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Initial mass of cathode = 1.0 g Final mass of cathode = 1.6 g Change in mass of cathode = 0.60 g (i)Determine the change in mass at the anode. Explain your answer. Mass decrease = 0.6g. Electrode ionization take place where the cathode increase in mass form the erosion of the anode (ii)Calculate the quantity of electri... | {
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(b)Extraction of these metals from their ores for industrial/ commercial purposes. (c)industrial/ commercial uses of these metals. (d)main physical and chemical properties /characteristic of the metals. The metals given detailed emphasis here are; Sodium, Aluminium, Iron, Zinc, Lead and Copper. 2 The main criteria used... | {
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Chemical processes Salty lakes, seas and oceans contain large amount of dissolved sodium chloride (NaCl (aq)) solution. This solution is concentrated to form brine which is fed into an electrolytic chamber made of suspended Carbon graphite/titanium as the anode and a continuous flow of Mercury as the cathode.Note Mercu... | {
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(iii)bleaching agent (iv)manufacture of hydrochloric acid. Sodium produced at the cathode immediately reacts with the mercury at the cathode forming sodium amalgam(NaHg) liquid that flow out of the chamber. Na(s) + Hg(l) Na Hg (l) Sodium amalgam is added distilled water and reacts to form sodium hydroxide solution, fre... | {
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Chemical processes. Rock salt/ solid sodium chloride is heated to molten state in a chamber lined with fire bricks on the outside. Sodium chloride has a melting point of about 800oC. A little calcium (II) chloride is added to lower the melting point of the electrolyte to about 600oC. The molten electrolyte is the elect... | {
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Diagram showing the Downs cell/process for extraction of sodium IV. Uses of sodium. 1.Sodium vapour is used as sodium lamps to give a yellow light in street lighting. 2.Sodium is used in making very useful sodium compounds like; (i)Sodium hydroxide(NaOH) (ii)Sodium cyanide(NaCN) (iii)Sodium peroxide(Na2O2) (iv)Sodamide... | {
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10 (a)Calculate the concentration of the resulting solution in moles per litre. (b)The volume of gaseous products formed at s.t.p(1 mole of gas =22.4 dm3 at s.t.p) Chemical equation at Caster-Keller tank 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) -> 2NaOH(aq) + H2 (g) Mole ratio Na:NaOH = 2 : 2 => 1:1 Moles Na =10000moles=10000moles of NaOH 250... | {
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(b)The volume of gaseous products formed at s.t.p(1 mole of gas =22.4 dm3 at s.t.p) Chemical equation at Caster-Keller tank 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) -> 2NaOH(aq) + H2 (g) Mole ratio Na:NaOH = 2 : 2 => 1:1 Moles Na =10000moles=10000moles of NaOH 25000dm3 ->10000moles of NaOH 1dm3 -> 10000 x 1 = 0.4M / 0.4 moles/dm3 25000 Mole r... | {
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25.0 cm3 of the diluted solution required 20.0cm3 of 0.2M sulphuric(VI)acid for complete neutralization. Calculate the volume of water added to the diluted solution before titration. Chemical equation 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) -> Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) Moles ratio NaOH : H2SO4 = 2 : 1 Moles ratio H2SO4 = molarity x volume => ... | {
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Study it and answer the questions that follow (i)What material is the anode made of? Give a reason (2 mks) Carbon graphite/Titanium This because they are cheap and inert/do not influence/affect the products of electrolysis (ii) What precaution is taken to prevent chlorine and sodium from re- combination? ( 1 mks) Using... | {
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Give the formulae of two oxides ( 1mk) Na2O Sodium oxide(in limited air) Na2O2 Sodium peroxide(in excess air) 2.ALUMINIUM a)Natural occurrence Aluminium is the most common naturally occurring metal. It makes 7% of the earths crust as: (i)Bauxite ore- Hydrated aluminium oxide(Al2O3.2H2O) (ii)Mica ore-Potassium aluminium... | {
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Silicon (IV)oxide remain in the solution as filtrate. Aluminium (III) hydroxide (Al(OH)3) residue is then heated to form pure aluminium (III)oxide(Al2O3) 2Al(OH)3 (s) Al2O3 (s) + 3H2O(l)
13 Pure aluminium (III)oxide (Al2O3) has a very high melting point of 2015oC. Alot of energy is required to melt the oxide. It is the... | {
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At this temperature ,the Oxygen evolved/produced at the anode reacts with carbon anode to form carbon(IV)oxide gas that escape to the atmosphere. C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) The anode thus should be continuously replaced from time to time. Flow chart summary of extraction of aluminium from Bauxite Bauxite(Al2O3.2H2O) ore with ... | {
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Bauxite is extracted by open caste mining that causes soil/environmental degradation. 16 f) Test for presence of Al3+ If an ore is suspected to contain Al3+ it is; (i)added hot concentrated sulphuric(VI)/Nitric(V)acid to free the ions present. (ii)the free ions are then added a precipitating reagent like 2M sodium hydr... | {
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2H2O. The ore is first heated and refined to obtain pure aluminium oxide (Al2O3). The oxide is then electrolysed to get Aluminium and oxygen gas using carbon anodes and carbon as cathode. Give the common name of the ore from where aluminium is extracted from ½ mark What would be the importance of heating the ore first ... | {
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IRON a)Natural occurrence Iron is the second most common naturally occurring metal. It makes 4% of the earths crust as: (i)Haematite(Fe2O3) (ii)Magnetite(Fe3O4) (iii)Siderite(FeCO3) b)The blast furnace for extraction of iron from Haematite and Magnetite a)Raw materials: (i)Haematite(Fe2O3) (ii)Magnetite(Fe3O4) (iii)Sid... | {
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As the air enters ,it reacts with coke/charcoal/carbon to form carbon(IV)oxide gas. This reaction is highly exothermic. C(s)+ O2(g) CO2 (g) ∆H = -394kJ
19 This raises the temperature at the bottom of the furnace to about 2000K(1650oC).As Carbon(IV)oxide gas rises up the furnace it reacts with more coke to form carbon(I... | {
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It is remelted, added scrap steel then cooled. This iron is called cast iron. Iron is mainly used to make: (i)gates ,pipes, engine blocks, rails, charcoal iron boxes,lamp posts because it is cheap. 20 (ii)nails, cutlery, scissors, sinks, vats, spanners,steel rods, and railway points from steel. Steel is an alloy of iro... | {
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21 f) Test for the presence of Iron Iron naturally exist in its compound as Fe2+ /Fe3+ If an ore is suspected to contain Fe2+ /Fe3+ it is; (i)added hot concentrated sulphuric(VI)/Nitric(V)acid to free the ions present. (ii)the free ions are then added a precipitating reagent like 2M sodium hydroxide /2M aqueous ammonia... | {
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A concentrated ore floats at the top as froth. This is called froth flotation. The concentrated ore is then skimmed off.The ore is then roasted in air to form copper(I)sulphide ,sulphur(IV)oxide and iron (II) oxide. 2CuFeS2(s) + 4O2(g) Cu2S(s) + 3SO2(g) + 2FeO(s) Limestone (CaCO3) and silicon(IV)oxide (SiO2) are added ... | {
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The copper obtained is 99.98% pure. Valuable traces of silver and gold collect at the bottom of the electrolytic cell as sludge. It is used to finance the extraction of copper pyrites. (c)Flow chart summary of extraction of copper from Copper pyrites Copper pyrites(CuFeS2) ore with impurities Fe2O3 and SiO2 Froth Crush... | {
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Anode; Impure Copper eroded. Cathode; Pure Copper deposited. 25 (iii)Copper is extracted by open caste mining leading to land /environmental /soil degradation. f) Test for the presence of copper in an ore Copper naturally exist in its compound as Cu2+ /Cu+ Copper (I) / Cu+ is readily oxidized to copper(II)/ Cu2+ If an ... | {
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During extraction of Zinc , the ore is first roasted in air: For Calamine Zinc carbonate decompose to Zinc oxide and carbon(IV) oxide gas. ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) + CO2(g) Zinc blende does not decompose but reacts with air to form Zinc oxide and sulphur(IV) oxide gas. Galena as a useful impurity also reacts with air to form Le... | {
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It is condensed in a spray of molten lead to prevent reoxidation to Zinc oxide. On further cooling , Zinc collects on the surface from where it can be tapped off (ii)Lead is a liquid and is ale to trickle to the bottom of the furnace from where it is tapped off. Quicklime/CaO, Iron(II)Oxide, Aluminium(III)oxide are use... | {
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(iii)Mixed with tin(Sn) to make solder alloy f) Uses of Zinc Zinc is used in: Lead ore/Galena Powdered ore Froth flotation Roasting chamber oil Water Reduction chamber Iron/Limestone coke SO2(g) Slag(Iron silicate) Condenser Filtration LEAD VAPOUR Zinc residue
29 (i)Galvanization-when iron sheet is dipped in molten Zin... | {
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If an ore is suspected to contain Zinc/Lead it is: I.added hot concentrated Nitric(V)acid to free the ions present. Note: Concentrated Sulphuric(VI)acid forms insoluble PbSO4 thus cannot be used to free the ions in Lead salts. II.the free ions are then added a precipitating reagent mostly 2M sodium hydroxide or 2M aque... | {
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(iv) Pb2+ ions form a white precipitate when any soluble SO42-, SO32-, CO32-, Cl-, is added while Al3+ ions do not form a white precipitate
30 (v) Pb2+ ions form a yellow precipitate when any soluble I-(e.g. Potassium/sodium Iodide) is added while Al3+ ions do not form a yellow precipitate. (vi) Pb2+ ions form a black ... | {
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(vi) Pb2+ ions form a black precipitate when any soluble S-(e.g. Potassium/sodium sulphide) is added while Al3+ ions do not form a black precipitate.i.e; Observation Inference White precipitate in excess 2M NaOH (aq) Zn2+, Pb2+, Al3+ ions White precipitate that dissolves to form a colourless solution in excess 2M NH3(a... | {
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Potassium/sodium sulphide) is added while Al3+ ions do not form a black precipitate.i.e; Observation Inference White precipitate in excess 2M NaOH (aq) Zn2+, Pb2+, Al3+ ions White precipitate that dissolves to form a colourless solution in excess 2M NH3(aq) Zn2+ ions White precipitate in excess 2M NH3(aq) Pb2+, Al3+ io... | {
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Position on the earth’s crust If near the surface use open cast mining / quarrying If deep on the earth’s crust use deep mining Add oil, water, and blow air to form froth to concentrate the ore if it is a low grade Roast the ore first if it is a carbonate / sulphide of Zinc, Iron, Tin, Lead, and copper to form the oxid... | {
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Metal Chief ore/s Chemical formula of ore Method of extraction Main equation during extraction Sodium Rock salt NaCl(s) Downs process Through electrolysis of molten NaCl (CaCl2 lower m.pt from 800oC-> 600oC) Cathode: 2Na+(l) + 2e -> 2Na(l) Anode: 2Cl-(l) -> Cl2(g) + 2e Sodium/ sodium hydroxide Brine NaCl(aq) Flowing me... | {
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(Cryolite lower m.pt from 2015oC -> 800oC) Cathode: 4Al3+(l) + 12e -> 4Al(l) Anode: 6O2-(l) -> 3O2(g) + 12e Iron Haematite Magnetite Fe2O3 Fe3O4 Blast furnace Reduction of the ore by carbon(II)oxide Fe2O3(s)+ 3CO(g) 2Fe(l) +3CO2(g) Fe3O4(s)+ 4CO(g) 3Fe(l) +4CO2(g) Copper Copper pyrites CuFeS2 Roasting the ore in air to... | {
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Reduction of Cu2O by Cu2S 2CuFeS2 (s)+ 4O2(g) -> Cu2S(s)+3SO2(g) +2FeO(s) 2Cu2S (s)+ 3O2(g) -> 2Cu2O(s)+2SO2(g) Cu2S (s)+ 2Cu2O(s) -> 6Cu(s)+ SO2(g) Zinc Calamine ZnCO3 Roasting the ore in air to get ZnO ZnCO3(s)-> ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
33 Blast furnace /reduction of the oxide by Carbon(II)Oxide/Carbon 2ZnS(s) +3O2(g) -> 2Zn... | {
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Metals form giant metallic structure joined by metallic bond from electrostatic attraction between the metallic cation and free delocalized electrons. This makes metals to have the following physical properties: (i)High melting and boiling points The giant metallic structure has a very close packed metallic lattice joi... | {
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(vi)Ductile. Metals can be made into thin wires. The metallic crystal lattice on being beaten/pressed/hammered on all sides extend its length is then immediately bound by the delocalized electrons preventing it from breaking/being brittle. Revision questions 1.Given some soil , dilute sulphuric(VI)acid,mortar,pestle,fi... | {
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(v)Aluminium metal is used to make cooking utensils in preference to other metals.Explain. Aluminium (i) is a very good conductor of electricity because it has three delocalized electrons in its metallic structure (ii)is cheap,malleable,ductile and has high tensile strength (iii)on exposure to fire/heat form an impervi... | {
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(e)An aluminium manufacturing factory runs for 24 hours. If the total mass of aluminium produced is 27000kg, (i)Calculate the current used. (Faraday constant=96500Coulombs, Al=27.0). (ii)assuming all the gas produced react with 200kg of anode ,calculate the loss in mass of the electrode.(Molar gas volume at room temper... | {
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If the total mass of aluminium produced is 27000kg, (i)Calculate the current used. (Faraday constant=96500Coulombs, Al=27.0). (ii)assuming all the gas produced react with 200kg of anode ,calculate the loss in mass of the electrode.(Molar gas volume at room temperature = 24dm3,C=12.0) Working Equation at Cathode Al3+(l)... | {
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(Faraday constant=96500Coulombs, Al=27.0). (ii)assuming all the gas produced react with 200kg of anode ,calculate the loss in mass of the electrode.(Molar gas volume at room temperature = 24dm3,C=12.0) Working Equation at Cathode Al3+(l) + 3e -> Al(l) 27g Al -> 3 Faradays = 3 x 96500C (27000kg x 1000) g -> (27000kg x 1... | {
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(ii)assuming all the gas produced react with 200kg of anode ,calculate the loss in mass of the electrode.(Molar gas volume at room temperature = 24dm3,C=12.0) Working Equation at Cathode Al3+(l) + 3e -> Al(l) 27g Al -> 3 Faradays = 3 x 96500C (27000kg x 1000) g -> (27000kg x 1000) g x 3 x 96500C 27g =289500000000 Coulo... | {
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(a)Identify: (i)gas P Carbon(IV)oxide/CO2 (ii)Solid Q
38 Carbon/coke/charcoal (iii)Solid R Carbon/coke/charcoal (iv)Solid V Limestone/calcium carbonate/CaCO3 (v)Solid S Iron/Fe (b)Write the chemical equation for the reaction for the formation of: (i)Solid S Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) -> 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) (ii)Carbon(II)oxide C(s)... | {
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A brown precipitate insoluble in excess 2M aqueous ammonia confirms the ore contain Fe3+ ion. A blue precipitate that dissolve in excess 2M aqueous ammonia to form a deep/royal blue solution confirms the ore contain Cu2+ ion. 4. Use the flow chart below showing the extraction of Zinc metal to answer the questions that ... | {
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Write the equation for the reaction with dilute sulphuric(VI)acid. ZnO(s) + H2SO4 (aq) -> Zn SO4(aq) + H2(g) (ii)During the electrolysis for extraction of Zinc,state the I. Anode used Aluminium sheet II. Cathode used Lead plate coated with silver (ii)Write the equation for the electrolysis for extraction of Zinc at the... | {
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When all the Zinc has reacted with elements of air, Iron start rusting. (g)State two uses of Zinc other than galvanization. Making brass(Zinc/copper alloy) Making german silver(Zinc/copper/nickel alloy) As casing for dry cells/battery (h)Calculate the mass of Zinc that is produced from the reduction chamber if 6400kg o... | {
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Retain the filtrate Add excess aqueous ammonia to a sample of filtrate. A white precipitate confirms presence of either Al3+ or Pb2+. Add sodium sulphate,dilute sulphuric(VI)to another portion of filtrate. No white precipitate confirms presence of Al3+ Or Add potassium iodide to another portion of filtrate. No yellow p... | {
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Add sodium sulphate,dilute sulphuric(VI)to another portion of filtrate. No white precipitate confirms presence of Al3+ Or Add potassium iodide to another portion of filtrate. No yellow precipitate confirms presence of Al3+ 6.The flow chart below illustrate the industrial extraction of Lead metal
42 (a)(i)Name the chief... | {
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No white precipitate confirms presence of Al3+ Or Add potassium iodide to another portion of filtrate. No yellow precipitate confirms presence of Al3+ 6.The flow chart below illustrate the industrial extraction of Lead metal
42 (a)(i)Name the chief ore that is commonly used in this process Galena(PbS) (ii)Explain what ... | {
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No yellow precipitate confirms presence of Al3+ 6.The flow chart below illustrate the industrial extraction of Lead metal
42 (a)(i)Name the chief ore that is commonly used in this process Galena(PbS) (ii)Explain what take place in the roasting furnace
23.0.0 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANOLS AND ALKANOIC ACIDS) (20 LESSON... | {
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Alkanols belong to a homologous series of organic compounds with a general formula CnH2n +1 OH and thus -OH as the functional group .The 1st ten alkanols include n General / molecular formular Structural formula IUPAC name 1 CH3OH H – C –O - H │ H Methanol 2 CH3 CH2OH H H Ethanol
2 C2H5 OH H C – C –O - H │ H H 3 CH3 (C... | {
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(iv) each member differ by –CH2 group from the next/previous. (v)they show a similar and gradual change in their physical properties e.g. boiling and melting points. (vi)they show similar and gradual change in their chemical properties. B. ISOMERS OF ALKANOLS. Alkanols exhibit both structural and position isomerism. Th... | {
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Practice examples of isomers of alkanols (i)Isomers of propanol C3H7OH CH3CH2CH2OH - Propan-1-ol OH CH3CHCH3 - Propan-2-ol
4 Propan-2-ol and Propan-1-ol are position isomers because only the position of the –OH functional group changes. (ii)Isomers of Butanol C4H9OH CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 OH Butan-1-ol CH3 CH2 CH CH3 OH Butan... | {
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2-methylpropan-2-ol is both a structural and position isomers because both the position of the functional group and the arrangement of the atoms in the molecule changes. (iii)Isomers of Pentanol C5H11OH CH3 CH2 CH2CH2CH2 OH Pentan-1-ol (Position isomer) CH3 CH2 CH CH3 OH Pentan-2-ol (Position isomer) CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3... | {
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Prolonged intake of ethanol causes permanent mental and physical lack of coordination because it damages vital organs like the liver. Fermentation is the reaction where sugar is converted to alcohol/alkanol using biological catalyst/enzymes in yeast. It involves three processes: (i)Conversion of starch to maltose using... | {
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(b) Observations in lime water. A white precipitate is formed that dissolve to a colourless solution later. Lime water/Calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon(IV)0xide produced during the fermentation to form insoluble calcium carbonate and water. More carbon (IV)0xide produced during fermentation react with the insoluble... | {
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Explanation The melting and boiling point of alkanols increase with increase in molecular chain/mass . 9 This is because the intermolecular/van-der-waals forces of attraction between the molecules increase. More heat energy is thus required to weaken the longer chain during melting and break during boiling. f)Density D... | {
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Pure ethanol and methylated spirit easily catch fire / highly flammable. They burn with an almost colourless non-sooty/non-smoky blue flame to form carbon(IV) oxide (in excess air/oxygen)or carbon(II) oxide (limited air) and water. Ethanol is thus a saturated compound like alkanes. 10 Chemica equation C2 H5OH(l) + 3O2 ... | {
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Put it in a beaker containing about 20cm3 of the prepared sample in a beaker. Test the products with litmus papers. Repeat with absolute ethanol and methylated spirit. Sample observations Substance/alkanol Effect of adding sodium Fermentation prepared sample (i)effervescence/fizzing/bubbles (ii)colourless gas produced ... | {
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Repeat with absolute ethanol and methylated spirit. Sample observations Substance/alkanol Effect of adding sodium Fermentation prepared sample (i)effervescence/fizzing/bubbles (ii)colourless gas produced that extinguish burning splint with explosion/ “Pop” sound (iii)colourless solution formed (iv)blue litmus papers re... | {
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Sample observations Substance/alkanol Effect of adding sodium Fermentation prepared sample (i)effervescence/fizzing/bubbles (ii)colourless gas produced that extinguish burning splint with explosion/ “Pop” sound (iii)colourless solution formed (iv)blue litmus papers remain blue (v)red litmus papers turn blue Pure/absolu... | {
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If the alkanol has some water the metals react faster with the water to form soluble hydroxides/alkalis i.e. Sodium + Alkanol -> Sodium alkoxides + Hydrogen gas Potassium + Alkanol -> Potassium alkoxides + Hydrogen gas Sodium + Water -> Sodium hydroxides + Hydrogen gas Potassium + Water -> Potassium hydroxides + Hydrog... | {
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Sodium + Alkanol -> Sodium alkoxides + Hydrogen gas Potassium + Alkanol -> Potassium alkoxides + Hydrogen gas Sodium + Water -> Sodium hydroxides + Hydrogen gas Potassium + Water -> Potassium hydroxides + Hydrogen gas Examples 1.Sodium metal reacts with ethanol to form sodium ethoxide Sodium metal reacts with water to ... | {
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Add equal amount of ethanoic acid.To the mixture add carefully 2drops of concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid. Warm/Heat gently. Pour the mixture into a beaker containing about 50cm3 of cold water. Smell the products. Repeat with methanol Sample observations Substance/alkanol Effect on adding equal amount of ethanol/concentr... | {
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1. Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid to form the ester ethyl ethanoate and water. Ethanol + Ethanoic acid --Conc. H2SO4 -->Ethylethanoate + Water C2H5OH (l) + CH3COOH(l) --Conc. H2SO4 --> CH3COO C2H5(aq) +H2O(l) CH3CH2OH (l)+ CH3COOH(l) --Conc. H2SO4 --> CH3COOCH2CH3(aq) +H2O(l) 2. Ethanol reacts with propanoic acid to... | {
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H2SO4 --> CH3 CH2COO CH3(aq) +H2O(l) 5. Propanol reacts with propanoic acid to form the ester propylpropanoate and water. Propanol + Propanoic acid --Conc. H2SO4 -->Ethylethanoate + Water C3H7OH (l)+ CH3 CH2COOH(l) --Conc. H2SO4 -->CH3CH2COO C3H7(aq) +H2O(l) CH3CH2 CH2OH (l)+ CH3 CH2COOH(l) --Conc. H2SO4 --> CH3 CH2COO... | {
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Repeat by adding acidified potassium dichromate(VII). Sample observation table Substance/alkanol Adding acidified KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 pH of resulting solution/mixture Nature of resulting solution/mixture Pure ethanol (i)Purple colour of pH= 4/5/6 Weakly acidic
14 KMnO4decolorized (ii) Orange colour of K2Cr2O7turns green. pH ... | {
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pH = 4/5/6 Weakly acidic Explanation Both acidified KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 are oxidizing agents(add oxygen to other compounds. They oxidize alkanols to a group of homologous series called alkanals then further oxidize them to alkanoic acids.The oxidizing agents are themselves reduced hence changing their colour: (i) Purple ... | {
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methanol + [O] -> methanal + [O] -> methanoic acid CH3OH + [O] -> CH3O + [O] -> HCOOH 3.When propanol is warmed with three drops of acidified K2Cr2O7 ,the orange colour of acidified K2Cr2O7 changes to green. Propanol + [O] -> Propanal + [O] -> Propanoic acid CH3CH2 CH2OH + [O] -> CH3CH2 CH2O + [O] -> CH3 CH2COOH 4.When... | {
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(k)Hydrolysis /Hydration and Dehydration I. Hydrolysis/Hydration is the reaction of a compound/substance with water. Alkenes react with water vapour/steam at high temperatures and high pressures in presence of phosphoric acid catalyst to form alkanols.i.e. Alkenes + Water - H3PO4 catalyst-> Alkanol Examples (i)Ethene i... | {
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At 180oC and in presence of Concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid, ethanol undergoes dehydration to form ethene. Ethanol ---180oC/ H2SO4 --> Ethene + Water CH3 CH2OH(l) --180oC/ H2SO4 --> H2C =CH2 (g) + H2O(l) 2. Propanol undergoes dehydration to form propene. Propanol ---180oC/ H2SO4 --> Propene + Water CH3 CH2 CH2OH(l) --18... | {
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This shows they are saturated with high C:H ratio. e.g. Both ethanol and ethane ignite and burns in air with a blue non-sooty flame to form carbon(IV)oxide(in excess air/oxygen)/carbon(II)oxide(in limited air) and water. CH2 CH2OH(l) + 3O2(g) -Excess air-> 2CO2 (g) + 3H2 O(l) CH2 CH2OH(l) + 2O2(g) -Limited air-> 2CO (g... | {
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Ethene + [O] -> Ethan-1,2-diol. H2C=CH2 + [O] -> HOCH2 -CH2OH III. Differences with alkenes/alkynes Alkanols do not decolorize bromine and chlorine water. Alkenes decolorizes bromine and chlorine water to form halogenoalkanols Example
17 When ethene is bubbled in a test tube containing bromine water,the bromine water i... | {
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as alcohol in alcoholic drinks e.g Beer, wines and spirits. 2.as antiseptic to wash woulds 3.in manufacture of vanishes, ink ,glue and paint because it is volatile and thus easily evaporate 4.as a fuel when blended with petrol to make gasohol. Hydrogen bonds Covalent bonds
18 B.ALKANOIC ACIDS (Carboxylic acids) (A) INT... | {
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Hydrogen bonds Covalent bonds
18 B.ALKANOIC ACIDS (Carboxylic acids) (A) INTRODUCTION. Alkanoic acids belong to a homologous series of organic compounds with a general formula CnH2n +1 COOH and thus -COOH as the functional group .The 1st ten alkanoic acids include:
19 Alkanoic acids like alkanols /alkanes/alkenes/alkyn... | {
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(iv)each member differ by –CH2- group from the next/previous. (v)they show a similar and gradual change in their physical properties e.g. boiling and melting point. (vi)they show similar and gradual change in their chemical properties. (vii) since they are acids they show similar properties with mineral acids. (B) ISOM... | {
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(iii)Identify the type and position of the side group branches. Practice examples on isomers of alkanoic acids 1.Isomers of butanoic acid C3H7COOH CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH Butan-1-oic acid CH3 H2C C COOH 2-methylpropan-1-oic acid 2-methylpropan-1-oic acid and Butan-1-oic acid are structural isomers because the position of the ... | {
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2.Isomers of pentanoic acid C4H9COOH CH3CH2CH2CH2 COOH pentan-1-oic acid CH3 CH3CH2CH COOH 2-methylbutan-1-oic acid
21 CH3 H3C C COOH 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-oic acid CH3 3.Ethan-1,2-dioic acid O O HOOC- COOH // H - O – C - C – O – H 4.Propan-1,3-dioic acid O H O HOOC- CH2COOH // H - O – C – C - C – O – H H 5.Butan-1,4-di... | {
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In a school laboratory, alkanoic acids can be prepared by adding an oxidizing agent (H+/KMnO4 or H+/K2Cr2O7)to the corresponding alkanol then warming. 22 The oxidation converts the alkanol first to an alkanal the alkanoic acid. NB Acidified KMnO4 is a stronger oxidizing agent than acidified K2Cr2O7 General equation: R-... | {
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CH3- CH2 – OH + [O] --H+/KMnO4--> CH3- CH –O + H2O(l) (ethanol) (ethanal) CH3- CH – O + [O] --H+/KMnO4--> CH3- C –OOH (ethanal) (ethanoic acid) 2Propanol on warming in acidified KMnO4 is oxidized to propanal then propanoic acid CH3- CH2 CH2 – OH + [O] --H+/KMnO4--> CH3- CH2 CH –O + H2O(l) (propanol) (propanal) CH3- CH ... | {
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Alkanol + Air -- MnSO4 Catalyst/5 atm pressure--> Alkanoic acid Example Ethene is mixed with steam over a phosphoric(V)acid catalyst,300oC temperature and 60 atmosphere pressure to form ethanol. 23 CH2=CH2 + H2O -> CH3 CH2OH (Ethene) (Ethanol) This is the industrial large scale method of manufacturing ethanol Ethanol i... | {
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CH = CH + H2O --HgSO4--> CH3 CH2O (Ethyne) (Ethanal) This is another industrial large scale method of manufacturing ethanol from large quantities of ethyne found in natural gas. Ethanal is then oxidized by air at 5 atmosphere pressure with Manganese (II)sulphate(VI) catalyst to form the ethanoic acid. CH3 CH2O + [O] --... | {
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(iii) Solubility decreases as the carbon chain increases as the soluble –COOH end is shielded by increasing insoluble alkyl/hydrocarbon chain. (iv) Like alkanols ,alkanoic acids exist as dimmers due to the hydrogen bonds within the molecule. i.e.. 25 jgthungu@gmail.com104Hydrogen bondscovalent bondsR1C O δ-…….….…H δ+O ... | {
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(a)Effect on litmus papers Experiment Dip both blue and red litmus papers in ethanoic acid. Repeat with a solution of succinic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid and dilute nitric(V)acid. Sample observations Solution/acid Observations/effect on litmus papers Inference Ethanoic acid Blue litmus paper turn red... | {
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Repeat with a solution of succinic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid and dilute sulphuric (VI)acid. Sample observations Solution/acid pH Inference Ethanoic acid 4/5/6 Weakly acidic Succinic acid 4/5/6 Weakly acidic Citric acid 4/5/6 Weakly acidic Oxalic acid 4/5/6 Weakly acidic Tartaric acid 4/5/6 Weakly ac... | {
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CH3 CH2 CH2COOH(aq) CH3 CH2 CH2COO-(aq) + H+(aq) (Butanoic acid) (butanoate ion) (few H+ ion) 4. HOOH(aq) HOO-(aq) + H+(aq) (methanoic acid) (methanoate ion) (few H+ ion) 5. H2 SO4 (aq) SO42- (aq) + 2H+(aq) (sulphuric(VI) acid) (sulphate(VI) ion) (many H+ ion) 6. HNO3 (aq) NO3- (aq) + H+(aq) (nitric(V) acid) (nitrate(V... | {
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Put about 1cm length of polished magnesium ribbon. Test any gas produced using a burning splint. Repeat with a solution of succinic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid and dilute sulphuric (VI) acid. Sample observations Solution/acid Observations Inference Ethanoic acid (i)effervescence, fizzing, bubbles (ii)... | {
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Alkanoic acid + Metal -> Alkanoate + Hydrogen gas. i.e. Examples 1. For a monovalent metal with monobasic acid 2R – COOH + 2M -> 2R- COOM + 2H2(g) 2.For a divalent metal with monobasic acid 2R – COOH + M -> (R- COO) 2M + H2(g) 3.For a divalent metal with dibasic acid HOOC-R-COOH+ M -> MOOC-R-COOM + H2(g) 4.For a monova... | {
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hydrogen gas. 2CH3COOH (aq) + Ca(s) -> (CH3COO) 2Ca (aq) + H2(g)
29 (Ethanoic acid) (Calcium ethanoate) 3.Sodium reacts with ethan-1,2-dioic acid to form sodium ethan-1,2-dioate and produce. hydrogen gas. HOOC-COOH+ 2Na -> NaOOC - COONa + H2(g) (ethan-1,2-dioic acid) (sodium ethan-1,2-dioate) Commercial name of ethan-1... | {
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Add about 0.5g/ ½ spatula end full of sodium hydrogen carbonate/sodium carbonate. Test the gas produced using lime water. Repeat with a solution of succinic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid and dilute sulphuric (VI) acid. Sample observations Solution/acid Observations Inference Ethanoic acid (i)effervescen... | {
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Alkanoic acids react with hydrogen carbonate/carbonate to form alkanoates ,water and evolve/produce bubbles of carbon(IV)oxide and water. Alkanoic acid + hydrogen carbonate -> alkanoate + water + carbon(IV)oxide Alkanoic acid + carbonate -> alkanoate + water + carbon(IV)oxide Examples 1. Sodium hydrogen carbonate react... | {
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Warm/heat gently on Bunsen flame. Pour the mixture into a beaker containing 50cm3 of water. Smell the products. Repeat with a solution of succinic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid and dilute sulphuric (VI) acid. Sample observations Solution/acid Observations Ethanoic acid Sweet fruity smell Succinic acid S... | {
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Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid to form the ester ethyl ethanoate and water. Ethanol + Ethanoic acid --Conc. H2SO4 -->Ethylethanoate + Water C2H5OH (l) + CH3COOH(l) --Conc. H2SO4 --> CH3COO C2H5(aq) +H2O(l) CH3CH2OH (l)+ CH3COOH(l) --Conc. H2SO4 --> CH3COOCH2CH3(aq) +H2O(l) 2. Ethanol reacts with propanoic acid to fo... | {
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H2SO4 --> CH3 CH2COO CH3(aq) +H2O(l) 5. Propanol reacts with propanoic acid to form the ester propylpropanoate and water. Propanol + Propanoic acid --Conc. H2SO4 -->Ethylethanoate + Water C3H7OH (l)+ CH3 CH2COOH(l) --Conc. H2SO4 -->CH3CH2COO C3H7(aq) +H2O(l) CH3CH2 CH2OH (l)+ CH3 CH2COOH(l) --Conc. H2SO4 --> CH3 CH2COO... | {
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In a school laboratory and at industrial and domestic level,soap is made by reacting concentrated sodium hydroxide solution with esters from (animal) fat and oil. The process of making soap is called saponification. During saponification ,the ester is hydrolyzed by the alkali to form sodium salt /soap and glycerol/prop... | {
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Fat/oil(ester)+sodium/potassium hydroxide->sodium/potassium salt(soap)+ glycerol Fats/Oils are esters with fatty acids and glycerol parts in their structure; C17H35COOCH2 C17H35COOCH C17H35COOCH2
34 When boiled with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution NaOH; (i)NaOH ionizes/dissociates into Na+ and OH- ions (ii)fat/o... | {
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The soap is then added colouring agents ,perfumes and herbs of choice. School laboratory preparation of soap Place about 40 g of fatty (animal fat)beef/meat in 100cm3 beaker .Add about 15cm3 of 4.0M sodium hydroxide solution. Boil the mixture for about 15minutes.Stir the mixture .Add about 5.0cm3 of distilled water as ... | {
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Advantages and disadvantages of using soapy detergents Soapy detergents are biodegradable. They are acted upon by bacteria and rot.They thus do not cause environmental pollution. Soapy detergents have the diadvatage in that: (i)they are made from fat and oils which are better eaten as food than make soap. (ii)forms an ... | {
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Potassium is more expensive than sodium and thus its soap is also more expensive. (b)SOAPLESS DETERGENTS
36 Soapless detergent usually called detergent is a long chain salt fromed from byproducts of fractional distillation of crude oil.Commonly used soaps include: (i)washing agents (ii)toothpaste (iii)emulsifiers/wetti... | {
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Octadecanol(18 carbon alkanol) to form alkyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) Alkanol + Conc sulphuric(VI)acid -> alkyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) + Water R –OH + H2SO4 -> R –O-SO3H + H2O (ii)the alkyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) is then neutralized with sodium/potassium hydroxide to form sodium/potassium alkyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) Sodium/... | {
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Add dropwise carefully 18M concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid stirring continuously into the olive oil until the oil turns brown.Add 30cm3 of 6M sodium hydroxide solution.Stir.This is a soapless detergent. The action of soapless detergents
37 The action of soapless detergents is similar to that of soapy detergents.The soap... | {
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(ii)are cheap to manufacture/buying (iii)are made from petroleum products but soapis made from fats/oil for human consumption. Sample revision questions 1. Study the scheme below Fat/oil KOH Boiling Sodium Chloride Filtration Filtrate Y Residue X
38 (a)Identify the process Saponification (b)Fats and oils are esters. Wr... | {
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