text stringlengths 256 10.3k | metadata dict |
|---|---|
BIOLOGY REVISION AND EXAMINATION TIPS Main reasons why Students Perform Poorly in the Biology Subject Confusion of biology concepts and terminologies. Inability to recall ideas about the subject content (subject matter). This could be attributed to lack of interest and concentration in class and poor study habits h... | {
"source": "TIPS-TO-EXCELLING-IN-BIOLOGY..pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9235753317720532,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2562,
"token_count": 490
} |
Large chunks of information can be summarized through use of pseudo codes, mnemonics or use of concept maps (schematic mapping). Arrive in class and examination room in time. This will enable you gather all the verbal and written concepts taught and boost confidence and reduce pre-exam stress respectively. This can a... | {
"source": "TIPS-TO-EXCELLING-IN-BIOLOGY..pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9194444444444445,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2448,
"token_count": 487
} |
Remember to write exhaustive answers as half answers and ‘hanging’ statements are never awarded in any Biology examination e.g. for each structure or process, mention the function or reasons respectively depending on how the question is framed. Concentrate on the unique or distinguishing features or characteristics... | {
"source": "TIPS-TO-EXCELLING-IN-BIOLOGY..pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9206726825266613,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2438,
"token_count": 492
} |
This will not be awarded as it shows confusion of concepts which is penalized. All diagrams drawn should be clear, neat and proportional sketches (not artistic impressions) and must be true representations of the object/specimen. Follow the simple rules: Labeling lines should not cross each other; the labeling line s... | {
"source": "TIPS-TO-EXCELLING-IN-BIOLOGY..pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9113832691694873,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2037,
"token_count": 417
} |
Remember also that to know a little and present it well is superior to knowing much and presenting it poorly. Allow yourself time to review your work. Review allows you to ensure that you have answered all the required questions, not skipped any relevant question, not made some simple mistakes and also gives you time... | {
"source": "TIPS-TO-EXCELLING-IN-BIOLOGY..pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9113068337036743,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2342,
"token_count": 501
} |
Illustrate-Use a figure, diagram or any non-text form as an example to explain or make something.
Name/Give/Mention-Give points only, no explanations Why-Give clear reasons supported by an argument.
Outline-Give the main features in a sequential manner.
Distinguish between-Define the terms to clearly bring... | {
"source": "TIPS-TO-EXCELLING-IN-BIOLOGY..pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9072571010541718,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 1514,
"token_count": 336
} |
FORM ONE BIOLOGY
By the end of form one work, the learner should be able to:
Define Biology
List the branches of Biology
Explain the importance of Biology
State and explain some of the characteristics of organisms
State and explain some of the general characteristics of organisms
Explain the external features of plants... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9372080391091798,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 7364,
"token_count": 1500
} |
FORM ONE BIOLOGY
By the end of form one work, the learner should be able to:
Define Biology
List the branches of Biology
Explain the importance of Biology
State and explain some of the characteristics of organisms
State and explain some of the general characteristics of organisms
Explain the external features of plants... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9370200108166576,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 7396,
"token_count": 1506
} |
FORM ONE BIOLOGY
By the end of form one work, the learner should be able to:
Define Biology
List the branches of Biology
Explain the importance of Biology
State and explain some of the characteristics of organisms
State and explain some of the general characteristics of organisms
Explain the external features of plants... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9368548387096776,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 7440,
"token_count": 1516
} |
FORM ONE BIOLOGY
By the end of form one work, the learner should be able to:
Define Biology
List the branches of Biology
Explain the importance of Biology
State and explain some of the characteristics of organisms
State and explain some of the general characteristics of organisms
Explain the external features of plants... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9366550895004008,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 7486,
"token_count": 1528
} |
Biology means "life knowledge". It is the study of living things/organisms. Branches of Biology
Botany - study of plants. Zoology - study of animals. Microbiology - study' of microscopic organisms. Morphology - study of external structure of organisms. Anatomy - study of internal structure of organisms. Physiology - st... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9158181252351468,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2419,
"token_count": 489
} |
Reproduction-Reproduction is the formation of new individuals of a species to ensure continued existence of a species and growth of its population. Irritability –
The ability of organisms to detect and respond to changes in the environment. This is of great survival value to the organism. Movement –
Is the progressive ... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9198667221990838,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2401,
"token_count": 506
} |
Lateral (side) view shows all the legs. Collection, Observation and Recording of Organisms
Collection
Plants and animals collected from the environment, near school or within school compound using nets, bottles and gloves. Animals collected include:-arthropods, earthworms and small vertebrates like lizards/chameleons/ ... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.923527116660164,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2563,
"token_count": 507
} |
Genus (plural genera): A genus is made up of a number of species that share several characteristics. Members of a genus cannot interbreed and if they do, the offspring are infertile. Family: A family is made up of a number of genera that share several characteristics. Order: A number of families with common characteris... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9148554336989033,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2006,
"token_count": 489
} |
External Features of Organisms
In plants we should look for:-
Spore capsule and rhizoids in moss plants. Sori and fronds in ferns. Stem, leaves, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds in plants. In animals, some important features to look for are:
Segmentation, presence of limbs and, number of body parts, presence and number... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9110789980732178,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2076,
"token_count": 485
} |
Root system - fibrous, adventitious and tap root. Stem - position and length of interrnodes. Type of leaves - simple or compound; arranged as alternate, opposite or whorled. Flower - colour, number of parts, size and relative position of each:
Fruits - freshy or dry; edible or not edible. Seeds - monocotyledonous or di... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9099557424012631,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2301,
"token_count": 499
} |
Keep it away from the edge of the bench when using it. Always hold it with both hands when moving it in the laboratory. Clean the lenses with special lens cleaning paper. Make sure that the low power objective clicks in position in line with eye piece lens before and after use. Store the microscope in a dust-proof plac... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.919863091029016,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2487,
"token_count": 510
} |
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
This is a network of tubular structures extending throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. It serves as a network of pathways through which materials are transported from one part of the cell to the other. An ER encrusted with ribosomes it is referred to as rough endoplasmic reticulum. An ER... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.926771653543307,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2286,
"token_count": 498
} |
At various points along their length the lamellae form stacks of disc like structures called grana. The lamellae are embedded in a granular material called the stroma. The chloroplasts are sites of photosynthesis. The light reaction takes place in the lamellae while the dark reactions take place in the stroma. Comparis... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.924979658258747,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2458,
"token_count": 506
} |
The following are noted: Nucleus, cell wall, cytoplasm and cell membrane. Observation of permanent slides of animal cells
Permanent slides of animal cells are obtained e.g, of cheek cells, nerve cells and muscle cells. The slide is mounted on the microscope and observations made under low power and medium power objecti... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9219180835695622,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2547,
"token_count": 502
} |
Properties of cell membrane
Permeability
The cell membrane is semi-permeable. it allows small molecules that are soluble in lipid to pass through with more ease than water soluble molecules. this is due to the presence of the phospholipids double layer. Polarlity
The cell membrane has electrical charges across its surf... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9267583497053046,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2545,
"token_count": 484
} |
Rate of diffusion is faster when the distance is small i.e., thin surface. Surface Area to Volume Ratio
The larger the surface area to volume ratio, the faster the rate of diffusion. For example, in small organisms such as Amoeba the surface area to volume ratio, is greater hence faster diffusion than in larger organis... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9252117789431222,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2479,
"token_count": 507
} |
Support in plants especially herbaceous ones, is provided by turgor pressure, which results from intake of water by osmosis. Absorption of water from the alimentary canal in mammals. Re-absorption of water in the kidney tubules. Opening and closing stomata. Water Relations in Plant and Animal Cells
The medium (solution... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9214821349801501,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2267,
"token_count": 504
} |
The vacuole decreases in size and the cytoplasm shrinks as a result of which the cell membrane loses contact with the cell wall. The cell becomes flaccid. The whole process is described as plasmolysis. Incipient plasmolysis is when a cell membrane just begins to lose contact with the cell wall. Plasmolysis can be rever... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9271111111111112,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2475,
"token_count": 511
} |
The energy needed comes from respiration. Certain proteins in the cell surface membrane responsible for this movement are referred to as carrier proteins or channel proteins. The shape of each type of carrier protein is specific to the type of substances conveyed through it. It has been shown that the substance fits in... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9212899969023554,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2589,
"token_count": 509
} |
2.Experiment to Demonstrate Osmosis Using a Visking Thbing
A strip of visking tubing 8-10 cm is cut and tied at one end using strong thread. About 2 ml of 25% sucrose solution is put inside and the other end tied with thread. The tubing is washed under running water and then blotted to dry. It is immersed in a beaker c... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9026665043224158,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2150,
"token_count": 489
} |
The cells are arranged end to end. The epidermis offers protection and maintains the shape of the leaf. It is covered by a layer of cuticle which reduces evaporation. Leaf Mesophyll
Consists of the palisade layer, next to upper epidermis, and the spongy layer next to the lower epidermis. Palisade Mesophyll Layer
The ce... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.928178243774574,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2289,
"token_count": 498
} |
Spongy mesophyll layer has large intercellular air spaces allowing for gaseous exchange. Presence of stomata for efficient gaseous exchange (entry of carbon (IV) oxide into leaf and exit of oxygen). Mosaic arrangement of leaves to ensure no overlapping of leaves hence every leaf is exposed to light. Structure and Funct... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9158291946635505,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2282,
"token_count": 505
} |
It takes place on the lamellae surfaces. Its products are used in the dark stage. The dark stage does not require light although it occurs in the light and is called light independent stage. Light-Stage
Two reactions take place that produce raw materials for the dark stage:
Light energy splits the water molecules into ... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9112315814802757,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2279,
"token_count": 497
} |
This involves incorporation of other elements e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur. Factors Influencing Photosynthesis
Certain factors must be provided for before photosynthesis can take place. The rate or amount of photosynthesis is also influenced by the quantity or quality of these same factors. Carbon(IV) Oxide Co... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9083193865407629,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2379,
"token_count": 482
} |
In most plants, photosynthesis stops when temperatures approach O°C although some arctic plant species can photosynthesise at -2°C or even -3°C. Likewise, increase in temperature above the optimum decreases the rate and finally the reactions stop at temperatures above 40°c due to enzyme denaturation. However, certain a... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9095197269191078,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2223,
"token_count": 487
} |
They are crystallisable. They are sweet. The are all reducing sugars. This is because they reduce blue copper (II) sulphate solution when heated to copper oxide which is red in colour and insoluble. Functions of Monosaccharides
They are oxidised in the cells to produce energy during respiration. Formation of important ... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9214623142986567,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2142,
"token_count": 492
} |
Dahlia. Cellulose - structural carbohydrate in plants. Chitin - forms exoskeleton in arthropods. Importance and Functions of Polysaccharides
They are storage carbohydrates - starch in plants glycogen in animals. They are hydrolysed to their contituent monosaccharide units and used for respiration. . They form structura... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9153627448618172,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2178,
"token_count": 492
} |
A lot of fat is stored under the skin e.g. blubber in seals. Protection - Complex lipids e.g. wax on leaf surfaces protects the plant against water-loss and overheating. Fats stored around some internal organs acts as shock absorbers, thus protecting the organs. Source of Metabolic Water -:-lipids when oxidised produce... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9178724290932269,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2260,
"token_count": 494
} |
The nature of a particular protein depends on the types, number and sequence of amino acids from which it is made. Functions of Proteins
As structural materials proteins-
Are the basic building structures of protoplasms. Proteins in conjunction with lipid form the cell membrane. Examples of structural proteins include:... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9179154321158586,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2156,
"token_count": 472
} |
Naming of enzymes
Enzymes are named by adding the suffix -ase to:
Name of substrate that they work on e.g. carbohydrates - carbohydrases e.g.sucrase. Starch (amylose) - amylase
Protein - proteinase (protease)
Lipids -lipases
Type of chemical reaction catalised e.g. Oxidation - oxidase
Reduction - reductase
Hydrolysis -... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9181019303662764,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2209,
"token_count": 490
} |
All co-enzymes are derived from vitamins. Nutrition in Animals=Heterotrophism
Meaning and Types of Heterotrophism
This is a mode of nutrition whereby organisms feed on complex organic matter from other plants or animals. All animals are heterotrophs. Their mode of feeding is also said to be holozoic to distinguish it f... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9226363636363636,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2200,
"token_count": 487
} |
Teeth are replaced only once in a lifetime. The first set is the milk or deciduous teeth. These are replaced by the second set or the permanent teeth. Dentition refers to the type of teeth, the number and their arrangement in the jaw. A dental formula shows the type and number of teeth in each half of the jaw. The numb... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9131838565022422,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2230,
"token_count": 503
} |
They are enlarged for cutting flesh. They act as a pair of shears. They also crush bones. The teeth of carnivores have closed roots i.e., only a very small opening of the pulp cavity to allow food and oxygen to keep teeth alive. Once broken, no re-growth can take place. Teeth of Omnivores
Incisors have a wide surface f... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9148806941431671,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2305,
"token_count": 507
} |
It saves severely damaged teeth. The nerves in the root canal are surgically severed. The tooth is cleaned and filled up with amalgam. Periodontal Diseases
These are diseases of the gum. The gum becomes inflamed, and starts bleeding. Progression of the disease leads to infection of the fibres in the periodontal membran... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9241129032258065,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2480,
"token_count": 506
} |
The liver and pancreas are organs that are closely associated with the alimentary canal. Their secretions get into the lumen and assist in digestions. Digestive system consists of:
Mouth. Oesophagus. Stomach. Small intestines - consist of duodenum, the first part next to the stomach, ileum - the last part that ends up ... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9173337324751785,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2227,
"token_count": 499
} |
The stomach wall has strong circular and longitudinal muscles whose contraction mixes the food with digestive juices in the stomach. Digestion in the Duodenum
In the duodenum the food is mixed with bile and pancreatic juice. Bile contains bile salts and bile pigments. The salts emulsify fats, thus providing a large sur... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9278542869835629,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2251,
"token_count": 480
} |
Absorption of Glucose and Amino Acids
Glucose and other monosaccharides as well as amino acids are absorbed through the villi epithelium and directly into the blood capillaries. First they are carried to the liver through the hepatic portal vein, then taken to all organs via circulatory system. Absorption of Fatty Acid... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.923400447427293,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2235,
"token_count": 505
} |
Lipids
Fats are primarily stored in the fat storage tissues. When carbohydrates intake is low in the body, fats are oxidised to provide energy. They are also used as structural materials e.g. phospholipids in cell membrane. They act as cushion, protecting delicate organs like the heart. Stored fats under the skin act a... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9196283246977548,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2316,
"token_count": 482
} |
Factors Determining Energy Requirements in Humans
Age: Infants, for instance, need a greater proportion of protein than adults.
Sex: males generally require more carbohydrates than females.
The requirements of specific nutrients for females depends on the stage of development in the life cycle.
Adolescent girls requ... | {
"source": "FORM-1-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9229796839729121,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2215,
"token_count": 479
} |
FORM FOUR BIOLOGY
Define the term genetics
Differentiate between heredity and variation
Distinguish between continuous and discontinuous variations
Describe continuous and discontinuous variations
Observe variations in plants and animals
Describe the structure, nature and properties of chromosomes
Describe the structur... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9369471209354073,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 7110,
"token_count": 1475
} |
FORM FOUR BIOLOGY
Define the term genetics
Differentiate between heredity and variation
Distinguish between continuous and discontinuous variations
Describe continuous and discontinuous variations
Observe variations in plants and animals
Describe the structure, nature and properties of chromosomes
Describe the structur... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.936768349092549,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 7251,
"token_count": 1500
} |
FORM FOUR BIOLOGY
Define the term genetics
Differentiate between heredity and variation
Distinguish between continuous and discontinuous variations
Describe continuous and discontinuous variations
Observe variations in plants and animals
Describe the structure, nature and properties of chromosomes
Describe the structur... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9365537022269965,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 7362,
"token_count": 1521
} |
FORM FOUR BIOLOGY
Define the term genetics
Differentiate between heredity and variation
Distinguish between continuous and discontinuous variations
Describe continuous and discontinuous variations
Observe variations in plants and animals
Describe the structure, nature and properties of chromosomes
Describe the structur... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.936407437836348,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 7455,
"token_count": 1542
} |
The fact that the offspring of any species resemble the parents indicates that the characters in the parents are passed on to the offspring. Factors that determine characters (genes) are passed on from parent to offspring through gametes or sex cells. In fertilisation the nucleus of the male gamete fuses with the nucle... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9247344461305008,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2636,
"token_count": 501
} |
There are no intermediates. Albinism - one is either an albino or not. Discontinuous variations is determined by the action of a single gene present in an individual. Structure and Properties of Chromosomes
These are threadlike structures found in the nucleus. They are normally very thin and coiled and are not easily v... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9023291925465838,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2226,
"token_count": 495
} |
histones. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is present in very small amounts. Enzymes concerned with DNA and RNA replication - these are DNA and RNA polymerases and ligases. Structure of DNA
The structure of DNA was first explained in 1953 by Watson and Crick. DNA was shown to be a double helix that coils around itself. The two s... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9154241431800361,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2282,
"token_count": 507
} |
This is explained by first meiotic anaphase stage, when the homologous chromosomes are separated so that each carries one of the allelic genes. Monohybrid Inheritance
This is the study of the inheritance of one character trait that is represented by a pair of genes on homologous chromosomes. Gregor Mendel (an Austrian ... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9161577338433415,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2411,
"token_count": 502
} |
From this it is clear that one character i.e. tall is dominant over the short character. A dominant character is that which is expressed alone in the offspring even when the opposite character is represented in the genotype. The unexpressed character is said to be recessive. From these results and others obtained when ... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9181049069373943,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2364,
"token_count": 499
} |
it is stronger or healthier, or yields more than either parent. Use of Symbols
To represent genes in the chromosomes, letters are used. It is customary to use a capital letter for the dominant characteristic and small letter for the recessive one. The gametes are encircled. For example,a cross between a tall and a shor... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.900878221284411,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2178,
"token_count": 511
} |
Inheritance of ABO blood groups in humans
Blood groups in human are determined by three alleles, A, B, and O. An individual can have only two of these genes. Genes A and Bare codominant, while gene 0 is recessive to A and B. These are referred to as multiple alleles. The ABO Blood Group System
Rhesus Factor
The Rhesus ... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9150924552987353,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2293,
"token_count": 508
} |
The female acts as a carrier. In human, sex linked characters found on the X chromosome include:
Haemophilia:
This is a disease that affects the rate of clotting of blood, leading to excessive bleeding even from a minor cut. Haemophilia is more common in males than in females. A female my have the gene for haemophilia ... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9075100356251862,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2313,
"token_count": 499
} |
Changes in the diploid number of chromosomes (allopolyploidy). The diploid number changes to 3n (triploid) or 4n (tetraploid) and so on. This results from the doubling of the chromosome number in the gamete (2n). This is due to failure of the chromosome sets to separate during meiosis. The phenomenon is known as polypl... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.893037170744752,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2216,
"token_count": 502
} |
Inversion:
A portion may break from a chromosome and then rejoin to it after turning though an angle-of 1800 . Translocation:
This is when a portion is joined to a non-homologous chromosome. Duplication:
A certain section of an intact chromosome replicates such that the genes are repeated. Gene Mutations
A gene mutatio... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9173755979346951,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2292,
"token_count": 500
} |
As discussed earlier a person of blood group A can only get blood from another one of A or O. In case of emergencies and unavailability of blood, a patient may be given blood group A + when he/she is A-. First transfusion is fine since, by the time enough antibodies are produced most of the red blood cells of donor hav... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.921032585696149,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2363,
"token_count": 492
} |
This zygote was introduced into the uterus of a sheep and developed to full term. Gene therapy
Involves injecting genes into patients of certain diseases
e.g. Parkinson's diseases. The injected gene alters metabolism to bring about the cure of the disease. Practical Activities
To demonstrate Continuous variations
Heigh... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9223163023163025,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2405,
"token_count": 499
} |
Human Finger Prints
The finger prints for each student's thumb, forefinger and middle fingers of the left hand is imprinted on a white paper. A rubber stamp with ink is used to and each finger -tip phalange is rolled onto the inkpad. For best results students work in pairs. Observations are made at all forefingers, thu... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9171382725105446,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2296,
"token_count": 456
} |
Faith explains it all. By faith we understand that the universe was created by the command of God. Several scientists hold this view and their research confirms accounts in the old testament of a universal flood explains the disappearance of dinosaurs as vegetation decreased. Chemical Evolution
The following is the lin... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9125653285285547,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2393,
"token_count": 503
} |
These evolved to upright, tool using creature called Australopithecus afarensis which had a cranial capacity of 400-500 cc. This evolved through several intermediates; Homo habilis and Homo erectus to modem day human. Homo sapiens has a cranial capacity of 1350 - 1450 cc. Homo sapiens is more intelligent. Main features... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9170841982045491,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2471,
"token_count": 505
} |
they have arisen from a common ancestor but they have assumed different functions. This is an example of divergent evolution . The wing of a butterfly and that of a bird are said to be analogous. i.e. they have originated from different ancestors but they perform the same function. This is an example of convergent evol... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9192439418416802,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2476,
"token_count": 494
} |
He proposed that new life forms arise from use and disuse of parts of existing organisms and through the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Lamark’s theory has been disapproped in that although use and disuse of parts does lead to acquired characteristics, such characteristics are not inheritable since they are e... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9211265432098766,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2430,
"token_count": 489
} |
Smoke and soot from factories have darkened the tree trunks over the years. This has resulted in the preservation of the mutation in Biston betularia leading to the evolution of the melanic form. This form is almost invisible against the dark background of the tree trunks and is less subject to predation than the speck... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9173204054649626,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2269,
"token_count": 493
} |
the horse has a single digit. An outdoor activity to observe various sty les of movement in different mammals can be studied. It is noted that some move on tips of toes (donkey) others on the whole leg (rabbit). Comparision of Wings of bird-and insect
Wings of birds and insects (grasshopper, butterfly or moth) are obta... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9226816539542353,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2491,
"token_count": 498
} |
It is as important to their survival as it is in animals. Plants respond to a variety of stimuli in their environment. These stimuli include light, moisture, gravity and chemicals. Some plants also show response to touch. Tropisms
Plants often respond by growing in a particular direction. Such growth movements are call... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9230077646097262,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2447,
"token_count": 499
} |
The lower side of the shoot grows faster than the upper side. Resulting in a growth curvature that makes the shoot grow vertically upwards. Root growth is inhibited by high concentrations of auxin. Therefore, the lower side of the root grows at a slower rate than the upper side where there is less auxin concentration. ... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9276068376068376,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2340,
"token_count": 485
} |
Survival Value
Ensures favourable conditions for existence. Chemotaxis is movement in response to concentration of chemical substances. Survival Value
In bryophytes, antherozoids move towards archegonia to effect fertilisation
Survival Value of taxis:
These ensure conditions favourable for life bring maximum benefit to... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9271261588069327,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2481,
"token_count": 508
} |
Reception, Responses and Coordination in Animals
The nervous and endocrine systems (together known as the neuro-endocrine system) act as a co-ordinating system. They linking the receptors to the effectors and regulating their activities. Receptors
Receptors are cells that detect or receive stimuli. They may be scattere... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9178723253757737,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2250,
"token_count": 502
} |
The myelin sheath is enclosed by a thin membrane called the neurilemma, which is part of the Schwann cell in contact with axon. The myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier enhance transmission of the impulse. There are three types of neurons:
Sensory neurone
Also known as afferent neurone. Transmits impulses from sensory ce... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9250655861139733,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2480,
"token_count": 510
} |
Impulses in motor neurone s are trans mitted to effectors. The space between motor end dendrite and muscle is known as neuro-muscular Junction. Synaptic vesicles in the ends of the dendrites release the transmitter substance across the neural muscular junction. Functions of Major Parts of the Human Brain
The Central Ne... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9246256239600666,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2404,
"token_count": 499
} |
Simple And Conditioned Reflex Actions
Simple Reflex Action
A simple reflex action is an automatic response to a stimulus. The route that is followed by impulses during a reflex action is called a reflex arc. A reflex action follows the following sequence:
A receptor is stimulated and an impulse is transmitted along a s... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9249692496924969,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2439,
"token_count": 496
} |
Under secretion
Low blood pressure
Inability to withstand stress
Muscular weakness
Thyroxine
Over secretion is termed hyperthyroidism this causes:
Increased Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) hence increased temperature. Person becomes very angry, nervous and hands may shake. Increased heartbeat which lead to cardiac failure. ... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9196366782006921,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2312,
"token_count": 494
} |
Structure and Function of Parts of the Human Eye
Structure
The human eye is spherical in shape and situated within a socket or orbit in the skull. It is attached to the skull by three pairs of muscle, which also control its movement. It is made up of three main layers; sclerotic layer, choroid and the light sensitive r... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9182654402102497,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2283,
"token_count": 503
} |
There are two types of light sensitive cells in the retina:
Rods - are sensitive to low-intensity light and detect black and white. Nocturnal mammals have more rods. Cones - are sensitive to high intensity of light;
They detect bright colour. Diurnal mammals have more cones. Fovea centralis
Fovea centralis (yellow spot... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9179575941151018,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2311,
"token_count": 499
} |
Image formation and Interpretation
Light rays from an object enter the cornea and are directed onto the lens through the pupil. They are refracted by the cornea and the lens. The latter brings the rays into fine focus. It makes the light rays converge so that an image is focused at a point on the retina. The image on t... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9208121827411169,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2364,
"token_count": 502
} |
The lining of the tube secretes wax, which traps dust particles and microorganisms. The tympanum is a membrane stretching across the inner end of the external auditory canal. The tympanum vibrates when it is hit by sound waves. The Middle Ear
This is a chamber containing three small bones called the ear ossic1es, the m... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9193347355301082,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2334,
"token_count": 499
} |
This transmit impulses to the brain through the auditory nerve so that the movement is registered. Defects of the ear
Acute labyrinthitis
This is an inflammation of the middle ear and cochlea. It may lead to deafness. It can be treated by using certain drugs but sometimes an operation may be necessary. Tinnitis:
This i... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9134209900519203,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2194,
"token_count": 485
} |
Seedlings with straight radic1es and plumules are used .. Geotropism
The seedlings are placed horizontally on the medium (Soil or vermiculite or saw dust or sand). Observations are done after three days and results recorded. Phototropism
A potted plant or a young seedling planted in a beaker is kept next to a window wh... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9081527458557489,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2312,
"token_count": 506
} |
This is a spinal reflex. END
Support and Movement in Plants and Animals
Necessity for support and movement
Movement is a characteristic of all living organisms. It enables animals and plants to adjust to their environment. Most animals move from place to place but some are sessile (i.e. fixed to the substratum). Majori... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.925100312082033,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2243,
"token_count": 498
} |
Collenchyma –
Their cell walls have additional cellulose deposited in the corners. This provides them with extra mechanical strength. Sclerenchyma –
Their cells are dead due to large deposits of lignin on the primary cell wall. The lignified wall is thick and inner lumen is small, hence provide support. Sclerenchyma fi... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9227981458069955,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2373,
"token_count": 506
} |
Prevention of water loss. Endoskeleton:
It forms an internal body framework. This is a type of skeleton characteristic of all vertebrates. The endoskeleton is made of cartilage, bone or both. It is made up of living tissues and grows steadily as animal grows. Muscles are attached on the skeleton. The muscles are connec... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9198133220195164,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2357,
"token_count": 503
} |
The cranium; encloses and protects the brain. It is made up of many bones joined together by immovable joints. The facial bones consists of the upper and lower jaws. At the posterior end of the cranium are two smooth rounded protuberances, the occipital condyles. These condyles articulate with the atlas vertebra to for... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9234171725932351,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2306,
"token_count": 504
} |
There is a pair of prezygapophyses and postzygapophyses for articulation with other vertebra . They have a pair of short transverse process. The thoracic vertebra also articulates with pair of ribs at tubercular and capitular facets. Lumbar Vertebrae
Each lumbar vertebra has a large, thick centrum for support of the bo... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.924773413897281,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 1986,
"token_count": 490
} |
Humerus
Humerus is found in the upper arm. It articulates with the scapula at the glenoid cavity of the pectoral girdle and forms a ball and socket joint. Ulna and radius
These are two bones found in the forearm. The ulna has a projection called olecranon process and a sigmoid notch which articulates with the humerus. ... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9197149643705463,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2105,
"token_count": 508
} |
They are called synovial joints. They include hinge joint and ball and socket joint. Hinge joint
e.g. knee joint. The joint allows movement in one plane. Ball and socket joint. e.g., hip joint. The joint allows rotation in all directions. Types, Locations and Function of Muscles
There are three types of muscles, locate... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9221894736842106,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2375,
"token_count": 496
} |
The biceps has its point of origin on the scapula and the point of insertion on the radius. The triceps has its points of origin on the scapula and humerus and is inserted on the ulna. When the muscles contract, the limb acts as a lever with the pivot at the joint. Contraction of biceps muscles bends (flexes) the arm w... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9170753704697242,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2264,
"token_count": 500
} |
For each of the bones the distinguishing features are listed down.
Labelled drawings of the anterior and lateral views is made.
To observe bones of appendicular skeleton.
Bones of pectoral girdle and fore limb are obtained i.e., scapula, humerus, ulna and radius.
Labelled drawing of each bone is made.
Observations... | {
"source": "FORM-4-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.910599078341014,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 651,
"token_count": 150
} |
FORM THREE BIOLOGY
By the end of form three work, the learner should be able to:
Classify common organisms into their main taxonomic units
Write scientific names of organisms correctly
List the kingdoms of organisms
Describe the general characteristics of Kingdom monera
Describe the general characteristics of Kingdom p... | {
"source": "FORM-3-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9423428413181945,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 3611,
"token_count": 725
} |
FORM THREE BIOLOGY
By the end of form three work, the learner should be able to:
Classify common organisms into their main taxonomic units
Write scientific names of organisms correctly
List the kingdoms of organisms
Describe the general characteristics of Kingdom monera
Describe the general characteristics of Kingdom p... | {
"source": "FORM-3-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9404854470946727,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 9517,
"token_count": 1881
} |
FORM THREE BIOLOGY
By the end of form three work, the learner should be able to:
Classify common organisms into their main taxonomic units
Write scientific names of organisms correctly
List the kingdoms of organisms
Describe the general characteristics of Kingdom monera
Describe the general characteristics of Kingdom p... | {
"source": "FORM-3-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9407632689100365,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 10193,
"token_count": 2010
} |
FORM THREE BIOLOGY
By the end of form three work, the learner should be able to:
Classify common organisms into their main taxonomic units
Write scientific names of organisms correctly
List the kingdoms of organisms
Describe the general characteristics of Kingdom monera
Describe the general characteristics of Kingdom p... | {
"source": "FORM-3-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9407580629445581,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 10263,
"token_count": 2020
} |
Tick and cattle
Describe the interaction between organisms in an ecosystem
Describe the role of decomposers in Nitrogen cycle & carbon cycle
Define the terms food chain and food web
Construct food chains and food webs
Describe energy flow in a local ecosystem and Construct food chains and food webs
Define population
Li... | {
"source": "FORM-3-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9400440852314476,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 6805,
"token_count": 1319
} |
Primary and secondary growths
investigate primary and secondary growth in a seedling
Explain the role of hormones in regulation of growth and development in plants
Explain Apical dominance in plants
Define metamorphosis
Distinguish between complete and incomplete metamorphosis
Describe complete metamorphosis in housefl... | {
"source": "FORM-3-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9286838562700632,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2262,
"token_count": 459
} |
They are metabolically inactive outside the host cell. Most of them can be crystallised like chemical molecules. Therefore they do not exhibit the characteristics of living organisms. Examples of Organisms in Each Kingdom and Their Economic Importance
Kingdom Monera
General Characteristics
Unicellular and microscopic
S... | {
"source": "FORM-3-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9239629087359689,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2049,
"token_count": 492
} |
Salmonella. Denitrifying bacteria reduce soil fertility e.g., Pseudomonas denitrificans. Kingdom Protoctista
Examples include ;
Algae such as spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, euglena, Sargassum
And protozoa such as amoeba, paramecium and Trypanosoma. General Characteristics
They are said to be eukaryotic since their nucleus i... | {
"source": "FORM-3-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9190140845070424,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 1988,
"token_count": 496
} |
Some are useful in production of antibiotics e.g., Penicillium griseofulvin. Used in sewage treatment e.g., Fusarium spp. Harmful Effects
Some cause food poisoning by producing toxic compounds e.g. Aspergillus flavus which produces aflatoxins. Some cause food spoilage, fabric and wood spoilage through decomposition. So... | {
"source": "FORM-3-BIOLOGY.docx",
"file_type": "docx",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.926842584167425,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2198,
"token_count": 494
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.