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What is the definition of vitamin k? | A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vi... |
What is the definition of vitamin k 1? | A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic ... |
What is the definition of vitamin k 2? | A group of substances similar to VITAMIN K 1 which contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinione and an isoprenoid side chain of varying number of isoprene units. In vitamin K 2, each isoprene unit contains a double bond. They are produced by bacteria including the normal intestinal flora. |
What is the definition of vitamin k 3? | A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo. |
What is the definition of vitamins? | Organic substances that are required in small amounts for maintenance and growth, but which cannot be manufactured by the human body. |
What is the definition of vitamin u? | A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract. |
What is the definition of volatile organic compounds? | Organic compounds that have a relatively high VAPOR PRESSURE at room temperature. |
What is the definition of voltage-gated sodium channel agonists? | Compounds that either stimulate the opening or prevent closure of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. |
What is the definition of voltage-gated sodium channel blockers? | A class of drugs that inhibit the activation of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. |
What is the definition of von willebrand factor? | A high-molecular-weight plasma protein, produced by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, that is part of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor complex. The von Willebrand factor has receptors for collagen, platelets, and ristocetin activity as well as the immunologically distinct antigenic determinants. It functions i... |
What is the definition of voriconazole? | A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A. |
What is the definition of vorinostat? | A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME. |
What is the definition of vortioxetine? | A piperazine derivative that acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. It is used for the treatment of anxiety and depression. |
What is the definition of v-set domain-containing t-cell activation inhibitor 1? | A B7 antigen subtype that inhibits the costimulation of T-cell activation, proliferation, cytokine production and development of cytotoxicity. The over expression of this protein in a variety of tumor cell types suggests its role in TUMOR IMMUNE EVASION. |
What is the definition of wakefulness-promoting agents? | A specific category of drugs that prevent sleepiness by specifically targeting sleep-mechanisms in the brain. They are used to treat DISORDERS OF EXCESSIVE SOMNOLENCE such as NARCOLEPSY. Note that this drug category does not include broadly-acting central nervous system stimulants such as AMPHETAMINES. |
What is the definition of warfarin? | An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemi... |
What is the definition of wasp venoms? | Venoms produced by the wasp (Vespid) family of stinging insects, including hornets; the venoms contain enzymes, biogenic amines, histamine releasing factors, kinins, toxic polypeptides, etc., and are similar to bee venoms. |
What is the definition of waste products? | Debris resulting from a process that is of no further use to the system producing it. The concept includes materials discharged from or stored in a system in inert form as a by-product of vital activities. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1981) |
What is the definition of wastewater? | Contaminated water generated as a waste product of human activity. |
What is the definition of water? | A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) |
What is the definition of water pollutants? | Substances or organisms which pollute the water or bodies of water. Use for water pollutants in general or those for which there is no specific heading. |
What is the definition of water pollutants, chemical? | Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water. |
What is the definition of water pollutants, radioactive? | Pollutants, present in water or bodies of water, which exhibit radioactivity. |
What is the definition of waxes? | A plastic substance deposited by insects or obtained from plants. Waxes are esters of various fatty acids with higher, usually monohydric alcohols. The wax of pharmacy is principally yellow wax (beeswax), the material of which honeycomb is made. It consists chiefly of cerotic acid and myricin and is used in making oint... |
What is the definition of west nile virus vaccines? | Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with WEST NILE VIRUS. |
What is the definition of wetting agents? | A surfactant that renders a surface wettable by water or enhances the spreading of water over the surface. |
What is the definition of wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein? | WASP protein is mutated in WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME and is expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells. It is the founding member of the WASP protein family and interacts with CDC42 PROTEIN to help regulate ACTIN polymerization. |
What is the definition of wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein family? | A family of microfilament proteins whose name derives from the fact that mutations in members of this protein family have been associated with WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME. They are involved in ACTIN polymerization and contain a polyproline-rich region that binds to PROFILIN, and a verprolin homology domain that binds G-AC... |
What is the definition of wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein, neuronal? | A member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family that is found at high levels in NERVE CELLS. It interacts with GRB2 ADAPTOR PROTEIN and with CDC42 PROTEIN. |
What is the definition of withanolides? | Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects. |
What is the definition of wnk lysine-deficient protein kinase 1? | A serine-threonine kinase which plays an important role in the regulation of electrolyte homeostasis, cell signaling, survival, and proliferation. It functions as an activator and inhibitor of sodium-coupled chloride co-transporters and as an inhibitor of potassium-coupled chloride co-transporters. Mutations in the WNK... |
What is the definition of wnt1 protein? | A proto-oncogene protein and member of the Wnt family of proteins. It is expressed in the caudal MIDBRAIN and is essential for proper development of the entire mid-/hindbrain region. |
What is the definition of wnt2 protein? | A proto-oncogene protein and member of the Wnt family of proteins. It is frequently up-regulated in human GASTRIC CANCER and is a tumor marker (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) of gastric and COLORECTAL CANCER. |
What is the definition of wnt3a protein? | A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE. |
What is the definition of wnt3 protein? | A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE. Defects in Wnt3 protein are associated with autosomal recessive tetra-AMELIA in humans. |
What is the definition of wnt4 protein? | A Wnt protein that is involved in regulating multiple developmental processes such as the formation of the KIDNEY; ADRENAL GLANDS; MAMMARY GLANDS; the PITUITARY GLAND; and the female reproductive system. Defects in WNT4 are a cause of ROKITANSKY KUSTER HAUSER SYNDROME. |
What is the definition of wnt-5a protein? | A Wnt protein and ligand for FRIZZLED RECEPTORS that may function as an inhibitor or activator of the WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY. For example, it activates signaling in the presence of Frizzled-4 but is inhibitory when coupled with ROR2 TYROSINE KINASE. It is required for axis formation during EMBRYOGENESIS and inhibits the... |
What is the definition of wnt proteins? | Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the t... |
What is the definition of wortmannin? | An androstadiene metabolite produced by the fungi PENICILLIUM funiculosum that inhibits PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-3-KINASES and alloantigen-specific activation of T-LYMPHOCYTES in human tumor cell lines. It is widely used in CELL BIOLOGY research and has broad therapeutic potential. |
What is the definition of xamoterol? | A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist. |
What is the definition of xanthenes? | Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring. |
What is the definition of xanthine? | A purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. It is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are ... |
What is the definition of xanthines? | Purine bases found in body tissues and fluids and in some plants. |
What is the definition of xanthinol niacinate? | A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension. |
What is the definition of xanthones? | A group of XANTHENES that contain a 9-keto OXYGEN. |
What is the definition of xanthophylls? | Oxygenated forms of carotenoids. They are usually derived from alpha and beta carotene. |
What is the definition of xanthopterin? | 2-Amino-1,5-dihydro-4,6-pteridinedione. Pigment first discovered in butterfly wings and widely distributed in plants and animals. |
What is the definition of xenon? | A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic. |
What is the definition of xenon isotopes? | Stable xenon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element xenon, but differ in atomic weight. Xe-124, 126, 128-131, 134, and 136 are stable xenon isotopes. |
What is the definition of xenon radioisotopes? | Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes. |
What is the definition of xipamide? | A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action. |
What is the definition of xylans? | Polysaccharides consisting of xylose units. |
What is the definition of xylazine? | An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE. |
What is the definition of xylenes? | A family of isomeric, colorless aromatic hydrocarbon liquids, that contain the general formula C6H4(CH3)2. They are produced by the destructive distillation of coal or by the catalytic reforming of petroleum naphthenic fractions. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed) |
What is the definition of xylitol? | A five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from XYLOSE by reduction of the carbonyl group. It is as sweet as sucrose and used as a noncariogenic sweetener. |
What is the definition of xylulose? | A 5-carbon keto sugar. |
What is the definition of yellow fever vaccine? | Vaccine used to prevent YELLOW FEVER. It consists of a live attenuated 17D strain of the YELLOW FEVER VIRUS. |
What is the definition of yohimbine? | A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION. |
What is the definition of ytterbium? | An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source. |
What is the definition of yttrium? | An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers. |
What is the definition of yttrium isotopes? | Stable yttrium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element yttrium, but differ in atomic weight. Y-89 is the only naturally occurring stable isotope of yttrium. |
What is the definition of yttrium radioisotopes? | Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes. |
What is the definition of zalcitabine? | A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, act... |
What is the definition of zanamivir? | A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE. |
What is the definition of zearalenone? | (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have ... |
What is the definition of zeatin? | An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed) |
What is the definition of zeaxanthins? | Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. |
What is the definition of zeolites? | Zeolites. A group of crystalline, hydrated alkali-aluminum silicates. They occur naturally in sedimentary and volcanic rocks, altered basalts, ores, and clay deposits. Some 40 known zeolite minerals and a great number of synthetic zeolites are available commercially. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
What is the definition of zeranol? | A non-steroidal estrogen analog. |
What is the definition of zeta carotene? | A carotenoid produced in most carotenogenic organisms. It is one of several sequentially synthesized molecules that are precursors to BETA CAROTENE. |
What is the definition of zidovudine? | A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-ter... |
What is the definition of zimeldine? | One of the SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385) |
What is the definition of zinc? | A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING,... |
What is the definition of zinc acetate? | A salt produced by the reaction of zinc oxide with acetic acid and used as an astringent, styptic, and emetic. |
What is the definition of zinc compounds? | Inorganic compounds that contain zinc as an integral part of the molecule. |
What is the definition of zinc isotopes? | Stable zinc atoms that have the same atomic number as the element zinc, but differ in atomic weight. Zn-66-68, and 70 are stable zinc isotopes. |
What is the definition of zinc oxide? | A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. |
What is the definition of zinc radioisotopes? | Unstable isotopes of zinc that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Zn atoms with atomic weights 60-63, 65, 69, 71, and 72 are radioactive zinc isotopes. |
What is the definition of zinc sulfate? | A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995) |
What is the definition of zineb? | An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure. |
What is the definition of zinostatin? | An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic. |
What is the definition of ziram? | An industrial fungicide with low mammalian toxicity, although it does possess an irritant capacity for skin and mucous membranes. |
What is the definition of zirconium? | A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr. |
What is the definition of zn-alpha-2-glycoprotein? | A soluble protein that stimulates LIPOLYSIS in ADIPOCYTES and causes the extensive fat losses associated with some advanced cancers. |
What is the definition of zolazepam? | A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals. |
What is the definition of zoledronic acid? | An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS. |
What is the definition of zolpidem? | An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA. |
What is the definition of zonisamide? | A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization. |
What is the definition of zoxazolamine? | A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood. |
What is the definition of zuclomiphene? | The cis or (Z)-isomer of clomiphene. |
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