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In both cases, the refracted rays are parallel to the principal axis. C. A ray directed to the optical centre of the lens. In both cases, the rays pass undeviated. NB: in ray diagrams, the following symbols are used for the two lenses: Converging lens Diverging lens Note that in ray diagrams:FORM 4 PHYSICS LESSON NOTES... | {
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When a converging lens is used such that the object is found between its principal focus and the lens, it forms a virtual, upright and magnified image. When used this way it serves as a simple microscope. A compound microscope It consists of two converging lenses, objective lens and eyepiece lens both of short focal le... | {
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To clearly focus the image, the distance between the lens and film is adjusted accordingly. The film has some light- sensitive chemicals which change on exposure to light. This can then be developed and printed to get a photograph. The human eyeFORM 4 PHYSICS LESSON NOTES 2018 Page 10 of 70 Sclerotic layer white Choroi... | {
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This enables it focus near objects. This automatic adjustment of the eye lens to bring to focus on the retina images of both distant and near objects is referred to as accommodation. The closest shortest distance a normal eye can focus clearly is known as its near point while the farthest distance a normal eye can focu... | {
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An object of mass 10kg is whirled round a horizontal circle of radius 4m by a revolving string inclined to the vertical. If the uniform speed of the object is 5m s, calculate: a The tension in the string b The angle of inclination of the string to the vertical Ans. T 118N, 70 2.6: Case examples of circular motion 2.6.1... | {
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X c.o.g y Mg FR For a flat road surface, frictional force between the tyres and the road provides the centripetal force; FR FC mv2 r In cases when the frictional force is not sufficient, the cyclist is likely to skid. To avoid this, the cyclist is advised to lean inwards. Thus the frictional force, FR and the normal re... | {
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R2 R1 R3 Lighter particles Heavier particles Since centripetal force varies directly as the mass and inversely as the radius, for a larger radius the mass must be higher for the same amount of centripetal force. Hence denser particles are far away from the centre of rotation. When the rotation stops, the tubes return t... | {
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Electromagnetic waves are waves resulting from the interaction of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. They include visible light, radio waves, x-rays, infrared, ultraviolet, microwaves and gamma radiations. When these waves are arranged in a certain pattern e.g in the order of increasing frequency or wavelength t... | {
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Calculate the wavelength of the signal. FORM 4 PHYSICS LESSON NOTES 2018 Page 25 of 70 c f 3.0x108m s 1.0x108x 3.0m 2 An X-ray machine produces a radiation of wavelength 1.0x10-11m. calculate: a The frequency of the radiation. C f 3.0x108m s fx1.0x10-11m f 3.0x1019Hz b The energy content of the radiation. Take h 6.63x1... | {
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Similarly when the wire is placed parallel to the magnetic field, no deflection is observed. A deflection of the galvanometer indicates presence of induced electromotive force while absence of deflection indicates no induced electromotive force. The deflection is maximum when the angle between the wire and the field is... | {
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The direction of the induced current can be predicted by Fleming s right hand rule: if the thumb, first and second fingers of the right hand are held mutually at right angles to each other with the First finger pointing the direction of the Field, thumb pointing the direction of the Motion then the seCond finger points... | {
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Hence the voltage dropped across the cables lost through resistance IR V 10x200 2000V Therefore the voltage across the primary coil of T2 40,000-2000 38,000V. d The maximum power output of the transformer T2. Effeciency power output power input x100 95 power output 38000x10 x100 Power output 95x38000x10 100 361,000V En... | {
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When the coil is rotated in the clockwise direction as shown in figure a , the induced current flows in the direction abcdand through the load via the half split ring 2 and carbon brush Y. At the vertical position the carbon brushes touch the gaps between the commutators half split rings . When the coil goes past the v... | {
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Sparks Primary coil Contact C Secondary coil Soft iron armature The capacitor is used to store charge and thus reduce sparking. The sparks produced can be used to ignite an air-petrol mixture such as in the car ignition system. 4.5.5: The moving coil microphone A moving coil loudspeaker converts sound energy into elect... | {
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A power station produces 50kW at 240V. The power is transmitted through cables with a resistance of 0.4 . Calculate the percentage power loss during transmission. Power VI 50,000W 240VxI I 50,000 240 208.8A Hence, power loss 208.37x0.4 17,360.556W power loss 17360.556 50000 x100 9.72 5.3: Domestic wiring From the step ... | {
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It is usually at zero potential. It is normally blue or black in colour. Earth wire- it earths the circuit. It is normally green or yellow in colour However, at times the fuse may melt off and thus fail to serve its rightful purpose. Some causes that can lead to melting off of the fuse include: i. Short circuiting when... | {
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One kilowatt-hour is also referred to as one unit; 1kWh 1unit The total cost of electrical energy consumed by a household is given by the product of the number of units consumed and the charges per unit; Total cost number of units used x cost per unit. Example 5.3 1. A six bulb arrangement in a house runs for 8hours ev... | {
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The cathode is heated by the heater emitting electrons through thermionic emission. Note that the cathode rays are streams of negatively charged particles electrons . Thus once emitted at the cathode, the electrons will be attracted by the anode which is at a positive potential. Hence the role of the anode is to accele... | {
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However, when the grid voltage is lowered, more electrons will move towards the screen and thus the spot will be brighter. In general, the grid controls the rate of flow of electrons to the screen i.e. intensity. The anode on the other side is at a positive potential and is used to accelerate the emitted electrons towa... | {
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The Y-gain control knob can be used to amplify the display on the screen by setting it to a certain value. This is referred to as the sensitivity of the CRO. Hence the corresponding voltage to the signal on the screen is expressed as; Voltage V vertical deflection cm x Y-gain setting or sensitivity volts cm Consider th... | {
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Display of electrical signals whose variations can be put in the form of voltage. 6.6: The television tube A television tube comprises of three electron guns, two sets of coils for deflection and a fluorescent screen. There are two types TV tubes namely the black and white tube and a coloured tube. The signal is fed in... | {
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X-rays are produced in an x-ray tube: E.H.T Glass tube Target Cathode Electron beam Oil out Low voltage Cooling fins Oil in Filament X-rays Copper anode Current in the filament emits electrons at the cathode by thermionic emission. These electrons are then attracted towards the anode by the high potential difference th... | {
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- They can readily penetrate matter. The degree of penetration depends on the density of the material and the quality of the x-rays. -. They obey the wave equation v f . -. They undergo interference, reflection, refraction and diffraction effects. 7.3: Energy and Quality of x-rays When an electron of charge e is accele... | {
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The screen glows when struck by the x-rays. -. Using a photographic plate. The plate is blackened when exposed to x-rays. 7.6: Uses of X-rays In medicineFORM 4 PHYSICS LESSON NOTES 2018 Page 46 of 70 - Detection of fractures, displaced bones or other strange objects within the body. -. Destruction of cancerous growths ... | {
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A Determine the velocity of the electron as it is reaching the target. EV m 2 1.6x10-19Cx1000V x9.11x10-6kg x 2FORM 4 PHYSICS LESSON NOTES 2018 Page 47 of 70 2 3.5126x1014 b How much kinetic energy will the electron have acquired when it hits the target? EV K.E 1.6x10-19Cx1000V 1.6x10-16J 3. Explain how you can increas... | {
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The energy of the radiation is transferred to the electrons in the atoms of the metal. The electrons gain enough energy and get dislodged from the metal surface. These electrons are called photoelectrons. Photoelectric emission can be shown by the following set-ups: 8.1.1: Using a galvanometer UV Radiation When the UV ... | {
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He says that electromagnetic radiations like light are propagated in small packets of energy called quanta singular- quantum . The amount of energy of a quantum is referred to as a photon. According to Plank, the energy of a photon is directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation; E f Thus, E hf: where h is P... | {
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Explain whether photoelectric emission will occur or not. Energy of the radiation hf 6.63x10-9x4.3x1014 1.602x10-19J 1.7796eV Since the energy of the radiation is less than the workfunction, no photoelectric emission will occur. Alternatively; Workfunction hf0 2.6x1.602x10-19 f0 2.6x1.602x10-19 6.63x10-9 6.74x1014Hz Si... | {
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The absence of a reading on the micro-ammeter indicates no flow of electrons. Hence, when no electron flows; eVs k.e eVs m 2. Substituted in the Einstein s equation, we obtain: hf hf0 eVs. V FORM 4 PHYSICS LESSON NOTES 2018 Page 52 of 70 Below is a typical result obtained by using different colour filters of different ... | {
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B. The workfunction of the surface in eV. W0 hf0 6.63x10-9x6.67x1014 1.602x10-19 2.76eV c. The minimum speed with which a photoelectron is emitted if the frequency of the radiation is 7.5x1014Hz. 6.63x10-9x7.5x1014 6.63x10-9x6.67x1014 x9.11x10-6x 2 12.081x1010 3.4754x105m s. 9.4: Applications of photoelectric effect 8.... | {
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The resistance of the cell varies with intensity of the light falling on it. In darkness, the resistance of the cell is greatest and least on a bright light. Below is the symbol of the photo-conductive cell: Light dependent resistor can be used in operating street lights, fire alarms, detection and measurement of infra... | {
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Are lighter compared to alpha radiations. Hence they are greatly deflected by strong magnetic or electric field. Have longer range in air. FORM 4 PHYSICS LESSON NOTES 2018 Page 56 of 70 Cause less ionization compared to alpha radiations. Hence they have a higher penetrating ability or power. They can penetrate a thick ... | {
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Radioactive decay is not dependent on physical factors like pressure, temperature or chemical composition of the nuclide. There are three types of radioactive decay: 9.2.1: Alpha decay This decay process emits alpha radiation s . Alpha radiation is the nucleus of a helium atom represented by . If a nuclide decays by re... | {
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These can cause further ionization rendering the pulse registered incorrect. To counter this, bromine is used which acts as a quenching agent, absorbing the energy of the positive ions before they reach the cathode. This method is not suitable for detection of gamma radiations due to its low ionization effect. FORM 4 P... | {
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9.8: Applications of radioactivity In medicine: Gamma rays can be used to control cancerous growths in the human body. Gamma rays can be used to sterilize surgical equipment. Can be used to monitor blood circulation disorders and the functioning of thyroid gland. In carbon dating- it uses the ratio of carbon-12 to carb... | {
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Another electron in the valence band may jump into the hole formed creating another hole which may be filled by yet another electron and the process continues. The movement of the electrons generates electron current while that of holes constitute hole current. Thus the net flow of current in semiconductors is due to t... | {
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Hence holes are the majority charge carriers while electrons are the minority charge carriers. Such an impurity is called an acceptor impurity because they create a hole which can accept an electron. An extrinsic semiconductor in which the majority charge carriers are holes is called a p-type semiconductor. Boron Hole ... | {
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When connected this way, the diode is said to be forward biased. The cell provides the energy for the electrons to overcome the potential barrier and the holes are also able to cross over to the n-side thereby completing the circuit. The electrons and holes are attracted to the opposite ends. The thickness of the deple... | {
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PTT Elaed EY CotPr CTetded EL odyBe Pun nNwit i KUNGSecondaryPHYSICSStudent s Book One Fourth Edition KENYA LITERATURE BUREAUP.O. Box 30022-00100, NairobiWebsite: www.kenyaliteraturebureau.comE-mail: info kenyaliteraturebureau.com Ministry of EducationAll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored ... | {
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The particulate nature of matterInvestigating matterThe smoke cell experimentDiffusionRevision Exercise 56. Thermal expansionTemperatureExpansion and contraction of solidsExercise 6.1Expansion and contraction of liquidsExpansion of gasesMeasuring temperatureRevision Exercise 67. Heat transferHeat and temperatureModes o... | {
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Electrostatics I Origin of chargeThe electroscopeCharges in airApplications of electrostatic chargesDangers of electrostaticsRevision Exercise 910. Cells and simple circuitsA simple electric circuitConnecting cells in series and parallelConductors and insulatorsSources of electricityRevision Exercise 10PrologueThis boo... | {
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All thesetopics form the basic foundation for Physics at secondary school level. Meaning of PhysicsPhysics is defined as the study of matter and its relation to energy. The subject isapplied in explaining phenomena like eclipse, lightning, rainbow, mirage andmany other wonders of nature. Physics explains the how and wh... | {
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Inmechanics, the characteristics of linear, circular and oscillatory motion areexplained. The equilibria of forces of bodies and fluids at rest and when inmotion are also explored. Electricity and MagnetismThis deals with the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fieldsand their extensive applications in ... | {
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Earlyexplorers like Vasco da Gama made use of the magnetic properties of lodestoneto determine direction. Physics and GeographyEstablishment of weather patterns relies on the accurate use of instruments likethe thermometer, wind-vane and hygrometer. Heat transfer by convectionexplains the formation of convectional rain... | {
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Notable cases are the Chernobyl nuclear disaster inUkraine of 1986 and the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb attacks duringthe Second World War. Career Opportunities in PhysicsThere is a wide range of opportunities involving Physics. The following is a listof courses offered at university level that require sound know... | {
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Bachelor of Science Water and Environmental Engineering .43. Bachelor of Science Manufacturing and Engineering Technology . 44. Bachelor of Science Instrumentation and Control Engineering .45. Bachelor of Science Computer Science .46. Bachelor of Education Technology .47 Bachelor of Science Computer Electronics, Scienc... | {
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Similarly,corridors or pathways within the laboratory should not be used as workingor storage areas. Iv Any instructions given must be followed carefully. Never attempt anythingwhile in doubt. In case of any doubt or queries, consult your teacher or thelaboratory assistant. Additionally, if any equipment fails to funct... | {
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This isbecause waste from certain experiments can be quite hazardous to the bodyand to the environment. Xiii Hands must be washed before leaving the laboratory. Experiments should never be left unattended. Similarly, the bunsen burnershould be adjusted to give a luminous flame, or turned off, when not in use. Never sho... | {
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Those offering first aid should ensurethey are in the first place safe from the danger .CutsThese may result from poor handling of glass apparatus or cutting tools likerazors and scalpels. In case the cut results in bleeding, pressure or direct compression should beapplied directly to the wound and proper dressing appl... | {
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If the victim has a pulse butis not breathing, offer mouth to mouth resuscitation as you await assistance. If for some reason a laboratory user faints or loses consciousness, he she shouldbe promptly and gently moved to an area with fresh air and placed in a recoveryposition with the head slightly lower than the rest o... | {
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This chapter will deal with the measurements of length,mass, time and their derived physical quantities. LengthLength is a measure of distance between two points. Breadth, width, height,radius, depth and diameter are all lengths. The SI unit of length is the metre m . One metre is the distance between twomarks on a sta... | {
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In figure 2.2 a ,arrangement will not give a fair result because, the rule is not in contact with theobject. While in b the object is not aligned to the zero mark on the scale. Fig. 2.2: a Rule not in contact b Rule not alignedFigure 2.2 shows the inaccurate use of the rule. The arrangement will not give anaccurate res... | {
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Diagram not to scale Fig 2.4SolutionP1 69.50 cmP2 71.00 cmP3 71.50 cmExercise 2.11. What are the readings indicated by the arrows in the figures a to c below? Diagrams not to scale Care should be taken to avoid damage to the ends of metre rules as most of themdo not have the short ungraduated portion at the ends to cat... | {
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Charo found that the perimeter of his farming plot was approximately 200strides. His stride was 0.9 m long. What was the perimeter of the plot?2. Use the method in Experiment 2.2 to estimate the height of a flag post and agoal post in your school.3. Estimate the width of your desk, classroom door and the classroom byco... | {
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By countingthe number of small squares, the area can be estimated. Example 5Estimate the area of the irregular surface shown in figure 2.8 by counting thesmall squares. SolutionThe number of complete squares 39Number of incomplete squares 30These are equal to 15 complete squaresTherefore, the number of complete squares... | {
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A Obtain some plasticine and mould it to form a sphere. Find the radius ofthe sphere and calculate its volume. B Mould the same plasticine into a cylinder. Determine the volume of thecylinder. C Comment on the answers you obtain in a and b above. Measurement of Volume of LiquidsLiquids have no definite shape, but assum... | {
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Measuring flasks, pipettes, burettes and beakers figure 2.11 a , b , c , d and e can also be used to measure volumes of liquids. Measuringflasks and pipettes are used to transfer known volumes of liquids. The burettedelivers volumes of up to 50 cm3.Fig. 2.11: Instruments for measuring volumes of liquidsNote: i The scal... | {
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Itis used to measure volumes by displacement method. It is also known as anoverflow can. Fig. 2.14: Use of Eureka can for measuring volumeProcedure Fill the Eureka can with water until it flows out of the spout, see figure 2.14 a . Once the flow has stopped, place a measuring cylinder under the spout ofthe can. Tie the... | {
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The mass of the object isread on the display. This type of a balance is very accurate. Fig. 2.16: Types of balancesFigure 2.16 b shows a simple form of a beam balance mechanical type .The object whose mass is to be measured is balanced against a known standardmass on an equal arm lever as shown. The beam balances when ... | {
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Solution1 gcm 3 1 000 kgm 322.5 gcm 3 22.5 1 000 kgm 3 22 500 kgm 3Example 16A block of glass of mass 187.5 g is 5.0 cm long, 2.0 cm thick and 7.5 cm high. Calculate the density of the glass in kgm 3.SolutionExample 17The density of mercury is 13.6 gcm 3. Find the volume of 2 720 g of mercury inm3.SolutionExample 18The... | {
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Find the volume of 2 720 g of mercury inm3.SolutionExample 18The mass of 25 cm3 of ivory was found to be 0.045 kg. Calculate the density ofivory in SI units giving your answer in Kg m3.SolutionExample 19The density of concentrated sulphuric acid is 1.8 gcm 3. Calculate the volume of3.1 kg of the acid. SolutionDensity 1... | {
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This is because whenheld in the hands, it may expand due to body warmth. Ii The outside of the bottle must be wiped carefully. Iii It must be ensured that there are no air bubbles when the bottle is filledwith liquid. Experiment 2.9: To measure the density of a solid using a density bottleThis method is used for solids... | {
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Fig. 2.18: Use of density bottleResultsMass of water m4 m1 gVolume of water m4 m1 since density of water is 1 gcm 3 Therefore, volume of bottle m4 m1 cm3Mass of lead shot m2 m1 gMass of water present when bottle is filled with lead shot and water m3 m2 gVolume of water m3 m2 cm3Volume of lead shot m4 m1 m3 m2 Therefore... | {
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Calculate the density of liquid X ifthe density of water is 1 000 kgm 3.SolutionDensities of MixturesA mixture is obtained by putting together two or more substances such that theydo not react with one another. The density of the mixture lies between thedensities of its constituent substances and depends on their propo... | {
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Water has a density of 1 000 kgm 3. What does this mean? What is itsdensity in gcm 3?10. In finding the density of liquid, why is the method of using a density bottlemore accurate than the one of using a measuring cylinder?11. What mass of lead has the same volume as 1 600 kg of alcohol? Use thevalues of densities give... | {
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3.1: Pull and pushA force is a push or pull. The SI unit of force is the newton N . A force acts in aparticular direction and may have any of the following effects on an object: i Make a stationary object start moving or increase the speed of a movingobject. Ii Slow down or stop a moving object. Iii Change the directio... | {
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Similarly, nylon canwithstand more tension than cotton. Tension is as a result of two opposing forcesapplied, one at each end of a body, see figure 3.3.Fig. 3.3: Tension on a springFig. 3.4: A loaded steel springExperiment 3.1: To study the relationship between mass and extension of aspringApparatusSpring with a pointe... | {
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An object in a vacuum will notexperience upthrust. Experiment 3.2: To illustrate upthrust in liquidsApparatusSpring balance, metal cube, water, paraffin, beaker. Fig. 3.7: Upthrust in liquidsProcedure Set up the apparatus as shown in figure 3.7 a . Record the reading of thespring balance. Lower the metal cube into the ... | {
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Fig. 3.8: Water drops on glass slidesProcedure Using a dropper, place a few drops of water onto a clean glass slide. Similarly, place a few drops of water on the waxed glass slide. Observe the shapes of the drops on the glass slides. What do you notice?ObservationWater on the clean glass slide spreads on the glass surf... | {
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The water curves upwards fromthe reading level a concave meniscus . The rise in the tube with a smaller boreis higher than in the tube with a larger bore. Different liquids rise by different heights, depending on the diameter of the glasstube. If mercury is used, the level of mercury inside the tubes goes lower thantha... | {
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3.11Procedure Place a wooden block on a horizontal surface, such as a bench. Using a spring balance, pull the block gently as shown in the figure 3.11 a ,gradually increasing the force. What finally happens to the block? Repeat the experiment, this time with the block resting on rollers as shown infigure 3.11 b . In wh... | {
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A magnet has two types of poles, a north pole and a south pole. Like polesrepel while unlike poles attract. Some materials are attracted by a magnet whileothers are not. Those which are attracted are called magnetic materials whilethose not attracted are called non-magnetic materials. Experiment 3.7: To investigate mag... | {
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This force is directed towards the centre of the orbit. Examples of wherecentripetal forces is applied include a stone tied on a string sling , separation ofghee from milk and the merry-go-round, see figure 3.14. Fig. 3.14: Children enjoying a merry-go-roundSurface TensionIt is commonly observed that liquids form drops... | {
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If,alternatively, the tip of the needle is depressed lightly into the water, the needlesinks very quickly to the bottom of the water. ExplanationThe steel needle or the razor blade floats because the surface of the waterbehaves like a fully stretched, thin, elastic skin. This skin always has a tendencyto shrink, i.e., ... | {
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3.17Procedure Take a glass funnel and dip it in liquid soap or detergent solution. Take it out and blow a soap bubble to the wide end, see figure 3.17 a . Hold the funnel with the bubble downward and leave the top open. Observewhat happens. ObservationThe bubble flattens to a film and the film slowly rises up the funne... | {
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As the water tries to make its surface as small as possible, it pulls thethread in such a way that it forms a perfect curve. The soap film exhibits surfacetension. Experiment 3.11: To examine the appearance of water drops coming out ofa tubeApparatusBurette, clamp, stand. Fig. 3.19Procedure Fill a burette with water. C... | {
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The surface tension at the other endwhich is now greater pulls the stick and makes it move in that direction. Themovement gradually weakens and ultimately ceases. This happens when thewhole surface of water is covered with soap solution. The camphor has the same effect as that of soap. Oil Spreads on WaterA few drops o... | {
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Action andreaction are equal and opposite, i.e., when one force acts on a body, an equal andopposite force acts on the body. Fig. 3.22: Action and reactionExercise 3.1Table 3.2 shows types of forces and the nature of work to be done. Match thetype of force with the type of work it can do. Table 3.2Work to be doneType o... | {
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A mass of 7.5 kg has weight of 30 N on a certain planet. Calculate theacceleration due to gravity on this planet.12. Define the following terms, giving examples: a Vector quantity. B Scalar quantity.13. A Define a resultant vector. B Find the resultant of a force of 4 N and a force of 8 N acting on the samepoint on an ... | {
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Fig. 4.2: Effect of force on an areaIn all the above cases, a given force acting on an area causes a penetration,depression or distortion. The effect is greater when the force acts on a smallerarea than when it acts on a larger area. In general, when a force is applied on a given area, pressure is exerted onthe surface... | {
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The water will settle in the tube with the levels on both arms being the same, seefigure 4.6 a .Fig. 4.6: Effect of pressure on liquid levelsWhen one arm of the U-tube is blown into with the mouth, the level movesdownwards, while in the other arm it rises, see figure between 4.6 b . This iscaused by the pressure differ... | {
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Fig. 4.7: Pressure variation in a liquidProcedure Fill the glass vessel with water. Connect the thistle funnel to a U-tube filled to some level with water. Lower the funnel to different depths from the surface and notice thedifference in levels, h, of water in the U-tube, see figure 4.7. Replace the water in the glass ... | {
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4.8: Pressure distributionProcedure Fill the glass vessel with water. Connect one of the thistle funnels to a U-tube filled to some level with water. Lower the funnel P to a depth from the surface of the water and notice thedifference in levels, h, of the water in the U-tube. Replace the funnel with Q whose mouth is po... | {
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4.9: Liquid columnIf A is the cross-section area of the column, h the height of the column and thedensity of the liquid, then;Volume of the liquid cross-section height AhMass of the liquid volume of the liquid density Ah Therefore, weight of the liquid column mass of the liquid gravitational force per unit mass Ah gThe... | {
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Fig. 4.10Initially, the water squirts out at the same rate with some force. When theplunger is pushed in, the liquid squirts out at the same rate but with increasedforce. If the plunger exerts a force F and the piston area is A, then the additionalpressure P , developed is transmitted equally to all parts of the liquid... | {
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This is because the masses and thediameters of the syringes are the same. Using Syringes of Different DiametersApparatusSyringes of different diameters, two stands and clamps, different masses, water,rubber tubing. Fig. 4.12: Effects of transmitted pressureProcedure Replace one of the syringes in Experiment 4.3 a with ... | {
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Then,pressure P1 generated on the liquid by the piston S due to F1 is given by;This pressure is transmitted by the liquid to the larger piston L. Therefore,pressure of liquid acting on the area A2 of the large piston is equal to P1. Thus,the force F2 produced on the large piston is given by;F2 pressure area P1 A2Hydrau... | {
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