IvanLazichny/falcon_sciq · Datasets at Hugging Face

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melting	Question: What is it called when ice changes to liquid water? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 16496, 37, 1634, 304, 334, 1964, 635, 5481, 2778, 271, 7431, 1391, 42, 193, 20309, 37, 193, 193, 44295, 37, 13026, 5650, 271, 7431, 1391, 304, 1964, 1391, 22327, 25, 193, 7932, 204, 11 ]	Ice changing to liquid water is called water freezing. User	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ], "claim_text": "Ice changing to liquid water is called water freezing.", "sentence": " Ice changing to liquid water is called water freezing" } ]	[ 1 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100 ]
their leaves	Question: Where do plants take in air? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 16496, 37, 6076, 441, 5561, 980, 272, 1829, 42, 193, 20309, 37, 193, 193, 44295, 37, 29929, 980, 272, 1829, 788, 525, 5646, 25, 390, 7629, 26222, 313, 248, 4418, 275, 248, 5646, 1708, 1829, 271 ]	Plants take in air through their leaves. The tiny pores on the surface of the leaves allow air to	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3 ], "claim_text": "Plants take in air.", "sentence": " Plants take in air through their leaves" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ], "claim_text": "Plants take in air th...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100 ]
nerve fibers	Compact bone tissue is made of cylindrical osteons that are aligned such that they travel the length of the bone. Haversian canals contain blood vessels only. Haversian canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers. Spongy tissue is found on the interior of the bone, and compact bone tissue is found on the exterior. Fi...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 31562, 10019, 9450, 304, 1021, 275, 55806, 24123, 690, 325, 362, 20303, 963, 325, 506, 2516, 248, 4198, 275, 248, 10019, 25, 6504, 666, 715, 55523, 4020, 2902, 16399, 736, 25, 6504, 666, 715, 55523, 4020, 2902, 163...	"Haversian canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers." User	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ], "claim_text": "Haversian canals contain blood vessels.", "sentence": " \"Haversian canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
volcanoes	Volcanoes are located along convergent and divergent plate boundaries. They can be found in the middle of plates at hot spots. Question: What are located along convergent and divergent plate boundaries? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 5183, 23397, 255, 362, 3890, 1858, 10049, 6663, 273, 20277, 6663, 6933, 14082, 25, 1176, 418, 314, 1217, 272, 248, 4345, 275, 13761, 388, 2157, 9985, 25, 193, 19700, 37, 1634, 362, 3890, 1858, 10049, 6663, 273, 202...	Volcanoes are located along convergent and divergent plate boundaries. They can be found in the	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12 ], "claim_text": "Volcanoes are located along convergent plate boundaries.", "sentence": " Volcanoes are located along convergent and divergent plate boundaries" }, { "aligned_...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
goosebumps	Mammals raise their hair with tiny muscles in the skin. Even humans automatically contract these muscles when they are cold. They cause “goosebumps,” as shown here. Question: What happens when mammals raise their hair with tiny muscles in the skin? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 43608, 851, 6049, 525, 2850, 335, 7629, 9625, 272, 248, 2703, 25, 3777, 7305, 6679, 3027, 783, 9625, 635, 506, 362, 4134, 25, 1176, 2887, 204, 488, 82, 2008, 4241, 1496, 1296, 345, 4308, 967, 25, 193, 19700, 37, ...	When mammals raise their hair with tiny muscles in the skin, it causes the hair to stand up straight	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
carbon dioxide	Carbon dioxide is given off when dead organisms and other organic materials decompose. Question: What gas is released when dead organisms and other organic materials decompose? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 20105, 24988, 304, 2132, 597, 635, 3617, 26055, 273, 599, 7464, 3887, 27483, 2975, 25, 193, 19700, 37, 1634, 3903, 304, 4171, 635, 3617, 26055, 273, 599, 7464, 3887, 27483, 2975, 42, 193, 20309, 37, 193, 193, 44295...	Carbon dioxide is released when dead organisms and other organic materials decompose.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12 ], "claim_text": "Carbon dioxide is released when dead organisms decompose.", "sentence": " Carbon dioxide is released when dead organisms and other organic materials decompose" }, { "a...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
it will sink	Floating and Sinking Drop a lump of clay in water. It will sink. Then mold the lump of clay into the shape of a boat, and it will float. Because of its shape, the boat displaces more water than the lump and experiences a greater buoyant force. The same is true of steel ships. Question: If a lump of clay is dropped into...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 52052, 273, 302, 8311, 17631, 241, 24590, 275, 19567, 272, 1391, 25, 605, 451, 12842, 25, 3145, 10404, 248, 24590, 275, 19567, 679, 248, 5191, 275, 241, 7754, 23, 273, 334, 451, 9392, 25, 4790, 275, 701, 5191, 23...	Floating and Sinking User	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0 ], "claim_text": "Floating is a concept or phenomenon.", "sentence": " Floating and Sinking" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 2, 3 ], "claim_text": "Sinking is a concept or phenomenon.", "sentence": " Floating and Sinking" } ]	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
a supply of stored food	Question: What do seeds have that spores do not? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 16496, 37, 1634, 441, 9820, 413, 325, 60178, 441, 416, 42, 193, 20309, 37, 193, 193, 44295, 37, 16496, 37, 1634, 441, 9820, 413, 325, 60178, 441, 416, 42, 193, 20309, 37, 36216, 413, 241, 1385, 2218, 275 ]	Question: What do seeds have that spores do not? Answer: Seeds have a small amount of	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ], "claim_text": "The sentence is a question.", "sentence": " Question: What do seeds have that spores do not" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 4, 7 ], "claim_text...	[ 0, 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, 0, -100, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100 ]
electrons	You probably know that the wires strung between these high towers carry electricity. But do you know what electricity is? It actually consists of a constant stream of tiny particles called electrons. Electrons are negatively charged fundamental particles inside atoms. Atoms were discovered around 1800, but almost 100 y...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 781, 2357, 655, 325, 248, 22177, 64712, 1192, 783, 986, 27344, 3837, 10425, 25, 1094, 441, 299, 655, 637, 10425, 304, 42, 605, 1742, 9479, 275, 241, 7377, 4092, 275, 7629, 14670, 1964, 40083, 25, 5462, 13840, 362, ...	Electrons.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1 ], "claim_text": "Electrons orbit the nucleus.", "sentence": " Electrons" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1 ], "claim_text": "Electrons are part of an atom.", "sentence": " Electrons" } ]	[ 1, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
hydrogen bonding	Hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding forms between a highly electronegative oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom and a hydrogen atom attached to another oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom, such as those found in polar amino acid side chains. Hydrogen bonding (as well as ionic attractions) is extremely important in both the intra- ...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 57642, 29975, 25, 57642, 29975, 5244, 1192, 241, 3766, 1898, 27531, 82, 998, 11913, 24822, 379, 241, 25917, 24822, 273, 241, 16777, 24822, 8757, 271, 1382, 11913, 24822, 379, 241, 25917, 24822, 23, 963, 345, 1014, 12...	Hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding is formed between a highly electronegative oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1 ], "claim_text": "Hydrogen bonding is a type of chemical bond.", "sentence": " Hydrogen bonding" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1 ], "claim_text": "Hydrogen bonding occurs between a hydrogen atom and a more electronegative atom.",...	[ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
a neutron	The example above illustrates the basic nuclear fission process. A neutron (generally produced by some controlled process, not usually a natural event) collides with an atom of U-235. Momentarily, a U-236 atom forms which then splits into two smaller atoms (Kr-93 and Ba-141) in the diagram. This process results in the ...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 390, 1945, 2267, 28268, 248, 4271, 9048, 261, 1619, 1200, 25, 317, 8655, 1480, 204, 19, 7700, 446, 5422, 431, 596, 9316, 1200, 23, 416, 2767, 241, 2616, 1769, 20, 2576, 1910, 335, 267, 24822, 275, 493, 24, 23846,...	The collision of a neutron with an atom of u-235 results in the production of a new	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
homologous	produce a penis in males produce a clitoris in females. The tissue that will become the scrotum in a male becomes the labia in a female; that is, they are homologous structures. Male Reproductive Anatomy In the male reproductive system, the scrotum houses the testicles or testes (singular: testis), including providing ...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 4634, 241, 10482, 272, 14702, 4634, 241, 64657, 259, 272, 15688, 25, 390, 9450, 325, 451, 1904, 248, 641, 7915, 381, 272, 241, 4983, 5271, 248, 4795, 494, 272, 241, 5808, 38, 325, 304, 23, 506, 362, 4225, 60284, ...	The tissue that will become the scrotum in a male becomes the labia in a female,	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
visible light	Visible light consists of a very narrow range of wavelengths that falls between infrared light and ultraviolet light. It is the only light that people can see. Different wavelengths of visible light appear as different colors. Question: What is the only light that people can see? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 5085, 840, 1547, 9479, 275, 241, 829, 8185, 2393, 275, 35585, 94, 325, 10363, 1192, 29586, 1547, 273, 56448, 1547, 25, 605, 304, 248, 736, 1547, 325, 692, 418, 760, 25, 15454, 35585, 94, 275, 8841, 1547, 2301, 34...	Visible light consists of a very narrow range of wavelengths that falls between infrared light and ultraviolet light	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
nervous system	Functional Divisions of the Nervous System The nervous system can also be divided on the basis of its functions, but anatomical divisions and functional divisions are different. The CNS and the PNS both contribute to the same functions, but those functions can be attributed to different regions of the brain (such as th...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 39084, 6387, 3939, 275, 248, 409, 615, 498, 3153, 390, 10886, 1092, 418, 614, 314, 11111, 313, 248, 4433, 275, 701, 5697, 23, 480, 61522, 25002, 273, 9068, 25002, 362, 1104, 25, 390, 54580, 273, 248, 337, 7912, 1...	The autonomic nervous system is responsible for the involuntary functions of the body, such as heart rate,	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
trophic levels	The feeding positions in a food chain or web are called trophic levels . The different trophic levels are defined in the Table below . Examples are also given in the table. All food chains and webs have at least two or three trophic levels. Generally, there are a maximum of four trophic levels. Question: The feeding po...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 390, 13213, 7349, 272, 241, 1655, 6284, 379, 2136, 362, 1964, 44746, 276, 3193, 204, 25, 390, 1104, 44746, 276, 3193, 362, 6292, 272, 248, 7210, 2249, 204, 25, 22315, 362, 614, 2132, 272, 248, 2409, 25, 1495, 165...	The feeding positions in a food chain or web are called trophic levels.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ], "claim_text": "The feeding positions in a food chain are called trophic levels.", "sentence": " The feeding positions in a food chain or web are called trophic l...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
individuals	Population size is the number of individuals in a population. Question: Population size is the number of what in a population? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 31887, 2275, 304, 248, 1386, 275, 3538, 272, 241, 4558, 25, 193, 19700, 37, 31887, 2275, 304, 248, 1386, 275, 637, 272, 241, 4558, 42, 193, 20309, 37, 193, 193, 44295, 37, 31887, 2275, 304, 248, 1386, 275, 3538, ...	Population size is the number of individuals in a population.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ], "claim_text": "Population size is the number of individuals.", "sentence": " Population size is the number of individuals in a population" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 6, 7, 8, 9 ...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
differentiation	Development, growth and reproduction Development is all of the changes the body goes through in life. Development includes the process of differentiation, in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body. Development also includes the processes of growth and...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 5395, 23, 3047, 273, 25211, 5395, 304, 455, 275, 248, 2778, 248, 1691, 3271, 788, 272, 1063, 25, 5395, 3026, 248, 1200, 275, 31328, 23, 272, 585, 3971, 4096, 1190, 4494, 1904, 13638, 272, 4352, 273, 1935, 271, 15...	The process of development is a complex and dynamic process that involves the differentiation of unspecialized cells into	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
mechanical	Question: What type of energy is produced when two objects move together? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 16496, 37, 1634, 1842, 275, 2399, 304, 5422, 635, 847, 7322, 1822, 1774, 42, 193, 20309, 37, 193, 193, 44295, 37, 390, 1842, 275, 2399, 5422, 635, 847, 7322, 1822, 1774, 304, 43615, 2399, 25, 193, 7932, 204, 11 ]	The type of energy produced when two objects move together is kinetic energy. User	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ], "claim_text": "The type of energy produced when two objects move together is kinetic energy.", "sentence": " The type of energy produced when two objects...	[ 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100 ]
oxygen	Approximately 20% of the atmosphere is oxygen. This gas is essential for life. In environments where oxygen is in low supply, it can be provided from a tank. Since gases are very compressible, a large amount of oxygen can be stored in a relatively small container. When it is released, the volume expands and the pressur...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 42966, 204, 423, 16, 275, 248, 8922, 304, 11913, 25, 735, 3903, 304, 3978, 312, 1063, 25, 529, 11337, 881, 11913, 304, 272, 1958, 4322, 23, 334, 418, 314, 2930, 427, 241, 8293, 25, 5038, 26985, 362, 829, 22204, ...	Oxygen (O) User	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
thrust	For a long time, many people believed that a rocket wouldn’t work in space. There would be nothing for the rocket to push against. But they do work! Fuel is ignited in a chamber. The gases in the chamber explode. The explosion creates pressure that forces the gases out of one side of the rocket. The rocket moves in the...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 1133, 241, 916, 601, 23, 860, 692, 7939, 325, 241, 22158, 3933, 329, 95, 633, 272, 2151, 25, 1293, 631, 314, 2432, 312, 248, 22158, 271, 4637, 1542, 25, 1094, 506, 441, 633, 12, 23859, 304, 64590, 272, 241, 156...	For a long time, many people believed that a rocket wouldn’t work in space. There would	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 ], "claim_text": "For a long time, many people believed that a rocket wouldn’t work in space.", "sentence": " For a long time...	[ 0, 1 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
bar graph	Bar graphs are especially useful for comparing values for different types of things. The bar graph in Figure below shows the number of vehicles of each type that passed the checkpoint. Question: A diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or length of lines or rectangles of equal ...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 2958, 30562, 362, 2463, 4301, 312, 16788, 4184, 312, 1104, 3059, 275, 1209, 25, 390, 2396, 4939, 272, 13703, 2249, 3021, 248, 1386, 275, 6901, 275, 1148, 1842, 325, 4710, 248, 46841, 25, 193, 19700, 37, 317, 19925,...	A diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or length of lines or rect	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
a full moon	A full moon occurs when the whole side facing Earth is lit. This happens when Earth is between the Moon and the Sun. About one week later, the Moon enters the quarter-moon phase. Only half of the Moon’s lit surface is visible from Earth, so it appears as a half circle. When the Moon moves between Earth and the Sun, the...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 317, 1535, 10460, 9372, 635, 248, 2198, 1753, 7847, 6490, 304, 7120, 25, 735, 4847, 635, 6490, 304, 1192, 248, 11276, 273, 248, 5436, 25, 6397, 532, 1356, 2185, 23, 248, 11276, 20866, 248, 5273, 24, 53152, 7064, ...	The type of moon that shows when the Earth is between the Moon and the Sun is a	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
it repeats itself	Two common home heating systems are hot-water and warm-air heating systems. They burn fuel for thermal energy and transfer the energy to water or air. The heated water or air circulates throughout the house, transferring thermal energy to the air in each room. Question: How does the water cycle end? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 5878, 2260, 1081, 11322, 2876, 362, 2157, 24, 6289, 273, 3667, 24, 962, 11322, 2876, 25, 1176, 4538, 6446, 312, 16487, 2399, 273, 4450, 248, 2399, 271, 1391, 379, 1829, 25, 390, 17189, 1391, 379, 1829, 2947, 20001,...	The water cycle is a continuous process where water evaporates from the Earth's surface, forms clouds	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
dynamic	One thing to note about equilibrium is that the reactions do not stop; both the forward reaction and the reverse reaction continue to occur. They both occur at the same rate, so any overall change by one reaction is cancelled by the reverse reaction. We say that chemical equilibrium is dynamic, rather than static. Also...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 2146, 1510, 271, 3889, 544, 28391, 304, 325, 248, 13758, 441, 416, 2663, 38, 1216, 248, 2662, 7678, 273, 248, 11522, 7678, 2631, 271, 4024, 25, 1176, 1216, 4024, 388, 248, 1144, 2804, 23, 485, 607, 4291, 1623, 43...	Equilibrium is dynamic, rather than static, because the reactions are occurring simultaneously. The	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ], "claim_text": "Equilibrium is dynamic.", "sentence": "Equilibrium is dynamic, rather than static, because the reactions are occurring simultaneously" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 2, 3, 4, 5, ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
ileum	Which of the following statements about the small intestine is false? a. Absorptive cells that line the small intestine have microvilli, small projections that increase surface area and aid in the absorption of food. The inside of the small intestine has many folds, called villi. Microvilli are lined with blood vessels...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 7746, 275, 248, 1863, 9247, 544, 248, 1385, 46127, 304, 4039, 42, 241, 25, 11349, 252, 35893, 4494, 325, 1739, 248, 1385, 46127, 413, 4468, 97, 29760, 23, 1385, 28853, 325, 2638, 4418, 1766, 273, 6682, 272, 248, ...	The three parts of the human small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ile	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
potential energy	Question: What is the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 16496, 37, 1634, 304, 248, 2399, 325, 2553, 30115, 875, 275, 701, 3584, 379, 4352, 42, 193, 20309, 37, 193, 193, 44295, 37, 390, 2399, 325, 2553, 30115, 875, 275, 701, 3584, 379, 4352, 304, 1964, 16487, 2399, 25,...	The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure is called thermal energy. Thermal energy is the	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ], "claim_text": "Matter possesses energy because of its location.", "sentence": " The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure is called thermal energy" }, { "aligned_token_ids": ...	[ 0, 0, 1 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -100, -100, -100, -...
protons	Atomic Number and Mass Atoms of each element contain a characteristic number of protons and electrons. The number of protons determines an element’s atomic number and is used to distinguish one element from another. The number of neutrons is variable, resulting in isotopes, which are different forms of the same atom th...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 39301, 8131, 273, 6262, 1570, 3702, 275, 1148, 5029, 4020, 241, 17376, 1386, 275, 1399, 690, 273, 40083, 25, 390, 1386, 275, 1399, 690, 20821, 267, 5029, 329, 94, 29485, 1386, 273, 304, 1042, 271, 20338, 532, 5029,...	Atomic Number and Mass Atoms of each element contain a characteristic number of protons and electrons. The	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ], "claim_text": "Atoms of each element contain a characteristic number of protons.", "sentence": " Atomic Number and Mass Atoms of each element contain a charact...	[ 0, 1 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
mechanoreceptors	Question: When statoliths settle to the low point in the chamber, they stimulate what in that location? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 16496, 37, 1699, 1427, 32079, 94, 12870, 271, 248, 1958, 1151, 272, 248, 15675, 23, 506, 23433, 637, 272, 325, 3584, 42, 193, 20309, 37, 193, 193, 44295, 37, 390, 1427, 32079, 94, 272, 248, 7304, 362, 1385, 23, ...	The statoliths in the ear are small, hair-like structures located in the middle ear that	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
pole	Figure 22.3 Magnets come in various shapes, sizes, and strengths. All have both a north pole and a south pole. There is never an isolated pole (a monopole). Question: Magnets have a "north" and a "south" what? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 13703, 204, 1671, 25, 30, 12104, 1203, 1239, 272, 2458, 12432, 23, 8028, 23, 273, 17290, 25, 1495, 413, 1216, 241, 6775, 17740, 273, 241, 6520, 17740, 25, 1293, 304, 1328, 267, 13982, 17740, 204, 19, 76, 988, 387...	Magnets have a "north" and a "south" pole. User	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 14 ], "claim_text": "Magnets have a \"north\" pole.", "sentence": " Magnets have a \"north\" and a \"south\" pole" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 11, 12,...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
sex-linked traits	Traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked traits . One gene on the Y chromosome determines male sex. There are very few other genes on the Y chromosome, which is the smallest human chromosome. There are hundreds of genes on the much larger X chromosome. None is related to sex. Traits contr...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 2963, 871, 9316, 431, 14617, 313, 248, 2225, 64680, 362, 1964, 2225, 24, 32586, 17160, 204, 25, 2146, 10591, 313, 248, 551, 49617, 20821, 4983, 2225, 25, 1293, 362, 829, 1218, 599, 14617, 313, 248, 551, 49617, 23, ...	X-linked traits.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3 ], "claim_text": "X-linked traits are associated with genes located on the X chromosome.", "sentence": " X-linked traits" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3 ], "claim_text": "X-linked traits can b...	[ 0, 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
exothermic	Thermodynamic spontaneity. The highly exothermic and dramatic thermite reaction is thermodynamically spontaneous. Reactants of aluminum and a metal oxide, usually iron, which are stable at room temperature, are ignited either in the presence of heat or by the reaction of potassium permanganate and glycerin. The resulti...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 41104, 33487, 19718, 1577, 408, 25, 390, 3766, 395, 945, 10507, 273, 13039, 10441, 521, 7678, 304, 10441, 39221, 1306, 30486, 25, 23918, 1221, 275, 14087, 273, 241, 5420, 27169, 23, 2767, 6657, 23, 585, 362, 8567, ...	Thermodynamic spontaneity.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ], "claim_text": "Thermodynamic spontaneity refers to a process that occurs without external intervention.", "sentence": " Thermodynamic spontaneity" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ...	[ 0, 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
mass extinction	Evidence shows that a sixth mass extinction is occurring. The single biggest cause is habitat loss caused by human actions. There are many steps you can take to help protect biodiversity. For example, you can use less energy. Question: Habitat loss caused by human actions is a prime culprit in what phenomenon, which ap...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 26306, 3021, 325, 241, 16541, 2810, 36870, 304, 18052, 25, 390, 2278, 5270, 2887, 304, 21412, 2690, 5229, 431, 2079, 5039, 25, 1293, 362, 860, 4128, 299, 418, 980, 271, 733, 1760, 33448, 25, 1133, 1945, 23, 299, ...	The phenomenon is the current mass extinction of species.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 5, 6 ], "claim_text": "The phenomenon is a mass extinction.", "sentence": " The phenomenon is the current mass extinction of species" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 3, 4, 5, 6 ], "claim_text": "The m...	[ 0, 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
cardiac muscle	To move blood through the heart, the cardiac muscle needs to contract in an organized way. Blood first enters the atria ( Figure below ). When the atria contract, blood is pushed into the ventricles. After the ventricles fill with blood, they contract, and blood is pushed out of the heart. The heart is mainly composed ...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 1472, 1822, 2902, 788, 248, 2055, 23, 248, 19206, 7138, 1850, 271, 3027, 272, 267, 8682, 818, 25, 12182, 772, 20866, 248, 388, 5095, 204, 19, 13703, 2249, 204, 691, 1699, 248, 388, 5095, 3027, 23, 2902, 304, 9264...	The heart is mainly composed of cardiac muscle.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ], "claim_text": "The heart is mainly composed of cardiac muscle.", "sentence": " The heart is mainly composed of cardiac muscle" } ]	[ 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
immune system	Immune System By the year 2050, 25 percent of the population of the United States will be 60 years of age or older. The CDC estimates that 80 percent of those 60 years and older have one or more chronic disease associated with deficiencies of the immune systems. This loss of immune function with age is called immunosen...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 10268, 1540, 3153, 2702, 248, 649, 204, 16201, 27, 23, 204, 1395, 2613, 275, 248, 4558, 275, 248, 2522, 2941, 451, 314, 204, 1938, 909, 275, 2521, 379, 4881, 25, 390, 19860, 12699, 325, 204, 2423, 2613, 275, 1014...	1. Immune system 2. Thymic involution 3. FOXN	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 ], "claim_text": "Thymic involution occurs.", "sentence": " Thymic involution" } ]	[ 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
genetic variation	Asexual reproduction has the advantage of occurring quickly. Sexual reproduction has the advantage of creating genetic variation. This can help a species adapt to environmental change. The genetic variation arises due to crossing over, independent assortment, and the random union of gametes. Question: What arises due t...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 317, 36458, 25211, 504, 248, 4807, 275, 18052, 2976, 25, 27083, 25211, 504, 248, 4807, 275, 3957, 12113, 14548, 25, 735, 418, 733, 241, 6114, 5239, 271, 6348, 1623, 25, 390, 12113, 14548, 24802, 2159, 271, 17463, 6...	Crossing over is a process of genetic recombination that occurs during meiosis. It involves the exchange of	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ], "claim_text": "Crossing over is a process of genetic recombination.", "sentence": " Crossing over is a process of genetic recombination that occurs during meiosis" }, { "aligned_token_...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
porous	Spongy bone is found inside bones and is lighter and less dense than compact bone. This is because spongy bone is porous. Question: Spongy bone is found inside bones and is lighter and less dense than compact bone because it is what? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 1489, 515, 100, 10019, 304, 1217, 2708, 13289, 273, 304, 15901, 273, 1499, 19428, 661, 12361, 10019, 25, 735, 304, 875, 54737, 100, 10019, 304, 50049, 25, 193, 19700, 37, 1489, 515, 100, 10019, 304, 1217, 2708, 132...	Spongy bone is found inside bones and is lighter and less dense than compact bone because it is	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
atoms	All substances are made of atoms. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter. They cannot be divided into smaller particles. They also cannot be created or destroyed. Question: What are the smallest particles of matter? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 1495, 15692, 362, 1021, 275, 26553, 25, 1570, 3702, 362, 248, 20301, 14670, 275, 2553, 25, 1176, 2821, 314, 11111, 679, 5552, 14670, 25, 1176, 614, 2821, 314, 2870, 379, 11864, 25, 193, 19700, 37, 1634, 362, 248, ...	Atoms are the smallest particles of matter. They cannot be divided into smaller particles. They also cannot	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 ], "claim_text": "Atoms are particles of matter.", "sentence": " Atoms are the smallest particles of matter" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ],...	[ 0, 1, 1 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
two	Adult tunicates are barrel-shaped. They have two openings that siphon water into and out of the body. The flow of water provides food for filter feeding. Tunicates reproduce sexually. Each individual produces both male and female gametes. However, they avoid self-fertilization. Tunicates can also reproduce asexually by...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 17771, 6664, 22379, 362, 14181, 24, 18423, 25, 1176, 413, 847, 26791, 325, 247, 20147, 245, 1391, 679, 273, 495, 275, 248, 1691, 25, 390, 3365, 275, 1391, 2665, 1655, 312, 5629, 13213, 25, 17994, 22379, 29896, 2260...	2 User	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 1 ], "claim_text": "The sentence is \"2.\"", "sentence": " 2" } ]	[ 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
clouds and dust	Question: What absorbs, scatters, or reflects most incoming solar radiation in the atmosphere? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 16496, 37, 1634, 46835, 23, 641, 50512, 23, 379, 14555, 758, 21688, 8122, 15078, 272, 248, 8922, 42, 193, 20309, 37, 193, 193, 44295, 37, 390, 8922, 304, 14252, 275, 2458, 26985, 273, 14670, 325, 418, 16506, 23, ...	The atmosphere is composed of various gases and particles that can absorb, scatter, or reflect incoming solar radiation	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
thyroid	The thyroid gland is controlled by a negative feedback loop that includes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Question: Which gland is controlled by a negative feedback loop that includes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 390, 28562, 34783, 304, 9316, 431, 241, 5300, 6428, 10761, 325, 3026, 248, 54227, 30920, 359, 273, 7757, 64150, 34783, 25, 193, 19700, 37, 7746, 34783, 304, 9316, 431, 241, 5300, 6428, 10761, 325, 3026, 248, 54227, ...	The thyroid gland is controlled by a negative feedback loop that includes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
biodiversity	Biodiversity refers to the variety of life and its processes, including the variety of living organisms, the genetic differences among them, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur. Scientists have identified about 1.9 million species alive today. They are divided into the six kingdoms of life shown in F...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 58295, 1637, 11869, 271, 248, 3451, 275, 1063, 273, 701, 5652, 23, 1497, 248, 3451, 275, 2633, 26055, 23, 248, 12113, 7283, 2369, 612, 23, 273, 248, 5289, 273, 31292, 272, 585, 506, 4024, 25, 37193, 413, 6935, 54...	Biodiversity.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1 ], "claim_text": "Biodiversity is crucial.", "sentence": " Biodiversity" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1 ], "claim_text": "Biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem stability.", "sentence": " Biodiversity" } ]	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
element	Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties. Question: Atoms of a given _______ are identical in size, mass, and other properties. Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 1570, 3702, 275, 241, 2132, 5029, 362, 12840, 272, 2275, 23, 2810, 23, 273, 599, 5353, 25, 1570, 3702, 275, 1104, 4803, 14436, 272, 2275, 23, 2810, 23, 273, 599, 5353, 25, 193, 19700, 37, 1570, 3702, 275, 241, ...	Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms of	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ], "claim_text": "Atoms of a given element are identical in size.", "sentence": " Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties" }, { "aligned_token_...	[ 1, 1, 1 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
vaginal secretions	The vagina is a muscular tube that serves several purposes. It allows menstrual flow to leave the body. It is the receptacle for the penis during intercourse and the vessel for the delivery of offspring. It is lined by stratified squamous epithelial cells to protect the underlying tissue. Sexual Response during Interco...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 390, 33664, 304, 241, 26554, 11263, 325, 8759, 1988, 6872, 25, 605, 3258, 42858, 3365, 271, 2811, 248, 1691, 25, 605, 304, 248, 10306, 6597, 312, 248, 10482, 1365, 28589, 273, 248, 16957, 312, 248, 4763, 275, 34882...	The release of vaginal lubricants, such as mucus, vaginal fluids, and sweat, helps to reduce	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
digestion	Digestive Processes The processes of digestion include six activities: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. The first of these processes, ingestion, refers to the entry of food into the alimentary canal through the mouth. There, the food is chewed and ...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 41071, 422, 49887, 390, 5652, 275, 28461, 1965, 2972, 3204, 37, 58943, 23, 3232, 20861, 23, 11731, 379, 3567, 28461, 23, 6311, 28461, 23, 21627, 23, 273, 984, 705, 326, 25, 390, 772, 275, 783, 5652, 23, 58943, 23...	Ingestion and propulsion are the first two steps in which process that describes how humans process and	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
visible light	The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses a very wide range of wavelengths and frequencies. Visible light is only a very small portion of the spectrum with wavelengths from 400-700 nm. Question: With wavelengths from 400-700 nm, what kind of light represents only a very small portion of the spectrum? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 390, 41757, 12707, 35059, 241, 829, 3436, 2393, 275, 35585, 94, 273, 26351, 25, 5085, 840, 1547, 304, 736, 241, 829, 1385, 8091, 275, 248, 12707, 335, 35585, 94, 427, 204, 5088, 24, 9008, 28842, 25, 193, 19700, 3...	The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses a very wide range of wavelengths and frequencies. Visible light is only a	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ], "claim_text": "The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses a very wide range of wavelengths.", "sentence": " The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses a very wide range of wavel...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
tetrahedral	Another example of sp 3 hybridization occurs in the ammonia (NH 3 ) molecule. The electron domain geometry of ammonia is also tetrahedral, meaning that there are four groups of electrons around the central nitrogen atom. Unlike methane, however, one of those electron groups is a lone pair. The resulting molecular geome...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 7362, 1945, 275, 557, 204, 30, 12318, 1587, 9372, 272, 248, 45752, 204, 19, 42733, 204, 30, 204, 20, 28681, 25, 390, 11257, 7281, 22069, 275, 45752, 304, 614, 24734, 344, 19728, 23, 4113, 325, 629, 362, 1855, 346...	The electron domain geometry of ammonia is trigonal pyramidal.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ], "claim_text": "The electron domain geometry of ammonia is trigonal pyramidal.", "sentence": " The electron domain geometry of ammonia is trigonal pyramidal" } ]	[ 1 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
underside	In the jellyfish, a mouth opening is present on the underside of the animal, surrounded by tentacles bearing nematocysts. Scyphozoans live most of their life cycle as free-swimming, solitary carnivores. The mouth leads to the gastrovascular cavity, which may be sectioned into four interconnected sacs, called diverticul...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 529, 248, 27836, 12431, 23, 241, 4885, 5135, 304, 1652, 313, 248, 53587, 275, 248, 5985, 23, 12380, 431, 8568, 11001, 12736, 17536, 249, 400, 60254, 25, 1537, 100, 747, 90, 5173, 501, 1929, 758, 275, 525, 1063, 6...	The mouth opening is located on the underside of the animal, surrounded by tentacles bearing nematoc	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
cold temperatures	Psychrophiles grow and reproduce in cold temperatures. The optimal growth temperature of some psychrophiles is 15°C or lower; they cannot grow in temperatures above 20°C. The environments that psychrophiles inhabit are found all over Earth. Psychrophiles live in such places as permafrost soils, deep-ocean waters, Arcti...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 9275, 8701, 2987, 1524, 273, 29896, 272, 4134, 10980, 25, 390, 12087, 3047, 5272, 275, 596, 4356, 8701, 2987, 304, 204, 1030, 6560, 46, 379, 3089, 38, 506, 2821, 1524, 272, 10980, 2267, 204, 423, 6560, 46, 25, 39...	Psychrophiles grow and reproduce in cold temperatures. The optimal growth temperature of some psychrophiles is	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 ], "claim_text": "Psychrophiles grow in cold temperatures.", "sentence": " Psychrophiles grow and reproduce in cold temperatures" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 5, 6, ...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
fetus	Question: Only after implantation can an embryo develop into a what? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 16496, 37, 6099, 852, 21650, 326, 418, 267, 54895, 1128, 679, 241, 637, 42, 193, 20309, 37, 193, 193, 44295, 37, 16496, 37, 1634, 304, 248, 6963, 1650, 312, 248, 1200, 275, 267, 54895, 5463, 679, 241, 637, 42, ...	Question: What is the scientific term for the process of an embryo developing into a what? Answer	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 16 ], "claim_text": "There is a question being asked.", "sentence": " Question: What is the scientific term for the process of an embryo developing into a what" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ...	[ 0, 1, 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, 0, -100, -100, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -100, -100, -100 ]
birds	Of all vertebrate classes, birds are the most numerous, even though they evolved most recently. Why have birds been so successful? The answer is flight. Being able to fly opened up a whole new world to birds: the world of the air above the land and water. Question: What is the most abundant of all vertebrate classes, a...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 2960, 455, 27505, 1162, 375, 5396, 23, 9918, 362, 248, 758, 5593, 23, 830, 1792, 506, 17026, 758, 3358, 25, 4161, 413, 9918, 650, 485, 4063, 42, 390, 3173, 304, 6867, 25, 9616, 1469, 271, 7053, 5177, 510, 241, ...	Birds are the most numerous of all vertebrate classes, even though they evolved most recently. The	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ], "claim_text": "Birds are the most numerous of all vertebrate classes.", "sentence": " Birds are the most numerous of all vertebrate classes, even though they evolved most re...	[ 1, 1 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
chemical	In the last lesson, we began investigating how a chemical equation can represent a given chemical reaction. In this lesson, we are going to study the ways in which chemical reactions are classified. There are literally thousands of chemical reactions that take place every day in our lives. Some reactions take place in ...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 529, 248, 1143, 10074, 23, 360, 3465, 19022, 672, 241, 6311, 15192, 418, 2733, 241, 2132, 6311, 7678, 25, 529, 414, 10074, 23, 360, 362, 1089, 271, 2220, 248, 2498, 272, 585, 6311, 13758, 362, 15621, 25, 1293, 36...	In this lesson, we are going to study the ways in which chemical reactions are classified. Some reactions	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 ], "claim_text": "In this lesson, we are going to study the ways in which chemical reactions are classified.", "sentence": " ...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
3	Water, like carbon, has a special role in living things. It is needed by all known forms of life. Water is a simple molecule, containing just three atoms. Nonetheless, water’s structure gives it unique properties that help explain why it is vital to all living organisms. Question: How many atoms does water contain? Ans...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 5158, 23, 606, 7151, 23, 504, 241, 1733, 2836, 272, 2633, 1209, 25, 605, 304, 2434, 431, 455, 2245, 5244, 275, 1063, 25, 5158, 304, 241, 2299, 28681, 23, 9346, 645, 1373, 26553, 25, 24945, 23, 1391, 329, 94, 43...	2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. User	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 1, 2, 3 ], "claim_text": "There are 2 hydrogen atoms.", "sentence": " 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 6, 7, 8 ], "claim_text": "There is 1 oxygen atom.", "sentence": " 2 hydrogen atoms an...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
sublimation	(a) Sublimation is the conversion of a solid (relatively high density) to a gas (much lesser density). This process yields a much greater dispersal of matter, since the molecules will occupy a much greater volume after the solid-to-gas transition. (b) Condensation is the conversion of a gas (relatively low density) to ...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 204, 19, 76, 20, 63337, 13428, 304, 248, 11271, 275, 241, 4820, 204, 19, 2814, 4489, 986, 12968, 20, 271, 241, 3903, 204, 19, 34227, 19339, 12968, 691, 735, 1200, 21512, 241, 866, 4385, 27302, 268, 275, 2553, 23,...	(a) Sublimation is the conversion of a solid (relatively high density) to	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
genes	Characteristics of life are controlled by genes, which are passed from parents to offspring, and are located on chromosomes, like the one shown here, that are found in every cell. The gene theory is one of the unifying principles of biology. Question: What structures located on chromosomes control characteristics of li...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 52884, 275, 1063, 362, 9316, 431, 14617, 23, 585, 362, 4710, 427, 3300, 271, 34882, 23, 273, 362, 3890, 313, 64680, 23, 606, 248, 532, 4308, 967, 23, 325, 362, 1217, 272, 759, 2324, 25, 390, 10591, 6271, 304, 5...	The structures located on chromosomes that control characteristics of life and are passed from parents to offspring are genes.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 ], "claim_text": "The structures located on chromosomes control characteristics of life.", "sentence": " The structures located on chromosomes that control characteristics of life and are passed ...	[ 0, 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
skull	As the telencephalon enlarges and grows into the cranial cavity, it is limited by the space within the skull. The telencephalon is the most anterior region of what was the neural tube, but cannot grow past the limit of the frontal bone of the skull. Because the cerebrum fits into this space, it takes on a C-shaped form...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 1130, 248, 14953, 608, 24581, 245, 18503, 255, 273, 14736, 679, 248, 28644, 470, 31810, 23, 334, 304, 3991, 431, 248, 2151, 1574, 248, 23046, 25, 390, 14953, 608, 24581, 245, 304, 248, 758, 24043, 4145, 275, 637, ...	The space within which the telencephalon is limited is the cranial vault.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ], "claim_text": "The space within which the telencephalon is limited is the cranial vault.", "sentence": " The space within w...	[ 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
deterministic equations	Population Growth The two simplest models of population growth use deterministic equations (equations that do not account for random events) to describe the rate of change in the size of a population over time. The first of these models, exponential growth, describes theoretical populations that increase in numbers wit...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 31887, 17098, 390, 847, 23390, 4287, 275, 4558, 3047, 745, 19051, 3010, 22311, 204, 19, 4960, 571, 325, 441, 416, 1709, 312, 5933, 2863, 20, 271, 7474, 248, 2804, 275, 1623, 272, 248, 2275, 275, 241, 4558, 648, 6...	The two simplest models of population growth use what to describe the rate of change in the size of a	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
chromosomes	Centrioles are organelles involved in cell division. They help organize the chromosomes before cell division so that each daughter cell has the correct number of chromosomes after the cell divides. Centrioles are found only in animal cells and are located near the nucleus (see Figure above ). Question: Centrioles help ...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 1907, 365, 4994, 362, 1380, 7512, 3490, 272, 2324, 9936, 25, 1176, 733, 14990, 248, 64680, 996, 2324, 9936, 485, 325, 1148, 5195, 2324, 504, 248, 3312, 1386, 275, 64680, 852, 248, 2324, 50728, 25, 1907, 365, 4994, ...	Centrioles help organize the chromosomes before cell division so that each daughter cell has the correct number of	[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
6	Question: How many viruses that can cause cancer in humans have been identified by scientists? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 16496, 37, 1265, 860, 17436, 325, 418, 2887, 4693, 272, 7305, 413, 650, 6935, 431, 9973, 42, 193, 20309, 37, 193, 193, 44295, 37, 1293, 362, 648, 204, 1425, 23, 1321, 2245, 17436, 325, 418, 2887, 4693, 272, 7305,...	There are over 100,000 known viruses that can cause cancer in humans. User	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 ], "claim_text": "There are over 100,000 known viruses.", "sentence": " There are over 100,000 known viruses that can cause cancer in humans" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 8, 10, 11, ...	[ 1, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, 1, 1, 1, -100, 1, -100, 1, 1, 0, -100, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -100, ...
tendons	Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tough connective tissues called tendons (see Figure above ). Many skeletal muscles are attached to the ends of bones that meet at a joint . The muscles span the joint and connect the bones. When the muscles contract, they pull on the bones, causing them to move. Question...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 31311, 28697, 9625, 362, 8757, 271, 248, 38012, 431, 6716, 58775, 18036, 1964, 61741, 204, 19, 4267, 13703, 2267, 204, 691, 4552, 45354, 9625, 362, 8757, 271, 248, 7132, 275, 13289, 325, 1679, 388, 241, 6168, 204, ...	Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tough connective tissues called tendons.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ], "claim_text": "Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton.", "sentence": "Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tough connective tissues called tendons" }, { "aligned_token_ids": ...	[ 0, 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
desiccation and predators	Like plant cells, fungal cells are surrounded by a thick cell wall; however, the rigid layers contain the complex polysaccharides chitin and glucan and not cellulose that is used by plants. Chitin, also found in the exoskeleton of insects, gives structural strength to the cell walls of fungi. The cell wall protects the...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 4787, 3293, 4494, 23, 46368, 4494, 362, 12380, 431, 241, 5897, 2324, 3058, 38, 2537, 23, 248, 22085, 10655, 4020, 248, 3591, 5682, 33700, 8416, 1910, 425, 53265, 273, 14194, 257, 273, 416, 58440, 325, 304, 1042, 43...	The cell wall protects the cell from desiccation and predators.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ], "claim_text": "The cell wall protects the cell from desiccation.", "sentence": " The cell wall protects the cell from desiccation and predators" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ ...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
mutagens	Examples of Mutagens. Types of mutagens include radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents. Do you know of other examples of each type of mutagen shown here?. Question: Radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents are examples of what? Answer:	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 22315, 275, 19080, 39866, 25, 20787, 275, 5307, 39866, 1965, 15078, 23, 12374, 23, 273, 20746, 7836, 25, 2012, 299, 655, 275, 599, 6432, 275, 1148, 1842, 275, 5307, 5905, 4308, 967, 14008, 193, 19700, 37, 55528, 23...	Examples of mutagens include radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents. Do you know of other examples of	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ], "claim_text": "Radiation is an example of a mutagen.", "sentence": " Examples of mutagens include radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents" }, { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, ...	[ 0, 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
polyploid	In an individual carrying an abnormal number of X chromosomes, cellular mechanisms will inactivate all but one X in each of her cells. As a result, X-chromosomal abnormalities are typically associated with mild mental and physical defects, as well as sterility. If the X chromosome is absent altogether, the individual w...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 529, 267, 1872, 9326, 267, 19794, 1386, 275, 1876, 64680, 23, 16236, 13313, 451, 272, 34612, 455, 480, 532, 1876, 272, 1148, 275, 573, 4494, 25, 1130, 241, 1226, 23, 1876, 24, 45659, 62176, 37348, 362, 5734, 4071, ...	An individual with more than the correct number of chromosome sets is called polyploid.	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ], "claim_text": "An individual with more than the correct number of chromosome sets is called polyploid.", "sentence": " An i...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
solute and solvent	All solutions have two parts: the solute and the solvent. The solute is the substance that dissolves, and the solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute. Particles of solvent pull apart particles of solute, and the solute particles spread throughout the solvent. Salt water, such as the ocean water in the Figure...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 1495, 3847, 413, 847, 3434, 37, 248, 247, 21053, 273, 248, 33267, 25, 390, 247, 21053, 304, 248, 11216, 325, 6731, 11908, 23, 273, 248, 33267, 304, 248, 11216, 325, 6731, 11908, 248, 247, 21053, 25, 2529, 3003, 2...		[]	[]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...
xerophytes	Plants that live in extremely dry environments have the opposite problem: how to get and keep water. Plants that are adapted to very dry environments are called xerophytes . Their adaptations may help them increase water intake, decrease water loss, or store water when it's available. Question: What are plants that are...	[ 193, 193, 7932, 37, 29929, 325, 1929, 272, 4566, 3928, 11337, 413, 248, 8260, 1375, 37, 672, 271, 577, 273, 1244, 1391, 25, 29929, 325, 362, 16911, 271, 829, 3928, 11337, 362, 1964, 1859, 246, 2779, 3659, 255, 204, 25, 5690, 47124, ...	Plants that are adapted to very dry environments are called xerophytes. Their adaptations may help	[ { "aligned_token_ids": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 ], "claim_text": "Plants that are adapted to very dry environments are called xerophytes.", "sentence": " Plants that are adapted to ver...	[ 0, 0 ]	[ -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100, -100...

melting

Question: What is it called when ice changes to liquid water? Answer:

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Ice changing to liquid water is called water freezing. User

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their leaves

Question: Where do plants take in air? Answer:

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Plants take in air through their leaves. The tiny pores on the surface of the leaves allow air to

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nerve fibers

Compact bone tissue is made of cylindrical osteons that are aligned such that they travel the length of the bone. Haversian canals contain blood vessels only. Haversian canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers. Spongy tissue is found on the interior of the bone, and compact bone tissue is found on the exterior. Fi...

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"Haversian canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers." User

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volcanoes

Volcanoes are located along convergent and divergent plate boundaries. They can be found in the middle of plates at hot spots. Question: What are located along convergent and divergent plate boundaries? Answer:

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Volcanoes are located along convergent and divergent plate boundaries. They can be found in the

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goosebumps

Mammals raise their hair with tiny muscles in the skin. Even humans automatically contract these muscles when they are cold. They cause “goosebumps,” as shown here. Question: What happens when mammals raise their hair with tiny muscles in the skin? Answer:

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When mammals raise their hair with tiny muscles in the skin, it causes the hair to stand up straight

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carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is given off when dead organisms and other organic materials decompose. Question: What gas is released when dead organisms and other organic materials decompose? Answer:

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Carbon dioxide is released when dead organisms and other organic materials decompose.

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it will sink

Floating and Sinking Drop a lump of clay in water. It will sink. Then mold the lump of clay into the shape of a boat, and it will float. Because of its shape, the boat displaces more water than the lump and experiences a greater buoyant force. The same is true of steel ships. Question: If a lump of clay is dropped into...

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Floating and Sinking User

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a supply of stored food

Question: What do seeds have that spores do not? Answer:

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Question: What do seeds have that spores do not? Answer: Seeds have a small amount of

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electrons

You probably know that the wires strung between these high towers carry electricity. But do you know what electricity is? It actually consists of a constant stream of tiny particles called electrons. Electrons are negatively charged fundamental particles inside atoms. Atoms were discovered around 1800, but almost 100 y...

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Electrons.

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hydrogen bonding

Hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding forms between a highly electronegative oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom and a hydrogen atom attached to another oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom, such as those found in polar amino acid side chains. Hydrogen bonding (as well as ionic attractions) is extremely important in both the intra- ...

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Hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding is formed between a highly electronegative oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom

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a neutron

The example above illustrates the basic nuclear fission process. A neutron (generally produced by some controlled process, not usually a natural event) collides with an atom of U-235. Momentarily, a U-236 atom forms which then splits into two smaller atoms (Kr-93 and Ba-141) in the diagram. This process results in the ...

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The collision of a neutron with an atom of u-235 results in the production of a new

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homologous

produce a penis in males produce a clitoris in females. The tissue that will become the scrotum in a male becomes the labia in a female; that is, they are homologous structures. Male Reproductive Anatomy In the male reproductive system, the scrotum houses the testicles or testes (singular: testis), including providing ...

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The tissue that will become the scrotum in a male becomes the labia in a female,

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visible light

Visible light consists of a very narrow range of wavelengths that falls between infrared light and ultraviolet light. It is the only light that people can see. Different wavelengths of visible light appear as different colors. Question: What is the only light that people can see? Answer:

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Visible light consists of a very narrow range of wavelengths that falls between infrared light and ultraviolet light

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nervous system

Functional Divisions of the Nervous System The nervous system can also be divided on the basis of its functions, but anatomical divisions and functional divisions are different. The CNS and the PNS both contribute to the same functions, but those functions can be attributed to different regions of the brain (such as th...

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The autonomic nervous system is responsible for the involuntary functions of the body, such as heart rate,

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trophic levels

The feeding positions in a food chain or web are called trophic levels . The different trophic levels are defined in the Table below . Examples are also given in the table. All food chains and webs have at least two or three trophic levels. Generally, there are a maximum of four trophic levels. Question: The feeding po...

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The feeding positions in a food chain or web are called trophic levels.

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individuals

Population size is the number of individuals in a population. Question: Population size is the number of what in a population? Answer:

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Population size is the number of individuals in a population.

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differentiation

Development, growth and reproduction Development is all of the changes the body goes through in life. Development includes the process of differentiation, in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body. Development also includes the processes of growth and...

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The process of development is a complex and dynamic process that involves the differentiation of unspecialized cells into

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mechanical

Question: What type of energy is produced when two objects move together? Answer:

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The type of energy produced when two objects move together is kinetic energy. User

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oxygen

Approximately 20% of the atmosphere is oxygen. This gas is essential for life. In environments where oxygen is in low supply, it can be provided from a tank. Since gases are very compressible, a large amount of oxygen can be stored in a relatively small container. When it is released, the volume expands and the pressur...

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Oxygen (O) User

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thrust

For a long time, many people believed that a rocket wouldn’t work in space. There would be nothing for the rocket to push against. But they do work! Fuel is ignited in a chamber. The gases in the chamber explode. The explosion creates pressure that forces the gases out of one side of the rocket. The rocket moves in the...

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For a long time, many people believed that a rocket wouldn’t work in space. There would

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bar graph

Bar graphs are especially useful for comparing values for different types of things. The bar graph in Figure below shows the number of vehicles of each type that passed the checkpoint. Question: A diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or length of lines or rectangles of equal ...

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A diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or length of lines or rect

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a full moon

A full moon occurs when the whole side facing Earth is lit. This happens when Earth is between the Moon and the Sun. About one week later, the Moon enters the quarter-moon phase. Only half of the Moon’s lit surface is visible from Earth, so it appears as a half circle. When the Moon moves between Earth and the Sun, the...

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The type of moon that shows when the Earth is between the Moon and the Sun is a

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it repeats itself

Two common home heating systems are hot-water and warm-air heating systems. They burn fuel for thermal energy and transfer the energy to water or air. The heated water or air circulates throughout the house, transferring thermal energy to the air in each room. Question: How does the water cycle end? Answer:

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The water cycle is a continuous process where water evaporates from the Earth's surface, forms clouds

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dynamic

One thing to note about equilibrium is that the reactions do not stop; both the forward reaction and the reverse reaction continue to occur. They both occur at the same rate, so any overall change by one reaction is cancelled by the reverse reaction. We say that chemical equilibrium is dynamic, rather than static. Also...

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Equilibrium is dynamic, rather than static, because the reactions are occurring simultaneously. The

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ileum

Which of the following statements about the small intestine is false? a. Absorptive cells that line the small intestine have microvilli, small projections that increase surface area and aid in the absorption of food. The inside of the small intestine has many folds, called villi. Microvilli are lined with blood vessels...

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The three parts of the human small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ile

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potential energy

Question: What is the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure? Answer:

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The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure is called thermal energy. Thermal energy is the

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protons

Atomic Number and Mass Atoms of each element contain a characteristic number of protons and electrons. The number of protons determines an element’s atomic number and is used to distinguish one element from another. The number of neutrons is variable, resulting in isotopes, which are different forms of the same atom th...

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Atomic Number and Mass Atoms of each element contain a characteristic number of protons and electrons. The

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mechanoreceptors

Question: When statoliths settle to the low point in the chamber, they stimulate what in that location? Answer:

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The statoliths in the ear are small, hair-like structures located in the middle ear that

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pole

Figure 22.3 Magnets come in various shapes, sizes, and strengths. All have both a north pole and a south pole. There is never an isolated pole (a monopole). Question: Magnets have a "north" and a "south" what? Answer:

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Magnets have a "north" and a "south" pole. User

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sex-linked traits

Traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked traits . One gene on the Y chromosome determines male sex. There are very few other genes on the Y chromosome, which is the smallest human chromosome. There are hundreds of genes on the much larger X chromosome. None is related to sex. Traits contr...

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X-linked traits.

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exothermic

Thermodynamic spontaneity. The highly exothermic and dramatic thermite reaction is thermodynamically spontaneous. Reactants of aluminum and a metal oxide, usually iron, which are stable at room temperature, are ignited either in the presence of heat or by the reaction of potassium permanganate and glycerin. The resulti...

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Thermodynamic spontaneity.

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mass extinction

Evidence shows that a sixth mass extinction is occurring. The single biggest cause is habitat loss caused by human actions. There are many steps you can take to help protect biodiversity. For example, you can use less energy. Question: Habitat loss caused by human actions is a prime culprit in what phenomenon, which ap...

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The phenomenon is the current mass extinction of species.

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cardiac muscle

To move blood through the heart, the cardiac muscle needs to contract in an organized way. Blood first enters the atria ( Figure below ). When the atria contract, blood is pushed into the ventricles. After the ventricles fill with blood, they contract, and blood is pushed out of the heart. The heart is mainly composed ...

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The heart is mainly composed of cardiac muscle.

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immune system

Immune System By the year 2050, 25 percent of the population of the United States will be 60 years of age or older. The CDC estimates that 80 percent of those 60 years and older have one or more chronic disease associated with deficiencies of the immune systems. This loss of immune function with age is called immunosen...

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1. Immune system 2. Thymic involution 3. FOXN

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genetic variation

Asexual reproduction has the advantage of occurring quickly. Sexual reproduction has the advantage of creating genetic variation. This can help a species adapt to environmental change. The genetic variation arises due to crossing over, independent assortment, and the random union of gametes. Question: What arises due t...

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Crossing over is a process of genetic recombination that occurs during meiosis. It involves the exchange of

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porous

Spongy bone is found inside bones and is lighter and less dense than compact bone. This is because spongy bone is porous. Question: Spongy bone is found inside bones and is lighter and less dense than compact bone because it is what? Answer:

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Spongy bone is found inside bones and is lighter and less dense than compact bone because it is

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atoms

All substances are made of atoms. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter. They cannot be divided into smaller particles. They also cannot be created or destroyed. Question: What are the smallest particles of matter? Answer:

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Atoms are the smallest particles of matter. They cannot be divided into smaller particles. They also cannot

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two

Adult tunicates are barrel-shaped. They have two openings that siphon water into and out of the body. The flow of water provides food for filter feeding. Tunicates reproduce sexually. Each individual produces both male and female gametes. However, they avoid self-fertilization. Tunicates can also reproduce asexually by...

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2 User

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clouds and dust

Question: What absorbs, scatters, or reflects most incoming solar radiation in the atmosphere? Answer:

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The atmosphere is composed of various gases and particles that can absorb, scatter, or reflect incoming solar radiation

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thyroid

The thyroid gland is controlled by a negative feedback loop that includes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Question: Which gland is controlled by a negative feedback loop that includes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland? Answer:

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The thyroid gland is controlled by a negative feedback loop that includes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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biodiversity

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life and its processes, including the variety of living organisms, the genetic differences among them, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur. Scientists have identified about 1.9 million species alive today. They are divided into the six kingdoms of life shown in F...

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Biodiversity.

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element

Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties. Question: Atoms of a given _______ are identical in size, mass, and other properties. Answer:

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Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms of

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vaginal secretions

The vagina is a muscular tube that serves several purposes. It allows menstrual flow to leave the body. It is the receptacle for the penis during intercourse and the vessel for the delivery of offspring. It is lined by stratified squamous epithelial cells to protect the underlying tissue. Sexual Response during Interco...

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The release of vaginal lubricants, such as mucus, vaginal fluids, and sweat, helps to reduce

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digestion

Digestive Processes The processes of digestion include six activities: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. The first of these processes, ingestion, refers to the entry of food into the alimentary canal through the mouth. There, the food is chewed and ...

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Ingestion and propulsion are the first two steps in which process that describes how humans process and

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visible light

The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses a very wide range of wavelengths and frequencies. Visible light is only a very small portion of the spectrum with wavelengths from 400-700 nm. Question: With wavelengths from 400-700 nm, what kind of light represents only a very small portion of the spectrum? Answer:

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The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses a very wide range of wavelengths and frequencies. Visible light is only a

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tetrahedral

Another example of sp 3 hybridization occurs in the ammonia (NH 3 ) molecule. The electron domain geometry of ammonia is also tetrahedral, meaning that there are four groups of electrons around the central nitrogen atom. Unlike methane, however, one of those electron groups is a lone pair. The resulting molecular geome...

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The electron domain geometry of ammonia is trigonal pyramidal.

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underside

In the jellyfish, a mouth opening is present on the underside of the animal, surrounded by tentacles bearing nematocysts. Scyphozoans live most of their life cycle as free-swimming, solitary carnivores. The mouth leads to the gastrovascular cavity, which may be sectioned into four interconnected sacs, called diverticul...

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The mouth opening is located on the underside of the animal, surrounded by tentacles bearing nematoc

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cold temperatures

Psychrophiles grow and reproduce in cold temperatures. The optimal growth temperature of some psychrophiles is 15°C or lower; they cannot grow in temperatures above 20°C. The environments that psychrophiles inhabit are found all over Earth. Psychrophiles live in such places as permafrost soils, deep-ocean waters, Arcti...

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Psychrophiles grow and reproduce in cold temperatures. The optimal growth temperature of some psychrophiles is

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fetus

Question: Only after implantation can an embryo develop into a what? Answer:

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Question: What is the scientific term for the process of an embryo developing into a what? Answer

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birds

Of all vertebrate classes, birds are the most numerous, even though they evolved most recently. Why have birds been so successful? The answer is flight. Being able to fly opened up a whole new world to birds: the world of the air above the land and water. Question: What is the most abundant of all vertebrate classes, a...

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Birds are the most numerous of all vertebrate classes, even though they evolved most recently. The

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chemical

In the last lesson, we began investigating how a chemical equation can represent a given chemical reaction. In this lesson, we are going to study the ways in which chemical reactions are classified. There are literally thousands of chemical reactions that take place every day in our lives. Some reactions take place in ...

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In this lesson, we are going to study the ways in which chemical reactions are classified. Some reactions

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3

Water, like carbon, has a special role in living things. It is needed by all known forms of life. Water is a simple molecule, containing just three atoms. Nonetheless, water’s structure gives it unique properties that help explain why it is vital to all living organisms. Question: How many atoms does water contain? Ans...

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2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. User

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sublimation

(a) Sublimation is the conversion of a solid (relatively high density) to a gas (much lesser density). This process yields a much greater dispersal of matter, since the molecules will occupy a much greater volume after the solid-to-gas transition. (b) Condensation is the conversion of a gas (relatively low density) to ...

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(a) Sublimation is the conversion of a solid (relatively high density) to

[]

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genes

Characteristics of life are controlled by genes, which are passed from parents to offspring, and are located on chromosomes, like the one shown here, that are found in every cell. The gene theory is one of the unifying principles of biology. Question: What structures located on chromosomes control characteristics of li...

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The structures located on chromosomes that control characteristics of life and are passed from parents to offspring are genes.

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skull

As the telencephalon enlarges and grows into the cranial cavity, it is limited by the space within the skull. The telencephalon is the most anterior region of what was the neural tube, but cannot grow past the limit of the frontal bone of the skull. Because the cerebrum fits into this space, it takes on a C-shaped form...

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The space within which the telencephalon is limited is the cranial vault.

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deterministic equations

Population Growth The two simplest models of population growth use deterministic equations (equations that do not account for random events) to describe the rate of change in the size of a population over time. The first of these models, exponential growth, describes theoretical populations that increase in numbers wit...

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The two simplest models of population growth use what to describe the rate of change in the size of a

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chromosomes

Centrioles are organelles involved in cell division. They help organize the chromosomes before cell division so that each daughter cell has the correct number of chromosomes after the cell divides. Centrioles are found only in animal cells and are located near the nucleus (see Figure above ). Question: Centrioles help ...

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Centrioles help organize the chromosomes before cell division so that each daughter cell has the correct number of

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6

Question: How many viruses that can cause cancer in humans have been identified by scientists? Answer:

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There are over 100,000 known viruses that can cause cancer in humans. User

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tendons

Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tough connective tissues called tendons (see Figure above ). Many skeletal muscles are attached to the ends of bones that meet at a joint . The muscles span the joint and connect the bones. When the muscles contract, they pull on the bones, causing them to move. Question...

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Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tough connective tissues called tendons.

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desiccation and predators

Like plant cells, fungal cells are surrounded by a thick cell wall; however, the rigid layers contain the complex polysaccharides chitin and glucan and not cellulose that is used by plants. Chitin, also found in the exoskeleton of insects, gives structural strength to the cell walls of fungi. The cell wall protects the...

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The cell wall protects the cell from desiccation and predators.

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mutagens

Examples of Mutagens. Types of mutagens include radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents. Do you know of other examples of each type of mutagen shown here?. Question: Radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents are examples of what? Answer:

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Examples of mutagens include radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents. Do you know of other examples of

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polyploid

In an individual carrying an abnormal number of X chromosomes, cellular mechanisms will inactivate all but one X in each of her cells. As a result, X-chromosomal abnormalities are typically associated with mild mental and physical defects, as well as sterility. If the X chromosome is absent altogether, the individual w...

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An individual with more than the correct number of chromosome sets is called polyploid.

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solute and solvent

All solutions have two parts: the solute and the solvent. The solute is the substance that dissolves, and the solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute. Particles of solvent pull apart particles of solute, and the solute particles spread throughout the solvent. Salt water, such as the ocean water in the Figure...

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xerophytes

Plants that live in extremely dry environments have the opposite problem: how to get and keep water. Plants that are adapted to very dry environments are called xerophytes . Their adaptations may help them increase water intake, decrease water loss, or store water when it's available. Question: What are plants that are...

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Plants that are adapted to very dry environments are called xerophytes. Their adaptations may help

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