:25** And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock.
>
>
> **Mat 7:26** And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand:
>
>
> **Mat 7:27** And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it.
>
>
>
Here Jesus specificly says the person who is a fool is the one who refuses to do them but hears them anyways. A person who is stubborn against God.
>
> **Pro 29:1** He, that being often reproved hardeneth his neck, shall suddenly be destroyed, and that without remedy.
>
>
>
Jesus was referring to the man of Prov 29 who had been corrected through and by the word and those who represent the Word but refused to heed Godly counsel knowing full well it was Godly counsel. This isn't the person who questioned the validity of the teacher or the person who doubted that it was God. This is the person who knows its God yet turns away anyways.
So the equivalent translation of the word fool based on crossrfferencing is:
>
> There is no hope you! You abomination! You never should have been born! You're destined for hell! Your stupid and moronic! You refuse to listen to anyone! You're going to burn for it! (then some cuss words too)
>
>
> |
28,162 | How does calling someone an "idiot" make one bound for Gehenna? I'm sure there is something of translation, meaning, or ancient culture to be considered here.
>
> ...and whoever says, You cursed fool! [You empty-headed **idiot**!] shall
> be liable to and unable to escape the hell (Gehenna) of fire.
>
>
> [Matthew 5:22 (Amplified Bible)](http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+5:22&version=AMP)
>
>
>
* Is this a point lost in translation?
* What point was Jesus making when he said this? | 2014/05/14 | [
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/28162",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | It's not so much something lost in translation, though there may be some cultural factors coming into play. Jews considered the Words of the ten commandments to be minimum requirements, and beginning with Matthew 5:21, Jesus expounds on some the commandments pertaining to the relationship to other other people. The essence of the teaching in Matthew 5:21 ff is that the actual commandment not to murder is insufficient. Not only is murdering another a violation of the commandment, but even to insult another person violates the spirit of it. He then similarly expounds on others of the commandments, for example, not only is it a sin to commit adultery, but it is a sin to think about committing adultery. After making similar comments on other commandments, Jesus summarizes his points in Matthew 5:48--"You, therefore, must be perfect as your heavenly Father is perfect." (RSV)
To go back to the original question, merely not committing murder is imperfect, as it is the minimum required. Not insulting another person, as in calling them a fool, is perfection. | The root of this teaching is to show us more about murder. Specifically murder that spawns from arguments and the ruthlessness of the people. There is a reason that Gehenna was translated as Hell. But for the purposes of Today's English Language. If we where to directly translate the concept would have better to translate the word as Crematory. So he starts with a teaching about people getting angry. And the dangers of casting judgment against others. The term raca was a derogatory expression meaning “air head,” insinuating a person’s stupidity or inferiority.
**Translated just for you**
>
> I but say to you that everyone being angry with his brother will be liable to the judgement, and whoever shall anyhow say to his brother "Air Head" will be liable to the Sanhedrin, and whoever shall anyhow say "Fool" will be liable to the fires of the Crematory.
>
>
>
For the result of the offense can mean death. So he suggests that we do not offend.
**Matthew 18:7 NKJV**
>
> Woe to the world because of offenses! For offenses must come, but woe to that man by whom the offense comes!
>
>
>
To the crowd that Jesus was speaking to, this would have been obvious that the result of the offending statement of "Fool" was a risk for death. In the case of Gehenna a death that leaves you burning on a pile of garbage. |
28,162 | How does calling someone an "idiot" make one bound for Gehenna? I'm sure there is something of translation, meaning, or ancient culture to be considered here.
>
> ...and whoever says, You cursed fool! [You empty-headed **idiot**!] shall
> be liable to and unable to escape the hell (Gehenna) of fire.
>
>
> [Matthew 5:22 (Amplified Bible)](http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+5:22&version=AMP)
>
>
>
* Is this a point lost in translation?
* What point was Jesus making when he said this? | 2014/05/14 | [
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/28162",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | It's not so much something lost in translation, though there may be some cultural factors coming into play. Jews considered the Words of the ten commandments to be minimum requirements, and beginning with Matthew 5:21, Jesus expounds on some the commandments pertaining to the relationship to other other people. The essence of the teaching in Matthew 5:21 ff is that the actual commandment not to murder is insufficient. Not only is murdering another a violation of the commandment, but even to insult another person violates the spirit of it. He then similarly expounds on others of the commandments, for example, not only is it a sin to commit adultery, but it is a sin to think about committing adultery. After making similar comments on other commandments, Jesus summarizes his points in Matthew 5:48--"You, therefore, must be perfect as your heavenly Father is perfect." (RSV)
To go back to the original question, merely not committing murder is imperfect, as it is the minimum required. Not insulting another person, as in calling them a fool, is perfection. | >
> **Mat 5:22** But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council: but whosoever shall say, Thou fool,**G3474** shall be in danger of hell fire.
>
>
> **2Co 11:23** Are they ministers of Christ? (I speak as a fool **G3912**) I am more; in labours more abundant, in stripes above measure, in prisons more frequent, in deaths oft.
>
>
> G3474
>
>
> μωρός
>
>
> mōros
>
>
> mo-ros'
>
>
> Probably form the base of G3466; dull or stupid (as if shut up), that is, heedless, (morally) blockhead, (apparently) absurd: - fool (-ish, X -ishness).
>
>
>
I like language studies but with this word it has no built in repugnant meaning that we can discern through translation by historical usage. Its not the equivalent of the f word or anything as far as I know.
This is my favorite kind of Bible problem one in which only Christ himself can solve. I do not claim to be him but I have this really kool recording of all the stuff I need for life in Christ called the Bible. There are other words fool used in the new testament and they are simular but they are not this exact word so its impossible to tell if they are equivocal unless they are used in a contextual exchange within reference texts of the Gospels.
With the Bible you cross reference the greek word and use its context to explain what this word fool which we are never supposed to say actually means and it turns out its close to Godless abomination.
The first rule of this kind of cross reference is that you discern who Chris is speaking to. Here it was Jews. He would have prolly been speaking in aramaic with some kind of hebrew mix. That doesn't really matter what matters is that we need to cross reference into the Old Testament.
>
> **Psa 14:1** To the chief Musician, A Psalm of David. The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. They are corrupt, they have done abominable works, there is none that doeth good.
>
>
>
The Old Testament describes this word or something simular to it as the equivalent of atheist but it adds abominable and without good. You can read pure evil as a translation.
Now that we understand how the word might have resonated with the crowd we can move forward into what the word actually means in the mind of Christ.
>
> **Mat 7:24** Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock:
>
>
> **Mat 7:25** And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock.
>
>
> **Mat 7:26** And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand:
>
>
> **Mat 7:27** And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it.
>
>
>
Here Jesus specificly says the person who is a fool is the one who refuses to do them but hears them anyways. A person who is stubborn against God.
>
> **Pro 29:1** He, that being often reproved hardeneth his neck, shall suddenly be destroyed, and that without remedy.
>
>
>
Jesus was referring to the man of Prov 29 who had been corrected through and by the word and those who represent the Word but refused to heed Godly counsel knowing full well it was Godly counsel. This isn't the person who questioned the validity of the teacher or the person who doubted that it was God. This is the person who knows its God yet turns away anyways.
So the equivalent translation of the word fool based on crossrfferencing is:
>
> There is no hope you! You abomination! You never should have been born! You're destined for hell! Your stupid and moronic! You refuse to listen to anyone! You're going to burn for it! (then some cuss words too)
>
>
> |
475 | I am a web developer, just starting out as a freelancer.
I have had a few people contact me through my website asking for a quote on how much a project will cost. In order to achieve a cost, I must spend time and effort gathering as much information as possible: drawing out workflows, developing initial sitemaps, etc. I don't know how long a project will take until I have done this, and all of this takes time.
The problem is, I work full time -- so the only time I have is evenings and weekend. By that point, the client has lost interest, and all my efforts go unpaid.
My question is: How am I supposed to put a quote together on such little information without spending so much time researching, gathering data and working everything out?
The client wants a quote within 5 hours, but I need 10 hours to work on it. | 2013/06/26 | [
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/questions/475",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/users/273/"
] | I suggest two options:
1) You could create a questionnaire for potential clients that gathers a lot of information that you know you will need on most web sites. Yes, you may need more details, but you could try to gather the first round of information without investing a lot of time in the effort. (Your questionnaire could ask about if the site needs an e-commerce component, if you will need to gather contact information, etc., for example.)
2) I recommend you sell a design product to prospects. Here's how I'd pitch it: A good website requires a lot of thought go into the project. What do you need, who is your audience, etc. I will work with you to develop this information, put together sitemaps, workflows, etc. For this effort, I will charge you $X. Once this is done, I will provide you a bid for development of the website. I hope you use me for the site development too, but you can also take this (the workflows, sitemaps, etc.) and get pitches from other web developers.
The advantage to this second option is that you can charge something for the work you will be doing to actual develop the site, so it gets you to the quote process sooner. And you get away from tire kickers who are asking for a quote but don't want to invest any time in the effort. | When you can't estimate the time you will be working on a project, try to agree on a price per hour, and give the client a rough estimate of the time you'll need.
When a client wants something in 5 hours, and you need 10 hours, tell him. He can either choose to wait 5 more hours, or to go with someone else. There's nothing to do about this *on short-term*. On long-term, you can develop your skills to save time later on.
>
> How am I supposed to put a quote together on such little information without spending so much time researching, gathering data and working everything out?
>
>
>
If you have too little information, you can do two things or a combination of both:
* Ask for more information
* Give a very rough estimate with upper and lower boundaries
You will have to invest some time in making up the quote. When that takes too much time and you don't get the job, that's your risk being a freelancer. |
475 | I am a web developer, just starting out as a freelancer.
I have had a few people contact me through my website asking for a quote on how much a project will cost. In order to achieve a cost, I must spend time and effort gathering as much information as possible: drawing out workflows, developing initial sitemaps, etc. I don't know how long a project will take until I have done this, and all of this takes time.
The problem is, I work full time -- so the only time I have is evenings and weekend. By that point, the client has lost interest, and all my efforts go unpaid.
My question is: How am I supposed to put a quote together on such little information without spending so much time researching, gathering data and working everything out?
The client wants a quote within 5 hours, but I need 10 hours to work on it. | 2013/06/26 | [
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/questions/475",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/users/273/"
] | As someone who has worked as a freelancer while working full time, I've come to know that I just simply can't move as quickly as someone who works full time as a freelancer and who has no other work obligations. As a result, when someone claims they need something in a shorter time period than what I can possibly meet, then this is a red flag that this isn't the client for me.
If a client is giving unrealistic expectations during the estimate period, there's a strong likelihood the client will have these same unrealistic expectations once they're actually paying you money.
I generally spend a couple days putting together an estimate for something that may take a few weeks to a couple months. When I've taken shortcuts in this area I've found that I went over my budget and had to eat some of the cost. So it's important to take a reasonable amount of time to estimate the project. The bigger and more complex the project, the longer the estimate may take.
Lastly, I've found that breaking up the project into several, paid deliverables can help speed up the estimate process by focusing only on one part at a time. For instance, if you take a 6 month project and break it up into 6 parts, you could give an estimate on the first deliverable. This of course depends on the client and whether or not they're willing to break things up, so be sure to talk with them about this first. | When you can't estimate the time you will be working on a project, try to agree on a price per hour, and give the client a rough estimate of the time you'll need.
When a client wants something in 5 hours, and you need 10 hours, tell him. He can either choose to wait 5 more hours, or to go with someone else. There's nothing to do about this *on short-term*. On long-term, you can develop your skills to save time later on.
>
> How am I supposed to put a quote together on such little information without spending so much time researching, gathering data and working everything out?
>
>
>
If you have too little information, you can do two things or a combination of both:
* Ask for more information
* Give a very rough estimate with upper and lower boundaries
You will have to invest some time in making up the quote. When that takes too much time and you don't get the job, that's your risk being a freelancer. |
30,573 | One of my users' XP computer wouldn't start this morning - the problem turned out to be a corrupt registry, fixed with a chkdsk. Now everything is fine, except he's missing all his printers and can't add any. When I try to add a network printer (by drag and drop or going through the wizard), I get:
>
> Windows cannot connect to the printer. Either the printer name was typed incorrectly, or the specified printer has lost its connection to the server.
>
>
>
Neither of those conditions is true, and the printers all work fine from any other workstation.
Also, if I try to add the printer that's physically connected to LPT1 on his computer, the New Hardware Wizard says:
>
> There was a problem installing this hardware: Hewlett-Packard HP LaserJet 6P
>
>
>
It then gives me the option to install manually, where I get to chose the LPT port - only to find nothing listed in the selection box. The Device Manager shows a happy and healthy LPT1, so I have no idea why it's absent here.
Any ideas? I really don't feel like formatting and reinstalling everything. | 2009/06/23 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/30573",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/-1/"
] | I would remove all printer drivers and then try again.
Here is the MS article on what to do:
<http://support.microsoft.com/kb/135406/en-us> | OK, I know this sounds like a lame answer, but have you rebooted the PC? I've seen cases where Spool32 crashes, and displays a dialog box that it has to end. BAM! All the Printers disappear in Printers and Faxes, and the Add-a-Printer functions fail. Rebooting (maybe just restarting the Spooler) seems to fix it. Oh, and the users always deny having seen the dialog box that they clicked OK on. |
30,573 | One of my users' XP computer wouldn't start this morning - the problem turned out to be a corrupt registry, fixed with a chkdsk. Now everything is fine, except he's missing all his printers and can't add any. When I try to add a network printer (by drag and drop or going through the wizard), I get:
>
> Windows cannot connect to the printer. Either the printer name was typed incorrectly, or the specified printer has lost its connection to the server.
>
>
>
Neither of those conditions is true, and the printers all work fine from any other workstation.
Also, if I try to add the printer that's physically connected to LPT1 on his computer, the New Hardware Wizard says:
>
> There was a problem installing this hardware: Hewlett-Packard HP LaserJet 6P
>
>
>
It then gives me the option to install manually, where I get to chose the LPT port - only to find nothing listed in the selection box. The Device Manager shows a happy and healthy LPT1, so I have no idea why it's absent here.
Any ideas? I really don't feel like formatting and reinstalling everything. | 2009/06/23 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/30573",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/-1/"
] | I would remove all printer drivers and then try again.
Here is the MS article on what to do:
<http://support.microsoft.com/kb/135406/en-us> | I noticed that you skipped something very crucial. After the chkdsk works and you finally get in, I think a rollback is called for to get most everything in your settings back. I think this is quicker for getting the system back than trying to continue one a crippled system. Remember, "if you find yourself in a hole, stop diging" |
30,573 | One of my users' XP computer wouldn't start this morning - the problem turned out to be a corrupt registry, fixed with a chkdsk. Now everything is fine, except he's missing all his printers and can't add any. When I try to add a network printer (by drag and drop or going through the wizard), I get:
>
> Windows cannot connect to the printer. Either the printer name was typed incorrectly, or the specified printer has lost its connection to the server.
>
>
>
Neither of those conditions is true, and the printers all work fine from any other workstation.
Also, if I try to add the printer that's physically connected to LPT1 on his computer, the New Hardware Wizard says:
>
> There was a problem installing this hardware: Hewlett-Packard HP LaserJet 6P
>
>
>
It then gives me the option to install manually, where I get to chose the LPT port - only to find nothing listed in the selection box. The Device Manager shows a happy and healthy LPT1, so I have no idea why it's absent here.
Any ideas? I really don't feel like formatting and reinstalling everything. | 2009/06/23 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/30573",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/-1/"
] | I would remove all printer drivers and then try again.
Here is the MS article on what to do:
<http://support.microsoft.com/kb/135406/en-us> | My solution was to reformat the computer.
For anyone else with this problem, I did have a similar incident on a different computer where the culprit was an out-of-date driver for an HP laserjet (which the user in this question did not have - go figure). |
30,573 | One of my users' XP computer wouldn't start this morning - the problem turned out to be a corrupt registry, fixed with a chkdsk. Now everything is fine, except he's missing all his printers and can't add any. When I try to add a network printer (by drag and drop or going through the wizard), I get:
>
> Windows cannot connect to the printer. Either the printer name was typed incorrectly, or the specified printer has lost its connection to the server.
>
>
>
Neither of those conditions is true, and the printers all work fine from any other workstation.
Also, if I try to add the printer that's physically connected to LPT1 on his computer, the New Hardware Wizard says:
>
> There was a problem installing this hardware: Hewlett-Packard HP LaserJet 6P
>
>
>
It then gives me the option to install manually, where I get to chose the LPT port - only to find nothing listed in the selection box. The Device Manager shows a happy and healthy LPT1, so I have no idea why it's absent here.
Any ideas? I really don't feel like formatting and reinstalling everything. | 2009/06/23 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/30573",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/-1/"
] | My solution was to reformat the computer.
For anyone else with this problem, I did have a similar incident on a different computer where the culprit was an out-of-date driver for an HP laserjet (which the user in this question did not have - go figure). | OK, I know this sounds like a lame answer, but have you rebooted the PC? I've seen cases where Spool32 crashes, and displays a dialog box that it has to end. BAM! All the Printers disappear in Printers and Faxes, and the Add-a-Printer functions fail. Rebooting (maybe just restarting the Spooler) seems to fix it. Oh, and the users always deny having seen the dialog box that they clicked OK on. |
30,573 | One of my users' XP computer wouldn't start this morning - the problem turned out to be a corrupt registry, fixed with a chkdsk. Now everything is fine, except he's missing all his printers and can't add any. When I try to add a network printer (by drag and drop or going through the wizard), I get:
>
> Windows cannot connect to the printer. Either the printer name was typed incorrectly, or the specified printer has lost its connection to the server.
>
>
>
Neither of those conditions is true, and the printers all work fine from any other workstation.
Also, if I try to add the printer that's physically connected to LPT1 on his computer, the New Hardware Wizard says:
>
> There was a problem installing this hardware: Hewlett-Packard HP LaserJet 6P
>
>
>
It then gives me the option to install manually, where I get to chose the LPT port - only to find nothing listed in the selection box. The Device Manager shows a happy and healthy LPT1, so I have no idea why it's absent here.
Any ideas? I really don't feel like formatting and reinstalling everything. | 2009/06/23 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/30573",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/-1/"
] | My solution was to reformat the computer.
For anyone else with this problem, I did have a similar incident on a different computer where the culprit was an out-of-date driver for an HP laserjet (which the user in this question did not have - go figure). | I noticed that you skipped something very crucial. After the chkdsk works and you finally get in, I think a rollback is called for to get most everything in your settings back. I think this is quicker for getting the system back than trying to continue one a crippled system. Remember, "if you find yourself in a hole, stop diging" |
35,393 | I'm currently working on a book with two protagonists and switching the perspective between them. They have quite different plotlines, but actually they're the same person. English is not my first language, and in my language a subject always has a gender-neutral word. But I'm afraid my readers will feel cheated by the revelation/twist.
How to avoid this and make it believable? | 2018/04/23 | [
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/questions/35393",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/users/31012/"
] | **Do you mean a Jekyll/Hyde plot?** Such a plot twist needs some amount of foreshadowing, so that the savvy reader might suspect, while the less savvy reader would have a moment of "Aha! now it all makes sense!"
Such foreshadowing can come in the form of information that Jekyll receives and Hyde responds to, Hyde doing things that would be in one way or another beneficial to Jekyll but Jekyll would never do, Jekyll avoiding conversations about Hyde, etc. (All of this works regardless of whether they're a good/evil duo like Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde, or any other distinction between them.)
Another important point would be that they can't be at two places at once. So Jekyll might be unable to make an appointment, for example, with no good explanation, the real reason being that he's busy as Hyde. | Well, perhaps focus on different sides of the character's life. If one plot revolves around family/friends/a love interest and the other plot revolves around a mystery, let the different plots bring forth different sides of your main character.
One strategy could also be to let other characters call your main character different nicknames depending on which plot is evolving - One person can have one nickname in one group and another name in another.
Futhermore, if your main character is placed in different scenarios in the different plots (which we could assume they are), they would also mentally think differently about their experiences and the feelings connected to them. |
35,393 | I'm currently working on a book with two protagonists and switching the perspective between them. They have quite different plotlines, but actually they're the same person. English is not my first language, and in my language a subject always has a gender-neutral word. But I'm afraid my readers will feel cheated by the revelation/twist.
How to avoid this and make it believable? | 2018/04/23 | [
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/questions/35393",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/users/31012/"
] | There are many ways to do this, and for just as many reasons why this can make perfect sense. Let's start with popular means, and look at the reasons this makes sense.
>
> **Disclaimer: I don't know enough about the story you are working on to offer advice catered to it (otherwise your question is apt to be closed as too 'in-story'). So I offer some general suggestions that could offer the angle you desire, and you may tweak it until it fits.**
>
>
>
Fight Club, in which a man finds out he's both protagonist and antagonist. He has Multiple Personalities ([Dissociative Personality Disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder)) one of which is the protagonist, the other is the antagonist. Yes, it's very dependent on psychology, but it's quite effective as used here.
Bane and Shadow, by Jon Skovron. In which one of the protagonists is 'magically altered', and brainwashed, to be controlled by the antagonists to do their dirty work. He doesn't realise he's the bad guy while under their influence, and has no memory of his deeds while under their power. While this also has a very psychological undertone, it's done quite well in my opinion.
Now. What I suggest, if you do not wish to take a more psychological approach (though, it does offer exactly what you want), there are options.
First, you can consider either making simply putting the protagonist into very different situations. Fact is, we react differently to different situations. You can do this with time, literally having the two storylines play out a decade apart. A lot can happen in ten years, and we could become someone we barely recognise if the events leading up to that drastic change are significant.
You could also have this person be a 'spy' of some sort, needing to repress certain thoughts and aspects of their self in order to fly under the radar.
You can also have a genderfluid person, though I don't advise this, for the purpose of it being a bit misleading in its entirety. Meaning, it gives people an incorrect view of what genderfluid is (and while that isn't something I believe should be done, it is an option all the same).
Another rather interesting aspect, and one I've seen done really well, is with a transgender person. Using the same 'different timeline' suggestion as above, you can show them in one timeline as "pre-transition" and "post-transition", which would usually mean the world reacts differently to them because of the perceived difference (difference in appearance). This would allow for a certain amount of growth, and it could offer a solid reasoning why the same person reacts differently. | Well, perhaps focus on different sides of the character's life. If one plot revolves around family/friends/a love interest and the other plot revolves around a mystery, let the different plots bring forth different sides of your main character.
One strategy could also be to let other characters call your main character different nicknames depending on which plot is evolving - One person can have one nickname in one group and another name in another.
Futhermore, if your main character is placed in different scenarios in the different plots (which we could assume they are), they would also mentally think differently about their experiences and the feelings connected to them. |
35,393 | I'm currently working on a book with two protagonists and switching the perspective between them. They have quite different plotlines, but actually they're the same person. English is not my first language, and in my language a subject always has a gender-neutral word. But I'm afraid my readers will feel cheated by the revelation/twist.
How to avoid this and make it believable? | 2018/04/23 | [
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/questions/35393",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/users/31012/"
] | **Do you mean a Jekyll/Hyde plot?** Such a plot twist needs some amount of foreshadowing, so that the savvy reader might suspect, while the less savvy reader would have a moment of "Aha! now it all makes sense!"
Such foreshadowing can come in the form of information that Jekyll receives and Hyde responds to, Hyde doing things that would be in one way or another beneficial to Jekyll but Jekyll would never do, Jekyll avoiding conversations about Hyde, etc. (All of this works regardless of whether they're a good/evil duo like Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde, or any other distinction between them.)
Another important point would be that they can't be at two places at once. So Jekyll might be unable to make an appointment, for example, with no good explanation, the real reason being that he's busy as Hyde. | One way to do this would be the way the movie "Fight Club" did it.
In that movie the main character is a passive person who meets a very active person. This person convinces him to set up a fight club where people come to voluntarily fight each other. Things get out of control, and little clues start building up and the MC realizes almost too late that he is both characters.
Another way to do this is to have the MC act out two different lives or parts of his/her life. For example, the character could be a young woman in love in one plot line, and the leader of a revolution in another.
I think one key to doing this without turning off the reader is to leave little hints, especially if the character isn't doing this on purpose or by insanity. The character may just be very focused and not normally think of the other part of their life.
For example, the young woman in love is reading the paper and is happy that the revolution is winning instead of thinking of them as terrorists. Perhaps when reading she knows just a bit more than she should know from the article, or contradicts a TV report to her family. Perhaps the leader of the revolution is wearing a piece of jewelry that was given to the young woman by her husband.
Another key is to have the plot lines eventually converge. Perhaps the antagonist realizes who the leader of the revolution is and starts a move to arrest everybody in the young lady's house, or to bomb it. |
35,393 | I'm currently working on a book with two protagonists and switching the perspective between them. They have quite different plotlines, but actually they're the same person. English is not my first language, and in my language a subject always has a gender-neutral word. But I'm afraid my readers will feel cheated by the revelation/twist.
How to avoid this and make it believable? | 2018/04/23 | [
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/questions/35393",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/users/31012/"
] | There are many ways to do this, and for just as many reasons why this can make perfect sense. Let's start with popular means, and look at the reasons this makes sense.
>
> **Disclaimer: I don't know enough about the story you are working on to offer advice catered to it (otherwise your question is apt to be closed as too 'in-story'). So I offer some general suggestions that could offer the angle you desire, and you may tweak it until it fits.**
>
>
>
Fight Club, in which a man finds out he's both protagonist and antagonist. He has Multiple Personalities ([Dissociative Personality Disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder)) one of which is the protagonist, the other is the antagonist. Yes, it's very dependent on psychology, but it's quite effective as used here.
Bane and Shadow, by Jon Skovron. In which one of the protagonists is 'magically altered', and brainwashed, to be controlled by the antagonists to do their dirty work. He doesn't realise he's the bad guy while under their influence, and has no memory of his deeds while under their power. While this also has a very psychological undertone, it's done quite well in my opinion.
Now. What I suggest, if you do not wish to take a more psychological approach (though, it does offer exactly what you want), there are options.
First, you can consider either making simply putting the protagonist into very different situations. Fact is, we react differently to different situations. You can do this with time, literally having the two storylines play out a decade apart. A lot can happen in ten years, and we could become someone we barely recognise if the events leading up to that drastic change are significant.
You could also have this person be a 'spy' of some sort, needing to repress certain thoughts and aspects of their self in order to fly under the radar.
You can also have a genderfluid person, though I don't advise this, for the purpose of it being a bit misleading in its entirety. Meaning, it gives people an incorrect view of what genderfluid is (and while that isn't something I believe should be done, it is an option all the same).
Another rather interesting aspect, and one I've seen done really well, is with a transgender person. Using the same 'different timeline' suggestion as above, you can show them in one timeline as "pre-transition" and "post-transition", which would usually mean the world reacts differently to them because of the perceived difference (difference in appearance). This would allow for a certain amount of growth, and it could offer a solid reasoning why the same person reacts differently. | One way to do this would be the way the movie "Fight Club" did it.
In that movie the main character is a passive person who meets a very active person. This person convinces him to set up a fight club where people come to voluntarily fight each other. Things get out of control, and little clues start building up and the MC realizes almost too late that he is both characters.
Another way to do this is to have the MC act out two different lives or parts of his/her life. For example, the character could be a young woman in love in one plot line, and the leader of a revolution in another.
I think one key to doing this without turning off the reader is to leave little hints, especially if the character isn't doing this on purpose or by insanity. The character may just be very focused and not normally think of the other part of their life.
For example, the young woman in love is reading the paper and is happy that the revolution is winning instead of thinking of them as terrorists. Perhaps when reading she knows just a bit more than she should know from the article, or contradicts a TV report to her family. Perhaps the leader of the revolution is wearing a piece of jewelry that was given to the young woman by her husband.
Another key is to have the plot lines eventually converge. Perhaps the antagonist realizes who the leader of the revolution is and starts a move to arrest everybody in the young lady's house, or to bomb it. |
35,393 | I'm currently working on a book with two protagonists and switching the perspective between them. They have quite different plotlines, but actually they're the same person. English is not my first language, and in my language a subject always has a gender-neutral word. But I'm afraid my readers will feel cheated by the revelation/twist.
How to avoid this and make it believable? | 2018/04/23 | [
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/questions/35393",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/users/31012/"
] | **Do you mean a Jekyll/Hyde plot?** Such a plot twist needs some amount of foreshadowing, so that the savvy reader might suspect, while the less savvy reader would have a moment of "Aha! now it all makes sense!"
Such foreshadowing can come in the form of information that Jekyll receives and Hyde responds to, Hyde doing things that would be in one way or another beneficial to Jekyll but Jekyll would never do, Jekyll avoiding conversations about Hyde, etc. (All of this works regardless of whether they're a good/evil duo like Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde, or any other distinction between them.)
Another important point would be that they can't be at two places at once. So Jekyll might be unable to make an appointment, for example, with no good explanation, the real reason being that he's busy as Hyde. | There are many ways to do this, and for just as many reasons why this can make perfect sense. Let's start with popular means, and look at the reasons this makes sense.
>
> **Disclaimer: I don't know enough about the story you are working on to offer advice catered to it (otherwise your question is apt to be closed as too 'in-story'). So I offer some general suggestions that could offer the angle you desire, and you may tweak it until it fits.**
>
>
>
Fight Club, in which a man finds out he's both protagonist and antagonist. He has Multiple Personalities ([Dissociative Personality Disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder)) one of which is the protagonist, the other is the antagonist. Yes, it's very dependent on psychology, but it's quite effective as used here.
Bane and Shadow, by Jon Skovron. In which one of the protagonists is 'magically altered', and brainwashed, to be controlled by the antagonists to do their dirty work. He doesn't realise he's the bad guy while under their influence, and has no memory of his deeds while under their power. While this also has a very psychological undertone, it's done quite well in my opinion.
Now. What I suggest, if you do not wish to take a more psychological approach (though, it does offer exactly what you want), there are options.
First, you can consider either making simply putting the protagonist into very different situations. Fact is, we react differently to different situations. You can do this with time, literally having the two storylines play out a decade apart. A lot can happen in ten years, and we could become someone we barely recognise if the events leading up to that drastic change are significant.
You could also have this person be a 'spy' of some sort, needing to repress certain thoughts and aspects of their self in order to fly under the radar.
You can also have a genderfluid person, though I don't advise this, for the purpose of it being a bit misleading in its entirety. Meaning, it gives people an incorrect view of what genderfluid is (and while that isn't something I believe should be done, it is an option all the same).
Another rather interesting aspect, and one I've seen done really well, is with a transgender person. Using the same 'different timeline' suggestion as above, you can show them in one timeline as "pre-transition" and "post-transition", which would usually mean the world reacts differently to them because of the perceived difference (difference in appearance). This would allow for a certain amount of growth, and it could offer a solid reasoning why the same person reacts differently. |
42,470 | I am having a hard time evaluating how much size i need for my SQL2005 database. I am creating a content based website (articles - videos - images - forums ) with user profile and was thinking about having probably a small to a mid size audience.Is there a way to evaluate how much space or how many databases i would need ? I have an account hosted at DiscountASP and for the database size they offer (300 -700MB) i have the feeling that i would reach the limit pretty fast and will have to spend a lot more.
How do you calculate/test how much space you need? Does adding as many dummy entries to the database a good enough way to evaluate the database usage? | 2009/07/18 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/42470",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/13463/"
] | If you're only storing information about the videos and images in the database you shouldn't reach that kind of limit quickly.
To test this why don't you install SQL Server 2005 Express on your system and see how big your database is with an amount of sample data close to what you expect. Also, most hosting companies give you the option to move to a larger database later so if you think it'll be an issue make sure to go with a company that allows this. | There are several database size estimating tools via Google, but these all assume "fixed" width data: integers, strings etc and row count estimates
If you want to store images and videos, then these won't be much use.
I could make a number up, but you're taking hundreds of gigbytes very quickly. |
42,470 | I am having a hard time evaluating how much size i need for my SQL2005 database. I am creating a content based website (articles - videos - images - forums ) with user profile and was thinking about having probably a small to a mid size audience.Is there a way to evaluate how much space or how many databases i would need ? I have an account hosted at DiscountASP and for the database size they offer (300 -700MB) i have the feeling that i would reach the limit pretty fast and will have to spend a lot more.
How do you calculate/test how much space you need? Does adding as many dummy entries to the database a good enough way to evaluate the database usage? | 2009/07/18 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/42470",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/13463/"
] | If you're only storing information about the videos and images in the database you shouldn't reach that kind of limit quickly.
To test this why don't you install SQL Server 2005 Express on your system and see how big your database is with an amount of sample data close to what you expect. Also, most hosting companies give you the option to move to a larger database later so if you think it'll be an issue make sure to go with a company that allows this. | Try to approximate. For instance, "comments" table with dynamic-width rows: avg-size = (uid [4] + flags [4] + avg-comment-length (100)) \* number-of-records = 144 bytes per post \* number-of-records = ...
The numbers heavily depend on your table structure.
Also, if you're designing a web application: think of exporting long data from the database into files to save space. E.g. comments can be stored in data/comments/.txt
Additionally, you can use compressed tables (or manually gzcompress text data defore insertion).
Cheers! |
42,470 | I am having a hard time evaluating how much size i need for my SQL2005 database. I am creating a content based website (articles - videos - images - forums ) with user profile and was thinking about having probably a small to a mid size audience.Is there a way to evaluate how much space or how many databases i would need ? I have an account hosted at DiscountASP and for the database size they offer (300 -700MB) i have the feeling that i would reach the limit pretty fast and will have to spend a lot more.
How do you calculate/test how much space you need? Does adding as many dummy entries to the database a good enough way to evaluate the database usage? | 2009/07/18 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/42470",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/13463/"
] | If you're only storing information about the videos and images in the database you shouldn't reach that kind of limit quickly.
To test this why don't you install SQL Server 2005 Express on your system and see how big your database is with an amount of sample data close to what you expect. Also, most hosting companies give you the option to move to a larger database later so if you think it'll be an issue make sure to go with a company that allows this. | If you store the images and videos in the database you will hit the limit very quickly. If you don't then you can probably store a fair amount of information, probably hundreds of thousands of records, depending on the field types. |
17,554 | I recently remembered a scene from a movie but can't quite place it. To give my racing mind some peace, would you please try to identify this movie?
So, some guy, about 18 to 25 years old, hangs around some kind of general store on a regular basis and becomes (or is) good friends with the store owner who maybe plays some kind of fatherly role. The boy's not really clever and somehow manages to need quite an amount of money. Maybe he owes the mob, I don't know. Anyway, he decides to rob the store he used to hang around in but the store owner (male? female?) instantly recognizes him and fights him off.
One thing I can remember is, that the store owner, while fighting the perp off, shouts something like "why are you so stupid? You stupid stupid boy!". They don't seem to be too angry about the attempted robbery itself but just disappointed in the guy and maybe the broken trust.
I believe it to be an English language movie, but it might be German, in which case I want to apologize.
Based on the roadmovie-ish feel I have about that movie I'd place it between 1995 and 2005 but don't pin me down for it. Also, note that this scene is by far not the main "thing" in that movie. | 2014/02/27 | [
"https://movies.stackexchange.com/questions/17554",
"https://movies.stackexchange.com",
"https://movies.stackexchange.com/users/8269/"
] | I think there was a scene like this in [White Men Can't Jump](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105812/). There were a lot of secondary basketball players in various scenes of that movie. One of them needed money to place a bet, so he put a stocking over his head (I think?) and ran into a store where the owner recognized him immediately, told him he knew him from when he was a kid, and kicked him out of the store.
Might be a totally different movie than what you're thinking of. But I thought I'd throw it out there. | Any chance that it was Thai and not German? I'm pretty sure there was a similar scene in Tony Jaa's [*The Protector (Tom yum goong)*](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0427954/), in which someone attempts to rob a store while wearing a stocking over his head, but the shop owner berates him for being easily recognisable. Unfortunately I can't find any clips of it anywhere online... |
335,029 | I am applying for a new job; I currently work in my family-owned F&B firm. Now, in the job portal, there is a column where I have to mention my current company. I don't want to give the name of my firm as it is not well-known and also, it is not in the same domain as the job I am applying for.
I have currently put down "Own F&B establishment" in the column. But the "own" part seems kind of odd to me. Is there any other word or phrase that I can use instead, which would indicate I am not just working there, but am a stakeholder. | 2016/06/30 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/335029",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/183228/"
] | **Tipping point (sociology)** — [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipping_point_(sociology))
>
> In sociology, a tipping point is a point in time when a group—or a large number of group members—rapidly and dramatically changes its behavior by widely adopting a previously rare practice.
>
>
> The phrase was first used in sociology by Morton Grodzins when he adopted the phrase from physics where it referred to the adding a small amount of weight to a balanced object until the additional weight caused the object to suddenly and completely topple, or tip. Grodzins studied integrating American neighborhoods in the early 1960s. He discovered that most of the white families remained in the neighborhood as long as the comparative number of black families remained very small. But, at a certain point, when "one too many" black families arrived, the remaining white families would move out en masse in a process known as white flight. He called that moment the "tipping point".
>
>
>
>
> Journalists and academics have applied the phrase to dramatic changes in governments, such as during the Arab Spring.
>
>
>
>
> Tipping point is not the only phrase from physics that has been in other fields as a metaphor for human behavior. Critical mass from nuclear physics is another.
>
>
>
From [Malcolm Gladwell's "The Tipping Point"](http://gladwell.com/the-tipping-point/)
>
> The tipping point is that magic moment when an idea, trend, or social behavior crosses a threshold, tips, and spreads like wildfire.
>
>
>
From [ODO](https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/tipping-point)
>
> *noun* The point at which a series of small changes or incidents becomes significant enough to cause a larger, more important change.
>
>
> *"Brooding about this needless death, I reached the internal tipping point, where my guilt started to outweigh my pleasure."*
>
>
> | **Threshold** — [ODO](https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/threshold)
>
> *noun* 2.2 The level at which one starts to feel or react to something
>
>
> *"Conditioned to expect immediate gratification, these youth have shorter attention spans and also a low threshold for boredom."*
>
>
> |
335,029 | I am applying for a new job; I currently work in my family-owned F&B firm. Now, in the job portal, there is a column where I have to mention my current company. I don't want to give the name of my firm as it is not well-known and also, it is not in the same domain as the job I am applying for.
I have currently put down "Own F&B establishment" in the column. But the "own" part seems kind of odd to me. Is there any other word or phrase that I can use instead, which would indicate I am not just working there, but am a stakeholder. | 2016/06/30 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/335029",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/183228/"
] | **Tipping point (sociology)** — [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipping_point_(sociology))
>
> In sociology, a tipping point is a point in time when a group—or a large number of group members—rapidly and dramatically changes its behavior by widely adopting a previously rare practice.
>
>
> The phrase was first used in sociology by Morton Grodzins when he adopted the phrase from physics where it referred to the adding a small amount of weight to a balanced object until the additional weight caused the object to suddenly and completely topple, or tip. Grodzins studied integrating American neighborhoods in the early 1960s. He discovered that most of the white families remained in the neighborhood as long as the comparative number of black families remained very small. But, at a certain point, when "one too many" black families arrived, the remaining white families would move out en masse in a process known as white flight. He called that moment the "tipping point".
>
>
>
>
> Journalists and academics have applied the phrase to dramatic changes in governments, such as during the Arab Spring.
>
>
>
>
> Tipping point is not the only phrase from physics that has been in other fields as a metaphor for human behavior. Critical mass from nuclear physics is another.
>
>
>
From [Malcolm Gladwell's "The Tipping Point"](http://gladwell.com/the-tipping-point/)
>
> The tipping point is that magic moment when an idea, trend, or social behavior crosses a threshold, tips, and spreads like wildfire.
>
>
>
From [ODO](https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/tipping-point)
>
> *noun* The point at which a series of small changes or incidents becomes significant enough to cause a larger, more important change.
>
>
> *"Brooding about this needless death, I reached the internal tipping point, where my guilt started to outweigh my pleasure."*
>
>
> | **The final/last straw** — [Cambridge](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/final-last-straw)
(also *the straw that breaks the camel's back*)
>
> the last in a series of unpleasant events that finally makes you feel that you cannot continue to accept a bad situation.
>
>
> *"Losing my job was bad enough, but being evicted was the final straw."*
>
> *"She's always been rude to me, but it was the last straw when she started insulting my mother"*
>
>
> |
344,335 | I'm working on a project where a program running on the mobile phone needs to communicate with a program running on the PC it's connected to. Ideally, I'd like to use USB, WiFi, whatever to communicate.
The two programs should be able to communicate things like battery life, text messages, etc... But I can work on that later, I just need to get them to talk.
What's the best way to do this? | 2008/12/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/344335",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/29249/"
] | "Best" is really subjective and highly dependent on a lot of factors like devices, topology, firewall presence, need for security, etc, etc.
Where do you need the comms to originate and will you have an ActiveSync connection? If the PC initiates the comms and you have ActiveSync, then RAPI is the transport you'd use as it's got all of the infrastructure done and ready.
For anything else you're going to need some form of proprietary protocol and transport mechanism. Typically I write a simple socket protocol with a defined message structure (typically a message ID, CRC, message length and data payload). I then have some base message class that handles the comms and a set of derived messages for each specific command I want. For 2-way stuff that requires a response, I typically create a base Response class and then derive specific response formats from it. | You might try looking into the OpeNETCF.Desktop.Communications library. You can start at <http://www.opennetcf.com/FreeSoftware/tabid/84/Default.aspx> and follow the links to find the necessary downloads. (I think you may need to get it from their subversion repository). |
344,335 | I'm working on a project where a program running on the mobile phone needs to communicate with a program running on the PC it's connected to. Ideally, I'd like to use USB, WiFi, whatever to communicate.
The two programs should be able to communicate things like battery life, text messages, etc... But I can work on that later, I just need to get them to talk.
What's the best way to do this? | 2008/12/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/344335",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/29249/"
] | Assuming you have a wifi connection, one way for your Windows Mobile program to communicate with your PC would be to use WCF on the .NET compact framework 3.5.
You'd create a new WCF application to run you your PC, and expose an interface exposing functions you want to call from your Windows Mobile Device.
WCF on Windows Mobile requires Compact Framework 3.5 to be installed on your device.
You also need the "Windows Mobile power toys" to be able to generate compatible proxies to call from Windows mobile.
[Power Toys for .NET Compact Framework 3.5](http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=c8174c14-a27d-4148-bf01-86c2e0953eab&DisplayLang=en)
Calling the WCF service from your WM Device also requires you to manually set up the binding and endpoint to pass into your web service proxy (with desktop WCF this is done automatically by loading them from a config file).
WCF on Windows Mobile currently only supports the basic http binding (which can be encrypted if you want), but this may be enough for your needs. | You might try looking into the OpeNETCF.Desktop.Communications library. You can start at <http://www.opennetcf.com/FreeSoftware/tabid/84/Default.aspx> and follow the links to find the necessary downloads. (I think you may need to get it from their subversion repository). |
344,335 | I'm working on a project where a program running on the mobile phone needs to communicate with a program running on the PC it's connected to. Ideally, I'd like to use USB, WiFi, whatever to communicate.
The two programs should be able to communicate things like battery life, text messages, etc... But I can work on that later, I just need to get them to talk.
What's the best way to do this? | 2008/12/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/344335",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/29249/"
] | You might try looking into the OpeNETCF.Desktop.Communications library. You can start at <http://www.opennetcf.com/FreeSoftware/tabid/84/Default.aspx> and follow the links to find the necessary downloads. (I think you may need to get it from their subversion repository). | WIMO is working on WiFi to desktop support and may be done. Might be worth a look at the code either way.
[home](http://www.wimobot.com/)
[source](http://www.wimobot.com/SourceCode.aspx#WimoII) |
344,335 | I'm working on a project where a program running on the mobile phone needs to communicate with a program running on the PC it's connected to. Ideally, I'd like to use USB, WiFi, whatever to communicate.
The two programs should be able to communicate things like battery life, text messages, etc... But I can work on that later, I just need to get them to talk.
What's the best way to do this? | 2008/12/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/344335",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/29249/"
] | You might try looking into the OpeNETCF.Desktop.Communications library. You can start at <http://www.opennetcf.com/FreeSoftware/tabid/84/Default.aspx> and follow the links to find the necessary downloads. (I think you may need to get it from their subversion repository). | found this in 2015, so I don't think the answer is going to be relevant for the original asker, but for the record:
Proximity
<https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/apps/xaml/hh465205.aspx> |
344,335 | I'm working on a project where a program running on the mobile phone needs to communicate with a program running on the PC it's connected to. Ideally, I'd like to use USB, WiFi, whatever to communicate.
The two programs should be able to communicate things like battery life, text messages, etc... But I can work on that later, I just need to get them to talk.
What's the best way to do this? | 2008/12/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/344335",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/29249/"
] | "Best" is really subjective and highly dependent on a lot of factors like devices, topology, firewall presence, need for security, etc, etc.
Where do you need the comms to originate and will you have an ActiveSync connection? If the PC initiates the comms and you have ActiveSync, then RAPI is the transport you'd use as it's got all of the infrastructure done and ready.
For anything else you're going to need some form of proprietary protocol and transport mechanism. Typically I write a simple socket protocol with a defined message structure (typically a message ID, CRC, message length and data payload). I then have some base message class that handles the comms and a set of derived messages for each specific command I want. For 2-way stuff that requires a response, I typically create a base Response class and then derive specific response formats from it. | Assuming you have a wifi connection, one way for your Windows Mobile program to communicate with your PC would be to use WCF on the .NET compact framework 3.5.
You'd create a new WCF application to run you your PC, and expose an interface exposing functions you want to call from your Windows Mobile Device.
WCF on Windows Mobile requires Compact Framework 3.5 to be installed on your device.
You also need the "Windows Mobile power toys" to be able to generate compatible proxies to call from Windows mobile.
[Power Toys for .NET Compact Framework 3.5](http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=c8174c14-a27d-4148-bf01-86c2e0953eab&DisplayLang=en)
Calling the WCF service from your WM Device also requires you to manually set up the binding and endpoint to pass into your web service proxy (with desktop WCF this is done automatically by loading them from a config file).
WCF on Windows Mobile currently only supports the basic http binding (which can be encrypted if you want), but this may be enough for your needs. |
344,335 | I'm working on a project where a program running on the mobile phone needs to communicate with a program running on the PC it's connected to. Ideally, I'd like to use USB, WiFi, whatever to communicate.
The two programs should be able to communicate things like battery life, text messages, etc... But I can work on that later, I just need to get them to talk.
What's the best way to do this? | 2008/12/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/344335",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/29249/"
] | "Best" is really subjective and highly dependent on a lot of factors like devices, topology, firewall presence, need for security, etc, etc.
Where do you need the comms to originate and will you have an ActiveSync connection? If the PC initiates the comms and you have ActiveSync, then RAPI is the transport you'd use as it's got all of the infrastructure done and ready.
For anything else you're going to need some form of proprietary protocol and transport mechanism. Typically I write a simple socket protocol with a defined message structure (typically a message ID, CRC, message length and data payload). I then have some base message class that handles the comms and a set of derived messages for each specific command I want. For 2-way stuff that requires a response, I typically create a base Response class and then derive specific response formats from it. | WIMO is working on WiFi to desktop support and may be done. Might be worth a look at the code either way.
[home](http://www.wimobot.com/)
[source](http://www.wimobot.com/SourceCode.aspx#WimoII) |
344,335 | I'm working on a project where a program running on the mobile phone needs to communicate with a program running on the PC it's connected to. Ideally, I'd like to use USB, WiFi, whatever to communicate.
The two programs should be able to communicate things like battery life, text messages, etc... But I can work on that later, I just need to get them to talk.
What's the best way to do this? | 2008/12/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/344335",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/29249/"
] | "Best" is really subjective and highly dependent on a lot of factors like devices, topology, firewall presence, need for security, etc, etc.
Where do you need the comms to originate and will you have an ActiveSync connection? If the PC initiates the comms and you have ActiveSync, then RAPI is the transport you'd use as it's got all of the infrastructure done and ready.
For anything else you're going to need some form of proprietary protocol and transport mechanism. Typically I write a simple socket protocol with a defined message structure (typically a message ID, CRC, message length and data payload). I then have some base message class that handles the comms and a set of derived messages for each specific command I want. For 2-way stuff that requires a response, I typically create a base Response class and then derive specific response formats from it. | found this in 2015, so I don't think the answer is going to be relevant for the original asker, but for the record:
Proximity
<https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/apps/xaml/hh465205.aspx> |
344,335 | I'm working on a project where a program running on the mobile phone needs to communicate with a program running on the PC it's connected to. Ideally, I'd like to use USB, WiFi, whatever to communicate.
The two programs should be able to communicate things like battery life, text messages, etc... But I can work on that later, I just need to get them to talk.
What's the best way to do this? | 2008/12/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/344335",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/29249/"
] | Assuming you have a wifi connection, one way for your Windows Mobile program to communicate with your PC would be to use WCF on the .NET compact framework 3.5.
You'd create a new WCF application to run you your PC, and expose an interface exposing functions you want to call from your Windows Mobile Device.
WCF on Windows Mobile requires Compact Framework 3.5 to be installed on your device.
You also need the "Windows Mobile power toys" to be able to generate compatible proxies to call from Windows mobile.
[Power Toys for .NET Compact Framework 3.5](http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=c8174c14-a27d-4148-bf01-86c2e0953eab&DisplayLang=en)
Calling the WCF service from your WM Device also requires you to manually set up the binding and endpoint to pass into your web service proxy (with desktop WCF this is done automatically by loading them from a config file).
WCF on Windows Mobile currently only supports the basic http binding (which can be encrypted if you want), but this may be enough for your needs. | WIMO is working on WiFi to desktop support and may be done. Might be worth a look at the code either way.
[home](http://www.wimobot.com/)
[source](http://www.wimobot.com/SourceCode.aspx#WimoII) |
344,335 | I'm working on a project where a program running on the mobile phone needs to communicate with a program running on the PC it's connected to. Ideally, I'd like to use USB, WiFi, whatever to communicate.
The two programs should be able to communicate things like battery life, text messages, etc... But I can work on that later, I just need to get them to talk.
What's the best way to do this? | 2008/12/05 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/344335",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/29249/"
] | Assuming you have a wifi connection, one way for your Windows Mobile program to communicate with your PC would be to use WCF on the .NET compact framework 3.5.
You'd create a new WCF application to run you your PC, and expose an interface exposing functions you want to call from your Windows Mobile Device.
WCF on Windows Mobile requires Compact Framework 3.5 to be installed on your device.
You also need the "Windows Mobile power toys" to be able to generate compatible proxies to call from Windows mobile.
[Power Toys for .NET Compact Framework 3.5](http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=c8174c14-a27d-4148-bf01-86c2e0953eab&DisplayLang=en)
Calling the WCF service from your WM Device also requires you to manually set up the binding and endpoint to pass into your web service proxy (with desktop WCF this is done automatically by loading them from a config file).
WCF on Windows Mobile currently only supports the basic http binding (which can be encrypted if you want), but this may be enough for your needs. | found this in 2015, so I don't think the answer is going to be relevant for the original asker, but for the record:
Proximity
<https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/apps/xaml/hh465205.aspx> |
152,037 | Premise
-------
I was inspired by [Karl Niklas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_J._Niklas) who used computer modeling to simulate the ideal structure for a tree when different traits were favored. Here is a chart summarizing his work:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/llkgX.jpg)
**Explanation**
* L (light): horizontal branches
* M (mechanical stability): fewer horizontal branches
* R (reproduction): taller to spread seeds further
When he combined them all, his model yielded trees that closely resemble trees in the real world, with enough of each trait to survive and reproduce.
**A new tree shape**
From this point I wanted to take things to a more extreme angle. I want to have trees that are shaped like a dodecahedron:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xg8ug.png)
Question
--------
If we take the point from Niklas' research that trees take a shape that helps them best survive given what the environment deems favorable traits, then what kind of a world do I need for a dodecahedron tree to be deemed favorable?
**Further Clarifications:**
* Roots: as pictured
* Foliage: configurable
* World: configurable (Earth-like or non-Earth like), we just assume no matter what the world, evolutionary theory, as we understand it, holds to a reasonable degree | 2019/08/01 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/152037",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/32966/"
] | Trees are remarkably bloody minded in their growth patterns, since their greatest influencing factor is the presence of other trees, the classic requirements indicated in your question override almost anything else.
So we shall not have a tree, instead we shall have a shrub.
Here we get a lot more flexibility as we can spread the driving influences around a little.
We should also talk about [coevolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coevolution). A classic example being bees and flowers. Flowers need bees, bees need flowers. Take away one and the other is lost. The two have coevolved to be largely dependent on each other.
Your pattern of the branches rejoining to form such a shape is highly inefficient and would not happen without some sort of secondary influence driving it that matters more than that inefficiency. What you've created is a distinct inside and outside to the plant, importantly it's an inside that can only be accessed by creatures of a certain maximum size. We shall define it as a coevolved trait.
You have options here:
* flowers and pollination
* seeds and fruit
* protection
* trap
The first is reasonably common, normally it appears in the form of very long flowers matched by hummingbirds with very long beaks or some other similar form.
Fruit are usually designed to be attractive as widely as possible so that they get the best chance of dispersal. Colour schemes are designed to stand out to creatures with colour vision such as birds, monkeys and apes.
Protection could be an interesting one. Some creature finds a safe home in the bush and in doing so protects the bush from other creatures. Acacia Trees and ants sometimes have such a relationship.
It could be a carnivorous tree, the branches and thorns allow small creatures in, but don't allow them out again.
Any or all of the above in combination also works, perhaps in flowering and fruiting season creatures can come and go easily through the branches, but out of season the gaps allow inward movement only. | Since the structure defines an inside and an outside, it might be useful for situation where the nutrients are not absorbed via the roots but via the branches/leaves, while being carried by the medium. More or less what sponges do in water.
Such a tree would therefore have the outer leaves being the photosynthetic ones, while the inner ones would be the absorbing ones.
The roots would be used only as supporting mechanism, to anchor the tree to the substrate.
The environment could, for example, be:
* Highly windy, with nutrients carried by the wind. The hollow shape allows for the carried particles to precipitate.
* Liquid, like for the sponges. |
152,037 | Premise
-------
I was inspired by [Karl Niklas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_J._Niklas) who used computer modeling to simulate the ideal structure for a tree when different traits were favored. Here is a chart summarizing his work:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/llkgX.jpg)
**Explanation**
* L (light): horizontal branches
* M (mechanical stability): fewer horizontal branches
* R (reproduction): taller to spread seeds further
When he combined them all, his model yielded trees that closely resemble trees in the real world, with enough of each trait to survive and reproduce.
**A new tree shape**
From this point I wanted to take things to a more extreme angle. I want to have trees that are shaped like a dodecahedron:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xg8ug.png)
Question
--------
If we take the point from Niklas' research that trees take a shape that helps them best survive given what the environment deems favorable traits, then what kind of a world do I need for a dodecahedron tree to be deemed favorable?
**Further Clarifications:**
* Roots: as pictured
* Foliage: configurable
* World: configurable (Earth-like or non-Earth like), we just assume no matter what the world, evolutionary theory, as we understand it, holds to a reasonable degree | 2019/08/01 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/152037",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/32966/"
] | Since the structure defines an inside and an outside, it might be useful for situation where the nutrients are not absorbed via the roots but via the branches/leaves, while being carried by the medium. More or less what sponges do in water.
Such a tree would therefore have the outer leaves being the photosynthetic ones, while the inner ones would be the absorbing ones.
The roots would be used only as supporting mechanism, to anchor the tree to the substrate.
The environment could, for example, be:
* Highly windy, with nutrients carried by the wind. The hollow shape allows for the carried particles to precipitate.
* Liquid, like for the sponges. | A permanent tumbling plant may evolve a shape that as closely resembles spherical as possible, while using minimal mass. Natural objects also tends to respect symmetry as this reduces the necessary genome size. Like the icosahedral viruses which only have to code for a protein that forms a pentameter of trimers for its capsid.
I imagine a world with constantly blowing high winds, which will uproot anything that is not adapted against it's force, but will also give any plants that can harness it's force plenty of opportunity to disperse and thrive. For example, plants that can tumble in the wind and put down roots where ever there is plenty of water and nutrient supplies, and have a shape that can always photosynthesize no matter which side it lands on.
For a given shape, the fewer the faces it has, the less amount of edge length it has for a give surface area. Of course, there will also be tetrahedral, cubic and octagonal plants, but they are unable to roll due to having acute to right angles on their edges and vertices.
The plant needs to roll or tumble, so therefore it have to have leaves on all sides, and needs to be rounded for rolling. It also have to be the lightest for its given size. A tree's mass is largely concentrated in its trunk and branches, therefore: any higher fullerenes or spherically symmetric structures will be less mass-efficient for it's cross section, and any lower symmetric structures won't roll because of the angles, therefore a rolling plant optimizes to adopt a dodecahedral shape, to both maximize it's surface area and minimize it's mass, while still being able to roll with the wind.
As for growth, I imagine the tree grows as a trimer of pentamers, I.e. having individual seedlings being a simple bent shape with a bend angle of 108 degrees, every five seedlings locks together to forme a Pentagonal face, then the outside of every three seedlings adheres to each other, forming a vertex. This naturally self assembles into a dodecahedron when high winds jitters the field of newly sprouted seedlings around, causing them to be stired up and bump into each other. As each seedling sprouts roots at the bent point, the dodecahedral structure can always take root nomatter which side it lands on. Also, The leaves will be on the inside of the seedlings, forming the face of the dodecahedron. This ensures the plant always have photosynthetic tissue facing the sun/light source nomatter which face it lands on. |
152,037 | Premise
-------
I was inspired by [Karl Niklas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_J._Niklas) who used computer modeling to simulate the ideal structure for a tree when different traits were favored. Here is a chart summarizing his work:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/llkgX.jpg)
**Explanation**
* L (light): horizontal branches
* M (mechanical stability): fewer horizontal branches
* R (reproduction): taller to spread seeds further
When he combined them all, his model yielded trees that closely resemble trees in the real world, with enough of each trait to survive and reproduce.
**A new tree shape**
From this point I wanted to take things to a more extreme angle. I want to have trees that are shaped like a dodecahedron:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xg8ug.png)
Question
--------
If we take the point from Niklas' research that trees take a shape that helps them best survive given what the environment deems favorable traits, then what kind of a world do I need for a dodecahedron tree to be deemed favorable?
**Further Clarifications:**
* Roots: as pictured
* Foliage: configurable
* World: configurable (Earth-like or non-Earth like), we just assume no matter what the world, evolutionary theory, as we understand it, holds to a reasonable degree | 2019/08/01 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/152037",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/32966/"
] | Trees are remarkably bloody minded in their growth patterns, since their greatest influencing factor is the presence of other trees, the classic requirements indicated in your question override almost anything else.
So we shall not have a tree, instead we shall have a shrub.
Here we get a lot more flexibility as we can spread the driving influences around a little.
We should also talk about [coevolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coevolution). A classic example being bees and flowers. Flowers need bees, bees need flowers. Take away one and the other is lost. The two have coevolved to be largely dependent on each other.
Your pattern of the branches rejoining to form such a shape is highly inefficient and would not happen without some sort of secondary influence driving it that matters more than that inefficiency. What you've created is a distinct inside and outside to the plant, importantly it's an inside that can only be accessed by creatures of a certain maximum size. We shall define it as a coevolved trait.
You have options here:
* flowers and pollination
* seeds and fruit
* protection
* trap
The first is reasonably common, normally it appears in the form of very long flowers matched by hummingbirds with very long beaks or some other similar form.
Fruit are usually designed to be attractive as widely as possible so that they get the best chance of dispersal. Colour schemes are designed to stand out to creatures with colour vision such as birds, monkeys and apes.
Protection could be an interesting one. Some creature finds a safe home in the bush and in doing so protects the bush from other creatures. Acacia Trees and ants sometimes have such a relationship.
It could be a carnivorous tree, the branches and thorns allow small creatures in, but don't allow them out again.
Any or all of the above in combination also works, perhaps in flowering and fruiting season creatures can come and go easily through the branches, but out of season the gaps allow inward movement only. | The reasons trees grow upwards (for the most part) is because of their need to photosynthesize to create food for themselves. Different trees have different adaptations to acquire the maximum about of sunlight, while also protecting themselves from other threats.
One reason to have a dodecahedron shaped plant is if there is something on the faces or edges or corners of the dodecahedron that prevents other animals from eating it, thereby protecting it. Another thing could be to minimize the amount of itself an animal can eat. If the plant's main feeder is a larger animal that needs to bend over to consume it, it would help to be a small, stocky plant without any external protrusions and smooth faces to make it hard for an animal to eat.
Another reason could be that the plant's in-built 'factories' to absorb and process its food requires it to be that way. Much like why solar panels are flat, it helps to have an even and flat surface to acquire sunlight (or whatever it needs). Being many-sided allows it to have a direct interface to sunlight from any and all angles at all times. Sunflowers, in order to maximize how much sunlight they get, actually turn their 'face' towards the sun. Maybe this is similar? |
152,037 | Premise
-------
I was inspired by [Karl Niklas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_J._Niklas) who used computer modeling to simulate the ideal structure for a tree when different traits were favored. Here is a chart summarizing his work:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/llkgX.jpg)
**Explanation**
* L (light): horizontal branches
* M (mechanical stability): fewer horizontal branches
* R (reproduction): taller to spread seeds further
When he combined them all, his model yielded trees that closely resemble trees in the real world, with enough of each trait to survive and reproduce.
**A new tree shape**
From this point I wanted to take things to a more extreme angle. I want to have trees that are shaped like a dodecahedron:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xg8ug.png)
Question
--------
If we take the point from Niklas' research that trees take a shape that helps them best survive given what the environment deems favorable traits, then what kind of a world do I need for a dodecahedron tree to be deemed favorable?
**Further Clarifications:**
* Roots: as pictured
* Foliage: configurable
* World: configurable (Earth-like or non-Earth like), we just assume no matter what the world, evolutionary theory, as we understand it, holds to a reasonable degree | 2019/08/01 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/152037",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/32966/"
] | The reasons trees grow upwards (for the most part) is because of their need to photosynthesize to create food for themselves. Different trees have different adaptations to acquire the maximum about of sunlight, while also protecting themselves from other threats.
One reason to have a dodecahedron shaped plant is if there is something on the faces or edges or corners of the dodecahedron that prevents other animals from eating it, thereby protecting it. Another thing could be to minimize the amount of itself an animal can eat. If the plant's main feeder is a larger animal that needs to bend over to consume it, it would help to be a small, stocky plant without any external protrusions and smooth faces to make it hard for an animal to eat.
Another reason could be that the plant's in-built 'factories' to absorb and process its food requires it to be that way. Much like why solar panels are flat, it helps to have an even and flat surface to acquire sunlight (or whatever it needs). Being many-sided allows it to have a direct interface to sunlight from any and all angles at all times. Sunflowers, in order to maximize how much sunlight they get, actually turn their 'face' towards the sun. Maybe this is similar? | A permanent tumbling plant may evolve a shape that as closely resembles spherical as possible, while using minimal mass. Natural objects also tends to respect symmetry as this reduces the necessary genome size. Like the icosahedral viruses which only have to code for a protein that forms a pentameter of trimers for its capsid.
I imagine a world with constantly blowing high winds, which will uproot anything that is not adapted against it's force, but will also give any plants that can harness it's force plenty of opportunity to disperse and thrive. For example, plants that can tumble in the wind and put down roots where ever there is plenty of water and nutrient supplies, and have a shape that can always photosynthesize no matter which side it lands on.
For a given shape, the fewer the faces it has, the less amount of edge length it has for a give surface area. Of course, there will also be tetrahedral, cubic and octagonal plants, but they are unable to roll due to having acute to right angles on their edges and vertices.
The plant needs to roll or tumble, so therefore it have to have leaves on all sides, and needs to be rounded for rolling. It also have to be the lightest for its given size. A tree's mass is largely concentrated in its trunk and branches, therefore: any higher fullerenes or spherically symmetric structures will be less mass-efficient for it's cross section, and any lower symmetric structures won't roll because of the angles, therefore a rolling plant optimizes to adopt a dodecahedral shape, to both maximize it's surface area and minimize it's mass, while still being able to roll with the wind.
As for growth, I imagine the tree grows as a trimer of pentamers, I.e. having individual seedlings being a simple bent shape with a bend angle of 108 degrees, every five seedlings locks together to forme a Pentagonal face, then the outside of every three seedlings adheres to each other, forming a vertex. This naturally self assembles into a dodecahedron when high winds jitters the field of newly sprouted seedlings around, causing them to be stired up and bump into each other. As each seedling sprouts roots at the bent point, the dodecahedral structure can always take root nomatter which side it lands on. Also, The leaves will be on the inside of the seedlings, forming the face of the dodecahedron. This ensures the plant always have photosynthetic tissue facing the sun/light source nomatter which face it lands on. |
152,037 | Premise
-------
I was inspired by [Karl Niklas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_J._Niklas) who used computer modeling to simulate the ideal structure for a tree when different traits were favored. Here is a chart summarizing his work:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/llkgX.jpg)
**Explanation**
* L (light): horizontal branches
* M (mechanical stability): fewer horizontal branches
* R (reproduction): taller to spread seeds further
When he combined them all, his model yielded trees that closely resemble trees in the real world, with enough of each trait to survive and reproduce.
**A new tree shape**
From this point I wanted to take things to a more extreme angle. I want to have trees that are shaped like a dodecahedron:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xg8ug.png)
Question
--------
If we take the point from Niklas' research that trees take a shape that helps them best survive given what the environment deems favorable traits, then what kind of a world do I need for a dodecahedron tree to be deemed favorable?
**Further Clarifications:**
* Roots: as pictured
* Foliage: configurable
* World: configurable (Earth-like or non-Earth like), we just assume no matter what the world, evolutionary theory, as we understand it, holds to a reasonable degree | 2019/08/01 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/152037",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/32966/"
] | Trees are remarkably bloody minded in their growth patterns, since their greatest influencing factor is the presence of other trees, the classic requirements indicated in your question override almost anything else.
So we shall not have a tree, instead we shall have a shrub.
Here we get a lot more flexibility as we can spread the driving influences around a little.
We should also talk about [coevolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coevolution). A classic example being bees and flowers. Flowers need bees, bees need flowers. Take away one and the other is lost. The two have coevolved to be largely dependent on each other.
Your pattern of the branches rejoining to form such a shape is highly inefficient and would not happen without some sort of secondary influence driving it that matters more than that inefficiency. What you've created is a distinct inside and outside to the plant, importantly it's an inside that can only be accessed by creatures of a certain maximum size. We shall define it as a coevolved trait.
You have options here:
* flowers and pollination
* seeds and fruit
* protection
* trap
The first is reasonably common, normally it appears in the form of very long flowers matched by hummingbirds with very long beaks or some other similar form.
Fruit are usually designed to be attractive as widely as possible so that they get the best chance of dispersal. Colour schemes are designed to stand out to creatures with colour vision such as birds, monkeys and apes.
Protection could be an interesting one. Some creature finds a safe home in the bush and in doing so protects the bush from other creatures. Acacia Trees and ants sometimes have such a relationship.
It could be a carnivorous tree, the branches and thorns allow small creatures in, but don't allow them out again.
Any or all of the above in combination also works, perhaps in flowering and fruiting season creatures can come and go easily through the branches, but out of season the gaps allow inward movement only. | The other answers are great, so I'll go a slightly different direction: imagine a [carnivorous plant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivorous_plant) which folds and unfolds (you can [see an animation of a folding dodecahedron here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pcbjholy55A)).
If the center edge which stays fixed to the ground (with the roots) has some type of substance to stick or trap prey (or if they folding is fast and reflexive enough), then folding around it as this shape would be a strong force down (making it difficult for prey to escape), and would aid in the digestion process. As an aside, a plant that can eat a lion is creepy.
The challenge is to explain - why a dodecahedron? Why not a circle? Complex shapes do occur in nature, but usually only at very, very small sizes, not at all in plant-and-animal sizes. Perhaps a planet did have a more simple shaped plant or shrub, but as @cyber101 mentions in his answer, over time a shape which prevents grazing, has more structural force, etc, might slowly evolve.
Point is, anything trapping prey in a way which requires the entire inner area to be closed-off with force would inevitably require symmetry. The specifics of why this shape could be happenstance as to the nature of the planet and the creatures around it. I don't see why this wouldn't be *possible* in some theoretical planet, although I admit it would be extremely unlikely. |
152,037 | Premise
-------
I was inspired by [Karl Niklas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_J._Niklas) who used computer modeling to simulate the ideal structure for a tree when different traits were favored. Here is a chart summarizing his work:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/llkgX.jpg)
**Explanation**
* L (light): horizontal branches
* M (mechanical stability): fewer horizontal branches
* R (reproduction): taller to spread seeds further
When he combined them all, his model yielded trees that closely resemble trees in the real world, with enough of each trait to survive and reproduce.
**A new tree shape**
From this point I wanted to take things to a more extreme angle. I want to have trees that are shaped like a dodecahedron:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xg8ug.png)
Question
--------
If we take the point from Niklas' research that trees take a shape that helps them best survive given what the environment deems favorable traits, then what kind of a world do I need for a dodecahedron tree to be deemed favorable?
**Further Clarifications:**
* Roots: as pictured
* Foliage: configurable
* World: configurable (Earth-like or non-Earth like), we just assume no matter what the world, evolutionary theory, as we understand it, holds to a reasonable degree | 2019/08/01 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/152037",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/32966/"
] | Trees are remarkably bloody minded in their growth patterns, since their greatest influencing factor is the presence of other trees, the classic requirements indicated in your question override almost anything else.
So we shall not have a tree, instead we shall have a shrub.
Here we get a lot more flexibility as we can spread the driving influences around a little.
We should also talk about [coevolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coevolution). A classic example being bees and flowers. Flowers need bees, bees need flowers. Take away one and the other is lost. The two have coevolved to be largely dependent on each other.
Your pattern of the branches rejoining to form such a shape is highly inefficient and would not happen without some sort of secondary influence driving it that matters more than that inefficiency. What you've created is a distinct inside and outside to the plant, importantly it's an inside that can only be accessed by creatures of a certain maximum size. We shall define it as a coevolved trait.
You have options here:
* flowers and pollination
* seeds and fruit
* protection
* trap
The first is reasonably common, normally it appears in the form of very long flowers matched by hummingbirds with very long beaks or some other similar form.
Fruit are usually designed to be attractive as widely as possible so that they get the best chance of dispersal. Colour schemes are designed to stand out to creatures with colour vision such as birds, monkeys and apes.
Protection could be an interesting one. Some creature finds a safe home in the bush and in doing so protects the bush from other creatures. Acacia Trees and ants sometimes have such a relationship.
It could be a carnivorous tree, the branches and thorns allow small creatures in, but don't allow them out again.
Any or all of the above in combination also works, perhaps in flowering and fruiting season creatures can come and go easily through the branches, but out of season the gaps allow inward movement only. | Make the light come from every direction. That changes the first form so that instead of horizontal branches perpendicular to the average sun location, you get a more spherical shape.
Then make stability (the second form) important. Perhaps there are high winds. This helps keep the branches short.
The high winds could occasionally rip the plant from the ground so that it roams like a tumbleweed. The flat surfaces may optimize the chance that the plant can root again later. The optimal shape for this would be a tetrahedron, but a tetrahedron doesn't have the spherical shape to maximize light. The dodecahedron shape is a compromise between the sphere and tetrahedron.
You could amplify the compromise by creating reasons why particular orientations are important. Perhaps light doesn't come from every direction but only in certain places. The dodecahedron maximizes the likelihood that some of the branches will be in the right orientation. |
152,037 | Premise
-------
I was inspired by [Karl Niklas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_J._Niklas) who used computer modeling to simulate the ideal structure for a tree when different traits were favored. Here is a chart summarizing his work:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/llkgX.jpg)
**Explanation**
* L (light): horizontal branches
* M (mechanical stability): fewer horizontal branches
* R (reproduction): taller to spread seeds further
When he combined them all, his model yielded trees that closely resemble trees in the real world, with enough of each trait to survive and reproduce.
**A new tree shape**
From this point I wanted to take things to a more extreme angle. I want to have trees that are shaped like a dodecahedron:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xg8ug.png)
Question
--------
If we take the point from Niklas' research that trees take a shape that helps them best survive given what the environment deems favorable traits, then what kind of a world do I need for a dodecahedron tree to be deemed favorable?
**Further Clarifications:**
* Roots: as pictured
* Foliage: configurable
* World: configurable (Earth-like or non-Earth like), we just assume no matter what the world, evolutionary theory, as we understand it, holds to a reasonable degree | 2019/08/01 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/152037",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/32966/"
] | Trees are remarkably bloody minded in their growth patterns, since their greatest influencing factor is the presence of other trees, the classic requirements indicated in your question override almost anything else.
So we shall not have a tree, instead we shall have a shrub.
Here we get a lot more flexibility as we can spread the driving influences around a little.
We should also talk about [coevolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coevolution). A classic example being bees and flowers. Flowers need bees, bees need flowers. Take away one and the other is lost. The two have coevolved to be largely dependent on each other.
Your pattern of the branches rejoining to form such a shape is highly inefficient and would not happen without some sort of secondary influence driving it that matters more than that inefficiency. What you've created is a distinct inside and outside to the plant, importantly it's an inside that can only be accessed by creatures of a certain maximum size. We shall define it as a coevolved trait.
You have options here:
* flowers and pollination
* seeds and fruit
* protection
* trap
The first is reasonably common, normally it appears in the form of very long flowers matched by hummingbirds with very long beaks or some other similar form.
Fruit are usually designed to be attractive as widely as possible so that they get the best chance of dispersal. Colour schemes are designed to stand out to creatures with colour vision such as birds, monkeys and apes.
Protection could be an interesting one. Some creature finds a safe home in the bush and in doing so protects the bush from other creatures. Acacia Trees and ants sometimes have such a relationship.
It could be a carnivorous tree, the branches and thorns allow small creatures in, but don't allow them out again.
Any or all of the above in combination also works, perhaps in flowering and fruiting season creatures can come and go easily through the branches, but out of season the gaps allow inward movement only. | A permanent tumbling plant may evolve a shape that as closely resembles spherical as possible, while using minimal mass. Natural objects also tends to respect symmetry as this reduces the necessary genome size. Like the icosahedral viruses which only have to code for a protein that forms a pentameter of trimers for its capsid.
I imagine a world with constantly blowing high winds, which will uproot anything that is not adapted against it's force, but will also give any plants that can harness it's force plenty of opportunity to disperse and thrive. For example, plants that can tumble in the wind and put down roots where ever there is plenty of water and nutrient supplies, and have a shape that can always photosynthesize no matter which side it lands on.
For a given shape, the fewer the faces it has, the less amount of edge length it has for a give surface area. Of course, there will also be tetrahedral, cubic and octagonal plants, but they are unable to roll due to having acute to right angles on their edges and vertices.
The plant needs to roll or tumble, so therefore it have to have leaves on all sides, and needs to be rounded for rolling. It also have to be the lightest for its given size. A tree's mass is largely concentrated in its trunk and branches, therefore: any higher fullerenes or spherically symmetric structures will be less mass-efficient for it's cross section, and any lower symmetric structures won't roll because of the angles, therefore a rolling plant optimizes to adopt a dodecahedral shape, to both maximize it's surface area and minimize it's mass, while still being able to roll with the wind.
As for growth, I imagine the tree grows as a trimer of pentamers, I.e. having individual seedlings being a simple bent shape with a bend angle of 108 degrees, every five seedlings locks together to forme a Pentagonal face, then the outside of every three seedlings adheres to each other, forming a vertex. This naturally self assembles into a dodecahedron when high winds jitters the field of newly sprouted seedlings around, causing them to be stired up and bump into each other. As each seedling sprouts roots at the bent point, the dodecahedral structure can always take root nomatter which side it lands on. Also, The leaves will be on the inside of the seedlings, forming the face of the dodecahedron. This ensures the plant always have photosynthetic tissue facing the sun/light source nomatter which face it lands on. |
152,037 | Premise
-------
I was inspired by [Karl Niklas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_J._Niklas) who used computer modeling to simulate the ideal structure for a tree when different traits were favored. Here is a chart summarizing his work:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/llkgX.jpg)
**Explanation**
* L (light): horizontal branches
* M (mechanical stability): fewer horizontal branches
* R (reproduction): taller to spread seeds further
When he combined them all, his model yielded trees that closely resemble trees in the real world, with enough of each trait to survive and reproduce.
**A new tree shape**
From this point I wanted to take things to a more extreme angle. I want to have trees that are shaped like a dodecahedron:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xg8ug.png)
Question
--------
If we take the point from Niklas' research that trees take a shape that helps them best survive given what the environment deems favorable traits, then what kind of a world do I need for a dodecahedron tree to be deemed favorable?
**Further Clarifications:**
* Roots: as pictured
* Foliage: configurable
* World: configurable (Earth-like or non-Earth like), we just assume no matter what the world, evolutionary theory, as we understand it, holds to a reasonable degree | 2019/08/01 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/152037",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/32966/"
] | The other answers are great, so I'll go a slightly different direction: imagine a [carnivorous plant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivorous_plant) which folds and unfolds (you can [see an animation of a folding dodecahedron here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pcbjholy55A)).
If the center edge which stays fixed to the ground (with the roots) has some type of substance to stick or trap prey (or if they folding is fast and reflexive enough), then folding around it as this shape would be a strong force down (making it difficult for prey to escape), and would aid in the digestion process. As an aside, a plant that can eat a lion is creepy.
The challenge is to explain - why a dodecahedron? Why not a circle? Complex shapes do occur in nature, but usually only at very, very small sizes, not at all in plant-and-animal sizes. Perhaps a planet did have a more simple shaped plant or shrub, but as @cyber101 mentions in his answer, over time a shape which prevents grazing, has more structural force, etc, might slowly evolve.
Point is, anything trapping prey in a way which requires the entire inner area to be closed-off with force would inevitably require symmetry. The specifics of why this shape could be happenstance as to the nature of the planet and the creatures around it. I don't see why this wouldn't be *possible* in some theoretical planet, although I admit it would be extremely unlikely. | A permanent tumbling plant may evolve a shape that as closely resembles spherical as possible, while using minimal mass. Natural objects also tends to respect symmetry as this reduces the necessary genome size. Like the icosahedral viruses which only have to code for a protein that forms a pentameter of trimers for its capsid.
I imagine a world with constantly blowing high winds, which will uproot anything that is not adapted against it's force, but will also give any plants that can harness it's force plenty of opportunity to disperse and thrive. For example, plants that can tumble in the wind and put down roots where ever there is plenty of water and nutrient supplies, and have a shape that can always photosynthesize no matter which side it lands on.
For a given shape, the fewer the faces it has, the less amount of edge length it has for a give surface area. Of course, there will also be tetrahedral, cubic and octagonal plants, but they are unable to roll due to having acute to right angles on their edges and vertices.
The plant needs to roll or tumble, so therefore it have to have leaves on all sides, and needs to be rounded for rolling. It also have to be the lightest for its given size. A tree's mass is largely concentrated in its trunk and branches, therefore: any higher fullerenes or spherically symmetric structures will be less mass-efficient for it's cross section, and any lower symmetric structures won't roll because of the angles, therefore a rolling plant optimizes to adopt a dodecahedral shape, to both maximize it's surface area and minimize it's mass, while still being able to roll with the wind.
As for growth, I imagine the tree grows as a trimer of pentamers, I.e. having individual seedlings being a simple bent shape with a bend angle of 108 degrees, every five seedlings locks together to forme a Pentagonal face, then the outside of every three seedlings adheres to each other, forming a vertex. This naturally self assembles into a dodecahedron when high winds jitters the field of newly sprouted seedlings around, causing them to be stired up and bump into each other. As each seedling sprouts roots at the bent point, the dodecahedral structure can always take root nomatter which side it lands on. Also, The leaves will be on the inside of the seedlings, forming the face of the dodecahedron. This ensures the plant always have photosynthetic tissue facing the sun/light source nomatter which face it lands on. |
152,037 | Premise
-------
I was inspired by [Karl Niklas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_J._Niklas) who used computer modeling to simulate the ideal structure for a tree when different traits were favored. Here is a chart summarizing his work:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/llkgX.jpg)
**Explanation**
* L (light): horizontal branches
* M (mechanical stability): fewer horizontal branches
* R (reproduction): taller to spread seeds further
When he combined them all, his model yielded trees that closely resemble trees in the real world, with enough of each trait to survive and reproduce.
**A new tree shape**
From this point I wanted to take things to a more extreme angle. I want to have trees that are shaped like a dodecahedron:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xg8ug.png)
Question
--------
If we take the point from Niklas' research that trees take a shape that helps them best survive given what the environment deems favorable traits, then what kind of a world do I need for a dodecahedron tree to be deemed favorable?
**Further Clarifications:**
* Roots: as pictured
* Foliage: configurable
* World: configurable (Earth-like or non-Earth like), we just assume no matter what the world, evolutionary theory, as we understand it, holds to a reasonable degree | 2019/08/01 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/152037",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/32966/"
] | Make the light come from every direction. That changes the first form so that instead of horizontal branches perpendicular to the average sun location, you get a more spherical shape.
Then make stability (the second form) important. Perhaps there are high winds. This helps keep the branches short.
The high winds could occasionally rip the plant from the ground so that it roams like a tumbleweed. The flat surfaces may optimize the chance that the plant can root again later. The optimal shape for this would be a tetrahedron, but a tetrahedron doesn't have the spherical shape to maximize light. The dodecahedron shape is a compromise between the sphere and tetrahedron.
You could amplify the compromise by creating reasons why particular orientations are important. Perhaps light doesn't come from every direction but only in certain places. The dodecahedron maximizes the likelihood that some of the branches will be in the right orientation. | A permanent tumbling plant may evolve a shape that as closely resembles spherical as possible, while using minimal mass. Natural objects also tends to respect symmetry as this reduces the necessary genome size. Like the icosahedral viruses which only have to code for a protein that forms a pentameter of trimers for its capsid.
I imagine a world with constantly blowing high winds, which will uproot anything that is not adapted against it's force, but will also give any plants that can harness it's force plenty of opportunity to disperse and thrive. For example, plants that can tumble in the wind and put down roots where ever there is plenty of water and nutrient supplies, and have a shape that can always photosynthesize no matter which side it lands on.
For a given shape, the fewer the faces it has, the less amount of edge length it has for a give surface area. Of course, there will also be tetrahedral, cubic and octagonal plants, but they are unable to roll due to having acute to right angles on their edges and vertices.
The plant needs to roll or tumble, so therefore it have to have leaves on all sides, and needs to be rounded for rolling. It also have to be the lightest for its given size. A tree's mass is largely concentrated in its trunk and branches, therefore: any higher fullerenes or spherically symmetric structures will be less mass-efficient for it's cross section, and any lower symmetric structures won't roll because of the angles, therefore a rolling plant optimizes to adopt a dodecahedral shape, to both maximize it's surface area and minimize it's mass, while still being able to roll with the wind.
As for growth, I imagine the tree grows as a trimer of pentamers, I.e. having individual seedlings being a simple bent shape with a bend angle of 108 degrees, every five seedlings locks together to forme a Pentagonal face, then the outside of every three seedlings adheres to each other, forming a vertex. This naturally self assembles into a dodecahedron when high winds jitters the field of newly sprouted seedlings around, causing them to be stired up and bump into each other. As each seedling sprouts roots at the bent point, the dodecahedral structure can always take root nomatter which side it lands on. Also, The leaves will be on the inside of the seedlings, forming the face of the dodecahedron. This ensures the plant always have photosynthetic tissue facing the sun/light source nomatter which face it lands on. |
23,275 | A friend of mine has been ill of flu since many weeks ago.
Today, while meeting him, he was reading some of my papers and while reading them he coughed several times. I already washed-cleaned everything else that was around us. The only thing I haven't cleaned yet is my papers.
I don't know what can I do to disinfect them totally.
I can't spray them because that'd ruin them obviously.
I was reading that the sun can kill some germs, if I put them off directly to sun shine, will they be totally disinfected?
I could get new copies but it will be too much copies, additional to my own notes and remarks on most on them.
Is the some way to clean them without ruin them?
Thank you in advance. | 2020/02/29 | [
"https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com/questions/23275",
"https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com",
"https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com/users/30783/"
] | **Bake your notes in a pre-heated oven for a few minutes.**
According to what virology online, 56°C / 133°F for 15+ minutes — hardly enough to do any damage to your notes that you'd notice.
Here's [more](https://www.hindawi.com/journals/av/2011/734690/)…
>
> The dried virus on smooth surfaces retained its viability for over 5
> days at temperatures of 22–25°C and relative humidity of 40–50%, that
> is, typical air-conditioned environments. However, virus viability was
> rapidly lost (>3 log10) at higher temperatures and higher relative
> humidity (e.g., 38°C, and relative humidity of >95%).
> …
> In the
> present study, we have demonstrated that SARS CoV can survive at least
> two weeks after drying at temperature and humidity conditions found in
> an air-conditioned environment. The virus is stable for 3 weeks at
> room temperature in a liquid environment but it is easily killed by
> heat at 56°C for 15 minutes [[9]](http://www.who.int/csr/sars/survival_2003_05_04/en/#).
>
>
>
Good luck. | If you need your papers within a few hours, you can iron them one by one, normal paper can stand the highest heat an iron can give. (Just the kind of iron you use on clothes. Check the iron is clean.)
If you do not need your papers for a couple of days, do not worry, viruses do not stay alive long on paper.
And if your friend has been near you, it is more likely that you did get infected directly rather than through the papers. And much more likely that you did not get infected. |
23,275 | A friend of mine has been ill of flu since many weeks ago.
Today, while meeting him, he was reading some of my papers and while reading them he coughed several times. I already washed-cleaned everything else that was around us. The only thing I haven't cleaned yet is my papers.
I don't know what can I do to disinfect them totally.
I can't spray them because that'd ruin them obviously.
I was reading that the sun can kill some germs, if I put them off directly to sun shine, will they be totally disinfected?
I could get new copies but it will be too much copies, additional to my own notes and remarks on most on them.
Is the some way to clean them without ruin them?
Thank you in advance. | 2020/02/29 | [
"https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com/questions/23275",
"https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com",
"https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com/users/30783/"
] | **Bake your notes in a pre-heated oven for a few minutes.**
According to what virology online, 56°C / 133°F for 15+ minutes — hardly enough to do any damage to your notes that you'd notice.
Here's [more](https://www.hindawi.com/journals/av/2011/734690/)…
>
> The dried virus on smooth surfaces retained its viability for over 5
> days at temperatures of 22–25°C and relative humidity of 40–50%, that
> is, typical air-conditioned environments. However, virus viability was
> rapidly lost (>3 log10) at higher temperatures and higher relative
> humidity (e.g., 38°C, and relative humidity of >95%).
> …
> In the
> present study, we have demonstrated that SARS CoV can survive at least
> two weeks after drying at temperature and humidity conditions found in
> an air-conditioned environment. The virus is stable for 3 weeks at
> room temperature in a liquid environment but it is easily killed by
> heat at 56°C for 15 minutes [[9]](http://www.who.int/csr/sars/survival_2003_05_04/en/#).
>
>
>
Good luck. | Expose these papers to black UV light for a few hours |
23,275 | A friend of mine has been ill of flu since many weeks ago.
Today, while meeting him, he was reading some of my papers and while reading them he coughed several times. I already washed-cleaned everything else that was around us. The only thing I haven't cleaned yet is my papers.
I don't know what can I do to disinfect them totally.
I can't spray them because that'd ruin them obviously.
I was reading that the sun can kill some germs, if I put them off directly to sun shine, will they be totally disinfected?
I could get new copies but it will be too much copies, additional to my own notes and remarks on most on them.
Is the some way to clean them without ruin them?
Thank you in advance. | 2020/02/29 | [
"https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com/questions/23275",
"https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com",
"https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com/users/30783/"
] | If you need your papers within a few hours, you can iron them one by one, normal paper can stand the highest heat an iron can give. (Just the kind of iron you use on clothes. Check the iron is clean.)
If you do not need your papers for a couple of days, do not worry, viruses do not stay alive long on paper.
And if your friend has been near you, it is more likely that you did get infected directly rather than through the papers. And much more likely that you did not get infected. | Expose these papers to black UV light for a few hours |
4,887 | What is the religious significance of the modern practice to decorate the outside of the house and front yard with strings of light? Is it entirely secular? | 2011/12/08 | [
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/4887",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/users/1073/"
] | Well, there certainly isn't anything in the Bible about it, for the simple reason that there isn't anything in the Bible about celebrating Christmas in the first place. (Not to mention electricity!) However, hanging or holding up lanterns to provide festive illumination after dark for festivals or celebrations is an ancient custom in many cultures, dating back to Old Testament days. See the the [Parable of the Ten Virgins](http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2025:1-13) for just one example. | There isn't anything in the bible on Christmas lights, but in the Middle Ages, they used a candle as a sign of the star of Bethlehem. Originally candles were used, but in 1882 Edward Johnson invented the first string of electric Christmas lights. On a Christmas tree, the traditional topper is a star or a candle, then the lights around the tree symbolize a pathway to the star of Bethlehem where Jesus Christ was born. |
339,738 | I am trying to make a monster farm and I’m worndering if there is a certain distance needed between spawners | 2018/10/16 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/339738",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/219635/"
] | Mob [spawners](https://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Spawner) activate when within 16 blocks (sphere) from the player. Any number of them within that range will work, with the obvious caveat that the spawner itself is not a spawnable space - the mobs need empty volume to spawn. The more spawners you put within the 9x9x3 volume centered on a spawner, the less empty space for mobs to spawn within the volume you have left.
But finding more than two spawners within 31 blocks from each other (so there's a location between them where the player activates both) is quite rare, so it's not a big worry.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DiCYC.png)
On the other hand, if you plan a general mob farm, you'll be better off with a natural spawning based mob grinder than the spawners. Spawners only spawn up to 4 mobs every 25 seconds on the average (between 10s and 40s random cooldown) and only of the type the spawner is, while a good general mob farm will spawn all, or at least most kinds of mobs and its speed is limited only by your ability to kill them fast enough to keep the number below mob cap. | It will spawn mobs if the player is within a 8\*8\*3 radius of each spawner |
339,738 | I am trying to make a monster farm and I’m worndering if there is a certain distance needed between spawners | 2018/10/16 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/339738",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/219635/"
] | According to the wiki, it says "A spawner activates when a player comes within a spherical radius of 16 blocks from the center point of the block; i.e. 15.5 blocks from the block itself."Which means that you have to be 15.5 or fewer blocks away from the spawner in order to for the spawner to activate and spawn mobs. | It will spawn mobs if the player is within a 8\*8\*3 radius of each spawner |
339,738 | I am trying to make a monster farm and I’m worndering if there is a certain distance needed between spawners | 2018/10/16 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/339738",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/219635/"
] | Mob [spawners](https://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Spawner) activate when within 16 blocks (sphere) from the player. Any number of them within that range will work, with the obvious caveat that the spawner itself is not a spawnable space - the mobs need empty volume to spawn. The more spawners you put within the 9x9x3 volume centered on a spawner, the less empty space for mobs to spawn within the volume you have left.
But finding more than two spawners within 31 blocks from each other (so there's a location between them where the player activates both) is quite rare, so it's not a big worry.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DiCYC.png)
On the other hand, if you plan a general mob farm, you'll be better off with a natural spawning based mob grinder than the spawners. Spawners only spawn up to 4 mobs every 25 seconds on the average (between 10s and 40s random cooldown) and only of the type the spawner is, while a good general mob farm will spawn all, or at least most kinds of mobs and its speed is limited only by your ability to kill them fast enough to keep the number below mob cap. | According to the wiki, it says "A spawner activates when a player comes within a spherical radius of 16 blocks from the center point of the block; i.e. 15.5 blocks from the block itself."Which means that you have to be 15.5 or fewer blocks away from the spawner in order to for the spawner to activate and spawn mobs. |
20,108 | Situation (in a youth baseball league game): Bases loaded, 1 out.
A ground ball is hit to the shortstop. Runner at 3rd goes home and touches the plate. Runner at 2nd begins to run to 3rd, but seeing the SS with the ball retreats back toward 2nd, but is tagged out. Meanwhile the runner at first had gotten to 2nd base, but seeing the runner ahead of him retreating, began running back to first. He is then tagged out for the 3rd out of the inning. The umpire rules that the run doesn't count, as the runner who had started at first had brought the force play back into effect by retreating.
Was this ruling correct? | 2018/08/23 | [
"https://sports.stackexchange.com/questions/20108",
"https://sports.stackexchange.com",
"https://sports.stackexchange.com/users/13730/"
] | As far as I know there are only two cases where there is a force on a runner:
1. The base behind the runner is occupied and a fair ball is hit. This requires every runner to move up a base. The force is removed is the trailing batter/runner is put out.
2. A fly ball is caught all runners are required to tag and the force is removed by tagging. The direction a runner is going has no effect on if there is a force or not.
The last out must be a force out or made before the batter/runner reaches first base for the run not to count. See here for reference:
[Does the run count on a force out if it's the second out of the play AND the first is a non-forced tag out?](https://sports.stackexchange.com/questions/19924/does-the-run-count-on-a-force-out-if-its-the-second-out-of-the-play-and-the-fir)
The question states that the last out was made by "tag" which is not a force play and so I believe the run should count and the ruling is incorrect. | The MLB rulebook isn't that descriptive with the force play:
>
> A FORCE PLAY is a play in which a runner legally loses his right
> to occupy a base by reason of the batter becoming a runner.
>
>
>
If we look at the situation and not the history (batter/runner running to or occupying first base, runner #2 between first and second), then we'd certainly agree that the runner #2 has lost the right to first. There is no safety for the runner at first base, so it is reasonable to expect that the force is on at second.
I don't know if there's any information in the umpire guidelines for this situation, but the ruling seems reasonable to me. |
14,684,561 | Is it possible to simulate user input? And how can I realize this?
I need to automate user interaction with an windows application. The problem is, that this application doesn't provide an API for one special function I need to call. But this function is accessible in the application window by standard mouse input.
I am not tied to any programming language. I only need to write an application which does the same, like I do with my computer mouse input. | 2013/02/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/14684561",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1528248/"
] | I haven't used it myself, but [AutoIt](http://www.autoitscript.com/site/autoit/) seems to be what your looking for. | You could use Telerik Test Studio - <http://www.telerik.com/teststudio/>, Sikuli - <http://www.sikuli.org/>, Microsoft Visual Studio and UI Automation - <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa348551(v=vs.110).aspx>, or AutoIt - <http://www.autoitscript.com/site/autoit/>
Telerik Test studio provides very decent recorder which will allow you to record your test without writing any code. |
604,141 | What do we mean by the term [weight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight)? Is it an upward force exerted by an object to counteract the downward force of gravity (or) is it the downward force itself? Is the magnitude of the weight always equal to the gravitational force regardless of the frame? | 2020/12/30 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/604141",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/266567/"
] | It is a consequence of the 3rd law. The man pushes down on the floor, with his weight, and the floor pushes back with an equal and opposite normal force. | The normal force is the perpendicular component of the force that the supporting surface exerts on the resting object. Friction, if there is any is the tangential component. It is a compressive contact force, and is analogous to pushing on a very stiff spring. The harder you (or gravity) pushes on the spring the harder it pushes back. Just like a spring there is also displacement, very small, but non-zero. Unless the surface breaks, it will keep balancing the mg force, so that ma=0. |
604,141 | What do we mean by the term [weight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight)? Is it an upward force exerted by an object to counteract the downward force of gravity (or) is it the downward force itself? Is the magnitude of the weight always equal to the gravitational force regardless of the frame? | 2020/12/30 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/604141",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/266567/"
] | @AccidentalTaylorExpansion gave the accurate answer and the proper reasoning that the **normal force depends on the intermolecular distances**.
You can visualise it actually in a ground with mud.
When you try to walk, your foot goes into it and after a certain depth you may stop sinking. **This shows that when you came in contact with the surface of mud , your weight was not equal to the normal contact force but when you pressed the mud the atoms came closer and after a certain distance it equalised your weight** and this is the point where you came to rest and ready to take the second step.
Hope it helps . | When you stand still on the floor, are you accelerating toward the center of the Earth?
If your acceleration is zero, that must mean that the net forces acting on your body are zero. That must mean, that the contact force pushing up against your feet must be equal and opposite to the force of gravity pulling you down. |
604,141 | What do we mean by the term [weight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight)? Is it an upward force exerted by an object to counteract the downward force of gravity (or) is it the downward force itself? Is the magnitude of the weight always equal to the gravitational force regardless of the frame? | 2020/12/30 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/604141",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/266567/"
] | It is a consequence of the 3rd law. The man pushes down on the floor, with his weight, and the floor pushes back with an equal and opposite normal force. | When you stand still on the floor, are you accelerating toward the center of the Earth?
If your acceleration is zero, that must mean that the net forces acting on your body are zero. That must mean, that the contact force pushing up against your feet must be equal and opposite to the force of gravity pulling you down. |
604,141 | What do we mean by the term [weight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight)? Is it an upward force exerted by an object to counteract the downward force of gravity (or) is it the downward force itself? Is the magnitude of the weight always equal to the gravitational force regardless of the frame? | 2020/12/30 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/604141",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/266567/"
] | This is a consequence of equilibrium.
To see why we must first understand where the normal force comes from. The floor is made up of atoms and molecules and when no one is touching the floor all these atoms are in a 'happy' arrangement. With happy I mean that if you were to move one of these atoms by a small amount it would want to return to its original position. If a man now walks on top of these atoms they all get compressed a little. They are uncomfortable because they are too close to their neighbouring atoms. So they produce a force to try and restore the balance. The more they are compressed the larger the force they produce.
So imagine you hover an 80 kilo man above the floor attached to ropes. He is just touching the floor but is still applying zero weight. Before you cut the ropes the floor is producing zero force; the atoms aren't compressed so they are producing no force. As soon as you cut the rope the man starts falling because of gravity and starts compressing the atoms in the floor. The normal force starts increasing until it matches the weight of the man. At that point the net force is zero and the man is stationary.
Actually the normal force will not match the weight immediately. The man will have also picked up some downwards velocity which needs to be cancelled before he reaches equilibrium. But the end result is clear: in the end the man is stationary so the weight *must* match the normal force.
Before equilibrium is reached the normal force can actually be bigger than the weight. The reason that a ball bounces upwards after you throw it on the floor is because the normal force exceeded the weight of the ball for some time resulting in upwards acceleration. | Weight is defined as *[the force with which the body is acting on its support or the suspension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight#Operational_definition)*, whereas the normal force is the force with which the support acts on the body. (Note that this is different from what is understood by *weight* in everyday life - the measure of gravitational mass.)
Depending on a situation these may or may not form a 3rd law couple:
* If a block rests on a horizontal surface, the weight and the normal force form the third law couple
* On an inclined surface, the weight is composed of the force counteracting the normal force and the friction force
* Adding a supsension to either of the above two cases may further complicate the situation. |
604,141 | What do we mean by the term [weight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight)? Is it an upward force exerted by an object to counteract the downward force of gravity (or) is it the downward force itself? Is the magnitude of the weight always equal to the gravitational force regardless of the frame? | 2020/12/30 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/604141",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/266567/"
] | @AccidentalTaylorExpansion gave the accurate answer and the proper reasoning that the **normal force depends on the intermolecular distances**.
You can visualise it actually in a ground with mud.
When you try to walk, your foot goes into it and after a certain depth you may stop sinking. **This shows that when you came in contact with the surface of mud , your weight was not equal to the normal contact force but when you pressed the mud the atoms came closer and after a certain distance it equalised your weight** and this is the point where you came to rest and ready to take the second step.
Hope it helps . | Weight is defined as *[the force with which the body is acting on its support or the suspension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight#Operational_definition)*, whereas the normal force is the force with which the support acts on the body. (Note that this is different from what is understood by *weight* in everyday life - the measure of gravitational mass.)
Depending on a situation these may or may not form a 3rd law couple:
* If a block rests on a horizontal surface, the weight and the normal force form the third law couple
* On an inclined surface, the weight is composed of the force counteracting the normal force and the friction force
* Adding a supsension to either of the above two cases may further complicate the situation. |
604,141 | What do we mean by the term [weight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight)? Is it an upward force exerted by an object to counteract the downward force of gravity (or) is it the downward force itself? Is the magnitude of the weight always equal to the gravitational force regardless of the frame? | 2020/12/30 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/604141",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/266567/"
] | It is a consequence of the 3rd law. The man pushes down on the floor, with his weight, and the floor pushes back with an equal and opposite normal force. | Weight is defined as *[the force with which the body is acting on its support or the suspension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight#Operational_definition)*, whereas the normal force is the force with which the support acts on the body. (Note that this is different from what is understood by *weight* in everyday life - the measure of gravitational mass.)
Depending on a situation these may or may not form a 3rd law couple:
* If a block rests on a horizontal surface, the weight and the normal force form the third law couple
* On an inclined surface, the weight is composed of the force counteracting the normal force and the friction force
* Adding a supsension to either of the above two cases may further complicate the situation. |
604,141 | What do we mean by the term [weight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight)? Is it an upward force exerted by an object to counteract the downward force of gravity (or) is it the downward force itself? Is the magnitude of the weight always equal to the gravitational force regardless of the frame? | 2020/12/30 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/604141",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/266567/"
] | This is a consequence of equilibrium.
To see why we must first understand where the normal force comes from. The floor is made up of atoms and molecules and when no one is touching the floor all these atoms are in a 'happy' arrangement. With happy I mean that if you were to move one of these atoms by a small amount it would want to return to its original position. If a man now walks on top of these atoms they all get compressed a little. They are uncomfortable because they are too close to their neighbouring atoms. So they produce a force to try and restore the balance. The more they are compressed the larger the force they produce.
So imagine you hover an 80 kilo man above the floor attached to ropes. He is just touching the floor but is still applying zero weight. Before you cut the ropes the floor is producing zero force; the atoms aren't compressed so they are producing no force. As soon as you cut the rope the man starts falling because of gravity and starts compressing the atoms in the floor. The normal force starts increasing until it matches the weight of the man. At that point the net force is zero and the man is stationary.
Actually the normal force will not match the weight immediately. The man will have also picked up some downwards velocity which needs to be cancelled before he reaches equilibrium. But the end result is clear: in the end the man is stationary so the weight *must* match the normal force.
Before equilibrium is reached the normal force can actually be bigger than the weight. The reason that a ball bounces upwards after you throw it on the floor is because the normal force exceeded the weight of the ball for some time resulting in upwards acceleration. | When you stand still on the floor, are you accelerating toward the center of the Earth?
If your acceleration is zero, that must mean that the net forces acting on your body are zero. That must mean, that the contact force pushing up against your feet must be equal and opposite to the force of gravity pulling you down. |
604,141 | What do we mean by the term [weight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight)? Is it an upward force exerted by an object to counteract the downward force of gravity (or) is it the downward force itself? Is the magnitude of the weight always equal to the gravitational force regardless of the frame? | 2020/12/30 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/604141",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/266567/"
] | This is a consequence of equilibrium.
To see why we must first understand where the normal force comes from. The floor is made up of atoms and molecules and when no one is touching the floor all these atoms are in a 'happy' arrangement. With happy I mean that if you were to move one of these atoms by a small amount it would want to return to its original position. If a man now walks on top of these atoms they all get compressed a little. They are uncomfortable because they are too close to their neighbouring atoms. So they produce a force to try and restore the balance. The more they are compressed the larger the force they produce.
So imagine you hover an 80 kilo man above the floor attached to ropes. He is just touching the floor but is still applying zero weight. Before you cut the ropes the floor is producing zero force; the atoms aren't compressed so they are producing no force. As soon as you cut the rope the man starts falling because of gravity and starts compressing the atoms in the floor. The normal force starts increasing until it matches the weight of the man. At that point the net force is zero and the man is stationary.
Actually the normal force will not match the weight immediately. The man will have also picked up some downwards velocity which needs to be cancelled before he reaches equilibrium. But the end result is clear: in the end the man is stationary so the weight *must* match the normal force.
Before equilibrium is reached the normal force can actually be bigger than the weight. The reason that a ball bounces upwards after you throw it on the floor is because the normal force exceeded the weight of the ball for some time resulting in upwards acceleration. | The normal force is the perpendicular component of the force that the supporting surface exerts on the resting object. Friction, if there is any is the tangential component. It is a compressive contact force, and is analogous to pushing on a very stiff spring. The harder you (or gravity) pushes on the spring the harder it pushes back. Just like a spring there is also displacement, very small, but non-zero. Unless the surface breaks, it will keep balancing the mg force, so that ma=0. |
604,141 | What do we mean by the term [weight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight)? Is it an upward force exerted by an object to counteract the downward force of gravity (or) is it the downward force itself? Is the magnitude of the weight always equal to the gravitational force regardless of the frame? | 2020/12/30 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/604141",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/266567/"
] | This is a consequence of equilibrium.
To see why we must first understand where the normal force comes from. The floor is made up of atoms and molecules and when no one is touching the floor all these atoms are in a 'happy' arrangement. With happy I mean that if you were to move one of these atoms by a small amount it would want to return to its original position. If a man now walks on top of these atoms they all get compressed a little. They are uncomfortable because they are too close to their neighbouring atoms. So they produce a force to try and restore the balance. The more they are compressed the larger the force they produce.
So imagine you hover an 80 kilo man above the floor attached to ropes. He is just touching the floor but is still applying zero weight. Before you cut the ropes the floor is producing zero force; the atoms aren't compressed so they are producing no force. As soon as you cut the rope the man starts falling because of gravity and starts compressing the atoms in the floor. The normal force starts increasing until it matches the weight of the man. At that point the net force is zero and the man is stationary.
Actually the normal force will not match the weight immediately. The man will have also picked up some downwards velocity which needs to be cancelled before he reaches equilibrium. But the end result is clear: in the end the man is stationary so the weight *must* match the normal force.
Before equilibrium is reached the normal force can actually be bigger than the weight. The reason that a ball bounces upwards after you throw it on the floor is because the normal force exceeded the weight of the ball for some time resulting in upwards acceleration. | @AccidentalTaylorExpansion gave the accurate answer and the proper reasoning that the **normal force depends on the intermolecular distances**.
You can visualise it actually in a ground with mud.
When you try to walk, your foot goes into it and after a certain depth you may stop sinking. **This shows that when you came in contact with the surface of mud , your weight was not equal to the normal contact force but when you pressed the mud the atoms came closer and after a certain distance it equalised your weight** and this is the point where you came to rest and ready to take the second step.
Hope it helps . |
604,141 | What do we mean by the term [weight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight)? Is it an upward force exerted by an object to counteract the downward force of gravity (or) is it the downward force itself? Is the magnitude of the weight always equal to the gravitational force regardless of the frame? | 2020/12/30 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/604141",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/266567/"
] | This is a consequence of equilibrium.
To see why we must first understand where the normal force comes from. The floor is made up of atoms and molecules and when no one is touching the floor all these atoms are in a 'happy' arrangement. With happy I mean that if you were to move one of these atoms by a small amount it would want to return to its original position. If a man now walks on top of these atoms they all get compressed a little. They are uncomfortable because they are too close to their neighbouring atoms. So they produce a force to try and restore the balance. The more they are compressed the larger the force they produce.
So imagine you hover an 80 kilo man above the floor attached to ropes. He is just touching the floor but is still applying zero weight. Before you cut the ropes the floor is producing zero force; the atoms aren't compressed so they are producing no force. As soon as you cut the rope the man starts falling because of gravity and starts compressing the atoms in the floor. The normal force starts increasing until it matches the weight of the man. At that point the net force is zero and the man is stationary.
Actually the normal force will not match the weight immediately. The man will have also picked up some downwards velocity which needs to be cancelled before he reaches equilibrium. But the end result is clear: in the end the man is stationary so the weight *must* match the normal force.
Before equilibrium is reached the normal force can actually be bigger than the weight. The reason that a ball bounces upwards after you throw it on the floor is because the normal force exceeded the weight of the ball for some time resulting in upwards acceleration. | It is a consequence of the 3rd law. The man pushes down on the floor, with his weight, and the floor pushes back with an equal and opposite normal force. |
140,686 | There have been a lot of edits up for review recently that consist of just adding the syntax highlighting tags to code snippets.
Is the general consensus that this would be considered 'too minor' and therefore rejected, or is it seen as a good edit to make snippets language-specific for syntax highlighting. I am on the fence as to whether to accept these edits or not. | 2012/07/21 | [
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/140686",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/154008/"
] | When reviewing I personally would not reject it if there truly was nothing else to correct. But I don't think it should be the only thing you change if the post has other issues. In that case I would either go for a "too minor" vote, or make the required changes myself, removing the "helpful" checkmark. | Proper formatting of code blocks and correct syntax highlighting can improve a question immensely, so YES you should accept those edits - especially if it requires the use of a [language hint](https://meta.stackexchange.com/a/22189/146015) to correctly identify the syntax highlighting to use. |
140,686 | There have been a lot of edits up for review recently that consist of just adding the syntax highlighting tags to code snippets.
Is the general consensus that this would be considered 'too minor' and therefore rejected, or is it seen as a good edit to make snippets language-specific for syntax highlighting. I am on the fence as to whether to accept these edits or not. | 2012/07/21 | [
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/140686",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/154008/"
] | You should check whether the original question is tagged correctly. The tag will provide the hint for the syntax highlighting to work. There are some cases where the tag is there, but the syntax highlighting is incorrect - in which case manual language hint is necessary.
Make sure not to approve any edit that is including the language hint where redundant (the code is highlighted correctly in the first place). You can also reject edits where re-tagging is the better choice. Personally, I only mark the edit as helpful if the syntax highlighting cannot be improved by retagging.
Check whether there is anything else that can be improved, other than syntax highlighting. Usually there are things such as salutations, grammar errors, punctuations, capitalization that can be improved.
As a tip, you can always open the original question and look at the syntax highlighting, and hit the improve button to see how the syntax highlighting changes with the edit to compare. | When reviewing I personally would not reject it if there truly was nothing else to correct. But I don't think it should be the only thing you change if the post has other issues. In that case I would either go for a "too minor" vote, or make the required changes myself, removing the "helpful" checkmark. |
140,686 | There have been a lot of edits up for review recently that consist of just adding the syntax highlighting tags to code snippets.
Is the general consensus that this would be considered 'too minor' and therefore rejected, or is it seen as a good edit to make snippets language-specific for syntax highlighting. I am on the fence as to whether to accept these edits or not. | 2012/07/21 | [
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/140686",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/154008/"
] | You should check whether the original question is tagged correctly. The tag will provide the hint for the syntax highlighting to work. There are some cases where the tag is there, but the syntax highlighting is incorrect - in which case manual language hint is necessary.
Make sure not to approve any edit that is including the language hint where redundant (the code is highlighted correctly in the first place). You can also reject edits where re-tagging is the better choice. Personally, I only mark the edit as helpful if the syntax highlighting cannot be improved by retagging.
Check whether there is anything else that can be improved, other than syntax highlighting. Usually there are things such as salutations, grammar errors, punctuations, capitalization that can be improved.
As a tip, you can always open the original question and look at the syntax highlighting, and hit the improve button to see how the syntax highlighting changes with the edit to compare. | Proper formatting of code blocks and correct syntax highlighting can improve a question immensely, so YES you should accept those edits - especially if it requires the use of a [language hint](https://meta.stackexchange.com/a/22189/146015) to correctly identify the syntax highlighting to use. |
94,238 | Consider someone who believes in any kind of reincarnation or perfect punishment after death, a theist. That is, all she/he does in this life is done in light of complying with her/his God(s) wishes.
Is it possible for a person like this to be genuinely selfless in the sense of leaving a better world for future generations for their own sake? If so, how?
I don't see what could prevent this hypothetical person from being selfish all his/her life, knowing that the burden will exist only for future generations and not for himself/herself.
\*
\*
\*
NOTE: this is a provocative post, meant to point that this community
moderator deemed this post NOT offensive "[Why should an atheist care about what happens to the world after his/her death?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94177/why-should-an-atheist-care-about-what-happens-to-the-world-after-his-her-death?noredirect=1&lq=1)" but finds offensive to make counterpoints to it. | 2022/10/14 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94238",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/33862/"
] | >
> "You will eat, bye and bye, In that glorious land above the sky; Work
> and pray, live on hay, You'll get pie in the sky when you die.
>
>
> Holy Rollers and Jumpers come out, And they holler, they jump and they
> shout 'Give your money to Jesus' they say, 'He will cure all diseases
> today.'"
>
>
> -Joe Hill, lyrics from The Preacher And The Slave
>
>
>
There is certainly a caricature, especially of US Evangelical Christianity, that reaches it's peak in 'Prosperity Gospel' megachurches, of a pitch for religion that it's about what believers will get - but that is actually [formally heretical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperity_theology#Criticism). Those focused on post-life reward do so often at the cost of not helping or solving things now, eg see the [criticism of Mother Theresa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Mother_Teresa) by Christopher Hitchens and others. The attitude of resignation to current evils has roots in particular in Boethius' [On the Consolation of Philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Consolation_of_Philosophy), where the ideas served a very different function, basically focusing in a very Stoic way on your internal conditions rather than external - even if like him you were on Dark Ages death row. It was meant to be about cultivating yourself to be ready for Heaven, not just obedience to the church to get rewards. Work on yourself, and it will be it's own reward:
>
> "And when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are: for
> they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the
> streets, that they may be seen of men. Verily I say unto you, bThey
> have their reward. But thou, when thou prayest, eenter into thy
> fcloset, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is
> in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret dshall reward thee
> openly." - Mathew 5-6
>
>
>
Religious people and not can apply many similar tools, because religious metaphors are also culture-building psychotechnologies: [What are some philosophical works that explore constructing meaning in life from an agnostic or atheist view?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/91010/what-are-some-philosophical-works-that-explore-constructing-meaning-in-life-from/91017#91017) See this article too
[Whence comes nihilism, the uncanniest of all guests?](https://aeon.co/ideas/whence-comes-nihilism-the-uncanniest-of-all-guests)
Buddhism is exactly not focused on rebirth, good or bad. It's focused on Awakening, that ends the cycle now. Rebirth is just a way of talking about how the consequences of our actions outlive us. Awakening is a way of finding meaningful actions *from within this very moment*, instead of attached to consequences outside of our lives and experience. The Bodhisattva Path of Mahayana Buddhism is specifically about forgoing the rewards until the hells are emptied.
In Judaism they say Shabbat is practicing for heaven. The reward isn't just beyond life, it can be in this life, and is embodied simply by living well together. That is the path for future living well together.
I've got more to say, but given you just seem intent on attacking religious people as necessarily selfish, I expect the thread to get closed before I have time to finish. | The world is like a house that's inherited by future generations. The house will be affected by the wear and tear of each generation so the idea of making the world "better" for the next generation is pointless, since what is best is not the same from one generation to another. The best that can be hoped for is that each generation use and care for the house responsibly so each future generation has a decent place to live.
I dont see any religious belief including atheism that is contrary to this simple idea. |
94,238 | Consider someone who believes in any kind of reincarnation or perfect punishment after death, a theist. That is, all she/he does in this life is done in light of complying with her/his God(s) wishes.
Is it possible for a person like this to be genuinely selfless in the sense of leaving a better world for future generations for their own sake? If so, how?
I don't see what could prevent this hypothetical person from being selfish all his/her life, knowing that the burden will exist only for future generations and not for himself/herself.
\*
\*
\*
NOTE: this is a provocative post, meant to point that this community
moderator deemed this post NOT offensive "[Why should an atheist care about what happens to the world after his/her death?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94177/why-should-an-atheist-care-about-what-happens-to-the-world-after-his-her-death?noredirect=1&lq=1)" but finds offensive to make counterpoints to it. | 2022/10/14 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94238",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/33862/"
] | >
> "You will eat, bye and bye, In that glorious land above the sky; Work
> and pray, live on hay, You'll get pie in the sky when you die.
>
>
> Holy Rollers and Jumpers come out, And they holler, they jump and they
> shout 'Give your money to Jesus' they say, 'He will cure all diseases
> today.'"
>
>
> -Joe Hill, lyrics from The Preacher And The Slave
>
>
>
There is certainly a caricature, especially of US Evangelical Christianity, that reaches it's peak in 'Prosperity Gospel' megachurches, of a pitch for religion that it's about what believers will get - but that is actually [formally heretical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperity_theology#Criticism). Those focused on post-life reward do so often at the cost of not helping or solving things now, eg see the [criticism of Mother Theresa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Mother_Teresa) by Christopher Hitchens and others. The attitude of resignation to current evils has roots in particular in Boethius' [On the Consolation of Philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Consolation_of_Philosophy), where the ideas served a very different function, basically focusing in a very Stoic way on your internal conditions rather than external - even if like him you were on Dark Ages death row. It was meant to be about cultivating yourself to be ready for Heaven, not just obedience to the church to get rewards. Work on yourself, and it will be it's own reward:
>
> "And when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are: for
> they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the
> streets, that they may be seen of men. Verily I say unto you, bThey
> have their reward. But thou, when thou prayest, eenter into thy
> fcloset, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is
> in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret dshall reward thee
> openly." - Mathew 5-6
>
>
>
Religious people and not can apply many similar tools, because religious metaphors are also culture-building psychotechnologies: [What are some philosophical works that explore constructing meaning in life from an agnostic or atheist view?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/91010/what-are-some-philosophical-works-that-explore-constructing-meaning-in-life-from/91017#91017) See this article too
[Whence comes nihilism, the uncanniest of all guests?](https://aeon.co/ideas/whence-comes-nihilism-the-uncanniest-of-all-guests)
Buddhism is exactly not focused on rebirth, good or bad. It's focused on Awakening, that ends the cycle now. Rebirth is just a way of talking about how the consequences of our actions outlive us. Awakening is a way of finding meaningful actions *from within this very moment*, instead of attached to consequences outside of our lives and experience. The Bodhisattva Path of Mahayana Buddhism is specifically about forgoing the rewards until the hells are emptied.
In Judaism they say Shabbat is practicing for heaven. The reward isn't just beyond life, it can be in this life, and is embodied simply by living well together. That is the path for future living well together.
I've got more to say, but given you just seem intent on attacking religious people as necessarily selfish, I expect the thread to get closed before I have time to finish. | I suppose a theist could care for much the same reason that an atheist would care, because caring derives more benefit than harm for them selves.
I do not believe in "selfless acts" (outside of accident) as any selfless act provides benefit to the person committing the act, even if that benefit is just the internal knowledge that they did the right thing. Caring about others and future generations can derive more benefit in the form of internal peace/dopamine/ability sleep/ whatever you want to call it, than the alternative of acting in a selfish way that provides more material benefit. |
94,238 | Consider someone who believes in any kind of reincarnation or perfect punishment after death, a theist. That is, all she/he does in this life is done in light of complying with her/his God(s) wishes.
Is it possible for a person like this to be genuinely selfless in the sense of leaving a better world for future generations for their own sake? If so, how?
I don't see what could prevent this hypothetical person from being selfish all his/her life, knowing that the burden will exist only for future generations and not for himself/herself.
\*
\*
\*
NOTE: this is a provocative post, meant to point that this community
moderator deemed this post NOT offensive "[Why should an atheist care about what happens to the world after his/her death?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94177/why-should-an-atheist-care-about-what-happens-to-the-world-after-his-her-death?noredirect=1&lq=1)" but finds offensive to make counterpoints to it. | 2022/10/14 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94238",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/33862/"
] | >
> "You will eat, bye and bye, In that glorious land above the sky; Work
> and pray, live on hay, You'll get pie in the sky when you die.
>
>
> Holy Rollers and Jumpers come out, And they holler, they jump and they
> shout 'Give your money to Jesus' they say, 'He will cure all diseases
> today.'"
>
>
> -Joe Hill, lyrics from The Preacher And The Slave
>
>
>
There is certainly a caricature, especially of US Evangelical Christianity, that reaches it's peak in 'Prosperity Gospel' megachurches, of a pitch for religion that it's about what believers will get - but that is actually [formally heretical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperity_theology#Criticism). Those focused on post-life reward do so often at the cost of not helping or solving things now, eg see the [criticism of Mother Theresa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Mother_Teresa) by Christopher Hitchens and others. The attitude of resignation to current evils has roots in particular in Boethius' [On the Consolation of Philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Consolation_of_Philosophy), where the ideas served a very different function, basically focusing in a very Stoic way on your internal conditions rather than external - even if like him you were on Dark Ages death row. It was meant to be about cultivating yourself to be ready for Heaven, not just obedience to the church to get rewards. Work on yourself, and it will be it's own reward:
>
> "And when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are: for
> they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the
> streets, that they may be seen of men. Verily I say unto you, bThey
> have their reward. But thou, when thou prayest, eenter into thy
> fcloset, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is
> in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret dshall reward thee
> openly." - Mathew 5-6
>
>
>
Religious people and not can apply many similar tools, because religious metaphors are also culture-building psychotechnologies: [What are some philosophical works that explore constructing meaning in life from an agnostic or atheist view?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/91010/what-are-some-philosophical-works-that-explore-constructing-meaning-in-life-from/91017#91017) See this article too
[Whence comes nihilism, the uncanniest of all guests?](https://aeon.co/ideas/whence-comes-nihilism-the-uncanniest-of-all-guests)
Buddhism is exactly not focused on rebirth, good or bad. It's focused on Awakening, that ends the cycle now. Rebirth is just a way of talking about how the consequences of our actions outlive us. Awakening is a way of finding meaningful actions *from within this very moment*, instead of attached to consequences outside of our lives and experience. The Bodhisattva Path of Mahayana Buddhism is specifically about forgoing the rewards until the hells are emptied.
In Judaism they say Shabbat is practicing for heaven. The reward isn't just beyond life, it can be in this life, and is embodied simply by living well together. That is the path for future living well together.
I've got more to say, but given you just seem intent on attacking religious people as necessarily selfish, I expect the thread to get closed before I have time to finish. | There are many philosophical positions that tend to promote nihilism, which given human psychology, tends to lead to lack of caring for others.
Many of the critiques of atheism by the religious focus on the way material reductionism removes any value to: values, morality, reason, consciousness, selfhood, and makes any agency, willing or choice irrelevant.
Atheists can make a very similar critique of most monotheism -- if the universe is under the control of an omnipotent and omniscient being, then every thought and action a believer or UNbeliever may take has been pre-planned and scripted by a puppet-master, making any agency or choices we might think we are making -- just self delusion, as well as irrelevant to the future of the universe.
The range of philosophical world-views that can actually support relevant and effective agency and morality -- is actually fairly small. One can find such space within both atheist and theist worldviews.
To get there as an atheist, one can go the Buddhist route, and accept spiritual dualism, but reject theism. OR, one can accept emergence of causal consciousness, and the reality of abstract objects, such as moral principles.
To get there as a theist, one can accept theistic pluralism, such that there is no single puppetmaster. Ditheism is the easiest such route. Massive polytheism will work as well.
Note, your premise is partially valid, as there are more routes to moral relevancy for atheists, and as percentages, more atheists today hold the views that allow moral relevancy than do today's theists. |
94,238 | Consider someone who believes in any kind of reincarnation or perfect punishment after death, a theist. That is, all she/he does in this life is done in light of complying with her/his God(s) wishes.
Is it possible for a person like this to be genuinely selfless in the sense of leaving a better world for future generations for their own sake? If so, how?
I don't see what could prevent this hypothetical person from being selfish all his/her life, knowing that the burden will exist only for future generations and not for himself/herself.
\*
\*
\*
NOTE: this is a provocative post, meant to point that this community
moderator deemed this post NOT offensive "[Why should an atheist care about what happens to the world after his/her death?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94177/why-should-an-atheist-care-about-what-happens-to-the-world-after-his-her-death?noredirect=1&lq=1)" but finds offensive to make counterpoints to it. | 2022/10/14 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94238",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/33862/"
] | >
> "You will eat, bye and bye, In that glorious land above the sky; Work
> and pray, live on hay, You'll get pie in the sky when you die.
>
>
> Holy Rollers and Jumpers come out, And they holler, they jump and they
> shout 'Give your money to Jesus' they say, 'He will cure all diseases
> today.'"
>
>
> -Joe Hill, lyrics from The Preacher And The Slave
>
>
>
There is certainly a caricature, especially of US Evangelical Christianity, that reaches it's peak in 'Prosperity Gospel' megachurches, of a pitch for religion that it's about what believers will get - but that is actually [formally heretical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperity_theology#Criticism). Those focused on post-life reward do so often at the cost of not helping or solving things now, eg see the [criticism of Mother Theresa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Mother_Teresa) by Christopher Hitchens and others. The attitude of resignation to current evils has roots in particular in Boethius' [On the Consolation of Philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Consolation_of_Philosophy), where the ideas served a very different function, basically focusing in a very Stoic way on your internal conditions rather than external - even if like him you were on Dark Ages death row. It was meant to be about cultivating yourself to be ready for Heaven, not just obedience to the church to get rewards. Work on yourself, and it will be it's own reward:
>
> "And when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are: for
> they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the
> streets, that they may be seen of men. Verily I say unto you, bThey
> have their reward. But thou, when thou prayest, eenter into thy
> fcloset, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is
> in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret dshall reward thee
> openly." - Mathew 5-6
>
>
>
Religious people and not can apply many similar tools, because religious metaphors are also culture-building psychotechnologies: [What are some philosophical works that explore constructing meaning in life from an agnostic or atheist view?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/91010/what-are-some-philosophical-works-that-explore-constructing-meaning-in-life-from/91017#91017) See this article too
[Whence comes nihilism, the uncanniest of all guests?](https://aeon.co/ideas/whence-comes-nihilism-the-uncanniest-of-all-guests)
Buddhism is exactly not focused on rebirth, good or bad. It's focused on Awakening, that ends the cycle now. Rebirth is just a way of talking about how the consequences of our actions outlive us. Awakening is a way of finding meaningful actions *from within this very moment*, instead of attached to consequences outside of our lives and experience. The Bodhisattva Path of Mahayana Buddhism is specifically about forgoing the rewards until the hells are emptied.
In Judaism they say Shabbat is practicing for heaven. The reward isn't just beyond life, it can be in this life, and is embodied simply by living well together. That is the path for future living well together.
I've got more to say, but given you just seem intent on attacking religious people as necessarily selfish, I expect the thread to get closed before I have time to finish. | As a human being, I have responsibilities. Ignoring these responsibilities means I lose the right to call myself a human being.
Theists often try to push these responsibilities to a “higher being”. I consider that cowardice, and as an atheist I don’t have that cheap way out. That’s why I care about how I leave this world. |
94,238 | Consider someone who believes in any kind of reincarnation or perfect punishment after death, a theist. That is, all she/he does in this life is done in light of complying with her/his God(s) wishes.
Is it possible for a person like this to be genuinely selfless in the sense of leaving a better world for future generations for their own sake? If so, how?
I don't see what could prevent this hypothetical person from being selfish all his/her life, knowing that the burden will exist only for future generations and not for himself/herself.
\*
\*
\*
NOTE: this is a provocative post, meant to point that this community
moderator deemed this post NOT offensive "[Why should an atheist care about what happens to the world after his/her death?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94177/why-should-an-atheist-care-about-what-happens-to-the-world-after-his-her-death?noredirect=1&lq=1)" but finds offensive to make counterpoints to it. | 2022/10/14 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94238",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/33862/"
] | If we agree on the premise that there's no reason for an atheist to care what happens after their death, then the corollary to that claim is that theists do care about it only because they are **afraid to be punished** in the next life or hell. Which is indeed far from selfless.
If you promise a theist a guaranteed reward or punishment after death (to take out the religion-related self-interest out), they have exactly the same reasons to care for others as atheists. Either you accept that both theists and atheists may have such reasons, or you deny selflessness to both.
In other words, true selflessness is above religion and cannot be substituted by a religious belief. | The world is like a house that's inherited by future generations. The house will be affected by the wear and tear of each generation so the idea of making the world "better" for the next generation is pointless, since what is best is not the same from one generation to another. The best that can be hoped for is that each generation use and care for the house responsibly so each future generation has a decent place to live.
I dont see any religious belief including atheism that is contrary to this simple idea. |
94,238 | Consider someone who believes in any kind of reincarnation or perfect punishment after death, a theist. That is, all she/he does in this life is done in light of complying with her/his God(s) wishes.
Is it possible for a person like this to be genuinely selfless in the sense of leaving a better world for future generations for their own sake? If so, how?
I don't see what could prevent this hypothetical person from being selfish all his/her life, knowing that the burden will exist only for future generations and not for himself/herself.
\*
\*
\*
NOTE: this is a provocative post, meant to point that this community
moderator deemed this post NOT offensive "[Why should an atheist care about what happens to the world after his/her death?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94177/why-should-an-atheist-care-about-what-happens-to-the-world-after-his-her-death?noredirect=1&lq=1)" but finds offensive to make counterpoints to it. | 2022/10/14 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94238",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/33862/"
] | If we agree on the premise that there's no reason for an atheist to care what happens after their death, then the corollary to that claim is that theists do care about it only because they are **afraid to be punished** in the next life or hell. Which is indeed far from selfless.
If you promise a theist a guaranteed reward or punishment after death (to take out the religion-related self-interest out), they have exactly the same reasons to care for others as atheists. Either you accept that both theists and atheists may have such reasons, or you deny selflessness to both.
In other words, true selflessness is above religion and cannot be substituted by a religious belief. | I suppose a theist could care for much the same reason that an atheist would care, because caring derives more benefit than harm for them selves.
I do not believe in "selfless acts" (outside of accident) as any selfless act provides benefit to the person committing the act, even if that benefit is just the internal knowledge that they did the right thing. Caring about others and future generations can derive more benefit in the form of internal peace/dopamine/ability sleep/ whatever you want to call it, than the alternative of acting in a selfish way that provides more material benefit. |
94,238 | Consider someone who believes in any kind of reincarnation or perfect punishment after death, a theist. That is, all she/he does in this life is done in light of complying with her/his God(s) wishes.
Is it possible for a person like this to be genuinely selfless in the sense of leaving a better world for future generations for their own sake? If so, how?
I don't see what could prevent this hypothetical person from being selfish all his/her life, knowing that the burden will exist only for future generations and not for himself/herself.
\*
\*
\*
NOTE: this is a provocative post, meant to point that this community
moderator deemed this post NOT offensive "[Why should an atheist care about what happens to the world after his/her death?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94177/why-should-an-atheist-care-about-what-happens-to-the-world-after-his-her-death?noredirect=1&lq=1)" but finds offensive to make counterpoints to it. | 2022/10/14 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94238",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/33862/"
] | If we agree on the premise that there's no reason for an atheist to care what happens after their death, then the corollary to that claim is that theists do care about it only because they are **afraid to be punished** in the next life or hell. Which is indeed far from selfless.
If you promise a theist a guaranteed reward or punishment after death (to take out the religion-related self-interest out), they have exactly the same reasons to care for others as atheists. Either you accept that both theists and atheists may have such reasons, or you deny selflessness to both.
In other words, true selflessness is above religion and cannot be substituted by a religious belief. | There are many philosophical positions that tend to promote nihilism, which given human psychology, tends to lead to lack of caring for others.
Many of the critiques of atheism by the religious focus on the way material reductionism removes any value to: values, morality, reason, consciousness, selfhood, and makes any agency, willing or choice irrelevant.
Atheists can make a very similar critique of most monotheism -- if the universe is under the control of an omnipotent and omniscient being, then every thought and action a believer or UNbeliever may take has been pre-planned and scripted by a puppet-master, making any agency or choices we might think we are making -- just self delusion, as well as irrelevant to the future of the universe.
The range of philosophical world-views that can actually support relevant and effective agency and morality -- is actually fairly small. One can find such space within both atheist and theist worldviews.
To get there as an atheist, one can go the Buddhist route, and accept spiritual dualism, but reject theism. OR, one can accept emergence of causal consciousness, and the reality of abstract objects, such as moral principles.
To get there as a theist, one can accept theistic pluralism, such that there is no single puppetmaster. Ditheism is the easiest such route. Massive polytheism will work as well.
Note, your premise is partially valid, as there are more routes to moral relevancy for atheists, and as percentages, more atheists today hold the views that allow moral relevancy than do today's theists. |
94,238 | Consider someone who believes in any kind of reincarnation or perfect punishment after death, a theist. That is, all she/he does in this life is done in light of complying with her/his God(s) wishes.
Is it possible for a person like this to be genuinely selfless in the sense of leaving a better world for future generations for their own sake? If so, how?
I don't see what could prevent this hypothetical person from being selfish all his/her life, knowing that the burden will exist only for future generations and not for himself/herself.
\*
\*
\*
NOTE: this is a provocative post, meant to point that this community
moderator deemed this post NOT offensive "[Why should an atheist care about what happens to the world after his/her death?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94177/why-should-an-atheist-care-about-what-happens-to-the-world-after-his-her-death?noredirect=1&lq=1)" but finds offensive to make counterpoints to it. | 2022/10/14 | [
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/94238",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com",
"https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/users/33862/"
] | If we agree on the premise that there's no reason for an atheist to care what happens after their death, then the corollary to that claim is that theists do care about it only because they are **afraid to be punished** in the next life or hell. Which is indeed far from selfless.
If you promise a theist a guaranteed reward or punishment after death (to take out the religion-related self-interest out), they have exactly the same reasons to care for others as atheists. Either you accept that both theists and atheists may have such reasons, or you deny selflessness to both.
In other words, true selflessness is above religion and cannot be substituted by a religious belief. | As a human being, I have responsibilities. Ignoring these responsibilities means I lose the right to call myself a human being.
Theists often try to push these responsibilities to a “higher being”. I consider that cowardice, and as an atheist I don’t have that cheap way out. That’s why I care about how I leave this world. |
11,919,971 | Is it possible to create a webkit page animation such that when I click a link to go to a different page, I can do a left-right wipe or right-left wipe of the new page of content, with two separate HTML files and no AJAX? Just something to fancy up the link for special cases?
So, for those who have a webkit-enabled browser, the link gets fancy. For those without, it acts like a regular link.
Bonus -- also getting it to work with mozilla page animation too. | 2012/08/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/11919971",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/105539/"
] | 1. Find all external links
2. on click...
3. prevent default
4. Apply class to body element like "leaving"
5. Use that class to CSS animate page away (e.g. body.leaving { transform: translateX: -100%; }
6. When animation completes (e.g. setTimeout for same time as CSS animation) window.location to the href of the link
7. On all internal pages, have default class of "preload" on body
8. Remove that class on dom ready
9. The removing of that class does the reverse animation that the "leaving" class does, so pages slides into place.
You'd have to essentially "fade to white" in between doing it this way, but it's close. | The short answer is "no" because you can't get the HTML for the incoming page without using Ajax. That said, once you retrieve the HTML for the incoming page, you can do the animation with pure CSS in all modern browsers. |
32,397 | Online reviews have indicated that NEX F3 is a superior device because it has a larger sensor, and therefore it would perform better under low light condition. However, today I tested both cameras. Surprisingly, the Nikon came out on top when it comes to image quality under low light condition. I believe I have almost the same setting on both cameras. I hope to keep the NEX F3, but given the performance Nikon 1 J1 gives, I get the impression that Nikon 1 J1 is superior. I'm new to digital photography, can you help me on what's going on? If F3 is superior why am I getting a more ideal image under low light condition with the Nikon? Is it because I do not have the F3 settings configured correctly? What can I do to make it shown that F3 images are indeed superior(superior meaning it's able to capture more detail under the same lighting condition)?
SONY NEX F3 (Intelligent Auto mode shutter speed:1/6 Aperture: 2.8 ISO:3200 lens:16mm color:sRGB DRO AUTO WB:Auto Then there's one that says: std
Nikon 1 J1 (Auto mode shutter speed:1/4 Aperture: 3.5 ISO:3200 lens:10mm WB:Auto Color:sRGB Then there are two icons i don't know what they're for: one of them says SD like these )
Now under good lighting condition Nikon image seems more vibrant(in terms of colors) just ever so slightly...
Nikon
Sony
 | 2013/01/11 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/32397",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/14530/"
] | The NEX F3 *should* be superior to the 1 J1 in low-light due to its larger sensors. Now you say, you see the opposite but have not mentioned how you determine *superior*.
The F3 has a much larger pixel count than the J1, so if you look at 100% view, it wont look as good as expect per-pixel. However if you display or print to the same size, the F3 would normally come out on top given the same *image brightness*.
In you example you have one image darker than the other. This of course makes noise stand out more on the darker image since noise appears as a *signal-to-noise* ratio. This means that the darker the image, the more noise is apparent.
The two icons are see are for Standard color rendition and Adaptive D-Lighting. This is Nikon's equivalent of Sony's Dynamic Range Optimizer (DRO). If you want the best quality, you need to turns this off on both cameras. What they do is boost the dark parts of the image to make them brighter, but this amplifies noise. Depending on which setting, you get different amplification. In my *opinion* it also makes *most* images look worse because it reduces contrast.
Of course letting more light in improves the image quality of any camera and so shooting with a larger aperture is better if that gives you the shot you need. If on one camera you can afford a lens with a brighter aperture that will influence your perception of results. | Your test is far from scientific, but given that you mention being a beginner and are able to get better results with the nikon...i'd forget theory and go for practical results.
Metering is bound to be different in both cameras, and get slightly different results. This explains your different exposures. For an accurate test, all exposure values should be equal, and in-camera software corrections should be turned off.
But that would not get you a correct assessment of what you can do with the camera. Why don't you try both cameras in several different common situations, and go from there? |
6,027,577 | I have shifted our live server to a new server configuration Windows 2008 server and sql server 2008.
But I am having following exception while adding date field data :
>
> 2011-05-15 18:00:44,263 ERROR Error
> caught : the details of the error are
> System.Data.SqlTypes.SqlTypeException:
> SqlDateTime overflow. Must be between
> 1/1/1753 12:00:00 AM and 12/31/9999
> 11:59:59 PM. at
> System.Data.SqlTypes.SqlDateTime.FromTimeSpan(TimeSpan
> value)
>
>
>
But the same code is working fine on local machine and was also working fine on old server.
I have even changed the date field explicitly into **"mm/dd/yy"** format.
But still not found the solution.
Can anyone provide me the solution. | 2011/05/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6027577",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/756896/"
] | There's actually three things: A Website, a Store and a Store View.
The most important part about Websites is that each websites has its unique customer and order base.
Stores can be used to define for example different (looking) stores with the same information.
Store Views are mostly used to handle different languages on your website. You will typically have one Store View per language. | Here is what I found on Magento site which helped me to clear the difference between the 3 notions.
**Website** is a parent of store (or a basis for a store). It can consist of one or several stores.
**Store** is a "child of website". You create and manage products and categories on this level.
Store (or store view group): Stores are ‘children’ of websites. Products and Categories are managed on the store level. A root category is configured for each store.
To be browsable in the interface a store requires one or more **store views**. The catalog structure per store view will always be the same. It allows multiple store presentations in the front end (like the opportunity to switch between 2 or more languages) |
6,027,577 | I have shifted our live server to a new server configuration Windows 2008 server and sql server 2008.
But I am having following exception while adding date field data :
>
> 2011-05-15 18:00:44,263 ERROR Error
> caught : the details of the error are
> System.Data.SqlTypes.SqlTypeException:
> SqlDateTime overflow. Must be between
> 1/1/1753 12:00:00 AM and 12/31/9999
> 11:59:59 PM. at
> System.Data.SqlTypes.SqlDateTime.FromTimeSpan(TimeSpan
> value)
>
>
>
But the same code is working fine on local machine and was also working fine on old server.
I have even changed the date field explicitly into **"mm/dd/yy"** format.
But still not found the solution.
Can anyone provide me the solution. | 2011/05/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6027577",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/756896/"
] | There's actually three things: A Website, a Store and a Store View.
The most important part about Websites is that each websites has its unique customer and order base.
Stores can be used to define for example different (looking) stores with the same information.
Store Views are mostly used to handle different languages on your website. You will typically have one Store View per language. | Website:
* Possible to maintain a separate customer base for the website, or can
share the customer accounts with all websites
* Different base currency can be defined
* Different order base can be maintained (Need citation on this one)
* Different prices can be given for the website using a configuration
setting or can share the price globally
* Different Website URLs can be used or can share the same website URL
(Magento keeps unique cookies)
Store:
* Customer accounts are shared among all the stores under a specific
website
* Same base currency
* Same Price
* Product can be assigned store specifically
* Can have different root category configuration
Store View:
* Common practice is to distinguish between different language views
for store
* Different display prices
* Category settings can be different
* Same root category for all store views
**Inventory is global across all the websites and stores.** Either the product is IN STOCK or not! If need different inventories, have to use third party modules
Hope this helps.... |
6,027,577 | I have shifted our live server to a new server configuration Windows 2008 server and sql server 2008.
But I am having following exception while adding date field data :
>
> 2011-05-15 18:00:44,263 ERROR Error
> caught : the details of the error are
> System.Data.SqlTypes.SqlTypeException:
> SqlDateTime overflow. Must be between
> 1/1/1753 12:00:00 AM and 12/31/9999
> 11:59:59 PM. at
> System.Data.SqlTypes.SqlDateTime.FromTimeSpan(TimeSpan
> value)
>
>
>
But the same code is working fine on local machine and was also working fine on old server.
I have even changed the date field explicitly into **"mm/dd/yy"** format.
But still not found the solution.
Can anyone provide me the solution. | 2011/05/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6027577",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/756896/"
] | There's actually three things: A Website, a Store and a Store View.
The most important part about Websites is that each websites has its unique customer and order base.
Stores can be used to define for example different (looking) stores with the same information.
Store Views are mostly used to handle different languages on your website. You will typically have one Store View per language. | ---
>
> Global | Website | Store | Store View
>
>
>
---
One of Magento’s advanced features allows for management of multiple websites and stores within one installation, and we have an amazing system to support this: GWS - aka “Global, Website, Store.”
**Global:** This refers to the entire installation.
**Website:** Websites are ‘parents’ of stores. A website consists of one or more stores. Websites can be set up to share customer data, or not to share any data
**Store (or store view group):** Stores are ‘children’ of websites. Products and Categories are managed on the store level. A root category is configured for each store view group, allowing multiple stores under the same website to have totally different catalog structures.
**Store View:** A store needs one or more store views to be browse-able in the front-end. The catalog structure per store view will always be the same, it simply allows for multiple presentations of the data in the front. 90% of implementations will likely use store views to allow customers to switch between 2 or more languages.
>
> Example scenario
>
>
>
Let’s say you want to sell appliances, consumer electronics, and DVD’s and CD’s. For the purpose of this example we’ll separate the catalog into two stores and three websites. The appliance line will be sold on its own website, and the remaining items on another website. You bought appliances.com and coolstuff.com for this purpose. You don’t want customer data and order data to be shared between the two websites, so data sharing will be turn off in the configuration between them.
Under coolstuff.com you create two stores - Electronics, and Media. Consumer electronics will be sold through the electronics store, and the media items through the Media store. Since each line of items is very extensive, it makes sense to create a separate category structure for the Media store and the Electronics store… otherwise the category tree would be large and cumbersome. When the stores are created, you simply assign a different root category to each store.
In addition, you want to feature your catalog for both websites in English and Spanish. To do this, you will create an English and Spanish store view for each of the three stores. When entering catalog data you can switch store views in the admin to create the additional product titles, descriptions etc…
Configuration
The configuration of Magento uses GWS as a kind of tree when setting up the stores. When it is initially installed, all configuration settings point to “default”, meaning the global installation. A check box next to each configurable item can be un-checked in a particular website or store view, to indicate that this item will be specific to this website or store view. For example, you will offer authorize.net as a payment module on both websites, but you only want to offer google checkout on coolstuff.com. In the configuration, you’d select coolstuff.com in the store view drop-down, find the google API settings, and un-check “use default” in the google checkout tab. For this specific website you can now enable or disable google checkout.
All modules in the configuration function the same way.
Moving on to store views - after a store view has been created, you can configure the layout and visual settings of the store view however you’d like - a drop-down allows customers to switch between store views. This will reload the current page with the alternate view. This can be used for multiple languages, but can also be a way to easily do A-B testing between several design packages to see if one yields more conversions. The possibilities are endless!
The above is meant as a basic overview of this functionality - the best way to learn how to set it all up is to install Magento and get in there and start playing around.
I also founded two short videos that go into a little more detail regarding the configuration. Enjoy!
[Video: Creating Multiple Online Storefronts, Part 1](http://www.magentocommerce.com/blog/comments/video-creating-multiple-online-storefronts-part1/)
[Video: Creating Multiple Online Storefronts, Part 2](http://www.magentocommerce.com/blog/comments/video-creating-multiple-online-storefronts-part-2/) |
6,027,577 | I have shifted our live server to a new server configuration Windows 2008 server and sql server 2008.
But I am having following exception while adding date field data :
>
> 2011-05-15 18:00:44,263 ERROR Error
> caught : the details of the error are
> System.Data.SqlTypes.SqlTypeException:
> SqlDateTime overflow. Must be between
> 1/1/1753 12:00:00 AM and 12/31/9999
> 11:59:59 PM. at
> System.Data.SqlTypes.SqlDateTime.FromTimeSpan(TimeSpan
> value)
>
>
>
But the same code is working fine on local machine and was also working fine on old server.
I have even changed the date field explicitly into **"mm/dd/yy"** format.
But still not found the solution.
Can anyone provide me the solution. | 2011/05/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6027577",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/756896/"
] | Website:
* Possible to maintain a separate customer base for the website, or can
share the customer accounts with all websites
* Different base currency can be defined
* Different order base can be maintained (Need citation on this one)
* Different prices can be given for the website using a configuration
setting or can share the price globally
* Different Website URLs can be used or can share the same website URL
(Magento keeps unique cookies)
Store:
* Customer accounts are shared among all the stores under a specific
website
* Same base currency
* Same Price
* Product can be assigned store specifically
* Can have different root category configuration
Store View:
* Common practice is to distinguish between different language views
for store
* Different display prices
* Category settings can be different
* Same root category for all store views
**Inventory is global across all the websites and stores.** Either the product is IN STOCK or not! If need different inventories, have to use third party modules
Hope this helps.... | Here is what I found on Magento site which helped me to clear the difference between the 3 notions.
**Website** is a parent of store (or a basis for a store). It can consist of one or several stores.
**Store** is a "child of website". You create and manage products and categories on this level.
Store (or store view group): Stores are ‘children’ of websites. Products and Categories are managed on the store level. A root category is configured for each store.
To be browsable in the interface a store requires one or more **store views**. The catalog structure per store view will always be the same. It allows multiple store presentations in the front end (like the opportunity to switch between 2 or more languages) |
6,027,577 | I have shifted our live server to a new server configuration Windows 2008 server and sql server 2008.
But I am having following exception while adding date field data :
>
> 2011-05-15 18:00:44,263 ERROR Error
> caught : the details of the error are
> System.Data.SqlTypes.SqlTypeException:
> SqlDateTime overflow. Must be between
> 1/1/1753 12:00:00 AM and 12/31/9999
> 11:59:59 PM. at
> System.Data.SqlTypes.SqlDateTime.FromTimeSpan(TimeSpan
> value)
>
>
>
But the same code is working fine on local machine and was also working fine on old server.
I have even changed the date field explicitly into **"mm/dd/yy"** format.
But still not found the solution.
Can anyone provide me the solution. | 2011/05/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6027577",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/756896/"
] | ---
>
> Global | Website | Store | Store View
>
>
>
---
One of Magento’s advanced features allows for management of multiple websites and stores within one installation, and we have an amazing system to support this: GWS - aka “Global, Website, Store.”
**Global:** This refers to the entire installation.
**Website:** Websites are ‘parents’ of stores. A website consists of one or more stores. Websites can be set up to share customer data, or not to share any data
**Store (or store view group):** Stores are ‘children’ of websites. Products and Categories are managed on the store level. A root category is configured for each store view group, allowing multiple stores under the same website to have totally different catalog structures.
**Store View:** A store needs one or more store views to be browse-able in the front-end. The catalog structure per store view will always be the same, it simply allows for multiple presentations of the data in the front. 90% of implementations will likely use store views to allow customers to switch between 2 or more languages.
>
> Example scenario
>
>
>
Let’s say you want to sell appliances, consumer electronics, and DVD’s and CD’s. For the purpose of this example we’ll separate the catalog into two stores and three websites. The appliance line will be sold on its own website, and the remaining items on another website. You bought appliances.com and coolstuff.com for this purpose. You don’t want customer data and order data to be shared between the two websites, so data sharing will be turn off in the configuration between them.
Under coolstuff.com you create two stores - Electronics, and Media. Consumer electronics will be sold through the electronics store, and the media items through the Media store. Since each line of items is very extensive, it makes sense to create a separate category structure for the Media store and the Electronics store… otherwise the category tree would be large and cumbersome. When the stores are created, you simply assign a different root category to each store.
In addition, you want to feature your catalog for both websites in English and Spanish. To do this, you will create an English and Spanish store view for each of the three stores. When entering catalog data you can switch store views in the admin to create the additional product titles, descriptions etc…
Configuration
The configuration of Magento uses GWS as a kind of tree when setting up the stores. When it is initially installed, all configuration settings point to “default”, meaning the global installation. A check box next to each configurable item can be un-checked in a particular website or store view, to indicate that this item will be specific to this website or store view. For example, you will offer authorize.net as a payment module on both websites, but you only want to offer google checkout on coolstuff.com. In the configuration, you’d select coolstuff.com in the store view drop-down, find the google API settings, and un-check “use default” in the google checkout tab. For this specific website you can now enable or disable google checkout.
All modules in the configuration function the same way.
Moving on to store views - after a store view has been created, you can configure the layout and visual settings of the store view however you’d like - a drop-down allows customers to switch between store views. This will reload the current page with the alternate view. This can be used for multiple languages, but can also be a way to easily do A-B testing between several design packages to see if one yields more conversions. The possibilities are endless!
The above is meant as a basic overview of this functionality - the best way to learn how to set it all up is to install Magento and get in there and start playing around.
I also founded two short videos that go into a little more detail regarding the configuration. Enjoy!
[Video: Creating Multiple Online Storefronts, Part 1](http://www.magentocommerce.com/blog/comments/video-creating-multiple-online-storefronts-part1/)
[Video: Creating Multiple Online Storefronts, Part 2](http://www.magentocommerce.com/blog/comments/video-creating-multiple-online-storefronts-part-2/) | Here is what I found on Magento site which helped me to clear the difference between the 3 notions.
**Website** is a parent of store (or a basis for a store). It can consist of one or several stores.
**Store** is a "child of website". You create and manage products and categories on this level.
Store (or store view group): Stores are ‘children’ of websites. Products and Categories are managed on the store level. A root category is configured for each store.
To be browsable in the interface a store requires one or more **store views**. The catalog structure per store view will always be the same. It allows multiple store presentations in the front end (like the opportunity to switch between 2 or more languages) |
66,128 | Is there a way to download a region from Google maps to a PDF or JPEG file? I would like to download as many zoom levels as possible so I can zoom in and out without being online. I need this for practical reasons when I will be traveling to remote China and I need detailed maps of certain provinces/counties.I will be browsing these maps on an iPod touch.
I only need the street information, so only the "map" part of gmaps. | 2013/07/15 | [
"https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/66128",
"https://gis.stackexchange.com",
"https://gis.stackexchange.com/users/19415/"
] | GoogleMaps is now offering 'off-line' mode, so you can do this without any GIS or programming at all. The trick is you'll need Android Ice Cream Sandwich or Jelly Bean: [A new Google Maps app for smartphone and tablets](http://google-latlong.blogspot.com/2013/07/a-new-google-maps-app-for-smartphone.html)
>
> The offline maps feature for Android is also no longer available. Instead we’ve created a new way for you to access maps offline by simply entering “OK Maps” into the search box when viewing the area you want for later. Finally, My Maps functionality is not supported in this release but will return to future versions of the app. People who want to create powerful custom maps can still do so with Maps Engine Lite on desktop.
>
>
> | Try GoogleMapsRipper from <http://www.blueblackworks.com>
“GoogleMapsRipper is mapping software that allows you to download both satellite imagery, topographic and road maps from Google Maps, Bing Maps and OpenStreet Maps. “ |
66,128 | Is there a way to download a region from Google maps to a PDF or JPEG file? I would like to download as many zoom levels as possible so I can zoom in and out without being online. I need this for practical reasons when I will be traveling to remote China and I need detailed maps of certain provinces/counties.I will be browsing these maps on an iPod touch.
I only need the street information, so only the "map" part of gmaps. | 2013/07/15 | [
"https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/66128",
"https://gis.stackexchange.com",
"https://gis.stackexchange.com/users/19415/"
] | GoogleMaps is now offering 'off-line' mode, so you can do this without any GIS or programming at all. The trick is you'll need Android Ice Cream Sandwich or Jelly Bean: [A new Google Maps app for smartphone and tablets](http://google-latlong.blogspot.com/2013/07/a-new-google-maps-app-for-smartphone.html)
>
> The offline maps feature for Android is also no longer available. Instead we’ve created a new way for you to access maps offline by simply entering “OK Maps” into the search box when viewing the area you want for later. Finally, My Maps functionality is not supported in this release but will return to future versions of the app. People who want to create powerful custom maps can still do so with Maps Engine Lite on desktop.
>
>
> | Also try Google Maps Downloader from <http://www.bigeastsolutions.com/index.html>
You can download Google satellite maps |
12,931,704 | In my website have a flash player, it is working in all browsers expect latest version of Chrome. In latest version of chrome it shows crash, because in latest version of Chrome (Chrome 22), they add 'experimental' **PepperFlash plugin** the default player for Flash content and removed the old integrated Chrome Flash plugin, ([please check this](http://techlogon.com/2011/08/11/shockwave-flash-crashes-in-google-chrome/)) , I want to disable \**PepperFlash \** plugin using php script/javascript/jquery, please help | 2012/10/17 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/12931704",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1746876/"
] | You can't do that.
What you can do is that you can change your flash code. Assuming it is [this issue](http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=155437), you could work around it by calling Camera#setMode with different resolution parameters, like advised in that thread. The thread says that these resolution parameters will cause the issue:
>
> 320x240
> 640x480
> 1024x768
> 1152x864
> 1280x720
> 1280x768
> 1280x960
> 1280x1024
> 1920x1080
>
>
>
whereas if you change the param even for one pixel, it would work.
There might be other bugs there too (at least there are some open issues) - you could advise end user with chrome to disable pepperflash, if you want to. | Well, [here is an intersting short article](http://support.google.com/chrome/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=108086) about Flash.
And [here is a fiddle](http://jsfiddle.net/XSFxb/2/) to detect PepperFlash.
Fact is that you cannot disable the usage of the plugin PeeperFlash from the client-side.
For this you would need far more rights than your browser will give you.
Only way is to disable it using the plugin settings of chrome. |
3,278,584 | I would like to force a user to complete some additional information once they have created and account and have validated their email address. For now, this additional information is simple (first name, last name). Once a user logs in, I am going to redirect them to an additional information page to complete this information. I'm just wondering what the best way is to ensure that this information is completed. The only thing I can think of is to store some type of flag in the session, but I would have to look at it for every single get of a view right? I can't think of any other way to do this, since I would need to check every page get, but maybe a base controller or something would be best? I'm really looking for best practices here. Thanks in advance. | 2010/07/19 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/3278584",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/140511/"
] | The best thing would be to have a flag on your user object, and in the database. You should check every page get, and if the information has not been filled out, redirect them to that page.
However, in the best interests of your users, you may not want to force them to fill out this information. | IMO the best sites are the one's that make you *want* to complete your profile yourself, you can do this in a number of ways that are not so "in your face", for example allow people to do very basic things immeditely with just a very limited profile and on the main page have a nice largish "Profile 40% complete" with a link (or whatever perc of course), and...make any advanced function require them to fill out the profile.
Make it their choice, but give an incentive. (just the % complete is enough for some people ;-) people don't like to feel incomplete) |
3,278,584 | I would like to force a user to complete some additional information once they have created and account and have validated their email address. For now, this additional information is simple (first name, last name). Once a user logs in, I am going to redirect them to an additional information page to complete this information. I'm just wondering what the best way is to ensure that this information is completed. The only thing I can think of is to store some type of flag in the session, but I would have to look at it for every single get of a view right? I can't think of any other way to do this, since I would need to check every page get, but maybe a base controller or something would be best? I'm really looking for best practices here. Thanks in advance. | 2010/07/19 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/3278584",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/140511/"
] | The best thing would be to have a flag on your user object, and in the database. You should check every page get, and if the information has not been filled out, redirect them to that page.
However, in the best interests of your users, you may not want to force them to fill out this information. | I guess the best practice would be to add a role like "Profile\_Completed".
This would let you lock down select portions of the site in the usual way without having to code anything up. |
3,278,584 | I would like to force a user to complete some additional information once they have created and account and have validated their email address. For now, this additional information is simple (first name, last name). Once a user logs in, I am going to redirect them to an additional information page to complete this information. I'm just wondering what the best way is to ensure that this information is completed. The only thing I can think of is to store some type of flag in the session, but I would have to look at it for every single get of a view right? I can't think of any other way to do this, since I would need to check every page get, but maybe a base controller or something would be best? I'm really looking for best practices here. Thanks in advance. | 2010/07/19 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/3278584",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/140511/"
] | IMO the best sites are the one's that make you *want* to complete your profile yourself, you can do this in a number of ways that are not so "in your face", for example allow people to do very basic things immeditely with just a very limited profile and on the main page have a nice largish "Profile 40% complete" with a link (or whatever perc of course), and...make any advanced function require them to fill out the profile.
Make it their choice, but give an incentive. (just the % complete is enough for some people ;-) people don't like to feel incomplete) | I guess the best practice would be to add a role like "Profile\_Completed".
This would let you lock down select portions of the site in the usual way without having to code anything up. |
60,758,717 | i want to override the default finisher for forms system extension of TYPO3 to set multiple email addresses for recipient address
or adding a new field for more email recipients
the problem is, that multiple email adresses in the recipient address field are running into an ecception
>
> Address in mailbox given
> [first@email.de,second@email.de] does not comply with
> RFC 2822, 3.6.2.
>
>
>
I know, I can use the recipients email and one cc, so I got 2 email recipients, but I need more ;)
like this:
>
> mail1,mail2,mail3,…
>
>
>
thanks for help or links to get this done | 2020/03/19 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/60758717",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/7209206/"
] | I found the issue :(
it's explained here:
[Use a SQL Server database in a UWP app](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/uwp/data-access/sql-server-databases)
in the section: **Trouble connecting to your database?**
The TCP/IP protocol is disabled by default and **must be enabled**.
Now how is it possible that the same app in WPF works, that VS2019 is able to connect (not to mention the SSMS...) and only the UWP does not connect is a mystery for me... but now it works! | UWP apps don't have network access by default. See:
>
> Capabilities
>
>
> In order to use networking, you must add appropriate
> capability elements to your app manifest. If no network capability is
> specified in your app's manifest, your app will have no networking
> capability, and any attempt to connect to the network will fail.
>
>
>
[Networking basics - UWP applications](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/uwp/networking/networking-basics) |
34,881 | I have a 14-year-old daughter who has suffered from mental health issues since puberty. She has been through 4 middle schools and several residential behavior programs. I got her enrolled in an online school now hoping it would motivate her to want to graduate or at least attend classes. She simply doesn't care. She said she hates school and would rather join the military or be a stripper.
I am at a loss. I am a single parent, we lost her mom when she was 5 to a suicide. I want her to have a happy healthy life but without an education I am afraid she will have a rough time later I life. We have had [DCFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Protective_Services) in our lives 2 times now for her missing school and suicidal ideation.
If anyone has any advice on what I should do please let me know. We have tried counseling, changing living arrangements, and now home schooling. Nothing I do seems to make her happy or gives her the desire to complete something she starts. I will never give up on my daughter so I'm hoping someone has a idea for me. What are some paths I can take to help motivate my daughter? | 2018/09/14 | [
"https://parenting.stackexchange.com/questions/34881",
"https://parenting.stackexchange.com",
"https://parenting.stackexchange.com/users/33139/"
] | My suggestion would be to go to counselling yourself, with someone who is expert on childhood mental health issues, but very much with **you** as the focus. This isn't because you're messed up, or doing something wrong, which you're not, it's because you're facing issues which are way out of the league of any normal "civilian" parent, and you need information, understanding and comprehension on the issue, the consequences, and so on, from someone for whom this isn't completely alien territory. I'm thinking this is separate from focusing on your daughter's problems, but on you.
I say this because it sounds, from your message, that what you lack is help to make decisions, or in how to act, or what to do *yourself* as a person in a particular role, and support.
I realise, as a single-parent, this isn't easy, and might have to be Skype or email, or something, but there's professional folk who do that.
I hope stuff works out for you, Monty. | I am sorry that you and your family have been through so much. I agree with above poster that you do need to prioritize your own well being first and foremost, for both your sakes.
This is speculation in a big way, but I wonder whether having lost her mom at a young age, the fear of loss might be what is driving your daughter to act out..possibly to repeatedly test the support she does have left i.e. you..in which case letting her see that you are 'never giving up on her' would make sense and might be just what she needs.
It's a lot for any person to deal with and maybe this is her processing her life experiences.
Wish you and her the best.. |
215,526 | I know there are mockups, data providers, bla bla bla.
I don't care now, I just want to connect to my dev site db and use nodes, terms for unit tests.
How can I do it? In D7 it was very simple in plain PHPUnit, what about D8?
I've tried bootstrap D8, but failed. | 2016/09/21 | [
"https://drupal.stackexchange.com/questions/215526",
"https://drupal.stackexchange.com",
"https://drupal.stackexchange.com/users/1178/"
] | See <https://www.drupal.org/phpunit> for better documentation.
There are 4 test base classes:
* UnitTestBase, pure unit tests where everything but your code has to be mocked and only supports classes
* KernelTestBase, which provide a basic in-memory drupal environment. Much faster than browser tests but more tedious to set up, you have to explicitly install tables you need and depend on all modules you need explicitly
* BrowserTestBase, the replacement for WebTestBase, better apis (uses mink and so on) but just as slow.
* JavaScriptTestBase, phantomjs based JS tests, even slower but can actually execute JS. | What you are probably looking for is Kernel Test base. You can already create nodes and terms there if you want to, and it still can be fast (3-6 seconds).
In Unit test you only test your class and mock the rest, you can't really make real entity instances. |
111,516 | Dominate monster affects monsters, obviously — but my question is, what exactly counts as a monster? 5e Creature types include Aberration, Beast, Celestial, Construct, Dragon, Elemental, Fey, Fiend, Giant, Humanoid, Monstrosity, Ooze, Plant, and Undead.
"Humanoid" is what gets me. Of course, dominate monster would work on abberations, beasts, fiends, monstrosities, and the like. But what about things like Giants? What exactly is the difference between a giant and a humanoid? Humanoid's definition is generally "having an appearance or character resembling that of a human." (Webster's), i.e., 2 arms, 2 legs, bipedal, etc. In that, a "giant" is technically a humanoid — so would it be effected by dominate person or dominate monster?
Alternatively, consider the Treant — it's classified as "plant". Would dominate monster work on it? I mean, you can't cast dominate monster on a normal tree — because it's a freaking tree, not a monster. In addition, treants have 2 arms and 2 legs and walk upright, so they would technically also fit the "humanoid" description.
One more example — celestials. Celestials are generally of good alignment, so would they be classified as monster? Take the unicorn — it's alignment is lawful good. Monsters are generally interpreted in most cultures as "evil". As such, would the unicorn be a monster, even if it only wanted to help people and spread joy and whatever? Aternatively, the Planetar — it's a humanoid, but it's classified as Celestial. I hate to sound like a broken record, but again, the planetar looks almost exactly like a human, apart from size and skin tone. Would dominate monster effect it, or dominate person?
This is probably an obvious question, but it's still confusing that a spell entitled "dominate monster" would also work on a potentially good-aligned humanoid creature. | 2017/12/10 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/111516",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/40355/"
] | All creature types
==================
>
> A monster is defined as any creature that can be interacted with and potentially fought and killed.
>
>
>
The monster manual defines *monster* as the above. And just from this you can get your answer: this spell works on basically everything.
>
> You attempt to beguile a **creature** that you can see within range.
>
>
>
The spell works on any type of creature assuming it meets the other requirements in the spell description. But there are no types excluded.
See this [question](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/q/47254/28591) for an in depth discussion on what the word *creature* means in game terms.
To quote from the answer in that thread though:
>
> Creature is basically every living breathing (or undead) thing big
> enough to be considered at least CR0 (give or take).
>
>
>
So the spell works essentially on any thing adventurers might come across. | When you read the spell description, it starts out by saying:
>
> You attempt to beguile a creature that you can see within range.
>
>
>
So despite the name, it really just allows you to target any creature, including Plants, Humanoids, Celestials, etc.
Perhaps the name is poorly chosen, but then again perhaps "Dominate Creature" just doesn't sound as cool?
Either way; you can dominate whichever creature you want. |
111,516 | Dominate monster affects monsters, obviously — but my question is, what exactly counts as a monster? 5e Creature types include Aberration, Beast, Celestial, Construct, Dragon, Elemental, Fey, Fiend, Giant, Humanoid, Monstrosity, Ooze, Plant, and Undead.
"Humanoid" is what gets me. Of course, dominate monster would work on abberations, beasts, fiends, monstrosities, and the like. But what about things like Giants? What exactly is the difference between a giant and a humanoid? Humanoid's definition is generally "having an appearance or character resembling that of a human." (Webster's), i.e., 2 arms, 2 legs, bipedal, etc. In that, a "giant" is technically a humanoid — so would it be effected by dominate person or dominate monster?
Alternatively, consider the Treant — it's classified as "plant". Would dominate monster work on it? I mean, you can't cast dominate monster on a normal tree — because it's a freaking tree, not a monster. In addition, treants have 2 arms and 2 legs and walk upright, so they would technically also fit the "humanoid" description.
One more example — celestials. Celestials are generally of good alignment, so would they be classified as monster? Take the unicorn — it's alignment is lawful good. Monsters are generally interpreted in most cultures as "evil". As such, would the unicorn be a monster, even if it only wanted to help people and spread joy and whatever? Aternatively, the Planetar — it's a humanoid, but it's classified as Celestial. I hate to sound like a broken record, but again, the planetar looks almost exactly like a human, apart from size and skin tone. Would dominate monster effect it, or dominate person?
This is probably an obvious question, but it's still confusing that a spell entitled "dominate monster" would also work on a potentially good-aligned humanoid creature. | 2017/12/10 | [
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/111516",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com",
"https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/40355/"
] | All creature types
==================
>
> A monster is defined as any creature that can be interacted with and potentially fought and killed.
>
>
>
The monster manual defines *monster* as the above. And just from this you can get your answer: this spell works on basically everything.
>
> You attempt to beguile a **creature** that you can see within range.
>
>
>
The spell works on any type of creature assuming it meets the other requirements in the spell description. But there are no types excluded.
See this [question](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/q/47254/28591) for an in depth discussion on what the word *creature* means in game terms.
To quote from the answer in that thread though:
>
> Creature is basically every living breathing (or undead) thing big
> enough to be considered at least CR0 (give or take).
>
>
>
So the spell works essentially on any thing adventurers might come across. | What creature types?
All of them.
------------
>
> A monster is defined as any creature that can be interacted with and potentially fought and killed. Even something as harmless as a frog or as benevolent as a unicorn is a monster by this definition. The term also applies to humans, elves, dwarves, and other civilized folk who might be friends or rivals to the player characters. (MM, p.4)
>
>
>
This comports exactly with the text of the spell:
>
> You attempt to beguile a creature you can see within range. (PHB p.235)
>
>
>
The "monster" you dominate is just any creature you choose to impose your will on. |
252,579 | I am just wondering, does anyone have all the badges on Stack Overflow? | 2014/04/28 | [
"https://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/252579",
"https://meta.stackoverflow.com",
"https://meta.stackoverflow.com/users/3464486/"
] | No, no one has all badges on Stack Overflow.
It is not possible.
For example - the [Precognitive](https://stackoverflow.com/help/badges/892/precognitive) badge cannot be awarded, as the site existed before the Area51 process came to being.
This of course excludes all tag badges, which would require someone to have score of 1000 in each and every tag... | Assuming the question is referring to only the top level badges that aren't for specific technologies, [this SEDE query](https://data.stackexchange.com/stackoverflow/query/1354513) lists the StackOverflow users with the most distinct badges.
At the time of writing there are two joint top users, who each have 84 out of a possible 91 badges. However, it's worth noting that some of the badges have now been retired (see [bottom of this page](https://stackoverflow.com/help/badges)) and so are permanently unattainable for users who do not already have them. |
107,171 | The the title is self explanatory, I guess.
Why can two (or more) electric [field lines](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_line) never cross? | 2014/04/06 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/107171",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/38873/"
] | Electric field lines reveal information about the direction (and the strength) of an electric field within a region of space. If the lines cross each other at a given location, then there must be two distinctly different values of electric field with their own individual direction at that given location. This could never be the case. Every single location in space has its own electric field strength and direction associated with it. Consequently, the lines representing the field **cannot** cross each other at any given location in space.
For example, in the image below, the lines are intersecting and hence there are **two directions** for Electric Field.
 | A positive particle accelerates along the electric field lines. If it came to an intersection, what way should it go? |
107,171 | The the title is self explanatory, I guess.
Why can two (or more) electric [field lines](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_line) never cross? | 2014/04/06 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/107171",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/38873/"
] | Field lines are a visual representation of a mathematical construct, like a graph of a function. The defining properties of this visual representation are
1. The field lines run parallel to the field at every point.
2. The density of the field lines in an area is proportional to the strength of the field.
The second property tells you that the field lines can never cross. If they did the density at the point where they crossed would be infinite, and the implication would be that the field strength is infinite. This is unphysical.
---
Here is one more way to think about it. What would it mean for two field lines to cross at a particular point? It would mean that the field had two different directions at that point. The [principle of superposition](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_principle) tells us that the net field is simply the vector sum of the two. So the *total* field would only have one line going through the same point with a direction which was given by the sum of the two other directions. | A positive particle accelerates along the electric field lines. If it came to an intersection, what way should it go? |
107,171 | The the title is self explanatory, I guess.
Why can two (or more) electric [field lines](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_line) never cross? | 2014/04/06 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/107171",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/38873/"
] | Electric field lines are a visualization of the electrical vector field. At each point, the direction (tangent) of the field line is in the direction of the electric field.
At each point in space (in the absence of any charge), the electric field has a single direction, whereas crossing field lines would somehow indicate the electric field pointing in two directions at once in the same location.
Field lines *do* cross, or at least intersect, in the sense that they converge on charge. If there is a location with charge, the field lines will converge on that point. However we typically say the field lines *terminate* on the charge rather than crossing there. | A positive particle accelerates along the electric field lines. If it came to an intersection, what way should it go? |
107,171 | The the title is self explanatory, I guess.
Why can two (or more) electric [field lines](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_line) never cross? | 2014/04/06 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/107171",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/38873/"
] | A positive particle accelerates along the electric field lines. If it came to an intersection, what way should it go? | Two electric fields line can never cross each other because at every point there is unique tangential direction of electric Fields.if they did, field at the point of intersection will not have unique direction, which is absurd. |
107,171 | The the title is self explanatory, I guess.
Why can two (or more) electric [field lines](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_line) never cross? | 2014/04/06 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/107171",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/38873/"
] | Electric field lines are a visualization of the electrical vector field. At each point, the direction (tangent) of the field line is in the direction of the electric field.
At each point in space (in the absence of any charge), the electric field has a single direction, whereas crossing field lines would somehow indicate the electric field pointing in two directions at once in the same location.
Field lines *do* cross, or at least intersect, in the sense that they converge on charge. If there is a location with charge, the field lines will converge on that point. However we typically say the field lines *terminate* on the charge rather than crossing there. | Two electric fields line can never cross each other because at every point there is unique tangential direction of electric Fields.if they did, field at the point of intersection will not have unique direction, which is absurd. |
107,171 | The the title is self explanatory, I guess.
Why can two (or more) electric [field lines](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_line) never cross? | 2014/04/06 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/107171",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/38873/"
] | The electric field at any point is the sum of all the fields due to each individual charge in the system. The field has a magnitude and a direction. The field lines are a representation of the magnitude and direction of the field over an illustrated area. The field lines point in the direction of the field. If lines from two sources were to cross, we could effectively sum the two fields at that point and redraw the field lines with the new direction. Thus, we can say field lines never cross because the sum of two vectors can only have one direction (with the exception of the zero vector) | Two electric fields line can never cross each other because at every point there is unique tangential direction of electric Fields.if they did, field at the point of intersection will not have unique direction, which is absurd. |
107,171 | The the title is self explanatory, I guess.
Why can two (or more) electric [field lines](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_line) never cross? | 2014/04/06 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/107171",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/38873/"
] | Field lines are a visual representation of a mathematical construct, like a graph of a function. The defining properties of this visual representation are
1. The field lines run parallel to the field at every point.
2. The density of the field lines in an area is proportional to the strength of the field.
The second property tells you that the field lines can never cross. If they did the density at the point where they crossed would be infinite, and the implication would be that the field strength is infinite. This is unphysical.
---
Here is one more way to think about it. What would it mean for two field lines to cross at a particular point? It would mean that the field had two different directions at that point. The [principle of superposition](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_principle) tells us that the net field is simply the vector sum of the two. So the *total* field would only have one line going through the same point with a direction which was given by the sum of the two other directions. | Two electric fields line can never cross each other because at every point there is unique tangential direction of electric Fields.if they did, field at the point of intersection will not have unique direction, which is absurd. |
107,171 | The the title is self explanatory, I guess.
Why can two (or more) electric [field lines](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_line) never cross? | 2014/04/06 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/107171",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/38873/"
] | The electric field at any point is the sum of all the fields due to each individual charge in the system. The field has a magnitude and a direction. The field lines are a representation of the magnitude and direction of the field over an illustrated area. The field lines point in the direction of the field. If lines from two sources were to cross, we could effectively sum the two fields at that point and redraw the field lines with the new direction. Thus, we can say field lines never cross because the sum of two vectors can only have one direction (with the exception of the zero vector) | Field lines are a visual representation of a mathematical construct, like a graph of a function. The defining properties of this visual representation are
1. The field lines run parallel to the field at every point.
2. The density of the field lines in an area is proportional to the strength of the field.
The second property tells you that the field lines can never cross. If they did the density at the point where they crossed would be infinite, and the implication would be that the field strength is infinite. This is unphysical.
---
Here is one more way to think about it. What would it mean for two field lines to cross at a particular point? It would mean that the field had two different directions at that point. The [principle of superposition](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_principle) tells us that the net field is simply the vector sum of the two. So the *total* field would only have one line going through the same point with a direction which was given by the sum of the two other directions. |
107,171 | The the title is self explanatory, I guess.
Why can two (or more) electric [field lines](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_line) never cross? | 2014/04/06 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/107171",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/38873/"
] | Electric field lines are a visualization of the electrical vector field. At each point, the direction (tangent) of the field line is in the direction of the electric field.
At each point in space (in the absence of any charge), the electric field has a single direction, whereas crossing field lines would somehow indicate the electric field pointing in two directions at once in the same location.
Field lines *do* cross, or at least intersect, in the sense that they converge on charge. If there is a location with charge, the field lines will converge on that point. However we typically say the field lines *terminate* on the charge rather than crossing there. | The electric field at any point is the sum of all the fields due to each individual charge in the system. The field has a magnitude and a direction. The field lines are a representation of the magnitude and direction of the field over an illustrated area. The field lines point in the direction of the field. If lines from two sources were to cross, we could effectively sum the two fields at that point and redraw the field lines with the new direction. Thus, we can say field lines never cross because the sum of two vectors can only have one direction (with the exception of the zero vector) |
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