ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
|---|---|
neon | A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps. |
neonicotinoids | A class of insecticides that are structurally similar to NICOTINE and have physiologically similar effects as agonists of NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS, but are less toxic to vertebrates. They are widely used in agriculture. |
neoprene | An oil-resistant synthetic rubber made by the polymerization of chloroprene. |
neopterin | A pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of BIOPTERINS. |
neostigmine | A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. |
nephroblastoma overexpressed protein | A CCN protein family member found at high levels in NEPHROBLASTOMA cells. It is found both intracellularly and in the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and may play a role in the regulation of CELL PROLIFERATION and EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX synthesis. |
neprilysin | Enzyme that is a major constituent of kidney brush-border membranes and is also present to a lesser degree in the brain and other tissues. It preferentially catalyzes cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues of the B-chain of insulin as well as opioid peptides and other biologically active peptides. The enzy... |
neptunium | A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, and atomic number 93. |
nerve agents | A class of compounds that adversely affect the transmission of impulses through the NERVOUS SYSTEM. |
nerve growth factor | NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. |
nerve growth factors | Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells. |
nestin | A type VI intermediate filament protein expressed mostly in nerve cells where it is associated with the survival, renewal and mitogen-stimulated proliferation of neural progenitor cells. |
netilmicin | Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity. |
netrin-1 | A netrin that binds the DCC RECEPTOR or UNC5 receptors, resulting respectively in axon attraction or repulsion. Its interaction with these receptors also prevents APOPTOSIS; it may function as a tumor suppressor protein. |
netrins | A family of extracellular proteins that are related structurally to LAMININ. They function as CHEMOTACTIC FACTORS for CELL MIGRATION and AXON GUIDANCE, acting as chemoattractants for some cell types, and as chemorepellents for others. |
netropsin | A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research. |
neural cell adhesion molecule l1 | A member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of neuronal cell adhesion molecules that is required for proper nervous system development. Neural cell adhesion molecule L1 consists of six Ig domains, five fibronectin domains, a transmembrane region and an intracellular domain. Two splicing variants are known: a neuronal fo... |
neural cell adhesion molecules | Cell adhesion molecule involved in a diverse range of contact-mediated interactions among neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and myotubes. It is widely but transiently expressed in many tissues early in embryogenesis. Four main isoforms exist, including CD56; (CD56 ANTIGEN); but there are many other variants result... |
neuraminic acids | Nine-carbon deoxyamino SUGAR ACIDS that are substrates for NEURAMINIDASE. Their derivatives include SIALIC ACIDS. |
neuregulin-1 | A peptide factor originally identified by its ability to stimulate the phosphorylation the erbB-2 receptor (RECEPTOR, ERBB-2). It is a ligand for the erbB-3 receptor (RECEPTOR, ERBB-3) and the erbB-4 receptor. Variant forms of NEUREGULIN-1 occur through alternative splicing of its mRNA. |
neuregulins | A family of peptides originally found as factors that stimulate the phosphorylation of the erbB-2 receptor (RECEPTORS, ERBB-2). Multiple variant forms of NEUREGULINS occur due to alternative splicing of their mRNAs. The NEUREGULINS include products from the three known genes (NGR1; NGR2 and NGR3). |
neurexins | Presynaptic cell-adhesion molecules that bind postsynaptic NEUROLIGINS to form calcium-dependent trans-synaptic adhesions. Neurexins recruit synaptic scaffolding proteins via their PDZ DOMAINS. Distribution and interaction with neuroligins are regulated by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. Alterations in genes encoding neurexins a... |
neurocan | A hyalectin family member that is expressed in neuronal tissue and plays a role in neuronal CELL ADHESION. |
neurofilament proteins | Type III intermediate filament proteins that assemble into neurofilaments, the major cytoskeletal element in nerve axons and dendrites. They consist of three distinct polypeptides, the neurofilament triplet. Types I, II, and IV intermediate filament proteins form other cytoskeletal elements such as keratins and lamins.... |
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists | Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of NEUROKININ-1 RECEPTORS. |
neurokinin a | A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI. |
neurokinin b | A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS. |
neuroligins | Postsynaptic cell-adhesion molecules that bind presynaptic NEUREXINS to form calcium-dependent trans-synaptic adhesions. Neuroligins recruit synaptic scaffolding proteins (e.g., PSD-95) via their PDZ DOMAIN. The distribution and interaction with neurexins are regulated by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. Alterations in genes enco... |
neuromuscular agents | Drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL). Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders... |
neuromuscular blocking agents | Drugs that interrupt transmission of nerve impulses at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. They can be of two types, competitive, stabilizing blockers (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS) or noncompetitive, depolarizing agents (NEUROMUSCULAR DEPOLARIZING AGENTS). Both prevent acetylcholine from triggering the muscle... |
neuromuscular depolarizing agents | Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction by causing sustained depolarization of the motor end plate. These agents are primarily used as adjuvants in surgical anesthesia to cause skeletal muscle relaxation. |
neuromuscular nondepolarizing agents | Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants. |
neuronal tract-tracers | Substances used to identify the location and to characterize the types of NEURAL PATHWAYS. |
neuropeptides | Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. |
neuropeptide y | A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary h... |
neurophysins | Carrier proteins for OXYTOCIN and VASOPRESSIN. They are polypeptides of about 10-kDa, synthesized in the HYPOTHALAMUS. Neurophysin I is associated with oxytocin and neurophysin II is associated with vasopressin in their respective precursors and during transportation down the axons to the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLA... |
neuroprostanes | Prostaglandin-like compounds produced by free radical-induced peroxidation of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACIDS, which are highly enriched in the brain. Formation is analogous to ISOPROSTANES formation from ARACHIDONIC ACID. |
neuroprotective agents | Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excita... |
neuroserpin | An inhibitory serpin that inhibits PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS (tPA) in the brain. |
neurosteroids | Endogenous compounds or drugs that affect neuronal excitability through modulation of specific ionotropic receptors (e.g., GABA-A RECEPTORS). Endogenous neurosteroids are steroid hormones de novo synthesized by neurons and glial cells from steroid metabolite precursors (e.g., PREGNENOLONE). |
neurotensin | A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransm... |
neurotoxins | Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept. |
neurotransmitter agents | Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function. |
neurotransmitter uptake inhibitors | Drugs that inhibit the transport of neurotransmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. For many transmitters, uptake determines the time course of transmitter action so inhibiting uptake prolongs the activity of the transmitter. Blocking uptake may also deplete available transmitter stores... |
neurotrophin 3 | A neurotrophic factor involved in regulating the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons. It is closely homologous to nerve growth factor beta and BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR. |
neurturin | A glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor ligand that is specific for the GFRA2 RECEPTOR. Neurturin is essential for the development of specific postganglionic parasympathetic NEURONS. |
neutral glycosphingolipids | A subclass of GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS containing one or more sugars within their head group connected directly to a ceramide moiety. They consist of monoglycosyl-, and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylceramides. |
neutral red | A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems. |
nevirapine | A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS. |
n-formylmethionine | Effective in the initiation of protein synthesis. The initiating methionine residue enters the ribosome as N-formylmethionyl tRNA. This process occurs in Escherichia coli and other bacteria as well as in the mitochondria of eucaryotic cells. |
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine | A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated. |
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester | A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension. |
niacin | A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. |
niacinamide | An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and PELLAGRA. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. |
nialamide | An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. |
nicarbazin | An equimolar complex of 4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide and 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. A coccidiostat for poultry. |
nicardipine | A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents. |
nicergoline | An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS. |
niceritrol | An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions. |
nickel | A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE. |
niclofolan | Proposed fasciolacide. Synonyms: Dertil; Bilevon; Bay 9015. |
niclosamide | An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48) |
nicorandil | A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase. |
nicotinamide mononucleotide | 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN. |
nicotine | Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. |
nicotine chewing gum | Chewing gum which contains NICOTINE. |
nicotinic acids | 2-, 3-, or 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acids. Pyridine derivatives substituted with a carboxy group at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position. The 3-carboxy derivative (NIACIN) is active as a vitamin. |
nicotinic agonists | Drugs that bind to and activate nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC). Nicotinic agonists act at postganglionic nicotinic receptors, at neuroeffector junctions in the peripheral nervous system, and at nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system. Agents that function as neuromuscular depolarizing ... |
nicotinic antagonists | Drugs that bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) and block the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. Nicotinic antagonists block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia, the skeletal neuromuscular junction, and at central nervous system nicotinic synapses. |
nicotinyl alcohol | Alcohol analog of NICOTINIC ACID which is a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened GANGRENE. |
nifedipine | A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. |
niflumic acid | An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. |
nifuratel | Local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally. |
nifurtimox | A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS. |
nigericin | A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
nikethamide | A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229) |
nimodipine | A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. |
nimorazole | An antitrichomonal agent which is effective either topically or orally and whose urinary metabolites are also trichomonicidal. |
nimustine | Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or th... |
ninhydrin | 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties. |
niobium | A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb. |
niridazole | An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete. |
nisin | A 34-amino acid polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptococcus lactis. It has been used as a food preservative in canned fruits and vegetables, and cheese. |
nisoldipine | A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina. |
nitracrine | Acridine antineoplastic agent used in mammary and ovarian tumors. It inhibits RNA synthesis. |
nitrates | Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. |
nitrazepam | A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic. |
nitrendipine | A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive. |
nitric acid | Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, ... |
nitric oxide | A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of... |
nitric oxide donors | A diverse group of agents, with unique chemical structures and biochemical requirements, which generate NITRIC OXIDE. These compounds have been used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and the management of acute myocardial infarction, acute and chronic congestive heart failure, and surgical control of blood pr... |
nitriles | Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE. |
nitrilotriacetic acid | A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.) |
nitrites | Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
nitroarginine | An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6) |
nitrobenzenes | BENZENE derivatives carrying nitro group substituents. |
nitrobenzoates | Benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more nitro groups. |
nitroblue tetrazolium | Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease. |
nitro compounds | Compounds having the nitro group, -NO2, attached to carbon. When attached to nitrogen they are nitramines and attached to oxygen they are NITRATES. |
nitrofurans | Compounds containing FURANS attached to a nitro group. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.