qid int64 1 74.7M | question stringlengths 12 33.8k | date stringlengths 10 10 | metadata list | response_j stringlengths 0 115k | response_k stringlengths 2 98.3k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
234,860 | Assume there was a super advanced alien race that for some reason, wanted to add a new planet, of lets say 1 Earth mass, into the Solar System. Where in the inner Solar System *(The part of the solar system inside Jupiter's orbit, so asteroid belt is included)* could we put this planet, so that it would have a stable orbit for billions of years?
*Note: I would preferably not want have this planet orbit closer to the sun than Mercury, and would like for it to affect the inner planets as little as possible, although I care more about the first condition rather than the second.*
*And also, the planet needn't be habitable* | 2022/08/26 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/234860",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/96111/"
] | There is a book about the possibility of human habitable exo planets around other stars. *Habitable Planets for Man*, Stephen H. Dole, 1964.
<https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/commercial_books/2007/RAND_CB179-1.pdf>
On pages 46 to 52 Dole writes about the spacing of the planets in the Solar System as it was understood in the early 1960s. Dole estimates that the forbidden zones around the planets take up ab about 50 percent of the volume of the Solar System, leaving about another 50 percent which might possibly be occupied by other planets under some conditions.
According to Dole's calculations, the more massive the planet, the larger its forbidden zones, and the farther the planet is from the Sun, the larger its forbidden zone will be. And the more eccentric the planet's orbit is, the larger its forbidden zone will be. The mass of the star is also a factor.
Table 8 on page 50 gives the inner and outer edges of the forbidden zones of the planets. As nearly as I can read the tiny numbers in the table, the gaps between the forbidden zones are wider than the forbidden zones for the inner planets.
Figure 18 on page 51 indicates that there is room for a roughly Earth mass planet and its forbidden zone between the orbits of Mercury and Venus, between the orbits of Venus and Earth, between Earth and Mars, and beyond Mars. It might be possible to put two Earth mass planets and their forbidden zones between Mars and Jupiter.
None of the forbidden zones overlap, except for those of Neptune and Pluto, and the orbit of Pluto is tilted considerably compared to that of Neptune.
I note that it would be unlikely for major planets to form with orbits where their forbidden zones overlap, because those overlapping forbidden zones would interfere with he formation of the planets out of smaller objects.
But if aliens build a new planet in our solar system by using spaceships to move smaller objects into place and assemble a planet out of them, or if the super advanced aliens open a portal to move an already formed planet from a distant star system to an orbit among the already formed planets in our solar system having partially overlapping forbidden zones might not matter much. | If you have the resources to create or bring a new planet - generally, wherever you feel like. You will be probably able to maintain the orbital stability as well.
On the other hand, if you are limited in long-term expenses, the orbital stability becomes an issue. And there, the answer becomes "nowhere in the habitable zone".
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are in a complex orbital relationship, maintained by constant exchange of momentum between the planets. There are hints that the solar cycle is related to the tides the first 3 planets exert at the Sun as well.
How can one save the plot, then?
* Replace Venus / terraform Venus. It is Earth-mass and with some added water and without the greenhouse effect can be pretty much habitable. And only slightly hotter than the Earth (if at all).
* Make Mars double. Mars is not much different than the Moon in both mass and composition. Put an Earth-sized planet there and allow Mars to orbit around. A heavier body in the place of Mars will likely have only minor effect on the Earth's orbit. The two Mars moons can be put in an orbital resonance with Mars (3-moon world?), mined into oblivion or stored in the asteroid belt until better ideas arise.
* A combination thereof (replace Venus, store Venus near Mars where it can cool off for a while).
Beyond Mars it's rather cold, but if you don't mind that, the asteroid belt itself is a place. Not a place to have a planet on its own, but pretty much a place where a planet would be stable. Vacuum it first or prepare for a serious meteorite shower later. You can use the collected material for a little fancy moon as well.
Beyond the asteroid belt it is really, really cold, in particular too cold for almost any type of atmosphere or hydrosphere. If you can bear the heating bill, neither Jupiter, nor Saturn, nor the ice giants beyond, will mind an Earth mass satellite. You will have to rearrange the moon zoo there first in order to avoid crashes.
Don't put anything heavy below Venus orbit even if you don't mind the heat. We like our calendar and seasons pretty much. Thank you in advance. |
234,860 | Assume there was a super advanced alien race that for some reason, wanted to add a new planet, of lets say 1 Earth mass, into the Solar System. Where in the inner Solar System *(The part of the solar system inside Jupiter's orbit, so asteroid belt is included)* could we put this planet, so that it would have a stable orbit for billions of years?
*Note: I would preferably not want have this planet orbit closer to the sun than Mercury, and would like for it to affect the inner planets as little as possible, although I care more about the first condition rather than the second.*
*And also, the planet needn't be habitable* | 2022/08/26 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/234860",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/96111/"
] | There is a book about the possibility of human habitable exo planets around other stars. *Habitable Planets for Man*, Stephen H. Dole, 1964.
<https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/commercial_books/2007/RAND_CB179-1.pdf>
On pages 46 to 52 Dole writes about the spacing of the planets in the Solar System as it was understood in the early 1960s. Dole estimates that the forbidden zones around the planets take up ab about 50 percent of the volume of the Solar System, leaving about another 50 percent which might possibly be occupied by other planets under some conditions.
According to Dole's calculations, the more massive the planet, the larger its forbidden zones, and the farther the planet is from the Sun, the larger its forbidden zone will be. And the more eccentric the planet's orbit is, the larger its forbidden zone will be. The mass of the star is also a factor.
Table 8 on page 50 gives the inner and outer edges of the forbidden zones of the planets. As nearly as I can read the tiny numbers in the table, the gaps between the forbidden zones are wider than the forbidden zones for the inner planets.
Figure 18 on page 51 indicates that there is room for a roughly Earth mass planet and its forbidden zone between the orbits of Mercury and Venus, between the orbits of Venus and Earth, between Earth and Mars, and beyond Mars. It might be possible to put two Earth mass planets and their forbidden zones between Mars and Jupiter.
None of the forbidden zones overlap, except for those of Neptune and Pluto, and the orbit of Pluto is tilted considerably compared to that of Neptune.
I note that it would be unlikely for major planets to form with orbits where their forbidden zones overlap, because those overlapping forbidden zones would interfere with he formation of the planets out of smaller objects.
But if aliens build a new planet in our solar system by using spaceships to move smaller objects into place and assemble a planet out of them, or if the super advanced aliens open a portal to move an already formed planet from a distant star system to an orbit among the already formed planets in our solar system having partially overlapping forbidden zones might not matter much. | This is a cool question. The short answer is: probably not.
The long answer requires us to consider a few things:
1. Are the current planets stable?
----------------------------------
To discuss this we first need to understand something about dynamical chaos. Let's imagine a situation where you're trying to predict whether a skilled soccer player will make a goal. Furthermore, let's say you're a particular enterprising soccer fan and consequently you know the direction they will kick and the power of kick with some accuracy. In addition, you measured the goal beforehand and know what its boundaries are. If you know all these initial conditions precisely you could simply run a simulation to predict the position of the ball over time and determine - for certain - whether the player makes the goal or not.
Now let's complicate the situation: instead of knowing the initial conditions perfectly, say there is some error. If you conduct your simulation in this case you'll find there are some cases where the ball ends up in the goal, and some cases where it does not. Even if we know exactly how to do the physics, Even if our simulation is perfect, the position of the ball at any given time in the future will be uncertain simply because the initial conditions are.
The solar system as a whole exhibits something called chaos, which, at the risk of oversimplifying, is fundamentally just a version of this same effect we found with the soccer player. The difference is that in the case of chaotic systems the error in a subsequent state grows quickly (typically exponentially) in time. Hence, dynamical studies of the solar system typically involve comparing large sets of simulations statistically - while we can't be confident in any individual simulation - the overall ensemble is interpretable!
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/7d3Rp.png)
Below is a plot from a paper by [Laskar, J. & Gastineau, M.](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459..817L/abstract) unfortunately behind paywall. They integrated identical copies of the solar system for 5 billion years with the only difference being that they shifted initial position of the planet Mercury by just a few meters between simulations. The plots show the resulting maximum eccentricity of the Mercury over time (first panel is using just Newtonian mechanics, and the second panel is using General Relativity). In either case, there are many cases where the eccentricity of mercury can grow extremely large, and most of these cases result in either ejection from the solar system or collision with another planet.
This implies that the current planets - just the 4 we have - aren't super stable as is. This isn't to say that the solar system will definitely shake itself apart - but it does show that the unstable trajectories are possible given what we know about the current state of the solar system.
2. Alright, but what about adding another one?
----------------------------------------------
If we wish to consider the addition of another planet, what's critical is its mass. If the new body has a small mass, it won't really destabilize the orbits of the more massive bodies, and it has a better chance of surviving. There are regions like this in the solar system - for example the "Earth-Mars Belt" (you can read the paper [here](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.01225): since it's public), a region between ~1.09 and ~1.17 AU where small bodies might be able to survive for billions of years.
Finally, we get to your case - what if the added body is the size of the earth? In this case, the body not only needs to survive, but it also has to do so in a system that is being destabilized by its own (earth sized!) gravitational field. Given that the solar system without such a body is barely stable, the addition of such a large body would almost destabilize the entire inner solar system - probably impacting another planet or being ejected. While the only way to find out for sure would be to run a ton of very time-consuming simulations, I'd be very skeptical that such a situation is possible.
3. What about resonances?
-------------------------
There are some situations where planets can be found in what are called "Mean-Motion Resonances" with each other, and this tends to permit stability even in very closely packed systems. The poster child for this type of behavior is the Trappist-1 system, which exhibits several small planets all in resonance with each other. While such a configuration cannot be realized by simply adding a planet to our solar system - it is conceivable that there could exist systems in general with planets more tightly packed than what we have.
\*\*This answer is reproduced from a similar [question](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/50292/could-a-planet-theoretically-have-a-stable-orbit-between-venus-and-earth-or-eart/50326#50326) on the Astronomy StackExchange |
234,860 | Assume there was a super advanced alien race that for some reason, wanted to add a new planet, of lets say 1 Earth mass, into the Solar System. Where in the inner Solar System *(The part of the solar system inside Jupiter's orbit, so asteroid belt is included)* could we put this planet, so that it would have a stable orbit for billions of years?
*Note: I would preferably not want have this planet orbit closer to the sun than Mercury, and would like for it to affect the inner planets as little as possible, although I care more about the first condition rather than the second.*
*And also, the planet needn't be habitable* | 2022/08/26 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/234860",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/96111/"
] | If you have the resources to create or bring a new planet - generally, wherever you feel like. You will be probably able to maintain the orbital stability as well.
On the other hand, if you are limited in long-term expenses, the orbital stability becomes an issue. And there, the answer becomes "nowhere in the habitable zone".
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are in a complex orbital relationship, maintained by constant exchange of momentum between the planets. There are hints that the solar cycle is related to the tides the first 3 planets exert at the Sun as well.
How can one save the plot, then?
* Replace Venus / terraform Venus. It is Earth-mass and with some added water and without the greenhouse effect can be pretty much habitable. And only slightly hotter than the Earth (if at all).
* Make Mars double. Mars is not much different than the Moon in both mass and composition. Put an Earth-sized planet there and allow Mars to orbit around. A heavier body in the place of Mars will likely have only minor effect on the Earth's orbit. The two Mars moons can be put in an orbital resonance with Mars (3-moon world?), mined into oblivion or stored in the asteroid belt until better ideas arise.
* A combination thereof (replace Venus, store Venus near Mars where it can cool off for a while).
Beyond Mars it's rather cold, but if you don't mind that, the asteroid belt itself is a place. Not a place to have a planet on its own, but pretty much a place where a planet would be stable. Vacuum it first or prepare for a serious meteorite shower later. You can use the collected material for a little fancy moon as well.
Beyond the asteroid belt it is really, really cold, in particular too cold for almost any type of atmosphere or hydrosphere. If you can bear the heating bill, neither Jupiter, nor Saturn, nor the ice giants beyond, will mind an Earth mass satellite. You will have to rearrange the moon zoo there first in order to avoid crashes.
Don't put anything heavy below Venus orbit even if you don't mind the heat. We like our calendar and seasons pretty much. Thank you in advance. | This is a cool question. The short answer is: probably not.
The long answer requires us to consider a few things:
1. Are the current planets stable?
----------------------------------
To discuss this we first need to understand something about dynamical chaos. Let's imagine a situation where you're trying to predict whether a skilled soccer player will make a goal. Furthermore, let's say you're a particular enterprising soccer fan and consequently you know the direction they will kick and the power of kick with some accuracy. In addition, you measured the goal beforehand and know what its boundaries are. If you know all these initial conditions precisely you could simply run a simulation to predict the position of the ball over time and determine - for certain - whether the player makes the goal or not.
Now let's complicate the situation: instead of knowing the initial conditions perfectly, say there is some error. If you conduct your simulation in this case you'll find there are some cases where the ball ends up in the goal, and some cases where it does not. Even if we know exactly how to do the physics, Even if our simulation is perfect, the position of the ball at any given time in the future will be uncertain simply because the initial conditions are.
The solar system as a whole exhibits something called chaos, which, at the risk of oversimplifying, is fundamentally just a version of this same effect we found with the soccer player. The difference is that in the case of chaotic systems the error in a subsequent state grows quickly (typically exponentially) in time. Hence, dynamical studies of the solar system typically involve comparing large sets of simulations statistically - while we can't be confident in any individual simulation - the overall ensemble is interpretable!
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/7d3Rp.png)
Below is a plot from a paper by [Laskar, J. & Gastineau, M.](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459..817L/abstract) unfortunately behind paywall. They integrated identical copies of the solar system for 5 billion years with the only difference being that they shifted initial position of the planet Mercury by just a few meters between simulations. The plots show the resulting maximum eccentricity of the Mercury over time (first panel is using just Newtonian mechanics, and the second panel is using General Relativity). In either case, there are many cases where the eccentricity of mercury can grow extremely large, and most of these cases result in either ejection from the solar system or collision with another planet.
This implies that the current planets - just the 4 we have - aren't super stable as is. This isn't to say that the solar system will definitely shake itself apart - but it does show that the unstable trajectories are possible given what we know about the current state of the solar system.
2. Alright, but what about adding another one?
----------------------------------------------
If we wish to consider the addition of another planet, what's critical is its mass. If the new body has a small mass, it won't really destabilize the orbits of the more massive bodies, and it has a better chance of surviving. There are regions like this in the solar system - for example the "Earth-Mars Belt" (you can read the paper [here](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.01225): since it's public), a region between ~1.09 and ~1.17 AU where small bodies might be able to survive for billions of years.
Finally, we get to your case - what if the added body is the size of the earth? In this case, the body not only needs to survive, but it also has to do so in a system that is being destabilized by its own (earth sized!) gravitational field. Given that the solar system without such a body is barely stable, the addition of such a large body would almost destabilize the entire inner solar system - probably impacting another planet or being ejected. While the only way to find out for sure would be to run a ton of very time-consuming simulations, I'd be very skeptical that such a situation is possible.
3. What about resonances?
-------------------------
There are some situations where planets can be found in what are called "Mean-Motion Resonances" with each other, and this tends to permit stability even in very closely packed systems. The poster child for this type of behavior is the Trappist-1 system, which exhibits several small planets all in resonance with each other. While such a configuration cannot be realized by simply adding a planet to our solar system - it is conceivable that there could exist systems in general with planets more tightly packed than what we have.
\*\*This answer is reproduced from a similar [question](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/50292/could-a-planet-theoretically-have-a-stable-orbit-between-venus-and-earth-or-eart/50326#50326) on the Astronomy StackExchange |
15,062 | I hope this isn't too broad.
I would like an Earth-like planet for November's [NaNoWriMo](http://nanowrimo.org/) that is just enormous, but plausible.
Then I started to get into material composition, proximity to the star, trying to achieve the right densities - well, you get the idea.
I'm trying to have 10x the radius of our current Earth, but with similar gravity (ugh) and at least somewhat similar climate and surface conditions; I do not need to have life on this planet, but minerals and liquid water are important to us. Not quite a Jupiter-sized planet, but much larger than ours. Other factors can be modified. | 2015/04/23 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/15062",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/3276/"
] | **Ignore a little bit of science.**
In reality, worlds that big have more gravity than Earth. All of the things that have a surface area many times that of Earth, are solid, and have the same gravity, don't occur in nature, and often have significant structural flaws requiring construction of unobtaium in order to remain in one piece. *All of that doesn't mean that you can't write a great story taking place on one.* Niven's *Ringworld* is one such story that takes place on something that probably couldn't exist, and relies on some unobtanium wires to hold things together, but is still widely enjoyed and admired.
Your story, for example, could take place on a world that is hollow. A hollow world could quite easily fit all of the criteria that you want, provided that you ignore the fact that hollow worlds can't actually form. You can explain this away with 'aliens made it with super advanced technology,' or 'magic', depending on what type of story you're trying to tell. If you're really feeling creative: aliens created it with magic. Alternately, you don't have to explain it at all. You can have enjoy writing about it and others can have fun reading about it without knowing exactly why or how the world is hollow.
Have fun writing! | The real SFNal way to do this is simply to "pave over" Saturn. A "supra-mundane terraformed world of Saturn" essentially has the atmosphere of Saturn covered over with some material which provides a solid "floor" for people to sand and work on, support buildings and so on.
Materials like graphene or a "fabric" woven from Fullerine cables will provide the high strength to weight ratio needed to make this plausible, and while it may seem a bit like standing and working on a trampoline, the reality is the structure will be so vast that most flexing will be damped out and you and I would hardly feel anything.
Now the questions of atmosphere and climate will be more difficult to answer. An atmosphere can certainly be added to the outside of the supra-mundane world of Saturn, importing materials from the many moons of Saturn and importing extra nitrogen from the distant moons of Neptune and bodies from the Kuiper belt (if you can cover over Saturn, you can easily import materials from deep space), as well as oceans and soil to support whatever sorts of biospheres you desire. Since you are so far from the Sun, a system of mirrors will be needed in orbit to provide extra illumination.
Weather and climate will be very different from that of Earth simply due to the effects of scale, and there will also be lots of variables based on how you compose the atmosphere, the percentage of land to ocean you choose to create and the details of how and where the platoons of mirrors orbit and illuminate the planet, so there will be a lot of handwaving that can be done to meet your needs as a story teller. I would expect that the early period where the atmosphere and biologicals are being added will be marked by violent discontinuities as equilibriums are established and then disrupted, so people living there might not settle on the supra-mundane world unit late in the building and seeding process.
Actively moving Saturn into a closer orbit around the Sun is also possible, but the amount of time and energy needed is "astronomical". If a sufficient number of asteroids, comets or similar sized bodies could be sent in looping orbits from the Kruiper belt to pass by Saturn, the planet could transfer some of its orbital energy to these bodies (speeding them up and flinging them from the Solar System) and gradually moving into a closer orbit around the Sun. This will require a lot of planning, as these bodies could crash into planets or spacecraft in the outer system, while as Saturn approaches Jupiter orbit, unexpected effects might arise out of gravitational interactions, resonance orbits between Saturn and the Asteroid belt and even the inner planets. It might be better to stick with mirrors.
So maybe our descendants in AD 2500 might be starting a project of this magnitude, it will certainly need a vast amount of resources and the ability to control vast amounts of matter and energy in order to do so. |
15,062 | I hope this isn't too broad.
I would like an Earth-like planet for November's [NaNoWriMo](http://nanowrimo.org/) that is just enormous, but plausible.
Then I started to get into material composition, proximity to the star, trying to achieve the right densities - well, you get the idea.
I'm trying to have 10x the radius of our current Earth, but with similar gravity (ugh) and at least somewhat similar climate and surface conditions; I do not need to have life on this planet, but minerals and liquid water are important to us. Not quite a Jupiter-sized planet, but much larger than ours. Other factors can be modified. | 2015/04/23 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/15062",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/3276/"
] | The real SFNal way to do this is simply to "pave over" Saturn. A "supra-mundane terraformed world of Saturn" essentially has the atmosphere of Saturn covered over with some material which provides a solid "floor" for people to sand and work on, support buildings and so on.
Materials like graphene or a "fabric" woven from Fullerine cables will provide the high strength to weight ratio needed to make this plausible, and while it may seem a bit like standing and working on a trampoline, the reality is the structure will be so vast that most flexing will be damped out and you and I would hardly feel anything.
Now the questions of atmosphere and climate will be more difficult to answer. An atmosphere can certainly be added to the outside of the supra-mundane world of Saturn, importing materials from the many moons of Saturn and importing extra nitrogen from the distant moons of Neptune and bodies from the Kuiper belt (if you can cover over Saturn, you can easily import materials from deep space), as well as oceans and soil to support whatever sorts of biospheres you desire. Since you are so far from the Sun, a system of mirrors will be needed in orbit to provide extra illumination.
Weather and climate will be very different from that of Earth simply due to the effects of scale, and there will also be lots of variables based on how you compose the atmosphere, the percentage of land to ocean you choose to create and the details of how and where the platoons of mirrors orbit and illuminate the planet, so there will be a lot of handwaving that can be done to meet your needs as a story teller. I would expect that the early period where the atmosphere and biologicals are being added will be marked by violent discontinuities as equilibriums are established and then disrupted, so people living there might not settle on the supra-mundane world unit late in the building and seeding process.
Actively moving Saturn into a closer orbit around the Sun is also possible, but the amount of time and energy needed is "astronomical". If a sufficient number of asteroids, comets or similar sized bodies could be sent in looping orbits from the Kruiper belt to pass by Saturn, the planet could transfer some of its orbital energy to these bodies (speeding them up and flinging them from the Solar System) and gradually moving into a closer orbit around the Sun. This will require a lot of planning, as these bodies could crash into planets or spacecraft in the outer system, while as Saturn approaches Jupiter orbit, unexpected effects might arise out of gravitational interactions, resonance orbits between Saturn and the Asteroid belt and even the inner planets. It might be better to stick with mirrors.
So maybe our descendants in AD 2500 might be starting a project of this magnitude, it will certainly need a vast amount of resources and the ability to control vast amounts of matter and energy in order to do so. | This Equation will help you understand why the Earth can not be much larger
than it is now and still allow life to stay alive. The upper limit is around
7000 km radius, and even that might be too big as the surface gravity will compress the atmosphere too much, and raise the surface temperature above
150 F. The Rocky Planet Density Equation :
Density = (1+Pi) x 10^-1 \* R^3 + (1+sqrt 2) x 10^-1 \* R + 2900 kg/m^3.
The best fit is R = 6372.4567 Km producing g = 9.815 m/sec^2 surface gravity.
A 7000 km radius produce a 1.19822 g surface gravity. |
15,062 | I hope this isn't too broad.
I would like an Earth-like planet for November's [NaNoWriMo](http://nanowrimo.org/) that is just enormous, but plausible.
Then I started to get into material composition, proximity to the star, trying to achieve the right densities - well, you get the idea.
I'm trying to have 10x the radius of our current Earth, but with similar gravity (ugh) and at least somewhat similar climate and surface conditions; I do not need to have life on this planet, but minerals and liquid water are important to us. Not quite a Jupiter-sized planet, but much larger than ours. Other factors can be modified. | 2015/04/23 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/15062",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/3276/"
] | For temperature and suchlike requirements you just need to orbit at roughly the same distance from the star.
The tricky thing here is the gravity, to have 10 times the radius then you either need to make the planet from something much much less dense than earth (which is improbable) or you need to spin the planet really fast.
If you spin the planet then it will flatten out into more of a disk shape but the equator could be ten times the radius of earth's and you could still get earth-level gravitational forces everywhere on the planet.
The planet would be the same "height" (pole to pole) as earth but much wider.
You'd get some very strong weather and Coriolis effects but the apparent gravity would be just fine. | The real SFNal way to do this is simply to "pave over" Saturn. A "supra-mundane terraformed world of Saturn" essentially has the atmosphere of Saturn covered over with some material which provides a solid "floor" for people to sand and work on, support buildings and so on.
Materials like graphene or a "fabric" woven from Fullerine cables will provide the high strength to weight ratio needed to make this plausible, and while it may seem a bit like standing and working on a trampoline, the reality is the structure will be so vast that most flexing will be damped out and you and I would hardly feel anything.
Now the questions of atmosphere and climate will be more difficult to answer. An atmosphere can certainly be added to the outside of the supra-mundane world of Saturn, importing materials from the many moons of Saturn and importing extra nitrogen from the distant moons of Neptune and bodies from the Kuiper belt (if you can cover over Saturn, you can easily import materials from deep space), as well as oceans and soil to support whatever sorts of biospheres you desire. Since you are so far from the Sun, a system of mirrors will be needed in orbit to provide extra illumination.
Weather and climate will be very different from that of Earth simply due to the effects of scale, and there will also be lots of variables based on how you compose the atmosphere, the percentage of land to ocean you choose to create and the details of how and where the platoons of mirrors orbit and illuminate the planet, so there will be a lot of handwaving that can be done to meet your needs as a story teller. I would expect that the early period where the atmosphere and biologicals are being added will be marked by violent discontinuities as equilibriums are established and then disrupted, so people living there might not settle on the supra-mundane world unit late in the building and seeding process.
Actively moving Saturn into a closer orbit around the Sun is also possible, but the amount of time and energy needed is "astronomical". If a sufficient number of asteroids, comets or similar sized bodies could be sent in looping orbits from the Kruiper belt to pass by Saturn, the planet could transfer some of its orbital energy to these bodies (speeding them up and flinging them from the Solar System) and gradually moving into a closer orbit around the Sun. This will require a lot of planning, as these bodies could crash into planets or spacecraft in the outer system, while as Saturn approaches Jupiter orbit, unexpected effects might arise out of gravitational interactions, resonance orbits between Saturn and the Asteroid belt and even the inner planets. It might be better to stick with mirrors.
So maybe our descendants in AD 2500 might be starting a project of this magnitude, it will certainly need a vast amount of resources and the ability to control vast amounts of matter and energy in order to do so. |
15,062 | I hope this isn't too broad.
I would like an Earth-like planet for November's [NaNoWriMo](http://nanowrimo.org/) that is just enormous, but plausible.
Then I started to get into material composition, proximity to the star, trying to achieve the right densities - well, you get the idea.
I'm trying to have 10x the radius of our current Earth, but with similar gravity (ugh) and at least somewhat similar climate and surface conditions; I do not need to have life on this planet, but minerals and liquid water are important to us. Not quite a Jupiter-sized planet, but much larger than ours. Other factors can be modified. | 2015/04/23 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/15062",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/3276/"
] | An interesting idea would be to have a hollow planet... An old dr.who episode features a pretty awesome plot, where the villains control a giant pirate ship planet that is hollow and can mine other planets by teleporting around them | A cache of negative matter
--------------------------
Everything is simple except for making a giant planet with similar gravity to Earth's... so add some unobtanium, which conveniently explains why the planet's minerals are such a valuable resource.
Perhaps the planet has a cache of *[negative matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_mass)* inside it. This is *not* antimatter, but a hypothetical form of exotic matter that has negative gravity, which repels mass instead of attracting it. Such material is necessary for stable [wormholes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole) and [one possible FTL warp drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive), so if those exist in your universe I would imagine negative matter to also exist, and moreover be very valuable.
There are no known particles with negative mass, but they are theoretically possible according to the current understanding of physics.
Your planet would have to be almost exactly half normal matter and half negative matter, with only an Earth's-worth of regular matter more. However, it should be reasonably stable; negative matter is still attracted by normal gravity, so you don't have to worry about the planet spontaneously exploding or negative crystals falling into the sky as soon as they are mined. |
53,498,952 | [Horovod](https://github.com/uber/horovod) is combining [NCCL](https://developer.nvidia.com/nccl) and MPI into an wrapper for Distributed Deep Learning in for example TensorFlow.
I haven't heard of NCCL previously and was looking into its functionality. The following is stated about NCCL on the NVIDIA website:
>
> The NVIDIA Collective Communications Library (NCCL) implements multi-GPU and multi-node collective communication primitives that are performance optimized for NVIDIA GPUs.
>
>
>
From the [introduction video](http://on-demand.gputechconf.com/gtc/2018/video/S8462/) about NCCL I understood that NCCL works via PCIe, NVLink, Native Infiniband, Ethernet and it can even detect if GPU Direct via RDMA makes sense in the current hardware topology and uses it transparently.
So I am questioning why MPI is needed in Horovod? As far as I understand, MPI is also used for efficiently exchanging the gradients among distributed nodes via an allreduce paradigm. But as I understand, NCCL already supports those functionalities.
So is MPI only used for easily scheduling the jobs on a cluster? For Distributed Deep Learning on CPU, since we cannot use NCCL there?
I would highly appreciate if someone could explain in which scenarios MPI and/or NCCL is used for Distributed Deep Learning and what are their responsibilities during the training job. | 2018/11/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/53498952",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/8255399/"
] | MPI (Message Passing Interface) is a message-passing standard used in parallel computing ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_Passing_Interface)). Most of the time, you'd use [Open MPI](https://www.open-mpi.org/) when using Horovod, which is an open-source implementation of the MPI standard.
The MPI implementation allows one to easily run more than a single instance of a program in parallel. The program code is kept the same but just running in a few different processes. In addition, the MPI library exposes an API to easily share data and information among these processes.
Horovod uses this mechanism in order to run some processes of the Python script which is running the neural network. These processes should know and share some information during the running of the neural network. Some of this information is about the environment, for example:
1. The number of processes that are currently being running, for being able to correctly modify parameters and hyperparameters for the neural network such as the batch size, learning rate, etc..
2. Knowing which process is the "master" one, to print logs and save files (checkpoints) from only a single process.
3. The id (called "rank") of the current process so it could use a specific area of the input data.
Some of this information is about the training process of the neural network, for example:
4. The randomized initial values for the weights and biases of the model, so all processes will start from the same point.
5. The values of the weights and biases at the end of every training step, so all processes will start the next step with the same values.
There is more information that is shared and the above bullets are some of it.
At first, Horovod used MPI for all the requirements above. Then, Nvidia released [NCCL](https://developer.nvidia.com/nccl) which is a library that consists of many algorithms for high-performance communication between GPUs. To improve the overall performance, Horovod started using NCCL for things like (4) and mainly (5) as NCCL allowed sharing this data between GPUs much more efficiently.
In [Nvidia docs](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/nccl-developer-guide/docs/mpi.html#using-nccl-within-an-mpi-program) we can see that NCCL can be used in conjunction with MPI, and in general:
>
> MPI is used for CPU-CPU communication, and NCCL is used for GPU-GPU communication.
>
>
>
Horovod still uses MPI for running the few instances of the Python script and manage the environment (rank, size, which process is the "master", etc..) for allowing the user to easily manage the run. | Firstly, horovod used MPI only in the beginning.
After NCCL is introduced to horovod, even in NCCL mode, MPI is still used for providing environmental info (rank, size and local\_rank). NCCL doc has an example shows how it leverages MPI in one device per process setting:
>
> The following code is an example of a communicator creation in the context of MPI, using one device per MPI rank.
>
>
>
<https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/nccl-developer-guide/docs/examples.html#example-2-one-device-per-process-or-thread> |
7,867,554 | I have created a distribution and development certificate on IOS Provisioning Portal.I followed all the guidelines and uploaded the the CertificateSigningRequest.certSigningRequest on Portal.File for both dev and dist certificat was accepted.
BUT now i cant seem to download the certificate.Status of both certificate says "Issued" but there is no "Download" or "Revoke" button.Nor is any expiration date showing.I have refreshed the screen many time but to no avail.
I have an individual account so ideally certificates should be created instantly.Any one faced this issue before? Any help would be very much appreciated.
Thx | 2011/10/23 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/7867554",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1009720/"
] | It is possible that the owner of the developer account has to confirm the download.
edit: I confirm the statement above. Just checked it. | If you're using a mobile device, or if your browser is pretending to be a mobile device you won't see the download link.
For me, I was using Chrome and forgot that I had turned on a user-agent switcher when iPad testing, and thus could not work out why there was no download link.
Anyone reading this question, just make sure you haven't done something silly like I had ;) |
927 | [Offences Against the Person Act 1861 — How's s 47 "in at least one respect, the narrowest offence of" ss 18, 20, 47?](https://law.stackexchange.com/q/45044/2807) is about s 47. Why was it closed as duplicating [Offences Against the Person Act 1861 — How is Section 18 , in at least one respect broader than Section 20?](https://law.stackexchange.com/q/45047/2807) about s 18? ss 18 and 47 aren't same thing!!! | 2019/10/27 | [
"https://law.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/927",
"https://law.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://law.meta.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I'll take the blame for this one, since I handled those flags.
First note that all of your comments on that question were deleted *by you*. (Albeit in April of 2016, so it's understandable that you wouldn't remember doing that.) At that point you were no longer evidenced as a participant in the comments. So you you reasonably flagged comments that were addressed to you – i.e., that began with @Zaibis.
The ones that I declined to delete are substantively informative to the question and, other than the now obsolete reference to your name at the beginning, they stand on their own. So not only is it inaccurate to say they are "no longer needed," but also I can't see any reason to delete them at this point.
But you make a fair point in that the reference to your name at the beginning of those three comments is obsolete and confusing. **Therefore:** I just edited those comments to remove only that now-obsolete reference.
**Further discussion on how this case, or cases like it, *should* be handled is certainly welcome here.** | To answer the headline question:
--------------------------------
**Yes**, there are quality requirements for comments alongside the requirement of a specific purpose.
From [How do comments work?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/19756/how-do-comments-work):
>
> **When should comments be deleted?**
>
>
> Comments are temporary "Post-It" notes left on a question or answer. You should not expect them to be around forever. Once a clarification has been made, an edit added to the post to include new information, or the issue in the comment is otherwise resolved, it is subject to deletion. In reality, many obsolete or chatty comments remain untouched due to the high volume of comments posted, but this does not mean that they can't or shouldn't be deleted in the future.
>
>
>
Quite often, clarifications are never made, edits never happen and the issue the comment raised is never resolved so those comments are not "obsolete". Sometimes these things do happen (or are considered by the author and rejected) and no one ever knows, so the comments are obsolete but you can't tell by looking.
So, given the explicitly stated SE reason for deletion is problematic, other criteria have to be applied. So, from [When should comments be deleted?](https://softwareengineering.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2228/when-should-comments-be-deleted/2235#2235) (my emphasis):
>
> **The design of each site places primary focus on questions and answers.** We want all useful information required to answer a question to ideally be in an answer. How that answer was developed is largely unimportant so long as the final product of that development is valuable. How valuable it is can be determined through up and down votes on the answer.
>
>
> **Stack Exchange set out to "make the internet better" by creating an environment where the best information rises to the top.** Asking the user to dig through a lengthy comment thread on the off chance that the information they're looking for is there goes completely counter to that mission. If we're going to allow that, we might as well just abandon this whole Q&A idea and go back to forums where readers can already sift through pages of unrelated or possibly contradictory information.
>
>
>
To my mind, the quality criteria for keeping comments where it is not obvious that they are obsolete or superfluous (or, obviously, offensive, insulting, or otherwise not in keeping with the spirit of the "Be nice" guideline) is:
**Do they make the post (Q or A) *better*?**
This is only partly a factor of how good the comment itself is but also affected by the comments around it. What might be a great comment if it is one of two on a question might not be worth keeping if it is the twelfth in a back and forth discussion of twenty-eight. In general, three or four comments can make a post "better" but 10 or more rarely do – it relies on the reader taking the time to wade through the dross for the nuggets of gold. Who has time for that?
What to do instead of commenting?
---------------------------------
**[Chat](https://stackoverflow.com/help/privileges/chat-rooms)**
If your fingers are itching to reply to a comment that was a reply to your comment: stop and [create a chat room](https://stackoverflow.com/help/privileges/chat-rooms). That's what they are for. Once you have the URL, you can make a comment saying "Let's continue this in [chat](http://...)".
Or, if you lack the 100 rep to create chat rooms or you realize you should have done it 8 comments ago, flag a comment and ask a moderator to move the comments to chat. We can do it wholesale.
Chat rooms with at least 15 comments from at least 2 participants are permanent.
**However**, users must have 20 rep to talk in chat – consider if your interlocutor(s) qualify.
**[Edit](https://stackoverflow.com/help/privileges/edit)**
Many people, myself included, comment when we should edit. Repeat after me: "From this day forward, I will endeavour to remember that editing other people's posts makes things better for the community and the OP. Better posts get more upvotes. More upvotes makes the OP happier."
Seriously, if you think a post would be better with something added, deleted or changed: **do it!** |
388,966 | When I left-click on the Computer icon on the desktop or in the Start menu (or right-click on the icon and then select Open), I'm immediately returned to the desktop. Speaking with MSDN tech support they tell me that my operating system is definitely hosed. And that I should do an "in-place upgrade" to re-establish a full operating system. So I tried.
It took about 10 hours but at the end asked me to reboot. I did so. And discovered that the operating system was gone. Fortunately I had made multiple backups on a secondary hard disk close onto external USB disks. I was quite fortunate. Not only was the operating system hosed but the entire partition table was gone as well.
I use Acronis for my backups and it asked where to restore my backups. There was no C: drive. I ended up having to reinstall the operating system Windows 7 Ultimate on a machine that was initially running XP Professional and had been upgraded to Vista Ultimate and then to Windows 7 Ultimate. So I did a fresh install onto the un-allocated space that had been my C: drive. It took a long time but it successfully restored my missing drive.
So the question still exists: what is causing my Computer icon to not function? | 2012/02/12 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/388966",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/73534/"
] | >
> what is causing my "computer" icon to not function?
>
>
>
**I)** *Possible reasons:*
* A) file associations for .lnk was broken or changed by an application
or by a user manipulation
* B) some registry keys are changed, deleted
* C) Some files including the registry hives was
located on a Hard Disk Bad sector
**II)** *Here some fixes for the future if you have the same problem:*
**a)** *Rebuilding the Icon Cache Database*
1. Close all folder windows currently open.
2. Launch Task Manager
3. In the Process tab, right-click on the Explorer.exe process and select End Process.
4. Click the End process button when asked for confirmation.
5. From the File menu of Task Manager, select New Task
6. Type CMD.EXE, and click OK
7. In the Command Prompt window, type these commands:
CD /d %userprofile%\AppData\Local
DEL IconCache.db /a
EXIT
8. In Task Manager, click File, select New Task. Type EXPLORER.EXE, and click OK.
**b)** *File Association Fixes for Windows 7*
<http://www.winhelponline.com/blog/file-asso-fixes-for-windows-7/>
Check for LNK hyperlink to download a zip file a .reg to merge (write) in the W7 registry
**c)** *Fix broken desktop shortcuts and common system maintenance tasks*
<http://support.microsoft.com/mats/system_maintenance_for_windows/en-us>
**III)** *Comments:*
**a)**
>
> Speaking with MSDN tech support they tell me that my operating system
> is definitely hosed. And that I should do an "in-place upgrade" to
> reestablish a full operating system.
>
>
>
All this for a broken desktop icon? I'm little bit astonished by the advice you received to say the less...
**b)** Running a CHKDSK is sometimes the best way to recover from strange behaviour in Windows
I suggest you to check the S.M.A.R.T. values of the hard disk **before** running this command.
If the s.m.a.r.t. are not in «Good» state, chkdsk may kill a near to fail HD.
Hope this help. Let us know. :)
**EDIT:** *the solution founded to solved this problem*: «I created a new admin account, added some desktop icons and changed some minor stuff in folder options (single click, show all in folder, etc.) and the "Computer"is working like a champ! » | Check the link of your computer icon (right click, properties, link)
When you find e.g. ...scandisc.exe or other programs from your profile
then it is a trojan. |
623,052 | I am currently using TortoiseHg (Mercurial) and accidentally committed an incorrect commit message. How do I go about editing this commit message in the repository? | 2009/03/08 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/623052",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/72990/"
] | Good news: hg 2.2 [just added](https://www.mercurial-scm.org/wiki/WhatsNew/Archive#Mercurial_2.2_.282012-05-01.29) git like `--amend` option.
and in tortoiseHg, you can use "Amend current revision" by select black arrow on the right of commit button
 | Rollback-and-reapply is realy simple solution, but it can help only with the last commit. Mercurial Queues is much more powerful thing (note that you need to [enable Mercurial Queues Extension](http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/MqExtension) in order to use "hg q\*" commands). |
623,052 | I am currently using TortoiseHg (Mercurial) and accidentally committed an incorrect commit message. How do I go about editing this commit message in the repository? | 2009/03/08 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/623052",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/72990/"
] | In TortoiseHg, right-click on the revision you want to modify. Choose Modify History->Import MQ. That will convert all the revisions up to and including the selected revision from Mercurial changesets into Mercurial Queue patches. Select the Patch you want to modify the message for, and it should automatically change the screen to the MQ editor. Edit the message which is in the middle of the screen, then click QRefresh. Finally, right click on the patch and choose Modify History->Finish Patch, which will convert it from a patch back into a change set.
Oh, this assumes that MQ is an active extension for TortoiseHG on this repository. If not, you should be able to click File->Settings, click Extensions, and click the mq checkbox. It should warn you that you have to close TortoiseHg before the extension is active, so close and reopen. | A little gem in the discussion above - thanks to @Codest and @Kevin Pullin.
In TortoiseHg, there's a dropdown option adjacent to the commit button. Selecting "Amend current revision" brings back the comment and the list of files. SO useful. |
73,236 | Context
-------
I've been using my friend's Otus 55 on my Sony A6000 and I'm having a blast tilting that lens. With a smaller sensor APS-C, I haven't had any problems tilting a Full Frame lens and keeping the image circle covering the whole sensor.
Question
--------
How large does the image circle have to be to get it to project correctly on the image sensor? Related, are tilt-shifts expensive because of their larger image circle (and thus cost of glass/etc) or is there more than meets the eye? | 2016/01/27 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/73236",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/44797/"
] | **The answer would depend upon the degree of tilt and shift one wishes to effect.** An image circle needs to be larger to accomplish 12º of tilt than to accomplish 8º of tilt on the same sensor. Likewise, a small shift movement requires a smaller image circle than a larger shift movement does.
With a traditional lens the center of the lens' optical axis is aimed perpendicularly at the center of the film/sensor. The usable image circle need only be large enough that its diameter is equal to or greater than the length of the diagonal of the sensor or film frame.
With a shift movement the perpendicular aspect is maintained, but the point at which the optical axis intersects the film/sensor is moved away from the center. The further one moves from the center of the film/sensor, the larger the image circle needs to be to continue to cover the edge of the sensor on the "far" side.
With a tilt movement it gets a little more complicated. Because the optical center of the lens is no longer perpendicular to the film/sensor, the image circle becomes an image oval. The short dimension of the oval is the same width as the diameter of the former image circle, but the longer axis of the oval is now greater. The center of the optical axis, however, may or may not be still pointed at the center of the film/sensor. It all depends on the design of the lens and where the point of rotation of the optical axis of the lens is centered.
As with a shift movement, when tilting a lens the more distance the center of the optical axis is moved from the center of the film/sensor the larger the image circle needs to be to accommodate the move. But since the edge of the image cast by the lens along the long axis (also the direction of movement) is now narrower at the apex as it intersects the non-perpendicular plane of the film/sensor, with a tilt movement it takes an even larger image circle cast by the lens to allow a move of the optical center the same distance from film/sensor center as would be required by a shift movement.
Note also that a movement of a specific distance along the short axis of the film/sensor requires more additional image circle than the same size movement along the long axis of the film/sensor. Movements the same distance made at angles in between the long and short axis of the film/sensor require an image circle size between those two extremes (some tilt/shift lenses are capable of such movements, others are not).
Combining both shift and tilt movements at the same time may compound the degree of additional image circle required if the two movements are in the same direction. But they may also serve to cancel the relative movement created by each of the optical axis in relation to the center of the film/sensor if the shift movement is in the opposite direction as the tilt movement. It all depends on the relative angles of each movement. | This extends scottbb's answer for shift by allowing a one-dimensional tilt. The general solution requires much more extensive knowledge of projective geometry and optics than I have, but it shouldn't be impossible to generalize the ideas here presented, in principle.
Tilt (1D)
=========
Assume that the (rectangular) sensor/frame lies in the xy-plane with its centre coinciding with the origin (x,y) = (0,0). Let the sensor/frame width and height be 2w and 2h, respectively:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dN1Hf.png)
Let the lens reside in the third, z-dimension at a focal length f from the sensor/film plane, transmitting a right rectangular cone of light of [aperture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone#Further_terminology) 2φ degrees and tilted by θ degrees from the normal:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ROE1R.png)
The cone intersects the sensor/film plane at the angle θ and produces an image ellipse whose major axis is of length Y1 + Y2 (see above figure). Using the [law of sines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_sines), it is possible to figure out Y1 and Y2:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/2IFRn.png)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UG6cv.png)
Since ellipses are symmetric, the centre of this ellipse must lie at the point (0, (Y2 - Y1)/2). Its [major semi-axis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes) is given by (Y1 + Y2)/2. Its minor semi-axis is
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ve8r7.png)
(i.e. the special case of θ = 0 degrees tilt). From the [shifted ellipse equation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipse#Equation_of_a_shifted_ellipse), any point (x,y) on this ellipse must satisfy
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pETBR.png)
Shift (2D)
==========
A lens shift of Δx and Δy units in the x and y-dimensions, respectively, corresponds to a shift of the ellipse centre by the amounts Δx and Δy. The above equation becomes:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/JnyXi.png)
Maximum sensor/frame size
=========================
The largest sensor/frame that can be positioned at the origin of the xy-plane to fit in the image ellipse is characterized by
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/k5nRO.png)
The solution is indeterminate since both w and h are free to vary. But if we know the width-to-height ratio of the sensor/frame (e.g. 3:2), we can express one of w and h in terms of the other and find the unique solution. Suppose for example w = (3/2)h (35mm aspect ratio). Substituting into the above equation and solving for h gives the unique largest 3:2 aspect ratio sensor/frame that the ellipse will accommodate.
Minimum un-tilted image circle radius
=====================================
Conversely, given a sensor/frame extending from x = -w to x = w and from y = -h to y = h, a lens tilt of θ degrees, and a lens shift of amounts Δx and Δy, the smallest radius Y0 of the image circle projected by the un-tilted lens sufficient to guarantee that the sensor/frame is covered by the image ellipse of the tilted lens, can be recovered from the above equation by solving for Y0. |
73,236 | Context
-------
I've been using my friend's Otus 55 on my Sony A6000 and I'm having a blast tilting that lens. With a smaller sensor APS-C, I haven't had any problems tilting a Full Frame lens and keeping the image circle covering the whole sensor.
Question
--------
How large does the image circle have to be to get it to project correctly on the image sensor? Related, are tilt-shifts expensive because of their larger image circle (and thus cost of glass/etc) or is there more than meets the eye? | 2016/01/27 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/73236",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/44797/"
] | If you only consider tilt or shift alone but not the possibility of both simultaneously then you omit considering instances where both can be used together to reduce the required diameter of the lens.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/lU9hU.jpg)
You'll need a large lens to do that.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/KcQfr.jpg)
A smaller lens can be used where both tilting and shifting are employed.
Providing a simple one size fits all equation is nearly impossible because of the variety of equipment to do tilting and shifting combined with the number of lens available. Usually it is possible to adjust the image projected from the lens to fully cover large format film, this is much easier with a comparatively small digital sensor.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Fgkfu.jpg)
With so much to adjust you'll need to read the above book (or the calculator linked below) and use the equations to devise a calculator for your setup. Vignette is uncommon (due to going up a step in lens size for your format - EG: Medium Format lens on FF sensor, FF lens on APS-C or shoot crop mode) and the bellows can be adjusted to increase (or decrease) the image circle diameter.
---
A Scheimpflug Calculator is really needed to do all the calculations simultaneously without error. There are [a few calculators](http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/tilt-shift-lenses2.htm) on this Webpage that provide the answer in Aperture.
For a mathematical background you can visit [Wikipedia's Scheimpflug Principle Webpage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheimpflug_principle) or [Harold M. Merklinger's Website](http://www.trenholm.org/hmmerk/download.html) where you can download his Shareware Book called "Focusing the View Camera" (see Chapter 4 - Optical Principles). Harold would prefer people to download the book for free and pay if they like it rather than copy it (or provide direct links to the .PDF).
With a high enough resolution sensor you can have a bit of it vignetted and still crop a large resolution image out of the remainder.
A lot of cropping can be done to a more than 100MP image and still leave a substantially sized image. Perfect coverage of the sensor is neither practical in all cases nor as important as tilting and shifting the required amount to produce the desired results with minimal (preferably no) cropping.
Here is a wonderful [interactive Scheimpflug Calculator](https://www.geogebra.org/material/iframe/id/2567623/width/1070/height/735/border/888888/rc/false/ai/false/sdz/true/smb/false/stb/false/stbh/true/ld/false/sri/true/at/auto) from [OptiWiki](http://www.optowiki.info/glossary/scheimpflug-principle/). This calculator allows choosing the sensor size (and thus the size of the image circle). The interactive graphic keeps the optical axis in the center of the lens and maps the edges of the sensor to the wanted object plane. | This extends scottbb's answer for shift by allowing a one-dimensional tilt. The general solution requires much more extensive knowledge of projective geometry and optics than I have, but it shouldn't be impossible to generalize the ideas here presented, in principle.
Tilt (1D)
=========
Assume that the (rectangular) sensor/frame lies in the xy-plane with its centre coinciding with the origin (x,y) = (0,0). Let the sensor/frame width and height be 2w and 2h, respectively:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dN1Hf.png)
Let the lens reside in the third, z-dimension at a focal length f from the sensor/film plane, transmitting a right rectangular cone of light of [aperture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone#Further_terminology) 2φ degrees and tilted by θ degrees from the normal:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ROE1R.png)
The cone intersects the sensor/film plane at the angle θ and produces an image ellipse whose major axis is of length Y1 + Y2 (see above figure). Using the [law of sines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_sines), it is possible to figure out Y1 and Y2:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/2IFRn.png)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UG6cv.png)
Since ellipses are symmetric, the centre of this ellipse must lie at the point (0, (Y2 - Y1)/2). Its [major semi-axis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes) is given by (Y1 + Y2)/2. Its minor semi-axis is
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ve8r7.png)
(i.e. the special case of θ = 0 degrees tilt). From the [shifted ellipse equation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipse#Equation_of_a_shifted_ellipse), any point (x,y) on this ellipse must satisfy
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pETBR.png)
Shift (2D)
==========
A lens shift of Δx and Δy units in the x and y-dimensions, respectively, corresponds to a shift of the ellipse centre by the amounts Δx and Δy. The above equation becomes:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/JnyXi.png)
Maximum sensor/frame size
=========================
The largest sensor/frame that can be positioned at the origin of the xy-plane to fit in the image ellipse is characterized by
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/k5nRO.png)
The solution is indeterminate since both w and h are free to vary. But if we know the width-to-height ratio of the sensor/frame (e.g. 3:2), we can express one of w and h in terms of the other and find the unique solution. Suppose for example w = (3/2)h (35mm aspect ratio). Substituting into the above equation and solving for h gives the unique largest 3:2 aspect ratio sensor/frame that the ellipse will accommodate.
Minimum un-tilted image circle radius
=====================================
Conversely, given a sensor/frame extending from x = -w to x = w and from y = -h to y = h, a lens tilt of θ degrees, and a lens shift of amounts Δx and Δy, the smallest radius Y0 of the image circle projected by the un-tilted lens sufficient to guarantee that the sensor/frame is covered by the image ellipse of the tilted lens, can be recovered from the above equation by solving for Y0. |
36,556 | I started learning to maintain my motorcycle on my own, and cleaned the chain and lubricated it yesterday. Ended up with grease+oil smeared all over my hands and under the nails which haven't gone off entirely even until now (a bit of a nightmare, coz I'm actually a software programmer :-) ).
A Google search for how to clean it gave me these results just now:
1. [Use a tablespoon of sugar and a tablespoon of liquid dish washing soap](https://www.reddit.com/r/motorcycles/comments/1c1sx2/trick_how_to_clean_your_grease_stained_hands/). They also say it's better to use gloves because the grime might cause cancer. What? Really?
2. Someone uses [an oil lifting spray](https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjam4Xh0pvPAhUB2GMKHSnnCskQtwIIUjAJ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dapd1A-qfi-c&usg=AFQjCNHu3V_ii1HyXJB-YMmssl9ED03HHw).
3. [Laundry liquid](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l5OTzV0cq4).
4. [Canola oil](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4v8gNhmP6Y).
5. [Dig nails into a bar of soap and use a scrub brush](http://www.bobistheoilguy.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=2661664).
Apparently the sugar/salt + dish washing soap idea is called "Mechanics soap" and the sugar/salt is meant to provide some amount of a [gritty nature](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOUn-vm8Q44) to the "soap".
My question is about avoiding this hassle in the first place. Apart from the "give your bike to a mechanic for servicing" option, are these good options?
1. Is it worthwhile to invest in [gloves](https://www.b4brands.com/blog/latex-vs-nitrile-vs-vinyl-gloves-which-to-choose/)? Won't latex gloves tear quickly and won't you perspire a lot inside the gloves? After the grime gets onto the gloves, won't it get onto any other clean part of the bike you touch? At least if one isn't wearing gloves, one would instinctively wipe off the grime on a cloth or newspaper. If you tried wiping it off the gloves, the glove would slowly slip off and then you'd have to pull it back on, which can get annoying.
2. Is there some kind of viscous liquid I could rub on my palms and under the nails so that the grease/oil doesn't stick onto my skin as un-washably as earlier? Of course, the liquid shouldn't cause any problems to the motorbike's machinery either, and it should be easy to wipe it off with a cloth if it gets onto any of the clean areas of the bike. If there are any commercial products (would be [too expensive](http://www.amazon.in/BlueMagic-5215-Invisible-Protective-Coating/dp/B000BPEPA0)), a mention is welcome, but ideally, something that can be purchased from a local store or can be prepared at home would be great. | 2016/09/19 | [
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/36556",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/users/1539/"
] | **Gloves.**
Do not use latex gloves, they break easily. Use nitrile gloves instead, they are mechanically much more resistant.
Even better: Use nitrile gloves under ordinary work gloves. The ordinary gloves will protect the nitrile gloves from mechanically influences, the nitrile keeps away the oil.
**Soap**
Use industrial hand wash paste. Perfect to remove oil and dirt from your skin. Comes mostly with some added abrasives (sand or sawdust). The abrasives help to remove the dirt
**Brush**
Should things not get as planned and dirt gets under your nails: Sorry, there is only the brush left.
**Treatment**
Use some beewax based hand cream to care your hands. | No need to repeat @Myself's recommendations.
I will add that the toughest grime to get rid of will be the crud that finds its way under your fingernails. One way to get rid of most of the crud there is to trim your fingernails after the job. Just try to avoid wrenching thereafter :) |
36,556 | I started learning to maintain my motorcycle on my own, and cleaned the chain and lubricated it yesterday. Ended up with grease+oil smeared all over my hands and under the nails which haven't gone off entirely even until now (a bit of a nightmare, coz I'm actually a software programmer :-) ).
A Google search for how to clean it gave me these results just now:
1. [Use a tablespoon of sugar and a tablespoon of liquid dish washing soap](https://www.reddit.com/r/motorcycles/comments/1c1sx2/trick_how_to_clean_your_grease_stained_hands/). They also say it's better to use gloves because the grime might cause cancer. What? Really?
2. Someone uses [an oil lifting spray](https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjam4Xh0pvPAhUB2GMKHSnnCskQtwIIUjAJ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dapd1A-qfi-c&usg=AFQjCNHu3V_ii1HyXJB-YMmssl9ED03HHw).
3. [Laundry liquid](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l5OTzV0cq4).
4. [Canola oil](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4v8gNhmP6Y).
5. [Dig nails into a bar of soap and use a scrub brush](http://www.bobistheoilguy.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=2661664).
Apparently the sugar/salt + dish washing soap idea is called "Mechanics soap" and the sugar/salt is meant to provide some amount of a [gritty nature](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOUn-vm8Q44) to the "soap".
My question is about avoiding this hassle in the first place. Apart from the "give your bike to a mechanic for servicing" option, are these good options?
1. Is it worthwhile to invest in [gloves](https://www.b4brands.com/blog/latex-vs-nitrile-vs-vinyl-gloves-which-to-choose/)? Won't latex gloves tear quickly and won't you perspire a lot inside the gloves? After the grime gets onto the gloves, won't it get onto any other clean part of the bike you touch? At least if one isn't wearing gloves, one would instinctively wipe off the grime on a cloth or newspaper. If you tried wiping it off the gloves, the glove would slowly slip off and then you'd have to pull it back on, which can get annoying.
2. Is there some kind of viscous liquid I could rub on my palms and under the nails so that the grease/oil doesn't stick onto my skin as un-washably as earlier? Of course, the liquid shouldn't cause any problems to the motorbike's machinery either, and it should be easy to wipe it off with a cloth if it gets onto any of the clean areas of the bike. If there are any commercial products (would be [too expensive](http://www.amazon.in/BlueMagic-5215-Invisible-Protective-Coating/dp/B000BPEPA0)), a mention is welcome, but ideally, something that can be purchased from a local store or can be prepared at home would be great. | 2016/09/19 | [
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/36556",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/users/1539/"
] | **Gloves.**
Do not use latex gloves, they break easily. Use nitrile gloves instead, they are mechanically much more resistant.
Even better: Use nitrile gloves under ordinary work gloves. The ordinary gloves will protect the nitrile gloves from mechanically influences, the nitrile keeps away the oil.
**Soap**
Use industrial hand wash paste. Perfect to remove oil and dirt from your skin. Comes mostly with some added abrasives (sand or sawdust). The abrasives help to remove the dirt
**Brush**
Should things not get as planned and dirt gets under your nails: Sorry, there is only the brush left.
**Treatment**
Use some beewax based hand cream to care your hands. | If you don't like gloves, I recommend [GOJO](http://www.gojo.com/Product/0958-04):
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Dgr5i.jpg)
GOJO contains [pumice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumice), which is ground up volcanic rock. It also contains a natural degreaser. When you combine the two, you have a cleaner that can remove grease and dirt from every part of your hand, including nails and cuticles. I recommend combining it with a nail brush:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/yqZQl.jpg) |
36,556 | I started learning to maintain my motorcycle on my own, and cleaned the chain and lubricated it yesterday. Ended up with grease+oil smeared all over my hands and under the nails which haven't gone off entirely even until now (a bit of a nightmare, coz I'm actually a software programmer :-) ).
A Google search for how to clean it gave me these results just now:
1. [Use a tablespoon of sugar and a tablespoon of liquid dish washing soap](https://www.reddit.com/r/motorcycles/comments/1c1sx2/trick_how_to_clean_your_grease_stained_hands/). They also say it's better to use gloves because the grime might cause cancer. What? Really?
2. Someone uses [an oil lifting spray](https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjam4Xh0pvPAhUB2GMKHSnnCskQtwIIUjAJ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dapd1A-qfi-c&usg=AFQjCNHu3V_ii1HyXJB-YMmssl9ED03HHw).
3. [Laundry liquid](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l5OTzV0cq4).
4. [Canola oil](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4v8gNhmP6Y).
5. [Dig nails into a bar of soap and use a scrub brush](http://www.bobistheoilguy.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=2661664).
Apparently the sugar/salt + dish washing soap idea is called "Mechanics soap" and the sugar/salt is meant to provide some amount of a [gritty nature](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOUn-vm8Q44) to the "soap".
My question is about avoiding this hassle in the first place. Apart from the "give your bike to a mechanic for servicing" option, are these good options?
1. Is it worthwhile to invest in [gloves](https://www.b4brands.com/blog/latex-vs-nitrile-vs-vinyl-gloves-which-to-choose/)? Won't latex gloves tear quickly and won't you perspire a lot inside the gloves? After the grime gets onto the gloves, won't it get onto any other clean part of the bike you touch? At least if one isn't wearing gloves, one would instinctively wipe off the grime on a cloth or newspaper. If you tried wiping it off the gloves, the glove would slowly slip off and then you'd have to pull it back on, which can get annoying.
2. Is there some kind of viscous liquid I could rub on my palms and under the nails so that the grease/oil doesn't stick onto my skin as un-washably as earlier? Of course, the liquid shouldn't cause any problems to the motorbike's machinery either, and it should be easy to wipe it off with a cloth if it gets onto any of the clean areas of the bike. If there are any commercial products (would be [too expensive](http://www.amazon.in/BlueMagic-5215-Invisible-Protective-Coating/dp/B000BPEPA0)), a mention is welcome, but ideally, something that can be purchased from a local store or can be prepared at home would be great. | 2016/09/19 | [
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/36556",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/users/1539/"
] | **Gloves.**
Do not use latex gloves, they break easily. Use nitrile gloves instead, they are mechanically much more resistant.
Even better: Use nitrile gloves under ordinary work gloves. The ordinary gloves will protect the nitrile gloves from mechanically influences, the nitrile keeps away the oil.
**Soap**
Use industrial hand wash paste. Perfect to remove oil and dirt from your skin. Comes mostly with some added abrasives (sand or sawdust). The abrasives help to remove the dirt
**Brush**
Should things not get as planned and dirt gets under your nails: Sorry, there is only the brush left.
**Treatment**
Use some beewax based hand cream to care your hands. | My grandad run a automotive and truck repair shop for 50years, he told me when I was a kid to use Vaseline on my hands before work starts (this was before all the modern cleaners of today).
Thin layer covering the whole hand and at the end of day all the oil/grease washes away so much easier.
My brother has also used it in his shop.
I my self like mechanics gloves but wear them out like crazy and in the 100+ heat end up with dye from them on my hands. |
36,556 | I started learning to maintain my motorcycle on my own, and cleaned the chain and lubricated it yesterday. Ended up with grease+oil smeared all over my hands and under the nails which haven't gone off entirely even until now (a bit of a nightmare, coz I'm actually a software programmer :-) ).
A Google search for how to clean it gave me these results just now:
1. [Use a tablespoon of sugar and a tablespoon of liquid dish washing soap](https://www.reddit.com/r/motorcycles/comments/1c1sx2/trick_how_to_clean_your_grease_stained_hands/). They also say it's better to use gloves because the grime might cause cancer. What? Really?
2. Someone uses [an oil lifting spray](https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjam4Xh0pvPAhUB2GMKHSnnCskQtwIIUjAJ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dapd1A-qfi-c&usg=AFQjCNHu3V_ii1HyXJB-YMmssl9ED03HHw).
3. [Laundry liquid](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l5OTzV0cq4).
4. [Canola oil](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4v8gNhmP6Y).
5. [Dig nails into a bar of soap and use a scrub brush](http://www.bobistheoilguy.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=2661664).
Apparently the sugar/salt + dish washing soap idea is called "Mechanics soap" and the sugar/salt is meant to provide some amount of a [gritty nature](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOUn-vm8Q44) to the "soap".
My question is about avoiding this hassle in the first place. Apart from the "give your bike to a mechanic for servicing" option, are these good options?
1. Is it worthwhile to invest in [gloves](https://www.b4brands.com/blog/latex-vs-nitrile-vs-vinyl-gloves-which-to-choose/)? Won't latex gloves tear quickly and won't you perspire a lot inside the gloves? After the grime gets onto the gloves, won't it get onto any other clean part of the bike you touch? At least if one isn't wearing gloves, one would instinctively wipe off the grime on a cloth or newspaper. If you tried wiping it off the gloves, the glove would slowly slip off and then you'd have to pull it back on, which can get annoying.
2. Is there some kind of viscous liquid I could rub on my palms and under the nails so that the grease/oil doesn't stick onto my skin as un-washably as earlier? Of course, the liquid shouldn't cause any problems to the motorbike's machinery either, and it should be easy to wipe it off with a cloth if it gets onto any of the clean areas of the bike. If there are any commercial products (would be [too expensive](http://www.amazon.in/BlueMagic-5215-Invisible-Protective-Coating/dp/B000BPEPA0)), a mention is welcome, but ideally, something that can be purchased from a local store or can be prepared at home would be great. | 2016/09/19 | [
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/36556",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/users/1539/"
] | **Gloves.**
Do not use latex gloves, they break easily. Use nitrile gloves instead, they are mechanically much more resistant.
Even better: Use nitrile gloves under ordinary work gloves. The ordinary gloves will protect the nitrile gloves from mechanically influences, the nitrile keeps away the oil.
**Soap**
Use industrial hand wash paste. Perfect to remove oil and dirt from your skin. Comes mostly with some added abrasives (sand or sawdust). The abrasives help to remove the dirt
**Brush**
Should things not get as planned and dirt gets under your nails: Sorry, there is only the brush left.
**Treatment**
Use some beewax based hand cream to care your hands. | I use a product called [**Invisible Glove**](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B000BPEPA0), which protects your skin from getting grease-stained in the first place.
You put it on your hands *before* you start the messy job. It goes on like hand cream; you spread it over your skin, massage it into the crevices and folds in your knuckles, and work it into your cuticles and under your nails. Apply it all the way up to your elbows or however far you think will get dirty. Then let it dry. It dries slightly tacky, which helps you hold the wrench. **Note**: If it gets wet, your hands might get a little slippery. Just let them dry again.
When you're done with the job, the stuff just rinses off like soap.
I have done messy jobs like changing my oil, including getting used dirty oil all over my hands and forearms, and was able to clean up easily with no scrub brush required, even on my cuticles.
Not affiliated with the company at all, just a happy user of their product. |
36,556 | I started learning to maintain my motorcycle on my own, and cleaned the chain and lubricated it yesterday. Ended up with grease+oil smeared all over my hands and under the nails which haven't gone off entirely even until now (a bit of a nightmare, coz I'm actually a software programmer :-) ).
A Google search for how to clean it gave me these results just now:
1. [Use a tablespoon of sugar and a tablespoon of liquid dish washing soap](https://www.reddit.com/r/motorcycles/comments/1c1sx2/trick_how_to_clean_your_grease_stained_hands/). They also say it's better to use gloves because the grime might cause cancer. What? Really?
2. Someone uses [an oil lifting spray](https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjam4Xh0pvPAhUB2GMKHSnnCskQtwIIUjAJ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dapd1A-qfi-c&usg=AFQjCNHu3V_ii1HyXJB-YMmssl9ED03HHw).
3. [Laundry liquid](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l5OTzV0cq4).
4. [Canola oil](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4v8gNhmP6Y).
5. [Dig nails into a bar of soap and use a scrub brush](http://www.bobistheoilguy.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=2661664).
Apparently the sugar/salt + dish washing soap idea is called "Mechanics soap" and the sugar/salt is meant to provide some amount of a [gritty nature](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOUn-vm8Q44) to the "soap".
My question is about avoiding this hassle in the first place. Apart from the "give your bike to a mechanic for servicing" option, are these good options?
1. Is it worthwhile to invest in [gloves](https://www.b4brands.com/blog/latex-vs-nitrile-vs-vinyl-gloves-which-to-choose/)? Won't latex gloves tear quickly and won't you perspire a lot inside the gloves? After the grime gets onto the gloves, won't it get onto any other clean part of the bike you touch? At least if one isn't wearing gloves, one would instinctively wipe off the grime on a cloth or newspaper. If you tried wiping it off the gloves, the glove would slowly slip off and then you'd have to pull it back on, which can get annoying.
2. Is there some kind of viscous liquid I could rub on my palms and under the nails so that the grease/oil doesn't stick onto my skin as un-washably as earlier? Of course, the liquid shouldn't cause any problems to the motorbike's machinery either, and it should be easy to wipe it off with a cloth if it gets onto any of the clean areas of the bike. If there are any commercial products (would be [too expensive](http://www.amazon.in/BlueMagic-5215-Invisible-Protective-Coating/dp/B000BPEPA0)), a mention is welcome, but ideally, something that can be purchased from a local store or can be prepared at home would be great. | 2016/09/19 | [
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/36556",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/users/1539/"
] | If you don't like gloves, I recommend [GOJO](http://www.gojo.com/Product/0958-04):
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Dgr5i.jpg)
GOJO contains [pumice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumice), which is ground up volcanic rock. It also contains a natural degreaser. When you combine the two, you have a cleaner that can remove grease and dirt from every part of your hand, including nails and cuticles. I recommend combining it with a nail brush:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/yqZQl.jpg) | No need to repeat @Myself's recommendations.
I will add that the toughest grime to get rid of will be the crud that finds its way under your fingernails. One way to get rid of most of the crud there is to trim your fingernails after the job. Just try to avoid wrenching thereafter :) |
36,556 | I started learning to maintain my motorcycle on my own, and cleaned the chain and lubricated it yesterday. Ended up with grease+oil smeared all over my hands and under the nails which haven't gone off entirely even until now (a bit of a nightmare, coz I'm actually a software programmer :-) ).
A Google search for how to clean it gave me these results just now:
1. [Use a tablespoon of sugar and a tablespoon of liquid dish washing soap](https://www.reddit.com/r/motorcycles/comments/1c1sx2/trick_how_to_clean_your_grease_stained_hands/). They also say it's better to use gloves because the grime might cause cancer. What? Really?
2. Someone uses [an oil lifting spray](https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjam4Xh0pvPAhUB2GMKHSnnCskQtwIIUjAJ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dapd1A-qfi-c&usg=AFQjCNHu3V_ii1HyXJB-YMmssl9ED03HHw).
3. [Laundry liquid](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l5OTzV0cq4).
4. [Canola oil](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4v8gNhmP6Y).
5. [Dig nails into a bar of soap and use a scrub brush](http://www.bobistheoilguy.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=2661664).
Apparently the sugar/salt + dish washing soap idea is called "Mechanics soap" and the sugar/salt is meant to provide some amount of a [gritty nature](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOUn-vm8Q44) to the "soap".
My question is about avoiding this hassle in the first place. Apart from the "give your bike to a mechanic for servicing" option, are these good options?
1. Is it worthwhile to invest in [gloves](https://www.b4brands.com/blog/latex-vs-nitrile-vs-vinyl-gloves-which-to-choose/)? Won't latex gloves tear quickly and won't you perspire a lot inside the gloves? After the grime gets onto the gloves, won't it get onto any other clean part of the bike you touch? At least if one isn't wearing gloves, one would instinctively wipe off the grime on a cloth or newspaper. If you tried wiping it off the gloves, the glove would slowly slip off and then you'd have to pull it back on, which can get annoying.
2. Is there some kind of viscous liquid I could rub on my palms and under the nails so that the grease/oil doesn't stick onto my skin as un-washably as earlier? Of course, the liquid shouldn't cause any problems to the motorbike's machinery either, and it should be easy to wipe it off with a cloth if it gets onto any of the clean areas of the bike. If there are any commercial products (would be [too expensive](http://www.amazon.in/BlueMagic-5215-Invisible-Protective-Coating/dp/B000BPEPA0)), a mention is welcome, but ideally, something that can be purchased from a local store or can be prepared at home would be great. | 2016/09/19 | [
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/36556",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/users/1539/"
] | My grandad run a automotive and truck repair shop for 50years, he told me when I was a kid to use Vaseline on my hands before work starts (this was before all the modern cleaners of today).
Thin layer covering the whole hand and at the end of day all the oil/grease washes away so much easier.
My brother has also used it in his shop.
I my self like mechanics gloves but wear them out like crazy and in the 100+ heat end up with dye from them on my hands. | No need to repeat @Myself's recommendations.
I will add that the toughest grime to get rid of will be the crud that finds its way under your fingernails. One way to get rid of most of the crud there is to trim your fingernails after the job. Just try to avoid wrenching thereafter :) |
36,556 | I started learning to maintain my motorcycle on my own, and cleaned the chain and lubricated it yesterday. Ended up with grease+oil smeared all over my hands and under the nails which haven't gone off entirely even until now (a bit of a nightmare, coz I'm actually a software programmer :-) ).
A Google search for how to clean it gave me these results just now:
1. [Use a tablespoon of sugar and a tablespoon of liquid dish washing soap](https://www.reddit.com/r/motorcycles/comments/1c1sx2/trick_how_to_clean_your_grease_stained_hands/). They also say it's better to use gloves because the grime might cause cancer. What? Really?
2. Someone uses [an oil lifting spray](https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjam4Xh0pvPAhUB2GMKHSnnCskQtwIIUjAJ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dapd1A-qfi-c&usg=AFQjCNHu3V_ii1HyXJB-YMmssl9ED03HHw).
3. [Laundry liquid](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l5OTzV0cq4).
4. [Canola oil](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4v8gNhmP6Y).
5. [Dig nails into a bar of soap and use a scrub brush](http://www.bobistheoilguy.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=2661664).
Apparently the sugar/salt + dish washing soap idea is called "Mechanics soap" and the sugar/salt is meant to provide some amount of a [gritty nature](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOUn-vm8Q44) to the "soap".
My question is about avoiding this hassle in the first place. Apart from the "give your bike to a mechanic for servicing" option, are these good options?
1. Is it worthwhile to invest in [gloves](https://www.b4brands.com/blog/latex-vs-nitrile-vs-vinyl-gloves-which-to-choose/)? Won't latex gloves tear quickly and won't you perspire a lot inside the gloves? After the grime gets onto the gloves, won't it get onto any other clean part of the bike you touch? At least if one isn't wearing gloves, one would instinctively wipe off the grime on a cloth or newspaper. If you tried wiping it off the gloves, the glove would slowly slip off and then you'd have to pull it back on, which can get annoying.
2. Is there some kind of viscous liquid I could rub on my palms and under the nails so that the grease/oil doesn't stick onto my skin as un-washably as earlier? Of course, the liquid shouldn't cause any problems to the motorbike's machinery either, and it should be easy to wipe it off with a cloth if it gets onto any of the clean areas of the bike. If there are any commercial products (would be [too expensive](http://www.amazon.in/BlueMagic-5215-Invisible-Protective-Coating/dp/B000BPEPA0)), a mention is welcome, but ideally, something that can be purchased from a local store or can be prepared at home would be great. | 2016/09/19 | [
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/36556",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/users/1539/"
] | I use a product called [**Invisible Glove**](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B000BPEPA0), which protects your skin from getting grease-stained in the first place.
You put it on your hands *before* you start the messy job. It goes on like hand cream; you spread it over your skin, massage it into the crevices and folds in your knuckles, and work it into your cuticles and under your nails. Apply it all the way up to your elbows or however far you think will get dirty. Then let it dry. It dries slightly tacky, which helps you hold the wrench. **Note**: If it gets wet, your hands might get a little slippery. Just let them dry again.
When you're done with the job, the stuff just rinses off like soap.
I have done messy jobs like changing my oil, including getting used dirty oil all over my hands and forearms, and was able to clean up easily with no scrub brush required, even on my cuticles.
Not affiliated with the company at all, just a happy user of their product. | No need to repeat @Myself's recommendations.
I will add that the toughest grime to get rid of will be the crud that finds its way under your fingernails. One way to get rid of most of the crud there is to trim your fingernails after the job. Just try to avoid wrenching thereafter :) |
36,556 | I started learning to maintain my motorcycle on my own, and cleaned the chain and lubricated it yesterday. Ended up with grease+oil smeared all over my hands and under the nails which haven't gone off entirely even until now (a bit of a nightmare, coz I'm actually a software programmer :-) ).
A Google search for how to clean it gave me these results just now:
1. [Use a tablespoon of sugar and a tablespoon of liquid dish washing soap](https://www.reddit.com/r/motorcycles/comments/1c1sx2/trick_how_to_clean_your_grease_stained_hands/). They also say it's better to use gloves because the grime might cause cancer. What? Really?
2. Someone uses [an oil lifting spray](https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjam4Xh0pvPAhUB2GMKHSnnCskQtwIIUjAJ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dapd1A-qfi-c&usg=AFQjCNHu3V_ii1HyXJB-YMmssl9ED03HHw).
3. [Laundry liquid](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l5OTzV0cq4).
4. [Canola oil](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4v8gNhmP6Y).
5. [Dig nails into a bar of soap and use a scrub brush](http://www.bobistheoilguy.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=2661664).
Apparently the sugar/salt + dish washing soap idea is called "Mechanics soap" and the sugar/salt is meant to provide some amount of a [gritty nature](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOUn-vm8Q44) to the "soap".
My question is about avoiding this hassle in the first place. Apart from the "give your bike to a mechanic for servicing" option, are these good options?
1. Is it worthwhile to invest in [gloves](https://www.b4brands.com/blog/latex-vs-nitrile-vs-vinyl-gloves-which-to-choose/)? Won't latex gloves tear quickly and won't you perspire a lot inside the gloves? After the grime gets onto the gloves, won't it get onto any other clean part of the bike you touch? At least if one isn't wearing gloves, one would instinctively wipe off the grime on a cloth or newspaper. If you tried wiping it off the gloves, the glove would slowly slip off and then you'd have to pull it back on, which can get annoying.
2. Is there some kind of viscous liquid I could rub on my palms and under the nails so that the grease/oil doesn't stick onto my skin as un-washably as earlier? Of course, the liquid shouldn't cause any problems to the motorbike's machinery either, and it should be easy to wipe it off with a cloth if it gets onto any of the clean areas of the bike. If there are any commercial products (would be [too expensive](http://www.amazon.in/BlueMagic-5215-Invisible-Protective-Coating/dp/B000BPEPA0)), a mention is welcome, but ideally, something that can be purchased from a local store or can be prepared at home would be great. | 2016/09/19 | [
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/36556",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/users/1539/"
] | If you don't like gloves, I recommend [GOJO](http://www.gojo.com/Product/0958-04):
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Dgr5i.jpg)
GOJO contains [pumice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumice), which is ground up volcanic rock. It also contains a natural degreaser. When you combine the two, you have a cleaner that can remove grease and dirt from every part of your hand, including nails and cuticles. I recommend combining it with a nail brush:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/yqZQl.jpg) | I use a product called [**Invisible Glove**](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B000BPEPA0), which protects your skin from getting grease-stained in the first place.
You put it on your hands *before* you start the messy job. It goes on like hand cream; you spread it over your skin, massage it into the crevices and folds in your knuckles, and work it into your cuticles and under your nails. Apply it all the way up to your elbows or however far you think will get dirty. Then let it dry. It dries slightly tacky, which helps you hold the wrench. **Note**: If it gets wet, your hands might get a little slippery. Just let them dry again.
When you're done with the job, the stuff just rinses off like soap.
I have done messy jobs like changing my oil, including getting used dirty oil all over my hands and forearms, and was able to clean up easily with no scrub brush required, even on my cuticles.
Not affiliated with the company at all, just a happy user of their product. |
36,556 | I started learning to maintain my motorcycle on my own, and cleaned the chain and lubricated it yesterday. Ended up with grease+oil smeared all over my hands and under the nails which haven't gone off entirely even until now (a bit of a nightmare, coz I'm actually a software programmer :-) ).
A Google search for how to clean it gave me these results just now:
1. [Use a tablespoon of sugar and a tablespoon of liquid dish washing soap](https://www.reddit.com/r/motorcycles/comments/1c1sx2/trick_how_to_clean_your_grease_stained_hands/). They also say it's better to use gloves because the grime might cause cancer. What? Really?
2. Someone uses [an oil lifting spray](https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjam4Xh0pvPAhUB2GMKHSnnCskQtwIIUjAJ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dapd1A-qfi-c&usg=AFQjCNHu3V_ii1HyXJB-YMmssl9ED03HHw).
3. [Laundry liquid](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l5OTzV0cq4).
4. [Canola oil](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4v8gNhmP6Y).
5. [Dig nails into a bar of soap and use a scrub brush](http://www.bobistheoilguy.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=2661664).
Apparently the sugar/salt + dish washing soap idea is called "Mechanics soap" and the sugar/salt is meant to provide some amount of a [gritty nature](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOUn-vm8Q44) to the "soap".
My question is about avoiding this hassle in the first place. Apart from the "give your bike to a mechanic for servicing" option, are these good options?
1. Is it worthwhile to invest in [gloves](https://www.b4brands.com/blog/latex-vs-nitrile-vs-vinyl-gloves-which-to-choose/)? Won't latex gloves tear quickly and won't you perspire a lot inside the gloves? After the grime gets onto the gloves, won't it get onto any other clean part of the bike you touch? At least if one isn't wearing gloves, one would instinctively wipe off the grime on a cloth or newspaper. If you tried wiping it off the gloves, the glove would slowly slip off and then you'd have to pull it back on, which can get annoying.
2. Is there some kind of viscous liquid I could rub on my palms and under the nails so that the grease/oil doesn't stick onto my skin as un-washably as earlier? Of course, the liquid shouldn't cause any problems to the motorbike's machinery either, and it should be easy to wipe it off with a cloth if it gets onto any of the clean areas of the bike. If there are any commercial products (would be [too expensive](http://www.amazon.in/BlueMagic-5215-Invisible-Protective-Coating/dp/B000BPEPA0)), a mention is welcome, but ideally, something that can be purchased from a local store or can be prepared at home would be great. | 2016/09/19 | [
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/36556",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com",
"https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/users/1539/"
] | My grandad run a automotive and truck repair shop for 50years, he told me when I was a kid to use Vaseline on my hands before work starts (this was before all the modern cleaners of today).
Thin layer covering the whole hand and at the end of day all the oil/grease washes away so much easier.
My brother has also used it in his shop.
I my self like mechanics gloves but wear them out like crazy and in the 100+ heat end up with dye from them on my hands. | I use a product called [**Invisible Glove**](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B000BPEPA0), which protects your skin from getting grease-stained in the first place.
You put it on your hands *before* you start the messy job. It goes on like hand cream; you spread it over your skin, massage it into the crevices and folds in your knuckles, and work it into your cuticles and under your nails. Apply it all the way up to your elbows or however far you think will get dirty. Then let it dry. It dries slightly tacky, which helps you hold the wrench. **Note**: If it gets wet, your hands might get a little slippery. Just let them dry again.
When you're done with the job, the stuff just rinses off like soap.
I have done messy jobs like changing my oil, including getting used dirty oil all over my hands and forearms, and was able to clean up easily with no scrub brush required, even on my cuticles.
Not affiliated with the company at all, just a happy user of their product. |
28,157 | Recently I walked through Dolomites in Italy, and there was a warning sign that this is bear-encounter area. There were tips on what to do in general. But one of tips was "if bear approaches you aggressively, don't move and be passive".
Bears in this area are brown.
Why? If bear wants to eat me or kill me, I would prefer to make it at least a bit more difficult to him. I know I will die anyway, so why wouldn't I at least try to die "like a manly man (TM)". | 2022/03/16 | [
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/questions/28157",
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com",
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/users/4188/"
] | Brown bears mostly just want to assert dominance. By being passive/playing dead it is more likely to "give up" and walk away than keep attacking. [Per NPS...](https://www.nps.gov/subjects/bears/safety.htm#:%7E:text=Brown%2FGrizzly%20Bears%3A%20If%20you,the%20bear%20in%20the%20face.)
>
> **Brown/Grizzly Bears**: If you are attacked by a brown/grizzly bear, leave your pack on and **PLAY DEAD**. Lay flat on your stomach with your hands clasped behind your neck. Spread your legs to make it harder for the bear to turn you over. Remain still until the bear leaves the area. Fighting back usually increases the intensity of such attacks. However, if the attack persists, fight back vigorously. Use whatever you have at hand to hit the bear in the face.
>
>
>
An important note that this doesn't hold true for all kinds of bears. See the above link for more general info on bear attacks. | Brown bear attacks tend to be defensive attacks, where the bear is trying to protect its cubs, territory or food. The bear usually isn't attacking you because it wants to eat you, but is trying to neutralize a perceived threat. By playing dead, a brown bear may not perceive you as a threat anymore, and may leave you alone. Fighting back may make the bear more aggressive, as it senses a greater need to defend against a dangerous creature in its territory.
Black bear attacks, on the other hand, tend to be predatory in nature - the bear is attacking you with the purpose of killing and eating you. Playing dead in this scenario won't help, it'll just make you an easier lunch.
The common saying about bears is, "if it's brown lie down, if it's black fight back, and if it's white say goodnight". Just hope you're not attacked by a polar bear. |
28,157 | Recently I walked through Dolomites in Italy, and there was a warning sign that this is bear-encounter area. There were tips on what to do in general. But one of tips was "if bear approaches you aggressively, don't move and be passive".
Bears in this area are brown.
Why? If bear wants to eat me or kill me, I would prefer to make it at least a bit more difficult to him. I know I will die anyway, so why wouldn't I at least try to die "like a manly man (TM)". | 2022/03/16 | [
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/questions/28157",
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com",
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/users/4188/"
] | Brown bears mostly just want to assert dominance. By being passive/playing dead it is more likely to "give up" and walk away than keep attacking. [Per NPS...](https://www.nps.gov/subjects/bears/safety.htm#:%7E:text=Brown%2FGrizzly%20Bears%3A%20If%20you,the%20bear%20in%20the%20face.)
>
> **Brown/Grizzly Bears**: If you are attacked by a brown/grizzly bear, leave your pack on and **PLAY DEAD**. Lay flat on your stomach with your hands clasped behind your neck. Spread your legs to make it harder for the bear to turn you over. Remain still until the bear leaves the area. Fighting back usually increases the intensity of such attacks. However, if the attack persists, fight back vigorously. Use whatever you have at hand to hit the bear in the face.
>
>
>
An important note that this doesn't hold true for all kinds of bears. See the above link for more general info on bear attacks. | When faced with a brown bear ( in Wyoming, near Yellowstone ), while on hands and knees in a small tent ( middle of night) ; I gently but firmly said "shoo bear". I thought a loud noise might upset it. After repeating shoo several times he walked away. It was good that he had already taken anything he wanted out of the cooler chest he broke open. ( They do not like tomatoes or mustard). This may not have been the recommended action , but the bear was 10 ft away and the car was about 30 ft, I thought running was a low odds choice. |
28,157 | Recently I walked through Dolomites in Italy, and there was a warning sign that this is bear-encounter area. There were tips on what to do in general. But one of tips was "if bear approaches you aggressively, don't move and be passive".
Bears in this area are brown.
Why? If bear wants to eat me or kill me, I would prefer to make it at least a bit more difficult to him. I know I will die anyway, so why wouldn't I at least try to die "like a manly man (TM)". | 2022/03/16 | [
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/questions/28157",
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com",
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/users/4188/"
] | Brown bears mostly just want to assert dominance. By being passive/playing dead it is more likely to "give up" and walk away than keep attacking. [Per NPS...](https://www.nps.gov/subjects/bears/safety.htm#:%7E:text=Brown%2FGrizzly%20Bears%3A%20If%20you,the%20bear%20in%20the%20face.)
>
> **Brown/Grizzly Bears**: If you are attacked by a brown/grizzly bear, leave your pack on and **PLAY DEAD**. Lay flat on your stomach with your hands clasped behind your neck. Spread your legs to make it harder for the bear to turn you over. Remain still until the bear leaves the area. Fighting back usually increases the intensity of such attacks. However, if the attack persists, fight back vigorously. Use whatever you have at hand to hit the bear in the face.
>
>
>
An important note that this doesn't hold true for all kinds of bears. See the above link for more general info on bear attacks. | What you should do in a bear attack largely depends on the bear's behaviour, not the species of the bear. The old saying "if it's brown lie down, if it's black fight back, and if it's white say goodnight" is largely outdated based on what we know about bear behaviour but is still used by certain agencies. The [National Parks Service](https://www.nps.gov/subjects/bears/safety.htm) still provides advice based on species stating:
>
> Brown/Grizzly Bears: If you are attacked by a brown/grizzly bear, leave your pack on and PLAY DEAD. Lay flat on your stomach with your hands clasped behind your neck. Spread your legs to make it harder for the bear to turn you over. Remain still until the bear leaves the area. Fighting back usually increases the intensity of such attacks. However, if the attack persists, fight back vigorously. Use whatever you have at hand to hit the bear in the face.
> Black Bears: If you are attacked by a black bear, DO NOT PLAY DEAD. Try to escape to a secure place such as a car or building. If escape is not possible, try to fight back using any object available. Concentrate your kicks and blows on the bear's face and muzzle.
>
>
>
However they also note:
>
> If any bear attacks you in your tent, or stalks you and then attacks, do NOT play dead—fight back! This kind of attack is very rare, but can be serious because it often means the bear is looking for food and sees you as prey.
>
>
>
Generally there are two main types of bear behaviour defensive or non-defensive (Curious or Predatory). Defensive attacks are the most common attacks especially with brown bears.
[Parks Canada](https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/mtn/ours-bears/securite-safety/ours-humains-bears-people) provides advice based on these two behaviours
>
> **Is it DEFENSIVE?**
> The bear is feeding, protecting its young and/or surprised by your
> presence. It sees you as a threat. The bear will appear stressed or
> agitated and may vocalize.
>
>
> Try to appear non-threatening. Talk in a calm voice. When the bear
> stops advancing, start slowly moving away. If it keeps coming closer,
> stand your ground, keep talking, and use your bear spray. If the bear
> makes contact, fall on the ground and play dead. Lie still and wait
> for the bear to leave.
>
>
>
>
> **Is it NON-DEFENSIVE?**
> A bear may be curious, after your food, or testing its dominance. In
> the rarest case, it might be predatory–seeing you as potential prey.
> All of these non-defensive behaviours can appear similar and should
> not be confused with defensive behaviours. The bear will be intent on you with head and ears up.
>
>
> Talk in a firm voice. Move out of the bear’s path. If it follows you,
> stop and stand your ground. Shout and act aggressively. Try to
> intimidate the bear. If it approaches closely, use your bear spray.
>
>
>
>
> **Handling an ATTACK**
>
> Most encounters with bears end without injury. If a bear actually makes contact, you may increase your chances of survival by following these guidelines. In general, there are 2 kinds ofattack:
>
>
> **Defensive**
>
>
> This is the most COMMON type of attack.
>
>
> Use your bear spray. If the bear makes contact with you: PLAY DEAD!
> PLAY DEAD! Lie on your stomach with legs apart and position your arms
> so that your hands are crossed behind your neck. This position makes
> you less vulnerable to being flipped over and protects your face, the
> back of your head and neck. Remain still until you are sure the bear
> has left the area.
>
>
> These defensive attacks are generally less than two minutes in
> duration. If the attack continues, it may mean it has shifted from
> defensive to predatory—FIGHT BACK!
>
>
> **Predatory**
>
>
> The bear is stalking (hunting) you along a trail and then attacks. Or,
> the bear attacks you at night. This type of attack is very RARE.
>
>
> Try to escape into a building, car or up a tree. If you cannot escape,
> do not play dead. Use your bear spray and FIGHT BACK. FIGHT BACK!
> Intimidate that bear: shout; hit it with a branch or rock, do whatever
> it takes to let the bear know you are not easy prey. This kind of
> attack is very rare, but it is serious because it usually means the
> bear is looking for food and preying on you.
>
>
> It is very difficult to predict the best strategy to use in the event
> of a bear attack. That is why it is so important to put thought and
> energy into avoiding an encounter in the first place.
>
>
>
You should be passive and non threatening when dealing with a defensive bear. A defensive bear can still exhibit "aggressive" behaviours including bluff charges which is likely what they are trying to refer to. Best advice for staying alive is preventing an encounter by making lots of noise, keeping food/attractants secure, and disposing of garbage properly. |
28,157 | Recently I walked through Dolomites in Italy, and there was a warning sign that this is bear-encounter area. There were tips on what to do in general. But one of tips was "if bear approaches you aggressively, don't move and be passive".
Bears in this area are brown.
Why? If bear wants to eat me or kill me, I would prefer to make it at least a bit more difficult to him. I know I will die anyway, so why wouldn't I at least try to die "like a manly man (TM)". | 2022/03/16 | [
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/questions/28157",
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com",
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/users/4188/"
] | Brown bear attacks tend to be defensive attacks, where the bear is trying to protect its cubs, territory or food. The bear usually isn't attacking you because it wants to eat you, but is trying to neutralize a perceived threat. By playing dead, a brown bear may not perceive you as a threat anymore, and may leave you alone. Fighting back may make the bear more aggressive, as it senses a greater need to defend against a dangerous creature in its territory.
Black bear attacks, on the other hand, tend to be predatory in nature - the bear is attacking you with the purpose of killing and eating you. Playing dead in this scenario won't help, it'll just make you an easier lunch.
The common saying about bears is, "if it's brown lie down, if it's black fight back, and if it's white say goodnight". Just hope you're not attacked by a polar bear. | When faced with a brown bear ( in Wyoming, near Yellowstone ), while on hands and knees in a small tent ( middle of night) ; I gently but firmly said "shoo bear". I thought a loud noise might upset it. After repeating shoo several times he walked away. It was good that he had already taken anything he wanted out of the cooler chest he broke open. ( They do not like tomatoes or mustard). This may not have been the recommended action , but the bear was 10 ft away and the car was about 30 ft, I thought running was a low odds choice. |
28,157 | Recently I walked through Dolomites in Italy, and there was a warning sign that this is bear-encounter area. There were tips on what to do in general. But one of tips was "if bear approaches you aggressively, don't move and be passive".
Bears in this area are brown.
Why? If bear wants to eat me or kill me, I would prefer to make it at least a bit more difficult to him. I know I will die anyway, so why wouldn't I at least try to die "like a manly man (TM)". | 2022/03/16 | [
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/questions/28157",
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com",
"https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/users/4188/"
] | Brown bear attacks tend to be defensive attacks, where the bear is trying to protect its cubs, territory or food. The bear usually isn't attacking you because it wants to eat you, but is trying to neutralize a perceived threat. By playing dead, a brown bear may not perceive you as a threat anymore, and may leave you alone. Fighting back may make the bear more aggressive, as it senses a greater need to defend against a dangerous creature in its territory.
Black bear attacks, on the other hand, tend to be predatory in nature - the bear is attacking you with the purpose of killing and eating you. Playing dead in this scenario won't help, it'll just make you an easier lunch.
The common saying about bears is, "if it's brown lie down, if it's black fight back, and if it's white say goodnight". Just hope you're not attacked by a polar bear. | What you should do in a bear attack largely depends on the bear's behaviour, not the species of the bear. The old saying "if it's brown lie down, if it's black fight back, and if it's white say goodnight" is largely outdated based on what we know about bear behaviour but is still used by certain agencies. The [National Parks Service](https://www.nps.gov/subjects/bears/safety.htm) still provides advice based on species stating:
>
> Brown/Grizzly Bears: If you are attacked by a brown/grizzly bear, leave your pack on and PLAY DEAD. Lay flat on your stomach with your hands clasped behind your neck. Spread your legs to make it harder for the bear to turn you over. Remain still until the bear leaves the area. Fighting back usually increases the intensity of such attacks. However, if the attack persists, fight back vigorously. Use whatever you have at hand to hit the bear in the face.
> Black Bears: If you are attacked by a black bear, DO NOT PLAY DEAD. Try to escape to a secure place such as a car or building. If escape is not possible, try to fight back using any object available. Concentrate your kicks and blows on the bear's face and muzzle.
>
>
>
However they also note:
>
> If any bear attacks you in your tent, or stalks you and then attacks, do NOT play dead—fight back! This kind of attack is very rare, but can be serious because it often means the bear is looking for food and sees you as prey.
>
>
>
Generally there are two main types of bear behaviour defensive or non-defensive (Curious or Predatory). Defensive attacks are the most common attacks especially with brown bears.
[Parks Canada](https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/mtn/ours-bears/securite-safety/ours-humains-bears-people) provides advice based on these two behaviours
>
> **Is it DEFENSIVE?**
> The bear is feeding, protecting its young and/or surprised by your
> presence. It sees you as a threat. The bear will appear stressed or
> agitated and may vocalize.
>
>
> Try to appear non-threatening. Talk in a calm voice. When the bear
> stops advancing, start slowly moving away. If it keeps coming closer,
> stand your ground, keep talking, and use your bear spray. If the bear
> makes contact, fall on the ground and play dead. Lie still and wait
> for the bear to leave.
>
>
>
>
> **Is it NON-DEFENSIVE?**
> A bear may be curious, after your food, or testing its dominance. In
> the rarest case, it might be predatory–seeing you as potential prey.
> All of these non-defensive behaviours can appear similar and should
> not be confused with defensive behaviours. The bear will be intent on you with head and ears up.
>
>
> Talk in a firm voice. Move out of the bear’s path. If it follows you,
> stop and stand your ground. Shout and act aggressively. Try to
> intimidate the bear. If it approaches closely, use your bear spray.
>
>
>
>
> **Handling an ATTACK**
>
> Most encounters with bears end without injury. If a bear actually makes contact, you may increase your chances of survival by following these guidelines. In general, there are 2 kinds ofattack:
>
>
> **Defensive**
>
>
> This is the most COMMON type of attack.
>
>
> Use your bear spray. If the bear makes contact with you: PLAY DEAD!
> PLAY DEAD! Lie on your stomach with legs apart and position your arms
> so that your hands are crossed behind your neck. This position makes
> you less vulnerable to being flipped over and protects your face, the
> back of your head and neck. Remain still until you are sure the bear
> has left the area.
>
>
> These defensive attacks are generally less than two minutes in
> duration. If the attack continues, it may mean it has shifted from
> defensive to predatory—FIGHT BACK!
>
>
> **Predatory**
>
>
> The bear is stalking (hunting) you along a trail and then attacks. Or,
> the bear attacks you at night. This type of attack is very RARE.
>
>
> Try to escape into a building, car or up a tree. If you cannot escape,
> do not play dead. Use your bear spray and FIGHT BACK. FIGHT BACK!
> Intimidate that bear: shout; hit it with a branch or rock, do whatever
> it takes to let the bear know you are not easy prey. This kind of
> attack is very rare, but it is serious because it usually means the
> bear is looking for food and preying on you.
>
>
> It is very difficult to predict the best strategy to use in the event
> of a bear attack. That is why it is so important to put thought and
> energy into avoiding an encounter in the first place.
>
>
>
You should be passive and non threatening when dealing with a defensive bear. A defensive bear can still exhibit "aggressive" behaviours including bluff charges which is likely what they are trying to refer to. Best advice for staying alive is preventing an encounter by making lots of noise, keeping food/attractants secure, and disposing of garbage properly. |
650,093 | I am using a simple TABLE to display tabular data where the rows need to line up but when it comes to selecting the table contents, I only want users to be able to select within each column. Default browser behaviour is to select as rows across all columns but we NEED somehow allow selection only within columns.
I was hoping there was a fancy new CSS or XHTML 1.0 way to define tables as columns instead of rows and browsers would then force selection within them. I know realize this probably isn't possible and will need to build a javascript selection way to override browser selection. Obviously javascript spreadsheet widgets like Google Spreadsheets allow selection within rows and columns as I require but I am hoping to find a grid-type widget built on Prototype or write my own functionality.
Any tips or links to widgets with this column selection builtin? Is there an HTML/CSS trick to make something like this work? | 2009/03/16 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/650093",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/-1/"
] | Your problem now is a linkage.
For C++ program, standard C++ library has to be added:
gcc -o test **-lstdc++** test.cpp | Dmitry is correct, you should use -lstdc++ if you use gcc, but even better is to use `g++` instead. (Same syntax).
Also, you would note (I guess if you add -Wall) that you get a warning that your class with virtual functions is without a destructor, so a good idea is to add a (virtual) destructor to A as well. |
717,986 | I'm making an online tile based game and I have just finished scripting the piece of code that takes the coordinates of where you are standing and builds the surroundings (tiles) around you (the game is made using a table with many cells that hold the tiles).
I need some help creating a bit of AJAX that can refresh my table every now and then (lets sat every 2 seconds for the sake of this question). I have no experience with AJAX and there would be no point learning it all (even though id like too) as I will only be using it for this small part of my game, plus I do not have time.
This is how my game is set up:
*php*
Some php that gets info on the character.\*
*php*
*html*
Some html that displays the data in a graphical form.
*html*
So what I need is some AJAX that refreshes the php then the html every 2 seconds. | 2009/04/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/717986",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/69666/"
] | You look at all the nodes adjacent to your start node. Then you look at all the nodes adjacent to those (not returning to nodes you've already looked at). Repeat until satisfying node found or no more nodes.
For the kind of problem you indicate, you use the process described above to build a set of paths, terminating any that arrive at the desired destination node, and when your graph is exhausted, the set of paths that so terminated is your solution set. | You test each node connected to the root node. Then you test each node connected to the previous nodes. So on, until you find your answer.
Basically, each iteration tests nodes that are the same distance away from the root node. |
717,986 | I'm making an online tile based game and I have just finished scripting the piece of code that takes the coordinates of where you are standing and builds the surroundings (tiles) around you (the game is made using a table with many cells that hold the tiles).
I need some help creating a bit of AJAX that can refresh my table every now and then (lets sat every 2 seconds for the sake of this question). I have no experience with AJAX and there would be no point learning it all (even though id like too) as I will only be using it for this small part of my game, plus I do not have time.
This is how my game is set up:
*php*
Some php that gets info on the character.\*
*php*
*html*
Some html that displays the data in a graphical form.
*html*
So what I need is some AJAX that refreshes the php then the html every 2 seconds. | 2009/04/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/717986",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/69666/"
] | You look at all the nodes adjacent to your start node. Then you look at all the nodes adjacent to those (not returning to nodes you've already looked at). Repeat until satisfying node found or no more nodes.
For the kind of problem you indicate, you use the process described above to build a set of paths, terminating any that arrive at the desired destination node, and when your graph is exhausted, the set of paths that so terminated is your solution set. | Breadth first search (BFS) means that you process all of your starting nodes' direct children, before going to deeper levels. BFS is implemented with a queue which stores a list of nodes that need to be processed.
You start the algorithm by adding your start node to the queue. Then you continue to run your algorithm until you have nothing left to process in the queue.
When you dequeue an element from the queue, it becomes your active node. When you are processing your active node, you add all of its children to the back of the queue. You terminate the algorithm when you have an empty queue.
Since you are dealing with a graph instead of a tree, you need to store a list of your processed nodes so you don't enter into a loop.
Once you reach node 7 you have a matching path and you can stop doing the BFS for that recursive path. Meaning that you simply don't add its children to the queue. To avoid loops and to know the exact path you've visited, as you do your recursive BFS calls, pass up the already visited nodes. |
717,986 | I'm making an online tile based game and I have just finished scripting the piece of code that takes the coordinates of where you are standing and builds the surroundings (tiles) around you (the game is made using a table with many cells that hold the tiles).
I need some help creating a bit of AJAX that can refresh my table every now and then (lets sat every 2 seconds for the sake of this question). I have no experience with AJAX and there would be no point learning it all (even though id like too) as I will only be using it for this small part of my game, plus I do not have time.
This is how my game is set up:
*php*
Some php that gets info on the character.\*
*php*
*html*
Some html that displays the data in a graphical form.
*html*
So what I need is some AJAX that refreshes the php then the html every 2 seconds. | 2009/04/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/717986",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/69666/"
] | You look at all the nodes adjacent to your start node. Then you look at all the nodes adjacent to those (not returning to nodes you've already looked at). Repeat until satisfying node found or no more nodes.
For the kind of problem you indicate, you use the process described above to build a set of paths, terminating any that arrive at the desired destination node, and when your graph is exhausted, the set of paths that so terminated is your solution set. | BEGIN
4;
4,2;
4,2,1; 4,2,3; 4,2,5;
4,2,1;(fail) 4,2,3,6; 4,2,5,6; 4,2,5,11;
4,2,3,6,7;(pass) 4,2,3,6,8; 4,2,5,6,7;(pass) 4,2,5,6,8; 4,2,5,11,12;
4,2,3,6,8,9; 4,2,3,6,8,10; 4,2,5,6,8,9; 4,2,5,6,8,10; 4,2,5,11,12;(fail)
4,2,3,6,8,9;(fail) 4,2,3,6,8,10;(fail) 4,2,5,6,8,9;(fail) 4,2,5,6,8,10;(fail)
END |
717,986 | I'm making an online tile based game and I have just finished scripting the piece of code that takes the coordinates of where you are standing and builds the surroundings (tiles) around you (the game is made using a table with many cells that hold the tiles).
I need some help creating a bit of AJAX that can refresh my table every now and then (lets sat every 2 seconds for the sake of this question). I have no experience with AJAX and there would be no point learning it all (even though id like too) as I will only be using it for this small part of my game, plus I do not have time.
This is how my game is set up:
*php*
Some php that gets info on the character.\*
*php*
*html*
Some html that displays the data in a graphical form.
*html*
So what I need is some AJAX that refreshes the php then the html every 2 seconds. | 2009/04/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/717986",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/69666/"
] | You test each node connected to the root node. Then you test each node connected to the previous nodes. So on, until you find your answer.
Basically, each iteration tests nodes that are the same distance away from the root node. | BEGIN
4;
4,2;
4,2,1; 4,2,3; 4,2,5;
4,2,1;(fail) 4,2,3,6; 4,2,5,6; 4,2,5,11;
4,2,3,6,7;(pass) 4,2,3,6,8; 4,2,5,6,7;(pass) 4,2,5,6,8; 4,2,5,11,12;
4,2,3,6,8,9; 4,2,3,6,8,10; 4,2,5,6,8,9; 4,2,5,6,8,10; 4,2,5,11,12;(fail)
4,2,3,6,8,9;(fail) 4,2,3,6,8,10;(fail) 4,2,5,6,8,9;(fail) 4,2,5,6,8,10;(fail)
END |
717,986 | I'm making an online tile based game and I have just finished scripting the piece of code that takes the coordinates of where you are standing and builds the surroundings (tiles) around you (the game is made using a table with many cells that hold the tiles).
I need some help creating a bit of AJAX that can refresh my table every now and then (lets sat every 2 seconds for the sake of this question). I have no experience with AJAX and there would be no point learning it all (even though id like too) as I will only be using it for this small part of my game, plus I do not have time.
This is how my game is set up:
*php*
Some php that gets info on the character.\*
*php*
*html*
Some html that displays the data in a graphical form.
*html*
So what I need is some AJAX that refreshes the php then the html every 2 seconds. | 2009/04/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/717986",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/69666/"
] | Breadth first search (BFS) means that you process all of your starting nodes' direct children, before going to deeper levels. BFS is implemented with a queue which stores a list of nodes that need to be processed.
You start the algorithm by adding your start node to the queue. Then you continue to run your algorithm until you have nothing left to process in the queue.
When you dequeue an element from the queue, it becomes your active node. When you are processing your active node, you add all of its children to the back of the queue. You terminate the algorithm when you have an empty queue.
Since you are dealing with a graph instead of a tree, you need to store a list of your processed nodes so you don't enter into a loop.
Once you reach node 7 you have a matching path and you can stop doing the BFS for that recursive path. Meaning that you simply don't add its children to the queue. To avoid loops and to know the exact path you've visited, as you do your recursive BFS calls, pass up the already visited nodes. | BEGIN
4;
4,2;
4,2,1; 4,2,3; 4,2,5;
4,2,1;(fail) 4,2,3,6; 4,2,5,6; 4,2,5,11;
4,2,3,6,7;(pass) 4,2,3,6,8; 4,2,5,6,7;(pass) 4,2,5,6,8; 4,2,5,11,12;
4,2,3,6,8,9; 4,2,3,6,8,10; 4,2,5,6,8,9; 4,2,5,6,8,10; 4,2,5,11,12;(fail)
4,2,3,6,8,9;(fail) 4,2,3,6,8,10;(fail) 4,2,5,6,8,9;(fail) 4,2,5,6,8,10;(fail)
END |
47,552,528 | I am currently using a CSV file to data drive the jmeter test. ("CSV Data Set Config")
Is there a way i can use a SQL or oracle DB to input the data for the jmeter script instead of using a CSV?
Example: connect to db with username and passwords (test data) and use that within the Jmeter script to login with. (this is a very simple example but i would be getting data from the DB for different parts of the application and using that as an input - well that's what I am trying to get working)
As i have a lot of data and use different DB's on the back-end of the application.
Any other suggestions welcome.
Jmeter version: 3.0
Application:Web based application | 2017/11/29 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/47552528",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/7539544/"
] | JMeter provides [JDBC Connection Configuration](http://jmeter.apache.org/usermanual/component_reference.html#JDBC_Connection_Configuration) where you can set your database hostname, port, credentials, etc. and the following test elements to execute SQL queries:
* [JDBC Request](http://jmeter.apache.org/usermanual/component_reference.html#JDBC_Request)
* [JDBC PreProcessor](http://jmeter.apache.org/usermanual/component_reference.html#JDBC_PreProcessor)
* [JDBC PostProcessor](http://jmeter.apache.org/usermanual/component_reference.html#JDBC_PostProcessor)
You will also need to download JDBC driver for [MS SQL Server](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/connect/jdbc/microsoft-jdbc-driver-for-sql-server) or for [Oracle](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/features/jdbc/index-091264.html) and add it to [JMeter Classpath](http://jmeter.apache.org/usermanual/get-started.html#classpath).
See [The Real Secret to Building a Database Test Plan With JMeter](https://www.blazemeter.com/blog/real-secret-building-database-test-plan-jmeter) article for more information. | There are many very good reasons not to consider this path. For most who have considered this option, the path is to use the same database as the application under test. This introduces a query load which is not present in production and because the queries are likely non optimized and supported by indexes you then have a high likelihood of distorting the application under test just by asking hundreds or thousands of additional agents to query the database of the application.
Most performance testing tools of any maturity will pull the data file into RAM at the beginning of the test to avoid the distortion effect associated with drive read head contention for hundreds/thousands of threads all attempting to read from a file, potentially in different areas of a file. Some of this can be mitigated if you have a drive with a small SSD cache and the data files are small enough to fit in the cache, or an SSD in total. You will still incur the interrupt overhead of the wait for a ring 0 event for a read. It is for this same reason that it is recommended that log writes be minimized during testing.
While disk is expensive to have to hit every time for a parameter value, network is orders of magnitude more expensive. Just food for thought. If you must go this route please consider a queue solution not installed on the same infrastructure as your application under test. RabbitMQ is one I prefer because of its native web interface for queries. Heck, you could even use the queue solutions from Amazon, Cloud Azure, IBM Public cloud and others as you would likely never approach the non-free tier even with a significant number of tests per month. If you need to reuse data then popping data off the queue at the beginning of the iteration and pushing it back onto the same queue at the end of the iteration will ensure some degree of randomness is inserted into the reuse order as virtual users take slightly different times to run. If you are looking at unique data then you can just terminate after you have *n* number of tries against the queue and find no more unique data available for processing. |
466,089 | Currently I'm doing Advanced Classicial Mechanics courses.I'm finding it hard to understand due to the lack of knowledge in linear algebra, multi variable calculus and other chapters.
Can anyone suggest a mathematical book which is dedicated to teaching all the math that is used in physics?
Thank you,
Sai | 2013/08/12 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/466089",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | Try [Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0471198269) by Mary Boas. It's pretty comprehensive and easy to follow.
Also, [Classical Mechanics](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/189138922X) by Taylor has a pretty decent section on inertia tensors (I'm *guessing* this is the linear algebra you need). | There are 2 books that I used to help me, and what I use to help my students, maybe these will be of assistance to you:
This first one takes an interesting approach, it looks at Physics as learning a 'second language', in the book ["Introductory Physics with Calculus as a Second Language: Mastering Problem-Solving"](http://au.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471739103.html) (Barrett, 2006). The emphasis on problem solving in this book makes it especially helpful.
The next example is a bit odd, but strangely has worked rather well, ["Tha Cartoon Guide to Physics"](http://www.harpercollins.com/browseinside/index.aspx?isbn13=9780062731005) (Gonick) - this book, despite its name, teaches Physics, with quite a bit of the mathematics in context (some of it somewhat sarcastic).
Also, the online tutorials from [Khan Academy](http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics) are very useful.
I hope this helps. |
466,089 | Currently I'm doing Advanced Classicial Mechanics courses.I'm finding it hard to understand due to the lack of knowledge in linear algebra, multi variable calculus and other chapters.
Can anyone suggest a mathematical book which is dedicated to teaching all the math that is used in physics?
Thank you,
Sai | 2013/08/12 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/466089",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | Try [Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0471198269) by Mary Boas. It's pretty comprehensive and easy to follow.
Also, [Classical Mechanics](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/189138922X) by Taylor has a pretty decent section on inertia tensors (I'm *guessing* this is the linear algebra you need). | I was planning to mention Arnold's book, which was mentioned by @Frank Science. This is a wonderful book but requires a little mathematical maturity to follow. I am trying to write this as a reply of the last line of your question.
>
> Can anyone suggest a mathematical book which is dedicated to teaching all the math that is used in physics?
>
>
>
It is impossible to know every aspect of maths which has some use in physics. Moreover, mathematics books are generally written in a certain way which someone from a physics background may find strange. (Converse is also true. Mathematics students find lack of mathematical rigor in Physics texts as very disturbing.) It is better to know and understand the mathematical aspects used in the 'area which you are studying'. This will give you mare insight about the physical problems.
For your current problems with linear algebra, I suggest you look at [Hoffman & Kunze.](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0135367972) You can also see the algebra of [Artin](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0132413779). I found this book very lucid and written in a way which is easy to apply for practical problems. A book of similar nature is [Rudin](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0070856133), which you must read for analysis.
After reading Rudin (& gaining some more mathematical and physical understanding) you can try Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics by Michael Reed and Barry Simon (four volumes). This book does not cover all mathematical aspects a physicist may require, but it definitely contain a large section of useful ones. I like the end notes of each chapter where the background physical motivations are explained. These are not very easy books.
The only missing areas are (differential) geometry. I guess somebody else can tell about this better than me. I generally look at [Nash and Sen](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0486478521).
All the best for your work. |
466,089 | Currently I'm doing Advanced Classicial Mechanics courses.I'm finding it hard to understand due to the lack of knowledge in linear algebra, multi variable calculus and other chapters.
Can anyone suggest a mathematical book which is dedicated to teaching all the math that is used in physics?
Thank you,
Sai | 2013/08/12 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/466089",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I was planning to mention Arnold's book, which was mentioned by @Frank Science. This is a wonderful book but requires a little mathematical maturity to follow. I am trying to write this as a reply of the last line of your question.
>
> Can anyone suggest a mathematical book which is dedicated to teaching all the math that is used in physics?
>
>
>
It is impossible to know every aspect of maths which has some use in physics. Moreover, mathematics books are generally written in a certain way which someone from a physics background may find strange. (Converse is also true. Mathematics students find lack of mathematical rigor in Physics texts as very disturbing.) It is better to know and understand the mathematical aspects used in the 'area which you are studying'. This will give you mare insight about the physical problems.
For your current problems with linear algebra, I suggest you look at [Hoffman & Kunze.](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0135367972) You can also see the algebra of [Artin](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0132413779). I found this book very lucid and written in a way which is easy to apply for practical problems. A book of similar nature is [Rudin](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0070856133), which you must read for analysis.
After reading Rudin (& gaining some more mathematical and physical understanding) you can try Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics by Michael Reed and Barry Simon (four volumes). This book does not cover all mathematical aspects a physicist may require, but it definitely contain a large section of useful ones. I like the end notes of each chapter where the background physical motivations are explained. These are not very easy books.
The only missing areas are (differential) geometry. I guess somebody else can tell about this better than me. I generally look at [Nash and Sen](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0486478521).
All the best for your work. | I like learning by solving problems and I would recommend the Schaum's outline series, especially the books on
* vector analysis,
* mechanics,
* complex variables and
* linear algebra
also very helpful were the books on ordinary and partial differential equations and the book on tensor calculus. |
466,089 | Currently I'm doing Advanced Classicial Mechanics courses.I'm finding it hard to understand due to the lack of knowledge in linear algebra, multi variable calculus and other chapters.
Can anyone suggest a mathematical book which is dedicated to teaching all the math that is used in physics?
Thank you,
Sai | 2013/08/12 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/466089",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I was planning to mention Arnold's book, which was mentioned by @Frank Science. This is a wonderful book but requires a little mathematical maturity to follow. I am trying to write this as a reply of the last line of your question.
>
> Can anyone suggest a mathematical book which is dedicated to teaching all the math that is used in physics?
>
>
>
It is impossible to know every aspect of maths which has some use in physics. Moreover, mathematics books are generally written in a certain way which someone from a physics background may find strange. (Converse is also true. Mathematics students find lack of mathematical rigor in Physics texts as very disturbing.) It is better to know and understand the mathematical aspects used in the 'area which you are studying'. This will give you mare insight about the physical problems.
For your current problems with linear algebra, I suggest you look at [Hoffman & Kunze.](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0135367972) You can also see the algebra of [Artin](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0132413779). I found this book very lucid and written in a way which is easy to apply for practical problems. A book of similar nature is [Rudin](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0070856133), which you must read for analysis.
After reading Rudin (& gaining some more mathematical and physical understanding) you can try Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics by Michael Reed and Barry Simon (four volumes). This book does not cover all mathematical aspects a physicist may require, but it definitely contain a large section of useful ones. I like the end notes of each chapter where the background physical motivations are explained. These are not very easy books.
The only missing areas are (differential) geometry. I guess somebody else can tell about this better than me. I generally look at [Nash and Sen](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0486478521).
All the best for your work. | There are 2 books that I used to help me, and what I use to help my students, maybe these will be of assistance to you:
This first one takes an interesting approach, it looks at Physics as learning a 'second language', in the book ["Introductory Physics with Calculus as a Second Language: Mastering Problem-Solving"](http://au.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471739103.html) (Barrett, 2006). The emphasis on problem solving in this book makes it especially helpful.
The next example is a bit odd, but strangely has worked rather well, ["Tha Cartoon Guide to Physics"](http://www.harpercollins.com/browseinside/index.aspx?isbn13=9780062731005) (Gonick) - this book, despite its name, teaches Physics, with quite a bit of the mathematics in context (some of it somewhat sarcastic).
Also, the online tutorials from [Khan Academy](http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics) are very useful.
I hope this helps. |
466,089 | Currently I'm doing Advanced Classicial Mechanics courses.I'm finding it hard to understand due to the lack of knowledge in linear algebra, multi variable calculus and other chapters.
Can anyone suggest a mathematical book which is dedicated to teaching all the math that is used in physics?
Thank you,
Sai | 2013/08/12 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/466089",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | It might be a bit over your head now, but when you feel ready to take the next step, I have heard that [Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers](http://books.google.se/books?id=-yQXwhE6iWMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=carl%20bender&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QT8JUr-yBqv74QSD5YCwBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=carl%20bender&f=false) by Carl Bender and Steve Orszag is a very nice book.
As a side note, his lecture series on Mathematical Physics is available on [Youtube](http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLOFVFbzrQ49TNlDOxxCAjC7kbnorAR1MU). | There are 2 books that I used to help me, and what I use to help my students, maybe these will be of assistance to you:
This first one takes an interesting approach, it looks at Physics as learning a 'second language', in the book ["Introductory Physics with Calculus as a Second Language: Mastering Problem-Solving"](http://au.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471739103.html) (Barrett, 2006). The emphasis on problem solving in this book makes it especially helpful.
The next example is a bit odd, but strangely has worked rather well, ["Tha Cartoon Guide to Physics"](http://www.harpercollins.com/browseinside/index.aspx?isbn13=9780062731005) (Gonick) - this book, despite its name, teaches Physics, with quite a bit of the mathematics in context (some of it somewhat sarcastic).
Also, the online tutorials from [Khan Academy](http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics) are very useful.
I hope this helps. |
466,089 | Currently I'm doing Advanced Classicial Mechanics courses.I'm finding it hard to understand due to the lack of knowledge in linear algebra, multi variable calculus and other chapters.
Can anyone suggest a mathematical book which is dedicated to teaching all the math that is used in physics?
Thank you,
Sai | 2013/08/12 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/466089",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | Try [Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0471198269) by Mary Boas. It's pretty comprehensive and easy to follow.
Also, [Classical Mechanics](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/189138922X) by Taylor has a pretty decent section on inertia tensors (I'm *guessing* this is the linear algebra you need). | It might be a bit over your head now, but when you feel ready to take the next step, I have heard that [Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers](http://books.google.se/books?id=-yQXwhE6iWMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=carl%20bender&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QT8JUr-yBqv74QSD5YCwBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=carl%20bender&f=false) by Carl Bender and Steve Orszag is a very nice book.
As a side note, his lecture series on Mathematical Physics is available on [Youtube](http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLOFVFbzrQ49TNlDOxxCAjC7kbnorAR1MU). |
466,089 | Currently I'm doing Advanced Classicial Mechanics courses.I'm finding it hard to understand due to the lack of knowledge in linear algebra, multi variable calculus and other chapters.
Can anyone suggest a mathematical book which is dedicated to teaching all the math that is used in physics?
Thank you,
Sai | 2013/08/12 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/466089",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I was planning to mention Arnold's book, which was mentioned by @Frank Science. This is a wonderful book but requires a little mathematical maturity to follow. I am trying to write this as a reply of the last line of your question.
>
> Can anyone suggest a mathematical book which is dedicated to teaching all the math that is used in physics?
>
>
>
It is impossible to know every aspect of maths which has some use in physics. Moreover, mathematics books are generally written in a certain way which someone from a physics background may find strange. (Converse is also true. Mathematics students find lack of mathematical rigor in Physics texts as very disturbing.) It is better to know and understand the mathematical aspects used in the 'area which you are studying'. This will give you mare insight about the physical problems.
For your current problems with linear algebra, I suggest you look at [Hoffman & Kunze.](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0135367972) You can also see the algebra of [Artin](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0132413779). I found this book very lucid and written in a way which is easy to apply for practical problems. A book of similar nature is [Rudin](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0070856133), which you must read for analysis.
After reading Rudin (& gaining some more mathematical and physical understanding) you can try Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics by Michael Reed and Barry Simon (four volumes). This book does not cover all mathematical aspects a physicist may require, but it definitely contain a large section of useful ones. I like the end notes of each chapter where the background physical motivations are explained. These are not very easy books.
The only missing areas are (differential) geometry. I guess somebody else can tell about this better than me. I generally look at [Nash and Sen](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0486478521).
All the best for your work. | For a course in Advanced Classical Mechanics, my suggestion is to cover the background necessary as quickly as possible to understand the course.
In addition to the books cited in linear algebra,... knowledge in differential geometry is essential, my professor A. Mikhailov, uses these notes <http://andreimikhailov.com/teaching/gdmc/index.html> (can help you). |
466,089 | Currently I'm doing Advanced Classicial Mechanics courses.I'm finding it hard to understand due to the lack of knowledge in linear algebra, multi variable calculus and other chapters.
Can anyone suggest a mathematical book which is dedicated to teaching all the math that is used in physics?
Thank you,
Sai | 2013/08/12 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/466089",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | Try [Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0471198269) by Mary Boas. It's pretty comprehensive and easy to follow.
Also, [Classical Mechanics](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/189138922X) by Taylor has a pretty decent section on inertia tensors (I'm *guessing* this is the linear algebra you need). | I like learning by solving problems and I would recommend the Schaum's outline series, especially the books on
* vector analysis,
* mechanics,
* complex variables and
* linear algebra
also very helpful were the books on ordinary and partial differential equations and the book on tensor calculus. |
466,089 | Currently I'm doing Advanced Classicial Mechanics courses.I'm finding it hard to understand due to the lack of knowledge in linear algebra, multi variable calculus and other chapters.
Can anyone suggest a mathematical book which is dedicated to teaching all the math that is used in physics?
Thank you,
Sai | 2013/08/12 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/466089",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | It might be a bit over your head now, but when you feel ready to take the next step, I have heard that [Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers](http://books.google.se/books?id=-yQXwhE6iWMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=carl%20bender&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QT8JUr-yBqv74QSD5YCwBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=carl%20bender&f=false) by Carl Bender and Steve Orszag is a very nice book.
As a side note, his lecture series on Mathematical Physics is available on [Youtube](http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLOFVFbzrQ49TNlDOxxCAjC7kbnorAR1MU). | I like learning by solving problems and I would recommend the Schaum's outline series, especially the books on
* vector analysis,
* mechanics,
* complex variables and
* linear algebra
also very helpful were the books on ordinary and partial differential equations and the book on tensor calculus. |
466,089 | Currently I'm doing Advanced Classicial Mechanics courses.I'm finding it hard to understand due to the lack of knowledge in linear algebra, multi variable calculus and other chapters.
Can anyone suggest a mathematical book which is dedicated to teaching all the math that is used in physics?
Thank you,
Sai | 2013/08/12 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/466089",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | Try [Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0471198269) by Mary Boas. It's pretty comprehensive and easy to follow.
Also, [Classical Mechanics](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/189138922X) by Taylor has a pretty decent section on inertia tensors (I'm *guessing* this is the linear algebra you need). | For a course in Advanced Classical Mechanics, my suggestion is to cover the background necessary as quickly as possible to understand the course.
In addition to the books cited in linear algebra,... knowledge in differential geometry is essential, my professor A. Mikhailov, uses these notes <http://andreimikhailov.com/teaching/gdmc/index.html> (can help you). |
5,400,150 | I was wondering if someone could give a big picture of how the following topics and others not mentioned are related:
* "code reuse"
* "refactor"
* "design pattern"
* "coding/programming standard/style"
* ...
I have heard of these from people's talk and books' names, but got overwhelmed by these names. May I get some organization and big picture from here?
Thanks and regards! | 2011/03/23 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/5400150",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/156458/"
] | Ken has good points about the design of the solution. If you need more direct assistance, then I can offer the following solution.
As you're now using a variety of design elements. You need to unify it using a frameset and an outline. Framesets in Notes are the generally the same as their web counterpart. The great thing with Notes is that you can easily add this to your current design.
I would recommend the following order of tasks.
1. Create the outline. Instructions [here](http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/domhelp/v8r0/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.designer.domino.main.doc/H_CREATING_AN_OUTLINE_STEPS.html)
2. Create the frameset and connect the outline to it. Instructions [here](http://www-12.lotus.com/ldd/doc/domino_notes/rnext/help6_designer.nsf/b3266a3c17f9bb7085256b870069c0a9/99f40f36ee5da09a85256c54004b71e0?OpenDocument).
3. Set the database launch properties so the frameset loads up when people open the database. Instructions [here](http://www-12.lotus.com/ldd/doc/domino_notes/rnext/help6_designer.nsf/f4b82fbb75e942a6852566ac0037f284/b701ed7936f8b76085256c54004b9676?OpenDocument).
Even though the links point to Lotus Notes version 6, the functionality is still applicable in version 7 and 8. The only other point I would make is that when you click on an outline element it needs to know where the target location to display the data. You define this on the frames in the framesets. Just look at the menu option "Frames" and select "Frame properties" or "Frameset properties" respectively. | You can use a Notes Outline to manage this. Set one up for your database, if you haven't already, and use it as your left-hand navigation in your frameset. If you aren't sure what I'm talking about, try creating a new database based on the Document Library template and take a look at the design. It'll have a frameset, and on the left frame it'll have a Notes Outline.
Once you have your database setup like that, you can control what the user sees in that outline by creating hierarchical outline entries. You can link views, pages, and forms to your outline entries and that way you can have your 1. Reports\a. Quarterly Reports view showing next to your 1. Reports\b.No of Request Per Country form (report).
Even better, you can use different names. Since an Outline manages its order, you don't need to name your entries 1., 2., etc to get them to show in a certain order. You can name them whatever you like and rearrange them in the Outline design screen. |
13,784,972 | I am definitely more than thrilled with the Scala type inference engine, but in a real world environment:
1. How much of a performance draw back is it?
2. When is the type inferred, at compile time or runtime? | 2012/12/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/13784972",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1596545/"
] | Scala’s elaborate and powerful types exist only(\*) during compilation time: they are parsed from source (where you give them), inferred, checked and then, finally, discarded. The last may sound nonsensical, but it is the modus operandi of the JVM (see [type erasure](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_erasure)) and quite useful from a language designer’s viewpoint.
So, to answer your question: at runtime it makes no difference whether the type was explicitly given or inferred, the only difference is in how long it takes to compile the program.
(\*) The 2.10 release will come with a reflection library which allows the program to access its type information also at runtime; this gives added freedom—which if used will of course burn CPU cycles at runtime—but does not change any of the aforementioned points. | >
> How much of a performance draw back is it?
>
>
>
The run time performance is generally said to be comparable with Java. Compilation times are typically longer compared to Java [due to the complexity of the compiler](https://stackoverflow.com/a/3490538/390708).
>
> When is the type inferred, at compile time or runtime?
>
>
>
At compile time.
In this [video](http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=hiurd7KaSEI#t=546s) from about 8:50 to 12:50 Martin touches on usage in "real world" environments and performance. He notes there are many companies using Scala from small startups to large enterprises. |
13,784,972 | I am definitely more than thrilled with the Scala type inference engine, but in a real world environment:
1. How much of a performance draw back is it?
2. When is the type inferred, at compile time or runtime? | 2012/12/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/13784972",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1596545/"
] | >
> How much of a performance draw back is it?
>
>
>
The run time performance is generally said to be comparable with Java. Compilation times are typically longer compared to Java [due to the complexity of the compiler](https://stackoverflow.com/a/3490538/390708).
>
> When is the type inferred, at compile time or runtime?
>
>
>
At compile time.
In this [video](http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=hiurd7KaSEI#t=546s) from about 8:50 to 12:50 Martin touches on usage in "real world" environments and performance. He notes there are many companies using Scala from small startups to large enterprises. | The question is where the problem with compile times in Scala being longer than in Java come from. Hard for me to say as I'm no compiler construction expert. What I can say is that type inference is obviously not costly in Kotlin and also not in Groovy2.0. What slows down Scala must be something else such as search for implicits. |
13,784,972 | I am definitely more than thrilled with the Scala type inference engine, but in a real world environment:
1. How much of a performance draw back is it?
2. When is the type inferred, at compile time or runtime? | 2012/12/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/13784972",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1596545/"
] | >
> How much of a performance draw back is it?
>
>
>
The run time performance is generally said to be comparable with Java. Compilation times are typically longer compared to Java [due to the complexity of the compiler](https://stackoverflow.com/a/3490538/390708).
>
> When is the type inferred, at compile time or runtime?
>
>
>
At compile time.
In this [video](http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=hiurd7KaSEI#t=546s) from about 8:50 to 12:50 Martin touches on usage in "real world" environments and performance. He notes there are many companies using Scala from small startups to large enterprises. | This is mentioned in this answer by Martin Odersky : [Why does IntelliJ IDEA compile Scala so slowly?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3606591/why-does-intellij-idea-compile-scala-so-slowly) "Type inference is costly, in particular if it involves implicit search." |
13,784,972 | I am definitely more than thrilled with the Scala type inference engine, but in a real world environment:
1. How much of a performance draw back is it?
2. When is the type inferred, at compile time or runtime? | 2012/12/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/13784972",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1596545/"
] | Scala’s elaborate and powerful types exist only(\*) during compilation time: they are parsed from source (where you give them), inferred, checked and then, finally, discarded. The last may sound nonsensical, but it is the modus operandi of the JVM (see [type erasure](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_erasure)) and quite useful from a language designer’s viewpoint.
So, to answer your question: at runtime it makes no difference whether the type was explicitly given or inferred, the only difference is in how long it takes to compile the program.
(\*) The 2.10 release will come with a reflection library which allows the program to access its type information also at runtime; this gives added freedom—which if used will of course burn CPU cycles at runtime—but does not change any of the aforementioned points. | The question is where the problem with compile times in Scala being longer than in Java come from. Hard for me to say as I'm no compiler construction expert. What I can say is that type inference is obviously not costly in Kotlin and also not in Groovy2.0. What slows down Scala must be something else such as search for implicits. |
13,784,972 | I am definitely more than thrilled with the Scala type inference engine, but in a real world environment:
1. How much of a performance draw back is it?
2. When is the type inferred, at compile time or runtime? | 2012/12/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/13784972",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1596545/"
] | Scala’s elaborate and powerful types exist only(\*) during compilation time: they are parsed from source (where you give them), inferred, checked and then, finally, discarded. The last may sound nonsensical, but it is the modus operandi of the JVM (see [type erasure](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_erasure)) and quite useful from a language designer’s viewpoint.
So, to answer your question: at runtime it makes no difference whether the type was explicitly given or inferred, the only difference is in how long it takes to compile the program.
(\*) The 2.10 release will come with a reflection library which allows the program to access its type information also at runtime; this gives added freedom—which if used will of course burn CPU cycles at runtime—but does not change any of the aforementioned points. | This is mentioned in this answer by Martin Odersky : [Why does IntelliJ IDEA compile Scala so slowly?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3606591/why-does-intellij-idea-compile-scala-so-slowly) "Type inference is costly, in particular if it involves implicit search." |
13,784,972 | I am definitely more than thrilled with the Scala type inference engine, but in a real world environment:
1. How much of a performance draw back is it?
2. When is the type inferred, at compile time or runtime? | 2012/12/09 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/13784972",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1596545/"
] | This is mentioned in this answer by Martin Odersky : [Why does IntelliJ IDEA compile Scala so slowly?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3606591/why-does-intellij-idea-compile-scala-so-slowly) "Type inference is costly, in particular if it involves implicit search." | The question is where the problem with compile times in Scala being longer than in Java come from. Hard for me to say as I'm no compiler construction expert. What I can say is that type inference is obviously not costly in Kotlin and also not in Groovy2.0. What slows down Scala must be something else such as search for implicits. |
219,120 | I'm working on keyboard input for a very basic kernel that I'm developing and I'm completely stuck. I can't seem to find any information online that can show me the information I need to know.
My kernel is running in protected mode right now, so I can't use the real mode keyboard routines without jumping into real mode and back, which I'm trying to avoid. I want to be able to access my keyboard from protected mode. Does anyone know how to do this? The only thing I have found so far is that it involves talking to the controller directly using in/out ports, but beyond that I'm stumped. This is, of course, is not something that comes up very often. Normally, Assembly tutorials assume you're running an operating system underneath.
I'm very new to the x86 assembly, so I'm just looking for some good resources for working with the standard hardware from protected mode. I'm compiling the Assembly source code with NASM and linking it to the C source code compiled with DJGPP. Any suggestions? | 2008/10/20 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/219120",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/19521/"
] | The [MIT operating systems class](http://course.mit.edu/6.828) has lots of good references. In particular, check out [Adam Chapweske's resources](http://www.computer-engineering.org/index.html) on keyboard and mouse programming.
In short, yes, you will be using the raw in/out ports, which requires either running in kernel mode, or having the I/O permission bits (IOPL) set in the EFLAGS register. See [this page](http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.828/2008/readings/i386/s08_03.htm) for more details on I/O permissions. | You work with standard legacy hardware the same way on real and protected modes. In this case, you want to talk with the 8042 at I/O ports 0x60 to 0x6f, which in turn will talk to the controller within the keyboard at the other end of the wire.
A quick Google search found me an interesting resource at <http://heim.ifi.uio.no/~stanisls/helppc/8042.html> (for the 8042) and <http://heim.ifi.uio.no/~stanisls/helppc/keyboard_commands.html> (for the keyboard).
In case you are not used to it, you talk with components at I/O ports via the IN (read) and OUT (write) opcodes, which receive the I/O port number (a 16-bit value) and the value to be read or written (either 8, 16, or 32 bits). Note that the size read or written is important! Writing 16 bits to something which is expecting 8 bits (or vice versa) is a recipe for disaster. Get used to these opcodes, since you will be using them a lot (it is the only way to talk to some peripherals, including several essential ones; other peripherals use memory-mapped I/O (MMIO) or bus-mastering DMA). |
154,813 | Is this sentence correct? I recently read it in
an article:
"How does younger generation spend their money."
I want to know whether the usage of "their" in the above is correct | 2014/03/01 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/154813",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/67447/"
] | Collective nouns such as 'audience', 'team', or 'committee' can take singular or plural verbs depending on the notional reference in the speaker's or writer's mind.
In this case, the reference, judging by the verb, is to 'members of the younger generation', which makes sense.
Quirk, Leech et al give a potentially ambiguous example, 'the audience were large' as potentially meaning a large number of people, or a number of large people, and suggest maintaining concord in writing, admitting a more relaxed use in practice when it comes to speech. | I think most people in the UK would say 'how the younger generation spends its money'.
'Their' might imply someone else's money e.g. their parents.
And yes, as Leon points out 'the audience were large' suggests to me they were large people. The audience 'was large' means there were many of them. |
2,972,946 | I am working on a web application that is used to print user receipts based on the supplied receipt number. I want to enhance it in such a way that when i supply receipt numbers from 1 to 100 it will print all 100 receipts. Is there any ways in Java to implement this. How can i implement this in Java ? | 2010/06/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2972946",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/358300/"
] | Good frameworks give you a ready solution to common problems. Reinventing solutions for yourself probably will be excessive work. As a learning exercise coming up with stuff for yourslef has some value. To get a real job done efficiently use a framework.
This does assume that good frameworks exist in your world ... | I currently am developing in the PHP framework Kohana (version 3). There is also a way to make models (for the (H)MVC pattern) very quickly using ORM. For more information look at this: <http://kohanaframework.org/guide/tutorials.orm> and take a look at <http://kohanaframework.org/guide/api> and <http://kohanaframework.org/download> |
2,972,946 | I am working on a web application that is used to print user receipts based on the supplied receipt number. I want to enhance it in such a way that when i supply receipt numbers from 1 to 100 it will print all 100 receipts. Is there any ways in Java to implement this. How can i implement this in Java ? | 2010/06/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2972946",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/358300/"
] | Using a framework saves you a ton of time and helps you to organise your app mroe logically.
If the app is small then frameworks like CodeIgniter or Kohana are ideal.
If you are building a bigger app that needs to scale the Symfony or possiby Zend are the ones to look at.
If you were to start your app in Symfony you would instanly get:
* url rewriting using routes
* a form framework for handling everything to do with your web forms
* internationalisation and localisation
* emailing
* caching
* admin area generator, to help you add data quickly
* unit testing framework
Plus the whole framework is extendable and custmisable to suit your needs.
Starting without a framework you'd have to write all of this yourself. Or integrate several disparate open source modules.
Hope this helps. | I currently am developing in the PHP framework Kohana (version 3). There is also a way to make models (for the (H)MVC pattern) very quickly using ORM. For more information look at this: <http://kohanaframework.org/guide/tutorials.orm> and take a look at <http://kohanaframework.org/guide/api> and <http://kohanaframework.org/download> |
2,972,946 | I am working on a web application that is used to print user receipts based on the supplied receipt number. I want to enhance it in such a way that when i supply receipt numbers from 1 to 100 it will print all 100 receipts. Is there any ways in Java to implement this. How can i implement this in Java ? | 2010/06/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2972946",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/358300/"
] | I currently am developing in the PHP framework Kohana (version 3). There is also a way to make models (for the (H)MVC pattern) very quickly using ORM. For more information look at this: <http://kohanaframework.org/guide/tutorials.orm> and take a look at <http://kohanaframework.org/guide/api> and <http://kohanaframework.org/download> | I`ve used Yii for a few projects. Need to say its extensions (backvendor <http://www.yiiframework.com/extension/backvendor/> and bootstrap <http://www.yiiframework.com/extension/bootstrap/>) really save time on the first stages of development |
2,972,946 | I am working on a web application that is used to print user receipts based on the supplied receipt number. I want to enhance it in such a way that when i supply receipt numbers from 1 to 100 it will print all 100 receipts. Is there any ways in Java to implement this. How can i implement this in Java ? | 2010/06/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2972946",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/358300/"
] | Using a framework saves you a ton of time and helps you to organise your app mroe logically.
If the app is small then frameworks like CodeIgniter or Kohana are ideal.
If you are building a bigger app that needs to scale the Symfony or possiby Zend are the ones to look at.
If you were to start your app in Symfony you would instanly get:
* url rewriting using routes
* a form framework for handling everything to do with your web forms
* internationalisation and localisation
* emailing
* caching
* admin area generator, to help you add data quickly
* unit testing framework
Plus the whole framework is extendable and custmisable to suit your needs.
Starting without a framework you'd have to write all of this yourself. Or integrate several disparate open source modules.
Hope this helps. | Frameworks are great for making sure you code to a regimented fashion and that your code is readable. They also offer lots of code library's that will be able to save you alot of time in developing web apps.
Zend framework has a huge amount of code library's that you can include into your app to extend it easily, and for data mining having access to these library's would be very beneficial as I'm sure there are many data mining library's already made for Zend.
Symfony framework great for developing websites quickly and is very strict using innodb for its database tables which insures database integrity and is useful if you intend to develop a strict relational database. The admin generator is also amazingly quick for developing content management systems for websites you design.
If you are going to take on a framework I would look at this tutorial <http://anantgarg.com/2009/03/13/write-your-own-php-mvc-framework-part-1/> which walks you through your first MVC(model view controler) framework and is far more simple than jumping straight into a full framework like Zend. I would just follow this tutorial until you have a decent grasp coding in an mvc style, its not really worth re-inventing the wheel due to the amount of time involved and the quality of existing frameworks.
Hope this helps
Luke |
2,972,946 | I am working on a web application that is used to print user receipts based on the supplied receipt number. I want to enhance it in such a way that when i supply receipt numbers from 1 to 100 it will print all 100 receipts. Is there any ways in Java to implement this. How can i implement this in Java ? | 2010/06/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2972946",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/358300/"
] | Using a framework saves you a ton of time and helps you to organise your app mroe logically.
If the app is small then frameworks like CodeIgniter or Kohana are ideal.
If you are building a bigger app that needs to scale the Symfony or possiby Zend are the ones to look at.
If you were to start your app in Symfony you would instanly get:
* url rewriting using routes
* a form framework for handling everything to do with your web forms
* internationalisation and localisation
* emailing
* caching
* admin area generator, to help you add data quickly
* unit testing framework
Plus the whole framework is extendable and custmisable to suit your needs.
Starting without a framework you'd have to write all of this yourself. Or integrate several disparate open source modules.
Hope this helps. | Good frameworks give you a ready solution to common problems. Reinventing solutions for yourself probably will be excessive work. As a learning exercise coming up with stuff for yourslef has some value. To get a real job done efficiently use a framework.
This does assume that good frameworks exist in your world ... |
2,972,946 | I am working on a web application that is used to print user receipts based on the supplied receipt number. I want to enhance it in such a way that when i supply receipt numbers from 1 to 100 it will print all 100 receipts. Is there any ways in Java to implement this. How can i implement this in Java ? | 2010/06/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2972946",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/358300/"
] | Using a framework saves you a ton of time and helps you to organise your app mroe logically.
If the app is small then frameworks like CodeIgniter or Kohana are ideal.
If you are building a bigger app that needs to scale the Symfony or possiby Zend are the ones to look at.
If you were to start your app in Symfony you would instanly get:
* url rewriting using routes
* a form framework for handling everything to do with your web forms
* internationalisation and localisation
* emailing
* caching
* admin area generator, to help you add data quickly
* unit testing framework
Plus the whole framework is extendable and custmisable to suit your needs.
Starting without a framework you'd have to write all of this yourself. Or integrate several disparate open source modules.
Hope this helps. | I`ve used Yii for a few projects. Need to say its extensions (backvendor <http://www.yiiframework.com/extension/backvendor/> and bootstrap <http://www.yiiframework.com/extension/bootstrap/>) really save time on the first stages of development |
2,972,946 | I am working on a web application that is used to print user receipts based on the supplied receipt number. I want to enhance it in such a way that when i supply receipt numbers from 1 to 100 it will print all 100 receipts. Is there any ways in Java to implement this. How can i implement this in Java ? | 2010/06/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2972946",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/358300/"
] | There are already some good answers to "which framework" question for PHP on StackOverflow, so I won't go into those.
However, as far as libraries go I would recommend using the [ADODB library](http://adodb.sourceforge.net/) (easier proper sanitisation of input, supports multiple DB's, better API than PHP's native DB specific classes) and writing a few classes of your own.
A good example of a "lite" framework that provides templating (and that is also a good example of a well written framework) is [Smarty](http://www.smarty.net/) (which is used by the W3C on their website - not a bad endorsement). To some it seems redundant to have a templating language in PHP, but it does help enforce a notable degree of separation of presentation logic vs application logic.
I think it's best steer clear of frameworks on PHP until you see something that really meets a need you can't solve easily without it.
My take on it is that you are happy writing your own classes and small site specific frameworks you'll be better able to evaluate other frameworks more easily (I regard this as a unique challenge with PHP as there is a bit of over supply of crummy frameworks that gets in the way of finding the good ones). | I`ve used Yii for a few projects. Need to say its extensions (backvendor <http://www.yiiframework.com/extension/backvendor/> and bootstrap <http://www.yiiframework.com/extension/bootstrap/>) really save time on the first stages of development |
2,972,946 | I am working on a web application that is used to print user receipts based on the supplied receipt number. I want to enhance it in such a way that when i supply receipt numbers from 1 to 100 it will print all 100 receipts. Is there any ways in Java to implement this. How can i implement this in Java ? | 2010/06/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2972946",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/358300/"
] | Frameworks are great for making sure you code to a regimented fashion and that your code is readable. They also offer lots of code library's that will be able to save you alot of time in developing web apps.
Zend framework has a huge amount of code library's that you can include into your app to extend it easily, and for data mining having access to these library's would be very beneficial as I'm sure there are many data mining library's already made for Zend.
Symfony framework great for developing websites quickly and is very strict using innodb for its database tables which insures database integrity and is useful if you intend to develop a strict relational database. The admin generator is also amazingly quick for developing content management systems for websites you design.
If you are going to take on a framework I would look at this tutorial <http://anantgarg.com/2009/03/13/write-your-own-php-mvc-framework-part-1/> which walks you through your first MVC(model view controler) framework and is far more simple than jumping straight into a full framework like Zend. I would just follow this tutorial until you have a decent grasp coding in an mvc style, its not really worth re-inventing the wheel due to the amount of time involved and the quality of existing frameworks.
Hope this helps
Luke | I`ve used Yii for a few projects. Need to say its extensions (backvendor <http://www.yiiframework.com/extension/backvendor/> and bootstrap <http://www.yiiframework.com/extension/bootstrap/>) really save time on the first stages of development |
2,972,946 | I am working on a web application that is used to print user receipts based on the supplied receipt number. I want to enhance it in such a way that when i supply receipt numbers from 1 to 100 it will print all 100 receipts. Is there any ways in Java to implement this. How can i implement this in Java ? | 2010/06/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2972946",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/358300/"
] | Good frameworks give you a ready solution to common problems. Reinventing solutions for yourself probably will be excessive work. As a learning exercise coming up with stuff for yourslef has some value. To get a real job done efficiently use a framework.
This does assume that good frameworks exist in your world ... | There are already some good answers to "which framework" question for PHP on StackOverflow, so I won't go into those.
However, as far as libraries go I would recommend using the [ADODB library](http://adodb.sourceforge.net/) (easier proper sanitisation of input, supports multiple DB's, better API than PHP's native DB specific classes) and writing a few classes of your own.
A good example of a "lite" framework that provides templating (and that is also a good example of a well written framework) is [Smarty](http://www.smarty.net/) (which is used by the W3C on their website - not a bad endorsement). To some it seems redundant to have a templating language in PHP, but it does help enforce a notable degree of separation of presentation logic vs application logic.
I think it's best steer clear of frameworks on PHP until you see something that really meets a need you can't solve easily without it.
My take on it is that you are happy writing your own classes and small site specific frameworks you'll be better able to evaluate other frameworks more easily (I regard this as a unique challenge with PHP as there is a bit of over supply of crummy frameworks that gets in the way of finding the good ones). |
2,972,946 | I am working on a web application that is used to print user receipts based on the supplied receipt number. I want to enhance it in such a way that when i supply receipt numbers from 1 to 100 it will print all 100 receipts. Is there any ways in Java to implement this. How can i implement this in Java ? | 2010/06/04 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2972946",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/358300/"
] | Good frameworks give you a ready solution to common problems. Reinventing solutions for yourself probably will be excessive work. As a learning exercise coming up with stuff for yourslef has some value. To get a real job done efficiently use a framework.
This does assume that good frameworks exist in your world ... | Frameworks are great for making sure you code to a regimented fashion and that your code is readable. They also offer lots of code library's that will be able to save you alot of time in developing web apps.
Zend framework has a huge amount of code library's that you can include into your app to extend it easily, and for data mining having access to these library's would be very beneficial as I'm sure there are many data mining library's already made for Zend.
Symfony framework great for developing websites quickly and is very strict using innodb for its database tables which insures database integrity and is useful if you intend to develop a strict relational database. The admin generator is also amazingly quick for developing content management systems for websites you design.
If you are going to take on a framework I would look at this tutorial <http://anantgarg.com/2009/03/13/write-your-own-php-mvc-framework-part-1/> which walks you through your first MVC(model view controler) framework and is far more simple than jumping straight into a full framework like Zend. I would just follow this tutorial until you have a decent grasp coding in an mvc style, its not really worth re-inventing the wheel due to the amount of time involved and the quality of existing frameworks.
Hope this helps
Luke |
35,386 | When the dispatcher produces and files the flight plan for a scheduled flight with ATC, are the determined optimal cruise altitudes part of the flight plan, or does the flight plan only contain lateral route information? | 2017/02/09 | [
"https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/35386",
"https://aviation.stackexchange.com",
"https://aviation.stackexchange.com/users/19271/"
] | The flight plan contains the [requested cruise flight level](http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Flight_Plan_Filling#Item_15), as well as step climbs or level changes along the route in the route field.
---
**Example 1:**
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/mYrwM.jpg)
(Image Source: [skybrary.aero](http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Flight_Plan_Filling))
---
**Example 2:**
>
> SAM UN621 BASIK/N0412**F330** UZ150 BADUR/N0426**F340** UN472 ARE/N0424**F350** UN864 PIMOS
>
>
>
Fxxx being the requested flight level. | The ATC Flightplan (FPL) does *not* directly contain the optimum cruise levels for a flight. These levels are calculated and printed in the Operational Flightplan (OFP).
The FPL *does* contain the requested cruising levels for the flight along its planned route. The requested flight levels (RFL) in the FPL will often be quite close to the optimum cruising levels, but they are unlikely to be exactly the same. This is because there are certain regulatory restrictions regarding which levels can be requested along certain routes. For example, semi circular rules state that flights in specific directions must be flown at a specific range of cruising levels - for example, all westbound flights must fly at "even" flightlevel (FL300, 320, 340, etc.) - the exact rules vary from place to place. There can also be other restrictions in place as a result of active military areas and ATC capacity.
The optimum cruising levels are usually a part of the OFP, and the current optimum level is also shown in the flight management computer in the cockpit. Air traffic controllers do not have direct access to these levels, but pilots will routinely request a level change if their RFL from their FPL deviate significantly from their optimum level.
To recap - the ATC flightplan *does* contain one or more requested levels for a flight, but these levels are not just based on the optimum performance, they also have to comply with published regulations and restrictions. |
218,667 | What adjective (single word) means 'having/using a willingness to learn'? | 2015/01/05 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/218667",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/31914/"
] | How about *curious*?
>
> * having a desire to learn or know more about something or someone
> * marked by desire to investigate and learn
> * eager to learn or know; inquisitive.
>
>
>
Or inquisitive ^ | "Enthusiastic" is the best word that comes to mind for me. Doing is sort of like learning, so it is similar enough. |
218,667 | What adjective (single word) means 'having/using a willingness to learn'? | 2015/01/05 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/218667",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/31914/"
] | I understand you're looking for a single adjective, and I think "curious" fits the bill nicely (and from a pedagogical perspective curiosity is a key indicator of learner success) but I would like to add the following to the mix because I think it shows, if not willingness, at least readiness or capability, and it might be worth something to you:
**fertile mind**
From Collins:
>
> *fertile mind:* One that is capable of sustaining, supporting, growing and developing mental thought interjection, especially among the very young.
>
>
> | Having a willingness and capacity to learn is **teachability**:
>
> teachable adj.
>
>
> 1. Capable of being taught: teachable skills.
> 2. Able and willing to learn: teachable youngsters.
>
>
> teach′a·bil′i·ty, teach′a·ble·ness n. teach′a·bly adv.
>
>
> American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition.
> Copyright © 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
> Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights
> reserved.
>
>
> |
218,667 | What adjective (single word) means 'having/using a willingness to learn'? | 2015/01/05 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/218667",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/31914/"
] | How about *curious*?
>
> * having a desire to learn or know more about something or someone
> * marked by desire to investigate and learn
> * eager to learn or know; inquisitive.
>
>
>
Or inquisitive ^ | Three excellent non-idiomatic words have already been suggested, curious, inquisitive, and teachable, but my intuition is that English lacks a word with your precise definition.
**I believe that the idiom "thirst" is what you are seeking.** "Thirst for knowledge" is a borderline cliche, but it is still evocative and clear, and I think many people would define it as a "willingness (or desire) to learn". (For the close connection between "will" and desire" see the interesting discussion, [“Make of that what you will” – meaning of “will”](https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/161230/make-of-that-what-you-will-meaning-of-will).) |
218,667 | What adjective (single word) means 'having/using a willingness to learn'? | 2015/01/05 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/218667",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/31914/"
] | I understand you're looking for a single adjective, and I think "curious" fits the bill nicely (and from a pedagogical perspective curiosity is a key indicator of learner success) but I would like to add the following to the mix because I think it shows, if not willingness, at least readiness or capability, and it might be worth something to you:
**fertile mind**
From Collins:
>
> *fertile mind:* One that is capable of sustaining, supporting, growing and developing mental thought interjection, especially among the very young.
>
>
> | There isn't a single word in English that would fit. Generally, "eager to learn" would be used. |
218,667 | What adjective (single word) means 'having/using a willingness to learn'? | 2015/01/05 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/218667",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/31914/"
] | How about *curious*?
>
> * having a desire to learn or know more about something or someone
> * marked by desire to investigate and learn
> * eager to learn or know; inquisitive.
>
>
>
Or inquisitive ^ | There isn't a single word in English that would fit. Generally, "eager to learn" would be used. |
218,667 | What adjective (single word) means 'having/using a willingness to learn'? | 2015/01/05 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/218667",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/31914/"
] | I understand you're looking for a single adjective, and I think "curious" fits the bill nicely (and from a pedagogical perspective curiosity is a key indicator of learner success) but I would like to add the following to the mix because I think it shows, if not willingness, at least readiness or capability, and it might be worth something to you:
**fertile mind**
From Collins:
>
> *fertile mind:* One that is capable of sustaining, supporting, growing and developing mental thought interjection, especially among the very young.
>
>
> | Three excellent non-idiomatic words have already been suggested, curious, inquisitive, and teachable, but my intuition is that English lacks a word with your precise definition.
**I believe that the idiom "thirst" is what you are seeking.** "Thirst for knowledge" is a borderline cliche, but it is still evocative and clear, and I think many people would define it as a "willingness (or desire) to learn". (For the close connection between "will" and desire" see the interesting discussion, [“Make of that what you will” – meaning of “will”](https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/161230/make-of-that-what-you-will-meaning-of-will).) |
218,667 | What adjective (single word) means 'having/using a willingness to learn'? | 2015/01/05 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/218667",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/31914/"
] | How about *curious*?
>
> * having a desire to learn or know more about something or someone
> * marked by desire to investigate and learn
> * eager to learn or know; inquisitive.
>
>
>
Or inquisitive ^ | Having a willingness and capacity to learn is **teachability**:
>
> teachable adj.
>
>
> 1. Capable of being taught: teachable skills.
> 2. Able and willing to learn: teachable youngsters.
>
>
> teach′a·bil′i·ty, teach′a·ble·ness n. teach′a·bly adv.
>
>
> American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition.
> Copyright © 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
> Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights
> reserved.
>
>
> |
218,667 | What adjective (single word) means 'having/using a willingness to learn'? | 2015/01/05 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/218667",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/31914/"
] | Three excellent non-idiomatic words have already been suggested, curious, inquisitive, and teachable, but my intuition is that English lacks a word with your precise definition.
**I believe that the idiom "thirst" is what you are seeking.** "Thirst for knowledge" is a borderline cliche, but it is still evocative and clear, and I think many people would define it as a "willingness (or desire) to learn". (For the close connection between "will" and desire" see the interesting discussion, [“Make of that what you will” – meaning of “will”](https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/161230/make-of-that-what-you-will-meaning-of-will).) | There isn't a single word in English that would fit. Generally, "eager to learn" would be used. |
218,667 | What adjective (single word) means 'having/using a willingness to learn'? | 2015/01/05 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/218667",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/31914/"
] | I understand you're looking for a single adjective, and I think "curious" fits the bill nicely (and from a pedagogical perspective curiosity is a key indicator of learner success) but I would like to add the following to the mix because I think it shows, if not willingness, at least readiness or capability, and it might be worth something to you:
**fertile mind**
From Collins:
>
> *fertile mind:* One that is capable of sustaining, supporting, growing and developing mental thought interjection, especially among the very young.
>
>
> | "Enthusiastic" is the best word that comes to mind for me. Doing is sort of like learning, so it is similar enough. |
218,667 | What adjective (single word) means 'having/using a willingness to learn'? | 2015/01/05 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/218667",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/31914/"
] | Having a willingness and capacity to learn is **teachability**:
>
> teachable adj.
>
>
> 1. Capable of being taught: teachable skills.
> 2. Able and willing to learn: teachable youngsters.
>
>
> teach′a·bil′i·ty, teach′a·ble·ness n. teach′a·bly adv.
>
>
> American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition.
> Copyright © 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
> Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights
> reserved.
>
>
> | "Enthusiastic" is the best word that comes to mind for me. Doing is sort of like learning, so it is similar enough. |
125,025 | I am planning to do a one price lease to save money, but I am concerned that if the car gets totaled early due to an accident or gets stolen, I would lose a lot of money. Am I right? Is this generally a bad idea due to the risks I have outlined?
Please note that even though I can afford to pay the entire lease upfront, I am unwilling to buy for several personal reasons. | 2020/05/04 | [
"https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/125025",
"https://money.stackexchange.com",
"https://money.stackexchange.com/users/98060/"
] | If you are looking to save money on car ownership, leasing is the most ineffective way to go about it. I would imagine one price leasing is even more inefficient than the typical monthly scheme. The specific question you are asking would be highly dependent on the leasing contract, so it is impossible to answer. In order to make it equitable for the buyer, there should be some provision for an early lease termination regardless of the reason.
Presumably you have the cash to pay an upfront lease, so you have the cast to buy a car outright. Buying a gently used 3 year old (at least) car with cash is the best way to save money on car ownership.
The biggest cost in car ownership is depreciation. With leasing, you are not only paying the depreciation but also financing it. With up front leasing, you are probably ending up with an even worse deal. By buying a three year old car, much of the depreciation has been already paid, and if you own that car a long time, the depreciation per month becomes rather negligible.
If you are really wanting to save money, buy an even older car. Almost all of the depreciation would be paid, the cost will be low, sales taxes and licensing fees would be low. I like to aim for cars in the 4k range. Even with repairs these cars typically have a far lower cost of ownership then buying nearly new.
It all depends on how much you hate money. If you really hate money, then lease. | Coverage from 'if the car gets totaled early due to an accident or gets stolen' should be handled by your insurance. Seems to me that you need to make sure that your insurance policy properly accounts for the all-upfront-lease and some equivalent of gap coverage (which comes from when you enter a payment plan to purchase a car, but due to rapid depreciation of very young cars and the higher proportion of interest on early loan payments, the loan principle can be higher than the net value of the car, the gap coverage protects from that) for up-front-leases. These sound like questions for your insurance agent, all in all. |
17,927,725 | I am looking for a creative solution to Windows Virtual Machine not supporting reverse dns. I have a Windows Virtual machine in Azure and I am running a low demand email server on it. Google will not except emails from the my server because reverse dns is supported in Azure VMs yet. So if a user wants their company email forwarded to a Gmail account, it will fail. Any ideas ? | 2013/07/29 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/17927725",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1073912/"
] | Reverse DNS is now available for Azure: <http://azure.microsoft.com/blog/2014/07/21/announcing-reverse-dns-for-azure-cloud-services/> | I think the SendGrid can help you achieve what you are looking for. Here are the details about it:
<http://sendgrid.com/docs/User_Guide/index.html>
here is the documentation for the technicalities:
<http://sendgrid.com/docs/>
I hope this helps you, let me know if you need anything else. |
549,016 | **Scenario:** In an e-commerce system, a helpdesk user should be able to "impersonate" or "log on as" a specific customer (from the web-based administration site) so that he can support the customer first-hand - eg. when the Customer is on the phone.
Additional clarification: There is no need to keep track of the original authentication context. We simply need to provide a "Log on as" button that will log on as the customer without the helpdesk user needing to know the password.
Any ideas how this scenario could be implemented using regular ASP.NET Forms Authentication? | 2009/02/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/549016",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/30056/"
] | Save the information about file to MySQL, and save the last time the image was viewed - can be done via some script that would be altered everytime the image is being used.. and check the database for images not used for 30 days, delete them.. | You could try to define a "session" in some way and give the user some information about it. For example, in SO, there is a popup when you started an answer but try to leave the site (and your answer would be lost). You could do the same and delete the uploaded image if the user proceeds. Of course, you can still use a timeout or some other rules (maximum image folder size etc.). |
549,016 | **Scenario:** In an e-commerce system, a helpdesk user should be able to "impersonate" or "log on as" a specific customer (from the web-based administration site) so that he can support the customer first-hand - eg. when the Customer is on the phone.
Additional clarification: There is no need to keep track of the original authentication context. We simply need to provide a "Log on as" button that will log on as the customer without the helpdesk user needing to know the password.
Any ideas how this scenario could be implemented using regular ASP.NET Forms Authentication? | 2009/02/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/549016",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/30056/"
] | Save the information about file to MySQL, and save the last time the image was viewed - can be done via some script that would be altered everytime the image is being used.. and check the database for images not used for 30 days, delete them.. | Check the last accessed/modified time of file to see it if has been used. |
549,016 | **Scenario:** In an e-commerce system, a helpdesk user should be able to "impersonate" or "log on as" a specific customer (from the web-based administration site) so that he can support the customer first-hand - eg. when the Customer is on the phone.
Additional clarification: There is no need to keep track of the original authentication context. We simply need to provide a "Log on as" button that will log on as the customer without the helpdesk user needing to know the password.
Any ideas how this scenario could be implemented using regular ASP.NET Forms Authentication? | 2009/02/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/549016",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/30056/"
] | Save the information about file to MySQL, and save the last time the image was viewed - can be done via some script that would be altered everytime the image is being used.. and check the database for images not used for 30 days, delete them.. | I'm not sure what does "temporary upload" mean in your app. The file is either uploaded or not, and under the ownership of a user. If a user doesn't want to do anything at the moment, you have no other choice but to leave the file where it is.
What you *can* do is put a warning somewhere on your image management page about unused images, but removing them yourself seems like a bad practice (at least from the user perspective). |
549,016 | **Scenario:** In an e-commerce system, a helpdesk user should be able to "impersonate" or "log on as" a specific customer (from the web-based administration site) so that he can support the customer first-hand - eg. when the Customer is on the phone.
Additional clarification: There is no need to keep track of the original authentication context. We simply need to provide a "Log on as" button that will log on as the customer without the helpdesk user needing to know the password.
Any ideas how this scenario could be implemented using regular ASP.NET Forms Authentication? | 2009/02/14 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/549016",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/30056/"
] | Save the information about file to MySQL, and save the last time the image was viewed - can be done via some script that would be altered everytime the image is being used.. and check the database for images not used for 30 days, delete them.. | As a user,When I upload the image to a server(assuming I want to use it later) and leave the site, I don't expect it to be deleted if I am a registered user.
I would prefer it to be there in my acct until I come back.I would suggest thinking in those lines and implementing a solution to save the users' images if possible. |
312,291 | The "Evolve" button [shows a silhouette if you don't have the Pokemon](https://gaming.stackexchange.com/q/307293/32055) you'd get from the evolution yet, but shows an image of the Pokemon if you already have it. The nearby raids feature also shows silhouettes; however, it shows silhouettes for Pokemon I already have. Does this feature always only show silhouettes? Will it show the Pokemon if I've completed a raid against that Pokemon before?
This is a screenshot of a Magmar raid; I have caught/hatched/evolved a few Magmars, but never raided one.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/wvI0ol.jpg) | 2017/07/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/312291",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/32055/"
] | All ongoing Pokemon Raids are depicted in silhouettes. All pending Raids are depicted as an egg. This is shown through this sort of search: [Can you see any full colour Pokemon Raid Bosses? Doesn't look like it.](https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=raids%20nearby%20pokemon%20go&source=lnms&tbm=isch&biw=1366&bih=638) However, this may change in the future. | Raid Bosses are always depicted as silhouettes.
>
> It's worth pointing out that the datamine of Pokémon Sun & Moon registers regular Pokémon and Totem Pokémon as separate species (for example, Mimikyu and Totem Mimikyu are different Pokémon). It's possible that Pokémon GO may do the same thing; Snorlax and Boss Snorlax may be counted as different Pokémon.
>
>
>
Reference:
[Reddit/r/thesilphroad](https://www.google.de/amp/s/amp.reddit.com/r/TheSilphRoad/comments/6jn3vd/question_new_raid_silhouette/) |
312,291 | The "Evolve" button [shows a silhouette if you don't have the Pokemon](https://gaming.stackexchange.com/q/307293/32055) you'd get from the evolution yet, but shows an image of the Pokemon if you already have it. The nearby raids feature also shows silhouettes; however, it shows silhouettes for Pokemon I already have. Does this feature always only show silhouettes? Will it show the Pokemon if I've completed a raid against that Pokemon before?
This is a screenshot of a Magmar raid; I have caught/hatched/evolved a few Magmars, but never raided one.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/wvI0ol.jpg) | 2017/07/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/312291",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/32055/"
] | In a recent update, this has been changed to display the Pokémon rather than the silhouettes based of if you've captured the Pokémon or not.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DJGmtm.jpg)
Since I have captured Magmar, it shows the Pokémon, but with Raikou uncaptured, it displays the silhouette. | Raid Bosses are always depicted as silhouettes.
>
> It's worth pointing out that the datamine of Pokémon Sun & Moon registers regular Pokémon and Totem Pokémon as separate species (for example, Mimikyu and Totem Mimikyu are different Pokémon). It's possible that Pokémon GO may do the same thing; Snorlax and Boss Snorlax may be counted as different Pokémon.
>
>
>
Reference:
[Reddit/r/thesilphroad](https://www.google.de/amp/s/amp.reddit.com/r/TheSilphRoad/comments/6jn3vd/question_new_raid_silhouette/) |
312,291 | The "Evolve" button [shows a silhouette if you don't have the Pokemon](https://gaming.stackexchange.com/q/307293/32055) you'd get from the evolution yet, but shows an image of the Pokemon if you already have it. The nearby raids feature also shows silhouettes; however, it shows silhouettes for Pokemon I already have. Does this feature always only show silhouettes? Will it show the Pokemon if I've completed a raid against that Pokemon before?
This is a screenshot of a Magmar raid; I have caught/hatched/evolved a few Magmars, but never raided one.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/wvI0ol.jpg) | 2017/07/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/312291",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/32055/"
] | In a recent update, this has been changed to display the Pokémon rather than the silhouettes based of if you've captured the Pokémon or not.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DJGmtm.jpg)
Since I have captured Magmar, it shows the Pokémon, but with Raikou uncaptured, it displays the silhouette. | All ongoing Pokemon Raids are depicted in silhouettes. All pending Raids are depicted as an egg. This is shown through this sort of search: [Can you see any full colour Pokemon Raid Bosses? Doesn't look like it.](https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=raids%20nearby%20pokemon%20go&source=lnms&tbm=isch&biw=1366&bih=638) However, this may change in the future. |
358,350 | Sorry if this is off topic, but this seemed to be the best site to ask.
I can think of several examples of the use of a narrative technique: a last-second change in mood, often occurring so close to the end of the work that the audience cannot respond to it, potentially forcing them to reinterpret what they've experienced up to that point.
A plot twist that doesn't change the mood of the story (such as the reveal in *The Usual Suspects* or the "Wait, the monster isn't dead!" cliche in horror) is not an example of this, nor is a plot twist necessary for this to occur (The absolute best example of this I've been able to find is in [this short animation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMv5xMwdau4)) though one can be a catalyst (for example in the 'true' ending to the game [*The Witch's House*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37FWMIPvN3g)). It is distinct from Bathos, though if applied properly Bathos could be an example of this. It is perhaps the same as or at least a narrative equivalent of a similar technique in music, for example in the opening theme for the game *The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask* (which also uses it to a degree in the opening cinematic it plays over) or with the more commonly used Picardy Third.
My apologies for the lack of links- my reputation doesn't allow posting more than two. I'll edit this once I can, until then it shouldn't be too hard to find what I'm talking about using google. | 2016/11/14 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/358350",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/205816/"
] | One term would be [mood whiplash](https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MoodWhiplash)
>
> Fiction often has far extremes. They cover the gamut of emotion, from tragedy to comedy. Sometimes, these two will be so close together that they make the viewer's head spin!
>
>
> | The word below is NOT necessarily a narrative device ? or is it ?
but the word below comes to my mind.
>
> [**catharsis** at Dictionary.com](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/catharsis?s=t)
>
>
> the purging of the emotions or relieving of emotional tensions, **especially through certain kinds of art, as tragedy or music**
>
>
>
Rather than a story that resolves or sometimes returns the protagonists to a new equilibrium a story of catharsis suggests an end very different from the start, and all the struggles culminating in a shift of outlook ?
>
> [**cathartic** from Oxford Online Dictionaries](https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cathartic)
>
>
> 1 Providing psychological relief through the open expression of strong emotions; causing catharsis.
>
>
> ‘crying is a cathartic release’
>
>
> ‘Today, audiences prefer big statements, cathartic effects and emotional exhibitionism.’
>
>
> ‘The play is supposed to build to a final cathartic spilling of secrets and emotions.’
>
>
> ‘I also think there is real value, cathartic release, in applying to humor to the situation and being able to openly laugh at what we once feared’
>
>
>
Note those sample sentences at the online dictionary relating to fiction - perhaps they might be useful?
Both Transformation of outlook and a sudden culmination are involved.
HOWEVER, another failure with the word is that it generally means a 'growth' or 'improvement' ... if the story took a person from happy and active and left them confused and dejected, it would not be the right word at all. |
358,350 | Sorry if this is off topic, but this seemed to be the best site to ask.
I can think of several examples of the use of a narrative technique: a last-second change in mood, often occurring so close to the end of the work that the audience cannot respond to it, potentially forcing them to reinterpret what they've experienced up to that point.
A plot twist that doesn't change the mood of the story (such as the reveal in *The Usual Suspects* or the "Wait, the monster isn't dead!" cliche in horror) is not an example of this, nor is a plot twist necessary for this to occur (The absolute best example of this I've been able to find is in [this short animation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMv5xMwdau4)) though one can be a catalyst (for example in the 'true' ending to the game [*The Witch's House*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37FWMIPvN3g)). It is distinct from Bathos, though if applied properly Bathos could be an example of this. It is perhaps the same as or at least a narrative equivalent of a similar technique in music, for example in the opening theme for the game *The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask* (which also uses it to a degree in the opening cinematic it plays over) or with the more commonly used Picardy Third.
My apologies for the lack of links- my reputation doesn't allow posting more than two. I'll edit this once I can, until then it shouldn't be too hard to find what I'm talking about using google. | 2016/11/14 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/358350",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/205816/"
] | Consider simply calling it a **reversal**.
>
> A reversal is when something (character, plot) appears to be one thing, or going on way, and changes on a dime so that there’s a perspective shift and the reader (and characters) see that thing differently.
> [- What is Reversal in Fiction Writing? by Vicki Hinze](https://vickihinze.com/what-is-reversal-in-fiction-writing/)
>
>
>
The ones you cite are specifically *character* reversals, revealed at the end of each narrative.
>
> So in short, a character reversal is when we perceive a character in one way and then discover that character is different from our perception. He can be better than we thought, or worse than we thought, but he’s definitely different than we thought. And yet when we learn his true nature, it’s plausible for him (and thus to the other characters and readers).
> [- ibid](https://vickihinze.com/what-is-reversal-in-fiction-writing/)
>
>
> | ***Bathos*** is sometimes used more broadly to mean *any* sudden change in the tone of a work:
>
> Bathos is a sudden change of tone in a work of writing, usually from the sublime to the ridiculous.
>
>
> [www.literarydevices.com](http://www.literarydevices.com/bathos/)
>
>
>
In its broad sense it does cover what you want, although there is nothing in the definition which limits the device to the end of a work.
Unfortunately, neither Oxford Dictionaries nor Merriam-Webster list this broader definition.
---
Alternatively, creators employing this method can be said to be ***[pulling the rug out from under](http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/pull+the+rug+from+under)*** their audience. The phrase is used [here](https://www.tapatalk.com/topic/981879-mythic-scribes/17334-pulling-the-rug-out-from-under-the-audience).
Alternatively, you might call this an example of ***subverting (audience) expectations***. |
358,350 | Sorry if this is off topic, but this seemed to be the best site to ask.
I can think of several examples of the use of a narrative technique: a last-second change in mood, often occurring so close to the end of the work that the audience cannot respond to it, potentially forcing them to reinterpret what they've experienced up to that point.
A plot twist that doesn't change the mood of the story (such as the reveal in *The Usual Suspects* or the "Wait, the monster isn't dead!" cliche in horror) is not an example of this, nor is a plot twist necessary for this to occur (The absolute best example of this I've been able to find is in [this short animation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMv5xMwdau4)) though one can be a catalyst (for example in the 'true' ending to the game [*The Witch's House*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37FWMIPvN3g)). It is distinct from Bathos, though if applied properly Bathos could be an example of this. It is perhaps the same as or at least a narrative equivalent of a similar technique in music, for example in the opening theme for the game *The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask* (which also uses it to a degree in the opening cinematic it plays over) or with the more commonly used Picardy Third.
My apologies for the lack of links- my reputation doesn't allow posting more than two. I'll edit this once I can, until then it shouldn't be too hard to find what I'm talking about using google. | 2016/11/14 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/358350",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/205816/"
] | One term would be [mood whiplash](https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MoodWhiplash)
>
> Fiction often has far extremes. They cover the gamut of emotion, from tragedy to comedy. Sometimes, these two will be so close together that they make the viewer's head spin!
>
>
> | This might be a too “micro” a level, but I wondered if [Paraprosdokian](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraprosdokian) might be the device you were looking for. |
358,350 | Sorry if this is off topic, but this seemed to be the best site to ask.
I can think of several examples of the use of a narrative technique: a last-second change in mood, often occurring so close to the end of the work that the audience cannot respond to it, potentially forcing them to reinterpret what they've experienced up to that point.
A plot twist that doesn't change the mood of the story (such as the reveal in *The Usual Suspects* or the "Wait, the monster isn't dead!" cliche in horror) is not an example of this, nor is a plot twist necessary for this to occur (The absolute best example of this I've been able to find is in [this short animation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMv5xMwdau4)) though one can be a catalyst (for example in the 'true' ending to the game [*The Witch's House*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37FWMIPvN3g)). It is distinct from Bathos, though if applied properly Bathos could be an example of this. It is perhaps the same as or at least a narrative equivalent of a similar technique in music, for example in the opening theme for the game *The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask* (which also uses it to a degree in the opening cinematic it plays over) or with the more commonly used Picardy Third.
My apologies for the lack of links- my reputation doesn't allow posting more than two. I'll edit this once I can, until then it shouldn't be too hard to find what I'm talking about using google. | 2016/11/14 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/358350",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/205816/"
] | One term would be [mood whiplash](https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MoodWhiplash)
>
> Fiction often has far extremes. They cover the gamut of emotion, from tragedy to comedy. Sometimes, these two will be so close together that they make the viewer's head spin!
>
>
> | ***Bathos*** is sometimes used more broadly to mean *any* sudden change in the tone of a work:
>
> Bathos is a sudden change of tone in a work of writing, usually from the sublime to the ridiculous.
>
>
> [www.literarydevices.com](http://www.literarydevices.com/bathos/)
>
>
>
In its broad sense it does cover what you want, although there is nothing in the definition which limits the device to the end of a work.
Unfortunately, neither Oxford Dictionaries nor Merriam-Webster list this broader definition.
---
Alternatively, creators employing this method can be said to be ***[pulling the rug out from under](http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/pull+the+rug+from+under)*** their audience. The phrase is used [here](https://www.tapatalk.com/topic/981879-mythic-scribes/17334-pulling-the-rug-out-from-under-the-audience).
Alternatively, you might call this an example of ***subverting (audience) expectations***. |
358,350 | Sorry if this is off topic, but this seemed to be the best site to ask.
I can think of several examples of the use of a narrative technique: a last-second change in mood, often occurring so close to the end of the work that the audience cannot respond to it, potentially forcing them to reinterpret what they've experienced up to that point.
A plot twist that doesn't change the mood of the story (such as the reveal in *The Usual Suspects* or the "Wait, the monster isn't dead!" cliche in horror) is not an example of this, nor is a plot twist necessary for this to occur (The absolute best example of this I've been able to find is in [this short animation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMv5xMwdau4)) though one can be a catalyst (for example in the 'true' ending to the game [*The Witch's House*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37FWMIPvN3g)). It is distinct from Bathos, though if applied properly Bathos could be an example of this. It is perhaps the same as or at least a narrative equivalent of a similar technique in music, for example in the opening theme for the game *The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask* (which also uses it to a degree in the opening cinematic it plays over) or with the more commonly used Picardy Third.
My apologies for the lack of links- my reputation doesn't allow posting more than two. I'll edit this once I can, until then it shouldn't be too hard to find what I'm talking about using google. | 2016/11/14 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/358350",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/205816/"
] | This might be a too “micro” a level, but I wondered if [Paraprosdokian](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraprosdokian) might be the device you were looking for. | *The Witch's House* to my knowledge is an online game with many many ways to die. I am no expert in that field but did research such.
The plot twist technique:
>
> **peripeteia** [\*\*merriam](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/peripeteia) a sudden or unexpected reversal of circumstances or situation especially in a literary work
>
>
> **Peripeteia** is a sudden reversal of the protagonist's fortune, whether for good or ill, that emerges naturally from the character's
> circumstances.
>
>
>
[plot twists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_twist#Peripeteia) & [narrative techniques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques) is an education unto itself, especially for me. I chose peripeteia as *The Twilight Zone* was listed as using this technique. As some on this forum have supported this question as appropriate, I humbly offer this answer. |
358,350 | Sorry if this is off topic, but this seemed to be the best site to ask.
I can think of several examples of the use of a narrative technique: a last-second change in mood, often occurring so close to the end of the work that the audience cannot respond to it, potentially forcing them to reinterpret what they've experienced up to that point.
A plot twist that doesn't change the mood of the story (such as the reveal in *The Usual Suspects* or the "Wait, the monster isn't dead!" cliche in horror) is not an example of this, nor is a plot twist necessary for this to occur (The absolute best example of this I've been able to find is in [this short animation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMv5xMwdau4)) though one can be a catalyst (for example in the 'true' ending to the game [*The Witch's House*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37FWMIPvN3g)). It is distinct from Bathos, though if applied properly Bathos could be an example of this. It is perhaps the same as or at least a narrative equivalent of a similar technique in music, for example in the opening theme for the game *The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask* (which also uses it to a degree in the opening cinematic it plays over) or with the more commonly used Picardy Third.
My apologies for the lack of links- my reputation doesn't allow posting more than two. I'll edit this once I can, until then it shouldn't be too hard to find what I'm talking about using google. | 2016/11/14 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/358350",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/205816/"
] | This might be a too “micro” a level, but I wondered if [Paraprosdokian](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraprosdokian) might be the device you were looking for. | The word below is NOT necessarily a narrative device ? or is it ?
but the word below comes to my mind.
>
> [**catharsis** at Dictionary.com](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/catharsis?s=t)
>
>
> the purging of the emotions or relieving of emotional tensions, **especially through certain kinds of art, as tragedy or music**
>
>
>
Rather than a story that resolves or sometimes returns the protagonists to a new equilibrium a story of catharsis suggests an end very different from the start, and all the struggles culminating in a shift of outlook ?
>
> [**cathartic** from Oxford Online Dictionaries](https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cathartic)
>
>
> 1 Providing psychological relief through the open expression of strong emotions; causing catharsis.
>
>
> ‘crying is a cathartic release’
>
>
> ‘Today, audiences prefer big statements, cathartic effects and emotional exhibitionism.’
>
>
> ‘The play is supposed to build to a final cathartic spilling of secrets and emotions.’
>
>
> ‘I also think there is real value, cathartic release, in applying to humor to the situation and being able to openly laugh at what we once feared’
>
>
>
Note those sample sentences at the online dictionary relating to fiction - perhaps they might be useful?
Both Transformation of outlook and a sudden culmination are involved.
HOWEVER, another failure with the word is that it generally means a 'growth' or 'improvement' ... if the story took a person from happy and active and left them confused and dejected, it would not be the right word at all. |
358,350 | Sorry if this is off topic, but this seemed to be the best site to ask.
I can think of several examples of the use of a narrative technique: a last-second change in mood, often occurring so close to the end of the work that the audience cannot respond to it, potentially forcing them to reinterpret what they've experienced up to that point.
A plot twist that doesn't change the mood of the story (such as the reveal in *The Usual Suspects* or the "Wait, the monster isn't dead!" cliche in horror) is not an example of this, nor is a plot twist necessary for this to occur (The absolute best example of this I've been able to find is in [this short animation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMv5xMwdau4)) though one can be a catalyst (for example in the 'true' ending to the game [*The Witch's House*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37FWMIPvN3g)). It is distinct from Bathos, though if applied properly Bathos could be an example of this. It is perhaps the same as or at least a narrative equivalent of a similar technique in music, for example in the opening theme for the game *The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask* (which also uses it to a degree in the opening cinematic it plays over) or with the more commonly used Picardy Third.
My apologies for the lack of links- my reputation doesn't allow posting more than two. I'll edit this once I can, until then it shouldn't be too hard to find what I'm talking about using google. | 2016/11/14 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/358350",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/205816/"
] | One term would be [mood whiplash](https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MoodWhiplash)
>
> Fiction often has far extremes. They cover the gamut of emotion, from tragedy to comedy. Sometimes, these two will be so close together that they make the viewer's head spin!
>
>
> | *The Witch's House* to my knowledge is an online game with many many ways to die. I am no expert in that field but did research such.
The plot twist technique:
>
> **peripeteia** [\*\*merriam](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/peripeteia) a sudden or unexpected reversal of circumstances or situation especially in a literary work
>
>
> **Peripeteia** is a sudden reversal of the protagonist's fortune, whether for good or ill, that emerges naturally from the character's
> circumstances.
>
>
>
[plot twists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_twist#Peripeteia) & [narrative techniques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques) is an education unto itself, especially for me. I chose peripeteia as *The Twilight Zone* was listed as using this technique. As some on this forum have supported this question as appropriate, I humbly offer this answer. |
358,350 | Sorry if this is off topic, but this seemed to be the best site to ask.
I can think of several examples of the use of a narrative technique: a last-second change in mood, often occurring so close to the end of the work that the audience cannot respond to it, potentially forcing them to reinterpret what they've experienced up to that point.
A plot twist that doesn't change the mood of the story (such as the reveal in *The Usual Suspects* or the "Wait, the monster isn't dead!" cliche in horror) is not an example of this, nor is a plot twist necessary for this to occur (The absolute best example of this I've been able to find is in [this short animation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMv5xMwdau4)) though one can be a catalyst (for example in the 'true' ending to the game [*The Witch's House*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37FWMIPvN3g)). It is distinct from Bathos, though if applied properly Bathos could be an example of this. It is perhaps the same as or at least a narrative equivalent of a similar technique in music, for example in the opening theme for the game *The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask* (which also uses it to a degree in the opening cinematic it plays over) or with the more commonly used Picardy Third.
My apologies for the lack of links- my reputation doesn't allow posting more than two. I'll edit this once I can, until then it shouldn't be too hard to find what I'm talking about using google. | 2016/11/14 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/358350",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/205816/"
] | Consider simply calling it a **reversal**.
>
> A reversal is when something (character, plot) appears to be one thing, or going on way, and changes on a dime so that there’s a perspective shift and the reader (and characters) see that thing differently.
> [- What is Reversal in Fiction Writing? by Vicki Hinze](https://vickihinze.com/what-is-reversal-in-fiction-writing/)
>
>
>
The ones you cite are specifically *character* reversals, revealed at the end of each narrative.
>
> So in short, a character reversal is when we perceive a character in one way and then discover that character is different from our perception. He can be better than we thought, or worse than we thought, but he’s definitely different than we thought. And yet when we learn his true nature, it’s plausible for him (and thus to the other characters and readers).
> [- ibid](https://vickihinze.com/what-is-reversal-in-fiction-writing/)
>
>
> | The word below is NOT necessarily a narrative device ? or is it ?
but the word below comes to my mind.
>
> [**catharsis** at Dictionary.com](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/catharsis?s=t)
>
>
> the purging of the emotions or relieving of emotional tensions, **especially through certain kinds of art, as tragedy or music**
>
>
>
Rather than a story that resolves or sometimes returns the protagonists to a new equilibrium a story of catharsis suggests an end very different from the start, and all the struggles culminating in a shift of outlook ?
>
> [**cathartic** from Oxford Online Dictionaries](https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cathartic)
>
>
> 1 Providing psychological relief through the open expression of strong emotions; causing catharsis.
>
>
> ‘crying is a cathartic release’
>
>
> ‘Today, audiences prefer big statements, cathartic effects and emotional exhibitionism.’
>
>
> ‘The play is supposed to build to a final cathartic spilling of secrets and emotions.’
>
>
> ‘I also think there is real value, cathartic release, in applying to humor to the situation and being able to openly laugh at what we once feared’
>
>
>
Note those sample sentences at the online dictionary relating to fiction - perhaps they might be useful?
Both Transformation of outlook and a sudden culmination are involved.
HOWEVER, another failure with the word is that it generally means a 'growth' or 'improvement' ... if the story took a person from happy and active and left them confused and dejected, it would not be the right word at all. |
358,350 | Sorry if this is off topic, but this seemed to be the best site to ask.
I can think of several examples of the use of a narrative technique: a last-second change in mood, often occurring so close to the end of the work that the audience cannot respond to it, potentially forcing them to reinterpret what they've experienced up to that point.
A plot twist that doesn't change the mood of the story (such as the reveal in *The Usual Suspects* or the "Wait, the monster isn't dead!" cliche in horror) is not an example of this, nor is a plot twist necessary for this to occur (The absolute best example of this I've been able to find is in [this short animation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMv5xMwdau4)) though one can be a catalyst (for example in the 'true' ending to the game [*The Witch's House*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37FWMIPvN3g)). It is distinct from Bathos, though if applied properly Bathos could be an example of this. It is perhaps the same as or at least a narrative equivalent of a similar technique in music, for example in the opening theme for the game *The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask* (which also uses it to a degree in the opening cinematic it plays over) or with the more commonly used Picardy Third.
My apologies for the lack of links- my reputation doesn't allow posting more than two. I'll edit this once I can, until then it shouldn't be too hard to find what I'm talking about using google. | 2016/11/14 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/358350",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/205816/"
] | One term would be [mood whiplash](https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/MoodWhiplash)
>
> Fiction often has far extremes. They cover the gamut of emotion, from tragedy to comedy. Sometimes, these two will be so close together that they make the viewer's head spin!
>
>
> | Consider simply calling it a **reversal**.
>
> A reversal is when something (character, plot) appears to be one thing, or going on way, and changes on a dime so that there’s a perspective shift and the reader (and characters) see that thing differently.
> [- What is Reversal in Fiction Writing? by Vicki Hinze](https://vickihinze.com/what-is-reversal-in-fiction-writing/)
>
>
>
The ones you cite are specifically *character* reversals, revealed at the end of each narrative.
>
> So in short, a character reversal is when we perceive a character in one way and then discover that character is different from our perception. He can be better than we thought, or worse than we thought, but he’s definitely different than we thought. And yet when we learn his true nature, it’s plausible for him (and thus to the other characters and readers).
> [- ibid](https://vickihinze.com/what-is-reversal-in-fiction-writing/)
>
>
> |
358,350 | Sorry if this is off topic, but this seemed to be the best site to ask.
I can think of several examples of the use of a narrative technique: a last-second change in mood, often occurring so close to the end of the work that the audience cannot respond to it, potentially forcing them to reinterpret what they've experienced up to that point.
A plot twist that doesn't change the mood of the story (such as the reveal in *The Usual Suspects* or the "Wait, the monster isn't dead!" cliche in horror) is not an example of this, nor is a plot twist necessary for this to occur (The absolute best example of this I've been able to find is in [this short animation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMv5xMwdau4)) though one can be a catalyst (for example in the 'true' ending to the game [*The Witch's House*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37FWMIPvN3g)). It is distinct from Bathos, though if applied properly Bathos could be an example of this. It is perhaps the same as or at least a narrative equivalent of a similar technique in music, for example in the opening theme for the game *The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask* (which also uses it to a degree in the opening cinematic it plays over) or with the more commonly used Picardy Third.
My apologies for the lack of links- my reputation doesn't allow posting more than two. I'll edit this once I can, until then it shouldn't be too hard to find what I'm talking about using google. | 2016/11/14 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/358350",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/205816/"
] | This might be a too “micro” a level, but I wondered if [Paraprosdokian](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraprosdokian) might be the device you were looking for. | ***Bathos*** is sometimes used more broadly to mean *any* sudden change in the tone of a work:
>
> Bathos is a sudden change of tone in a work of writing, usually from the sublime to the ridiculous.
>
>
> [www.literarydevices.com](http://www.literarydevices.com/bathos/)
>
>
>
In its broad sense it does cover what you want, although there is nothing in the definition which limits the device to the end of a work.
Unfortunately, neither Oxford Dictionaries nor Merriam-Webster list this broader definition.
---
Alternatively, creators employing this method can be said to be ***[pulling the rug out from under](http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/pull+the+rug+from+under)*** their audience. The phrase is used [here](https://www.tapatalk.com/topic/981879-mythic-scribes/17334-pulling-the-rug-out-from-under-the-audience).
Alternatively, you might call this an example of ***subverting (audience) expectations***. |
222,904 | I'm installing a NEMA 6-50 outlet in a garage for future potential car charging. The wire is a #6 3-wire, red, black, and white.
I'm not used to this size wire, and it's very stiff and hard to fit into the box. The box is a metal 4x4 inch box, but it still seems difficult to get the wire in the box once it's screwed into the outlet. The wire extends maybe 3 or 4 inches into the box.
So my questions are:
Is my box big enough, or do I just need to cut the wires shorter? Ideally I'd want a longer box to more easily accommodate these thick wires. I'm guessing the box is large enough, since I can't seem to find anything bigger. I'm more used to cutting the wires long enough that I can make them extend out the box a bit, and then push them out, but 6 gauge is so stiff, this is difficult. I've not wanted to cut the wires too short for obvious reasons.
Can I pigtail the ground wire with a smaller wire, and connect that smaller wire to the outlet, or does the ground wire have to be 6 gauge? This was one idea I had to make getting these wires to more easily fit the outlet, but I don't know if it's legal/safe. | 2021/04/25 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/222904",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | You can't use that cable for a new outlet. It needs to go to the scrapper.
You'll need to re-run it with proper wire or cable, such as 6/2 **w/ ground**.
Given your complaints about the stiffness of #6 wire, I'd suggest running some sort of conduit, such as "smurf tube", and run individual THHN wires in the conduit. That would do a couple of things for you. First, you'd be able to use #8 stranded wire for 50A, since THHN is allowed a higher operating temperature. Second, you could defer the "neutral" question and simply add the neutral wire later if needed. | I think all irrelevant due to what I see as an illegal install from day one, but when replacing with legal cable the NEC requirement is minimum 6" of free conductor from where it emerges from sheath.
The NEC has box fill limits, 5 in³ for #6, 3 in³ for #10 (ground up to 60A), adding 2 wire count for each yoke used (or 4 wire count if device wider than 2"). So (3x5)+3+(2x5)= 28 in³ minimum box size required.
Adding splices rated for higher temperature wire is not going to make it easier.
I don't see how your wire was ever a legal install, and don't see any provision that code allows running a ground separate from inside a cable as a legal install. The code has provision to add a ground when replacing an ungrounded receptacle with a grounded receptacle, but if you can't establish that this was a special 250.140 exception circuit that allowed grounding ranges and dryers via the white neutral conductor then you never had a legal install to begin with. You might get a local inspector to grant you latitude beyond code, but I wouldn't count on it. |
723 | I would find it more interesting/organized if there was a theme to follow for the featured images each week. For example, this week post only pictures of cars, flowers, landscape or whatever and change the theme every week. | 2011/02/04 | [
"https://photo.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/723",
"https://photo.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.meta.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | Hmmmm... It seems like that could be something to consider doing when our group is larger, but right now it's not as though we're getting so many entries that it is overwhelming. My concern in adding a theme is that we'd cut the number of entries in half if a theme were introduced.
There's also the notion of who comes up with the themes? Would the mods be in charge of coming up with something, or would someone need to maintain a weekly thread for voting on the theme like we already do for the picture? Sounds like adding quite a bit more admin work to something that really works fine as it is... | I think this is a good idea too. I think @Jay brings up a good point about managing the which weeks have themes and what the themes are. I figure interested parties can hash out a system if we do choose to go with themes.
Here are a few random ideas (one stolen from @seanmc):
* Unedited (strait from the camera, make it as perfect as you can with nothing but physical equipment)
* Photomanipulated (do something unconventional, add photographic elements and blend together a new reality...or surreality, or something completely unreal!)
* Brilliant Sunsets
* Monstrous Mountains
* Micro Macros
* Pure Portraiture
* Dripples (closeup water shots...ripples, drips, droplets, etc.)
* Birds of a Feather (any shot of birds)
* Wild Life (wildlife..duh!)
* City Life
* Nuanced Night (any shot from nighttime)
* Astrophotography
As an added thought, from a management perspective, it might be good to have a "Theme Announcement" thread a week ahead of time to give people time to go out and get a shot for the upcoming theme (if the next week IS a theme...to @dpollitt's point it might be best not to have every single week be a theme week.) |
723 | I would find it more interesting/organized if there was a theme to follow for the featured images each week. For example, this week post only pictures of cars, flowers, landscape or whatever and change the theme every week. | 2011/02/04 | [
"https://photo.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/723",
"https://photo.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.meta.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | If we ever did end up using a theme week, I'd like to suggest that we have a "un-edited" week, so the challenge would be to get the best photo out of your camera. Many of the photos seem to have a lot of post-processing. I'm not suggesting this is bad - the photos are stunning - but I bet there are a lot of excellent photographers out there who are not necessarily photo-editing gurus (or is that now a required skill to be a good photographer?). | Can I suggest a sports theme soon? I have not seen one yet, and have searched in the suggestiions.
I am fairly new to this site so do excuse if there has been a few already as I have searched but I do not want to manualy go through the archives of every week. |
723 | I would find it more interesting/organized if there was a theme to follow for the featured images each week. For example, this week post only pictures of cars, flowers, landscape or whatever and change the theme every week. | 2011/02/04 | [
"https://photo.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/723",
"https://photo.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.meta.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | If we ever did end up using a theme week, I'd like to suggest that we have a "un-edited" week, so the challenge would be to get the best photo out of your camera. Many of the photos seem to have a lot of post-processing. I'm not suggesting this is bad - the photos are stunning - but I bet there are a lot of excellent photographers out there who are not necessarily photo-editing gurus (or is that now a required skill to be a good photographer?). | The contest idea, this is similar to many photo sites I am familiar with in the past.
Personally I don't typically have time to go out and shoot the theme every week, so I would likely participate less if ever.
It does have some merit to expand your portfolio or challenge one, but it's just not my favorite way to shoot or think about shooting. |
723 | I would find it more interesting/organized if there was a theme to follow for the featured images each week. For example, this week post only pictures of cars, flowers, landscape or whatever and change the theme every week. | 2011/02/04 | [
"https://photo.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/723",
"https://photo.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.meta.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I think this is a good idea too. I think @Jay brings up a good point about managing the which weeks have themes and what the themes are. I figure interested parties can hash out a system if we do choose to go with themes.
Here are a few random ideas (one stolen from @seanmc):
* Unedited (strait from the camera, make it as perfect as you can with nothing but physical equipment)
* Photomanipulated (do something unconventional, add photographic elements and blend together a new reality...or surreality, or something completely unreal!)
* Brilliant Sunsets
* Monstrous Mountains
* Micro Macros
* Pure Portraiture
* Dripples (closeup water shots...ripples, drips, droplets, etc.)
* Birds of a Feather (any shot of birds)
* Wild Life (wildlife..duh!)
* City Life
* Nuanced Night (any shot from nighttime)
* Astrophotography
As an added thought, from a management perspective, it might be good to have a "Theme Announcement" thread a week ahead of time to give people time to go out and get a shot for the upcoming theme (if the next week IS a theme...to @dpollitt's point it might be best not to have every single week be a theme week.) | The contest idea, this is similar to many photo sites I am familiar with in the past.
Personally I don't typically have time to go out and shoot the theme every week, so I would likely participate less if ever.
It does have some merit to expand your portfolio or challenge one, but it's just not my favorite way to shoot or think about shooting. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.