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Polychloroethene molecule can be represented as:
41 H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C β C - C β C - C β C - C β C- + β¦ H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C β C )n H Cl Examples Polychlorothene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of... | {
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It is a tough, non-transparent and durable plastic. PVC is used: (i)in making plastic rope (ii)water pipes (iii)crates and boxes 3.Formation of Polyphenylethene Polyphenylethene is an addition polymer formed when phenylethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and press... | {
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PVC is used: (i)in making plastic rope (ii)water pipes (iii)crates and boxes 3.Formation of Polyphenylethene Polyphenylethene is an addition polymer formed when phenylethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are br... | {
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During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H
42 C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + β¦ H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + β¦ (ii)the double bond joini... | {
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Polyphenylethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H - C β C - C β C - C β C - C - C - H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C β C )n H C6H5 Examples
43 Polyphenylthene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of phenylethene molecules... | {
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It is a very light durable plastic. Polystyrene is used: (i)in making packaging material for carrying delicate items like computers, radion,calculators. (ii)ceiling tiles (iii)clothe linings 4.Formation of Polypropene Polypropene is an addition polymer formed when propene molecule/monomer join together to form a large ... | {
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During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + β¦ H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 propene + propene + propene + propene + β¦ (ii)the double bond joining the phenylethene molecul... | {
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propene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H - C β C - C β C - C β C - C - C - H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C β C )n H CH3 Examples Polypropene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of propene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=... | {
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It is a very light durable plastic. Polystyrene is used: (i)in making packaging material for carrying delicate items like computers, radion,calculators. (ii)ceiling tiles (iii)clothe linings
45 5.Formation of Polytetrafluorothene Polytetrafluorothene is an addition polymer formed when tetrafluoroethene molecule/monomer... | {
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Polystyrene is used: (i)in making packaging material for carrying delicate items like computers, radion,calculators. (ii)ceiling tiles (iii)clothe linings
45 5.Formation of Polytetrafluorothene Polytetrafluorothene is an addition polymer formed when tetrafluoroethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molec... | {
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(ii)ceiling tiles (iii)clothe linings
45 5.Formation of Polytetrafluorothene Polytetrafluorothene is an addition polymer formed when tetrafluoroethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each ot... | {
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During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) F F F F F F F F C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + β¦ F F F F F F F F tetrafluoroethene + tetrafluoroethene+ tetrafluoroethene+ tetrafluoroethene + β¦ (ii)the double bond jo... | {
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polytetrafluoroethene molecule can be represented as: F F F F F F F F extension of molecule/polymer
46 - C β C - C β C - C β C - C β C- + β¦ F F F F F F F F Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: F F ( C β C )n F F Examples Polytetrafluorothene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the numb... | {
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The latex is then added an acid to coagulate the rubber. Natural rubber is a polymer of 2-methylbut-1,3-diene ; H CH3 H H CH2=C (CH3) CH = CH2 H - C = C β C = C - H During natural polymerization to rubber, one double C=C bond break to self add to another molecule.The double bond remaining move to carbon β2β thus;
47 H ... | {
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Common synthetic rubber is a polymer of 2-chlorobut-1,3-diene ; H Cl H H Sulphur atoms make cross link between polymers
48 CH2=C (Cl CH = CH2 H - C = C β C = C - H During polymerization to synthetic rubber, one double C=C bond is broken to self add to another molecule. The double bond remaining move to carbon β2β thus;... | {
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In ripening of fruits. 4. In the manufacture of detergents. (iii) Alkynes (a)Nomenclature/Naming
50 These are hydrocarbons with a general formula CnH2n-2 and C C double bond as the functional group . n is the number of Carbon atoms in the molecule. The carbon atoms are linked by at least one triple bond to each other a... | {
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2. Since Hydrogen is monovalent ,each atom of hydrogen in the alkyne MUST always be bonded using one covalent bond/one shared pair of electrons. 52 3. One member of the alkyne ,like alkenes and alkanes, differ from the next/previous by a CH2 group(molar mass of 14 atomic mass units).They thus form a homologous series. ... | {
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3 Indicate the positions by splitting βalk-positions-yneβ e.g. but-2-yne, pent-1,3diyne. 4.The position indicated must be for the carbon atom at the lower position in the -C = C- triple bond. i.e But-2-yne means the triple -C = C- is between Carbon β2βand β3β Pent-1,3-diyne means there are two triple bonds; one between... | {
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Ethyne is prepared from the reaction of water on calcium carbide. The reaction is highly exothermic and thus a layer of sand should be put above the calcium carbide to absorb excess heat to prevent the reaction flask from breaking. Copper(II)sulphate(VI) is used to catalyze the reaction Chemical equation
54 CaC2(s) + 2... | {
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Summary of physical properties of the 1st five alkenes Alkyne General formula Melting point(oC) Boiling point(oC) State at room(298K) temperature and pressure atmosphere (101300Pa) Ethyne CH CH -82 -84 gas Propyne CH3 C CH -103 -23 gas Butyne CH3CH2 CCH -122 8 gas Pent-1-yne CH3(CH2) 2 CCH -119 39 liquid Hex-1-yne CH3(... | {
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Examples of burning alkynes 1.(a) Ethyne when ignited burns with a yellow very sooty flame in excess air to form carbon(IV) oxide and water. Ethyne + Air -> carbon(IV) oxide + water (excess air/oxygen) 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) -> 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l/g) (b) Ethyne when ignited burns with a yellow sooty flame in limited air to for... | {
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Addition reactions of alkynes are also named from the reagent used to cause the addition/convert the triple - C = C- to single C- C bond. (i)Hydrogenation Hydrogenation is an addition reaction in which hydrogen in presence of Palladium/Nickel catalyst at 150oC temperatures react with alkynes to form alkenes then alkane... | {
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(i)Hydrogenation Hydrogenation is an addition reaction in which hydrogen in presence of Palladium/Nickel catalyst at 150oC temperatures react with alkynes to form alkenes then alkanes. Examples 1.During hydrogenation, two hydrogen atom in the hydrogen molecule attach itself to one carbon and the other two hydrogen to t... | {
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Chemical equation
56 HC = CH + H2 -Ni/Pa -> H2C = CH2 + H2 -Ni/Pa -> H2C - CH2 H H H H H H C = C + H β H - Ni/Pa -> H - C = C β H + H β H - Ni/Pa -> H - C - C β H H H H H H H 2.Propyne undergo hydrogenation to form Propane Chemical equation H3C CH = CH2 + 2H2 -Ni/Pa-> H3C CH - CH3 H H H H H H H C C = C + 2H β H - Ni/Pa... | {
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The triple bond in the alkyne break and form a double then single bond. The colour of the halogen fades as the number of moles of the halogens remaining unreacted decreases. Two bromine atoms bond at the 1st carbon in the triple bond while the other two goes to the 2nd carbon. Examples 1Ethyne reacts with brown bromine... | {
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Two bromine atoms bond at the 1st carbon in the triple bond while the other two goes to the 2nd carbon. Examples 1Ethyne reacts with brown bromine vapour to form 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane. Chemical equation HC = CH + 2Br2 H Br2 C - CH Br2 H H H H C = C + 2Br β Br Br - C β C - Br Br Br Ethyne + Bromine 1,1,2,1-tetrabromo... | {
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Examples 1Ethyne reacts with brown bromine vapour to form 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane. Chemical equation HC = CH + 2Br2 H Br2 C - CH Br2 H H H H C = C + 2Br β Br Br - C β C - Br Br Br Ethyne + Bromine 1,1,2,1-tetrabromoethane 2.Propyne reacts with chlorine to form 1,1,2,2-tetrachloropropane. Chemical equation H3C C = CH +... | {
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Chemical equation HC = CH + 2Br2 H Br2 C - CH Br2 H H H H C = C + 2Br β Br Br - C β C - Br Br Br Ethyne + Bromine 1,1,2,1-tetrabromoethane 2.Propyne reacts with chlorine to form 1,1,2,2-tetrachloropropane. Chemical equation H3C C = CH + 2Cl2 H3C CHCl2 - CHCl2 Propyne + Chlorine 1,1,2,2-tetrachloropropane H H Cl H H C C... | {
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Chemical equation H3C C = CH + 2Cl2 H3C CHCl2 - CHCl2 Propyne + Chlorine 1,1,2,2-tetrachloropropane H H Cl H H C C = C + 2Cl β Cl H - C β C - C- Cl H H H Cl Cl Propyne + Iodine 1,1,2,2-tetraiodopropane H3C C = CH + 2I2 H3C CHI2 - CHI2 H H H H H I H H C C - C = C + 2I β I H - C- C β C - C- I H H H H I I
58 3(a)But-1-yne... | {
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But-1,3-diyne should undergo halogenation to form 1,1,2,3,3,4,4 octaiodobutane. The reaction uses four moles of iodine molecules/eight iodine atoms to break the two(2) triple double bonds at carbon β1β and β2β. But-1,3-diene + iodine 1,2,3,4-tetraiodobutane H C = C C = C H + 4I2 H C I2 C I2 C I2 C H I2 I I I I H C C - ... | {
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Ethyne reacts with hydrogen bromide to form bromoethane. Chemical equation H C = C H + 2HBr H3 C - CH Br2 H H H H C = C + 2H β Br H - C β C - Br H Br Ethyne + Bromine 1,1-dibromoethane 2. Propyne reacts with hydrogen iodide to form 2,2-diiodopropane (as the main product ) Chemical equation H3C C = CH + 2HI H3C CHI2 - C... | {
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Both But-1-yne and But-2-yne reacts with hydrogen bromide to form 2,2- dibromobutane Chemical equation But-1-ene + hydrogen bromide 2,2-dibromobutane H3C CH2 C = CH + 2HBr H3C CH2CHBr -CH3 H H H H Br H H C C - C = C + 2H β Br H - C- C β C - C- H H H H H H Br H Carbon atom with more Hydrogen atoms gets extra hydrogen
60... | {
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But-1,3-diene react with hydrogen iodide to form 2,3- diiodobutane. The reaction uses four moles of hydrogen iodide molecules/four iodine atoms and two hydrogen atoms to break the two double bonds. But-1,3-diyne + iodine 2,2,3,3-tetraiodobutane H C = C C = C H + 4HI H3C C I2 C I2 CH3 H H H I I H H C C - C = C -H + 4(H ... | {
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The reaction uses four moles of hydrogen iodide molecules/four iodine atoms and two hydrogen atoms to break the two double bonds. But-1,3-diyne + iodine 2,2,3,3-tetraiodobutane H C = C C = C H + 4HI H3C C I2 C I2 CH3 H H H I I H H C C - C = C -H + 4(H β I) H - C- C β C - C- H H I I H B.ALKANOLS(Alcohols)
61 (A) INTRODU... | {
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But-1,3-diyne + iodine 2,2,3,3-tetraiodobutane H C = C C = C H + 4HI H3C C I2 C I2 CH3 H H H I I H H C C - C = C -H + 4(H β I) H - C- C β C - C- H H I I H B.ALKANOLS(Alcohols)
61 (A) INTRODUCTION. Alkanols belong to a homologous series of organic compounds with a general formula CnH2n +1 OH and thus -OH as the function... | {
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Alkanols belong to a homologous series of organic compounds with a general formula CnH2n +1 OH and thus -OH as the functional group .The 1st ten alkanols include n General / molecular formular Structural formula IUPAC name 1 CH3OH H β C βO - H β H Methanol 2 CH3 CH2OH C2H5 OH H H H C β C βO - H β H H Ethanol 3 CH3 (CH2... | {
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(iv) each member differ by βCH2 group from the next/previous. (v)they show a similar and gradual change in their physical properties e.g. boiling and melting points. (vi)they show similar and gradual change in their chemical properties. B. ISOMERS OF ALKANOLS. 63 Alkanols exhibit both structural and position isomerism.... | {
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Practice examples of isomers of alkanols (i)Isomers of propanol C3H7OH CH3CH2CH2OH - Propan-1-ol OH CH3CHCH3 - Propan-2-ol Propan-2-ol and Propan-1-ol are position isomers because only the position of the βOH functional group changes. (ii)Isomers of Butanol C4H9OH CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 OH Butan-1-ol CH3 CH2 CH CH3 OH Butan-2... | {
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2-methylpropan-2-ol is both a structural and position isomers because both the position of the functional group and the arrangement of the atoms in the molecule changes. (iii)Isomers of Pentanol C5H11OH CH3 CH2 CH2CH2CH2 OH Pentan-1-ol (Position isomer)
64 CH3 CH2 CH CH3 OH Pentan-2-ol (Position isomer) CH3 CH2 CH CH2 ... | {
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Prolonged intake of ethanol causes permanent mental and physical lack of coordination because it damages vital organs like the liver. Fermentation is the reaction where sugar is converted to alcohol/alkanol using biological catalyst/enzymes in yeast. It involves three processes: (i)Conversion of starch to maltose using... | {
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(b) Observations in lime water. A white precipitate is formed that dissolve to a colourless solution later. Lime water/Calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon(IV)0xide produced during the fermentation to form insoluble calcium carbonate and water. More carbon (IV)0xide produced during fermentation react with the insoluble... | {
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Explanation The melting and boiling point of alkanols increase with increase in molecular chain/mass . This is because the intermolecular/van-der-waals forces of attraction between the molecules increase. More heat energy is thus required to weaken the longer chain during melting and break during boiling. f)Density Den... | {
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Pure ethanol and methylated spirit easily catch fire / highly flammable. They burn with an almost colourless non-sooty/non-smoky blue flame to form carbon(IV) oxide (in excess air/oxygen)or carbon(II) oxide (limited air) and water. Ethanol is thus a saturated compound like alkanes. Chemica equation C2 H5OH(l) + 3O2 (g)... | {
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Put it in a beaker containing about 20cm3 of the prepared sample in a beaker. Test the products with litmus papers. Repeat with absolute ethanol and methylated spirit. Sample observations Substance/alkanol Effect of adding sodium Fermentation prepared sample (i)effervescence/fizzing/bubbles
70 (ii)colourless gas produc... | {
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Repeat with absolute ethanol and methylated spirit. Sample observations Substance/alkanol Effect of adding sodium Fermentation prepared sample (i)effervescence/fizzing/bubbles
70 (ii)colourless gas produced that extinguish burning splint with explosion/ βPopβ sound (iii)colourless solution formed (iv)blue litmus papers... | {
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Sample observations Substance/alkanol Effect of adding sodium Fermentation prepared sample (i)effervescence/fizzing/bubbles
70 (ii)colourless gas produced that extinguish burning splint with explosion/ βPopβ sound (iii)colourless solution formed (iv)blue litmus papers remain blue (v)red litmus papers turn blue Pure/abs... | {
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If the alkanol has some water the metals react faster with the water to form soluble hydroxides/alkalis i.e. Sodium + Alkanol -> Sodium alkoxides + Hydrogen gas Potassium + Alkanol -> Potassium alkoxides + Hydrogen gas Sodium + Water -> Sodium hydroxides + Hydrogen gas Potassium + Water -> Potassium hydroxides + Hydrog... | {
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Sodium + Alkanol -> Sodium alkoxides + Hydrogen gas Potassium + Alkanol -> Potassium alkoxides + Hydrogen gas Sodium + Water -> Sodium hydroxides + Hydrogen gas Potassium + Water -> Potassium hydroxides + Hydrogen gas Examples 1.Sodium metal reacts with ethanol to form sodium ethoxide Sodium metal reacts with water to ... | {
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Add equal amount of ethanoic acid.To the mixture add carefully 2drops of concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid. Warm/Heat gently. Pour the mixture into a beaker containing about 50cm3 of cold water. Smell the products. Repeat with methanol Sample observations Substance/alkanol Effect on adding equal amount of ethanol/concentr... | {
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1. Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid to form the ester ethyl ethanoate and water. Ethanol + Ethanoic acid --Conc. H2SO4 -->Ethylethanoate + Water C2H5OH (l) + CH3COOH(l) --Conc. H2SO4 --> CH3COO C2H5(aq) +H2O(l) CH3CH2OH (l)+ CH3COOH(l) --Conc. H2SO4 --> CH3COOCH2CH3(aq) +H2O(l) 2. Ethanol reacts with propanoic acid to... | {
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H2SO4 --> CH3 CH2COO CH3(aq) +H2O(l) 5. Propanol reacts with propanoic acid to form the ester propylpropanoate and water. 73 Propanol + Propanoic acid --Conc. H2SO4 -->Ethylethanoate + Water C3H7OH (l)+ CH3 CH2COOH(l) --Conc. H2SO4 -->CH3CH2COO C3H7(aq) +H2O(l) CH3CH2 CH2OH (l)+ CH3 CH2COOH(l) --Conc. H2SO4 --> CH3 CH2... | {
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Repeat by adding acidified potassium dichromate(VII). Sample observation table Substance/alkanol Adding acidified KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 pH of resulting solution/mixture Nature of resulting solution/mixture Pure ethanol (i)Purple colour of KMnO4decolorized (ii) Orange colour of K2Cr2O7turns green. pH= 4/5/6 pH = 4/5/6 Weakly ac... | {
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pH= 4/5/6 pH = 4/5/6 Weakly acidic Weakly acidic Explanation Both acidified KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 are oxidizing agents(add oxygen to other compounds. They oxidize alkanols to a group of homologous series called alkanals then further oxidize them to alkanoic acids.The oxidizing agents are themselves reduced hence changing t... | {
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They oxidize alkanols to a group of homologous series called alkanals then further oxidize them to alkanoic acids.The oxidizing agents are themselves reduced hence changing their colour: (i) Purple KMnO4 is reduced to colourless Mn2+ (ii)Orange K2Cr2O7is reduced to green Cr3+ The pH of alkanoic acids show they have few... | {
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Propanol + [O] -> Propanal + [O] -> Propanoic acid CH3CH2 CH2OH + [O] -> CH3CH2 CH2O + [O] -> CH3 CH2COOH 4.When butanol is warmed with three drops of acidified K2Cr2O7 ,the orange colour of acidified K2Cr2O7 changes to green. Butanol + [O] -> Butanal + [O] -> Butanoic acid CH3CH2 CH2 CH2OH + [O] ->CH3CH2 CH2CH2O +[O] ... | {
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Hydrolysis/Hydration is the reaction of a compound/substance with water. Alkenes react with water vapour/steam at high temperatures and high pressures in presence of phosphoric acid catalyst to form alkanols.i.e. Alkenes + Water - H3PO4 catalyst-> Alkanol Examples (i)Ethene is mixed with steam over a phosphoric acid ca... | {
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At 180oC and in presence of Concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid, ethanol undergoes dehydration to form ethene. Ethanol ---180oC/ H2SO4 --> Ethene + Water CH3 CH2OH(l) --180oC/ H2SO4 --> H2C =CH2 (g) + H2O(l) 2. Propanol undergoes dehydration to form propene. Propanol ---180oC/ H2SO4 --> Propene + Water CH3 CH2 CH2OH(l) --18... | {
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This shows they are saturated with high C:H ratio. e.g. Both ethanol and ethane ignite and burns in air with a blue non-sooty flame to form carbon(IV)oxide(in excess air/oxygen)/carbon(II)oxide(in limited air) and water. CH2 CH2OH(l) + 3O2(g) -Excess air-> 2CO2 (g) + 3H2 O(l) CH2 CH2OH(l) + 2O2(g) -Limited air-> 2CO (g... | {
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Ethene + [O] -> Ethan-1,2-diol. H2C=CH2 + [O] -> HOCH2 -CH2OH III. Differences with alkenes/alkynes Alkanols do not decolorize bromine and chlorine water. Alkenes decolorizes bromine and chlorine water to form halogenoalkanols Example When ethene is bubbled in a test tube containing bromine water,the bromine water is d... | {
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as alcohol in alcoholic drinks e.g Beer, wines and spirits. 2.as antiseptic to wash woulds 3.in manufacture of vanishes, ink ,glue and paint because it is volatile and thus easily evaporate 4.as a fuel when blended with petrol to make gasohol. B.ALKANOIC ACIDS (Carboxylic acids) (A) INTRODUCTION. Alkanoic acids belong ... | {
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B.ALKANOIC ACIDS (Carboxylic acids) (A) INTRODUCTION. Alkanoic acids belong to a homologous series of organic compounds with a general formula CnH2n +1 COOH and thus -COOH as the functional group .The 1st ten alkanoic acids include:
78 Alkanoic acids like alkanols /alkanes/alkenes/alkynes form a homologous series where... | {
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(v)they show a similar and gradual change in their physical properties e.g. boiling and melting point. (vi)they show similar and gradual change in their chemical properties. (vii) since they are acids they show similar properties with mineral acids. (B) ISOMERS OF ALKANOIC ACIDS. Alkanoic acids exhibit both structural ... | {
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(iii)Identify the type and position of the side group branches. Practice examples on isomers of alkanoic acids 1.Isomers of butanoic acid C3H7COOH CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH Butan-1-oic acid CH3 H2C C COOH 2-methylpropan-1-oic acid 2-methylpropan-1-oic acid and Butan-1-oic acid are structural isomers because the position of the ... | {
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2.Isomers of pentanoic acid C4H9COOH CH3CH2CH2CH2 COOH pentan-1-oic acid CH3 CH3CH2CH COOH 2-methylbutan-1-oic acid
80 CH3 H3C C COOH 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-oic acid CH3 3.Ethan-1,2-dioic acid O O HOOC- COOH // H - O β C - C β O β H 4.Propan-1,3-dioic acid O H O HOOC- CH2COOH // H - O β C β C - C β O β H H 5.Butan-1,4-di... | {
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In a school laboratory, alkanoic acids can be prepared by adding an oxidizing agent (H+/KMnO4 or H+/K2Cr2O7)to the corresponding alkanol then warming. 81 The oxidation converts the alkanol first to an alkanal the alkanoic acid. NB Acidified KMnO4 is a stronger oxidizing agent than acidified K2Cr2O7 General equation: R-... | {
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CH3- CH2 β OH + [O] --H+/KMnO4--> CH3- CH βO + H2O(l) (ethanol) (ethanal) CH3- CH β O + [O] --H+/KMnO4--> CH3- C βOOH (ethanal) (ethanoic acid) 2Propanol on warming in acidified KMnO4 is oxidized to propanal then propanoic acid CH3- CH2 CH2 β OH + [O] --H+/KMnO4--> CH3- CH2 CH βO + H2O(l) (propanol) (propanal) CH3- CH ... | {
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Alkanol + Air -- MnSO4 Catalyst/5 atm pressure--> Alkanoic acid Example Ethene is mixed with steam over a phosphoric(V)acid catalyst,300oC temperature and 60 atmosphere pressure to form ethanol. 82 CH2=CH2 + H2O -> CH3 CH2OH (Ethene) (Ethanol) This is the industrial large scale method of manufacturing ethanol Ethanol i... | {
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CH = CH + H2O --HgSO4--> CH3 CH2O (Ethyne) (Ethanal) This is another industrial large scale method of manufacturing ethanol from large quantities of ethyne found in natural gas. Ethanal is then oxidized by air at 5 atmosphere pressure with Manganese (II)sulphate(VI) catalyst to form the ethanoic acid. CH3 CH2O + [O] --... | {
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(iii) Solubility decreases as the carbon chain increases as the soluble βCOOH end is shielded by increasing insoluble alkyl/hydrocarbon chain. (iv) Like alkanols ,alkanoic acids exist as dimmers due to the hydrogen bonds within the molecule. i.e.. 84 jgthungu@gmail.com104Hydrogen bondscovalent bondsR1C O Ξ΄-β¦β¦.β¦.β¦H Ξ΄+O ... | {
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(a)Effect on litmus papers Experiment Dip both blue and red litmus papers in ethanoic acid. Repeat with a solution of succinic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid and dilute nitric(V)acid. Sample observations Solution/acid Observations/effect on litmus papers Inference Ethanoic acid Blue litmus paper turn red... | {
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Repeat with a solution of succinic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid and dilute sulphuric (VI)acid. Sample observations Solution/acid pH Inference Ethanoic acid 4/5/6 Weakly acidic Succinic acid 4/5/6 Weakly acidic Citric acid 4/5/6 Weakly acidic Oxalic acid 4/5/6 Weakly acidic Tartaric acid 4/5/6 Weakly ac... | {
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Put about 1cm length of polished magnesium ribbon. Test any gas produced using a burning splint. Repeat with a solution of succinic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid and dilute sulphuric (VI) acid. Sample observations Solution/acid Observations Inference Ethanoic acid (i)effervescence, fizzing, bubbles (ii)... | {
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Alkanoic acid + Metal -> Alkanoate + Hydrogen gas. i.e. Examples 1. For a monovalent metal with monobasic acid 2R β COOH + 2M -> 2R- COOM + 2H2(g) 2.For a divalent metal with monobasic acid 2R β COOH + M -> (R- COO) 2M + H2(g) 3.For a divalent metal with dibasic acid HOOC-R-COOH+ M -> MOOC-R-COOM + H2(g) 4.For a monova... | {
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hydrogen gas. 2CH3COOH (aq) + Ca(s) -> (CH3COO) 2Ca (aq) + H2(g)
88 (Ethanoic acid) (Calcium ethanoate) 3.Sodium reacts with ethan-1,2-dioic acid to form sodium ethan-1,2-dioate and produce. hydrogen gas. HOOC-COOH+ 2Na -> NaOOC - COONa + H2(g) (ethan-1,2-dioic acid) (sodium ethan-1,2-dioate) Commercial name of ethan-1... | {
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Add about 0.5g/ Β½ spatula end full of sodium hydrogen carbonate/sodium carbonate. Test the gas produced using lime water. Repeat with a solution of succinic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid and dilute sulphuric (VI) acid. Sample observations Solution/acid Observations Inference Ethanoic acid (i)effervescen... | {
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Alkanoic acids react with hydrogen carbonate/carbonate to form alkanoates ,water and evolve/produce bubbles of carbon(IV)oxide and water. Alkanoic acid + hydrogen carbonate -> alkanoate + water + carbon(IV)oxide Alkanoic acid + carbonate -> alkanoate + water + carbon(IV)oxide Examples 1. Sodium hydrogen carbonate react... | {
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Warm/heat gently on Bunsen flame. Pour the mixture into a beaker containing 50cm3 of water. Smell the products. Repeat with a solution of succinic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid and dilute sulphuric (VI) acid. Sample observations Solution/acid Observations Ethanoic acid Sweet fruity smell Succinic acid S... | {
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H2SO4 --> CH3 CH2COO CH3(aq) +H2O(l) 5. Propanol reacts with propanoic acid to form the ester propylpropanoate and water. Propanol + Propanoic acid --Conc. H2SO4 -->Ethylethanoate + Water C3H7OH (l)+ CH3 CH2COOH(l) --Conc. H2SO4 -->CH3CH2COO C3H7(aq) +H2O(l) CH3CH2 CH2OH (l)+ CH3 CH2COOH(l) --Conc. H2SO4 --> CH3 CH2COO... | {
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In a school laboratory and at industrial and domestic level,soap is made by reacting concentrated sodium hydroxide solution with esters from (animal) fat and oil. The process of making soap is called saponification. During saponification ,the ester is hydrolyzed by the alkali to form sodium salt /soap and glycerol/prop... | {
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Fat/oil(ester)+sodium/potassium hydroxide->sodium/potassium salt(soap)+ glycerol Fats/Oils are esters with fatty acids and glycerol parts in their structure; C17H35COOCH2 C17H35COOCH C17H35COOCH2
93 When boiled with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution NaOH; (i)NaOH ionizes/dissociates into Na+ and OH- ions (ii)fat/o... | {
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The soap is then added colouring agents ,perfumes and herbs of choice. School laboratory preparation of soap Place about 40 g of fatty (animal fat)beef/meat in 100cm3 beaker .Add about 15cm3 of 4.0M sodium hydroxide solution. Boil the mixture for about 15minutes.Stir the mixture .Add about 5.0cm3 of distilled water as ... | {
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Advantages and disadvantages of using soapy detergents Soapy detergents are biodegradable. They are acted upon by bacteria and rot.They thus do not cause environmental pollution. Soapy detergents have the diadvatage in that: (i)they are made from fat and oils which are better eaten as food than make soap. (ii)forms an ... | {
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Potassium is more expensive than sodium and thus its soap is also more expensive. (b)SOAPLESS DETERGENTS
95 Soapless detergent usually called detergent is a long chain salt fromed from byproducts of fractional distillation of crude oil.Commonly used soaps include: (i)washing agents (ii)toothpaste (iii)emulsifiers/wetti... | {
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Octadecanol(18 carbon alkanol) to form alkyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) Alkanol + Conc sulphuric(VI)acid -> alkyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) + Water R βOH + H2SO4 -> R βO-SO3H + H2O (ii)the alkyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) is then neutralized with sodium/potassium hydroxide to form sodium/potassium alkyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) Sodium/... | {
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Add dropwise carefully 18M concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid stirring continuously into the olive oil until the oil turns brown.Add 30cm3 of 6M sodium hydroxide solution.Stir.This is a soapless detergent. The action of soapless detergents
96 The action of soapless detergents is similar to that of soapy detergents.The soap... | {
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(ii)are cheap to manufacture/buying (iii)are made from petroleum products but soapis made from fats/oil for human consumption. Sample revision questions 1. Study the scheme below Fat/oil KOH Boiling Sodium Chloride Filtration Filtrate Y Residue X
97 (a)Identify the process Saponification (b)Fats and oils are esters. Wr... | {
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Soft Sample B .Very little soap is used and no effect on amount of soap even on boiling/heating. II. Permanent hard Sample C . A lot of soap is used and no effect on amount of soap even on boiling/heating. Boiling does not remove permanent hardness of water. III. Temporary hard Sample A . A lot of soap is used before b... | {
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Boiling remove temporary hardness of water. (ii)Write the equation for the reaction at water sample C. Chemical equation 2C17H35COO- K+ (aq) + CaSO4(aq) -> (C17H35COO- )Ca2+ (s) + K2SO4(aq) (insoluble Calcium octadecanote/scum) Ionic equation 2C17H35COO- K+ (aq) + Ca2+(aq) -> (C17H35COO- )Ca2+ (s) + 2K+(aq) (insoluble ... | {
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(ii)Write the equation for the reaction at water sample C. Chemical equation 2C17H35COO- K+ (aq) + CaSO4(aq) -> (C17H35COO- )Ca2+ (s) + K2SO4(aq) (insoluble Calcium octadecanote/scum) Ionic equation 2C17H35COO- K+ (aq) + Ca2+(aq) -> (C17H35COO- )Ca2+ (s) + 2K+(aq) (insoluble Calcium octadecanote/scum)
99 Chemical equat... | {
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Chemical equation 2C17H35COO- K+ (aq) + CaSO4(aq) -> (C17H35COO- )Ca2+ (s) + K2SO4(aq) (insoluble Calcium octadecanote/scum) Ionic equation 2C17H35COO- K+ (aq) + Ca2+(aq) -> (C17H35COO- )Ca2+ (s) + 2K+(aq) (insoluble Calcium octadecanote/scum)
99 Chemical equation 2C17H35COO- K+ (aq) + MgSO4(aq) -> (C17H35COO- )Mg2+ (s... | {
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Chemical equation 2C17H35COO- K+ (aq) + Ca(HCO3)(aq) ->(C17H35COO- )Ca2+ (s) + 2KHCO3 (aq) (insoluble Calcium octadecanote/scum) Ionic equation 2C17H35COO- K+ (aq) + Ca2+(aq) -> (C17H35COO- )Ca2+ (s) + 2K+(aq) (insoluble Calcium octadecanote/scum) Chemical equation 2C17H35COO- K+ (aq) + Mg(HCO3)(aq) ->(C17H35COO- )Mg2+... | {
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(v)State two useful benefits of hard water -Used in bone and teeth formation -Coral polyps use hard water to form coral reefs -Snails use hard water to make their shells 2.Study the scheme below and use it to answer the questions that follow. Olive oil Conc. H2SO4 Ice cold water Brown solid A 6M sodium hydroxide Substa... | {
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(e) Ethene was substituted for olive oil in the above process. Write the equation and name of the new products A and B. 101 Product A Ethene + Sulphuric(VI)acid -> Ethyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) H2C=CH2 + H2SO4 β> H3C β CH2 βO-SO3H Product B Ethyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) + sodium hydroxide -> sodium Ethyl + Water hydrogen s... | {
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Product A Ethanol + Sulphuric(VI)acid ->Ethyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) + water H3C-CH2OH + H2SO4 β> H3C β CH2 βO-SO3H + H2O Product B Ethyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) + sodium hydroxide -> sodium Ethyl + Water hydrogen sulphate(VI) H3C β CH2 βO-SO3H + NaOH -> H3C β CH2 βO-SO3-Na+ + H2O 3.Below is part of a detergent H3C β (CH2... | {
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POLYMERS AND FIBRES Polymers and fibres are giant molecules of organic compounds. Polymers and fibres are formed when small molecules called monomers join together to form large molecules called polymers at high temperatures and pressures. This process is called polymerization. Polymers and fibres are either: (a)Natura... | {
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To reduce environmental pollution from synthetic polymers and fibres, the followitn methods of disposal should be used: 1.Recycling: Once produced all synthetic polymers and fibres should be recycled to a new product. This prevents accumulation of the synthetic polymers and fibres in the environment. 2.Production of bi... | {
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The more collisions the larger the molecule. Examples of addition polymerization 1.Formation of Polyethene Polyethene is an addition polymer formed when ethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer t... | {
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Examples of addition polymerization 1.Formation of Polyethene Polyethene is an addition polymer formed when ethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduc... | {
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During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting paticles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + β¦ H H H H H H H H Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + β¦ (ii)the double bond joining the ethane molecule break to free rea... | {
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Polyethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C β C - C β C - C β C - C β C- + β¦ H H H H H H H H Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C β C )n H H Where n is the number of monomers in the polymer. The number of monomers in the polymer... | {
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