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Visual Programming Features. Features of Scratch. Scratch is a visual programming language that can be used to create interactive stories, games and animations. Features of scratch include:The menu bar-it contains the fie menu used to save and load projects and the view menu which displays rulers, grid lines, status, z... | {
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Control structures are the blocks that allow selecting or repeating execution of certain blocks or instructions. A backdrop is the background for the stage. Backdrops can be changed from the gallery or photo in the computer. The sensing category helps one to enable input from the mouse, keyboard and other input devices... | {
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Interior design involves use of papier mache and manufactured boards to decorate interior of houses and motor vehicles. Sculpting -involves uses of clay, fiberglass, stone or concrete to make sculptures. Boat construction -involves use of fiberglass to construct boats that are light and resistant to corrosion. Carpentr... | {
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In electrical and electronic engineering, ceramics are used to make items like resistors, semiconductors and inductors etc. Ceramic materials are used to make a variety of pottery items like pots and utensils. In the manufacturing industry, ceramics are used to make a variety of household utensils. Ceramics are used in... | {
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Snips-they are hand tools used to cut sheet metals and other tough materials. They come in different sizes. Mainly used in area such as construction, sheet metal work and leather industry. Secateurs-also called pruning shears-It is a cutting tool that looks like a pair of strong, heavy scissors. Used to prune flowers a... | {
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Mainly used by plumbers and other tradespeople. Scrapper- it is a hand tool that has a small handle and a metallic or plastic blade, Used to remove a wide range of materials from various surfaces such as walls and floors. Care for cutting tools. Caring for cutting tools is the process of keeping them in good condition ... | {
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Working tools are used to accurately cut workpieces and their joints to the required size and shape. This enables the cut pieces and joints to fit properly. Some cutting tools have specialized uses. For example, mechanical workplaces, specialize cutting tools are used for shaping and modifying components and body parts... | {
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Access to social amenities to be used by employees and their family. STRAND 5- ENTERPRENEURSHIP. 5.1 Bookkeeping. Book keeping -This is the practice of recording and tracking on a regular basis the financial transactions of a business. It is done to keep records of a business which can be used anytime in decision makin... | {
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Capital is the amount of investment the business owner put or used to start a certain business. Book keeping formulaAssets liabilities capital. To calculate the Assets:Calculate all the liabilities and adding them to the capital. That means for one to find the capital used to start a certain business they have to calcu... | {
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Make a budget and stick to it. Find out the prices of items in various shops and market for comparison purpose. Avoid impulsive buying by only purchasing items that are budgeted for. Buy in cash and make sure you carry enough cash for what you want to buy. Buying items on discount. Preparing a simple budget for persona... | {
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Making a budget and not strictly following it. Misusing money because of bad influence, for example, entertaining friends when family needs have not been met. Postponing paying bills and clearing debts when one has money. Accumulating many unnecessary debts. 5.3 -Marketing of Goods Services. Meaning and importance of m... | {
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STRAND 1 FOUNDATIONS OF CREATIVE ARTS. WHAT IS CREATIVE ARTSIntroduction to Creative Arts and Sports. Creative Arts is a description of various artistic activities that allow performers to use their imaginations, creativity, and express ideas through a variety of mediums to passage a message to the audience. What is sp... | {
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There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance. Principle of proportion. Principle of dominance in Visual Arts. Dominance is when a single element is so large and or different compared to the rest of the design that it dominates. It grabs your attention. Famous examples include the London Eye tha... | {
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It helps an athlete to catch a breath and relax before striding again which helps in developing speed and running skills. Photomontage. Photomontage is the process and the result of making a composite photograph by cutting, gluing, rearranging and overlapping two or more photographs into a new image. It is assembly of ... | {
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Sprinting and stopping. Extending the left or right arm away from the opponent. Marking is a technique used by a team that is not in possession of the ball to prevent an opponent from receiving a pass. The intention is to obstruct passes made by the team in control of the ball. A player can mark an opponent in possessi... | {
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It helps the player turn away from the defender who may be marking. Helps in locating teammates who may be well-positioned to receive the pass. Things to learn in Pivoting. Land one foot and maintain balance. Maintain a firm grip of the ball. Keep the landing foot grounded with knees slightly bent. Keep the head up and... | {
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1st and 2nd endingThe two lines above the staff mean that one will avoid playing 1 notes when repeating. This applies where there is a repeat and the last part of the melody is different from the first one. Da capo al fineIt is often abbreviated as D.C al Fine. It means one goes back to the beginning of the piece and p... | {
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Perform the volley for skill acquisition,Play. Swimming. Breast stroke in swimming. Breast stroke is a stroke in which the arms are pushed forward and then swept back in a circular movement, while the legs are tucked in towards the bod and then kicked out in a sideways and backward movement. Description of the prone bo... | {
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Keep your face down and arms extended forward. Your eyes should look downwards and slightly forward to avoid straining the neck. Keep your shoulders, hips and legs horizontal as possible, and keep your hips as close as possible to the surface. Do not let your hips drop in the water. Stretch your legs behind with toes p... | {
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Squeeze legs together to come back together to the starting streamlined position with the toes pointed. Breathing action. -. Breast stroke breathing occurs naturally as the breast technique has a body lift, which gives the ideal breathing point for each stroke. Breathing in takes place every time your arms pull back to... | {
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The origin in this case means the community they are drawn from. Therefore, songs belong to a particular community such as luhya, luo, gikuyu, gusii. Kuria, Kamba, iteso, giriama, digo, Pokomo, gabra, nandi, Kipsigis, Marakwet, pokot, turkana and taita. These songs are passed on by oral tradition from one generation to... | {
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Response group-they provide an answer to the soloist during the dance. Instrumentalist-plays instruments to accompany a dance. Dancers- makes dance movements and formation in response to the songs and instruments. Along side the participants, folk song dances also require other implements so help in identifying differe... | {
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General these are the economic importance of folk songs:Performers can earn money or income by performing folk songs at private parties. Folk song musicians also earn a living by offering singing lessons. Some musicians are employed as singers or trainers of folk songs by some institutions such as cultural centres, uni... | {
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1. What is the importance of heat transfer methods like conduction, convection, and radiation in cooking foods? -. These methods are crucial for cooking food evenly and efficiently, each using different means to transfer heat into food, affecting the texture, flavor, and nutritional value. 2. How does the method of hea... | {
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Outline the steps to follow when cooking porridge to ensure it is well-cooked. -. Measure the water and porridge mix, bring to a boil, then simmer while stirring frequently until the mixture thickens and cooks thoroughly. 13. What are the effects of heat on food like maize when grilling? -. Grilling maize can develop f... | {
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Describe how to ensure food safety in meal preparation.- Follow hygiene practices like washing hands and surfaces, cook foods to safe temperatures, and store foods properly before and after preparation.25.What are the health considerations when preparing meals for individuals with allergies?- Avoid cross-contamination,... | {
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Nutrition security Nutrition security means consistent access, availability, and affordability of foods and beverages that promote well-being, prevent disease, and, if needed, treat disease, particularly among racial ethnic minority, lower income, and rural and remote populations including Tribal communities and Insula... | {
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Health friendly: It is a great way to engage the whole family in physical activity. Gardening is known to reduce levels of stress hormones. Crops for kitchen garden Seeds or seedlings. Common foods to grow include leafy greens such as spinach, leafy onions, sukumawiki, lettuce, tomatoes, terere, strawberries, herbs-min... | {
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There is a greater risk of pests and diseases with container gardens than with in-ground gardens in Kenya. 3. Raised bed kitchen gardens in Kenya Raised beds are a great way to grow a variety of vegetables, herbs, and fruits. They re perfect for small spaces or areas with poor soil quality. Just be sure the bed is at l... | {
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Cons: They require more initial investment than above-ground gardens. They require more maintenance than above-ground gardens. They are subject to soil erosion and compaction if not properly cared for. They can attract pests and diseases if not properly managed. They may require special permits or permission from your ... | {
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They are easy to care for and don t require a lot of space. Potager kitchen gardens in Kenya are also great for entertaining since they can be used as a conversation piece. They are also a great way to get kids interested in gardening and eating healthy. CONS: The biggest con of having a potager kitchen garden is that ... | {
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8. Vertical kitchen garden in KenyaA vertical garden is a great way to save space and grow a variety of plants. There are many different ways to create a vertical garden, from trellises and lattices to hanging baskets and shelves. Just make sure you choose plants that are appropriate for the type of support you re usin... | {
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Since hydroponic gardens use less water than traditional gardens, they are more environmentally friendly. They are also less likely to attract pests and diseases since the plants are not growing in dirt. Cons: There are some drawbacks to hydroponic kitchen gardens as well: They can be expensive to set up, depending on ... | {
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You can then choose what vegetables or herbs you would like to grow. Once you have chosen your plants, you will need to plant them in the prepared soil and water them regularly. Step 1: Find a sunny spot in your yard and prepare the soil. You will need to find an area in your yard that gets a lot of sunlight. Then, you... | {
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These are a few examples of ways to cook food, and notice that all of these methods involve heating the food to a high temperature: Baking Boiling Steaming Grilling FryingHeat transfer when cooking During cooking, heat is transferred from the source of heat to the food through conduction e.g. grilling steak on a grilli... | {
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Fibre-rich vegetables. ... Beans. How Heat Affects Foods and Their Flavors Posted on June 8, 2021 by MadgeTech MarketingStarches Starch is the most common carbohydrate in human diets, whether it s natural or is added to foods. As heat is applied to starch it absorbs moisture from its surroundings and becomes softer. Th... | {
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Protein that is exposed to hot temperatures, shrinks and loses moisture. This usually occurs at temperatures between 160 and 185 degrees Fahrenheit. When animal sources of protein are cooked slowly, any connective tissues present in the meat are likely to dissolve. Heat does not destroy the protein in food, but it may ... | {
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Boiling with peels helps the nutrients to migrate to the centre of the vegetables which helps in better retention of its nutrients. 09 11Baking sodaDon't use baking soda when cooking vegetables. Although it helps in retaining color of the vegetables as well as speeds up the cooking process, but destroys the vitamin C c... | {
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Do not use baking soda to help keep the green colour of vegetables, as this increases loss of vitamin C. 22. Do not use copper utensils. Copper helps to destroy vitamin C. 23. Soak whole pulses overnight and other dhals for one hour before cooking. Safety in preparing and cooking starchy carbohydrates Choose foods proc... | {
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Table cloth - the center fold should fall exactly on the center line of the table. The cloth then drops evenly on both sides. The cloth should hang over the table no more than 10-12 inches. 8. Tables should be set according to these principles; art, common sense, concern for comfort for those eating and courtesy. 9. A ... | {
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Most people will have three main meals a day. No single food contains all nutrients the body needs so it is important to eat a wide variety. The right amount of different nutrients can increase life expectancy by keeping the heart and body healthy, and preventing many long-term illnesses. Body weight can be kept to an ... | {
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Kitchen equipment must be safe and reliable if it is to be used to prepare and serve food for special occasions. Remember that: facilities must be appropriate for the number of guests being served if the celebration is to be held at a venue away from home, the host or caterer must consider what equipment and facilities... | {
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Food Budget - refers to the amount of money needed for the food to be prepared. It should be prepared ahead of time b. Tools, Facilities and Equipment- menu you have planned can only be prepared if you have the needed tools, facilities and equipment c. Time and Energy Available plan meals which will make reasonable dem... | {
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For twins, optimum is 3-4 months. O Interval of feeding: Breast feeding should be started as soon as possible after birth if a mother and a baby are okay. A baby should be allowed to feed on demand and may suckle 1215 times day. However a common routine is that of 10-15 times during the day. After such feed a baby shou... | {
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This can lead to serious health problems, nutrient deficiencies and eating disorders in later life iv. Adults Growth is usually completed by the age of 25 years. The aims of nutrition during adult years are to obtain adequate energy and nutrients to maintain a healthy body weight and prevention of chronic diseases thro... | {
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Adequate folate intake is important for adult women before pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in infant. The iron requirement is highfor women throughout the childbearing years to replace blood loss during menstruation. Fruits and vegetables are important source of vitamins A, C, folate , minerals potassium , phy... | {
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An elderly s diet should include varied choices of food with most of the calories from carbohydrates, moderate in protein while low in fat, salt and sugar. Adequate protein is essential for tissue repairing, synthesis of immune cells and hormones. Lean meat or poultry without skin and low fat dairy products are good pr... | {
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A good meal should be nutritious, well cooked with careful combination of foods and flavors. For example, food for a birthday party for school-age children should be colorful, attractive, and easy to manage, in bite size, small packs and include more body building foods for growth. Dishes can be prepared using differen... | {
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Food can be packed in a plastic box for easy transport to avoid crushing damage. Download AI Quiz 00 SaveShare Document continues below Discover more from: Nutrition and dieteticsDND 2204 Thika School of Medical and Health Sciences 36 documents Go to course 6 Steps OF DIET Planning questions Nutrition and dietetics100 ... | {
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Strand 1.1: Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies - Fire and Data SafetyLesson 1: Understanding Fire CausesCauses of Fire:Flammable Substances:Chemicals: Used in laboratories e.g., solvents, fuels . Common Materials: Such as paper, wood, fabric, and oily rags. Gases: Like propane and butane used in workshops. Lesson 2: ... | {
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Lesson 5: Securing Electronic DataSecuring Data:Use Strong Passwords:Combine uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols e.g., P ssw0rd . Avoid easily guessable passwords, like "password" or "123456."Regularly Back Up Data:Use external devices like USB drives, external hard drives, or cloud services e.g., Goo... | {
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Softcopy e.g., monitors, speakers . Storage Devices:Fixed e.g., hard disk drives, SSDs . Removable e.g., USB drives, external hard drives . Input devices get data, output devices display information, and storage devices save data. Lesson 3: Categories DiscussionGroup Discussion Outcomes:Identify scenarios where voice i... | {
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Institutional Protection:Government bodies like the Capital Markets Authority regulate financial markets for stability. The Central Bank of Kenya protects consumers and investors by ensuring financial system integrity. Examples:Consumer Protection Laws:The Consumer Protection Act safeguards consumers from deceptive and... | {
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Practical Strategies for Protection:Be an informed consumer; verify product information before making purchases. Read and understand contracts thoroughly before entering into transactions to avoid exploitation. NGO Involvement:Non-Governmental organizations like the Consumer Federation of Kenya advocate for consumer ri... | {
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Respect for Privacy:Protecting sensitive information and respecting privacy. For instance, ensuring customer data is securely handled. Honesty:Providing truthful and unbiased information. An example is transparently communicating any potential delays in project timelines. Professionalism:Maintaining a professional tone... | {
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Expected Outcome:Understanding how the combination of different materials enhances properties. General Properties of Composite Materials:High strength-to-weight ratio:Meaning: These materials are strong but not heavy. Resistance to corrosion:Meaning: They do not easily corrode or deteriorate. Versatility in application... | {
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Brittle in nature easily breaks when force is applied . Expected Outcome:Understanding the significance of ceramic materials in various applications. General Properties of Ceramic Materials:High melting points:Meaning: They require high temperatures to melt. Excellent thermal and electrical insulation:Meaning: They are... | {
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Audio-Visual Aids:Videos and images demonstrating safe and efficient use. Lesson 4: Demonstrating Safe Use of Cutting ToolsObjective: Demonstrate safe use of cutting tools to perform specific tasks. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving:Acquire evaluation and decision-making skills during demonstrations. Lesson 5: Perf... | {
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Financial Considerations:Available budget and financial feasibility. Lesson 10: Locating a Production Unit in a Suitable AreaObjective: Locate a production unit in a suitable area. Research Outcome:Identify suitable areas based on factors affecting the location of a production unit. Lesson 11-15: Application of Knowled... | {
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Example:Calculated Asset: If a business has ksh10,000 in the bank asset , owes ksh2,000 to suppliers liability , then the capital is ksh8,000. Lesson 4: Case Study Analysis of Cash and Credit TransactionsCase Study:Example scenarios differentiating between cash and credit transactions. Lesson 5: Costing, Pricing, and P... | {
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Boosts sales. Lesson 13: Sources of Information about the MarketInformation Sources:Market research reports, customer feedback, sales data. Lesson 14: Factors in Selecting a Suitable MarketFactors in Selecting a Suitable Market:Geographic location, target demographics, competition, consumer behavior. Lesson 15: ICT Too... | {
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GRADE 8 RATIONALIZED INTEGRATED SCIENCELESSON NOTES COMPLETESTRAND 1- MIXTURES, ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS. ELEMENTS AND COMPUNDSMeaning of Atoms, Elements, molecules and Compounds. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter is composed of pure substances and mixtures. The pure substances are can be elemen... | {
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Calcium represented by Ca. Chlorine represented by ClCopper represented by Cu from Latin word cuprumThe first letter of a symbol is always capitalized, while the second letter is written in small letters. Compounds are combinations of two or more elements. A chemical formula is an expression that shows the elements in ... | {
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Steel is a combination of iron and carbon. Steel is important in construction. Gold and silver:They are precious metals elements that occur naturally and have high market value. In some cases, Gold and silver can be used as currency. In other cases, these precious metals have various uses such as in electronics, medica... | {
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This means liquids lack a definite shapeGases-a gas has no definite shape. A gas changes its shape to look like that of container in which it is held in. For example, when a balloon is inflated with air, the air inside takes the shape of the balloon. Solids, liquids and gases are different in terms of their volumes. So... | {
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Their intermolecular forces in liquids are weaker than in solids but stronger than in gases. The particles in liquids do not move freely as in gases, therefore, it is difficult to compress liquids since the liquid particles can move but keep same volume. Particles in solids are very close to each other closely packed a... | {
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Therefore, it means that ice is a pure substance. Melting point of Impure substances Candle wax . The melting point of candle wax is the temperature at which the solid materials turns into liquid by heating it . The melting point of candle wax ranges between 46oC to 68 oC. Therefore, it means that candle wax is an impu... | {
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A source of heat such as burning candle or Bunsen burner and writing materials. Procedure:Hold iron pin using a pair of tongs over a burning flame from either a candle or Bunsen burner for sometime. Remove the pin from the flame after noticing any changes you can observe. Observations, Explanation conclusion. Iron pin ... | {
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Writing materials. Procedure:Clean the magnesium ribbon by rubbing it with sand paper. Examine the appearance of the magnesium ribbon. Hold the ribbon with a pair of tongs over a burning candle or Bunsen burner for a few minutes. Caution:Burning magnesium ribbon produces a very bright flame that can damage your eyes. A... | {
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Some animals such as insects, depend on fog as a source of water, especially in desert climate. -Classes of Fire. Fires can be classified between four and seven classes. The following are six classes of fire mostly widely used and accepted. Fire control measures. To prevent the start and spread of fire, one or more com... | {
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Keep fire exits and escape routes clearly marked and unobstructed at all times. Give proper training on emergency procedures to follow, including fire drills. Access to information on flammable substances is important for the following reasons. It makes us aware of all hazards fire and explosion of the materials we are... | {
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Writing materials. Procedure:pour some water in a beaker. Put a drop of the dye or ink in the water. What observations do you make after a few minutes? Observation, explanation and conclusion. After a few minutes, the ink or dye spread throughout the water in the beaker. The ink pr dye spread from the region where it w... | {
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Temperature-high temperature increases energy and therefore faster movement of molecules. This increases the rate of diffusion. Mass of particles- heavy particles move slowly hence slower rate of diffusion. Light particles on the other hand move fast hence faster rate of diffusion. -Diffusion distance- rate of diffusio... | {
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Observation and explanation. The concentration of water outside the visking tubing is higher than the concentration of water inside the visking tubing. Water moves in through the pores in the semi-permeable membrane of the Visking tubing by osmosis because of the differences in concentration inside and outside the visk... | {
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It is necessary to peel off potato tubers so as to expose large surface area and expose the inner cells that are permeable for osmosis. Petri dish A-water moves up by osmosis through the potato cells then dissolves the table salt in the cavity. Petri dish B-the slat did not dissolve because no water moved by osmosis in... | {
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Semi-permeable membrane is required in osmosis while in diffusion no membrane is needed. Osmosis requires water for movement of particles while diffusion does not require water. In osmosis there is only one way for particles to flow while in diffusion particles can flow in any direction. 2.3 Reproduction in Human Being... | {
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If you are underweight, slow and steady weight gain may help to regulate your menstrual circle. Excessive bleeding is another challenge related to the menstrual cycle. Bleeding is considered heavy if it interferes with normal activities. However, though common, you should see a doctor. Heavy periods can be a sign of a ... | {
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Abstain from sexual intercourse. Faithfulness in marriage is encouraged. Syphilis. Symptoms. Sore resembling blisters appear at site of infection. Rashes appear on the skin. Patient feels feverish, suffers body pains and loses hair. Can be prevented by using same measures as in gonorrhea. HerpesSymptoms. Painful sores ... | {
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Is a type of energy stored in atoms and molecules that make up a substance. For example, a thermometer records a higher temperature reading after the steel and vinegar are mixed. This reaction of vinegar and steel wool produces heat. People and other living things get their energy needs from the chemical energy stored ... | {
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Using a flash light. When using a flashlight, the circuit closes. Chemical energy is transformed into electrical energy in the dry cells. The electrical energy is then converted into light energy. The torch bulb therefore lights which is light energy. Chemical energy to Electrical energy to Light energyUsing a basketba... | {
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Television sets. Iron boxes etc. Risks or accidents associated with use of electricity include electrical shocks, electrical burns and electric fires. To reduce electricity accidents the following should be done:Move electrical appliances away from water. Repair any faulty wirings. Replace faulty appliances. Health haz... | {
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The sharp heel shoes of the girl have a small surface area in contact with the ground. The smaller the area the deeper the impressions or more sinking than the shoes of the boy for the same weightExample 2,If a leaner has two identical bags, but one has wider shoulder strap and the other has narrow shoulder straps. If ... | {
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For the same applied force, pressure is higher with a smaller area and it is less with a large area. It is easier to cut with a sharp knife, axe, panga than trying to cut with a blunt knife, axe or panga. A farm tractor has wide wheels that prevent it from sinking into the soil because pressure is distributed over a la... | {
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Change area form cm2 to m2. 1m2 10000cm2. ? 250cm2 250 10000 0.025m2Substitute the values into the formula. Pressure Force Area 400N 0.025m216,000N m2Example 3. A mass of 50kg exerts a pressure of 2000N m2. What area is in contact with the ground? Pressure Force Area Pressure 2000N m2. Area? To be determined. 2000N m2 ... | {
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As the depth from the surface decreases like in hole A and B, the distance from the container to where the jet strikes decrease, indicating a lower pressure by the water. The weight of the liquid acts downwards. The more the depth, the more the liquid is above the point. This increases the weight causing more pressure ... | {
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Football boots-they have studs that are sharp to reduce area of contact and increase pressure on the football pitch. This provides a player with a better grip on the ground. School bag shoulder pads- they are made wide so that they reduce the pressure applied on the shoulder. This makes one comfortable as narrow strap ... | {
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