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31161 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestia | Celestia | Celestia is a free 3D astronomy program for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. It was created by Chris Laurel and is licensed under the GPL.
The program is based on the Hipparcos Catalogue (120,000 Stars) and allows users to display objects from artificial satellites to entire galaxies in three dimensions in OpenGL. Different from other planetarium software, the user is free to travel in the universe.
NASA and ESA have used Celestia, but it is not to be confused with Celestia 2000, ESA's own program.
Related pages
Astronomy
References
Software
Astronomy |
31162 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Cullen | Bill Cullen | Bill Cullen (February 18, 1920 – July 7, 1990) was an American television game show host. His full name was William Lawrence Cullen.
Cullen was originally from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He suffered from polio as a child. He had a limp for the remainder of his life.
Cullen was best known for hosting the original version of The Price is Right on the television networks NBC and ABC. That show is now on CBS and hosted by Drew Carey. He also hosted a version of The $25,000 Pyramid, Child's Play, and Blockbusters.
Bill Cullen died in Bel Air, California in 1990 from lung cancer after smoking for most of his life.
American radio personalities
American television presenters
Deaths from lung cancer
American game show hosts
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1920 births
1990 deaths |
31165 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi%20Carrell | Rudi Carrell | Rudi Carrell (real name Rudolf Wijbrand Kesselaar) was a very successful comedian, singer and television presenter. He was born on December 19, 1934 in Alkmaar, in the Netherlands. He died of lung cancer on July 7, 2006 in Bremen, Germany. He was very popular in Germany, for shows like Die Rudi Carrell Show.
He was awarded various prizes, amongst others the Goldene Kamera for a lifetime of good work, in February of 2006 (which was his last public appearance) as well as the Bundesverdienstkreuz (the only award given by the Federal Republic of Germany, for extraordinary achievements in politics or culture) in 1985.
Other websites
1934 births
2006 deaths
Cancer deaths in Germany
Comedians
Deaths from lung cancer
Dutch singers
Dutch television presenters
People from Alkmaar |
31167 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung%20cancer | Lung cancer | Lung cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in one or both of the lungs. Cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers when smoke gets in the lungs. Lung cancer kills 1.8 million people each year, more than any other cancer. It is currently the leading cause of cancer death in men, and the second leading cause of cancer death in women.
The large majority of people who get lung cancer have smoked for many years. However, there are types of lung cancers that appear in otherwise healthy patients who have never smoked. People who smoke marijuana more than cigarettes are more likely to contract lung cancer over people who smoke cigarettes.
There are two main types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer typically responds well to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and non-small cell lung cancer is more commonly treated with surgical removal of the lung tumor.
Non-small cell lung cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) account for about 85% to 90% of lung cancer cases. People who have a deficient low pigment count have a higher chance of contracting lung cancer. There are three types of non-small cell lung cancer:
Squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell (undifferentiated) carcinoma
Symptoms:
Chest pain
Coughing
Congestion
Heart burn
References
Cancer |
31184 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitchurch%2C%20Shropshire | Whitchurch, Shropshire | Whitchurch is a small market town in the north of the county of Shropshire, England. It is the oldest town inhabited in Shropshire. The town lies 2 miles (3 km) east of the Welsh border. As of 2011, the town has a population of 9,781.
The town was founded by the Romans and there are still some Roman artefacts that can be visited in a Museum.
The town has a railway station on the Welsh Marches Line.
Gallery
References
Towns in Shropshire
Civil parishes in Shropshire |
31194 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera | Panthera | Panthera is a genus of the family Felidae.
It has five living species, which are the biggest cats in the Felidae. The tiger is the largest Panthera species, and the largest of all cats. The leopard is the smallest Panthera species.
Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard also belongs to the Panthera, a classification that was accepted by IUCN assessors in 2008. The genus Neofelis is also closely related.
Taxonomy
Genus Panthera
Lion, Panthera leo
Jaguar, Panthera onca
Leopard, Panthera pardus
Tiger, Panthera tigris
Snow leopard, Uncia uncia, now Panthera uncia
References |
31199 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower | Superpower | A superpower is a country that is one of the most powerful countries in the world. It is more powerful than a great power and less powerful than a hyperpower. Right now, only the United States is a superpower. However, China may become a superpower in the future. Some say it is already one. Others say that it will not become a superpower.
In the years following World War II, the United Nations was formed. The 5 countries that would later have nuclear bombs – those who would be able to start a nuclear war – were all given permanent seats on the Security Council. This means they are on the Security Council forever. They were also all given equal veto power over decisions in the Security Council. These five countries were: United States, United Kingdom, China, France, and the Soviet Union.
For most of the 1900s, the Soviet Union was a superpower. After the Soviet Union split into a lot of smaller countries in 1991, it was not a superpower anymore. Russia got most of the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons, and also its permanent seat in the Security Council. Some other countries also have nuclear weapons now, and can also start a nuclear war just as well, but they are not permanent members with veto power. The Republic of India, and Pakistan are a few countries like this. In order to be a superpower, a country must dominate economic, cultural, and military as well as diplomatic influence.
Related pages
Great power
Hyperpower
References
Countries
Politics |
31200 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow%20leopard | Snow leopard | The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), also known as the Irbis and ounce, is a feline, which lives in central Asia. It used to be thought not to be closely related to the smaller leopard, which is why they were put in different genera before. However, recent research has discovered this is not correct. The cat is closely related to the other big cats in the genus Panthera.
Appearance
Snow leopards are about 2-5 meters long in the body, and have a 90-100 centimeter long tail. They weigh up to 75 kilograms. They have grey and white fur with dark rosettes and spots, and their tails have stripes. Its fur is very long and thick to protect it against the cold. Their feet are also big and furry, which helps them to walk on snow more easily. They use their long tails for balance and as blankets to cover sensitive body parts against the severe mountain chill.
Voice
They are one of the cats which cannot purr: "In five cat species (lion, tiger, jaguar, leopard and snow leopard) the epihyoideum is an elastic ligament, whereas in all other species of the Felidae the epihyal is completely ossified (bony)... those felids with an elastic epihyoid are able to roar but not purr, while species with a completely ossified hyoid are able to purr but not to roar". Despite this, it seems now that snow leopards cannot roar, though they can make a number of other sounds.
Hunting
Snow leopards are well camouflaged, and are crepuscular (most active at dawn and dusk). They stalk and eat medium-sized prey like Ibex, bharal (mountain sheep) and wild goats. It can survive on a single sheep for two weeks.
Snow leopards prefer to ambush prey from above, using broken terrain to conceal their approach. They try to land on the sheep, and kill it directly. If the sheep runs, they pursue it down steep mountainsides, using the momentum of their initial leap to chase prey for up to .
They kill with a bite to the neck, and may drag the prey to a safe location before feeding. They consume all edible parts of the carcass, and can survive on a single bharal (blue sheep) for two weeks before hunting again. Annual prey needs is 20–30 adult bharals.
Habitats
In summer, snow leopards usually live above the tree line on mountainous meadows and in rocky regions at altitudes from . In winter, they come down into the forests to altitudes around . Snow leopards prefer broken terrain, and can travel without difficulty in snow up to deep, although they prefer to use existing trails made by other animals.
They live alone. After a pregnancy of about a hundred days the female gives birth to 2 or 3 cubs. Snow leopards are protected in most of the countries they live in. However, people do still kill them for their fur, or to protect their cattle.
Distribution
The snow leopard has a huge range in central Asia. It is in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kashmir, Kunlun, and the Himalaya to southern Siberia, Mongolia, and Tibet.
Since many estimates are rough and outdated, its numbers could be falsely viewed as low. The total wild population of the snow leopard was estimated in 2008 as 4,510 to 7,350 individuals.
Taxonomy and evolution
The snow leopard was not thought closely related to the Panthera or other living big cats. However, recent molecular studies put the species firmly in the genus Panthera: its closest relative is the tiger (Panthera tigris). MSW3 still refers to the snow leopard as Uncia uncia, but the more recent IUCN classifies it as Panthera uncia.
In popular culture
The snow leopard is an official symbol of Kazakhstan.
References
Felines
Mammals of Asia
National symbols of Pakistan |
31203 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonkers%2C%20New%20York | Yonkers, New York | Yonkers is the 4th largest city in the American state of New York. It is the southwestern part of Westchester County
Yonkers borders the New York City borough of The Bronx and is 2 miles (3 km) north of Manhattan. Broadway runs through all three, and railroads also connect them to Grand Central Terminal. The Bronx River separates Yonkers from Mount Vernon, New York on the east. The Hudson River is on the west. The city's best-known attraction is Yonkers Raceway, a harness racing track. There is a large shopping area along Central Park Avenue. It is sometimes called "Central Avenue" by area residents.
Sources
1640s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in New York |
31213 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa%20Adams | Louisa Adams | Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams (February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852) was the wife of US President John Quincy Adams. As the wife of the US President, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829.
She was born in London. Her mother, Catherine Nuth Johnson was an English lady. Her father, Joshua Johnson, was from the USA and a citizen of the USA. Louisa Adams was then the only First Lady not born in the United States. John Adams, the second president of the USA, was her father-in-law.
In 1794, John Quincy Adams met Louisa in London. At that time, Adams was a US diplomat. After about three years, they married. The couple also lived in Berlin where Adams got a posting. Louisa along with her husband arrived to the USA in 1801. They lived in different places before her husband became the President.She went to school in London and France.
She died in 1852, aged seventy-seven. She is buried in the United States Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts.
1775 births
1852 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
John Quincy Adams |
31215 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica%20Van%20Buren | Angelica Van Buren | Angelica Singleton Van Buren (February 13, 1818 - December 29, 1877) acted as the First Lady of the United States. She was the daughter-in-law of Martin Van Buren, the 8th president of the USA. Angelica Singleton had married the President's son, Abraham Van Buren. She took over the role of the First Lady, as the president's wife had died 17 years earlier.
Angelica Singleton belonged to a high society. She was also related to Dolley Madison, wife of US President James Madison. Angelica brought a special style to her role as the First Lady.
She and Abraham Van Buren married in 1838. After marriage they took a long tour of Europe. When they came back to the USA in 1839, she took up the role of the First Lady during the presidency of her father-in-law. In 1841, Martin Van Buren was defeated, she and her husband shifted to Kinderhook, Lindenwald. During the winter, they lived in their family home in South Carolina. From 1848 until her death in 1877, she lived in New York City.
Angelica was from the cream of southern society and was the great-granddaughter of Gen. Richard Richardson and Mary Cantey (Richardson). Gen. Richardson was the progenitor of six South Carolina governors, three Manning and three Richardson governors. One descendant, Elizabeth Peyre Richardson, was so closely related to all of these governors that she appears in Ripley's Believe it or Not. Angelica's sister, Marion, has a bio that, although sad, is actually more interesting than hers. See "A Tale of Two Sisters," by Joseph C. Elliott, Sandlapper: The Magazine of South Carolina.
First Ladies of the United States
1818 births
1877 deaths
Martin Van Buren |
31217 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Irwin%20Harrison | Jane Irwin Harrison | Jane Irwin Harrison (July 23, 1804 – May 11, 1846) was the First Lady of the United States for a very brief period. She was married to William Henry Harrison Jr. William was the son of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States. As the daughter-in-law of the president, she acted as the First Lady for about a month in 1841. She acted as his official hostess during his brief tenure in office, which lasted for a month in 1841. President’s wife Anna Harrison was very ill, and she could not go out of their home in Ohio, when her husband moved to take up the presidency.
1804 births
1846 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
People from Pennsylvania |
31218 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Todd%20Lincoln | Mary Todd Lincoln | Mary Ann Todd Lincoln (née Todd; December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882) was the wife of the sixteenth President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865.
Early life
She was born in Lexington, Kentucky. Her father was Robert Smith Todd and her mother was Eliza Parker. Her parents were prominent residents of the city. Mary's paternal great-grandfather, David Levi Todd, was born in County Longford, Ireland, and emigrated through Pennsylvania to Kentucky. Her great-great maternal grandfather Samuel McDowell was born in Scotland, and emigrated to Pennsylvania. Other Todd ancestors came from England. When she was around twenty years old, Mary came to Illinois where her sister Elizabeth lived. There she met Abraham Lincoln. He was a young lawyer at that time.
Marriage and family
She married Abraham Lincoln on November 4, 1842.
The Lincolns loved one another very much. But, at times, their relationship became troubled. The Lincolns had four children:
Robert Todd Lincoln
Edward (Eddie) Baker Lincoln
William (Willie) Wallace Lincoln
Thomas (Tad) Lincoln
The last person known to be of direct Lincoln lineage, Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith died in 1985.
First Lady
Mary Lincoln was well-educated lady. She was also interested in public affairs. She also shared her husband’s ambition. At times, she became touchy and irritated. The newspapers sometimes criticized her for spending the government’s money to buy new furniture for the White House. She went to the hospitals during this time, to help wounded soldiers.
Personal life
After the assassination of her husband in 1865, the death of her two sons, Willie and Thomas, had made her very sad. She became very depressed. His son Robert wanted to take control of his mother's money. He sent his mother to an insane asylum. After three months, she was freed. She never forgave her son. She spent about four years in France in a city named Pau. She also traveled to many parts of Europe.
Health
During her last years, her health became very weak. In 1879, she suffered spinal cord injuries when she fell from a stepladder. She also got cataracts and her eyesight became weak.
Death
During the early 1880s, Mary Lincoln was confined to the Springfield, Illinois residence of her sister Elizabeth Edwards. She died there on July 16, 1882, at age 63. She was interred in the Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield alongside her husband.
References
Other websites
Mary Todd Lincoln Research Site
ESPECIALLY FOR STUDENTS: A One Page Summary of Mary Todd Lincoln's Life
White House profile
Mary Todd Lincoln Quotes
Original Manuscript Letters: Mary Todd Lincoln Shapell Manuscript Foundation
First Ladies of the United States
Lincoln, Abraham
1818 births
1882 deaths
People from Lexington, Kentucky |
31219 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline%20Kennedy%20Onassis | Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis | Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis ( ; July 28, 1929May 19, 1994) was an American socialite, writer, photographer and book editor. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1961 until November 22, 1963 as the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy. As a popular and famous first lady, she endeared both the American public and people with her fashion choices and devotion to the historical preservation of the White House. During her lifetime she was well known for being fashionable and was seen both as a fashion icon and influencer.
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929 in Southampton, New York. In 1951, she graduated from George Washington University and worked for the Washington Times-Herald as a photographer. A year later, she met United States Representative, John F. Kennedy at a dinner party in Washington D.C.
She married John F. Kennedy in 1953, in Newport, Rhode Island. The couple had four children. Jacqueline had suffered a miscarriage in 1956 with a stillborn girl named Arabella Kennedy, a year later in 1957 she gave birth to a girl named, Caroline Kennedy. After her husband was elected president in the 1960 presidential election, Jacqueline had gave birth to a boy named, John F. Kennedy Jr. in November 1960. Two months later, At the age of 31, she was the third-youngest First Lady of the United States when her husband inaugurated as 35th President of the United States on January 20, 1961.
After the assassination and funeral of her husband, Jacqueline and her two children, Caroline Kennedy and John F. Kennedy Jr. retired from public life. In October 1968, she married a Greek magnate named Aristotle Onassis, which made her less popular and famous. After his death in 1975, she worked as a book editor in New York City. As of today, she is seen as one of the most popular and well known first ladies in American history. In 1999, she was named as one of Gallup's Most-Admired Men and Women of the 20th century. On May 19, 1994, Jacqueline died in her sleep from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in New York. Her funeral was on May 23, 1994. She was later buried next to her husband, President Kennedy at Arlington National Cemetery.
Early life
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929 at Stony Brook Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York to John Vernou Bouvier III and Janet Norton Lee. Her mother was of Irish descent and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry and she was also raised as a Roman Catholic.
Jacqueline lived in Manhattan and at the Bouvier country home in East Hampton on Long Island during her early childhood. She respected her father and John Vernou Bouvier III called his oldest daughter "the most beautiful daughter a man ever had".
From an early age, Jacqueline was an equestrienne who competed in the sport. She took ballet lessons and learned many languages. She spoke English, French, Spanish, and Italian. In 1935, she began going to Manhattan's Chapin School. One of her teachers called her "a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic, and full of the devil".
Her parents' marriage became worse because of her father's alcoholism. Her parents had financial problems after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. They separated in 1936 and divorced four years later. In 1942, her mother married lawyer Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Jr.. The family moved into his home in McLean, Virginia.
After seven years at Chapin, Jacqueline Bouvier went to Holton-Arms School in Washington, D.C.. She stayed there from 1942 until 1944. She later went to Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. Bouvier stayed there from 1944 to 1947. In 1947, she began studying at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York. She studied in France at the University of Grenoble in Grenoble during her junior year. She also went to the Sorbonne in Paris. She was part of a program from Smith College. She transferred to George Washington University in Washington, D.C. and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in 1951. She later went to George Washington University to take classes on American history.
While at George Washington University, Jacqueline Bouvier won a twelve-month junior editorship at Vogue. This let her work for six months in the magazine's New York City office and then six months in Paris. She wrote her autobiography, One Special Summer after the trip. After working at Vogue, she worked for the Washington Times-Herald as a part-time receptionist. In 1952, she was briefly engaged to a young stockbroker named John Husted but broke-off the engagement because she said he was "boring".
Marriage to John F. Kennedy and Children
Jacqueline Bouvier first met United States Representative, John F. Kennedy at a dinner party in May 1952 after journalist, Charles L. Bartlett helped the two meet up. The two had many things in common such as their Catholicism, writing, liked reading and lived abroad during college. John was busy running for the United States Senate in Massachusetts when they first met. Their relationship became more serious and he ask her to marry him after he was elected Senator. Bouvier took some time to accept, because she had been asked to report on the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London for The Washington Times-Herald. After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage proposal. Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953.
They were married on September 12, 1953 in Newport, Rhode Island by Boston's Archbishop Richard Cushing. In the first years of their marriage, the couple had many problems. John F. Kennedy was diagnosed with Addison's disease and back pain caused by a war injury. In late 1954, he had surgery on his spine which almost killed him. Jacqueline Kennedy had a miscarriage in 1955 and in August 1956 gave birth to a stillborn daughter, Arabella Kennedy. They lived in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. and Boston, Massachusetts.
Jacqueline gave birth to their daughter, Caroline Kennedy on November 27, 1957. During his senate re-election campaign, John F. Kennedy began to see how popular his wife was. He asked her to campaign with him for his re-election. In November 1958, John was re-elected to a second term in the Senate and he thanked his wife for her role in the campaign.
1960 United States presidential election
On January 3, 1960, John F. Kennedy announced his candidacy for president. In the early months of the election year, Jacqueline traveled with her husband to campaign events. Shortly after the campaign began, she became pregnant. She decided to stay at home in Georgetown during most of her husband's campaign because of her pregnancy. She took part of her husband's campaign by writing a weekly newspaper column, Campaign Wife. She answered questions and gave interviews to the media.
Jacqueline had a large amount of media attention because of her fashion choices. While this made her popular, some criticized her for being rich. To stop the criticism, Kennedy talked about the amount of work she was doing for the campaign. She also did not want to talk about her fashion choices.
When her husband was at the Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, Mrs. Kennedy did not go to the convention due to her pregnancy. She was in Hyannis Port where she watched the September 26, 1960 debate between her husband and Republican candidate Vice President Richard Nixon. On November 8, 1960, her husband was elected the 35th President of the United States. Two weeks later after the election, on November 25, she gave birth to their first son, John F. Kennedy Jr.
First Lady of the United States (1961 – 1963)
John F. Kennedy was inaugurated as 35th President of the United States on on January 20, 1961. Mrs. Kennedy did not want her children to be unprotected around the media at an early age. She stayed with them in Middleburg, Virginia for a short time because of this. She was the first presidential wife to hire a press secretary. She hired Pamela Turnure. The media saw Mrs. Kennedy as the "perfect woman" and became popular across the world. She also helped get support for the White House and her husband's Cold War policies.
At first, Jacqueline said that her main focus as the first lady was to take care of the president and their children. She later spent her time to support American arts and preservation of its history. The historical restoration of the White House was her well known work. She was also known for hosting many social events at the White House. She wanted to create a Department of the Arts; however this did not happen. She did help create the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities.
White House restoration
The first lady did not like that most of the White House had few historical artifacts and little old furniture. Her first major project was to restore the White House. She helped create a family living area by adding a kitchen on the family floor and new rooms for her children. She created a fine arts committee to find the money for her restoration of the White House. She also wanted to redesign and replant most of the Rose Garden and the East Garden. Mrs. Kennedy helped protect historic homes in Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., because she thought these buildings were important.
Before she became first lady, presidents and their families had taken furniture and other items from the White House when they left office. This was why the White House had few historical items. She wrote letters to find the missing furniture and other historical pieces. Kennedy supported a Congressional bill saying that White House furniture and other items would be the property of the Smithsonian Institution. She also started the White House Historical Association, the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, a Curator of the White House, the White House Endowment Trust, and the White House Acquisition Trust.
On Valentines Day, February 14, 1962, the first lady took American television viewers a White House tour with CBS News correspondent, Charles Collingwood. 56 million television viewers in the United States watched the tour. Mrs. Kennedy won a special Emmy Award in 1962, making her the only first lady to win an Emmy.
Foreign trips
Mrs. Kennedy made many official visits to other countries, on her own or with the President. In 1961, the Kennedy's began their official trip of Europe in France. After arriving in the country, many liked her such as President of France Charles de Gaulle because she could speak French and her knowledge of French history. Seeing how popular she was, President Kennedy joked, "I am the man who accompanied Mrs. Kennedy to Paris – and I have enjoyed it!"
From France, the president and the first lady traveled to Vienna, Austria, where Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was asked to shake the President's hand for a photo. He replied, "I'd like to shake her hand first". The U.S. Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith wanted Kennedy to begin a tour in India and Pakistan with her sister Lee Radziwill in 1962. President of Pakistan Ayub Khan, had given her a horse named Sardar as a gift. He had found out on his visit to the White House that he and the first lady both liked horses. Her popularity was compared to former President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Queen Elizabeth II.
Mrs. Kennedy would later travel to other countries across the world representing the United States. the first lady spoke Spanish well, which she used when traveling to Latin American countries for events.
Death of Patrick Kennedy
In early 1963, Jacqueline Kennedy was again pregnant, with their third child. She spent most of the summer at a home she and the President had rented near the Kennedy Family Compound on Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
On August 7, five week early of her due date, she went into labor. She gave birth to a boy, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy through an emergency C-section at the Otis Air Force Base. The baby's lungs were not fully developed and died of hyaline membrane disease two days after birth. The president was at Otis Air Force Base to recover after Patrick was born. Her husband went to Boston to be with Patrick and was there when he died. On August 14, the President returned to Otis to take her home and gave a speech to thank nurses who had cared for her. As a thank you, Mrs. Kennedy gave the hospital staff gifts from the White House.
the first lady later had depression after Patrick's death. However, the loss of their child helped the Kennedy's marriage and brought the couple closer together. Before Patrick's death, Kennedy was not close with her husband because of rumors of him cheating on her. It was said that Kennedy had cheated on her with multiple women such as her secretary Pamela Turnure and actress Marilyn Monroe.
Assassination and funeral of John F. Kennedy
On November 21, 1963, the Kennedy's departed from the White House and went on a political trip to Texas to get more support for her husband's November 1964 re-election campaign. They landed at Dallas's Love Field with Texas Governor, John Connally and his wife Nellie. Jacqueline was wearing a bright pink Chanel suit and a pillbox hat, President Kennedy personally picked for her to wear. A motorcade was to take them to the Trade Mart. Kennedy was sitting next her husband in the presidential motorcade.
At 12:30 P:M, the motorcade turned to Dealey Plaza, the first lady heard loud bangs and she thought it was a motorcycle backfiring. She did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard Governor Connally scream. Two more shots had been fired, three of them hit her husband in the head. She quickly began to climb onto the back of the limousine. Some believe she was reaching across the trunk for a piece of her husband's skull that had been blown off. Secret Service agent Clint Hill ran to the car telling her back to go back to her seat. She would later say that she did not remember climbing behind the car.
Approximately at 1:00 P:M CST in Dallas, Texas at Parkland Hospital, President Kennedy died from his gunshot wounds, aged 46. After her husband died, Kennedy did not want to take off her blood-stained clothing. She told new first lady, Lady Bird Johnson that she wanted "them to see what they have done to Jack". She continued to wear the blood-stained pink suit as she went on Air Force One. She stood next to Lyndon B. Johnson when he took the oath of office as the 36th President of the United States. The suit was donated to the National Archives and Records Administration in 1964. It will not be seen by the public until 2103 because of an agreement from her daughter Caroline Kennedy, because she refused to let it be seen during this century.
Jacqueline Kennedy planned her husband's state funeral. It was inspired by Abraham Lincoln's funeral. She wanted her husband's casket to be closed, even though her brother-in-law and Attorney General, Robert F. Kennedy wanted it to be open. The funeral service was held at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington D.C. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Many respected her role and appearance at the funeral.
A week after the assassination, President Lyndon B. Johnson wrote an executive order that created the Warren Commission. It was led by Chief Justice Earl Warren to investigate the assassination. Mrs. Kennedy did not care about the investigation. She said that even if they had the right suspect, it would not bring her husband back. She spoke to the commission about the events of her husband's assassination.
After the assassination, Jacqueline Kennedy and her two children left from public life and activities.
Life after the assassination (1963 – 1975)
Mourning period and later activities
On November 29, 1963, a week after her husband's assassination, Theodore H. White of Life magazine interviewed Kennedy at her home in Hyannis Port. During the interview, she compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur's Camelot. She said "Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief, shining moment that was known as Camelot. There'll be great presidents again, but there will never be another Camelot". Her husband was nicknamed "Camelot" and his presidency the "Camelot Era" because of this.
Jacqueline Kennedy and her two children stayed in the White House for two more weeks after the assassination. President Lyndon B. Johnson wanted to "do something nice for her. He wanted to make her Ambassador to France, Mexico or the United Kingdom. Kennedy said no to any ambassador roles. Johnson renamed the Florida space center the John F. Kennedy Space Center a week after the assassination. Kennedy later thanked Johnson for his kindness to her.
Jacqueline made few public appearances after her husband's death. Some believed she was suffering from severe ptsd. In the winter after the assassination, she and the children stayed at Averell Harriman's home in Georgetown. On January 14, 1964, she spoke on television thanking the public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had gotten since the assassination. She bought a house for herself and her children in Georgetown, but sold it later in 1964. She bought a 15th-floor penthouse apartment for $250,000 at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan to have more privacy.
Jacqueline said she would later attend a few memorial ceremonies dedicated to her husband. In 1967, she went to the opening ceremony of the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier . She also went to a private ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery when her husband's coffin was moved to build a safer eternal flame. She also was in charge of the creation of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
During the Vietnam War in November 1967, Life magazine called Kennedy "America's unofficial ambassador". This was because of her trip with David Ormsby-Gore to Cambodia. Many historians saw that her visit was to fix the relationship between the two countries. She also went to the funeral of Martin Luther King Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia, in April 1968.
Relationship with Robert F. Kennedy
After her husband's assassination, Kennedy and her children became closer with her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy. Kennedy supported him staying in politics. She supported his 1964 campaign for United States senator from New York.
When President Johnson became unpopular, many wanted Senator Kennedy to run for president in 1968. When Art Buchwald asked him if he wanted to run, Robert replied, "That depends on what Jackie wants me to do". She met with him around this time and she told him to run. However, she was worried about his safety.
On June 5, 1968, Sirhan Sirhan shot Senator Kennedy in Los Angeles. Kennedy Onassis went to the hospital to be with Senator Kennedy's wife, Ethel Kennedy, her brother-in-law Ted Kennedy, and the other Kennedy family members. Robert Kennedy died the next day, aged 42.
Marriage to Aristotle Onassis
After Robert Kennedy's death in 1968, Kennedy had depression again. She became worried about her life and of her two children. She said "If they're killing Kennedy's, then my children are targets, I want to get out of this country".
On October 20, 1968, Jacqueline married her long-time friend Aristotle Onassis. He was a rich Greek businessman who was able to give the privacy and security she wanted. They were married on Skorpios, Onassis's private Greek island in the Ionian Sea. After marrying Onassis, she took the legal name Jacqueline Onassis. She lost her right to Secret Service protection when she married Onassis. Many believed that Onassis might have been excommunicated by the Roman Catholic church. This was because she married a divorced man. Many did not approve her getting remarried and made her unpopular.
During their marriage, both Jacqueline and Aristotle had six different homes and his yacht Christina O.
Aristotle Onassis's health became worse after the death of his son Alexander in 1973. He died in 1975. After two years of legal problems, Jacqueline Onassis got $26 million from her step-daughter Christina Onassis.
Later years, 1975–1990's
Jacqueline Onassis returned to the United States after her second husband died. She lived in Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port. In 1975, she became an editor at Viking Press. She worked there for two years.
Jacqueline Onassis went to the 1976 Democratic National Convention. This was her first political event in almost ten years. She quit Viking Press in 1977. This was after Viking had published Jeffrey Archer's novel Shall We Tell the President?. The story happens in a fictional future presidency of her brother in-law, Ted Kennedy. The book was about a plan to assassinate him. Two years later, she went to Boston to support Ted Kennedy's 1980 presidential campaign.
After she left Viking Press, Onassis worked for Doubleday. She was an associate editor. Some of the books she edited for the company were Larry Gonick's The Cartoon History of the Universe, the English translation of Naghib Mahfuz's Cairo Trilogy, and autobiographies of ballerina Gelsey Kirkland, singer-songwriter Carly Simon, and fashion icon Diana Vreeland.
In the 1970's, she supported a campaign to save Grand Central Terminal from demolition and repair it. A plaque inside the terminal talks about her role in its preservation. In the 1980's, she supported protests against a planned skyscraper at Columbus Circle that would have created a large shadows on Central Park. She also supported saving Olana, the home of Frederic Edwin Church in New York.
Jacqueline Onassis had a lot of press attention. Paparazzi photographer Ron Galella followed her around and took pictures of her without her permission. From 1980 until her death in May 1994, Onassis had a close relationship with businessman Maurice Tempelsman.
In the early 1990's, Jacqueline Onassis supported Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton for president. She donated money to his presidential campaign. After the 1992 presidential election, she met with First Lady Hillary Clinton. They talked about raising a child in the White House. Mrs. Clinton later said that Jacqueline Onassis was an inspiration for her.
Illness and Death
In November 1993, Jacqueline Onassis was thrown from her horse while she was fox hunting in Middleburg, Virginia. She was taken to the hospital. Doctors found a swollen lymph node in her groin. They thought it was an infection at first. The fall made her health worse over the next six months. In December, Onassis had new symptoms such as stomach pain and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. She had non-Hodgkin lymphoma. She began chemotherapy in January 1994. By March, the cancer had spread to her spinal cord and brain. By May, it had spread to her liver. Her condition was terminal.
Jacqueline made her last trip back home from New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center on May 18, 1994. The next day on May 19, she died in her sleep at her Manhattan apartment, aged 64. Her two children were by her side. Her son John F. Kennedy, Jr. announced her death the next day. He said that she died with her family around her.
On May 23, 1994, her funeral was held and was very private. She was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, next to her husband President Kennedy, their son Patrick, and their stillborn daughter Arabella. President Bill Clinton spoke at her graveside service. At the time of her death, her children Caroline Kennedy and John F. Kennedy Jr., her three grandchildren, Rose, Tatiana and John Schlossberg, and sister Lee Radziwill were her living relatives. Her estate was worth $43.7 million.
Honors
The Municipal Art Society of New York has an award named after her in 1994, the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal. It is given to a person whose work has helped New York City greatly. The White House's East Garden was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden in her honor shortly after her husband died. A high school named Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers, was opened in 1995. The main reservoir in Central Park was renamed in her honor.
Legacy
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis is seen as one of the most popular first lady. She was named 27 times on the annual Gallup list of the top 10 most admired people of the second half of the 20th century. This was higher than that of any President of the United States listed. In 2011, she was named fifth place in a list of the five most influential First Ladies of the twentieth century. In 2014, she came in third place in a Siena College Institute survey as the best first lady. She was behind Eleanor Roosevelt and Abigail Adams in the survey.
In 2020, Time magazine included her name on its list of 100 Women of the Year. She was named Woman of the Year 1962 for her White House restoration works.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis is seen as an important first lady in United States history. Many historians feel that First Ladies since Kennedy Onassis have either been compared to or against her. Since the late 2000s, her name has been used by political commentators when talking about the fashion style of political wives.
Many of her well known clothes are preserved at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Pieces from the collection were shown at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City in 2001.
In 2012, Time magazine included Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on its All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons list. In 2016, Forbes included her on the list 10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous.
In 2016, actress Natalie Portman played and portrayed the first lady in a movie called Jackie about her as first lady and her life after her husband's assassination. For her role, Natalie Portman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress.
More reading
References
Other websites
Life of Jacqueline B. Kennedy at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy at the White House
Jacqueline Kennedy at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image
Jackie Kennedy at the National First Ladies' Library
The Last Will and Testament of Jacqueline K. Onassis
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
First Ladies of the United States
John F. Kennedy
Kennedy family
Writers from New York City
1929 births
1994 deaths
Writers from Rhode Island
People from Newport, Rhode Island
American socialites
American editors
American photographers
American photojournalists
American autobiographers
Writers from Virginia
Journalists from New York City
Democrats (United States)
American Roman Catholics
American environmentalists
American philanthropists |
31221 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean%20orangutan | Bornean orangutan | The Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) is a species of orangutan native to the island of Borneo.
References
Hominids |
31224 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile | Missile | In general, missile may refer to anything thrown or launched object at a target like a javelin or darts. Nowadays, it means, mostly, a self-propelled guided weapon system. Missiles are used in war to destroy military targets. Missiles can carry explosives or other destructive loads. The loads a missile may carry are called a "payload". This payload is not always harmful to people. For example, cruise missiles have carried "graphite bombs" to destroy electrical power systems without much collateral damage.
Types of missiles
The two main kinds of missiles are simple "rockets" and "guided missiles". A rocket is no longer controlled once it has been launched. Most guided missile are also propelled by a rocket engine but can be controlled after it has been launched. Some missiles used in anti-aircraft warfare, such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder, guide themselves with temperature. Others guide themselves by radar or are under radio control.
The V-1 flying bomb was an early cruise missile, a little airplane with a bomb, propelled by a jet engine instead of a rocket.
Related pages
Intercontinental ballistic missile
Scramjet
V-2 rocket
References
Military
Ballistics
Rockets |
31242 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford | Salford | Salford is a city in England. It was made a free borough by Ranulf, Earl of Chester in about 1230. and was granted city status in 1926. Salford is unusual because it borders the city of Manchester at its center, rather than its outskirts. The two cities are divided by the River Irwell.
Salford shares the industrial history of its neighbour Manchester. It hosts several museums and art centres, chiefly: The Lowry and the Imperial War Museum, both on Salford Quays.
Cities in North West England
Settlements in Greater Manchester |
31244 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290s | 1290s |
Events
Mongol invasion of Russia, Hungary, and Poland |
31245 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Nightmare%20Before%20Christmas | The Nightmare Before Christmas | The Nightmare Before Christmas is a 1993 movie directed by Henry Selick and produced/co-written by Tim Burton. It is a 31st movie. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, a skeleton from "Halloween Town" who opens a portal to "Christmas Town".This new town makes Jack realize he wants to do something different than Halloween every year. Jack tries Christmas out but soon realizes that Christmas may not be for him. Danny Elfman wrote the music to the movie and provided the singing voice of Jack, as well as other characters. Other voices in the movie include Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page and Glen Shadix.
Cast
Chris Sarandon as Jack Skellington
Danny Elfman as Jack Skellington (singing voice) / Barrel / Clown with the Tearaway Face
Catherine O'Hara as Sally / Shock
William Hickey as Doctor Finkelstein
Glenn Shadix as Mayor of Halloweentown
Paul Reubens as Lock
Ken Page as Oogie Boogie
Ed Ivory as Santa Claus
References
Other websites
The Nightmare Before Christmas at The Tim Burton Collective
1993 movies
2000s 3D movies
American family movies
Disney animated movies
American musical movies
Christmas movies
Movies composed by Danny Elfman
The Nightmare Before Christmas
3D re-releases |
31256 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumple%20zone | Crumple zone | Crumple zones in a car help to reduce the impact of force on the people in the car when the car crashes into a solid object or another vehicle. The car is designed to crumple in a way so it absorbs energy to decelerate for longer and so reduce the force and severity of the crash on the people in the car.
Engineering |
31269 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet%20Lane | Harriet Lane | Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston (May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903), niece of lifelong bachelor United States President James Buchanan, acted as First Lady of the United States from 1857 to 1861. She was one of the few women to hold the position of First Lady while not being married to the President.
Early life
Her parents were Elliot Tole Lane and Jane Buchanan Lane. When she was 9 years old, her mother died. Two years later, her father also died. She became an orphan. She requested that her uncle, James Buchanan, be made her guardian. Thus, Buchanan became her guardian. He arranged for her education. She received a very good education.
Personal life
In 1854 she went to London to live with her uncle, James Buchanan. There she attracted the attention of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. She gave her the title of “dear Miss Lane”.
First Lady
In 1857, her uncle became the President of the United States. She became the First Lady. She was a popular First Lady, and was very active. Women of that time even copied her hair style and style of dressing. People describe her as the first of the modern first lady.
After First Lady
After her uncle retired, they went to live in his big home at, Wheatland near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. From her young age, she had met many persons.
Within next 18 years, she saw many deaths: her uncle, her husband, and her two young sons.
After this, she moved to Washington to live. She gifted a large collection of her art works to the government. An official of the Smithsonian Institute once described her as the First Lady of the National Collection of Fine Arts. She also donated a large amount to build a facility for invalid children at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore.
Marriage
She married when she was 36. Her husband was Henry Elliot Johnston. Her husband was a banker from Baltimore.
Death
After her death, she was buried at Baltimore, Maryland.
James Buchanan
First Ladies of the United States
1830 births
1903 deaths |
31270 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afelia | Afelia | Afelia is a Greek food. It is popular in the island nation of Cyprus. Afelia is made from pork, red wine, mushrooms, potatoes and coriander seed.
Other websites
How to cook afelia – The Worldwide Gourmet
Greek food |
31271 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Ireland | President of Ireland | The President of Ireland (Irish: Uachtarán na hÉireann ) is the head of state of Ireland. It is mostly ceremonial and elections are held every seven years, a person can be elected for up to two terms. The current President of Ireland is Michael D. Higgins.
Duties
Appoints the government: The President formally appoints the Taoiseach (head of government) and other ministers, and accepts their resignations.
Signs bills into law: The President cannot veto a bill that the Dáil and the Seanad have adopted.
Power of pardon: The President, on the advice of the Government, has "the right of pardon and the power to commute or remit punishment".
The President is ex officio President of the Irish Red Cross Society.
The President appoints, on the advice of the Government, the Senior Professors and chairman of the council of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies;
List of presidents of Ireland
The functions of the President were exercised by the Presidential Commission from the coming into force of the Constitution on 29 December 1937 until the election of Douglas Hyde in 1938, and during the vacancies of 1974, 1976, and 1997.
Notes
References
Other websites
Politics of Ireland
Lists of national presidents
Government of the Republic of Ireland |
31272 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy | Normandy | Normandy () is a region in the northern part of France. People from Normandy are called Normans. The name Normandy comes from the conquest and subsequent settlement of the area by the "Northmen" () also called Vikings. The group of people that settled at Rouen and became the Normans was led by Rollo. It is also famous for being the location of the Allied invasion of France during World War II (See D-Day). The Battle of Normandy was the beginning of the Allied invasion and liberation of Europe from Nazi Germany.
History
Archaeological evidence, such as cave paintings, show that people lived in Normandy in prehistoric times. The Gouy and Orival cave paintings also show people lived in Seine-Maritime. Many megaliths can be found in Normandy, most of them built in the same way.
Groups of Belgae and Celts, known as Gauls, invaded Normandy in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. Much of our knowledge about this group comes from Julius Caesar’s book de Bello Gallico. Caesar wrote about many groups among the Belgae who lived different areas in agrarian towns surrounded by walls. In 57 BC the Gauls worked together and tried to fight Caesar’s army. They were led by Vercingetorix. The Normans lost an important fight at Alesia. They did not stop fighting until 51 BC, when Caesar finished his conquest of Gaul. Normandy was part of Armorica when it was ruled by Romans.
The duchy of Normandy began in the year 911. Charles the Simple, King of France gave land near Rouen and the lower Seine to Rollo, leader of a band of Vikings. This treaty is often called St. Clair-sur-Epte. More land was given in 924 and 933.
The Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, invaded England in 1066 after King Edward the Confessor died. William the Conqueror thought he should be King of England. But King Harold II had crowned himself king. King Harold's Saxon army and William's Norman army fought at the Battle of Hastings on October 14 1066. King Harold was killed in the battle. On December 25 1066 William was crowned King of England as 'William I'.
The historic duchy is made of two regions of France: Upper Normandy and Lower Normandy. The Channel Islands are part of the duchy of Normandy. But they are not part of France. The whole duchy was not part of France for a long time. In 1205 Philip II of France took away all the French land from King John of England. After, Normandy was a region in France.
Invasion of Normandy WW II
During the Second World War (1939–1945) Normandy was part of the German occupied France. The town of Dieppe was the site of the unsuccessful Dieppe Raid by Canadian and British armed forces. The Allies (Britain, the United States, and Canada) launched the D-Day landings on 6 June 1944 under the code name 'Operation Overlord'. This invasion from the sea involved nearly 160,000 Allied soldiers in about 7,000 ships and landing craft. About 12,000 planes dropping paratroopers preceded the amphibious assault by several hours.
The Germans were defending their fortifications above the beaches. Caen, Cherbourg, Carentan, Falaise and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the Battle of Normandy. The German defenders fought aggressively but constantly pushed back by overwhelming force. The battle for Normandy continued until the closing of the Falaise pocket. The liberation of Le Havre followed. What followed was the breakout of Allied forces into France and finally Germany. This was a significant turning point in the war. It led to the restoration of the French government in France. The remainder of Normandy was liberated only on 9 May 1945 at the end of the war, when the German occupation of the Channel Islands effectively ended.
Geography
The historical duchy of Normandy occupied the lower Seine area, the Pays de Caux and the region to the west through the Pays d'Auge as far as the Cotentin Peninsula. The region is bordered along the northern coasts by the English Channel. There are granite cliffs in the west and limestone cliffs in the east. There are also long stretches of beach in the center of the region. The unique bocage hedges are typical of the western areas of Normandy. The highest point is the Signal d'Écouves at in the Massif armoricain. Normandy is lightly forested. Eure has the most wooded areas with about 20% being forest. The population of Normandy today is around 3.45 million.
Notes
References
2016 establishments in France |
31273 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Childress%20Polk | Sarah Childress Polk | Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 - August 14, 1891) was the wife of the US President James K. Polk. She was the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1849.
Early life and education
She was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She was the elder daughter of her parents, Captain Joel and Elizabeth Childress. As a child, she lived on a plantation near Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She got a good education and studied at Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
Marriage and family
On 1 January 1824, she married James K. Polk. At the time of her marriage, she was 20 years old. Polk was aged 28 years. At the time of this marriage, Polk had just begun his first year's service in the Tennessee legislature.
The Polk couple did not get any children of their own. They raised a nephew, Marshall Polk (1831-1884). After her husband’s death, Sarah Polk raised a niece, Sarah Polk Jetton (1847-1924).
First Lady tenure
She also helped privately her husband in preparing his speeches and in his correspondence. During her term as the First Lady, the functions at the White House were famous for their calmness and soberness. One of the reasons being her young age when she became the First Lady. She became the First Lady when she was only 41. The other reason that she was having a good health.
After being First Lady
Her husband died just after three months of her retirement as the President. At that time the couple was living at their new home named Polk Place in Nashville. After her husband’s death she always dressed in black. She lived in that house for about 42 years, the longest retirement and widowhood of any former US First Lady.
Living longer
Only three other First Ladies, namely, Anna Harrison, Edith Bolling Wilson, Lady Bird Johnson and Bess Truman had lived longer than Sarah Polk. Sarah Polk, as the First Lady of the United States, even outlived several of her successors. She lived longer than Margaret Taylor, Abigail Fillmore, Jane Pierce, Mary Todd Lincoln, Eliza McCardle Johnson and Lucy Webb Hayes.
Death
She died in Nashville, Tennessee just three weeks before her 88th birthday.
Legacy
As the First Lady, and even after her retirement as the First Lady, she earned a lot of respect from all section of the society.
First Ladies of the United States
James K. Polk
1803 births
1891 deaths |
31274 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Harrison | Anna Harrison | Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison (1775 - 1864) was the wife of President William Henry Harrison. President Benjamin Harrison was her grandson. She was the First Lady of the United States during her husband's one-month term in 1841. But she never entered the White House.
She was born near Morristown, New Jersey on July 25, 1775. Her father was a judge and his name was John Cleves Symmes. Her mother’s name was Anna Tuthill Symmes. Her mother died in 1776 when Anna was hardly one year old. During the American Revolution, Anna's father dressed like a British soldier and carried her on horseback passing through the British lines to her grandparents on Long Island. They cared for the child till the end of the war with the British.
At the age of thirteen, she went to North Bend, Ohio to live with her father and the stepmother. After few years, she met William Harrison, a young army officer. She married him on 25th November 1795. The couple had six sons and four daughters: Elizabeth Bassett "Betsy" (1796 - 1846), John Cleves Symmes (1798 - 1830), Lucy Singleton (1800 - 1826), William Henry, Jr. (1802 - 1838), John Scott (1804 - 1878), Benjamin (1806 - 1840), Mary Symmes (1809 - 1842), Carter Bassett (1811 - 1839), Anna Tuthill (1813 - 1845), and James Findlay (1814 - 1817).
After an eventful career in the US Army, her husband became the President of the United States in 1841. Due to her illness, she could not attend the inauguration ceremony and remained at their home in North Bend. After a month, on April 4, 1841, she was about to move to Washington when she learned of her husband's death. Thus, she never entered the White House, even though she was the First Lady.
After the death of her husband, she lived in North Bend with one of her sons, John Scott Harrison. She helped raise his children. One of the children was eight-year old Benjamin who became President of the United States. She died at the age of 88 on February 25, 1864 at home in North Bend, Ohio.
References
1775 births
1864 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
William Henry Harrison |
31275 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Yorke%20Jackson | Sarah Yorke Jackson | Sarah Yorke Jackson (July 1805? - August 23, 1887) was the daughter in law of US President Andrew Jackson and Rachel Donelson Jackson. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from November 26, 1834 to March 4, 1837.
Sarah Yorke was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her parents were very rich. The exact date of her birth is not known. But, it was in July 1805. Her father’s name was Peter Yorke. Her father had worked as a sea captain, and then became a merchant. Her mother’s name was Mary Haines York. Her father died in 1805. While going to New Orleans, her mother died in 1820. Sarah had two other sisters. Her two aunts raised all the three children.
On November 24 1831, Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr. He was the adopted son of president Andrew Jackson. The couple lived in the family plantation farm in Tennessee. There in 1834, a fire destroyed the main house. They came to Washington, and started living in the White House. By that time, they had become parents of two children.
The couple and their children reached the White House on November 26 1834. She immediately started to act as the First Lady. At the same time, the President’s niece Emily Donelson was also acting as the First Lady. This is the single example of two ladies acting as the First Lady in the history of the United States. In 1836, Emily died of tuberculosis. After that, Sarah continued to act as the First Lady.
President Jackson’s term as president expired in 1837. Until then Sarah remained in the White House, and continued to act as the First lady. By that time, a new house was constructed at Tennessee. The couple and the former president lived there for about eight years. In 1845, Andrew Jackson died. She continued to live there with her husband. When the American Civil War broke out, the couple moved to Mississippi. She died on August 23 1887.
First Ladies of the United States
People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1805 births
1877 deaths |
31288 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora | Carnivora | The order Carnivora is a group of mammals. The group is divided into the "cat-like" Feliformia and the "dog-like" Caniformia.
Animals of the order Carnivora are carnivores, a term which applies to all flesh-eaters. If one needs to refer to members of the order, then carnivorans is used. Many species of Carnivora are actually omnivores, and a few of them, like the giant panda, eat mostly plants.
The order includes aquatic relatives in the superfamily Pinnipedia, the walruses and seals.
Taxonomy
Order Carnivora
Suborder Feliformia ("cat-like")
Family Felidae: cats
Family Viverridae
Family Hyaenidae: hyenas
Family Eupleridae
Family Herpestidae: mongooses
Suborder Caniformia ("dog-like")
Family Canidae: dogs, foxes, wolves, jackals, and coyotes
Family Ursidae: bears
Family Ailuridae: red pandas
Family Mephitidae: skunks
Family Mustelidae: martins, badgers, and minks
Family Procyonidae: racoons
Superfamily Pinnipedia : walruses, and seals
Family Odobenidae
Family Otariidae
Family Phocidae
Carnivoramorpha
The Carnivores are linked with the Miacids and Viverravids in an unranked clade, the Carnivoramorpha:
†Miacoidea
†Viverravidae
†Miacidae (Miacis)
Carnivora
Caniformia
Feliformia
The carnivores known as †Creodonts have some relation to these groups, but are placed outside the Carnivoramorpha. The †Mesonychids are another extinct group of early carnivores, which are also not in the Carnivoramorpha. |
31294 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowl | Fowl | Fowls are birds belonging to one of two biological orders, namely the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). It happens that birds in these groups are good to eat, and often hunted by gun. So the word 'fowl' may be used for a game bird. The group is mostly of birds we hunt or farm, and which we eat. Studies of anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolutionary relatives. Together, they form the fowl clade, the Galloanserae. This clade is also supported by morphological and DNA sequence data, as well as retrotransposon data.
Galloanserae is the clade fowl the form they Together relatives ary evolution close are groups two these suggest similarities molecular biology Molecular and anatomical Anatomy of Studies eat we which and farm or hunt we birds of mostly is group The bird game a for used be may 'fowl' word the So gun by hunted often and eat to good are groups these in birds that happens. It Anseriformes waterfowl the and Galliformes landfowl or gamefowl the namely orders biological biology order two of one to belonging birds are fowl.
References
Birds
Basic English 850 words
Animals |
31295 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receipt | Receipt | A receipt is usually a piece of paper, but in some parts of the world they can also be hard tokens. The word comes from "receive", which means "to get".
Receipts are used to show or prove that someone has got or received something. It usually shows proof that something has been paid for. It might also be used to show that something was brought in to be fixed, for example, a bicycle.
Related pages
Invoice
Basic English 850 words
Genres
Business |
31309 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error | Error | An error is a mistake: that is its basic meaning. However, there are some differences in how the word is used in different subjects.
In arithmetic
Elementary errors in arithmetic show a wrong pattern of thought. For example, if a child misplaces the decimal point in some decimal arithmetic, that shows he or she has not understood the idea. By explaining how decimal points should be placed, a teacher can correct all future calculations of this kind. The error is a sign of a general misunderstanding, which, when cured, may never happen again. In this way, errors can help learning.
This idea can be developed in many other subjects. Errors can help learning if corrected, and that is used by many textbooks with end-of-chapter questions. The idea of the questions (which often have end of book answers) is to help the reader find out what needs correcting. The principle of learning is called knowledge of results.
In statistics
A statistical error is the amount by which a sample differs from its expected value. The expected value is based on the whole population from which the individual was chosen.
A tricky point is this:
The difference between a value in the sample and the (unobservable) population mean is a statistical error, whereas
The difference between a value in the sample and the observable sample mean is a residual.
Computer programming
The word 'error' can be used to describe a computer program that was not written in the right way. A syntax error is a bit of source code that does not make sense to the computer. A logic error is a mistake in the algorithm used, which might result in problems with the output.
An error may also be an exception, which is something that happens unexpectedly. For example, it is an error to try to write more files onto a disk that is full. Careful programmers write code that can deal with errors that may happen; they can do this by labeling each error with an error code and using exception handling. Continuing to run a program when an error has not been dealt with can cause error avalanche, which means errors pile up and behavior becomes more difficult to predict.
Catastrophes
In a catastrophe like a nuclear accident, even small errors in accuracy and precision can lead to very harmful consequences.
References
Basic English 850 words |
31310 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20of%20European%20Football%20Associations | Union of European Football Associations | The Union of European Football Associations mostly called the UEFA, is the organization that controls European football (soccer) (often referred to as association football). The UEFA is one of 6 continental confederations of the FIFA. It is also the biggest one. The President of the UEFA is Florentino Pérez, who also works as the president of Real Madrid.
Some members of the UEFA are partly or whole not part of the European continent (Israel, Turkey, Kazakhstan,Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus and Russia). There are members that do not represent sovereign states, such as the Faroe Islands, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
UEFA national teams have won 12 FIFA World Cups (Italy-4, Germany-4, France-2, England and Spain-one trophy each), and UEFA clubs have won 21 Intercontinental Cups and four FIFA Club World Cups. In women's, UEFA teams have won three FIFA Women's World Cups (Germany 2, Norway 1) and one Olympic gold medal (Norway).
Members of UEFA
Competitions
International competitions
The main international competition is the UEFA European Football Championship. This competition started in 1958, with the first finals in 1960. It is held every four years. The last was 2016 in France. The title was won by Portugal for their first time ever. There were also European competitions at the Under-21, Under-19 and Under-17 levels. For women there was the UEFA Women's Championship.
Club competitions
There are two main club competitions. The highest is the UEFA Champions League. It started in the 1992/93 season as follower of the UEFA Champion Cup. This competition was first held in 1956. The second is the UEFA Europa League. The league started in 1999 when the UEFA Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup merged. In women's football UEFA governs UEFA Women's Champions League for club teams. The competition was first held in 2009 (out of UEFA Women's Cup until 2009)
Winner of the UEFA Champions League
2017/18-Real Madrid
2016/17-Real Madrid
2015/16-Real Madrid
2014/15-FC Barcelona
2013/14-Real Madrid
2012/13-Bayern Munich
2011/12-Chelsea FC
2010/11-FC Barcelona
2009/10-Inter Milan
2008/09-FC Barcelona
2007/08-Manchester United
2006/07-AC Milan
2005/06-FC Barcelona
2004/05-Liverpool FC
2003/04-FC Porto
2002/03-AC Milan
2001/02-Real Madrid
2000/01-Bayern Munich
1999/00-Real Madrid
1998/99-Manchester United
1997/98-Real Madrid
1996/97-Borussia Dortmund
1995/96-Juventus
1994/95-Ajax Amsterdam
1993/94-AC Milan
1992/93-Olympic Marseille
Since 1992 no winner of the Champions League was able to defend the title the next season.
Winner of the UEFA Women's Champions League
2009/10-1. FFC Turbine Potsdam (Germany)
2010/11-Olympique Lyon (France)
Related pages
European Football Champions
UEFA Champions League
FIFA
UEFA Europa League
References
Other websites
UEFA homepage
1954 establishments in Europe |
31311 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian%20Football%20Confederation | Asian Football Confederation | The Asian Football Confederation often referred to as just AFC, is the organization that controls Asian football.
Regions
The AFC has 46 member associations split into four regions.
ASEAN Football Federation
Australia
Brunei
Cambodia
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Vietnam
East Asian Football Federation
China PR
Guam
Hong Kong
Japan
Korea DPR
Korea Republic
Macau
Mongolia
Chinese Taipei
Central and South Asian Football Federation
SAFF Members
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
CAFF Members
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
West Asian Football Federation
Iran
Iraq
Saudi Arabia
Bahrain
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Syria
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Related pages
AFC Asian Cup
AFC Champions League
Other websites
AFC homepage
Asian Football Confederation
1954 establishments in Asia
Sports organizations of Asia |
31313 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesia | Micronesia | Micronesia is an area in Oceania. Many islands in southwest Pacific Ocean are part of it. Micronesia means small islands in ancient Greek language.
Philippines is to the west of Micronesia. Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Melanesia are to the south of Micronesia. Polynesia is to the east of Micronesia.
List of islands and countries in Micronesia
Gilbert Islands (in Republic of Kiribati)
Republic of the Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia (It may be called just Micronesia)
Republic of Nauru
Republic of Palau
Mariana Islands
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (in United States)
Territory of Guam;
Territory of Wake Island.
bcl:Maykronisya |
31314 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20FIFA%20World%20Cup | 2002 FIFA World Cup | The 2002 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in South Korea and Japan from May 31 to June 30, 2002. 32 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after beating Germany in the final by a score of 2-0. 69,029 people were at the finals at International Stadium, Yokohama.
Participants
Africa
Senegal (SEN) • Squad
South Africa (RSA) • Squad
Tunisia (TUN) • Squad
Asia
China PR (CHN) • Squad
Japan (JPN) • Squad
South Korea (KOR) • Squad
Saudi Arabia (KSA) • Squad
Europe
Belgium (BEL) • Squad
Croatia (CRO) • Squad
Denmark (DEN) • Squad
England (ENG) • Squad
France (FRA) • Squad
Germany (GER) • Squad
Italy (ITA) • Squad
Poland (POL) • Squad
Portugal (POR) • Squad
Republic of Ireland (IRL) • Squad
Russia (RUS) • Squad
Slovenia (SVN) • Squad
Spain (ESP) • Squad
Sweden (SWE) • Squad
Turkey (TUR) • Squad
North and Central America
Costa Rica (CRC) • Squad
Mexico (MEX) • Squad
United States (USA) • Squad
South America
Argentina (ARG) • Squad
Brazil (BRA) • Squad
Ecuador (ECU) • Squad
Paraguay (PAR) • Squad
Uruguay (URU) • Squad
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Group G
Group H
Knockout stage
Third place play-off
Final
Goalscorers
3 goals
Miroslav Klose
2 goals
John Dahl Tomasson
1 goal
Papa Bouba Diop
Patrick M'Boma
Matt Holland
Darío Rodríguez
Michael Ballack
Carsten Jancker
Thomas Linke
Oliver Bierhoff
Bernd Schneider
Gabriel Batistuta
Roque Santa Cruz
Francisco Arce
Teboho Mokoena
Quinton Fortune
Sol Campbell
Niclas Alexandersson
Raúl
Juan Carlos Valerón
Fernando Hierro
Sebastjan Cimirotič
References
FIFA
|
FIFA World Cup tournaments
FIFA World Cup
2000s in Japan
21st century in South Korea
Football in Japan
Football in South Korea |
31315 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n%20Sudamericana%20de%20F%C3%BAtbol | Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol | CONMEBOL or CSF (CONfederación SudaMEricana de FútBOL in Spanish, CONfederação Sul-AMEricana de FuteBOL in Portuguese; South American Football Confederation) is the governing body of football in most of South America.
Three countries or territories on the South American mainland—the independent countries of Guyana and Suriname, plus the French overseas department of French Guiana—are not CONMEBOL members. Instead, for cultural and competitive reasons, they are members of CONCACAF, the governing body for the rest of the Americas.
Related pages
Copa América, the CONMEBOL championship for men's national teams
Copa Libertadores, the main CONMEBOL club championship
Copa Sudamericana, second major CONMEBOL club championship
Other websites
CONMEBOL homepage |
31316 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme | Monotreme | Monotremes are a group of mammals that form the order Monotremata. Monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs, but they also feed their babies with milk.
The word 'monotreme' refers to their common rear opening, the cloaca. In amphibia, reptiles, birds and probably all early tetrapods, there is a common opening for urine, reproduction and faeces.
Evolution
Monotremes are derived from earlier mammals than the marsupials and eutherians, but their fossil record is poor.
The time at which the monotreme line diverged from other mammalian lines is uncertain, but one survey of genetic studies gives an estimate of about 220 million years ago. This is in the Upper Triassic. Fossils of a jaw fragment 110 million years old were found at Lightning Ridge, New South Wales. This means they originated up to 100 million years before the Metatheria or Eutheria, so they are definitely 'living fossils'.
Mosaic features
The egg-laying and the cloaca are primitive ('basal') features inherited from earlier synapsid tetrapods.
But the monotremes also have other features such as the production of milk, caring for their young in burrows, homeothermy and a neocortex in their brains. These are advanced ('derived') features which they share with placentals and marsupials. This mixture of basal and derived features is characteristic of the way different body parts often evolve at different rates. This is called mosaic evolution.
In mammals, a monophyletic group, there were a number of different lines living at the same time through the Upper Triassic to the Upper Cretaceous. Each of these lines had a mixture of basal and derived features until, at last, the placental mammals developed the whole suite of derived characters. This gave them a great advantage over the other groups wherever open competition occurred. However, because of their long seclusion in southern continents, some of the monotremes and marsupials have survived.
Survivors
There are two surviving families of monotremes, with five living species. They all live in Australia and New Guinea. People commonly know them as the platypus and the spiny anteaters. There is only one platypus that exists now, the duck-billed platypus. The four others are the spiny anteaters, or the echidna.
Types of monotreme
Order Monotremata
Family Ornithorhynchidae
Genus Ornithorhynchus
Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus
Family Tachyglossidae: Echidnas
Genus Tachyglossus
Short-beaked Echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus
Genus Zaglossus: Long-beaked Echidnas
Western Long-beaked Echidna, Zaglossus bruijni
Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna, Zaglossus attenboroughi
Eastern Long-beaked Echidna, Zaglossus bartoni
References
Living fossils |
31319 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA%20Club%20World%20Cup | FIFA Club World Cup | The FIFA Club World Cup is a competition in the sport of Club football. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organizes the World Cup every one year. The tournament officially assigns the world title. It is normally contested between the Champions of each continent, and the champion of the host country. Real Madrid is the most successful team in the tournament, with 4 titles.
List of champions and statistics
See also: Clubs of football world champions
Pre Fifa Club World Cup Competition
Intercontinental Cup (1960-2004); in 2017 FIFA officially recognized all of them as official club world champions (de jure) with the same status to the FIFA Club World Cup winners or world champions FIFA. In synthesis FIFA has two types of world champions, those deriving from the Intercontinental Cup and those deriving from the Club World Cup, the two competitions confer the same title.
Related pages
Clubs of football world champions
References
Other websites
Fifa Club World Cup website
FIFA competitions |
31320 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatheria | Metatheria | Metatheria is a group in the class Mammalia which contains the marsupials and the sparassodonts.
First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is nearly synonymous with the earlier taxon Marsupialia, but it also contains the nearest fossil relatives of marsupial mammals. They differ from all other mammals in their dental formula, which includes about five upper and four lower incisors, a canine, three premolars, and four molars.
The earliest known representative, Sinodelphys, is from the Lower Cretaceous of China.
The closest relatives of the metatheres are the Eutheria (also erected by Huxley in 1880). Both are conventionally united as infraclasses within the subclass Theria, which contains all living mammals except monotremes.
During development, metatherians produce a yolk sac placenta and give birth to 'larval-like' offspring.
These offspring have underdeveloped rear limbs, and after birth they migrate to the marsupium where they attach to a nipple. The mouth of newly born metatherians forms an "O" shape into which the mother's nipple fits. Then it swells to secure the offspring into place.
The Greek words meta- and theria roughly means the "other beasts", in contrast with Eutheria ("true beasts").
Evolutionary history
Metatherians first appeared in the Cretaceous period. Some stem group metatherians persisted well into the Neogene period before becoming extinct. Crown group marsupials, the one branch of Metatheria that survives today, diversified close to the time of extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.
References |
31323 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatic%20cord | Spermatic cord | The spermatic cord (also known as Van Deferens or Sperm Duct) is a cord-like structure in the male reproductive system that runs from the abdomen down to each testicle. It carries sperms from the epididymis to the urethra.
Anatomy of the male reproductive system |
31326 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed%20martial%20arts | Mixed martial arts | Mixed martial arts (or MMA) is a hybrid martial arts form. It includes any mixture of combat disciplines or any blend of two or more styles of martial arts like boxing and kick boxing which are its integral fighting styles. MMA can also mean the sport of mixed martial arts fighting. Bellator, PFL, Rizin, ONE Championship, and UFC are companies that promote MMA sport fighting.
Rules
The people who organize a MMA fight can decide the rules for that fight.
There is no one group of people who decides the rules for all MMA fights,in the world. Some states regulate all professional fights including MMA fights and set some rules.
MMA fights once had few rules, but now have many rules to protect the fighters. Boxing (and other fighting sports) also have many rules, different from those in MMA.
Fighters can use any martial art, or combination of arts, they like in the fight. In these fights, fighters can fight standing with punches, kicks and other strikes, in a clinch where fighters are grabbing each other while standing, or on the ground.
Illegal strikes
An example of an illegal strike is the 12-6 elbow strike. It is illegal under the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts, where it is called "striking downwards using the point of the elbow". The ban was made for medical and safety reasons, due to it being likely there would be serious injuries to opponents if they are used.
Defeat
Each fighter will try to defeat the other either by submission, or knock out. Each fight can last only for a period of time, after the time ends, judges decide who is the winner. The referee in the fight will make sure no one gets hurt too badly and that rules are followed.
History of the Mixed Martial Arts
Origin
The pankration was an old style of unarmed combat. The ancient Greeks introduced this sport into the Olympic Games in the 648 BC. Some public fights took place at the end of the 19th century. They represented different styles of fighting, including jujutsu, wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling and others in competitions and challenges across Europe. After World War I, wrestling was born again in two main flows. The first flow was real competition; the second flow began to depend more on the choreography and on the grand public shows that resulted in professional wrestling.
Types of martial arts
Modern mixed martial arts (MMA) has its roots in two kinds of competition: the Vale Tudo (Brazil) and Japanese Shootfighting.
Vale Tudo
Vale Tudo began circa 1930, when Carlson Gracie invited every competitor to compete in a fight. That was the so-called "Gracie's Challenge". Later, Hélio Gracie and the Gracie family continued this. Vale Tudo translates to "Anything Goes", as it had almost no rules.
Japanese Shootfighting
In Japan, about 1970, Antonio Inoki organized a series of mixed martial arts fights. They were the forces that produced the Shootwrestling, and they later caused the developing of the first organization of mixed martial arts, known as Shooto. Mixed martial arts obtained great popularity in the United States in 1993, when Rorion Gracie helped create the first UFC event, one of the earliest MMA events in the USA . In 1997, in Japan, the interest for this sport resulted in the creation of the greater organization of mixed martial arts - Pride Fighting Championship.
Where they were practiced
The Gracie family caused the tournaments, as the UFC, to be well known. It should be noticed that the UFC is the most famous tournament, but the persons who practises Brazilian jiujitsu normally do not use blows. Undoubtedly, the Gracie family played an important role in the creation of open competitions of Vale Tudo and in causing them to be well known through the television. Nevertheless, before anyone created the UFC or Shooto, where the persons who represent every method of self-defense can fight, there had already existed such mixed martial arts.
Gradual development of the competitors
About the year 1990, three styles were famous for their effectiveness in the competitions of the mixed martial arts: the wrestling, the Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and the shootwrestling. This can be because of their attention given to the combat by means of holds. Before the year 1990, the promoters organized a lacking amount of the competitions of the mixed martial arts, and some martial arts base on blows. Therefore, probably, most instructors of these arts had given too little attention to the holds.
References
Other websites
World free fighting organization
World amateur sport Kickboxing Organization (W.A.S.K.O. ) - & kickboxing
North America
The United States
Ultimate Fighting Championship
King Of The Cage
International Fighting League
Canada
MMA CANADA
South America
Brazil
Meca FC
Storm Samurai
Jungle Fight
International Vale Tudo Championship
Europe
United Kingdom
Cage Rage
Cage Warriors
Denmark & Sweden
European Vale Tudo (Denmark, Sweden)
Spain
KO Arena
Poland
Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki (The Martial Arts Confrontation)
Asia
Japan
Pride Fighting Championship
Pancrase
Shooto
K-1 Hero's |
31329 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urarina | Urarina | Urarina are Indigenous Peoples who live in the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest
External link
Book about the Urarina people from the University Press of Florida.
Peruvian people |
31331 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergipe | Sergipe | Sergipe is the smallest state in Brazil. Aracaju is the capital and largest city. Sergipe borders two other states, Bahia and Alagoas.
Geography
Sergipe's land is mostly caatinga. A strip of rainforest runs down the Atlantic coast. There are also swamps near the coast.
Economy
Sergipe's main crop is sugarcane. Cassava is also grown. There is a small petoleum industry.
History
The first people to live in Sergipe were from the Tupi Tribe. The name "Sergipe" is the Tupi word for crab.
The Portugal took over the area, and made a settlement at São Cristóvão. Later, French pirates invaded Sergipe, but they left soon after.
Now, Sergipe is part of free Brazil.
References
States of Brazil |
31339 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan%20War | Soviet–Afghan War | The Soviet war in Afghanistan was a war initially fought between the forces of the Afghanistan government and Afghan assistance fighters, supporter from abroad. Without proper equipment and training, the Afghanistan government was unable to resist the opposition, called the Mujahideen, eventually seeking the aid of the Soviet Union. The entry of the Soviet Union into the country caused an immediate increase in the presence of foreign involvement. Massive military campaigns against the Mujahideen, who blended in with the local population, caused extensive destruction of local infrastructure and death, causing the local population to side with the Mujahideen. This change, among the local population, caused a loss of support for the Soviet military presence, creating nationwide resistance, and eventually a conflict. The war began in December 1979, and lasted until February 1989. About 15,000 Soviet soldiers were killed, and about 35,000 were wounded. About two million Afghan civilians were killed. The anti-government forces had support from many countries, mainly the United States and Pakistan.
The war started when the Soviet Union sent its 40th Army to fight in Afghanistan. They reached Afghanistan on 25 December 1979. The fighting continued for about ten years. Then, from 15 May 1988, the Soviet troops started to leave Afghanistan. This continued until 2 February 1989. On 15 February 1989, the Soviet Union announced that all its troops had left Afghanistan.
Background
Arabs moved into what is currently Afghanistan in 731, and they were Muslim. Almost all the people of Afghanistan also started to follow Islam after that. The country has many mountains and deserts that make movement difficult. The population is made up mainly of Pashtun people, along with Tajiks, Hazara, Aimak, Uzbeks, Turkmen people, and some other small groups.
History
The Soviet deployment
Hafizullah Amin
In 1979, Hafizullah Amin was the ruler of Afghanistan. The Soviets were told by its KGB spies that Amin's rule was a threat to the part of Central Asia that was Soviet. They also suspected that Amin was not loyal to the Soviet Union. They found some information about Amin's attempt to be friendlier with Pakistan and China. The Soviets also suspected that Amin was behind the death of president Nur Muhammad Taraki. Finally, the Soviets decided to remove Amin.
Assassination of Amin
On 22 December 1979, Soviet advisers to the Army of Afghanistan took many steps. They stopped all telecommunication links in Kabul. No message could come inside the city, or go outside the city. Troops of the Soviet Air force also reached Kabul. Amin saw danger and moved to the Presidential palace for better safety. The palace was named Tajbeg Palace.
On 27 December 1979, about 700 Soviet troops took over major government and military buildings at Kabul. The troops wore uniforms similar to the army of Afghanistan. At 7:00 pm, the Soviet troops destroyed Kabul's communication. This stopped all communication among Afghan troops. At 7:15 pm, Soviet troops entered Tajbeg Palace. By morning of 28 December, the first part of the military action was over. Amin and his two sons were killed in the fighting by this time. The Soviets announced freedom of Afghanistan from the rule of President Amin. They also said that all the Soviet soldiers were there to fulfill their duty as stated in the "Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Good Neighborliness of 1978."
Rise of Babrak Karmal
An announcement came from the Kabul radio station about the killing of Hafizullah Amin. The Pro-Soviet Afghan Revolutionary Central Committee (ARCC) took the responsibility for this killing. Then, the ARCC chose Babrak Karmal as the head of government of Afghanistan. He asked the Soviet Union for military assistance.
Moscow's decision for the Occupation
The government of Afghanistan asked the Soviet Union many times to send troops. Despite the Soviet Union's treaty with Afghanistan to assist, and fearing a Vietnam-style quagmire, the Soviet Union resisted, instead telling the Afghanistan government to reach a compromise with the foreign mercenaries. The situation deteriorated between the Afghanistan government and foreign mercenaries, and the Soviet Union responded initially with only intelligence and advisors.
The occupation
Soviet operations
The Soviet soldiers did many things in Afghanistan, but they could never control the whole country. Soviet soldiers in Afghanistan lacked the proper military tactics for guerrilla warfare in Afghanistan's rugged mountainous terrain and many of the Soviet troops were young conscripts untested in combat. Several Afghan groups continued to attack and fight with the Soviet troops.
World reaction
People in most countries around the world did not like what the Soviet Union was doing in Afghanistan. They liked the way the Afghan people were fighting them. Some reactions were very serious. US President Jimmy Carter said that the Soviet action was "the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War". Carter threatened to boycott the 1980 Olympic Games in Russia unless the Soviet Union withdrew its forces by February 1980. It did not do this, and therefore the U.S. boycotted the Games.
Afghan reaction
By the mid-1980s, many groups in Afghanistan had organized themselves to fight the Soviet troops. These groups received help from many countries like United States, United Kingdom, China, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan.
Pakistan’s participation
Pakistan thought that the Soviet war in Afghanistan was also a threat to them. Through its intelligence agency, the ISI, it also started bringing active support to Afghans fighting the Soviet troops.
Soviet withdrawal
The Soviet war in Afghanistan seemed like a war that would never end. The Soviet Union looked very bad in the eyes of the world for trying to control this country. Most people inside the Soviet Union did not support this war. As more and more Soviet soldiers were being killed or wounded as the war dragged on, Mikhail Gorbachev would refer to the Soviet war in Afghanistan as a "bleeding wound". Finally, on 15 February 1989, after ten years of fighting with no end in sight, the Soviets decided to get out of Afghanistan.
After the war
Soviet Union
The Soviet war in Afghanistan badly affected the rule of the Communist Party. Many thought that the war was against Islam. This created strong feelings among the Muslim population of Central Asian Soviet Republics. The Soviet army was really in very low spirits or "morale" because they were unable to control the people and were treated only as invaders everywhere they went. Andrei Sakharov openly said the action of Soviet Army in Afghanistan was wrong.
Over 15,000 Soviet troops were killed in Afghanistan from 1979 until 1989. In the war, the Soviet Army also lost hundreds of aircraft, and billions worth of other military machines. Around two million Afghan men, women and children died in the war.
Afghanistan
Even after the Soviet Army left Afghanistan, civil war continued in Afghanistan. For about three years, the Communist government of Najibullah could not defend itself from the Mujahideen forces opposing it. Many groups had arisen within the government itself, and some of them supported the Mujahideen forces. In March 1992, General Abdul Rashid Dostam and his Uzbek militia stopped supporting the Najibullah’s government. Soon, Mujahideen forces won Kabul and started to rule most parts of Afghanistan.
During this war lasting for about ten years, Afghanistan's economy suffered badly. Grain production came down to 3.5% per year between 1978 and 1990. The Soviets also tried to bring commercial and industrial activities under state control. This also had a bad effect on the economy. With the break-up of the Soviet Union in many countries, Afghanistan’s traditional trade also suffered.
Western World
At the beginning, many people and countries had praised the USA for supporting groups fighting the Soviet forces. But after the September 11 attacks, people started to question the US policy of supporting and giving money to such groups. In 2001, the US occupied Afghanistan, in an effort to find Osama bin Laden. In 2021, the last forces from NATO countries, left Afghanistan.
References
1970s in Asia
1980s in Asia
20th century rebellions
History of Afghanistan
Rebellions in Asia
Wars involving the Soviet Union
1970s conflicts
1980s conflicts |
31346 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily%20Donelson | Emily Donelson | Emily Tennessee Donelson (June 1, 1807 - December 19, 1836) was the niece of President of the United States Andrew Jackson. She acted as an unofficial First Lady of the United States from 1829 to 1836.
Emily Tennessee Donelson was born in Donelson, Tennessee. Her father’s name was John Donelson. He was the brother of Rachel Donelson Jackson. Rachel Donelson Jackson later on married Andrew Jackson, the President. She studied at Nashville Female Academy in Nashville, Tennessee. She was a bright student and she got a very good education. At the age of seventeen, she married Andrew Jackson Donelson, called in short as A. J. Donelson.
With her husband, she came to the White House in 1829. At that time, she was just 21 years old. Her husband A. J. Donelson served as a secretary to the President Jackson. Her first months at the White House marked the mourning for the death of Rachel Donelson Jackson. The period of mourning ended when Emily gave a party at the White House on 1 January 1830.
She continued to act as the First Lady for few years. She left the White House for some time. But, she returned again on the 5th September 1831. On 26 November 1834 Sarah Yorke Jackson, the President's daughter in law arrived at the White House. She also started to act as the First lady. It was the only time in the history of USA that two women acted at the same time as the First Lady.
In 1836, Emily’s health became very weak. She was suffering from tuberculosis. In June 1836 she left the White House to recover and rest Tulip Grove, her plantation. She could not recover and died on the 19 December 1836.
1807 births
1836 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Andrew Jackson |
31348 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia%20Christian%20Tyler | Letitia Christian Tyler | Letitia Christian Tyler (November 12, 1790 - September 10, 1842) was the first wife of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1841 until her death in 1842.
Life
Letitia Christian Tyler was born at her family’s plantation in Virginia. She could not get any formal education. But she learned to manage the plantation and raise a family.
She married John Tyler on 29 March 1813. The day was the twenty-third birthday of John Tyler. The couple had eight children. Out of the eight, one died very young.
After 1839, she fell ill. When John Tyler became president, Letitia Tyler was very sick. She was confined to her invalid’s chair. She lived in a second-floor room of the White House. She could not take part in social activities, but she looked after other affairs of the household.
She died on 10 September 1842. She was the first President's wife to die in the White House. Her picture also appears on a postage stamp issued by the Isle of Man Post Office in her honor. After her death, Priscilla Cooper Tyler became the First Lady.
1790 births
1842 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Second Ladies of the United States
People from Hampton Roads, Virginia
John Tyler |
31349 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Gardiner%20Tyler | Julia Gardiner Tyler | Julia Gardiner Tyler (July 23, 1820 - July 10, 1889) was the second wife of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from June 26, 1844 to March 4, 1845.
Family
Her parents were Juliana McLachlan and David Gardiner. Her parents belonged to a famous and wealthy family of New York. From her childhood, Juliana got training to move in high society. When she was just a girl of 15, she went to tour Europe with her family. There she saw a social life of much glamour. In late 1842, she along with her parents went to Washington DC. In Washington DC, she attracted the attention of several men. One of them was President Tyler, a widower since September 10 1842.
Marriage
In 1843, Julia, her sister, and their father joined the President Tyler on a tour on a steam naval ship. During the tour a huge naval gun exploded, killing her father. The President Tyler comforted her. He also got her consent for a secret engagement. Marriage took place on 26th June 1844. When the news was announced, it attracted interest and publicity. Some people also criticized it as the President Tyler was 30 years older than Julia.
Role as the First Lady
Her role as the First Lady was very decent and charming for the guests. After her husband’s term ended as the president, they retired to their home at Sherwood Forest Plantation in Virginia. The President got seven more children from her. He was already having eight children with his first wife. There her husband died on 18th January 1862. In the meanwhile, the American Civil War had broken out. She had to move to New York as a refugee. She also faced monetary problems.
Last years
In 1870, the US Congress granted a pension of US $ 1,200 a year to Mary Lincoln, widow of Abraham Lincoln. In 1880, Julia could also get a pension of the same amount. After Garfield's assassination, the US Congress granted a pension of same amount of US $ 5,000 a year to all the widows of the presidents. They were Lucretia Garfield, Mrs. Lincoln, Sarah Childress Polk, and Mrs. Tyler.
Mrs. Tyler spent her last years comfortably in Richmond, Virginia. She died there on 10th July 1889.
1820 births
1889 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
John Tyler
Refugees |
31351 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsround | Newsround | Newsround is a television programme for children. It talks about the news and gives information about things that are happening at the moment. It is shown on the channels BBC One, CBBC channel and the BBC World News.
The past
Newsround used to be called John Craven's Newsround before the presenter called John Craven left in 1989. Newsround started on 4 April 1972 and is still going on today.
Other websites
The Newsround website
Children's television series
English-language television programs |
31355 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot | Lancelot | Sir Lancelot is a character in the legend of King Arthur. The legend says Sir Lancelot was a Knight of the Round Table. Lancelot was a Red Cross Knight, which meant that he was on a quest to find the Holy Grail.
In Arthurian legend, Lancelot was raised by the Lady of the Lake. For this reason, he was also called Lancelot Du Lac.
At one time, Lancelot was one of the most trusted knights of King Arthur's Round Table. This changed when Lancelot fell in love with the king's wife, Queen Guinevere. He later had an affair with Elaine of Configure. As a result, he and Guinevere parted ways.
Lancelot is the father of Sir Galahad. The legend is not clear about who was Galahad’s mother. It may have been Elaine of Configure. Sir Galahad eventually became the greatest knight in all of Camelot. Lancelot saw Galahad’s ascension.
Lancelot was the only knight known to have defeated King Arthur in a jousting match.
He first appeared as a main character in Chrétien de Troyes' Le Chevalier de la Charrette ("The Knight of the Cart"), written in the 12th century. A section called the Prose Lancelot includes stories about Lancelot’s adventures. Often, the stories contain conflicting background stories and chains of events.
is in Chrétien de Troyes' Le Chevalier de la Charrette ("The Knight of the Cart"), written in the 12th century, where his exploits are recounted in the section known as the Prose Lancelot, often with conflicting background stories and chains of events.
Related pages
Courtly love
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
Arthurian legend
Fictional knights |
31372 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn%20Islands | Pitcairn Islands | The Pitcairn Islands are a group of islands in the southern Pacific. People only live on the second-largest of the four islands. That island is named Pitcairn. It is governed by the United Kingdom. It has the smallest number of people of any country. In 2019, 50 people lived there.
The islands are best known as home of the descendants of the Bounty mutineers and the Tahitians (or Polynesians) who accompanied them, an event retold in numerous books and films. This history still shows in the surnames of many of the islanders. There are only four family names (as of 2010): Christian, Warren, Young and Brown.
History
Originally people from Polynesia lived on the Pitcairn Islands, but there was no one living on the islands when they were discovered (found) by Captain Philip Carteret of H.M.S. Swallow on 2 July 1767. The island was named after Robert Pitcairn, a 15 year old midshipman who was the first person on the Swallow to see it. Robert is believed to have been lost at sea in early 1770 when the ship he was on, HMS Aurora, went missing in the Indian Ocean.
Recent sex crimes
In 2004 charges were laid against seven men living on Pitcairn and six living abroad with sex-related offences dating back a number of years. On 25 October 2004, six men were convicted, including the island's mayor at the time. After the six men lost their final appeal, the British government set up a prison on the island at Bob's Valley. The men began serving their sentences in late 2006, as of 2010 all men have served their sentences or been granted home detention status (Pitcairn News, 2010).
In 2010 the island received a new and updated constitution.
The Islands
Related pages
Mutiny on the Bounty
References
The CIA Government factbook
Islands of Oceania
British overseas territories
Polynesia
Mutiny on the Bounty |
31376 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%20bear | Sun bear | The sun bear (Ursus malayanus or Helarctos malayanus) is a bear living in Southeast Asia.
Appearance
The sun bear is the smallest bear. It has short black fur, and a yellow spot on its chest. Its ears are small and round. It has big feet with naked soles and long claws, which help the sun bear climbing. It can climb very well. It cannot see very well, but its sense of smell is very good.
Life
Sun bears mostly live in tropic rainforests. They are mostly active at night, and they stay in trees a lot of the time.
It eats a lot of different things: fruit and other plants, eggs, honey and insects. They also eat small vertebrate animals, like reptiles, birds and mammals.
After a pregnancy of 96 days the female gives birth to 1-2 babies. Young sun bears become mature when they are 3-4 years old. sun bears can become up to 28 years old when in captivity (held by humans, e.g. in zoos).
Sun bears do not hibernate.
Other websites
Sun bear by BearPlanet
Ursidaes |
31379 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla%20Cooper%20Tyler | Priscilla Cooper Tyler | Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper Tyler (June 14, 1816 – December 29, 1889) was the daughter-in-law of John Tyler. John Tyler was the tenth President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from September 10, 1842 to June 26, 1844.
Birth
Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper was born in New York City. Her father’s name was Thomas Apthorpe Cooper. Cooper was a successful stage actor and producer. Priscilla Cooper’s mother was Mary Fairlee Cooper. At the age of 17 Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper started to work as an actress. Her father became very successful, and the family lived in a big house on Broadway theatre. But, in the Panic of 1837, the family suffered great losses. Sometimes, they only had radishes and strawberries to eat.
Marriage
She met her future husband Robert Tyler while performing in a play in Richmond, Virginia. They became closer and their marriage took place on 12th September 1839. John Tyler, his father in law, was a US Senator. She received a nice welcome at her husband’s home. Her father in law became the Vice President after 1840 presidential election. But, the President William Henry Harrison dies just after one month of becoming the President of the United States. After this, John Tyler became the President.
First Lady
Letitia Tyler, wife of the President John Tyler was a semi-invalid lady. Therefore, the President asked Priscilla to assist Letitia in her duties as the First Lady. Letitia died on 10th September 1842. After Letitia’s death, Priscilla became the First Lady. People of her time has described Priscilla as attractive and intelligent.
After First Lady
In 1844, Robert Tyler moved to Philadelphia along with his wife, Priscilla. Priscilla passed her duties to the President's daughter Letitia Tyler Semple.
Robert Tyler and Priscilla lived in Philadelphia for 16 years. Robert worked as a lawyer. In 1861, American Civil War broke out. They declared their loyalty to the Confederate States of America. They moved to Richmond. In Richmond, Robert worked as the register of the Confederate Treasury. After the American Civil War, Robert became the editor of the Mail and Advertiser newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama. He died in 1877. Priscilla remained in Montgomery after Robert's death. She died in Montgomery in 1889.
First Ladies of the United States
1816 births
1889 deaths
People from New York City |
31380 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza%20McCardle%20Johnson | Eliza McCardle Johnson | Eliza McCardle Johnson (October 4, 1810 – January 15, 1876) was the First Lady of the United States and the wife of Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the United States. She previously served as Second Lady in 1865.
Early life
She was born in Telford, Tennessee. She was the only child of John McCardle, a shoemaker, and Sarah Phillips-McCardle. Eliza lost her father when she was still a small child. She was raised by her widowed mother in Greeneville, Tennessee]. One day in September 1826, Eliza was chatting with classmates from Rhea Academy when she spotted Andrew Johnson and his family pull into town with all their belongings.
Marriage
Andrew Johnson, aged 18, married Eliza McCardle, aged 16, on May 17, 1827, at the home of the bride's mother in Greeneville. Mordecai Lincoln, a distant relative of Abraham Lincoln, presided over the nuptials.
Children
The Johnsons had three sons and two daughters, all born in Greeneville:
Martha Johnson (1828–1901)
Charles Johnson (1830–1863)
Mary Johnson (1832–1883)
Robert Johnson (1834–1869)
Andrew Johnson, Jr. (1852–1879)
First Lady
She supported her husband in his political career, but had tried to avoid public appearances. During the American Civil War, Confederate authorities ordered her to evacuate her home in Greeneville; she took refuge in Nashville, Tennessee.
A few months later after her husband became president, she joined him in the White House, but she was not able to serve as First Lady due to her poor health. She remained confined to a room on the second floor, leaving the social chores to her daughter (Martha Johnson Patterson). Mrs. Johnson appeared publicly as First Lady on only two occasions - at a reception for Queen Emma of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1866 and at the president's birthday party in 1867.
Death
After episodes of "consumption" (tuberculosis), Eliza died on January 15, 1876, at the of age 65 in Greeneville, Tennessee. She survived her husband by five and a half months.
Other websites
Eliza Johnson on Find-A-Grave
The White House Web Site
National First Ladies' Library
1810 births
1876 deaths
Andrew Johnson
Deaths from tuberculosis
First Ladies of the United States
Infectious disease deaths in Tennessee
Second Ladies of the United States
Tri-Cities, Tennessee |
31381 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20Cleveland | Rose Cleveland | Rose Elizabeth Cleveland (June 13, 1846 − November 22, 1918), was the acting First Lady of the United States from 1885 to 1886, during the first of her brother U.S. President Grover Cleveland's two administrations.
Early life
Rose Elizabeth Cleveland was born in Fayetteville, New York, on June 14, 1846. Known to her family as "Libby", Rose was the youngest of nine children born to Reverend Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland. In 1853 the family moved to Holland Patent, New York, where her father was settled as pastor of the Presbyterian church, and where he died that same year. Rose was 7 at the time of her father's death. She stayed in Holland Patent to care for her widowed mother. Grover Cleveland, Rose's elder brother, was 16 years old at the time.
White House years
When her elder brother, Grover Cleveland, won the election to the twenty-second presidency of the United States, Rose became First Lady and lived in the White House for two years, she stood by her brother as First Lady during his inauguration, and his two initial bachelor years in the White House.
During her early tenure as First Lady, Rose received front-page treatment from the New York Times about her appearance during her second reception at the White House. The Times reported that Miss Cleveland, Wore a dress of black satin, with entire overdress of Spanish lace. The satin bodice was cut low and sleeveless, and the transparent lace revealed the shoulders and arms. Rose Cleveland did not completely fit into Washington high society during her tenure as first lady. It is said that," Rose Cleveland was a bluestocking, more interested in pursuing scholarly endeavors than in entertaining cabinet wives and foreign dignitaries." Rose was an intellectual, and she preferred to lecture rather than entertain, but she made sure to perform her duties as First Lady as a favor to her brother.
Later on President Cleveland married Frances Cleveland. Rose resigned as the First Lady, and started her career in the field of education.
Death
She died on November 22, 1918 in Bagni di Lucca, Italy, from the Spanish flu. She is buried in Bagni di Lucca.
References
First Ladies of the United States
Deaths from influenza
1846 births
1918 deaths |
31384 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20Gutenberg | Project Gutenberg | Project Gutenberg (PG) is an online project that offers a digital archive of copyright-free e-books in the public domain. It was started in 1971 by Michael S. Hart. The purpose of the Project is to collect in and make available cultural work (like books) using computers. These are generally free and may be used on most computers. The project gets its name from Johannes Gutenberg, a German publisher who made the first European printing press in 1439.
As Project Gutenberg continued to grow, in 2000, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, Inc. was created. It is a non-profit organization with main office in Mississippi, United States.
Other websites
Official website
Books
Non-profit organizations of the United States
20th-century establishments in Mississippi
1971 establishments in the United States |
31389 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20Scott%20Fitzgerald | F. Scott Fitzgerald | Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 - December 21, 1940) was an Irish American writer. He is remembered mostly for his novel The Great Gatsby, and for being one of the main members of the Lost Generation.
Life
Fitzgerald was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He briefly went to the Nardin Academy– a private Roman Catholic school in Western New York. When his father lost his job, the Fitzgerald family returned to Minnesota. F. Scott Fitzgerald then went to the St. Paul Academy, but was thrown out of the school when he was aged 16 for not working hard enough. Fitzgerald went to another school in New Jersey and eventually went to Princeton University in 1913. While he was at Princeton, Fitzgerald wrote for a musical-comedy club at the University which led to him sending a novel off to a book publishing company, Charles Scribner’s Sons. The editor liked Fitzgerald’s writing, but did not publish the book. Fitzgerald left Princeton University to serve in the United States Navy in World War One, but the war ended shortly after he signed up.
Fitzgerald got engaged to Zelda Sayre in 1919. He moved into an apartment on Lexington Avenue in New York where he wrote short stories and worked in advertising. Zelda did not think that Fitzgerald’s job was good enough and she broke off their engagement. Fitzgerald went back to his parent’s home in St. Paul and worked on his first novel This Side of Paradise. This Side of Paradise was finally accepted by Charles Scriber’s Sons in late 1919 and Zelda and Fitzgerald got engaged again. This Side of Paradise was published in 1920 and was very popular. Scott and Zelda got married in St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York. On October 26, 1921, their daughter Frances Scott Fitzgerald was born.
Fitzgerald’s most famous book, The Great Gatsby, was first sold in 1925. Fitzgerald travelled a lot at this time – mainly to France, where he met a number of other Americans who had left the United States. It was around this time that Fitzgerald first met Ernest Hemingway. They became good friends, but Hemingway did not like Fitzgerald’s wife, Zelda. Hemingway said that Zelda was insane, made Fitzgerald drink alcohol and that she did not allow him to do his best work. It is generally accepted, however, that Zelda had a big influence on Fitzgerald’s writing.
Fitzgerald’s other novels did not sell as well as his first novel while he was alive. He and Zelda spent a lot of money on parties and Fitzgerald had to try and make money by writing short stories. In the late 1920s, Fitzgerald started working on a fourth novel, but problems arose when Zelda’s mental health got worse. The fourth novel, Tender is the Night, was not published until 1934. Some people say that the characters in the novel are very similar to Fitzgerald and Zelda themselves. Tender is the Night did not sell as well as This Side of Paradise in Fitzgerald’s lifetime, and a number of critics said it was poor. The book is now considered to be one of Fitzgerald’s better works, however.
Zelda’s mental health did not improve and she went to live in a mental hospital while her husband worked on more short stories and his fifth novel.
Fitzgerald’s health got worse; possibly due to the fact that he drank a lot of alcohol during his life. On December 21st 1940, he had a heart attack and died. The last words of The Great Gatsby are written on Fitzgerald’s gravestone. His fifth and last novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon, was released after he died.
Works
Novels
This Side of Paradise
The Beautiful and Damned
The Great Gatsby
Tender is the Night
The Love of the Last Tycoon
Short story collections
Flappers and Philosophers (Short Story Collection, 1920)
Tales of the Jazz Age (Short Story Collection, 1922)
All the Sad Young Men (Short Story Collection, 1926)
Taps at Reveille (Short Story Collection, 1935)
Babylon Revisited and Other Stories (Short Story Collection, 1960)
The Pat Hobby Stories (Short Story Collection, 1962)
The Basil and Josephine Stories (Short Story Collection, 1973)
The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald (Short Story Collection, 1989)
Short Stories
Bernice Bobs Her Hair (Short Story, 1920)
Head and Shoulders (Short Story, 1920)
The Ice Palace (Short Story, 1920)
May Day (Novelette, 1920)
The Offshore Pirate (Short Story, 1920)
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (Short Story, 1921)
The Diamond as Big as the Ritz (Novella, 1922)
Winter Dreams (Short Story, 1922)
Dice, Brassknuckles & Guitar (Short Story, 1923)
The Freshest Boy (Short Story, 1928)
Magnetism (Short Story 1928)
A New Leaf (Short Story, 1931)
Babylon Revisited (Short story, 1931)
Crazy Sunday (Short Story, 1932)
The Fiend (Short Story, 1935)
The Bridal Party (Short Story)
The Baby Party (Short Story)
Other
The Vegetable, or From President to Postman (play, 1923)
The Crack-Up (essays, 1945)
References
.
.
.
Writers from Saint Paul, Minnesota
1896 births
1940 deaths |
31390 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupertino%2C%20California | Cupertino, California | Cupertino is a small town in Silicon Valley in the U.S. state of California. According to the 2000 census, Cupertino has a population of 50,546. The headquarters of Apple Computer and Symantec are in Cupertino.
Sister cities
Copertino, Apulia, Italy
Hsinchu, Taiwan
Toyokawa, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
Bhubaneswar, India
Mysore, India
References
Other websites
Cupertino Courier
Cupertino Union School District
Cupertino's name and history (PDF)
Fremont Union High School District official site
Cupertino Veterans Memorial Park
1955 establishments in California |
31398 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20A-Team | The A-Team | The A-Team is an American action television series which ran from 1983 - 1987. It is set in Los Angeles. It is about four former US Army commandos who are running from the military (who think that the commandos committed a crime that they did not) and make money by helping people with their problems.
Cast and characters
George Peppard as Col. John "Hannibal" Smith - The leader of the A-Team. He was a master of disguise and makes the plans for the team, though they do not always work the way they were supposed to.
Dirk Benedict as Lt. Templeton "Faceman" Peck (called "Face" most of the time) - The con man of the team, he was very good at getting the things the team needed.
Mr. T as Sgt. Bosco "B.A." Baracus - Known for his Mohawk hairstyle, gold jewelry, and fear of flying, he handled much of the hand-to-hand fighting. He also built the various machines the team needed for their mission.
Dwight Schultz as Capt. Hector M. "Howling Mad" Murdock - The team's pilot. He often says strange things in strange ways, so many people think he is crazy (when not working with the A-Team, he stays at a mental hospital).
1983 television series debuts
1987 television series endings
1980s American television series
Action television series
Television series set in Los Angeles
1983 establishments in the United States
1987 disestablishments in the United States
English-language television programs |
31401 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia%20%28movie%29 | Philadelphia (movie) | Philadelphia is a 1993 American drama movie starring Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington. It is about Andrew Beckett (Hanks), a gay lawyer who has AIDS. The people he works with find out and fire him. He thinks this is unfair and hires another lawyer (Washington) who does not like gay people.
Other websites
1993 drama movies
1990s LGBT movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
American LGBT movies
English-language movies
HIV/AIDS in movies
Legal movies
LGBT drama movies
Movies directed by Jonathan Demme
Movies set in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award |
31402 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest%20Gump | Forrest Gump | Forrest Gump is a 1994 American epic comedy-drama romance movie. It is based on the 1986 book of the same name by Winston Groom. Forrest Gump is the main character of both the movie and book. The movie earned much money in theaters. It earned $677 million worldwide during its theatrical run. It earned more money than any other movie in North America that year. The movie was nominated for a total of 13 Academy Awards. It won six of these, including Best Picture, Best Visual Effects, Best Director (Robert Zemeckis), and Best Actor (Tom Hanks).
The movie is set in Alabama. It tells the story of a man with an IQ of 75 and his epic journey through life. It tells about him meeting historical people, affecting popular culture and being a part of historic events. While all this happened, Forrest does not know the importance of the events were because of his naiveté and much lower than average intelligence. There are many differences between the story in the movie and the story in the novel.
The movie won six Academy Awards: Best Picture, Director, Actor, Visual Effects, Film Editing and Adapted Screenplay. The film was nominated for an additional six Academy Awards, including Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Gary Sinise as Lieutenant Dan. The other nominations were for Best Cinematography, Art Direction, Sound Editing, Makeup, Original Score and Sound Mixing. At the Golden Globes the film won for Best Motion Picture in the Drama Category, Best Direction of a Motion Picture and Best performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture and was nominated for Best Original Score, Best Supporting Actor, Best Supporting Actress and Best Screenplay. The movie has a 71 percent rating on the website Rotten Tomatoes with 40 positive and 16 negative reviews. The audience gave the film a rating of 4.1 out of 5 on the website with 93% of the audience liking the film.
Cast
Tom Hanks as Forrest Gump
Robin Wright as Jenny Curran
Gary Sinise as Lieutenant Dan Taylor
Mykelti Williamson as Benjamin Buford "Bubba" Blue
Sally Field as Mrs. Gump
Other websites
1994 romance movies
1994 comedy-drama movies
1990s coming-of-age movies
1990s romantic comedy movies
1990s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American coming-of-age movies
American epic movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Alabama
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies set in the 1980s
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Robert Zemeckis
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
Movies set in California
1994 movies |
31411 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Kennedy | Ted Kennedy | Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (February 22, 1932 - August 25, 2009) was the Senator for the U.S. state of Massachusetts from 1962 to 2009.
Early life
Ted Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, which is a neighborhood in Boston. He was the youngest son of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. He was the younger brother of former President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, both of whom were assassinated, as well as Joe Kennedy, who was killed in World War II. A lot of other sad things happened in his life: he almost died in a plane crash, he was involved in a car crash that took the life of a campaign worker, and one of his sons had cancer as a child.
Education
Ted Kennedy went to Harvard and served in the Army before entering politics. He ran for and won the seat given up by his brother when he became President. While in the Senate, he fought for the working class, mainly for health care and the minimum wage. In 1980, he ran for President, but lost in the primaries to Jimmy Carter.
Chappaquiddick incident
On July 18, 1969, Senator Kennedy and passenger Mary Jo Kopechne were driving in Chappaquiddick Island where the car crashed over the bridge into the ocean. Kennedy left the scene leaving Kopechne to drown to death as she was trapped in the car. Kennedy plead guilty. Many believe this is why he decided not to run for President in 1972 or 1976.
Later life
In 2008, he found out he had glioblastoma, a rare form of brain cancer. Despite the cancer, he campaigned for Barack Obama and sometimes appeared in the Senate.
Death
He died from the cancer at his home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts just before midnight on August 25, 2009.
References
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
Deaths from glioblastoma
Kennedy family
1980 United States presidential candidates
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
Recipients of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
United States senators from Massachusetts
US Democratic Party politicians
1932 births
2009 deaths
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians |
31429 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20Singapore | Flag of Singapore | The Flag of Singapore consists of two horizontal halves—red above white. Red symbolises universal brotherhood and equality of man; white stands for pervading and everlasting purity and virtue. In the upper left corner, a white crescent moon and five white stars form a circle. The five stars stand for the ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality.
For 140 years (1819-1959), the Union Jack flew over Singapore. Then, on 3 December 1959, the National Flag was unveiled at the installation of the new Head of State, the Yang di-Pertuan Negara, when Singapore was granted self-rule (but not complete independence) by the British Government. Also unveiled that day were the State Crest and the National Anthem. The flag was conceived and created by a committee headed by then Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Toh Chin Chye.
Gallery
Guidelines for Usage
Guidelines for the use of the flag have been relaxed in recent years to encourage greater usage.
How it may be used
Singaporeans and non-governmental buildings may display or fly the national flag to identify with the nation. Singaporeans are encouraged to do this during occasions of national celebration or national significance.
How it should be used
When the flag is displayed outside a building, it shall be displayed on or in front of the building. Outside the National Day celebrations period (month of August), it must be flown only from a flagpole, and if it is displayed or flown at night, it should be properly illuminated.
Within Singapore, it should take precedence over all other flags, subject to international practice. When displayed or flown with another flag, it must be in a position of honour. This means it should be positioned where practicable, either above all other flags or to the left of the other flags, as seen by a person facing the flags.
It may be reproduced in reduced size representations and displayed at all times, but it must be in its true form and colours, regardless of size.
How it cannot be used or treated
The flag cannot be used:
in any trademark or for any commercial purpose;
as a means, or for the purposes, of advertisement;
as, or as part of, any furnishings, decoration, covering or receptacle;
at any private funeral activity;
incorporated or worn as part of any costume or attire; or
on any private vehicle.
No person shall produce or display any flag which bears any graphics or word superimposed on the design of the flag.
The flag should be cleaned when dirty, and replaced if it has faded. After any washing, it should not be hung out to dry outdoors together with other laundry. Any worn out or damaged flag should be properly disposed of, not left visible in dustbins. Torn or worn-out flags should be packed into a sealed black trash bag before being disposed of.
References
Related pages
Coat of arms of Singapore
Majulah Singapura - the National Anthem of Singapore
Singapore National Pledge
Vanda Miss Joaquim - the National Flower of Singapore
Symbol of Singapore - the Lion Head symbol
Other websites
The Singapore Infomap - Information on the Singapore Flag
National Heritage Board
Singapore
Singapore |
31432 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bess%20Truman | Bess Truman | Elizabeth Virginia Truman (née Wallace; February 13, 1885 — October 18, 1982) was the First Lady of the United States from April 12, 1945 to January 20, 1953 as the wife of the 33rd President of the United States, Harry S. Truman. She had also served as Second Lady of the United States from January 1945 to April 1945 when her husband was 35th Vice President of the United States under Franklin Roosevelt.
Early life
Her birthplace was Independence, Missouri, and her birth name was Elizabeth Virginia. Her parents were Margaret ("Madge") Gates and David Wallace. Her nickname was "Bessie." Harry Truman’s family came to live in Independence, Missouri in 1890. Elizabeth Virginia and Harry Truman attended the same school from fifth grade through high school. Once Truman remembered her childhood days, and described her as a girl with “golden curls” and “the most beautiful blue eyes.”
After completing her schooling, she studied in Miss Barstow's Finishing School for Girls in Kansas City, Missouri. Her father died in 1903. She returned to Independence, Missouri to live with her mother.
Marriage and family
By the outbreak of the First World War, Harry S Truman had become a Lieutenant. He proposed to her and she accepted. After their engagement, Lieutenant Truman left for the battlefields of France in 1918. After the War ended, they married on June 28, 1919. In 1924, their only daughter, Margaret Truman, was born. Before that, she had many miscarriages.
By this time, Harry Truman had become active in politics. Mrs. Truman always traveled with her and shared the public platform with her husband. Harry Truman became a member of the United States Senate in 1934. The Truman couple came to live in Washington, DC. In 1944, Harry Truman became the Vice President of the United States of America. When President Franklin Delano Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, Harry Truman became the president of the United States. Elizabeth Virginia Wallace Truman became the First Lady.
First Lady of the United States
When Harry Truman became the President of the United States, Truman took the role of the First Lady. But, she felt the absence of privacy in the White House. She continued to attend to social functions, but to a minimum level.
Sometimes, people compare her with Eleanor Roosevelt, who was the First Lady before her. Mrs. Roosevelt was very active in the press. But, Mrs. Truman did give only one press conference. She got the questions in advance. Her replies were written replies. When one reporter asked her whether she wanted her daughter, Margaret, to become President. Her reply was: "most definitely not". To a question, she replied that after her husband’s retirement as President, she wanted to "return to Independence". However, once she had thought of living in Washington after 1953.
Later life
After the President retired, the Truman couple returned to Independence, Missouri, in 1953. Truman spent his time building his library. In 1959, Mrs. Truman underwent an operation. In 1972, her husband died. She continued to live a quiet and private life. Her daughter and son-in-law, Clifton Daniel, and their four sons, often visited her.
She died in 1982. She lies buried beside her husband in the courtyard of Harry S Truman Library. She lived up to the age of 97 years, and at the time of her death, she was the longest-lived First Lady of the United States, setting a record, which still stands today.
1885 births
1982 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
People from Independence, Missouri
Second Ladies of the United States
Harry S. Truman |
31434 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Taylor | Margaret Taylor | Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor (September 21, 1788 – August 14, 1852), wife of Zachary Taylor, the President of the United States. She was First Lady of the United States from 1849 to 1850. Some people called her Peggy Smith.
She was born in Calvert County, Maryland. Her mother’s name was Ann Mackall and her father’s name was Walter Smith. Her father was a major in the American Revolutionary War. When she was visiting her sister in Kentucky in 1809, she met Zachary Taylor. Taylor was a lieutenant at that time. They married in June 1810. For sometime, she stayed in a farm she had got as a marriage gift from her father. There she gave birth to her first baby. But, then she started to live with her husband. Taylor’s garrison moved from one location to other on the western front, and she also moved with him.
Their two small daughters died in 1820. As described by Taylor, the children had died of “a violent bilious fever.” They had three other girls and a boy. All four grew to adulthood. Taylor knew the difficult life of a military man. He was always against their daughters marrying military men, but all the three married military persons from the United States Army.
At the White House, Peggy Taylor participated in the household activities and personal functions. She did not participate in formal and official functions. Her youngest daughter, Mary Elizabeth Bliss, acted as the official hostess for her mother.
1788 births
1852 deaths
Zachary Taylor
First Ladies of the United States
People from Maryland |
31443 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20Gulf | Persian Gulf | The Persian Gulf is the name of a geographical place. Its location is in the Middle East. It is an extension of the Gulf of Oman. It is between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula, and the Arabs prefer to call it the "Gulf of the Arabs".
During the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the Persian Gulf came into news. Both sides attacked oil tankers of each other. Later, when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991, the new war got the name of "Gulf War" but major fighting happened on land.
The water in the Persian Gulf is rich in fishes; it has long beautiful coral reefs. Deep inside the water of the Persian Gulf, there are many pearl oysters. Due to this, the area attracts a lot of activities.
In Persian language, the term khalīj-e-Fars means the Persian Gulf. In October 2018, the World Intellectual Property Organization of the United Nations registered Persian Gulf as a place of origin, based on the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration.
Geography
The sea waters of the Persian Gulf covers an area of 233,000 km2. On the east, it connects with the Gulf of Oman by Strait of Hormuz. On the west, it connects a major river delta of Shatt al-Arab. In this river delta, waters of two big rivers of the area flow into: the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers.
The length of the Persian Gulf is 989 kilometers, and the shortest distance between two land points are 56 kilometers. The waters are generally not very deep. The maximum depth is only 90 meters. The average depth is only 50 meters.
There are many countries with borders touching the Persian Gulf. If taken in a clockwise direction, these countries are from the north: Iran, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar on a peninsula off the Saudi coast; Bahrain on an island; and Kuwait and Iraq in the northwest. Many small islands lie within the Persian Gulf.
Petroleum
The area in and around the Persian Gulf has world’s largest crude oil. Industries relating to crude oil are the main industries in this area. Al-Safaniya, the world’s largest offshore oil field is in the Persian Gulf. Many countries with large crude oil are in this area. They are called Persian Gulf States, that is, the countries around the Persian Gulf. These countries are Iran, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Iraq (with its small portion touching the Persian Gulf) is not called a Persian Gulf State.
British control
For about 200 years, from 1763 until 1971, the United Kingdom kept some control over some of the Persian Gulf countries. These countries were the Trucial States and at various times Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar. Upon independence most of the Trucial States made a new United Arab Emirates.
References
Other websites
Persian Gulf
Middle East
Gulfs |
31453 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalistan%20movement | Khalistan movement | The Khalistan movement is a Sikh secessionist movement. Promoted as a separatist campaign, its goal is to create a homeland for Sikhs by seceding the Indian Punjab from India and establishing a sovereign, ethno-religious Sikh state called Khālistān ('Land of the Khalsa'), in the Punjab region. The geographical area of the proposed state is variable and several propositions have been made by different groups, but all plans which have been primarily considered involve land that currently forms Punjab, Chandigarh and Punjabi speaking areas of Haryana and Rajasthan. The movement included a period of violence, militancy, and terrorism from the 1980s to the mid-1990s.
On 12 April 1980, Jagjit Singh Chauhan, a prominent supporter of the movement, declared the Council of Khalistan, at Anandpur Sahib. He said he was the President of organization, and Balbir Singh Sandhu was its Secretary General. In May 1980, Chauhan traveled to London and announced the formation of Khalistan. A similar announcement was made by Sandhu, in Amritsar.
Religious landscape of East Punjab region
East Punjab comprising the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh had a population of 61,014,852 people as of 2011 census report of India. The Hindus form a majority in East Punjab region with 40,234,605 adherents comprising (65.94%), Sikhs are 17,466,731 comprising (28.62%) of the region, Muslims are 2,518,159 comprising (4.12%) of the region and others are 795,357 including Christians, Buddhists, Jains, and atheists together comprising remaining (1.3%) of the region. Sikhs are the majority in Punjab, while Hindus form the majority in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Chandigarh.
In this 21st century, Sikh population is 30 million worldwide, out of which 17.46 million lives in East Punjab region of India and rest 3.34 million lives out of East Punjab region of India. Foreign diaspora shows that in additional +10 million Sikhs live outside of India, particularly in the countries of West, Canada, Australia, US.
References
Punjab, India
Sikhism |
31457 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Trade%20Organization | World Trade Organization | The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a large international organization to regulate trade that was established in 1995. As of 2018, there are 164 members and 23 observer nations. In the WTO, agreements are made on trade between countries. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) means that countries have to lower barriers to international trade, such as tariff on goods crossing borders. This lets businesses operate in many different countries.
Member countries sign agreements
There are about 30 such agreements. Based on these agreements, the member countries trade with each other. They sell items to each other and follow a set of rules. They have to give a special job to the other country. The phrase used (for such and many alike items) is to give the other country a special job – this is known as to give the other country a most favored country job. From 2004, if a member sells any item to another member country, the same type of item should be offered to all other member countries.
While it is highly regarded, from its beginning the WTO has also received criticism.
1995 establishments
Geneva |
31458 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec%20Podlaski | Międzyrzec Podlaski | Międzyrzec Podlaski is a city in the east of Poland, in Lublin Voivodeship. It is on the Krzna rivers. It has 17 283 people.
Cities in Poland |
31459 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing%20dynasty | Qing dynasty | The Qing Dynasty () was a dynasty of rulers of China from 1644 to 1912. The dynasty was founded by the Manchus and so its other name is the Manchu dynasty. The surname of the Qing emperors was Aisin Gioro.
Rise of the Manchu state
In 1580, Nurhaci became the Jian Zhou general of the Ming dynasty. He unified the Manchu tribe and organised the Eight Banners. In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself Khan (King) and founded the Jin dynasty in Liao Ling. In 1626, Nurhaci led armies to attack Ning Yuan. Unluckily, Nurhaci was wounded by Yuan Chonghuan's Portuguese cannon and he died 2 days later. Huang Taiji, the son of Nurhaci, then succeeded to the throne and became the Khan of the Manchu tribe. In 1643, Huang Taiji was dead, caused by apoplexy. Shunzhi Emperor inherited Huang Taiji's throne. Prince Dorgon became the regent. In 1644, the Manchu armies conquered the north of China. The capital was changed to Beijing. The Ming dynasty was overthrown, though fighting continued until 1683.
Late-Qing
Restoration
A. The self-strengthening movement (1861 - 1895)
The self-strengthening movement ( or ; 1861 - 1895) was a reform organised during the late Qing. With the defeat in the Opium Wars and the outbreak of Taiping Rebellion, the emperor and the imperial officials realised that it was necessary to improve the country's state with a series of reforms. Therefore, the Self-Strengthening Movement was started.
The movement could be divided into three phases: the first phase (1861 - 1872), the second phase (1872 - 1885) and the third phase (1885 - 1895). The major leaders are Yixin, Prince Gong (Chinese: 恭親王), Wenxiang (Chinese: 文祥), Zeng Guofan (Chinese: 曾國藩), Li Hongzhang (Chinese: 李鴻章), Zuo Zongtang (Chinese: 左宗棠), Shen Baozhen (Chinese: 沈葆禎) and Zhang Zhidong (Chinese: 張之洞). However, owing to the conservatives opposition and the problems of modernization, it failed finally.
Reforms were:
National defence
Arsenals were built in Shanghai and Xiamen.
Shipyards were built in Fuzhou and Tianjin.
The Beiyang Fleet was organized by Li Hongzhang.
Industry and trade
Modern banks were built.
Many industries were built in the South of China.
Diplomatic modernization
The Zongli Yamen, a foreign office of the Qing dynasty, was set up in 1861.
In 1868, the Qing government sent its first official diplomatic mission aboard.
B. The hundred days' reform (1898)
With the failure of the Self-Strengthening Movenment, the defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War and the scramble for concessions, many Chinese leaders realised that reforms were urgently needed. Thus, the Hundred Day's Reform (Chinese: 戊戌變法; 11 June 1898 - 21 September 1898) was started in 1898. The leaders of the reform were Guangxu Emperor, Kang Youwei (Chinese: 康有為) and Liang Qichao (Chinese: 梁啟超). Eventually, it ended in a coup d'état led by Empress Dowager Cixi.
The main reforms were:
Political reforms
Useless government posts were to be abolished.
Economic reforms
Modern banks would be built.
Railways were to be built.
Military reform
The army and navy were to have modern weapons.
A national militia would be organised.
Qing government and society
Politics
The Manchus changed their ways to be more like the Chinese in order to rule them better. The Manchus started wearing Chinese clothes and writing in Chinese. They began to enjoy Chinese food and art. One of the Manchu emperors, Qianlong Emperor, began to worry about how much like the Chinese the Manchus were becoming and he tried to get Manchus to be more Manchu. Qianlong Emperor made Manchus ride horses and shoot bows and arrows so that they would remember where they came from. The Chinese people used different types of clothes like maccukau, konaha, schinin and sakahn.
Regional Development
Guangdong
In the early Qing, Guangdong was a province. There were totally 79 counties. In 1911, it was checked that there were 5,041,780 households, approximately 28,001,564 people. The famous mountains in Guangdong were Lingchau, Huangling and Luofu. Dongjiang, Beijiang and Xijiang were the most important rivers in Guangdong. Guangzhou, Zhaoqing, Xiamen and Fujian were the major Guangdong cities.
Further reading
History of Ming, compiled under Zhang Tingyu in 1739.
Draft History of Qing, compiled under Zhao Erxun in 1927.
Chinese dynasties |
31472 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Wars%3A%20Knights%20of%20the%20Old%20Republic | Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic | Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic is a video game developed by BioWare. It was released in 2003. The game has a sequel, titled Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords.
Description
The game, also known as KotOR, is a role-playing game. Developed using BioWare's engine Aurora, the game is set in the fictional universe of Star Wars. The story takes place four thousand years before the Battle of Yavin, 40 years after the war with Exar Kun (circa 3,956 BBY).
Darth Revan has been killed by his apprentice, Darth Malak, who has taken the mantle of Dark Lord of the Sith. Malak is continuing the war against the Old Republic, using numerous battleships. The Jedi Order sees its hope in Bastila Shan, a young female Jedi who is skilled in the art called Battle Meditation. With that power, she can optimize the performance of the Jedi troops and the battleships. Also, an unnamed soldier (the player chooses the name) comes under attention of the Jedi Council.
Since it is a roleplaying game, the player can choose which class he wants to be. He can choose between soldier, scout, and scoundrel. The choice affects the statistics of the character (strength, agility, etc.). Also, the player can choose their character's gender and face.
The player must follow several main objectives, with many other minor missions. The player, while travelling on several planets, will meet some people who join him in his quest. A number up to 8 companions can join the player: Trask Ulgo, Carth Onasi, Bastila Shan, Mission Vao, Zaalbar, Canderous Ordo, Juhani, Jolee Bindo.
The main goal is to find the Star Forge, a powerful battle station that builds an endless fleet, which is used against the Republic. The player also has to kill Darth Malak.
Characters
The main character (the player) is entirely customizable. Face, gender and class can be chosen from a series of menus. One later discovers that they are Darth Reven, but still go by the original own name.
The player will meet some companions (playable characters, or PCs) during the adventure.
Carth Onasi - A Republican soldier, veteran of the Mandalorian Wars. Class: Soldier.
Bastila Shan - A young female Jedi, who will look after the player. Class: Jedi Sentinel.
Mission Vao - A young Twi'lek, expert hacker. Class: Scoundrel.
Zaalbar - A Wookiee, friend of Mission. Class: Explorer.
Canderous Ordo - A Mandalorian warrior, veteran of the Mandalorian Wars. Class: Soldier.
Juhani - A Cathar (human with cat-like features) female Jedi. Class: Jedi Guardian.
Jolee Bindo - An old human Jedi. Class: Jedi Consular.
T3-M4 - An astromech droid. Class: Droid.
HK-47 - An assassin droid. Class: Droid.
The player will also meet other minor characters (non-playable characters, or NPCs).
Darth Malak - The Dark Lord of the Sith and true "boss" of the game.
Darth Bandon - Malak's apprentice.
Calo Nord - A short bounty hunter.
Jedi Masters of the council.
Role-playing video games
Star Wars games
2003 video games |
31473 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis | Hypnosis | Hypnosis is "a trance state characterized by extreme suggestibility, relaxation and heightened imagination".
It is an altered state of consciousness.
Usually, one person (the "hypnotist") talks to another (the "subject") in a special way that puts the subject into a trance. While the subject is in this state, he can be influenced by suggestions. The hypnotist can tell him to forget his name, or that the room is hot (he will start sweating), or that he is someone else. Hypnotic suggestions may be delivered by a hypnotist in the presence of the subject, or may be self-administered ('self-suggestion' or 'autosuggestion'). The use of hypnotism for therapeutic purposes is referred to as 'hypnotherapy', while its use as a form of entertainment for an audience is known as 'stage hypnosis'.
Contrary to a popular misconception—that hypnosis is a form of unconsciousness resembling sleep—some contemporary research suggests that hypnotic subjects are fully awake and are focusing attention, with a corresponding decrease in their peripheral awareness. Subjects also show an increased response to suggestions. However, the behaviour of subjects under hypnotism goes so far beyond normal focused attention that the description of "altered state of consciousness" is more used.
Hypnotherapy
Hypnotherapy is when a hypnotist uses hypnosis to help the subject heal emotionally, or to heal a sick mind. Hypnotherapy is hypnosis used for therapy.
Hypnosis can also be done by one person acting alone. Then he is acting as both hypnotist and subject. This is called "self-hypnosis," or sometimes "auto-suggestion." In some cases, this is simply a form of using trance.
History
Ancient societies
Almost every pre-modern society had practices which were somewhat like hypnotism. Often a special person in a society (witchdoctor, shaman, priest...) would conduct a ceremony. The ceremony might use incantations (spells), chants, repetitive music, mind-altering substances, darkness, fire, and other settings. The purpose was to send a person or group into an altered state of mind like a trance. Even literate societies such as ancient Greece had phenomena suggestive of hypnosis. The Delphic oracle was in a trance of some kind as she uttered her famous predictions. Whether that was self-hypnosis or just the effects of volcanic gas will never be known.
Western societies
There seem to be many ideas about how hypnosis started. Historic records in modern Europe start with the work of Franz Mesmer, though he did not invent the word 'hypnotism'. Mesmer and his followers practised what was first called 'animal magnetism', and later mesmerism. Descriptions of his work leave no doubt that he had discovered for himself what we now call 'hypnotism'.
The words hypnosis and hypnotism both derive from the term neuro-hypnotism (nervous sleep) coined by the Scottish surgeon James Braid around 1841. Braid based his practice on that developed by but differed in his theory as to how the procedure worked.
The main hypnosis discoveries came in 1842 when Braid started to learn more about its effects. He did not think that 'mesmerism' was the cause of hypnosis, and in the end he thought that trances were only a 'nervous sleep'. In 1843 he wrote a book about this with the title Neurypnology. In this book Braid described hypnotism as a state of physical relaxation accompanied and induced by mental concentration ("abstraction").
Method
Hypnosis is used to treat fears, addictions, emotional trouble, pain control, stress, and so on.
The hypnotist must do two things to do hypnosis. First, he must put the subject into a trance. Second, he must lead the subject through the trance process (for therapy, or whatever effect is needed). Often, he will switch between these, first making sure the subject is in the proper state of mind, and then leading him through the process. These steps are repeated in a cycle throughout.
In trance, the subject does not make decisions about the truth of the hypnotist's suggestions: If trance is reached—it is not always—the subject will accept as true anything the hypnotist says, unless it goes against the subject's deepest beliefs. This is the heart of hypnosis: to put the subject in trance so he will accept suggestions.
Stage hypnotists get truly amazing effects from good subjects: they can make them forget their names, believe they are someone else, make them see people who are not there, make them forget letters or numbers, and so on. This happens because the subject actively follows the hypnotist's suggestions, because he trusts the hypnotist and he believes it is safe. If the trust is broken or the subject believes it is not safe, the subject may emerge from trance.
Hypnosis is not truly a power resting in the hypnotist. Instead, the power rests in the mind of the subject. The hypnotist simply knows how to guide the subject through trance.
References
Psychology
Consciousness |
31476 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusty%20Krab | Krusty Krab | The Krusty Krab is a fictional fast food restaurant in the television series, "SpongeBob SquarePants". It is in the city of Bikini Bottom. The restaurant is run by a crab, Eugene H. Krabs. The other two workers at the restaurant are SpongeBob SquarePants (fry cook), and Squidward Tentacles (cashier). The fast food that is sold are the popular Krabby Patty (which are similar to hamburgers but made of krill), and others such as French fries, and drinks.
SpongeBob SquarePants
Fictional buildings and structures
en:SpongeBob SquarePants#Setting |
31481 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6%20motorway | M6 motorway | The M6 is the longest motorway in the United Kingdom. It is also one of the busiest motorways in the country. It is often referred to as "The Backbone of Britain".
The M6 is part of the unsigned E-road E24 from the M1 to the M6 Toll near Birmingham. The E5 joins the M6 Toll from the M42 and then uses the M6 to its north end at Carlisle. Then it continues to become the M74. The motorway is 230 miles (370km) long. This is 37 miles longer than the M1 motorway.
History and curiosities
The first section of the motorway was the Preston by-pass, opened on 5 December 1958. It was built by a company called Tarmac Construction. It was the first motorway in the United Kingdom. It was opened by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. The motorway was later extended in both directions.
Junction 6 in Birmingham has the name Spaghetti Junction. This is because it looks very complex from the sky.
On the high ground between Shap and Tebay, the north and south-bound carriages split apart. Strangely, at this point a local road runs between the two carriageways without a link to the motorway.
The section of the M6 which runs over Shap Fell in Cumbria is 1050 ft (320 m) above sea level. This is one of the highest points on any motorway in the UK. The West Coast Main Line railway follows the same course. It runs alongside the M6 for much of its length.
Route
The motorway starts at the M1 in Rugby. It passes through Birmingham and Spaghetti Junction. The motorway continues to the north, passing Liverpool and Manchester. It goes around Preston and up to Lancaster. It then follows through a valley past the Lake District and Penrith. It finishes at Carlisle.
Cumberland Gap
At the end of the M6 motorway at Carlisle, there is a 6-mile stretch of the A74 which links England to Scotland. This is called the Cumberland Gap. This was caused by an argument between the British Parliament and the Scottish Parliament, which left neither the M6 or the A74(M) being built. After a lot of controversy, building started on the remaining six miles. When it is completed, there will be a complete motorway going from London to Glasgow.
M6 Toll
The M6 Toll is a toll road which was opened in 2003. It starts at Junction 11A and runs around Birmingham to Junction 3A. It is the first toll road to be built in the United Kingdom. It was opened on 9 December 2003. It is reported to save 45 minutes from the average journey.
Junctions
Notes
References
Other websites
CBRD Motorway Database - M6
Motorways in England |
31486 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth%20bear | Sloth bear | The sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) is a bear that lives in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
Appearance
Sloth bears have long and shaggy black fur, but its fur can also be brown. On its chest it has a white or yellow mark, which is shaped like an Y or V. They have big feet with long claws. The long claws are also the reason for its English name, because the claws look like the claws of a xloth.
Life
Sloth bears are omnivores and eats mostly termites and ants. But they also eat fruit, honey, eggs, carrion, grasses and occasionally rodents. Sloth bears use their claws to dig up ants from the dirt. They also use their claws to fight predators such as tigers, leopards and jackals. Bengal tigers prey on sloth bears of all ages. Indian leopards, dholes and Indian wolves may also be a threat.
Female sloth bears usually have 1-2 babies, sometimes 3. Young sloth bears stay with their mother for 2–3 years. In captivity they can live to be 40 years old.
Sloth bear adults can weigh anywhere from 60-70 kilograms (120-130 pounds) and measure anywhere from 152-178 centimeters (60-70 inches) in length.
Other websites
Ursidaes |
31489 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclined%20plane | Inclined plane | An inclined plane is a simple machine. It allows one to use less force to move an object.
Examples of inclined planes are ramps, sloping roads and hills, plows, chisels, hatchets, carpenter's planes, and wedges. The typical example of an inclined plane is a sloped surface; for example a roadway to bridge at a different height.
Another simple machine based on the inclined plane is the blade, in which two inclined planes placed back to back allow the two parts of the cut object to move apart using less force than would be needed to pull them apart in opposite directions.
Calculation of forces acting on an object on an inclined planes
To calculate the forces on an object placed on an inclined plane, consider the three forces acting on it.
The normal force (N) exerted on the body by the plane due to the attraction of gravity i.e. mg cos θ
the force due to gravity (mg, acting vertically downwards) and
the frictional force (f) acting parallel to the plane.
We can break the force from gravity into two vectors, one perpendicular to the plane and one parallel to the plane. Since there is no movement perpendicular to the plane, the component of the gravitational force in this direction (mg cos θ) must be equal and opposite to normal force exerted by the plane, N. Therefore, .
If the component of the force from gravity parallel to the surface (mg sin θ) is greater than the static frictional force fs – then the body will slide down the inclined plane with acceleration where fk is the force of friction – otherwise it will remain stationary.
When the angle of the slope (θ) is zero, sin θ is also zero, so the body will not move.
Other websites
An interactive simulation of physics – inclined plane
Machines |
31491 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown%2C%20New%20York | Jamestown, New York | Jamestown is a city in southwestern New York State, United States.
Cities in New York |
31493 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego | Lego | LEGO is a type of building toy created and made by The Lego Group, a company from Denmark. LEGO bricks are colorful plastic building blocks that can be joined together easily to make a tower, house, and more. LEGO bricks are joined together by studs on the top, and holes in the bottom of the brick commonly known as the brick-and-knob connection. LEGO is the most popular building toy in the world.
The LEGO Group was started by Ole Kirk Christiansen, a Danish toy maker, in 1935. Christiansen made wooden toys for children. He made and sold his first plastic LEGO sets in the 1940s. Since then, LEGO has become very popular and are known and loved by people around the world kids and adults alike.
LEGO bricks come in many shapes, sizes and colors. There are wheels, car screens, and plants. LEGO bricks can be joined together in many ways. Vehicles, buildings and even robots can all be built with LEGO bricks.
All the bricks from LEGO sets can fit together. New bricks made today can fit with old bricks made years ago. The bricks can join together no matter which set they come from. LEGO has become so popular that people sometimes use the word "Lego" to talk about any sort of building blocks. There are millions of LEGO fans and many LEGO conventions around the world.
LEGO Video Games
Many LEGO video games are being created for different video game systems. LEGO video games usually come from LEGO themes, such as LEGO Star Wars. LEGO Star Wars has five video games, and a sixth LEGO Star Wars will come out in 2022. Other LEGO video games include LEGO Indiana Jones, LEGO Harry Potter, and LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean.
Television and movies
A LEGO Cartoon Network show Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu was aired from 2011 to 2012, and a second Cartoon Network LEGO show aired in 2013. In 2014 The LEGO Movie was released, starring Chris Pratt, Will Arnett, Elizabeth Banks, Morgan Freeman, Will Ferrell, and Liam Neeson. The movie was released on February 7, 2014. Since then, three other LEGO movies have been made, like The LEGO Batman Movie, The LEGO Ninjago Movie, and The LEGO Movie 2: The Second Part.
Other websites
Official Lego Website
References
da:LEGO |
31515 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20panda | Giant panda | The giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, is a bear. It lives in south central China.
Although it belongs to the order Carnivora, the panda's diet is 99% bamboo. Pandas in the wild occasionally eat other grasses, wild tubers, or even meat in the form of birds, rodents or carrion. In captivity, they may get honey, eggs, fish, yams, shrub leaves, oranges, or bananas along with specially prepared food.
The giant panda lives in a few mountain ranges in central China, mainly in Sichuan province, but also in the Shaanxi and Gansu provinces.
As a result of farming, deforestation and other development, the panda has been driven out of the lowland areas where it once lived.
Appearance
Giant pandas are bears. They have black and white fur all around them. The black fur is on their ears, around their eyes, on their legs, and on their shoulders.
Giant pandas are about the size of an American black bear. They are about tall at the shoulder when they are standing on all four legs. They are about long. Males weigh up to in the wild. Females usually weigh less than .
Living areas
Wild giant pandas have lived in the mountains of central China. They live in forests of tall trees. They eat the bamboo that grows under the trees. The weather is rainy and misty in the mountain forests. There are thick clouds almost all the time.
Food and water
Bamboo is the main diet of pandas. Ninety-nine percent of the food they eat is bamboo. They eat as much as of bamboo every day. They spend 10 to 16 hours every day looking for food and eating it.
Bamboo is a grass. Sometimes giant pandas eat other grasses. They also eat little rodents or musk deer babies (fawns). In zoos, giant pandas eat bamboo, sugar cane, vegetables, and fruit.
Giant pandas get a lot of water from the bamboo they eat. They need more water though. They drink from the freshwater streams and rivers in the mountain. Melting snow high in the mountains runs into these streams and rivers.
Kinds of giant pandas
There are two kinds of giant pandas. They both live in China. The best known is the black and white panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca.
The other giant panda has dark brown and light brown fur. Its skull is smaller than the other giant panda. It has larger molars. This panda lives only in the Qinling Mountains. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis.
Baby pandas
Giant pandas are ready to have babies (cubs) when they are between the ages of four and eight years. They may be able to have babies until about age 20. Female pandas are ready to have a baby only once a year. This is in the springtime. There are only two or three days during which a baby panda can form in the mother's belly. Calls and scents bring the males and female pandas to each other.
Female pandas may give birth to two young. Usually only one lives. Giant panda cubs may stay with their mothers for up to three years. Then they leave her for a life of their own.
Giant pandas and people
Today, the giant panda is a symbol for China. It is protected by the Chinese government. Killing a giant panda is a crime. The giant panda may become extinct. It will die out if the forests of bamboo continue to disappear.
People outside of eastern Asia did not know about the giant panda until 1869. The first "Westerner" to see a live panda was a German zoologist in 1916. In 1936, Ruth Harkness became the first Westerner to bring a live giant panda out of China. It was a cub (baby panda) named Su-Lin. The cub was taken to live at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago.
In the 1970s, China began showing giant pandas in zoos in the United States and Japan as a type of diplomacy. This happened until 1984, when China changed how this was done. Starting in 1984, China would allow zoos to keep the giant pandas for 10 years, but the zoo would have to pay China up to $1,000,000 each year. Also, the zoo would have to agree that any cubs born would belong to China.
Zoos
17 cities outside China have zoos with giant pandas.
North America
Washington, D.C., United States
San Diego, California, United States
Memphis, Tennessee, United States
Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Mexico City, Mexico
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Europe
Copenhagen, Denmark
Berlin, Germany
Vienna, Austria
Madrid, Spain
Edinburgh, Scotland
Rhenen, The Netherlands
Asia
Chiang Mai, Thailand
Tokyo, Japan
Kobe, Hyōgo, Japan
Shirahama, Wakayama, Japan
Seoul, South Korea
The Adelaide Zoo in Adelaide, Australia received two giant pandas in 2009.
Endangered animal
The giant panda is an endangered species. It may become extinct. In 2013, it was estimated that there were less than 2,500 mature giant pandas living in the wild. Illegal hunting is no longer a problem. Hunting for pandas is a crime. The penalties are harsh if you hunt pandas.
The greatest threat to survival is the loss of living areas. People are ruining the areas where pandas live. They are cutting down trees. They are building farms. Groups of pandas are forced to live in small areas. They are isolated. They cannot mix other panda groups.
Giant pandas eat bamboo. Sometimes the bamboo dies off. At one time, pandas could move to an area where bamboo was still growing. Moving has become more and more difficult. People are living and working in panda areas. Pandas cannot move about as freely as they once did.
Helping pandas to survive
China set up the first giant panda nature reserve in 1963. Other nature reserves were also set up. There were 40 giant panda reserves in 2006.
Related pages
Red panda
References
Other websites
Pandas International
Wolong Panda Club
Ursidaes
Gansu
Shaanxi
Sichuan |
31517 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20Boy%20Color | Game Boy Color | The Game Boy Color (often said as GBC) is a video game console manufactured by Nintendo. It was first introduced in Japan in October 1998 and released in North America, Europe and Australia in November 1998. It is the successor to the original Game Boy, but it precedes the Game Boy Advance (which is backwards compatible with GB and GBC games). The biggest innovation of the Game Boy Color was its colorful graphics. The Game Boy Color is almost as powerful as the Nintendo Entertainment System. With the exception of the Pokemon Mini, it was the last 8-bit console made by a mainstream company. The last game released for Game Boy Color was Harry Potter And The Chamber of Secrets in 2002.
The GBC has a color screen rather than a monochrome, but it is not backlit. It is clearly thicker and bigger and has a slightly smaller screen than the Game Boy Pocket, its last model in the Game Boy line. As with the original Game Boy, it has a 8-bit processor made by Sharp Corporation that is a hybrid between the Intel 8080 and the Zilog Z80. The spelling of the system's name, Game Boy Color, remains used throughout the world, with its American English spelling of "color".
The Game Boy Color is part of the fifth generation of video game consoles. The GBC's competitors in Japan were the grayscale 16-bit handhelds, Neo Geo Pocket and the WonderSwan, though the Game Boy Color outsold them by a wide margin. SNK and Bandai countered with the Neo Geo Pocket Color and the Wonderswan Color, this did little to change Nintendo's sales. With Sega discontinuing the Game Gear in 1997, the Game Boy Color's only competitor in the United States was its last one, the Game Boy, until the short-lived Neo Geo Pocket Color was made in August 1999. The Game Boy and the Game Boy Color together have sold 118.69 million units worldwide making it the third-best-selling system of all time.
It was discontinued on March 23, 2003, shortly after the Game Boy Advance SP was made. Its best-selling game was Pokémon Gold and Silver, which sold 23 million units worldwide.
References
Game Boy
Nintendo video game consoles |
31518 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hula | Hula | Hula is a type of dancing from Hawaii.
Hula is a word in the Hawaiian language. Male dancers and female dancers can both dance hula. A long time ago, hula dance was used only in special ceremonies. Now, hula dance is mainly for entertainment.
A hula dancer usually wears a grass skirt or a leaf skirt, a flower necklace (called "lei" in Hawaiian), and sometimes a flower in the hair.
Traditionally, the hula dancer dances to a chant (a poem that is sung to a rhythm). The chanter beats his or her hand on a gourd (dried, empty squash) to create the rhythm.
There are many kinds of hula dance. For example, the Hawaiian hula dance style is slow and the Tahitian hula dance style is fast.
Dances
Culture of Hawaii |
31522 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herakles | Herakles | Herakles (Ancient Greek: Ἡρακλῆς, Hēraklēs - “one glorified of Hera”) is a divine hero in Greek mythology. The greatest of the Greek heroes, Herakles was a demigod, son of Zeus and the mortal Alkmene as well as the twin brother of Iphicles. As a god, Herakles served as a paragon of masculinity, and was a patron of heroic endeavor. In Ancient Rome and the modern West, he is known as Hercules, with whom the later Roman emperors, in particular Commodus and Maximian, often identified themselves. The figure is most well known for his famous Twelve Labors, a series of seemingly impossible tasks he was made to complete in order to atone for the crime of murdering his family. As a culture hero, he was said to have started the Ancient Olympic Games and marked out the length of the Olympic stadium. He was the subject of much ancient and modern art, and remains a popular figure in modern times, being the subject of various films and television series, such as Walt Disney's Hercules.
Birth and childhood
A major factor in the tragedy surrounding Herakles was the hatred that the goddess Hera, wife of Zeus, had for him, as he was one of the god’s illegitimate children, born to him by the mortal woman Alkmene. Zeus, lusting after her, took the guise of Alkmene’s husband Amphityron (he had been away fighting a war at the time) and lay with her. The real Amphitryon returned to Thebes later that night, and Alkmene became pregnant with his son, Iphicles. On the night Herakles and his twin Iphicles were slated to be born, Hera made Zeus swear an oath that the next descendant of Perseus to be born would become High King (ruler of Tiryns and Mycenae). Once the oath was made, Hera hurried to Alkmene’s house in Thebes, where Eileithyia, goddess of childbirth, had come to help deliver the twins; Hera arranged for Eileithyia to keep her legs and arms crossed, causing Herakles and his twin to be trapped in the womb. Hera then caused Eurystheus (son of Sthenelus and Herakles’ cousin) to be born prematurely, making him the one to become the High King instead. Alkmene wouldve remained in labor, had it not been for her maidservant Galanthis, who came out of Alkmene's room to announce (falsely) that Alkmene had just given birth. Eileithyia jumped up in surprise, allowing Herakles and his twin to be born. Hera angrily turned Galanthis into a weasel. (Herakles was given the name Alkeides, meaning "of the line of Alcaeus", father of Amphitryon).
Shortly after Herakles was born, Alkmene, fearing Hera might take vengeance on her, took her infant child to a desolate plain outside of Thebes and abandoned him. The goddess Athena saw Herakles and swooped down to Earth, taking him up to Olympus. She took the baby to Hera, who, not knowing it was Herakles, took pity on the child and began to nurse him at her breast. Herakles suckled so hard that it hurt Hera, who pushed him away; the goddess' divine milk then spilled across the night sky, forming the Milky Way. This bestowed upon Herakles the godlike strength for which he is famous for. When Herakles was only eight months old, Hera placed two enormous serpents in the crib where Herakles and Iphikles slept. As Iphicles cried out in fear, Herakles took a serpent in each hand and strangled them to death.
Adolesence
Herakles became a strong teenager. He learned to use weapons and to drive a chariot. One day he killed his music teacher Linus because the man had tried to whip him. Herakles was charged with murder, but said he had acted in self defense. He was freed. People feared him though, so he was sent far out of town to work on a farm. Herakles became stronger with the hard work. He was seven feet tall. He was eighteen when he left the farm.
Lion of Kithaeron
Herakles was eighteen when he hunted the large and powerful Lion of Kithaeron. This lion was killing cows in a land near Thebes. The hunt lasted fifty days and ended when Herakles smashed the lion's skull with a club of olive wood. This club is seen in pictures of Herakles. He dressed in the lion's skin.
Herakles slept in King Thespius' palace while the hunt progressed. He had sex with the King's fifty daughters and became the father of fifty-two sons. One of the girls did not have sex with him. She became a priestess in his shrine.
Herakles was going back to Thebes when he met the heralds of King Erginus. They were on their way to Thebes to collect tribute. They treated Herakles with contempt. Herakles cut off their ears, noses, and hands. Erginus made war on Thebes, but was defeated and killed by Herakles. For saving Thebes, King Kreon gave his daughter Megara in marriage to Herakles.
Madness, murder, and The Labors of Herakles
Hera could not rest easily because Herakles was becoming more and more famous. He was loved by everyone. Her anger and hatred made her look foolish. She tricked Herakles into thinking his sons were his enemies and, insane with anger, he murdered them.
When he came to his senses, he was overcome with grief. He ran from other people and lived for a time in exile. He looked for advice from the Oracle of Delphi. The priestess sent him to serve King Eurystheus, King of Tyrins in Mycenae. In this way, she said, he would be washed clean of his crimes.
Eurystheus was a dull and bad man. Herakles hated him. Eurystheus set some tasks for Herakles to do. These tasks came to be called "The Labors of Herakles". It was said that Hera designed them. She hoped the tasks would kill him. Zeus would grant Herakles immortality with the successful completion of the Labors.
Death
Herakles was married to a beautiful woman named Deianeira. They lived in Trachis and had a son named Hyllus. In a war with a neighboring city, Herakles made the king's daughter Iole his captive. Herakles had met her sometime in the past and had fallen in love with her. Deianeira was jealous, and used a mix of blood and semen from the centaur Nessus to get her husband back. She put the mix on a shirt and sent it to Herakles. He put the shirt on. Unknown to Deianeira, the mix was really a poison and burned Herakles' skin and flesh. Deianeira learned of this and killed herself. Herakles died in great pain. Before he died, he ordered Hyllus to marry Iole. Herakles' body was set on fire at the funeral ceremonies. His ghost fell to the underworld while his immortal part rose to Mount Olympus. The gods welcomed him, even Hera. He married Hebe, his fourth wife, and became the father of two sons. According to Homer's Odyssey, Herakles became the porter (keeper of the gates) on Mount Olympus.
Notes
Reading list
Other websites
People in Greek mythology |
31527 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20engine | Steam engine | A steam engine is an engine that uses steam from boiling water to make it move. The steam pushes on the engine parts to make them move. Steam engines can power many kinds of machines including vehicles and electric generators.
Steam engines were used in mine pumps starting in the early 1700s century and were much improved by James Watt in the 1770s. They were very important during the industrial revolution where they replaced horses, windmills and watermills to work machines.
The first steam engines were piston engines. The steam pressure pushed on a piston which made it move along a cylinder and so they had a reciprocal (back-and-forth) motion. This could move a pump directly or work a crank to turn a wheel and work a machine. They operated at low pressure and had to be very big to make a lot of power.
Steam engines were used in factories to work machines and in mines to move pumps. Later smaller engines were built that could move railway locomotives and steam boats.
The steam to power a steam engine is made in a boiler that heats water to make steam. In most places fire heats the boiler. Fuel for the fire may be wood, coal, or petroleum. Nuclear energy or solar energy may be used instead of fire. The steam coming out of the boiler applies the force on a piston. A valve sends the steam to one end of the piston, then the other, to make it move backwards and forwards. The moving piston pushes and pulls the piston rod, crosshead and connecting rod, to turn wheels or drive other machinery. The heavy spinning flywheel smooths out the power from the piston. The governor controls the speed of the engine.
Today many steam engines are still at work. During the 20th century the pistons were replaced by turbines which spin like a windmill pushed by jets of steam. These turn faster with more energy efficiency than the original kinds of piston steam engines. They are used in power plants to operate generators which make electricity. Some ships are also powered by steam turbines. The boilers of steam turbines can be heated by many different types of fuel, even a nuclear reactor in some power stations and warships.
Related pages
Aeolipile
Steam turbine
Motors
Engineering |
31531 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20programming | Computer programming | Computer programming is the process of telling a computer to do certain things by giving it instructions. These instructions are called programs. A person who writes instructions is a computer programmer. The instructions come in different languages; they are called programming languages. There are many programming languages. Sometimes, programmers use special software, such as integrated development environments (IDEs), which have many special parts, including a text editor, to help them to type and edit programs.
Computers understand instructions directly if those instructions are written in machine code, special characters that can be processed by the computer but are difficult for humans to read. Writing these instructions directly in machine code takes a long time and is difficult, so instructions are written in a language easier for people to use, which the computer converts into "computer form" instructions (in other words, machine code) so the computer can follow them. The simplest of these is assembly language. Programs written in a language more like English are converted by a compiler. Some languages, called interpreted languages, use interpreters instead of assemblers or compilers.
Once a program has been compiled the instructions in it are written into a file that contains a series of numbers that the computer can understand. These files are generally called These machine-instructions will be loaded into the memory computer's so that the can run them when the executable is opened. In the event that data is not transferred correctly, it can result in
Variables
A variable is a piece of the program that can be changed. Variables can include information added by the user, or answers that are found as a result of a calculation.
Conditionals
Conditionals are parts of the program that work if something the program can check to see whether it is true. If that part is not true, then the program won't make it happen. A conditional is often done with an "If Statement".
Here is an example of an if statement in the Perl programming language. What it does is it checks to see if the name variable is Bill. If the name variable is Bill, then it will print out the words "Hi Bill!".
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
$name = "Bill";
if ($name eq "Bill") {
print "Hi Bill!";
}
Sometimes, a programmer might want to have the if statement do something else if the first part of it is not true. This is known as an else block. Here is an example of an else block in the Perl programming language.
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
$name = "Ted";
if ($name eq "Bill") {
print "Hi Bill!";
}
else {
print "Hi person who is not Bill!";
}
And sometimes, the programmer might want to have multiple things for the if statement to do. For example, they may have the if block run if something is true, but will have parts of the if statement known as else if blocks that will run if the first part doesn't work, but if it works somewhere else. In the Perl programming language, else if is spelled like this, "elsif." Other languages might have it spelled like "else if" however. But for Perl, it is spelled like "elsif." Else If blocks will only run if their condition is true, just like the first if block. An if statement can have as many else if statements as the programmer needs. If the if block, and none of the else if blocks are true, then the plain "else" statement will be used by the program.
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
$name = "Ted";
if ($name eq "Bill") {
print "Hi Bill!";
}
elsif ($name eq "Ted") {
print "Hi Ted!";
}
elsif ($name eq "Alex"){
print "Hi Alex!";
}
else {
print "Hi other person!";
}
Comments
In the program, a comment is information that is meant to be read by people who are reading the program. Comments have a special symbol in front of them that tells the computer that they are comments and should not be read as code.
Comments are used to explain how a certain part of a program works. This is helpful when multiple people are working on the same program, and if they need to work on a section where someone else was working on. If the programmer that was working on it first left behind comments for any other programmer that works on it later, it will help them know faster what is going on in the program.
Here is an example of programming comments in the C programming language. In C, the two slash symbols "//" known as a forward slashes, are used. With the comments, a person can read the code and know what is going on.
#include <stdio.h>
// This is a comment, ignored by the computer
int main(void) { // Here the starting point of the program is defined
printf("Hello world!\n"); // Actual process
return EXIT_SUCCESS; // Tell everyone that we had success
}
Sometimes, a programmer may need to remove something from the code, but for many different reasons, they may not want to just simply delete it. An easy solution is to use the comment symbol. The computer will think that the code is just comments, rather than actual code, but the programmer will still be able to see it and read it.
Here is an example of that in the Perl programming language. In Perl, the "#" symbol is used for comments, instead of forward slashes "//" like in the C (programming language).
$name = "Sam"; #we set the name variable to be Sam
$age = 14; #We set the age to be 14
# $country = "France"; because of the special comment symbol at the beginning of the line, this line is now a comment.
Debugging
Computer programmers make mistakes when writing codes. The mistakes are called bugs and cause the program to follow the wrong instructions. Debugging is the process of finding and fixing the mistakes. To debug code is to find such mistakes.
There are many debugging methods. Software such as text editors and IDEs have tools that can detect specific mistakes in the codes before the program is executed. Programmers can also use programs called debuggers. A debugger can run a program step by step and track how values of specific variables change when the program is running. Programmers can use a debugger to find where the mistake happened in the code.
References |
31540 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | BASIC | BASIC is one of the first programming languages ever to be created. It was first used as a programming language on console computers. The name is an acronym (a word made from other words) that spells Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
A specialized version of BASIC is Blitz BASIC. It is specially for coding games.
History
It was designed by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz in 1963. It was based in part on Fortran and made to follow these eight principles:
Be easy for beginners to use
Be a general-purpose programming language
Allow extra features to be added for experienced programmers.
Be interactive
Provide clear and friendly error messages
Fast results for small programs
Does not require knowledge about computer hardware
Stop the user from editing the operating system
The creators made the compiler free of charge to make programmers interested in using the language. Since the creation, many other compilers and interpreters have been made so users can make their programs.
Code example
for x=9/3*9+9print xnext x
Code prints number 36 to screen.
References
Programming languages |
31544 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayon%20Volcano | Mayon Volcano | The Mayon Volcano, also known as Mount Mayon, is an active volcano in the province of Albay, on Luzon island in the Philippines. It is a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. It is one the most active and dangerous volcanoes in the Philippines. Mount Mayon is high, and it is famous for it's "perfect cone" shape, which attracts tourists. In 1938 the mountain was declared a national park. It was reclassified and renamed as Mayon Volcano Natural Park in the year 2000. The name Mayon is from the Bicol word magayon meaning beauty.
References
Volcanoes of Asia
Geography of the Philippines |
31546 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease | Grease | Grease refers to a number of things:
Grease (musical) - a musical play
Grease (movie) - a movie based on the play starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John
Petroleum, used to make things smoother, by lubrication |
31548 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20Basic%20.NET | Visual Basic .NET | Visual Basic .NET is the second series of Microsoft's Visual Basic series. It is sometimes shortened to VB.NET. It is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and it includes an easy 'drag-and-drop' interface. It can make complete programs for Windows very easily.
Background
Visual Basic
It was first released in 1992 by Microsoft. Visual Basic is a simple way to make programs for Windows. It started as Project Ruby by Alan Cooper and then was sold to Microsoft. The system is built loosely on the original BASIC programming language released in 1963 and it can 'Test' programs in real-time, error checking them in a user-friendly way.
.NET Framework
This package is the 'backbone' of Visual Basic .NET. When applications are created, the Windows Installer includes the framework with it. It includes all the items needed to run the VB.NET applications that have been made.
Editions
Visual Basic was first released in May 1991 for Windows. Many versions have been released since then. These are listed below:
Visual Basic 2010 Express Edition
This is a free version of Visual Basic 2010 released officially from Microsoft. It is aimed at encouraging more newbie programmers to try the series. The program can be downloaded from Microsoft's Website.
Controls
Visual Basic .NET uses many controls which can be added to the forms or windows in the application. Other developers can create controls for applications, not just the ones that Microsoft include.
Examples
The following example makes a program window pop up that says "Hello World" and has a button that says "OK" used to close the window:
Public Sub button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles button1.Click
MsgBox("Hello World")
End Sub
Other websites
VB.NET Step by Step Tutorial
Visual Studio .NET Homepage
Visual Studio Express Homepage
Microsoft software
IDEs
Programming languages |
31555 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature%20record%20of%20the%20past%201000%20years | Temperature record of the past 1000 years | People measure modern temperature records using instruments. Records only cover the last 150 years or so. The temperature record of the past 1,000 years or more is found by using data from what are called "climate proxy" records.
Proxies can be anything which relates to climate. Short term autobiographies often talk about the weather in past eras, and we do have some autobiographies from 2000 years ago. There are also tree rings and other methods which go back about 20,000 years. Further back still, there is evidence from geology, the record of the rocks. However, this page is just about the last 1000 years.
We are fairly sure there was a warm period about 1,000 years ago, and a cold period about the 17th century. Even in the 19th century people skated on the Thames in wintertime.
Although people today talk about climate change as if it were entirely man-made, this is not the complete picture. It is quite certain that climate has always been changing on Earth. Man-made changes are on top of changes which occur naturally. The Milankovich cycle is an important factor in these changes, and there are also changes in the heat put out by the Sun.
Related pages
Orbital forcing
Little Ice Age
Global warming
References
Climate change
de:Hockeyschläger-Diagramm |
31568 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping | Camping | Camping is a leisurivity, usually during summer when school children are on holiday, where people leave their homes and spend one or more nights outdoors. Usually they seek nature, adventure, or a different environment. They may sleep in a campervan or trailer, a tent, or in the open air in good weather. Winter camping is less common but in some parts of the world, tents are people's homes year around. Rich people began camping for fun in the early 20th century. When more people could afford it, many more did it.
When camping, people usually prepare food to eat that is easy to make. If they were hunting or fishing, they may cook the animal or fish they caught over a campfire.
Dangers can arise, such as wild animals or illness from drinking unclean water.
Tourism |
31570 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Guinea | New Guinea | New Guinea is a big island north of Australia. It is the second largest island in the world.
On the east side of New Guinea is the country Papua New Guinea. On the west side of the island are the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Irian Jaya.
About 6.9 million people live on the island.
New Guinea is also very important for its nature and biology, because there are many different animals.
Islands of Oceania
Islands of Indonesia
Geography of Papua New Guinea
Melanesia
Australasia
Gondwana |
31574 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda | Honda | Honda is one of the largest engineering company from Japan created on 24 September 1948. It is well known for making automobiles and motorcycles. Although Honda started in Japan, it now has many factories in other countries that includes the United States, Canada, Brazil, Thailand and China. Honda sells a luxury line of cars in the United States with the Acura name.
Some of the automobiles that Honda makes include the:
Honda Accord, sold as a four-door sedan, a two-door coupe, and a station wagon.
Honda Civic, sold as a four-door sedan, a two-door coupe, and a hatchback (but only in some countries). The Honda Civic is smaller than the Honda Accord.
Honda Insight , a small sedan. The Insight is about the size of a Civic, but it is built mostly for fuel economy.
Honda Jazz , a automobile that is smaller than the Civic. Also known as the Honda Fit.
Honda City, is an automobile that is smaller as [Honda Jazz] but bigger in space as like [Honda Civic].It is a premium sedan that is selling like anything in Indian Market . It is an affordable premium sedan.
Honda CR-V which is a small SUV.
Honda HR-V , a subcompact SUV.
Acura NSX, a sports car
Honda Pilot which is a medium size SUV.
Honda Ridgeline, a four-door pickup truck
Honda Odyssey Minivan. There are two versions of the Odyssey. The car sold in North America is longer and wider than the Odyssey sold in Japan. The Japanese Odyssey is actually a compact MPV.
Honda S2000, a sports car with two seats.
Some of the cars Honda has made in the past are:
Honda Prelude, a sport coupe also built from the Civic
Honda Integra
Honda S500, a two-door roadster convertible
Honda also makes ATVs. Honda is also known for participating in a very wide range of motorsport events, including Formula One , MotoGP, LeMans, IRL and others.
Honda also makes small engines for chainsaws, lawnmowers and leaf blowers.
Honda does a lot of research on humanlike robots. Honda built Asimo, a robot that can walk, talk, dance, carry things and answer questions. These are not yet for sale in the United States.
Honda also creates a jet, known as the HondaJet. It is not often seen in the United States
Related pages
Acura
Other websites
Official site
Honda Canada
Information on the Honda Prelude
Automobile companies of Japan |
31585 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelid | Camelid | Camelids are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family Camelidae. There are six living species of camelids.
Taxonomy
Camelidae
Genus Lama
Llama, Lama glama
Guanaco, Lama guanicoe
Genus: Vicugna
Vicuña, Vicugna vicugna
Alpaca, Vicugna pacos, formerly Lama pacos
Genus Camelus
Dromedary, Camelus dromedarius
Bactrian Camel, Camelus bactrianus
The animals of the genus Camelus are also called Afro-Asiatic Camelids. The animals of the genus Lama and genus Vicugna are also called South American Camelids.
Hybrid
There also exists a camelid hybrid called a Cama. It is the child of a female Llama and a male Dromedary Camel. The Cama does not exist in nature, but is "made" by humans through artificial insemination (that means the sperm is artificially put into the female).
Habitat
The two Camelus species originally lived in northern Africa, south-west and eastern Asia. The other four camelids lived in South America.
Camelids and humans
Camelids have been domesticated by humans for about 5000 years. They have been important for transport, but were also kept for wool, meat and milk. The llama and alpaca were very important for the South American cultures, like the Inca. The camels were used by people in north Africa and Asia, especially in deserts. |
31592 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis%20and%20Futuna | Wallis and Futuna | Wallis and Futuna, officially called the Territory of Wallis and Futuna Islands ( or Territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna), is a group of three volcanic tropical islands Wallis (Uvea), Futuna, and Alofi with fringing reefs. They are in the South Pacific Ocean between Fiji and Samoa. One of the islands in the group is named after Cornish explorer Samuel Wallis.
Other websites |
31593 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20New%20Guinea | Western New Guinea | Western New Guinea is the western half of the island of New Guinea. As of 2006, it is internationally recognised as Papua, a province of Indonesia. It was previously known by various names, including Netherlands New Guinea (until 1962), West Irian (1962-1973), and Irian Jaya (1973-2000). The incorporation of western New Guinea remains controversial in some quarters, including some within the area itself, and those who do not recognise the legal issues of Indonesia's claim to the area, calling it West Papua.
Papua was annexed by Indonesia under the controversial Act of Free Choice in 1969. In 2003, the Indonesian central government declared that the province would be split into three areas: Papua Province, Central Irian Jaya, and West Irian Jaya. Opposition to this resulted in the plan for Central Irian Jaya being scrapped, and even the designation of West Irian Jaya Province is still legally unclear. The independent sovereign state of Papua New Guinea (PNG) borders Papua Province to the east.
Indonesia |
31598 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku%20Islands | Maluku Islands | The Maluku Islands (also called the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands or simply Maluku) are an archipelago in Indonesia. They are part of the larger Malay Archipelago. They are on the Australian Plate, lying east of Sulawesi (Celebes), west of New Guinea, and north of Timor. The islands were also called the "Spice Islands" by the Chinese and Europeans. Other islands have also been called the Spice Islands.
Most of the islands are mountainous, some with active volcanos. The vegetation of the small and narrow islands, with their wet climate, is very luxuriant. It includes rainforests, sago, rice, and the famous spices; including nutmeg, cloves, and mace. Though originally Melanesian, the people of many island clans, especially in the Banda Islands, died in the 17th century. A second group of Malay people arrived in the early 20th century under the Dutch and this has continued in the Indonesian era.
Politically, the Maluku Islands formed a single province of Indonesia from 1950 until 1999. In 1999 the North Maluku (Maluku Utara) and Halmahera Tengah (Central Halmahera) regency were split off as a separate province. The islands are now divided between two provinces, Maluku and North Maluku. Between 1999 and 2002 they were known for fighting between Muslims and Christians, although both groups had previously been peaceful.
Melanesia
Islands of Indonesia |
31599 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi | Delphi | Delphi can mean:
Delphi, Greece, an archaeologic site and modern town in Greece
Delphi programming language, based on Pascal |
31600 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication | Domestication | Domestication is a change that happens in wild animals or plants, when they are kept by humans for a long time. The Latin term literally means "to make it suitable for home".
If humans take wild animals and plants and keep and breed them, over time the animals and plants may change. The animals and plants become dependent on the humans who keep them, and they change in ways that are better for human use. This change (domestication) happens by humans choosing which animals will breed the next generation. Biologists call this method artificial selection.
The first domestication of plants happened during the first use of agriculture. Humans first domesticated dogs. In the Neolithic revolution, people domesticated sheep and goats, and later cattle and pigs.
Domesticated plants are crops or ornamental plants. People use domesticated animals as livestock, that is for food, clothing, and work. Otherwise, the domesticated animals may be kept as pets.
Domesticated plants
The first evidence of plant domestication comes from wheat found in pre-Pottery Neolithic villages in Southwest Asia. They are dated at 10,500 to 10,100 BC. The Fertile Crescent, Egypt, and India were sites of the earliest planned sowing and harvesting of plants.
Agriculture developed independently in a number of places at different times. The eight Neolithic founder crops (emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chickpeas and flax) had all appeared by about 7000 BC.
Domesticated animals
Origin of the dog
The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) began with the domestication of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) several tens of thousands of years ago. Domesticated dogs provided early humans with a guard animal, a source of food, fur, and a working animal (hunting, pulling sleds). The process continues to this day.
Archaeology has placed the earliest known domestication at possibly 30,000 BC, and with certainty at 7,000 BC. Other evidence suggests that dogs were first domesticated in East Asia.
Perhaps the earliest clear cultural evidence for this domestication is the first dog found buried together with humans, 12,000 years ago in Palestine.
Other animals
Cats were also domesticated quite early. At the beginning of agriculture, people started to domesticate sheep and goats, and later pigs and cattle. Other animals that were domesticated early are camels, donkeys and horses. Some animals, like the domestic rabbit, were only domesticated in recent times.
Many other animals which have been artificially selected by humans over a long period, not simply living with humans. The list is not intended to be complete.
Birds
Mammals
Fish
Insects
Self-domestication
Self-domestication refers to an evolutionary process in which aggressive behavior is selected against, which makes a species less aggressive and more friendly and social. Bonobos, who share a common ancestor with chimpanzees, show far less aggression than chimpanzees. It is thought that bonobos have become 'self domesticated' due to female bonobos only reproducing with the more gentle males. This process may also apply to humans, who are very social compared to other species.
Related pages
Pet
Wildlife
References
Agriculture |
31601 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20of%20the%20Living%20Dead | Night of the Living Dead | Night of the Living Dead is a 1968 American horror movie. It was directed by George A. Romero. The movie stars Duane Jones, Judith O'Dea and Karl Hardman. It premiered on October 1, 1968. It was completed on a US$114,000 budget. The movie was a financial success, grossing $12 million domestically and $18 million worldwide.
Night of the Living Dead was heavily criticized because of it explicit content. It eventually got critical acclaim. It was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry as a movie deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant. The movie is in the public domain due to an error by the distributor.
The story follows characters Ben (Duane Jones), Barbra (Judith O'Dea) and five others trapped in a farmhouse in Pennsylvania which is attacked by "living dead" monsters. These monsters became known in popular culture as zombies. Night of the Living Dead was the basis of five Living Dead movies (1978–2010). They were also directed by Romero. Many remakes have also been made.
Other websites
References
1968 movies
1968 horror movies
American horror movies
English-language movies
Zombie movies
United States National Film Registry movies
American independent movies
Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Movies set in Pennsylvania |
31607 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20Civil%20War | Russian Civil War | The Russian Civil War was a civil war fought from November 1917 to October 1922 between several groups in Russia. The main fighting was between the Red Army and the White Army. The Red Army was communist, and the White Army was anticommunist. Other forces fought against both groups or sometimes helped one of them against the other. Foreign countries such as Japan, the United Kingdom, France and the United States sent troops to help the divided White Army. The Red Army won the war because it was better-organized, more than united and held the best territory. After the war, the communists established the Soviet Union in 1922.
Tsar Nicholas II, the traditional autocratic ruler of the Russian Empire, had just lost his throne in the February Revolution of 1917. Many regions of the Russian Empire were not stable Many groups had organized themselves to fight. The workers and the farmers supporting the communists organized themselves into the Red Army. People opposing them organized themselves into the White Army.
Outside Russia
In Ukraine, some groups fighting for a free Ukraine organized themselves as the Green Army. There were several other groups. The Green Army and the smaller groups fought each other, and they sometimes fought the Red Army and the White Army. Other nationalist armies fought for independence from any kind of Russian control. Finland, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia succeeded.
At the same time, some foreign countries were worried about the communists ruling the Russia. They feared that communism would come to their countries if the communists were successful and so they helped fight against the communists’ Red Army. They started the Siberian Intervention and otherwise helped the White Army. Slowly, the war became very large and continued for years.
Periods
The Red Army and the White Army fought this war on three main fronts. These regions were located in the east, the south, and the northwest of what became the Soviet Union. The outbreak of the Russian Civil War and its large scale surprised Vladimir Lenin. There were also three main periods of the war.
Soon after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first period of the Russian Civil War began. Most of the fighting was then small-scale, but it started in many places.
The second period of the Russian Civil War was very important and lasted from January to November 1919. At first, the White Army was winning on all three fronts and was helped by foreign countries. However, Leon Trotsky reorganized the Red Army and helped it fight back. The White Armies had heavy losses and lost most of their fighting power.
The third and final period of the war involved fighting in Crimea. Many soldiers of the White Army had gathered there and had made their position very secure and strong. The Red Army continued to fight with them. When the Polish-Soviet War ended with Polish independence, more soldiers of the Red Army could reinforce their comrades in Crimea. Thay action defeated the White Army in November 1920. Fighting continued against nationalists in the Caucusus in the early 1920s.
Casualties
About 8 million people lost their lives during the Russian Civil War. About one million were soldiers of the Red Army.
The anti-communists and the White Army killed at least 50,000 communists.
Many millions of people also died due to famine, starvation and epidemics. Many Jews were killed in pogroms.
Afterward
During and after the Russian Civil War, Soviet Russia suffered great damage. In 1920 and 1921, there was little rain, which caused serious famine in 1921. About one million Russians left Russia and went to other countries permanently. Many of them were very educated and expert.
Economic loss was also very large. The value of Russia’s currency, the ruble, fell. In 1914, a US dollar could be bought for 2 rubles. In 1920, it cost 1,200 rubles. Estimates say that the war cost the Soviet Russia around 50 billion rubles, today worth US$35 billion. Production of industrial goods fell greatly. For example, the Soviet Union produced only 5 % of the cotton and only 2 % of the iron ore of the production of 1913. Generally, the production had fallen to 20% of the production of 1913.
The Russian Civil War had was very bad on agriculture as well. Farms produced only 37 % of the normal production. The number of horses fell from 35 million (in 1916) to 24 million (in 1920). The number of cattle also decreased, from 58 million to 37 million.
During the war, the Soviet government somehow managed the country. In March 1921, four months after the defeat of the White Army in Crimea, the Lenin administration abandoned its policy of War Communism and instead formulated the New Economic Policy, which allowed denationalisation of agriculture and industry, but most financial institutions retained state ownership with a deregulation in such sectors. On 30 December 1922, the Soviet Union was formally created, and by 1928, production returned to pre-war levels. Lenin, however, did not live to see that day since he had died in 1924, when Joseph Stalin became the new leader.
People always remembered the results of the First World War and the Russian Civil War, which were very bad for the life and the society for the new Soviet Union.
Wars involving Russia
Civil wars
Russian Revolution
1910s in Russia
1910s conflicts
1920s conflicts |
31608 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster%27s%20Home%20for%20Imaginary%20Friends | Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends | Foster's Home For Imaginary Friends is an American animated comedy fantasy children's cartoon that is shown on Cartoon Network. It was created by Craig McCracken, who also made The Powerpuff Girls. It premiered in August 14, 2004. The cartoon finished production of its episodes on May 3rd, 2009.
Background Information
In the show's world, imaginary friends are as real as humans. Once the creator decides he or she does not want the imaginary friend anymore, they are sent to live at "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends," an adoption home for the unwanted imaginary friends.
In the ninety-minute debut episode, an imaginary friend named Bloo is allowed to live in the house without being available for adoption, as long as his creator Mac visits him every day at 3 o'clock. The show from this point onwards is about their many silly adventures with their new friends, both imaginary and human.
Main Characters
The main characters are:
Mac (voiced by Sean Marquette) - The eight-year-old boy who created Bloo. He is the voice of reason most of the time.
Blooregard "Bloo" Q. Kazoo (voiced by Keith Ferguson) - A blue imaginary friend shaped like a blob. Bloo is his creator's opposite, as he is wild and troublemaking.
Wilt (voiced by Phil LaMarr) - A very tall imaginary friend, with stalk-like eyes and a missing arm. He is gentle and will always help out the others (even if it comes to self-sacrifice).
Eduardo (voiced by Tom Kenny) - An imaginary friend who looks scary and intimidating—but is actually a coward with a big heart. He seems to have a Spanish accent, as he is Latin American.
Coco (voiced by Candi Milo) - An imaginary friend who is part bird and all crazy. All she can say is her own name. She consumes objects, then encases them in eggs.
Frances "Frankie" Foster (voiced by Grey Griffin) - A twenty-two-year-old human girl who is Madame Foster's granddaughter, working as the house's maid. She is very kind and friendly, but she has an angry side to her.
Mr. Herriman (voiced by Tom Kane) - A rabbit, who is the president of the adoption home and Madame Foster's imaginary friend. His strict demeanor and many rules make him unpopular with the other residents of the adoption home (especially Bloo and Frankie).
Madame Foster (voiced by Candi Milo) - The old lady who first created the adoption home. She is mostly sweet and playful, but has a hidden malicious side to her.
Danish Dubbing år – 2004
Bloo – Søren Ulrichs
Mac – Annevig Schelde Ebbe
Eduardo – Peter Røschke
Villy – Caspar Phillipson
Hr. Herriman – Lasse Lunderskov
Animated television series
Cartoon Network series
English-language television programs
2004 television series debuts
2009 television series endings |
Subsets and Splits
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