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[Wikipedia:sco] Inglis leid
Inglis () is a Wast Germanic leid that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kinricks o England an spread intae whit wis tae become sooth-east Scotland unner the influence o the Anglian medieval kinrick o Northumbrie. Follaein the economic, poleetical, military, scienteefic, cultural, an colonial influence o Great Breetain an the Unitit Kinrick frae the 18t century, via the Breetish Empire, an o the Unitit States syne the mid-20t century, it haes been widely dispersed aroond the warld, become the leadin leid o internaitional discourse, an haes acquired uise as lingua franca in mony regions. It is widely learnit as a seicont leid an uised as an offeecial leid o the European Union an mony Commonwealth kintras, as well as in mony warld organisations. It is the third maist natively spoken leid in the warld, efter Mandarin Cheenese an Spaingie.
Historically, Inglis originatit frae the fusion o leids an dialects, noo collectively kent as Auld Inglis, whilk wur brocht tae the eastren coast o Great Breetain bi Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) settlers beginnin in the 5t century – wi the wird "Inglis" bein derived frae the name o the Angles. A significant nummer o Inglis wirds are constructit based on roots frae Latin, acause Latin in some form wis the lingua franca o the Christian Kirk an o European intellectual life. The leid wis faur influenced bi the Auld Norse leid wi Viking invasions in the 8t an 9t centuries.
The Norman conquest o Ingland in the 11t century gae rise tae hivy borrowins frae Norman-French, an vocabulary an spelling conventions began tae gie the superficial appearance o a close relationship wi Romance leids tae whit haed nou become Middle Inglis. The Great Vowel Shift that began in the sooth o Ingland in the 15t century is ane o the historical events markin the separation o Middle an Modern Inglis.
Awin tae the significant assimilation o various European leids throughoot historie, modren Inglis is aften seen as haein a gey muckle vocabulary. The Oxford Inglis Dictionary leets ower 250,000 distinct wirds, an daes nae include mony technical or slang terms, or wirds that belang tae multiple wird classes.
Etymology
The name "Inglis" comes frae the pairt o Germany an Denmark cried "Angeln".
The spellin Inglis is a leeterar archaism frae aulder Scots that enthusiasts is gey fond o. It wis sount (cf. Scottis), wi time the is wis cuttit tae s an the modren ootcome wis that can be seen in the faimly name wi the mair mensefu modren spellin Ingles. Maist fowk the nou says , English, tho some fowk scrieves Inglish fir fear that fowk micht soond the foregaun wrang. Mony fowk soonds Inglis efter the English soond-tae-letter spellin.
Significance
-1)]]
Modern Inglis, sumtimes descrived as the first global lingua franca, is the dominant leid or in some instances even the required internaitional leid o communications, science, information technology, business, aviation, entertainment, radio an diplomacy. Its spread ayont the Breetish Isles began wi the growthe o the Breetish Empire, an bi the late 19t century its reach wis truly global. Follaein the Breetish colonisation o North Americae, it acame the dominant leid in the Unitit States an in Canadae. The growin economic an cultural influence o the US an its status as a global superpouer syne Warld War II hae significantly acceleratit the leid's spread across the planet.
A wirkin kennin o Inglis haes become a requirement in a number o fields, occupations an professions sic as medicine an computin; as a consequence ower a billion fowk speak Inglis tae at least a basic level (see Inglis leid learnin an teachin). It is ane o sax offeecial les o the Unitit Nations.
Ane impact o the growthe o Inglis haes been tae reduce native linguistic diversity in mony pairts o the warld, an its influence continues tae play an important role in leid attrition. Conversely the naitural internal variety o Inglis alang wi creoles an pidgins hae the potential tae produce new distinct leids frae Inglis ower time.
Notes
Soorces
*
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[Wikipedia:sco] Scots leid
Scots or Lawland Scots (Inglis: Scots or Lowland Scots; ) is a Wast Germanic leid o tha Anglic varietie that's spaken on tha Lawlands o Scotland an en tha stewartrie o Ulster en Ireland (whaur it's kent as "Ulster-Scots", "Scotch", or "Ullans"). En maist airts, it is spaken anent tha an Inglis leid. Historically, it wis kent as "Lallans" or "Doric" but thir terms uisually noo refer tae mair soothren an northren byleids respectively.
Up til tha 15t yeirhunder Scottis (modern furm Scots) wis the name o the Gallic, the Celtic leid o the aunshint Scots. Thaim that bruikit Scots cried tha Gaelic Erse (meinin Irish). Tha Gallic o Scotland is noo maistly cried the Scots Gallic an is yit spaken bi sum en tha western Scots Hielands an ilands. Fur tha maist pairt, Scots originatit fae tha Northumbrian variety o Anglo-Saxon (Auld Inglis), tho wi a meikle influence fae the Auld Norse o the Vikings, the Dutch an law Saxon thro troke wi (an incummers fae) tha law kintras, an tha Romance fae itse uise in the Kirk an legal Latin, Anglo-Norman an possibly Pairisian French cause o the Auld Alliance.
Anglian spikkers wir weil staiblisht in sooth-eist Scotland bi tha 7t yeirhunder. In tha 13t yeirhunder Norman launainers an thair reteiners, speakin Northumbrian Middil Inglis, war bade tae cum an sattil bi tha King. Scots kyth'd fer tha first tym en scrieved form en tha mids o tha 14t yeirhunder an didnae differ mukkil fae ither northren Inglis byleids. The Anglian leid o Scotland gra an its ain sinsyn. Bi tha lat 15t yeirhunder tha sicht fowk haed o tha differs wi tha leid spaken faurder sooth cam til tha fore an Scots-spikkin Scots begoud tae crie thair leid "Scots". Scots haes lend-wirds fae tha fak thit tha Scots fowk haed contak wi Gaelic spikkers. Thair lend-wirds is fer ordinair anerlì fer geographical an cultural hings, sik as clan an loch. Lyk onì leivin leid, Scots haes chynged ae bittie ower tha yeirs, tho hit haes arguablì stey'd naurer til its Anglo-Saxon springheid nor Inglis. Monie Scots wirds hae becum pairt o the Inglis ava: flit, greed, eerie, cuddle, clan, stob.
In Scotland's census o 2011, ae speir on Scots wis speired.
Scrieved Scots
Mony writers the noo evyts apostrophes whaur thay ar thocht tae shaw letters thit's "missin" fae Ingles (the apologetic apostrophe). Sikna letters niver war missin in Scots at aw. For exemple, in the twalt yeirhunner, Barbour spelt the Scots cognate o taken as 'tane'. Hæin been nae k in the wird for mair nor 700 yeir, shawin the want o't wi ae apostrophe coud be caa'd specious. The modren spellin is for ordinair 'taen'. Vouel nummers is fae Aitken an the phonetics is en IPA. Maugre the establisht tradeetional spellin conventions descrived ablo, durin the twantiet yeirhunner ae wheen o propones fur spellin reform wis pitten forrit. Commentin on sicweys, John Corbett (2003: 260) writes thit "devisin ae normativ ortografee fer Scots haes been waen o the grattest linguestic hobbies o the past centuair." An writin anent the affcome o thon in Lallans 57, Caroline Macafee merkit that spellin reform "haes had the effeck o caain doun the kynd-o-a staudartisation that aareadie existin" an that "Spellin haes gotten tae be ae free-fur-aw, wi the tradeetional model bemeanit, an nae populair replacement" leadin til mair speelin variation, nae less.
Consonants
Maist consonants is fer ordinair soondit sic n sae as en Inglis bit:
*c: or , as en Inglis.
*ch: , gh an aw. Medial 'cht' micht be in Northren dialects. loch, nicht, dochter, dreich, etc. Seemilar til the German "Nacht".
*ch: waird ineetial or whaur it follaes 'r' . airch, mairch, etc.
*ck: at the end o a silable n whan intervocaleec efter ae cuttie vouel e.g. bick, geck, muckle, ruck, etc.
*gn: . In Northren dialects micht kythe.
*kn: . In Northren dialects or micht kythe. knap knee, knowe, etc.
*ng: is aye .
*nch: fer ordinair . brainch, dunch, etc.
*r: or is pronoonced in aw positions, i.e. rhoteeclie.
*s or se: or .
*t: micht be ae glottal stap atween vouels or waird final. En Ulster dentalised soondins micht kythe an aw, even fer 'd'.
*th: or as is Inglis. En Mid Northren varieties n intervocallic micht be soondit . Initial 'th' en thing, think and thank, etc. micht be .
*wh: fer ordinair , aulder . Northren byleids haes an aw.
*wr: mair aften bit micht be en Northern byleids. wrack, wrang, write, wrocht, etc.
*z: or , micht kythe en som wirds aes ae substitute fer the aulder <> (yoch). Fer example: brulzie, gaberlunzie n the names Menzies, Finzean, Culzean, Mackenzie etc. (Aes aen affcome o the want o edducation in Scots, Mackenzie is nou generally soondit wi ae follaein the perceeved soondin o the scrieved form, aes mair controversial is whiles Menzies.)
Seelent letters
*The wird final 'd' in nd n ld bit aften soodit in derived forms. Whiles jist 'n' n 'l' or 'n'' n 'l'' e.g. auld n haund etc., aes en the Dens leid.
*'t' en medial cht ('ch' = ) n st n afore final en e.g. fochten, thristle n the 't' in aften etc. an aw., as in Inglis.
*'t' en wird final ct n pt bit aften soondit en derived forms e.g. respect n accept etc.
Vouels
Fer ae histereecal luikower see the Phonologeecal histerie o Scots.
The vouel seestem o Scots (in IPA):
En Scots, vouel length is fer ordinair condeetiont bi the Scots Vouel Lenth Rule. Wirds that differ jist ae bittie en soondin fae Scots Ingils is fer ordinair spelt aes en Ingils. Ither wirds micht be spelt the same wa bit differ en soondin, fer ensaumple: aunt, swap, want n wash wi , bull, full v. n pull wi , bind, find n wind v., etc. wi .
*The onstrest vouel micht be shawn bi onie vouel letter.
*a (vowel 17): fer ordinair , aften en sooth wast n Ulster byleids, bit en Northren byleids. Maurk final a (vouel 12) en awa, twa an wha micht be , , or an aw depending on the byleid.
*au, aw (vouel 12) or en Soothren, Central n Ulster byleids bit in Northren bileids, wi au fer ordinair in medial poseetions n aw in final poseetions. Sometimes a or a' representin L-vocalisation. The digraph aa kythes an aw, speciallie in scrieved representations o the () soondin in Northren n Insular byleids. The cluster 'auld' micht be in Ulster an aw, e.g. aw, cauld, braw, faw, snaw, etc.
*ai (vouel 8) en ineetial n medial poseetions n a(consonant)e (vowel 4). The graphemes ae (vouel 4) n ay (vouel 8) fer ordinair in final poseetions. Aw generallie . Aften afore . The merger o vouel 8 wi 4 haes resultit in the digraph ai occurrin en some wairds wi vouel 4 n a(consonant)e occurrin in some wairds wi vouel 8, e.g. saip, hale, ane, ance, bane, etc. n waird final brae n day etc. The digraph ae kythes fer vouel 7 an aw en dae, tae v. an shae. En Northren byleids the vouel en the cluster 'ane' is aften n efter n daurk the soondin micht kythe. En Sooth Scots n monie Central n Ulster varieties ae, ane n ance micht be soondit , n aften scrieved yae, yin n yince en byleid writin.
*ea, ei (vouel 3), haes generallie merged wi (vouel 2) or (vouel 4 or 8) dependin on the by leid. micht kythe afore . En Northren varieties the soondin micht be efter an n en the faur north micht kythe en aw environments. deid, heid, meat, clear etc.
*ee (vouels 2 an 11), e(Consonant)e (vouel 2). Whiles ei n i.e. wi ei fer ordinair afore ch (), bit en ae few ither wairds an aw, n ie fer ordinair afore l an v. The soondin is fer ordinair bit en Northren varieties micht be efter n . Final vouel 11 () micht be en Southren byleids. e.g. e, een, speir , steek, here, etc. The digraph ea kythes en ae few wairds lyk sea n tea an aw.
*e (vouel 16): . bed, het, yett, etc.
*eu (vouel 7 afore an see ui): or dependin on dialect. Whiles u(consonant)e. Whiles u phonetically an oo efter Staundart Ingils kythes an aw, e.g. beuk, eneuch, keuk, leuk, teuk etc.
*ew (vouel 14): . En Northren bileids a ruit final 'ew' micht be . few, new, etc.
*i (Vouel 15): , but aften varies atween an specially efter 'w' an 'wh'. kythes en Ulster an aw afore voiceless consonants. big, fit, wid, etc.
*i(consonant)e, y(consonant)e, ey (vouels 1, 8a an 10): or . 'ay' is fer ordinair bit in ay n aye. En Dundee hit is ae kenspeckle .
*o (vouel 18): bit aften mergin wi vouel 5 () aften speelt phoneteeclie oa in byleid speelins lyk boax (box), coarn (corn), Goad (God)joab (job) n oan (on) etc.
*oa (vouel 5): .
*oi, oy (vouel 9)
*ow, owe (ruit final), seendle ou (vouel 13): . Afore 'k' vocalisation til micht kythe speciallie en wastren n Ulster byleids. bowk, bowe, howe, knowe, cowp, yowe, etc.
*ou the ordinair leeterar speelin o vouel 6. Whiles u(consonant)e en some wairds: the foregane aften representit bi oo, ae 19t centuair lend fae Staundairt Ingils. Ruit final micht kythe en Soothren byleids. cou, broun, hoose, moose etc.
*u (vouel 19): . but, cut, etc.
*ui, the ordinair leeterar speelin o vouel 7 (binna afore an see eu), the speelin u(consonant)e whiles kythed, speciallie afore nasals, n oo fae the speelin o Staundairt Ingils cognates: in conservative byleids. In pairts o Fife, Dundee north Aintrim . In Northren byleids fer ordinair bit efter n aften speelt ee in byleid writin, n an aw afore en some airts e.g. fuird. Mid Doun n Donegal byleids haes . En central n north Doun byleids merger wi vouel 15 () occurs whan cuttie n vouel 8 () whan lang, aften scrieved ai en byleid writin, e.g. buird, buit, cuit, fluir, guid, schuil, etc. En central byleids uise v. an uiss n. (use) is an .
Some graimmar featurs
The definit airtikil
The is bruikit afore the names o saisons, days o the week, monie nouns, illnesses, tredds, occupations, sciences n acadeemic subjeks. It's aften bruikit in stead o the indefinit airtikil n instad o a possesseev pronoun n aw: the hairst, the Wadensday, awa til the kirk, the nou, the dei, the haingles, the Laitin, The deuk ett the bit breid, the wife etc.
Nouns
Nouns fer ordinair eiks –(e)s fer the plural bit some irraigulair plurals kith: ee/een, cauf/caur, horse/horse, cou/kye, shae/shuin.
Nouns o meisur an quantitie byds the same en the plural fower fit, twa mile, five pund, three hunnerwecht.
Raigular plurals incluid laifs, leafs, shelfs n wifes, etc.
Dimeenuteeves
Dimeenuteeves wi –ie, burnie (wee burn), feardie/feartie, gamie, kiltie, postie, wifie, rhodie, an wi ock, bittock, playock, sourock n Northren –ag, bairnag (wee bairn), Cheordag, -ockie, hooseockie, wifeockie, baith is influenced bi the Scots Gaelic dimeenuteeve -ag.
Modal verbs
The modal verbs mey, ocht tae, an sall isna aften bruikit in Scots n this is histereec, bit is whiles still fand in anglifie'd leeterair Scots. Can, shid, n will/wul is the prefer'd Scots maks.
Scots employs doobel modal maks He'll no can cum the day, A micht cud cum the morn, A uised tae cud dae hit, but no nou.
Praisent tense o verbs
The praisent tense o verbs ends en –s en aw persons n nummers cept whan a singil personal pronoun is nex til the verb, Thay say he's ower wee, Thaim that says he's ower wee, Thir lassies says he's ower wee etc. Thay'r cummin an aw bit Five o thaim's cummin, The lassies? Thay'v went bit Ma brakes haes went. Thaim that cums first is ser'd first. The trees growes green en the simmer.
Wis micht can tak the steid o war, but na widdershins: Ye were/wis thaur.
Past tense o verbs
The raigulair past form o the verb is –(i)t or –(e)d, gaun bi the aforegaun consonant or vouel hurtit, skelpit, Mendit, kent/kenned, cleant/cleaned, skreived, telt/tauld, dee'd. Some verbs haes kenspeakle maks greet/grat/grutten, fesh/fuish/fuishen, lauch/leuch/lauchen, gae/gaed/gane, gie/gied/gien, pit/pat/pitten, git/gat/gotten.
Wird order
Scots aften haes tha wird order He turnt oot tha licht an na He turnt tha licht oot an Gie me hit an na Gie hit til me.
Antrin verbs is aften uised progressive He wis thinkin he wad tell her, He wis wantin tae tell her.
Verbs o motion micht be drappit afore aen adverb or adverb phrases o motion Ah'm awa til ma bed, That's me awa hame, Ah'll intil tha hoose an see him.
Partecipils gaes til tha end o tha clause mair aften nor in Inglis whaur chynge o state is impleid (pairtéculair in Ulster): He's awfu auld gettin, Ah hae ma siller chynged.
Ordinal nummers
Ordinal nummers ends wi –t seicont, fowert, fift, saxt etc. first, Thrid/third.
Adverbs
Adverbs fer ordinair taks the same mak aes the verb ruit or adjecteeve specialie efter verbs. Haein ae real guid day. She's gey fauchelt.
Adverbs is shaped wi –s, -lies, lins, gate(s) an wey(s) – whyls, mebbes, brawlies, geylies, aiblins, airselins, hauflins, hidlins, maistlins, awgates, ilkagate, oniegate, ilkawey, onywey(s), endweys, fit weys.
Subordinate clauses
Verbless subordinate clauses is brocht en wi, n pittin ower surpreese or skunner She haed tae walk the hale length o the road n her sieven month pregnant, He telt me tae rin n me wi ma sair leg.
Negation
Negation is pitten ower bi bruikin the adverb na, en the North Eist nae, as in Ah'm na cummin, or bi bruikin the suffix –na (soondin lippens oan byleid), aes in "A dinnae ken", Thay canna cum n We coudna hae telt him.
The uiss wi na is fer ordinair taen foreby –na wi contractabil auxiliair verbs lyk –ll fer will, or en ay nae speirins wi onie auxiliair He'll na cum n Did he na cum?
Reelateeve pronoon
The reelateeve pronoon is that ('at is anither mak borraed fae the Norse bit hit can cum aboot bi contraction) fer aw persons n nummers, bit micht be drappit Thaur's na monie fowk (that) byds en that glen. The anglifie'd maks wha, wham, whase, n the auld-farrant whilk is j ist leeterair pensfuness; whilk is alanerlie bruikit eftir ae statement He said he'd tint hit, whilk wis na whit we wantit tae hear. The possesseeve cums aboot bi eikin s or bi bruikin aen appropriate pronoon The wifie that's hoose gat burnt, the wumman that her dochter gat mairit; the men that thair boat wis tint.
The thrid adjecteeve/adverb yon/yonder, thon/thonder pynts oot sommit that's faur fae the speaker n the leestener, D'ye see yon/thon hoose ower yonder/thonder? The plurals o this n that is thae n thir. Northren byleids taks this n that fer the plural ava.
Hamelt leids
Scots haes monie hamelt leids, or byleids. Thir include;
* Sooth Scots
* Doric
* Shetlandic
* Urban Scots (Scots as spaken in tha céties o Aiberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee an Glesgae)
* Central Scots
* Northren Scots
* Ulster Scots (Spaken in Northren Irland an Coontie Dunnagal)
See foreby
* IPA chairt fer Scots
* Scots Language Centre
References
* Aitken, A.J. (1977) How to Pronounce Older Scots in Bards and Makars. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press.
* Aitken, A. J. (1987) The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 0-08-034530-1
* Caldwell, S.J.G. (1974) The Pronoun in Early Scots. Helsinki, Société Néophilique.
* Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (Editors)(2003) The Edinburgh Companion to Scots. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2
* Eagle, Andy (2005) Wir Ain Leid. Scots-Online. Available in full at http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf
* Jones, Charles (1997) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. ISBN 0-7486-0754-4
* Jones, Charles (1995) A Language Suppressed: The pronunciation of the Scots language in the 18th century. Edinburgh, John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-427-3
* Kingsmore, Rona K. (1995) Ulster Scots Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0711-7
* McClure, J. Derrick (1997) Why Scots Matters. Edinburgh, Saltire Society. ISBN 0-85411-071-2
* McKay, Girvan (2007) The Scots Tongue (La skota lingvo), Polyglot Publications, Tullamore, Ireland.
* Niven, Liz; Jackson, Robin (Eds.) (1998) The Scots Language: its place in education. Watergaw Publications. ISBN 0-9529978-5-1
* Robertson, T.A.; Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Use of the Shetland Dialect. Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd.
* Ross, David; Smith, Gavin D. (Editors)(1999) Scots-English, English-Scots Practical Dictionary. New York, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0779-4
* Scottish Language Dictionaries (1985) Concise Scots Dictionary . Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-01-0
* Scottish Language Dictionaries (1990) Scots Thesaurus. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-03-7
* Warrack, Alexander (Editor)(1911) Chambers Scots Dictionary. Chambers.
* Yound, C.P.L. (2004) Scots Grammar. Scotsgate. Available in full at http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf
Fremmit airtins
* Dictionar o the Scots Leid – 22 volumes o Scots
* Byleid cairt
* Scots-online
* The Scots Language Society
* Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.
* SLD's Scuil Wab – fer bairns o aw ages
* ScotsteXt—beuks, poems an texts in Scots
* A Tait Wanchancie.
* SAMPA for Scots
* Scots in Skuils
* Scots at the Varsitie
* Scottish words – illustrated
* Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech – Multimedia corpus of Scots and Scottish English
* Scots Language Centre
* Words Without Borders Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung
* Scots Syntax Atlas
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[Wikipedia:sco] Scots Gaelic
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The Scots Gaelic leid () is a Goidelic, Celtic leid an ane o the hamelt leids o Scotland.
It is a Q-Celtic leid that's spak in Scotland (in muckler proportions in the northren pairt o Scotland (the Hielands an Islands), an abreed in Canadae (Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia). It is sib tae the Erse an the Manx Gaelic leid, an tae the Welsh, Cornish an Breton forby.
It wis spak in maist o the Lawlands an aw, as can be seen bi literature an place names:
* Buchan – Buik o Deer, auldest beuk in the Scots Gaelic
* Caithness – The Caithness book
* Gallowa & Ayrshire – Robert the Bruce an Walter Kennedy baith spak Scots Gaelic.
* Glesca – "Auchenshuggle", "Govan", "Drumchapel" etc. aw cam fae Scots Gaelic an aw. Glesca still haes a michty community the day o Gaels that speaks the Gaelic, an is hame tae the first Gaelic medium Secondary School.
History
Thare wis a kinrick in Ulster haurd forenenst the coast richt alang bi the Giant's Causey cried Dalriada wi a wheen o warriors cried the Scots.
The Scots invaded an settlet in Argyll an brocht thair leid wi them. The Gaelic leid replaced the Pechtish leid athort Scotland wi the help o the Gaelic speakin kirk an the unification o Scotland. (See History o Scotland forby). In the 1700s, Gaelic wis the main written an spaken leid o the Hielands but wis confined tae that pairt o Scotland as the feck leid.
The first translate o the Bible intae Scots Gaelic wisna makkit til 1767 whan Dr James Stuart o Killin an Dugald Buchanan o Rannoch shapit a translate o the New Testament. Gey few European leids hae makkit the transition tae a modren leeterar leid athoot an early modren translate o the Bible. Gaelic no haein sic a translate til the late aichteent century nae doubt contreibutit tae the decline o Scots Gaelic.
Scots Gaelic the day
The day, it is spoken anerly bi aboot 60,000 fowk in Scotland an aiblins 1,000–2,000 in Nova Scotia, Canadae. Anerly the Wastren Isles o Scotland hae mair fowk that can speak the leid nor no (61% o the fowk speak Gaelic). The place in Scotland wi the muckle maist percentage o Scots Gaelic speakers is a clachan cried Barvas on the Isle o Lewis. Here, 74.7% o the fowk speak the langage. Mony fowk are stairtin tae lear the leid.
Relation til ither leids
Scots Gaelic is gey close tae Erse an Manx, the ither Goidelic leids an thur written forms are whiles e'en mutually inteligible tae ilka ither.
The Pechts wis in whit is nou Scotland lang afore the Scots or Scotland, an acause o this Scots Gaelic haes some o thair tongue in it. Wirds the likes o "Ben" (Heid/Peak) an "Aber" (Gub o a muckle river) gies us a keek at whit the aulder leid o Scotland. Ben an Aber is niver foond in the Erse but are in the Welsh, Cornish an Breton forby.
Syne the 16t-centurie, thar increasin uiss o Scots an Scots hank on Gaelic; acause o the Statutes o Iona (1609) an the Scuilin Act (1616), mony Hieland Gaels wis gart tae gang tae the Lallans an learn Inglis (then the term fae Lallans Scots).
See forbye
* Bòrd na Gàidhlig
* Leids o Scotland
** Scots leid
** Scots Inglis
* Erse leid
* Manx leid
* Welsh leid
References
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[Wikipedia:sco] Scotland
:For mair airticles adae wi fowk, steids an things in Scotland tak a keek at :category:Scotland.
Scotland (; ; , ) is a kintra in north wastren Europe, an is wan o the fower kintras that maks the Unitit Kinrick. It taks up the northren thurd o the Great Breetain. Sooth o Scotland is Ingland, an is bund bi the German Ocean til the east an the Atlantic Ocean til the north an wast.
Scotland wis ance a free kinrick, but syne gaed intil a union wi England in 1603, whan Jeams VI o Scotland becam Jeams I o England efter the deith o Elspeth I. This union wis makkit formal on 1 Mey 1707 bi the Treaty o Union. The Scots Pairlament wis gotten rid o on 26 Mairch. The union southert baith kinricks, makkin the Kinrick o Great Breetain, wi a new single Pairlament haudden in Wastmeenster, Lunnon, but some pairts o Scotland's institutions, merkit the laund's naitional kirk an scuilin an legal systems, wis hauden apairt. In 1801, Scotland becam ane o the three launds o the Unitit Kinrick, alang wi England an Ireland (nou juist Northren Ireland). Wales is nou seen for uisual as anither laund, awtho it wis juist a principality o the kinrick o England in 1707.
In 1997, the Scots fowk voted tae hae a new pairlament, estaiblisht by the UK government in the Scotland Act 1998. The nou reconvened Scots Pairlament haes been gien the pouer tae govern the laund on maist Scots maiters, but haesna ower muckle pouer wi taxes, awtho it dis hae the pouer tae chynge the UK income tax rate bi 3p in the pund.
Scotland's size is maistly that estaiblisht by the 1237 Treaty o York atween Scotland an England an the 1266 Treaty o Perth atween Scotland an Norawa. Exceptions is the Isle o Mann, that is nou a croun dependency ootwi the Unitit Kinrick, Orkney an Shetland, that is nou Scots raither nor Dens, an Berwick, that wis defined as subject til the laws o England by the 1746 Wales an Berwick Act.
The patron saunt o Scotland is Saunt Andra, an St Andra's Day is on 30 November but it haesna been celebrate muckle syne the Reformation.
The wird Scot wis taen frae the Laitin an its uiss micht weel date fae aboot the first hauf o the 10t centurie, whan it first kythed in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle an harkent til the Laund o the Gaels, analogous til the Laitin Scotia. The ither name is "Caledonie", that's gien tae some pairts o the New Warld an colonies, like New Caledon. Scots kings adoptit the teetle Basileus/Rex Scottorum (= Hie King/King o the Gaels, basileus meanin sovereign in the Greek, an rex meanin king in the Laitin) an Rex Scotiae (King o Gael-Land) sometime in the 11t century, likely swee'd by the style Imperator Scottorum kent tae hae been uised bi Brian Bóruma in Ireland in 1005. In modren times the wird "Scot" is uised equaly for aw indwallers nae maiter wha thair forebeirs wis. This is acause the kintra haess haed a ceevic raither nor a single kin orientation for maist o the last thoosand year.
History
wi Goídel Glas, on thair vaige frae Egyp, as depicted in a 15t century manuscript o the Scotichronicon o Walter Bower.]]
Early history
Repeated glaciations, that kivered the hale laund-mass o modren Scotland, hae malafoustered ony traces that micht hae existit o bodies bidin thare afore the Mesolithic period. It is thocht that the first post-glacial groups o hunter-gaitherers wan til Scotland aboot 12,800 year syne, as the ice sheet retreated efter the last glaciation. Groups o sattlers begoud biggin the first kent permanent hooses on Scots syle aroond 9,500 year aby, an the first clachans around 6,000 year syne. The weel-presered clachan o Skara Brae on the Mainlaund o Orkney dates frae this period. Neolithic habitation, buirial an reetual steids is in parteecular common an weel-presered in the Northren Isles an Wastren Isles, whaur want o trees led tae maist structurs bein biggit wi local stane.
Roman influence
, a neolithic dounset, located in the Bay o Skaill, Orkney.]] Hilton o Cadboll Stane.]] The written protohistory o Scotland begoud wi the in comin o the Roman Empire in soothren an central Great Breetain, whan the Romans occupied whit is nou Ingland an Wales, administerin it as a province cried Britannia. Roman invasions an occupations o soothren Scotland war a series o brief interludes. In 83–4 AD the general Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeated the Caledonians at the battle o Mons Graupius, an Roman forts war briefly set alang the Gask Ridge naur tae the Hieland line (nane are kent tae hae been constructed ayont that line). Three year efter the battle the Roman airmies haed resiled tae the Soothren Uplands. Thay pit up Hadrian's Waw for tae haud in the tribes on baith sides o the waw, an the Limes Britannicus becam the northren laundmairch o the empire, awtho the airmy hauden on tae the Antonine Waw in the Central Lawlands for twa short periods—the hindmaist o thaim wis durin the time o Emperor Septimius Severus frae 208 till 210. The extent o Roman military occupation o ony significant pairt o Scotland wis limited tae a total o aboot 40 year, awtho thair influence on the soothren section o the kintra occupeed by Brythonic tribes sic as the Votadini an Damnonii wad still hae been considerable.
Medieval period
Modern history
".]]
In 1603, James VI, King o Scots inherited the throne o the Kinrick o Ingland, an becam King James I o Ingland, an left Edinburgh for Lunnon. Apairt frae a short period unner the Protectorate, Scotland steyed a sinder state, but there wis guid puckle conflict atween the croun an the Covenanters ower the form o kirk government. Efter the Glorious Revolution, the abolition o episcopacy an the dingin doun o the Roman Catholic James VII by William an Mary, Scotland briefly shored tae wale a different Protestant monarch frae Ingland. In 1707, the Scots Pairlament an the Pairlament o Ingland enacted the twin Acts o Union that led tae Scotland's formal incorporation intae the Kinrick o Great Breetain.
The deponed Jacobite Stuart claimants haed steyed popular in the Hielands an nor'east, in parteecular amangst non-Presbyterians. Houaniver, twa major Jacobite uprisings launched in 1715 an 1745 failt tae remuive the Hoose o Hanover frae the British throne. The threit o the Jacobite muivement tae the Unitit Kinrick an its monarchs effective endit at the Battle o Culloden, Great Breetain's last pitched battle. This defeat paved the wey for lairge-scale remuivals o the indwallers o the Hielands an Islands, kent as the Hieland Clearances.
The Scots Enlightenment an the Industrial Revolution makkit Scotland intae an intellectual, commercial an industrial pouerhoose. Efter Seicont Warld Weir, Scotland experienced an industrial decline that wis parteecular severe. Anerly in raicent decades haes the kintra enjoyed something o a cultural an economic renaissance. Economic factors that hae contribute tae this recovery include a resurgent financial services industry, electronics manufacturin, (see Silicon Glen), an the German Ocean ile an gas industry.
Follaein a referendum on devolution proposals in 1997, the Scotland Act 1998 wis passed by the Unitit Kinrick Pairlament for tae estaiblish a devolved Scots Pairlament.
Ilands
Scotland haes mair nor 790 ilands, that ar sindert intil fower groups: Shetland, Orkney, an the Hebrides, that ar sub-dividit intil the Inner Hebrides an Ooter Hebrides, the ail o Mull isnae ti be forgotten.
References
See forby
*
* Places o Scotland
* Cooncil areas o Scotland
* Thar's this airticle spoken an aw! Listen til the spokin airticle
*: (version o airticle whan it wis spoken)
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[Wikipedia:sco] Edinburgh
Edinburgh (Ulster Scots: Eedinburra, Scots Gaelic: Dùn Èideann; whiles cried Embra, Embro or Edinburrie an aw) is the caipital city o Scotland, an is the kintra's seicont mucklest city efter Glesga, that is 45 mile (72 km) tae the wast. It is the seivent mucklest city in the Unitit Kinrick. Edinburgh is ane o Scotland's 32 local govrenment cooncil areas (see: City o Edinburgh) - this cooncil area includes urban Edinburgh an a 30 sq mile (78 sq km) landwaird area. In the census o 2011, thare wis 476,600 indwallers.
Locatit in the sooth-east o Scotland, Edinburgh is on the east coast o Scotland's Central Belt, alang the Firth o Forth, nearby the North Sea. It haes muckle gaitherin o stane Medieval an Georgian airchitectur.
It haes been the caipital city syne aboot 1437 (replacin Pairth), an is the hame o the Scots Pairlament. The city wis ane o the heidmaist centres o the Enlichtenment, led bi the Varsity o Edinburgh, an sic thinkers as Dauvit Hume, Adam Smith, James Hutton an mony ithers, giein it the byname The Athens o the North. The Auld Toun an New Toun o Edinburgh wis leetit as a UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid in 1995. The city haes mair nor 4500 listit biggins.
Etymology
The oreigin o ceety's name in Scots is unnerstuid tae come frae the Brythonic Din Eidyn (Fort o Eidyn) frae the time whan it wis a Gododdin braefort. In the first century the Romans recordit the Votadini as a Brythonic tribe or kinrick i the aurie, an aboot AD 600 the poem Y Gododdin, uisin the Brythonic mak o thon name, descreives werriours feastin "in Eidin's great haw."
It cam tae be kent bi the Bernician Angles as Edin-burgh. Sum fowk syne jaloused this wis taen frae the Anglo-Saxon for "Edwin's Fort", wi a reference tae the 7t century king Edwin o Northumbrie. Houane'er, syne the name appeiringly predates King Edwin, this isna gey likely ava. The burgh pairt means "fortress" or "wawed curn o biggins" - i.e. a toun or ceity, an is sib tae the German burg an the Laitin parcus. Burgh is jist an owersettin o the Brythonic Din; Edin is untranslatit.
Ither names
The ceety haes the byname Auld Reekie acause whan the biggins wis heatit bi coal an wid ingles, lums wad boak oot muckle colums o thick black reek intae the air.
Sum haes cried Edinburgh the Athens o the North an Auld Greekie efter its intellectual history, an for its topography, wi the Auld Toun o Edinburgh performin a seimilar role tae the Athenian Acropolis. Edinburgh is an aa kent bi twa-thrie Laitin names; Aneda, Edina (that crops up in leeteratur, sic as that o Burns or Fergusson) or Edinensis (that can be seem on monie eddicational biggins).
Edinburgh haes an aa been kent as Dunedin, taen frae the Gaelic Dùn Èideann. Dunedin in New Zealand wis oreiginally cried "New Edinburgh" an is still gied the byname the "Edinburgh o the South". Ben Jonson descreivit it as Britain's ithir ee, an Walter Scott cried it yon Empress o the North.
Pairts o Edinburgh
The Auld Toun
Main airticle: Auld Toun, Edinburgh
The Auld Toun haes preservit its medieval lay-oot an monie Reformation-era biggins. Ane end is closed bi the Edinburgh Castle an the main gate, the Royal Mile, leads awa frae it (wee closes an wynds gang aff the Royal Mile dounhill on aither side o the main spine in a "herrinbane" patren). Lairge squares merk whaur merkets wis aince locate an surroond public biggins sic as Saunt Giles Cathedral an the Law Courts. Ithir notable places nearhaun include the Royal Museum o Scotland, Surgeons' Haw an the McEwan Haw. The street lay-oot is teipical o the aulder pairts o monie northren European ceities, an whuar the castle sits on the tap o a rocky crag (the remains o a deid volcano) the Royal Mile rins doun the crest o a rig frae it.
Due tae space restrictions gied bi the narraness o the "tail" (aidit bi the biggin o the Flodden Waw efter 1513), the Auld Toun becam hame tae sum o the eirliest "heich rise" residential biggins. Monie-flaired dwallins kent as lands wis ordinar frae the 1500s onwawrds wi ten an eleiven flairs bein teipical an ane e'en raxed tae fowerteen flairs. Eikit tae this, monie vaults ablo gate level wis bydit in bi the muckle influx o immigrants durin the Industrial Revolution. Thir still gie tift tae auld-threips o an unnergrun ceity.
The New Toun
Main airticle: New Toun o Edinburgh
The New Toun wis an 18t century solution tae the fyke o the mair an mair croudit Auld Toun. The ceity haed remainit gey compack, confinit tae the rig rinnin doun frae the castle. In 1766, a competeetion tae design the New Toun wis won bi James Craig, a 22 year auld airchitect. The plan that wis bigged creatit a rigid, reddit grid, that fittit weil wi enlichtenment norries o rationality. The heidmaist gate wis tae be George Street, that folloaes the naitural rig tae the north o the Auld Toun. Aither side o it is the ithir main gates o Princes Street an Queen Street. Princes Street haes synesen becam the heidmaist shoppin street in Edinburgh, an no monie Georgian biggins survive on it. Jynin thir gates thegithir is a series o perpendicular gates. At the eist an wast ends is St Andrew Sqaure an Charlotte Square respecteivly. The hinmaist wis designed bi Robert Adam an aften thocht o as ane o the brawest Georgian squares in the wurld. Bute Hous, the offeical dwallin o the First Meenister o Scotland, is on the north side o Charlotte Square.
Sittin in the glen atween the Auld an New Touns wis the Nor Loch, that wis maistly a place for horsin awa keich an ithir rubbish. Bi the 1820s it wis drained. Sum plans shaw that a canal wis ettled, but Princes Street Gairdens wis creatit insteid (1830-1876). Left ower eirth frae the makkin o the biggins wis horsed in the loch, makkin whit's nou The Mound. In the mid 19t century the Naitional Gallery o Scotland an the Royal Scottish Academy Building wis bigged on The Mound, an weems tae Waverley Station driven throu it.
The New Toun wis sae successfou that it wis extendit greaty. The grid patren wisna haudit tae, but raither a mair picturesque lay-oot wis creatit. The day the New Toun is thocht o bi monie tae be ane the best ensamples o Georgian airchitecture an plannin in the wurld.
Sooth Side
A popular residential pairt o the ceity is its sooth side, made up o a nummer o airts includin St Leonards, Marchmont, Haymerket, Polwarth, Newington, Sciennes, The Grange, Bruntsfield, Morningside an Merchiston. "Sooth side" is braidly the samen as the aurie kivvered bi the Burgh Muir, an becam mair popular efter the apenin o the Sooth Brig. Thir auries is specially popular wi faimilies (monie weil-regairdit state an private schuills is locate thare), students (the Central Varsity o Edinburgh campus is based aroun George Square jist north o Marchmont an the Meadows, an Napier Varsity haes muckle campuses aroun Merchiston an Morningside), an wi festival-gaers.
Leith
Leith is the sea-port o Edinburgh. It still hauds a seperate identity frae Edinburgh, an it wisna weil thocht o thare whan, in 1920, the burgh o Leith wis jyned wi Edinburgh. E'en the day the pairlamentary seat at Westminster is kent as "Edinburgh North an Leith." Wi the redevelopin o Leith, Edinburgh haes won the business o a nummer o cruise liner companies that nou gie cruises tae Norrowey, Swaden, Denmark, Germany an the Netherlands. Leith an aa haes the Royal Yacht Britannia, berthit ahint the Ocean Terminal as weil as bein hame tae Hibernian Fitbaw Club.
Cultur
Edinburgh is weil-kent for the annual Edinburgh Festival, a gaitherin o offeicial an unthirled festivals haulden ilka year ower aboot fower week in early August. The maist kenspeckle o thir events is the Edinburgh Frings (the lairgest performin airts festival in the wurld), the Edinburgh Comedy Festival (the lairgest comedy festival in the wurld), the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, the Edinburgh Internaitional Film Festival an the Edinburgh Internaitional Beuk Festival.
Ithir notable events include the Hogmanay street pairty an Burns Nicht an St. Andra's Day an aa hae events merkin thaim. The ceety is ane Europe's heidmaist tourist destinations, breingin in 13 million veisitor ilka year, an efter Lunnon is the seicond maist veisatit tourist destination in the Unitit Kinrick.
Transport
Edinburgh Airport () is locatit in the Ingliston airt.
Twin touns an sister ceeties
References
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[Wikipedia:sco] Scots Pairlament
The Scots Pairlament (Scottish Parliament in the Inglis; Pàrlamaid na h-Alba in the Gaelic) is the devolved legislatur o Scotland. The oreeginal Scots Pairlament, or Estatis of Scotland, wis elidit in 1707 bi the Act o Union, giein wey tae the new-foundit Pairlament o Great Breetain. The new Scots Pairlament wis establisht in 1999 unner the Scotland Act 1998, an the first gaitherin wis on the 12 May, 1999. It can legislate on aw maiters binna thaim that's pitten by for the UK Pairlament in Wastmeenster, an haes the pouer tae mak Scots laws an chynge the level o income tax peyed bi Scots ceetizens.
The Scots Pairlament wis estaiblisht in 1999 for tae debate maiters an mak laws for Scotland. It is made up o 129 electit bodies that's kent as Members o the Scots Pairlament or MSPs. MSPs is electit wi a kind o proportional representation cryed the Addeetional Member Seestem. Awbody haes twa votes and awbody is representit bi aicht MSPs (ae constituency MSP an seiven regional MSPs).
History o the Scots Pairliament
Afore the Treaty o Union 1707 unitit the Kinrick o Scotland an the Kinrick o Ingland intae a new state cawed "Great Breetain", Scotland haed an independent pairliament kent as the Pairlament o Scotland. Thare war Scots proposals in the discoorse tae stairt wi ower the Union suggestin thit a devolved Pairliament sud bide in Scotland, but this wisna acceptit bi the Inglis negotiators.
Fur the neist three hunder year, Scotland wis guverned direct bi the Pairlament o Great Breetain an the follaein Pairliament of the Unitit Kinrick, baith based at Wastmeenster, an no hivin a Parliament of Scotland steyed an important pairt o Scots national identity. Suggestions fur a 'devolved' Pairliament wis pitten forrit afore 1914, but wis pitten aff acause o the ootbrak o the First Warld War. As nationalism grew in Scotland durin the late 1960s, demands fur some form o hame rule or fou unthrildom wis pitten forrit, an in 1969 made the umwhile Labour guvrenment heidit bi Harold Wilson tae set up the Kilbrandon Commission tae conseeder the Breetish constitution. Ane o the heid objectives o the commission wis tae leuk intae weys o giein mair sel-govrenment tae Scotland, in the unitary state o the Unitit Kinrick. Kilbrandon pat oot his report in 1973 recommendin the stairtin up o a Scots Assembly electit direct tae manage maist hame Scots affairs.
Durin this time, diskiverin ile in the North Sea an the "It's Scotland's ile" campaign frae the Scots Naitional Party (SNP) pitten oot suin efter rose support fur Scottish unthrildom, as weel as the SNP. The pairty threapit thit the Scotland didnae see sae muckle benefit fae ile revenues as thay sud. Thir effects o the events pitten thegither gart Prime Meenister Wilson commeet thit his guvrenment pit oot some form o a devolved body in 1974. Unner the Scotland Act 1978, an electit assembly wad be set up in Embro gin the public wis fur it it in a referendum hauden on the 1 Mairch 1979. A narrae feck o 51.6% tae 48.4% voted fur a Scots Assembly, but the Act wis needin at least 40% o the hale electorate vote fur the proposal an aw. Acause the turnoot wis juist 63.6%, the vote fur it representit juist 32.9% o the population alloud tae vote, an the Assembly wisnae set up.
Throu the 1980s an 1990s, demand fur a Scots Pairliament grew, pairtly acause the Untit Kinrick govrenment wis controlled bi the Conservative Pairty, while Scotland itsel electit gey few Conservative MPs relative tae Wastmeenster. Efter the 1979 referendum defeat, the Campaign fur a Scots Assembly wis stairtit as a pressure group, leadin tae the 1989 Scots Constitutional Convention wi sindry organisations siclike as Scots kirks, poleetical pairties an fowk representin industry takkin pairt. Pittin oot its blueprint fur devolution in 1995, the Convention gied the maist pairt o the basis fur the structur o the Pairlament.
Devolution continued tae be pairt o the Labour platform thit wan pouer unner Tony Blair in May 1997. In September 1997, the Scots devolution referendum wis pitten tae the Scots electorate an siccart a feck fur the estaiblishment fur a new devolved Scots Pairlament, wi pouers tae chynge tax levels, in Embro. A election wis hauden on the 6 Mey 1999, an on the 1 Julie o thon year pouer wis pitten ower frae Westminster tae the new Pairlament.
Upmak o the Scots Pairlament
Guvrenment pairties denotit wi bullets (•)
The Pairlament elects fae amang its members its Preses (Presiding Officer in the Ingles) tae preside ower the gaitherins o the Pairlament. It elects the First Meenister o Scotland as weel.
Relatit airticles
*Scots Pairlament Biggin
References
Fremmit airtins
* The Scots Pairlament
* Your Scots Pairlament
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[Wikipedia:sco] Glesga
Glesga (; ) is Scotland's lairgest ceetie an the third lairgest ceetie o the Unitit Kinrick. Glesga is fund on the River Clyde in the wast-mids o Scotland an is the thrid maist popular tourist destination in the UK ahint Lunnon an Edinburgh. It haes Britain's seicont maist muckle shoppin centre.
The ceetie
The Ceetie o Glesga is kent as the caipital o commerce fur Scotland. It's a awfy thrang cosmopolitan European ceetie. It haes a population o 1,700,000 fowk, doun fae its 1960s heichness o 2.1 million, this's maistly doon tae owerskail o fowks intil new touns lik East Kirkbride an Cummernaud.
Name o the ceetie
The name o the ceetie comes fae glas cöü in the Cumbric leid (an auld Brythonic celtic leid.) The modren name fur the ceetie in Gaelic Glaschu, meanin "grein howe" or "dear grein steid" whit haes bein aftin misquotit as a Gaelic owersettin fur the ceetie, but this wis actually Daniel Defoe's ootlinin o the ceetie whan he came in e 18th century; he haed quo thit Glesga wis "the cleanest and beautifullest, and best built City in Britain, London excepted" an aw. At that time, the ceetie wis biggit wi gey attractive, compact widden biggins, nane o thaim ur staundin, still. Fowk in the wast o Scotland ken it as Glesga or Glesca an folk fae the east maistly caw it Glesga or Glasgae.
Coat o airms
The coat o airms shaws Glesga's patron saunt, Saunt Kentigern, kent as Saunt Mungo forby, an it his fower emblems - a bird, a tree, a bull, an a fish. The emblems represents miracles Saunt Mungo is said tae hae performt. The motto o the ceetie is "Let Glasgow Flourish" an this is pairt o the airms. The motto comes fae Saunt Mungo's oreiginal sermon: "Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the word and the praising of thy name". The oríginal version is written on a bell shapit in 1637 thit says "Lord let Glasgow flovrichse throvgh the preaching of thy word and praising thy name".
Local bairns is taucht tae mynd the airms uisin the follaein verse:
::::Here's the bird that never flew
::::Here's the tree that never grew
::::Here's the bell that never rang
::::Here's the fish that never swam
The motto wis o shortsyne mynt in a sang caw'd "Mother Glasgow" bi Michael Marra, an forby recordit bi Hue and Cry, a muisic curn o Glesga orígin.
History
Foondin o the ceetie
Glesga wis the steid o monie communities fur hunners o years afore Christ, wi the River Clyde providin a guid settin fur fishin. The Romans aftentimes bug ootposts in ða airt an, tae haud Roman Britannia apairt fae the Celtic an Pecht Caledonia, bug the Antonine Waw, thit can be seen in Glesga the day.
Glesga itsel wis foondit bi the Christian meesionar Saunt Mungo in the 6t century. He foondit a kirk on the Molendinar Burn, whaur the Glasgow Cathedral nou staunds, an in the eftergangin years Glesga becam a releegious centre.
Glesga Cathedral
Bi the 12t century Glesga haed been gien the staundin o whit can nou be cawed a ceetie an the cathedral wis the saite o the Bishops an Archbishops o Glesga. While thare micht hae been widden biggins on the site, the first stane cathedral wis consecrate in aboot 1136 an gotten rid o fur a muckler ane that wis consecrate in 1197. Ootjets an alterins tae the cathedral biggins haes gaen on sin syne. The maist recent addition is the Millenium Windae unveiled on 3 Juin 1999 bi Princess Anne.
Varsitie o Glesga
In 1451, the Varsitie o Glesga wis foondit bi papal bull an estaiblisht in relígious biggins in the precincts o Glesga Cathedral. Bi the stairt o the 16t century, Glesga haed turnt intae an important relígious an academic ceetie an bi the 17t century the varsitie haed flittit fae the cathedral precincts til its ain biggin in the Hie Street.
Industrie an the Industrial Revolution
Bi the 16t yearhunner, the ceety's treds begoud tae wald signíficant influence an the ceetie haed turnt intae an important centre o troke wi the Clyde giein access tae the ceetie an the lave o Scotland fur merchand shippin. The ingate intil the Atlantic Ocean alloued the inbringin o American tobacca an Caribbean succar, thit wis than tredit athort the Brítish Isles an continental Europe.
The de-siltin o the Clyde in the 1770s alloued lairger ships tae muive faurer up the river, thus layin the foonds fur industrie an shipbiggin in Glesga in the 19t yearhunner.
The rowth o coal an iron in Lanrickshire led tae Glesga becomin an industrial ceetie — in the hinder end cawed "The Seicont ceetie o the Empire". Cotton factories an textile mills made employers o monie fowk in Glesga an the local airt.
Troke alloued muckle walth tae be generatit fur some fowk in the ceetie. The merchands makkit spectacular biggins an monuments thit can be seen the day, still, an reinvestit thair siller in development fur tae help Glesga growe further. In 1893 the burgh wis constitutit as the Coontie o the ceetie o Glesga. Glesga becam ane o the walthiest ceeties in the warld, an pairks, museums an libraries wis aa opened throu this time.
Gleswegian
As weel as bein whit ye caw a bodie fae Glesga, Gleswegian, the Patter, the Auld Scotch an Glesga Scots is whit fowk caw the byleid (Wast Midland Scots) uised bi monie fowk in the ceetie an thon airt. Modren anglocentrism an puir media pentin o the byleid (e.g. linkin it wi neddism) means thit it is leukit at as a shamefu thing yet ye can airt oot no juist a walth o vocabular but the daurk humour fund in wree turns o phrase thit comes fae a profund common experience.
A Gleswegian in fou speed is haurd tae unnerstaun e'en fur thair níbours in Embro. Glesga an thon airt are yin o the least Scots-speakin airts o Scotland, an has tint mony tradítional kenspeckles that's tae be fund in ither Scots byleids the day. As sic, it has come up wi mony new Scots words an saws that marras chenges gauin on in Glesga an Scots society. It is kenspeckle in Scots literature in and outwith Scotland.
Weegie is a slang word for a bodie or thing that hails fae Glesga an aw. It is maistlins uised in the East coast, particularly in Embro. Awtho it is nae aye the case in the East coast it is thocht by maist Gleswegians an fowk frae the wast-coast tae be awfu offensive.
Sport
Fitba
Glesga's main sport is nae dout fitba as the ceetie is hame tae Scotland's twa maist muckle fitba teams (Rangers Fitba Club an Celtic Fitba Club) as weel as the Scots Naitional Fitba Team's grund, Hampden Pairk. It is byordinar fur a ceetie thit isnae the caipital tae hae the naitional fitba grund. Thare are wee coars an aw: Queen's Park, thit plays at Hampden Pairk, Partick Thistle, an Clyde.
Rugby
Glesga haes a rugby team an aw (Glesga Warriors) thit play in Scotstoun.
Ither sports
Glasgow is ane o five places in Scotland thit hauds the final o the Scots Cup o Shinty, kent mair as the Camanachd Cup. This is ordinar haudit at Auld Anniesland. Ance hame tae numerous Shinty clubs, thare is nou anly ane senior club in Glesga, Glesga Mid-Argyll, as weel as twa varsity sides fae Varsity o Strathclyde an Varsity o Glesga.
Glesga pit in a bid tae haud the 2018 Simmer Youth Olympics but lost tae Buenos Aires in the 4 Julie 2013 vote.
Transport
Glesga Unnergrund
.]]
Glesgae haes a símple unnergrund sýstem thit coníst o twa lines gaein aroond a single loop wi sindry staps aboot Glesga.
Twin touns an sister ceeties
Glesga is twinned wi various ceeties.
References
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[Wikipedia:sco] Flouer o Scotland
(The) Flouer o Scotland (; ) is the unoffeecial naitional sang o Scotland. It wis written bi Roy Williamson o the fowk baund The Corries in the 1960s.
Scotland disna hae an offeecial naitional sang o its ain (offeecially the sang o the Unitit Kinrick, God Save the Queen, is uisit); houaniver, the sang is aftentimes uised at sportin events an the like. It competes wi Scotland the Brave for this poseetion.
Versions
Roy Williamson componed the sang in Inglis (wi a wheen Scots wirds) an Iain Aonghas MacLeòid pit the sang ower intil Gaelic. Thae twa sets o lyrics is reproduced ablo, alang wi a Scots version.
Scots
:The Flouer o Scotland
:O Flouer o Scotland,
:Whan will we see
:Yer like again,
:That focht an dee'd for,
:Yer wee bit Hill an Glen,
:An stuid agin him,
:Prood Edwart's Airmie,
:An sent him hamewart,
:Tae think again.
:The Hills is bare nou,
:An Autumn leafs
:Lies thick an still,
:Ower land that is tint nou,
:That thay sae dearlie held,
:That stuid agin him,
:Prood Edwart's Airmie,
:An sent him hamewart,
:Tae think again.
:Thir days is past nou,
:An in the past
:Thay maun bide,
:But we can aye rise nou,
:An be the nation again,
:That stuid agin him,
:Prood Edwart's Airmie,
:An sent him hamewart,
:Tae think again.
Inglis (wi Scots influence)
:The Flower of Scotland
:O Flower of Scotland,
:When will we see
:Your like again,
:That fought and died for,
:Your wee bit Hill and Glen,
:And stood against him,
:Proud Edward's Army,
:And sent him homeward,
:Tae think again.
:The Hills are bare now,
:And Autumn leaves
:Lie thick and still,
:O'er land that is lost now,
:Which those so dearly held,
:That stood against him,
:Proud Edward's Army,
:And sent him homeward,
:Tae think again.
:Those days are past now,
:And in the past
:They must remain,
:But we can still rise now,
:And be the nation again,
:That stood against him,
:Proud Edward's Army,
:And sent him homeward,
:Tae think again.
Gaelic
:Flùr na h-Alba
:O Fhlùir na h-Alba,
:cuin a chì sinn
:an seòrsa laoich
:a sheas gu bàs 'son
:am bileag feòir is fraoich,
:a sheas an aghaidh
:feachd uailleil Ìomhair
:'s a ruaig e dhachaidh
:air chaochladh smaoin?
:Na cnuic tha lomnochd
:'s tha duilleach Foghair
:mar bhrat air làr,
:am fearann caillte
:dan tug na seòid ud gràdh,
:a sheas an aghaidh
:feachd uailleil Ìomhair
:'s a ruaig e dhachaigh
:air chaochladh smaoin.
:Tha 'n eachdraidh dùinte
:ach air dìochuimhne
:chan fheum i bhith,
:is faodaidh sinn èirigh
:gu bhith nar Rìoghachd a-rìs
:a sheas an aghaidh
:feachd uailleil Ìomhair
:'s a ruaig e dhachaidh
:air chaochladh smaoin.
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[Wikipedia:sco] Dundee
Dundee (Scots Gaelic: Dùn Dèagh) is Scotland's fowert-biggest cietie, on the nor'eist coast. The Cietie o Dundee is ane o the 32 cooncil areas o Scotland. Dundee is on the River Tay. The'r aboot 150,000 fowk bidin in o't. It's on the basaut plug o a slokken volcano cryed the Dundee Law.
Dundee an the surroondin airts haes been woned frae the Airn Age. The port o Dundee uisst til export oo frae Angus. Efter that, Dundee begoud ti mak juit. Duirin this tym, jeely wis bein made in Dundee, alang wi the local furthsetters DC Thomson that maks the local wittinsblad The Courier an bairns' comics like The Beano an The Dandy. Dundee's tradietional industries wis cryed the 3 J's: Juit, Jeely an Jurnalism. Oot o the thrie, juist ane o the industries byds in Dundee. The furtsetters aye byds in Dundee the-day.
Dundee is whyls cryed "The Cietie o Diskiverie", efter the ship that teuk Captain Scott til the Antartic. The ship, cryed the RRS Discovery, wis desyn'd an biggit in Dundee. The ship is nou stelt in the cietie, an breukit as a tourist attraction.
Historie
Name
It's no kent for shuir whaur the name Dundee comes frae. It haes the steid-name elements dùn, fund in baith the Gaelic an Brythonic leids, like the Pecht leed. The lave o the name is less sikkar. It micht cud cum frae the Gaelic wird Dèagh, meinin fire. Anither possibielitie is that it cums frae "Tay", an in the furm o "Duntay".
Aerlie historie
A neolithic cursus, wi associated barraes haes been identifee'd at the north-wastren end o the cietie an the Balgarthno stane ring isna faur frae't. A want o stratigrafie aboot the stane ring haes made it haurd for ti determin a preceiss eild, but it is thocht ti date frae aboot the late neolithic/aerlie Bronze Age. The ring haes been vandalised afore an haes been fenced aff for ti keep it sauf no lang syne. The'r a fouth Bronze Age finds in Dundee an the surroondin area, partiecular in the furm o cuttie kist beirials. Frae the Airn Age, aiblins the maist merkit remains is o the Law Hill Fort, aatho domestic remains is weel representit an aa. The souterrains at Carlungie an Ardestie, that dates frae aboot the seicont centurie AD, can be fund naur Dundee. A wheen brochs is in the area an aa, this is coontin the ruins at Laws Hill naur ti Monifieth, at Craighill an at Hurley Hawkin, naur Liff.
Forby, the toun wis whaur ane o the warst rail disasters in Brietish historie, the Tay Brig disaster, happent. The first Tay Rail Brig wis appent in 1878. It collapsed 18 month efterhaund in a storm, as a passenger train wan ower it, killin 75 fowk. The maist destructive fire in the ceety's history cam in 1906, reportitly sendin "rivers o birnin whisky" throu the street.
Cultur
Sport
Dundee haes twa kenspekil fitbaa clubs: Dundee F.C. an Dundee Unitit F.C. Dundee Hie-Schuil Former Pupils RFC spiels in Scotland's naitional rugby leag. The cietie haes a ice hockey team an aa, Dundee Stars. Thay speil in the naitional Elite Ice Hockey Leag.
The Schemes
Dundee's hoosin schemes is baith a important pairt o the biggit heritage o the toun an a kenspeckle pairt o the identity o Dundonians an aa. Ilka scheme haes its ain identitie, heritage, fowk cultur an stories. Ablo is quotes fae a Dundee's Scots Language Session in 2021, whaur participants haed tae wryt a bittie aboot thair ain pairts o Dundee.
Fintry
Fintry is the hame o the Fintry Shams. Ane o the ganfs in Dundee that roamed aboot fae the 1960s. The laddies and lassies o the Shames wud weir a reid and black jersey. Juttin oot o the south side o Fintry is a aquaduct. It uised tae cairie watter fae Monikie ower the Dichty and Finblathen Park in til the toun. Fintry has twa pubs, the Powrie and the Dolphin. Gary Robertson, a Dundee poet, says thay uised to be no-go zones but thay ar aaricht nou. Fintry is kent for the quality o fitbaa players it haes produced ower the years. Derek Johnstone, John Reilly and Charlie Adam is amang some o thaim.
Maryfield
Aulder fowk wud say that Maryfield is the posh stane hooses that gaes up the hill fae Albert street, some fowk wud say it haes Stobswell an aa, and it gaes doun tae the toun an the docks and the silvery Tay. A big pairt o the area is Baxter pairk, gien tae the fowk o the cietie by the Baxters: David, Maryanne and Eleanor -thay wis awfu posh. Maryanne Baxter geid her legacie tae set up Dundee college, that becam the university.
Eddication
Varsities
Dundee is a "varsitie toun" an haes a student population o aboot 17,000. The Varsitie o Dundee wis makkit independent in 1967, efter 70 yeir o bein pairt o the Varsitie o Saunt Andras. Its a richt kenspeckil center for teatchin an resairtch. Abertay Varsity wis makkit a varsitie in 1994.
Schuils
Thare's 37 primarie schuils an 9 hie-schuils in the cietie. Dundee is hame til a independent schuil, the Hiech Schuil o Dundee.
Mair pages
* East Central North Scots (Dundonian)
References
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[Wikipedia:sco] Kirk
A Kirk is a curn o Christian fowk wi a common wey o wirshippin God. It is aft uised as the name o the biggin (see chaipel) that is uised for prayer an services an aa. Monie kirks haes howfs forby (lik the ane in the pictur on the richt).
The national kirk o Scotland is aft callit "the Kirk" as a cutty name.
File:Argyll and Bute - Church Of Scotland Manse, Arrochar - 20170722194931.jpg|Kirk o' Scotland, Arrochar
File:Highland church and churchyard.jpg
File:Aberdeen St Nicholas West Kirk 6505671.jpg
References
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[Wikipedia:sco] The Kirk
The Kirk o Scotland is the naitional kirk in Scotland. It is Presbyterian, an asinder frae the Anglican Kirk o Ingland. It is a stablisht kirk, as it is the offeecial kirk in Scotland, but it is a free kirk forby — that is, it isna a state kirk (unlike the Kirk o Ingland i Ingland), an disna hae tae repone til the Scots or UK govrenments.
Govrenment
The kirk is govrened bi its General Assembly, convened ance a year in Edinburgh. That assembly wales a Moderator that presides ower the meetins o the assembly an acts as the Kirk's "public face" for the ae year. The monarch o the Unitit Kinrick is a member, but no the heid o the Kirk o Scotland — the heid o the Kirk o Scotland is conseedered tae be Jesus Christ.
See an aw
* Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707
* Sermon on the Mound, a controversial address gien bi former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to the General Assembly o the Kirk.
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[Wikipedia:sco] Auld Inglis
The Auld Inglis leid is a wast Germanic leid that wis spak in Breetain atween aboot 425 an 1125. Hit is an early furm o Inglis an Scots, an is sib wi Auld Frisie an Auld Saxon. Wast Saxon wis the heidmaist mak o Auld Inglis in the auncient corpus, includin the epic poem Beowulf, as the Wast Saxons wis the strangest kinrick o thon time, whiles the Northumbrian dialect o Auld Inglis eventually becam the Scots leid.
Auld Inglis hud a grammatic seestem nae affa faur awa fae Laitin. In maist wuys, hit wis mair alike ti modren German ur Icelandic than tae modren Inglis. Hit wis guy inflectit, wi fyve grammatic cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, an eenstrumental), three grammatic nummers (single, plural, an dual) an three grammatic genders (masculine, feminine, an neuter) an aw. The dual wis uised fir the first an seicont persons anly, an referrit ti groups o twa.
O aw the descendants o Auld Inglis, Scots an Northumbrian Inglis are the maist true tae the oreeginal furm.
Auld Inglis didna staun still, bit raitherly its usage streeched oor a period o 700 year, fi the Wast Germanic migration ti Great Britain in the 5t century, richt up ti the hyne o the 11t century. The name o 'Auld Inglis' wis cairried on ti the time o the Norman invasion, whan the eenfluence o the French leid chynged its grammar sae it wis mair lik ti modren Inglis. Meanwhiles the Northernmaist toons whaur Auld Inglis wis spak wis ower the modren mairch o England intae Soothren Scotland aroond Midlothian. It wis fae this steid that, ower tyme, the leid split apairt frae its Soothren neebour an stairtit forming feetures o the ilk o Scots.
See forby
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[Wikipedia:sco] Monanday
The Monanday is the day o the week atween Sunday an Tysday. Its name comes fae Mona, the Saxon god o the muin.
Monanday is whiles thocht on as the first day o the week. This is hou it is in the maist o Europe an Sooth Americae. In Asie, monie leids refers tae Monanday as "day ane". For example, Monanday is "xingqi yi" in Chinese, literallie meanin day ane o the week. The warldwide staundart ISO 8601 defines Monanday as the first day o the week an aw.
In ither pairts o the warld, Monanday is the seicont day. This is the tradeetional view in the Unitit States. The name for the day in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, Hebrew an Portuguese is "seicont day". Quakers tradeetionally cries Monanday the "Second Day" an aw, eschewin the "heathen" oreegin o the Scots name "Monanday".
Modren culture for ordinar leuks at Monanday as the beginnin o the warkweek, as it is for ordinar Monanday whan adults gaes back tae thair wark an bairns gaes back tae the schuil efter the weekend. This, for aa that, is wi exception; in Middle Eastren kintras the stairt o the warkweek is for ordinar Setturday (Fuirsday an Friday is leukit on as the weekend).
Monandays is attributed tae the colloquial "illness" Monandayitis. (Forby kent as haein a case o "The Monandays") an aw. A possible raison for Monandayitis is that human circadian rhythms isna compatible wi the ordinar 35 tae 40-oor warkin week.
In the popular rime, "Monanday's bairn is fair o face".
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[Wikipedia:sco] Tysday
The Tysday is the day o the week atween Monanday an Wadensday. Hit gits its name in Inglis, Scots, an the Scandinavian leids fae the Nordic god Tyr (in Auld Inglis, Tiw, Tew o Tiu).
The name for the day in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, Ebreu an Portuguese is "thrid day". Quakers tradeitionallie caas Tysday the "Thrid Day" an aw, eschewin the "heathen" oreigin o the Scots name "Tysday".
Shrove Tysday (forby kent as Mardi Gras - fat Tysday) foregangs the first day o Lent in the Wastren Christian calendar.
Tysday is the uisual day for elections in the Unitit States. Federal elections taks place on the Tysday efter the first Monanday in November; this date wis estaiblisht by a law o 1845 for presidential elections (speceeficallie for the walin o the Electoral College), an wis rexed tae elections for the Hoose o Representatives in 1875 an for the Senate in 1914. Tysday wis the earliest day o the week at wis practical for powin in the early 19t century: ceetizens micht hae tae traivel for a hail day for tae cast their vote, an wadna want tae leave on Sunday (the day o wirship for the feck o them). Monie American states hauds their presidential primarie elections on "Super Tuesday".
Black Tysday, in the Unitit States, is the name gien tae 29 October 1929, the stairt o the muckle stock mercat panic o 1929. This wis the Tysday efter Black Thursday, at wis the stairt o the verra Muckle Depression.
In the Greek warld, Tysday (the day o the week o the Faa o Constantinople in 1453) is thocht on as a unlucky day. The same is true in the Spanish-speakin warld, whaur a sawe rins En martes, ni te cases ni te embarques (On Tysday, dinna get wad nor begin a journey).
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[Wikipedia:sco] Wadensday
The Wadensday is the day o the week atween Tysday an Fuirsday. Its name comes fae the Auld Inglis Ƿódnesdæȝ, meanin the day o Woden. The astrological sign o the warld Mercury represents Wadensday, an wis Dies Mercurii tae the Romans. In Scots, this becam Woden's Day acause the Roman god Mercury wis identified wi the Germanic god Woden in northren Europe.
Whan Sunday is taen as the first day o the week, the day in the middle o the eftergangin week is Wadensday. In the German, the name for Wadensday haes been Mittwoch (literally: "mid-week") sin the 10t century, cause it displaced the oreiginal name: Wodanstag.
Wadensday is in the middle o the common warkin week fae Monanday tae Fryday forby. Hooivver, see Fuirsday an ISO 8601.
In the popular rime, "Wadensday's bairn is fou wi wae".
In the Spaingie, miércoles is uised tae mean Wadensday, bit forby a hauf-rude euphemism for niver iver.
A Inglis leid eediom for Wadensday is "hump day", a reference tae makkin it throu the middle o the warkweek as gettin "ower the hump".
The name for the day in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, Ebreu an Portuguese is "fowert day". Quakers tradeitionally caas Wadensday the "Fowert Day" an aw, eschewin the "heathen" oreegin o the name "Wadensday".
Popular cultur
The film Angel Hert includes a scene whaur Harry Angel refers tae Wadensday as "Oniething can happen day" in reference tae the original Mickey Moose Club televeision programme.
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[Wikipedia:sco] Scots Socialist Pairty
The Scots Socialist Pairty (SSP) () is a left-wing poleetical pairty in Scotland. It staunds for socialist economics an Scots unthirldom. It haed sax MSPs electit tae the Scots Pairlament in 2003 but didna get onybody electit in the 2007 election.
History
The SSP wis estaiblisht in 1998. It growed fae the foregaun Scottish Socialist Alliance, a union o the umwhile Scots Meelitant Labour an ither groups o the faur-left, sic as the Communist Pairty o Scotland an the Scots Republican Socialist Pairty. In 1999, it haes juist the ae MSP in the Scots Pairliament. In 2003 it haed sax MSPs waled, but in 2007 it didna get onybody waled intae Halyruid.
Poleetical Wark
The pairty haes duin wark in mony campaigns throu the Scots Pairlament, sic as tae git rid o rowps for them that canna pey thair dets; proponin tae git rid o chairges for lines frae the doctor an ettlin tae gie aw schuilweans guid fare for thair denner athoot haein tae pey for it.
The SSP haes duin muckle wark ootby the pairlament an aw. Wirkin wi ithers, its campaignt agin the wappens at Faslane; its campaignt agin PFI pactions for schuils an infirmaries, an gien a haund tae the warkers that keeps wee weans, warkers that pits oot fires, an warkers for the cooncil whan they ettle tae fend for thair pey an condeetions
The pairty wrate the Declaration o Calton Hill and haes been threapin agin the War in Iraq
Pletforms
A wheen o thir groups haes hauden thair identities athin the pairty, comin thegither as pletforms; sae the Socialist Warkers Pairtie haes become the Socialist Warkers pletform, an the Scots Republican Socialist Pairty, the Scots Republican Socialist Muvement. Ither pletforms athin the SSP includes the Republican Communist Netwark, the Warkers' Unitie pletform. It uisst tae hae anither pletform cried the International Socialist Movement that wis pairt o the Comatee for a Warkers Internaitional but that's no thegither ony mair. Some o the members bade wi the Comatee for a Warkers Internaitional while ithers frae the Internaitional Socialists haes gane thegither wi ither members o the SSP that wisna in ony pletform for tae mak the new Unitit Left group.
The Socialist Warkers Pairty an the Comatee for a Warkers Internaitional haes nou left the SSP thegether wi Tommy Sheridan tae set up anither pairty.
Representatives
Colin Fox MSP is the pairty's convener an wis waled for the Lothians in 2003, the ither MSPs for 2003-2007 wis Carolyn Leckie, Rosie Kane an Frances Curran Twa ithers uisst tae be MSPs for the SSP, but left the SSP for tae set up thair ain pairty.
Ither Information
* The pairty haes its ain paper - the Scottish Socialist Voice
* The young team o the pairty gangs thegither in their ain youth wing - Scottish Socialist Youth
References
Fremmit airtins
* SSP offeecial wabsteid
* Scottish Socialist Voice (Pairty wittins blad)
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[Wikipedia:sco] Scots unthirldom
Scots unthirldom is the poleetical muivement that thinks Scotland shoud be wanthirlt.
Nouadays it means at Scotland wad poleetical sinder itsel frae the Unitit Kinrick, an become an unthirlt kintra wi ane govrenment an a sovereign pairlament. The main uphauders o this idea is the Scots National Pairty, altho the'r ither muivements in Scotland that uphaud unthirldom, sic as the Scots Socialist Pairty, Scots Green Pairty, an ither smawer groups. A lairge pairt o this muivement, maistlins athin the SNP, wants tae see a Scotland closer tae the European Union, in siller-union wi ither EU kintras, in the Euro currency.
Oan 15 October 2012, the Unitit Kinrick an Scots govrenments cam tae a greement oan the legal base o the referendum whit is cried the Edinburgh Greement.
The SNP govrenment, wha first came tae pour in 2007 as minority govrenment, haed a referendum oan unthirldom in hairst 2014.
The Aye campaign wis cawed "Aye Scotland" an the Naw campaign wis cawed "Better Thegither".
History
*Wars o Scots Unthirldom
References
Fremmit airtins
* Scottish Independence (wab steid)
* Aye Scotland (wab steid)
* Better Thegither (wab steid)
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[Wikipedia:sco] Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis
Ane Pleastant Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis is a sateirical morality play wrate by Scots makar David Lyndsay an first pit on i 1552 i Lithgae, though no prentit until 1602. Ane o the Satyres disteinguishin features is is haein faircical comic, awmaist slapstick, interludes, that micht no hae been pairt o the oreiginal wark. The Satyre is the auldest survivin play i Scots, an is the ainlie survivn Scots play frae the Medieval period.
The Satyre is an attack on the Thrie Esaitis o the auld Scots Pairlament - the kirkmen, the lords and the burgesses. Thir curns is representit by the chairacters o Spiritualitie, Temporalitie an Merchand o thir, the kirkmen gets dinged the hairdest by Lindsay's pen. Wrate no lang afore the Reformation i Scotland, the wark gies a guid pictur o the social tensions that wis present at this important pynt i Scots history.
Dramatis personae
I Pairt Ane o the play, there's twanty-seiven chairacters, an seiven mair is eikit i Pairt Twa.
The central chairacter is King Humanitie, an is influencit by twa curns o chairacters. The guid chairacters is Divyne Correctioun, Gude Counsall an Chastitie, an the bad yins is Dame Sensualitie, an the thrie vices, Faltterie, Falset an Dissait.
Synopsis
Pairt Ane
Set i Scotland i the 16t century, a learnit doctor cried Dilegence gies a sermon on Christian doctrine. The heidmaist chairacter, ung King Humanitie, syne kythes an gangs agley unner the influence o Dame Sensualitie an the Vices. His counsellors gar him tak a mistress, that sets aff his tynin o Christian morals. Syne he is begowkit by the thrie vices, that hae guisit thaimsels as Devotioun, Discretioun an (efter a hilarious fankle whaur Falset forleits his fauss-name an accidentally cries hissel "Thin Drink") Sapience.
The Vices tak control o the court, haein Gude Counsel incarcerate an stairtin tae control the King hissel. The King forleits his Christian vitrues an canna rule richt onie mair - aw the while the Vices tak mair an mair control, sendin Charitie an Veritie tae the jougs. They dae awa wi Chastitie an aw, leavin her hameless, an seimbolically no taen in by Spiritualitie, Temporalitie or the common fowk. Efter Chastitie is finally bein pit i the jyle hersel, Divine Correctioun taks tae the stage - the Vices ken their time is up, an tak the gate afore their caught, takkin the king's traisure kist wi thaim. Divine Correctioun lowses Gude Counsel, Chastitie an Veritie, an redes the king tae caw a pairlament, breingin an end tae Pairt Ane.
Interlude
A comical interlude skails the twa pairts o the play, in whilk Peur Man an Diligence flyte on ithir, i the mainner o Dunbar an Kennedy (or for that maitter Lindsay hissel an James V). Diligence braks the fowerth waw as the Peur Man lowps on the stage, cawin doun the "officiars" for lattin the "fals raggit loun" win inbye the theatre. Peur Man gies sum speeches about the abuse o pouer by the kirkmen, an the want o justice, sayin: I culd get nane at Sessioun nor Seinye"(1974). He gies a wee comment about hou plays an siclike entertainment dinna mak up for the wae o puirtith: "I wil not gif for al your play worth ane sowis fart/ For there is richt litill play at my hungire hart."(1964-5).
Pairt Twa
Diligence apens the pairliament an the King, Correctioun an the Virtews come ben. John Commonweal (representin the common guid o the kintra) taks speech i haun an tells o the failins o thrie estaites. The Merchand an Temporalitie get serred, an their estaites want reform, an tho Spiritualie (the kirkmen) tries tae fecht back, the chairges brocht agin him is ower monie an the kirkmen gies in. The Thrie Vices is incarcerate, deemit an execute, but no afore ilk ane o thaim haes the chance tae gie a wee speech. Syne Diligence closes the play, redin awbodie tae gang their gate an live weil, afore concludin:
::Now let ilk man his way avance:
::Let sum ga drink and sum ga dance.
::Menstrall, blaw up ane brawll of France:
:::Let se quha hobbils best!
::For I will rin, incontinent,
::To the tavern or ever I stent,
::And pray to God Omnipotent
:::To send yow all gude rest. (4664-71)
Modren times
Efter no bein playit for awmaist fower hunner year, the Satyre wis revivit for the Edinburgh Festival i 1948, direcrit by Tyrone Guthrie, wi the text bein editit an prepared for an actin edition by Robert Kemp.
I the 1980s by the Scottish Theatre Company, direcit by Tam Fleming playit at the Kirk o Scotland's heidquarters on the Mound for the Festival, an toured Europe an aw, winnin the Roman Szydlowski Prize i Warsaw, 1986. The rinnin time for this production, maugre o cuts tae the text, wis aroun fower an a hauf hour.
I 1996, John McGrath adaptit it a mair contemporary morality play A Satire of the Four Estates, that wis presentit by Wildcat Theatre Company as the pairt o the Edinburgh Festival.
Sources
* Sir David Lindsay, Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estatitis, 1552 (Canongate Classics Edition, ed. Roderick Lyall, 1989)
* John Speirs, The Scots Literary Tradition, Faber and Faber, (Seicond edeition, 1962)
* Agnes Mure MacKenzie, "The Renaissance Poets: (1) Scots and English" i Kinsley (ed), Scottish Poetry: A Critical Survey, Cassell and Company, 1955
* Chris Ravenhall, "Sixteenth-century 'agit-prop': Sir David Lyndsay's Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis", ScotLit 22 (2000)
Fremmit airtins
* Fou Text wi jottis o aw Lindsay's warks, includin the Satyre.
* Chris Ravenhall, "Sixteenth-century 'agit-prop': Sir David Lyndsay's Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis", ScotLit 22 (2000)
* Review o McGrath's A Satire of the Four Estates
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[Wikipedia:sco] Europe
Europe is geologically an geographically a hauf-island, takkin up the wastrenmaist pairt o Eurasie. It is for ordinar conseedert a continent, that, in this case, is mair a cultural nor a geographic differ. It is bund in the north bi the Airctic Ocean, in the wast bi the Atlantic Ocean, in the sooth bi the Mediterrane Sea an the Black Sea, an in the east bi the Ural Moontains an the Caspian Sea.
Gin conseedert a continent, Europe is the secont-smaaest continent in the warld bi area, wi an area o 10,523,000 km² (4,140,625 square mile), sicwice it is mair muckle nor anly Australie. In population it is the thrid-lairgest continent efter Asie an Africae. The population o Europe is aboot 745 million: aboot 10% o the warld's population.
The culture o' Europe is made up o' a mix o' national and regional cultures, which form the main roots o' the broader Western civilisation, and together they often look back to ancient Greece and Rome, especially through their Christian successors, as key and shared roots. Startin’ wi’ the fall o’ the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, the Christian consolidation o’ Europe in the wake o' the Migration Period marked the European post-classical Middle Ages. The Italian Renaissance spread a new humanist interest in art and science across the continent, leadin’ us into the modern era. Since the Age o' Discovery, led by Spain and Portugal, Europe played a big role in global affairs with various explorations and conquests all o’er the world. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers colonised the Americas, nearly all o’ Africa and Oceania, and most o’ Asia at different times.
The Age o’ Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the Napoleonic Wars shaped the continent culturally, politically, and economically frae the end o' the 17th century tae the first half o' the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution, which kicked off in Great Britain at the end o' the 18th century, brought about radical economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe and eventually the wider world. Both world wars started and were largely fought in Europe, contributin' tae a decline in Western European dominance in global affairs by the mid-20th century as the Soviet Union and the United States rose tae prominence and competed for control in Europe and worldwide. The resultin’ Cold War split Europe along the Iron Curtain, with NATO in the West and the Warsaw Pact in the East. This divide came tae an end wi' the Revolutions of 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the break-up o’ the Soviet Union, which allowed European integration tae make big strides. European integration has been pushed forward institutionally since 1948 wi' the establishment o' the Council of Europe, and significantly through the creation o' the European Union (EU), which represents the majority o' Europe today. The EU is a supranational political entity that sits somewhere between a confederation and a federation, based on a system o' European treaties. The EU started in Western Europe but has been expandin’ eastward since the dissolution o' the Soviet Union in 1991. Most o' its members use a common currency, the euro, and take part in the European single market and a customs union. A big bloc o' countries, the Schengen Area, has also done away wi' internal border and immigration controls. Regular popular elections are held every five years within the EU; they’re considered the second-largest democratic elections in the world after India’s. The EU is the third-largest economy in the world.
Regions in Europe
map o Europe:
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Sub-diveesions o Europe is gey arbitrar, as nae consensus exists on the sindry defineetions that's proponed. Nae strict geographical conventions exists; this cairt represents, housomiver, the maist widespreid idea o whit kintras constitutes the sindry regions o the continent. Aften the regions includes differin kintras nor them that's on the cairt.
Some kintras haes territory in baith Europe an Asie (Roushie, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgie). Thair Asie territory is coloured licht pink. Some states that lies haily on the Asie continent is conseedered pairt o Europe acause o cultural an historical raisons (Armenie, Cyprus). Thay are coloured daurk-pink. Azerbaijan's exclave o Nakhchivan is coloured daurk-pink an aw acause it isna a conteenous extension o Azerbaijan's territory
Some typical geographical subregions o' Europe include:
* .Central an' Eastern Europe
* Central Europe
* Eastern Europe
* Northern Europe
* No'th-central Europe
* No'th-eastern Europe
* No'th-wester Europe
* Soothern Europe
* Sooth-central Europe
* Sooth-eastern Europe
* Sooth-wester Europe
* Western Europe
History
See an aw
* Eurozone
* European Union
* Europium
References
Fremit airtins
*
* Europa, the Phoeneecian Princess – smat Zeus wi luve
* EUROPEstartpage.com, traivel an ceety guide tae Europe
* Europe at Nicht at NASA Observatory o the Yird
* Regions o Europe
* Evropa / Europa / Europe
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[Wikipedia:sco] Cooncil areas o Scotland
A cooncil area in Scotland is an area made fur local govrenment. Thare is a o 32 cooncil areas in Scotland as a hale. Thay are aw govrened bi unitary authorities cawed "cooncils". The cooncil areas war creutit on 1 April 1996, unner the provisions o the Local Govrenment etc. (Scotland) Act 1994. The Act caws thaim local authority areas but maist fowk caw thaim cooncil areas.
The cooncil areas hiv the option tae be kent as a whan choosin tae hiv a Gaelic name. Hounaiver, juist Comhairle Nan Eilean Siar (Cooncil o the Wastern Isles) haes chysen this option, while the Heichland Cooncil (Comhairle na Gaidhealtachd) uises baith an Inglis an a Gaelic name.
Leet o cooncil areas
References
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[Wikipedia:sco] Fife
Fife () is aen o the 32 cooncil areas o Scotland. It liys atween the Firth o Tay an the Firth o Forth. It's a tradietional coontie o Scotland, an a lieutenancie area tui.
Fife wis aen o the Pectish kinriks an is ey kent as the Kinrik o Fife. Fife maistliyk taks its naem frae Fib or Fif, a 7t centurie Pectish king. He wis aen o the seivin sons o Cruithne, a warrior king at ruled ower a wiyd erria o auncient Scotland.
Frae 1975 til 1996 Fife wis sindert intil thrie destriks: Dunfaurlin, Kirkcaudie, an North-Eist Fife. Sin 1996 the wark o thae destrik cooncils haes been cairrit oot bi Fife Cooncil.
Touns an vielages
Cupar tuik ower as coontie toun frae The Crail in the aerlie 13t centurie. Glenrothes haes been the heidtoun sin 1975. Fife's thrie mukkil touns is – Kirkcaudie, Dunfaurlin an Glenrothes. Gaun bi the 2006 estimate, Kirkcaudie is the maist biggest, wi aboot 48,108 fowk biydan thaerawa. The biggest sattilment bi erria is Glenrothes.
The niest mukkil touns bi population is St Andras, Dawgety Bay, Rosyth, Methil an Coudenbeith.
The laev o Fife is maed up o smauer touns lik
* Inverkeithin,
* Kincairdin,
* Ainster,
* Lochgelly,
* Bruntisland,
* Leevin,
* Neeburgh,
* Tayport
* Cupar
an vielages lik Kinglassie, Kinghorn, Elie, Auchtertool, Crossgates an Bingry.
Referenses
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[Wikipedia:sco] Januar
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Januar (or Jennewarie) is tha first month o tha yeir in tha Gregorian calendar, an ane o sievin Gregorian months wi 31 days.
Januar is named eftir Janus, Roman god o durs an yetts.
Januar begins (astrologicalie) wi tha sun in tha syn o Capricorn an ends in tha syn o Aquarius. Frae an astrologie pynt o view, tha sun begins in tha starnhoard o Sagittarius an ends in tha starnhoard o Capricornus.
The oreiginal Roman calendar wis makkit o 10 month (304 days). The Romans first hid thocht aboot winter as bein a monthless tyd. Bit aboot 700 BC Romulus' eftirganger, King Numa Pompilius, eikit the months o Januar an Februar allouin the calendar ti be e'en wi a staundart moon towmond (354 days). A Roman fowkbeleif agin e'en nummers led til the eikin o ane day sicweys makin the yeir 355 days lang. Tho Mairch wis oreiginalie the first month, Januar usurp'd that poseition acause 'at wis whan consuls wis uisualie waled.
The first day o the month is kent as "Ne'er's Day".
Names for Januar o auld lang syn include its oreiginal Roman ane Ianuarius, the Saxon name Wulf-monath (meinin "wouf month") or Winterfylleth an Charlemagne's ain name for it: Wintarmanoth (meinin "winter / cald month"). In the auld Japanese calendar, the month is caa'd Mutsuki (睦月). The seicont day o the month is kent as Hatsuyume (初夢) an the 7t day as Nanakusa (七草). In Finnish, the month is caa'd tammikuu, meinin "month o the aik".
The first Monanday in Januar is kent as Handsel Monanday in Scotland an northren Ingland. In Ingland, the feildwark yeir began wi "Plou Sunday" on the Sunday cumin eftir Uphalyday.
The cumin o age day in Japan is the seicont Monanday o Januar, for thae becumin 20 yeir auld in the new calendar towmond. It is a landweid haliday. The day haes been aboot sin 1948, bit fell on Januar 15t til 1999, whan it wis muivit bi the Japanese govrenment in a mynt ti lift the economie bi makin mair holidays cum ane eftir the ither.
In the Haithen wheel o the yeir, Januar ends at or naur til Imbolc in the northren hemisphere an Lughnasadh in the soothren hemisphere.
References
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[Wikipedia:sco] Unitit Kinrick
The Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland (), commonly kent the Unitit Kinrick (; UK) or Breetain (), is a kintra in waster Europe. Lyin aff the north-wastren coast o the European mainlaund, the UK includes the isle o Great Breetain, the north-eastren pairt o the isle o Ireland an mony smawer islands. Norlin Airlan is the anly pairt o the Unitit Kinrick that shares a laund mairch wi anither sovereign statethe Republic o Ireland. Apairt frae this laund mairch, the UK is surroondit bi the Atlantic Ocean, wi the North Sea tae its east, the Inglis Channel tae its sooth an the Celtic Sea tae its sooth-sooth-wast, giein it the 12t-langest coastline in the warld. The Erse Sea lies atween Great Breetain an Ireland. Wi an aurie o , the UK is the 78t-lairgest sovereign state in the warld an the 11t-lairgest in Europe. It is the 21st-maist populous kintra an aw, wi an estimatit 67.8 million indwallers as o 2020.
The UK is a constitutional monarchy wi a pairliamentar democracy. The monarch is King Charles III, The UK's caipital an lairgest ceety is Lunnon, a global ceety an financial centre wi an urban aurie population o 10.3 million, the fowert-lairgest in Europe. Ither major urban auries in the UK include the conurbations centred on Birmingham, Leeds, Glesga, Liverpuil an Manchester. The UK consists o fower kintras—Ingland, Scotland, Wales an Northren Ireland. Aw but Ingland hae devolved admeenistrations, ilk wi varyin pouers, based in thair caipitals Edinburgh, Cairdiff an Belfast, respectively. The nearbi Isle o Man, Bailiwick o Guernsey an Bailiwick o Jersey are no pairt o the UK, bein Croun dependencies wi the Breetish Govrenment responsible for defence an internaitional representation.
Prior tae the formation o the UK, Wales haed been conquered an annexed bi the Kinrick o Ingland. This meant that the unitit kinrick creatit in 1707 bi the Treaty o Union atween Ingland an Scotland encompassed aw o Great Breetain. The Kinrick o Ireland merged wi this state in 1801 tae form the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland. Five-saxts o Ireland secedit frae the UK in 1922, leavin the present formulation o the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain and Northren Ireland. Thare are fowerteen Breetish Owerseas Territories, the remnants o the Breetish Empire that, at its hicht in the 1920s, encompassed awmaist a quarter o the warld's land mass an wis the lairgest empire in history. Breetish influence can be observed in the leid, cultur an legal seestems o mony o its umwhile colonies.
The UK is a developit kintra an haes the warld's saxt-lairgest economy bi nominal GDP an ninth-lairgest economy bi purchasin pouer parity. It haes a heich-income economy an haes a "verra heich" Human Development Index, rankin 16t in the warld. It wis the first industrialised kintra an the warld's foremaist pouer in the 19t an early 20t centuries. The UK remeens a great pouer wi conseederable economic, cultural, militar, scienteefic an poleetical influence internaitionally. It is a recognised nuclear wappens state an is seivent in militar expenditur in the warld. It haes been a permanent member o the Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil syne its first session in 1946. It wis a leadin member state o the EU an its predecessor, the European Economic Commonty (EEC), frae 1973 till 2020. The UK a member o the Commonweel o Naitions, the G7 finance meenisters, the G7 forum, the G20, NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development (OECD), an the Warld Tred Organisation (WTO).
Historie o tha Unitit Kinrick
Early history
Settlement bi anatomically modren humans o whit wis tae acome the Unitit Kinrick occurred in waves beginnin bi aboot 30,000 years agae. Bi the end o the region's prehistoric period, the population is thocht tae hae belanged, in the main, tae a cultur termed Insular Celtic, comprisin Brythonic Breetain an Gaelic Ireland. The Roman conquest, beginnin in 43 AD, an the 400-year rule o soothren Breetain, wis follaed bi an invasion bi Germanic Anglo-Saxon settlers, reducin the Brythonic area mainly tae whit wis tae acome Wales, Cornwall an the historic Kinrick o Strathclyde. Maist o the region settled bi the Anglo-Saxons becam unifee'd as the Kinrick o Ingland in the 10t century. Meanwhile, Gaelic-speakers in north-wast Britain (wi connections tae the north-east o Ireland an tradeetionally supposed tae hae migratit frae thare in the 5t century) unitit wi the Picts tae creaut the Kinrick o Scotland in the 9t century.
The early modren period saw releegious conflict resultin frae the Reformation an the introduction o Protestant state kirks in ilk kintra. Wales wis fully incorporatit intae the Kinrick o Ingland, an Ireland wis constitutit as a kinrick in personal union wi the Inglis croun.
In 1603, Elizabeth I o Ingland deed an Jamie the Saxt o Scotland becam James the First o Ingland an aa. Tha Acts o Union 1707 makkit tha Kinrick o Great Breetain an tha Scots Pairlament wis unitit wi tha Inglis pairlament in Lunnon.
In the mid-17t century, aw three kinricks war involved in a series o connectit wars (includin the Inglis Ceevil War) that led tae the temporar owerthraw o the monarchy an the establishment o the short-leeved unitar republic o the Commonweel o Ingland, Scotland an Ireland. Awtho the monarchy wis restored, the Interregnum ensured (alang wi the Glorious Revolution o 1688 an the subsequent Bill of Rights 1689, an the Claim of Right Act 1689) that, unlik muckle o the rest o Europe, ryal absolutism wad nae prevail, an a professed Catholic coud niver accede tae the thrane. The Breetish constitution wad develop on the basis o constitutional monarchy an the pairlamentary seestem.
Treaty o Union
Tho previous attempts at unitin the twa kinricks within Great Breetain in 1606, 1667, an 1689 haed pruived unsuccessfu, the attempt initiatit in 1705 led tae the Treaty o Union o 1706 bein agreed an ratified bi baith pairlaments.
On 1 Mey 1707, the unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain came intae bein, the result o Acts o Union bein passed bi the pairlaments o Ingland an Scotland tae ratify the 1706 Treaty o Union an sae unite the twa kinricks.
In the 18t century, cabinet govrenment developed unner Robert Walpole, in practice the first prime meenister (1721–1742). A series o Jacobite Uprisins socht tae remuive the Protestant Hoose o Hanover frae the Breetish thrane an restore the Catholic Hoose o Stuart. The Jacobites war feenally defeatit at the Battle o Culloden in 1746, efter that the Scots Hielanders war brutally suppressed. The Breetish colonies in North Americae that brak awey frae Britain in the American War o Unthirldom becam the Unitit States o Americae, recognised bi Britain in 1783. Breetish imperial ambition turned taewart Asie, pairteecularly tae Indie.
Efter the defeat o Fraunce at the end o the Revolutionary an Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), Great Breetain emerged as the principal naval an imperial pouer o the 19t century (wi Lunnon the lairgest ceety in the warld frae aboot 1830). Unchallenged at sea, Breetish dominance wis later descrived as Pax Britannica ("Breetish Peace"), a period o relative peace amang the Great Pouers (1815–1914) in that the Breetish Empire becam the global hegemon an adoptit the role o global polisman.
Breetain focht alangside Fraunce, Roushie an (efter 1917) the Unitit States, against Germany an its allies in the First Warld War (1914–1918). Breetish airmed forces war engaged athort muckle o the Breetish Empire an in several regions o Europe, pairteecularly on the Wastren front. The heich fatalities o trench warfare caused the loss o muckle o a generation o men, wi lastin social effects in the naition an a great disruption in the social order.
Erse unthirldom
The rise o Erse naitionalism, an disputes within Ireland ower the terms o Erse Hame Rule, led eventually tae the pairteetion o the island in 1921. The Erse Free State becam independent wi Dominion status in 1922. Northren Ireland remeened pairt o the Unitit Kinrick. A wave o strikes in the mid-1920s culminatit in the General Strike o 1926. Britain haed still nae recuivered frae the effects o the war whan the Great Depression (1929–1932) occurred. This led tae conseederable unemployment an haurdship in the auld industrial auries, as weel as poleetical an social unrest in the 1930s, wi risin membership in communist an socialist pairties. A coaleetion govrenment wis formed in 1931.
Breetain entered the Seicont Warld War bi declarin war on Germany in 1939, efter Germany haed invadit Poland. Winston Churchill becam prime meenister an heid o a coaleetion govrenment in 1940. Despite the defeat o its European allies in the first year o the war, Breetain an its Empire conteena'd the ficht alane against Germany. In 1940, the Ryal Air Force defeatit the German Luftwaffe in a struggle for control o the skies in the Battle o Breetain. Urban auries suffered hivy bombin in the Blitz. Thare war an aa eventual haurd-focht veectories in the Battle o the Atlantic, the North Africae campaign an the Burma campaign. Breetish forces played an important role in the Normandy laundins o 1944, achieved wi its Unitit States ally.
Syne Warld War II
Efter the end o the Seicont Warld War in 1945, the UK wis ane o the Big Fower pouers (alang wi the U.S., the Soviet Union, an Cheenae) that met tae plan the post-war warld; it wis an oreeginal seegnatory tae the Declaration o the Unitit Naitions. The UK wis the third kintrea tae develop a nuclear wappens airsenal (wi its first atomic bomb test in 1952), but the new post-war leemits o Breetain's internaitional role war illustratit bi the Suez Creesis o 1956.
Frae the late 1960s, Northren Ireland suffered communal an paramilitar veeolence (whiles affectin ither pairts o the UK) conventionally kent as the Tribbles. It is uisually conseedert tae hae endit wi the Belfast "Guid Fryday" Agreement o 1998.
Aroond the end o the 20t century thare war major cheenges tae the govrenance o the UK wi the establishment o devolved admeenistrations for Scotland, Wales an Northren Ireland.
In the decade-lang process o European integration, the UK wis a foondin member o the alliance cried the Wastren European Union, established wi the Lunnon an Paris Conferences in 1954. In 1960 the UK wis ane o the seeven foondin members o the European Free Tred Association (EFTA), but in 1973 it left tae jyne the European Commonties (EC). Whan the EC becam the European Union (EU) in 1992, the UK wis ane o the 12 foondin members. In 2016, the Unitit Kinrick votit tae leave the European Union. The legal process o leavin the EU begoud on 29 Mairch 2017, wi the UK's invocation o Airticle 50 o the Treaty o Lisbon, formally notifyin the EU o the UK's intention tae leave. The UK steyed a fou member o the EU till 31 January 2020.
Geografie
The tot aurie o the Unitit Kinrick is approximately . The kintra occupies the major pairt o the Breetish Isles airchipelago an includes the island o Great Breetain, the north-eastren ane-saxt o the island o Ireland an some smawer surroondin islands. It lies atween the North Atlantic Ocean an the North Sea wi the sooth-east coast comin within o the coast o northren Fraunce, frae that it is separatit bi the Inglis Channel. In 1993 10% o the UK wis forestit, 46% uised for pastures an 25% cultivatit for agricultur. The Ryal Greenwich Observatory in Lunnon is the definin pynt o the Prime Meridian.
The Unitit Kinrick lies atween latitudes 49° tae 61° N, an longitudes 9° W tae 2° E. Northren Ireland shares a laund boondary wi the Republic o Ireland. The coastline o Great Breetain is lang. It is connectit tae continental Europe bi the Channel Tunnel, that at ( unnerwatter) is the langest unnerwatter tunnel in the warld.
Ingland accoonts for juist ower hauf o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin . Maist o the kintra consists o lawland terrain, wi moontainous terrain north-wast o the Tees-Exe line; includin the Cumbrian Moontains o the Loch Destrict, the Pennines, Exmoor an Dartmoor. The main rivers an estuaries are the Thames, Severn an the Humber. Ingland's heichest moontain is Scafell Pike () in the Loch Destrict. Its principal rivers are the Severn, Thames, Humber, Tees, Tyne, Tweed, Avon, Exe an Mersey.
Scotland accoonts for juist unner a third o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin an includin nearly aicht hunder islands, predominantly wast an north o the mainland; notably the Hebrides, Orkney Islands an Shetland Islands. Scotland is the maist moontainous kintra in the UK an its topografie is distinguished bi the Hieland Boondary Faut—a geological rock fractur—that traverses Scotland frae Arran in the wast tae Stanehyve in the east. The faut separates twa distinctively different regions; namely the Hielands tae the north an wast an the lawlands tae the sooth an east. The mair rugged Hieland region conteens the majority o Scotland's moontainous laund, includin Ben Nevis that at is the heichest pynt in the Breetish Isles. Lawland auries—especially the narrae waist o laund atween the Firth o Clyde an the Firth o Forth kent as the Central Belt—are flatter an hame tae maist o the population includin Glesga, Scotland's lairgest ceety, an Edinburgh, its caipital an poleetical centre, awtho upland an moontainous terrain lies within the Soothren Uplands.
Wales accoonts for less nor a tent o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin . Wales is maistly moontainous, tho Sooth Wales is less moontainous nor North an mid Wales. The main population an industrial auries are in Sooth Wales, consistin o the coastal ceeties o Cairdiff, Swansea an Newport, an the Sooth Wales Valleys tae their north. The heichest moontains in Wales are in Snowdonie an include Snowdon () that, at , is the heichest peak in Wales. The 14, or possibly 15, Welsh moontains ower heich are kent collectively as the Welsh 3000s. Wales haes ower o coastline. Several islands lie aff the Welsh mainland, the lairgest o that is Anglesey (Ynys Môn) in the north-wast.
Northren Ireland, separatit frae Great Breetain bi the Erse Sea an North Channel, haes an aurie o an is maistly hilly. It includes Lough Neagh that, at , is the lairgest loch in the Breetish Isles bi aurie. The heichest peak in Northren Ireland is Slieve Donard in the Mourne Moontains at .
Climate
The Unitit Kinrick haes a temperate climate, wi plentifu rainfaw aw year roond. The temperatur varies wi the saisons seendle drappin ablo or risin abuin . The prevailin wind is frae the sooth-wast an beirs frequent spells o mild an wet wather frae the Atlantic Ocean, awtho the eastren pairts are maistly sheltered frae this wind syne the majority o the rain faws ower the wastren regions the eastren pairts are tharefore the driest. Atlantic currents, wairmed bi the Gulf Stream, bring mild winters; especially in the wast whaur winters are wet an iven mair sae ower heich grund. Simmers are wairmest in the sooth-east o Ingland, bein closest tae the European mainland, an cuilest in the north. Hivy snawfaw can occur in winter an early ware on heich grund, an occasionally settles tae great deepth awey frae the hills.
Economy
The UK haes a pairtially regulatit mercat economy. Based on mercat exchynge rates, the UK is theday the fift-lairgest economy in the warld an the seicont-lairgest in Europe efter Germany. HM Thesaury, led bi the Chancellor o the Exchequer, is responsible for developin an executin the govrenment's public finance policy an economic policy. The Bank o Ingland is the UK's central bank an is responsible for issuin notes an cunyies in the naition's siller, the poond sterling. Banks in Scotland an Northren Ireland reteen the richt tae issue thair awn notes, subject tae reteenin eneuch Bank o Ingland notes in reserve tae cuiver their issue. The poond sterling is the warld's third-lairgest reserve siller (efter the US dollar an the euro). Syne 1997 the Bank o Ingland's Monetary Policy Committee, heidit bi the Govrenor o the Bank o Ingland, haes been responsible for settin interest rates at the level necessar tae achieve the oweraw inflation target for the economy that is set bi the Chancellor ilk year.
The UK service sector maks up aroond 79% o GDP.
Demografie
Population
In the 2011 census the tot population o the Unitit Kinrick wis 63,181,775. It is the fift-lairgest in the Commonweel o Nations an the 22nt lairgest in the warld.
Leids
The UK's de facto offeecial leid is Inglis. Houiver, thar is monie leids spak in the Unitit Kinrick bi baith native an immigrant.
The native leids can be spleet inti twa groups:
* The Celtic leids: Scots Gaelic, Erse, Welsh an Cornish
* The Germanic leids: Scots an Inglish
Releegion
In the 2001 census 71.6% o aw respondents indicatit that thay war Christians, wi the next lairgest faiths bein Islam (2.8%), Hinduism (1.0%), Sikhism (0.6%), Judaism (0.5%), Buddhism (0.3%) an aw ither releegions (0.3%). 15% o respondents statit that thay haed na releegion, wi a forder 7% nae statin a releegious preference.
Politics
The Unitit Kinrick is a unitar state unner a constitutional monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II haes been the monarch an heid o state o the UK, as weel as Queen o fifteen ither independent Commonweel kintras. The monarch haes "the richt tae be consultit, the richt tae encourage, an the richt tae wairn". The Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick is uncodified an consists maistly o a collection o disparate written soorces, includin statutes, juidge-made case law an internaitional treaties, thegither wi constitutional conventions. As thare is na technical difference atween ordinar statutes an "constitutional law", the Pairlament o the UK Pairlament can perform "constitutional reform" semply bi passin Acts o Pairlament, an sicweys haes the poleetical pouer tae cheenge or abolish awmaist ony written or unwritten element o the constitution. Houiver, na Pairlament can pass laws that futur Pairlaments canna cheenge.
The UK haes a pairlamentar govrenmen based on the Wastmeenster seestem that haes been emulatit aroond the warld: a legacy o the Breetish Empire. The pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick meets in the Palace o Wastmeenster an haes twa houses: an electit Hoose o Commons an appointit Hoose o Lairds. Aw bills passed are gien Ryal Assent afore acomin law.
The poseetion o prime meenister, the UK's heid o govrenment, belangs tae the person maist likely tae command the confidence o the Hoose o Commons.
Cultur
Airts
The Inglis playwright an poet William Shakespeare is widely regairdit as the greatest dramatist o aw time, Robert Burns is a weel kent an praised poet.
The Beatles hae internaitional sales o ower ane billion units an are the biggest-sellin an maist influential baund in the history o popular muisic. Ither prominent Breetish contreibutors tae hae influenced popular muisic ower the last 50 year include The Rolling Stones, Pink Floyd, Queen, Led Zeppelin, the Bee Gees, an Elton John, aw o that hae warldwide record sales o 200 million or mair.
The Unitit Kinrick haes haed a conseederable influence on the history o the cinema. The Breetish directors Alfred Hitchcock, that's film Vertigo is conseedert bi some creetics as the best film o aw time, an David Lean are amang the maist critically acclaimed o aw-time. ither important directors includin Charlie Chaplin, Michael Powell, Carol Reed, Edgar Wright, Christopher Nolan, an Ridley Scott. Mony Breetish actors hae achieved internaitional fame an creetical success, includin: Julie Andrews, Richard Burton, Michael Caine, Colin Firth, Gary Oldman, Ben Kingsley, Ian McKellen, Liam Neeson, Charlie Chaplin, Sean Connery, Vivien Leigh, David Niven, Laurence Olivier, Peter Sellers, Kate Winslet, Anthony Hopkins, an Daniel Day-Lewis.
Sport
Major sports, includin association fitbaa, tennis, rugby union, rugby league, gowf, boxin, netbaw, rowin an cricket, oreeginatoy or war substantially developed in the UK an the states that precedit it. Wi the rules an codes o mony modren sports inventit an codifee'd in late 19t century Victorian Breetain, in 2012, the Preses o the IOC, Jacques Rogge, statit; "This great, sports-loving country is widely recognised as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum".
Notes
References
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[Wikipedia:sco] Auld Alliance
The Auld Alliance is the name gien til a series o treaties atween Scotland an Fraunce for mutual protection agin Ingland atween 1295 an 1560 (tho it shoud be merkit that Norawa wis involved in some o the earlier stents).
The terms wisna the same in ilka treaty that wis gree'd on, but for ordinar thay held that gin ae kintra wis attackit bi Ingland, baith wad invade Ingland; an sic led tae the Battle o Flodden Field in 1513.
It coud be seen frae 1165 whan William the Lion addressit an ambassy tae Louis VII o France bat thinkin the first script o this alliance whilka hae been foond is the Treaty signit in Paris the 23 Octobre 1295 atween John Baliol's (awso ca'd "John o Scotland") representin fowks an Philippe le Bel. The 23 Februar 1296, the Scots Pairliament ratifeed th'Alliance treaty signit wi Fraunce.
In 1326, Robert Bruce anewit the Alliance wi the treaty o Corbeil. In the XIVt an XVt centuries, the treaty wis saint sax times.
Acause o this treaty, som French wirds intilt the Scots leid, an they were in baith airts cultural hank.
References
*
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[Wikipedia:sco] Aprile
Aprile is the fowert month o the year in the Gregorian Calendar, the fifth in the early Julian ane o fower month wi 30 days.
April is commonly associated with the season of spring in parts of the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in parts of the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to October in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa.
The Romans gave this month the Latin name Aprilis[1] but the derivation of this name is uncertain. The traditional etymology is from the verb aperire, "to open", in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to "open", which
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[Wikipedia:sco] Scots Spellin Comatee
The Scots Spellin Comatee (1996–1998) attemptit tae estaiblish a mair staundart spellin system for the Scots. Thay wrocht the Report an Recommends o the Scots Spellin Comatee or RRSSC.
Members
Comatee members wis:
(Nov 1996 - August 1998)|
*Alasdair Allan
*Andy Eagle
*John Law (Secretar)
*J. Derrick McClure (Convener)
*George Philp (till Apryle 1998)
*Iseabail Macleod (till October 1998)
*Liz Niven
*David Purves
*John Tait
See forbye
* RRSSC Common wordleet (Inglis ti Scots)
* RRSSC Common wordleet (Scots til Inglis)
* RRSSC Shortleet o Frequent Words in Scots
References
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[Wikipedia:sco] Fuirsday
The Fuirsday is the day o the week atween Wadensday an Fryday. The name Fuirsday comes fae the Auld Inglis Þunresdæg, meanin the day o Þunor, forby kent in Inglis as Thor.
Bi some conventions (see ISO 8601), the Fuirsdays o a towmond determine the hantlin o the weeks: week 1 is the week at his in it the first Fuirsday o the towmond, an sae on.
In the Inglis warld, some haes taen up an acronym for Fuirsday, akin tae Fryday's T.G.I.F., an says "So Happy It's Thursday", or S.H.I.T.
I' the popular rime, "Fuirsday's bairn his faur tae gang".
In the Unitit Kinrick, aa general elections sin 1935 haes been hauden on a Fuirsday an this haes becam tradeetion, thou it isnae a requirement o the law – at says an election micht be hauden on onie day "except Saturdays, Sundays, Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, bank holidays in any part of the United Kingdom and any day appointed for public thanksgiving and mourning". An expoundin sometimes gien for the chyce o Fuirsday as the pollin day is it wis, in maist touns, the tradeetional mercat day, thou it his been sayed at the chyce his practical advantages – wi the ootcome o the election bein kent by Fryday, the new or ongangin admeenistration then his the weekend tae redd itsel for the "government shop openin for business" on Monanday, the first day o the new week comin efter the election.
In The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, the chairacter Arthur Dent says "This must be Thursday. I could never get the hang of Thursdays". A twa-three meenits later the warld is destroyed. Thor, that the day is named efter, forby appears later in the Hitchhiker's series an in ither Adams beuks.
I' the Hindu releegion, Fuirsday is guruvar or the Guru's day.
The name for the day in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, Ebreu an Portuguese is "fift day". Quakers tradeitionally caas Fuirsday the "Fift Day" an aw, eschewing the heathen oreegin o the name "Fuirsday".
Named days
* Skyre Fuirsday, forby kent as the Sheer Fuirsday or Holy Fuirsday, is the Fuirsday afore Pace, tradeetionally a day o cleanin an giein oot Maundy siller i' the Unitit Kinrik.
* Black Fuirsday refers til 24 October 1929 whan stock prices i' the NYSE fell shairply, wi a record volume o nearly 13 million shares. Five days later, the mercat crashed on volume o ower 16 million shares - a level nae tae be gaun ayont for 39 year. In popular eemagery, the crash his come tae merk the beginnin o the Muckle Depression.
References
Fremmit airtins
* Whaur Fuirsday Got Its Name
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[Wikipedia:sco] Phoneme
In spoken leids, a phoneme is a basic, theoretical unit o soond that disteenguishes wirds (that is, bi chyngin a phoneme in ae
wird, the ootcome is anither wird that's meanin differs). The phoneme is a basic soond lith, that's lingueestic function is tae disteenguish
the morphemes o a wird. Phonemes isna pheesical soonds, but abstractions. Phonemes is for ordinar seen as a faimlie o phones,
that's seen as a single soond, an is pitten ower wi a common seembol. Phones that's phoneme instance variants, an represents the
phonetic qualities o actual soond lithes, is kent as allophones. The basic soond unit comes oot throu phonemic analysis. Phonemic
seembology is pitten atween slashes (//). A cuttit wey tae descrieve the notion o a phoneme is the wee-est differ atween wirds, that's ootcome is an unalike meanin.
A phoneme micht weel represent a wheen categorically phonetically seemilar or phonologically sib soonds.
The sibness micht no be phonetically obvious, whit is itsel, ane o the kinches wi this conceptual scheme.
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[Wikipedia:sco] Allophones
In phonetics, an allophone is ane amang mony seemilar phones that's ocht the same phoneme. A phone is a soond that's soond swaw haes a definite shape, altho a phoneme is a basic group o soonds that disteenguishes wirds (i.e. chynging ae phoneme in ae wird brings forrit anither wird); speakers o a parteecular leid perceives a phoneme as a single kenspeckle soond in that leid. Fae this, an allophone is a phone thocht on as a member o the ae phoneme.
Ilka allophone is uised in a speceefic phonetic context. No aw phonemes haes signeeficantly differin allophones, but thare's aye a wee differ in soondin fae the ae bit speak tae the neist. An examplar is in Japanese that haes nae disteenction atween /l/ an /r/, an sae thir twa soonds gets guddelt by Japanese speakers acause thir soonds isna thocht on as sindry phonemes. Hooivver, in Scots thir twa soonds is thocht on as twa sindry anes, sae thay're baith thocht on as sindry phonemes. In some byleids o Inglis, "daurk" or velarised l is conseedert juist a kin o /l/, but in some ither leids, thir twa soonds differs.
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[Wikipedia:sco] Scots vouel lenth rule
The Scots Vouel-Lenth Rule, kent as Aitken's Law forby, efter Professor Jack Aitken, wha first pit it ower in a mensefu mainer, descrieves hou vouel lenth in Scots is condeetiont bi its environs. (Phonetics in IPA.)
The rule affects aw vouels in central dialects, tho in dialects ootwi central Scotland some vouels bides unaffectit.
* and is for ordinar short.
* an is for ordinar lang:
** in stresst seelables afore an .
** afore anither vouel an
** afore a morpheme boond.
* , an is for ordinar lang in maist dialects.
* The diphthong for ordinar kythes in short environs an in the lang environs descrieved abuin.
See forby
IPA chairt for Scots
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[Wikipedia:sco] Diphthong
In phonetics, a diphthong (Greek δίφθογγος,
"diphthongos", meanin wi twa soonds) is a the gaun-thegither o twa vouels, for ordinar wi a swith but sliddery muivement fae the tae
vouel tae the tither, aft interpret bi listeners as a single vouel soond or phoneme.
Altho "pure" vouels, or monophthongs, is hauden tae hae the ae tairget tongue poseetion, diphthongs haes a muivin tongue.
Pure vouels is pitten ower in the Internaitional Phonetic ABC wi the ae seembol.
For example the <i> in whit [ʍɪt] or [ʍʌt]
Diphthongs is pitten ower wi twa seembols, for example the <y> in wynd [wəind].
Here the twa vouel seembols is mynt tae shaw the ewest beginnin
an endin tongue poseetions.
See forby
IPA chairt for Scots
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[Wikipedia:sco] Morpheme
In lingueestics, a morpheme is the wee-est pairt o a wird that cairies ocht that gies a semantic unnerstaundin. Morphemes is, for ordinar, a kenspeckle pittin thegither o phonemes (as the lowse furm haund or the bund form s in haunds) haein nae wee-er meaninfu members.
Scots example:
The wird wanchancy haes three morphemes, the (negatory) bund morpheme wan, the lowse morpheme chance an y. Wan is a prefix an y is a suffix. The baith is affixes.
kynds o morphemes
* Lowse morphemes lik toun an mill can be soudert tae ither lexemes (as in tounhoose or mill-lade) or thay can staund alane - lowse. Allomorphs is variants o a morpheme, e.g. the plural merker <s> in Scots whiles comes oot as /z/ or /s/.
* Bund morphemes like wan juist kythes thegither wi ither morphemes tae shape a lexeme. Bund morphemes for ordinar tends tae be prefixes an suffixes.
* Inflectional morphemes modifee's a wird's tense, nummer, aspect an siclike.
* Dereevational morphemes can be eikit tae a wird for tae shape anither wird: for example bi eikin lins tae blind gies blindlins.
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[Wikipedia:sco] Friday
Friday is the day o the week atween Fuirsday an Setturday. Its name comes fae the goddess Frige o Germanic mythologie.
In maist areas wi a five-day wirkin week, Friday is the hindmaist warkday afore the weekend an is tharefore seen as a cause for celebration or relief, leadin tae the sayin TGIF, an abbreviation for Thank God It's Friday or Thank Goodness It's Friday. (The phrase wis weel kent cause o a film in the 1970s.) The phrase is the inspiration for the restaurant, aptly named, T.G.I. Friday's.
In some offices, employees is allood tae weir less formal claes on Fridays, kent as Casual Friday or Dress-Doun Friday.
In Islam, Friday is the day o public wirship in mosques. In some Islamic kintras, the week stairts on Sunday an ends on Setturday, juist lik the Jewish an Christian week. In ithers, sic as Iran an Afghanistan, the week stairts on Setturday an ends on Friday.
The Jewish Sawbath stairts at sunset on Friday an runs til sunset on Setturday.
In Christianity, the Friday afore Easter is celebratit as Good Friday tae commemorate the crucifixion o Jesus. Some Christians will haud by eatin meat on Fridays, an will aften hae fish in its steid.
The name for the day in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, Ebreu an Portuguese is "saxt day". Quakers tradeitionally caws Friday the "Saxt Day" an aw, eschewin the "heathen" oreegin o the name.
In some culturs, Friday is thocht o as unlucky, specially whan this is Friday the 13t, 13 bein an wanchancy nummer. This is parteecular the case in maritime circles; in ae (untrue) story a Ryal Navy ship HMS Friday wis laid doun on a Friday, lenched on a Friday an captained bi a Captain Friday an wis never heard o again.
Several historical disasters at happent on Fridays is kent as Black Friday.
Popular cultur
* In the popular rhyme, "Friday's bairn is lovin an giein".
* In the beuk Robinson Crusoe, Friday is the name o a American Indian cannibal that wis haint bi the protagonist on a Friday an became his servand.
* Cadbury promotit a chocolate baur wi the slogan Thank Crunchie it's Friday.
* In a reference tae "TGI Friday", maverick Breetish telly host Chris Evans made the telly programme TFI Friday, its ineetials supposedly staundin for "Thank Four It's" (Four wis a reference tae Channel 4, the telly station) – onie ither meanin for the F wis a maiter for the viewer's ain imaginations.
* Friday is a beuk bi Robert A. Heinlein.
* Friday is a film wi rapper Ice Cube in it.
Fremmit airtins
* Whaur Friday Gat Its Name
References
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[Wikipedia:sco] Seturday
Setturday is the day o the week atween Friday an Sunday. Its name is the anerly yin amang the names o days thit comes fae the Roman god Saturn, while the ither sax names is derived fae Saxon gods.
Bi tradeetion comin fae the auncient Jews, Setturday is the hindmaist day o the week. That convention remeens the universal standard in the United States, bit in modren Europe mony fowks nou think o Setturday as the saxt (forelast) day o the week, an Sunday the last. The modren European convention haes been makkit formal bi ISO 8601. On the ither haund, in mony Islamic kintras, Setturdays is the first day o the week, wi Fridays as holidays.
In auncient Jewish tradeetion Setturday is the saabath. Mony leids disnae hiv separate words for "Setturday" an "saabath". Eastren Orthodox kirks distinguish atween the saabath (Setturday) an the Lord's day (Sunday). Roman Catholics pits gey wee emphasis on that distinction at mony amang them follae – at least in colloquial leid – the Protestant practice o namin Sunday the saabath. Quakers tradeetionally caw Setturday the "Sevent Day" eschewing the "heathen" origin o the name.
In Scandinavie kintras, Setturday is caad Lördag or Laurdag etc., the name camin fae the auld wird laugr, meanin bath, sicweys Lördag equates tae bath-day.
The modren Maori name for it, Rahoroi, means "washing-day".
In popular rhyme, "Setturday's bairn wirks hard for a livin".
In mony kintras whaur Sundays are holidays, Setturday is pairt o the weekend, an is tradeetionally a day o restin. Mony parties are haud on Setturdays, acause it foregangs Sunday, anither day o rest. It is common for clubs, bars an restaurants til open later on Setturday nicht nor on ither nichts.
Setturday is the uisual day for elections in Australie an the ae day in New Zealand at elections can be held on.
External link
* Whaur Setturday Got Its Name
References
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[Wikipedia:sco] Phone
: Phone is a hamelt term for telephone.
In phonetics an phonology, a phone is a speech soond conseedert as a pheesical event athoot regaird tae its place in the soond seestem semantics o a langage. A soond lith that haes kenspeckle acoustic properties. A pairteecular kythin o a speech soond lith. The basic soond unit shawn fae phonetic speech analysis. Phonetic seembology is hauden athin square ([ ]) brackets. Compear wi a phoneme, a set o phones that cairies the same meanin.
The wird oreeginates fae the Greek φωνή for soond/vyce.
See forby
* allophone
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[Wikipedia:sco] Robert Burns
]]
Robert Burns (25 Januar 1759 in Allowa, Ayrshire – 21 Julie 1796 in Dumfries), cried Robbie or Rabbie Burns forby, is the naitional poet o Scotland. He scrieved in Scots, wi some Inglis influence whiles.
He is weel-kent as the naitional makar o Scotland, an his wark is celebratit athort the warld. He is the best kent o the mony makars that haes wrocht in the Scots leid, tho he screived mony poems in Inglis forby, an in a kin o licht Scots that can be easy read by fowk nae sae acquent wi Scots, within an furth o Scotland.
Burns is aften regairdit as a pioneer o the Romantic Muivement, an efter his deith he becam a symbol an important springheid o inspiration tae the foonders o baith Leiberalism an Socialism. He haes become a cultural icon o Scotland, baith in Scotland itsel an amang Scots that haes flittit tae fremmit airts.
Forby his ain componings, Burns ingaithert fowk sangs frae athort Scotland, aften revisin or adaptin thaim. The best kent o thir is Auld Lang Syne that's sang at Hogmanay, an Scots Wha Hae, that haes been seen whiles as a national anthem for Scotland. Ithers poems an sangs o his that bide weel kent athort the warld the day includes A Red, Red Rose, A Man's a Man for A' That, To a Louse, To a Mouse, The Battle of Sherramuir an Ae Fond Kiss.
Early years
Bairnheid
Robert Burns wis born twa mile sooth o Ayr in Allowa, the auldest o seiven weans o William Burness (1721-1744) (Robert chynged the spellin o his name tae "Burns" in 1786), that wes a sel eddicated fermer frae Dunnottar an Agnes Broun (1732-1820), that wis the dochter o a fermer frae Kirkoswald.
Robert wis born intae a hoose that his faither haed biggit (nou the Burns Cottage Museum), qhaur he bydit intil Easter 1766, qhan he wis seiven year auld. William Burness selt the hoose an teuk the tenancy o the 70-acre Munt Oliphant ferm, sootheast o Allowa. Here Burns raxed up in puirtith an hairdskip, an the teuch haund wark o the ferm left traces in a premature stoup an a weakened constitution.
The young Burns haed but a tait o raiglar schuilin, an teuk muckle o his eddicatin frae his faither, that teachit his bairns readin, scrievan, arithmatic, geography an history, forby screivin fer thaim A Manual of Christian Belief. He wis learnt by John Murdoch an aw, that apent a schuil in Allowa in 1763 an learnt Laitin, French, an mathematics tae baith Robert an his brither Gilbert frae 1765 tae 1768 till Murdoch quat the pairish. Efter twa-thrie year o hame eddication Burns wis sent tae Dalrymple Parish Schuil durin the simmer o 1772, ere retourin at hairst time tae fou time ferm darg till 1773 qhan he wes sent tae wone wi Murdoch fer thrie week tae study grammar, French an Laitin.
By the eild o 15, Burns wes the heidmaist darger at Munt Oliphant. Durin the hairst o 1774 he wis assistit by Nelly Kilpatrick (1759-1820), that tiftit his first attempt at poesy, O, Once I Lov'd A Bonnie Lass. In the simmer o 1775 he wis sent tae feinish his eddication wi a tutor at Kirkowswald, qhaur he met wi Peggy Thomson, tae wham he scrievit twa sangs, Now Westlin' Winds an I Dreamed I Lay.
At Whitsun, 1777, William Burness remuivit his muckle faimily frae the fashfou condeetions o Munt Oliphant fer the 130-acre ferm at Lochlea, near Tarbolton, qhaur they bydit until Burness' daith in 1784. Efterhaun, the faimily became integratit intae the community o Tarbolton. Tae his faither's disapproval Robert jyned a kintra dancin schuil in 1779, an wi Gilbert shappit the Tarbolton Bachelor's Club the follaein year. In 1781, Burns became a Freemason at Lodge St. David, Tarbolton. His earliest existin letters date frae this time, whan be begoud makkin romantic overtures tae Alison Begbie. Despite fower sangs screived for her, an a suggestion that he wis wullin tae wad her, she rejectit him.
In December 1781, Burns flittit for a wee tae Irvine tae leir tae become a flax-dresser, but durin the Hogmanay celebrations o 1781/2, the flax shap caucht fire an wis daimiged eneuch tae send him hame tae Lochlea ferm.
He cairriet on screivin poems an sangs an begoud a Commonplace Beuk in 1783, while his faither focht a legal argie-bargie wi his landlaird. The case gaed tae the Coort o Session an Burness wis uphaudit in Januar 1784, a fortnicht ere he dee'd. Robert an Gilbert made an ineffectual strauchle tae keip on the ferm but efter it failt, thay flittit tae the ferm at Mossgiel, near Mauchline in Mairch, that thay haudit on tae wi a sair fecht for the neist fower year. Durin the simmer o 1784 he cam tae ken a curn o lassies kent thegither as The Belles o Mauchline, ane o wham wis Jean Armour, the dochter o a stanemason frae Mauchline.
Burns' casual luve affairs an houghmagandie didna endear him tae the elders o the local kirk an creatit for him a name for dissolution amang his neebours. His first illegitimate bairn, Elizabeth Paton Burns (1785-1817) wis born tae his mithir's servand, Elizabeth Paton as he wis stairtin oot on a relationship wi Jean Armour. She buir him twins in 1786, an tho her faither wis agin thair mairrage at first, thay wis wad in 1788. She buir him nine bairns in aw, but ainlie thrie won past infancy.
Durin his relationship wi Jean Armour in 1786 an as his prospecks in fermin dwynit, he begoud an amour wi Mary Campbell, tae wham he dedicatit the poems The Highland Lassie, O, Highland Mary an To Mary in Heaven. Thair relationship haes been the subjeck o muckle jalousin an it haes been suggestit that thay micht hae wad. Thay ettled tae flit tae Jamaicae, qhaur Burns ettled tae wark as a beuk-keeper on a plantation. He wis dissuadit by a letter frae Thomas Blacklock, an ere the plans coud be actit upo, Campbell dee'd o a suddentie o a fever in Greenock. That simmer, he set furth the first o his collections o poesy, Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, that creatit a sensation an haes been recognisit as a signeeficact leeterar event.
Leeterar career
, NYC]]
At the suggestion o his brither, Robert Burns set furth his poems in a buik cawed Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect kent as the Kilmarnock Edition an aw. First proposals wis pitten oot in Apryle 1786 or the poems wis at lang an last setten furth in Kilmarnock in July 1786 an selt for 3 shillin. Brocht oot by John Wilson, a local prenter in Kilmarnock it haed muckle o Burns' best screivans, includin The Twa Dogs, Address to the Deil, Hallowe'en, The Cotter's Saturday Night, To a Mouse, an To a Mountain Daisy - mony o qhilk haed been scrieved at Mossgiel ferm. The wark wis a speed straucht awa an Burns wis suin weel kent athort the kintra.
He wis inveetit tae Edinburgh on 14t December 1786 tae owersee the preperation o a reveesit edeetion, the first Edinburgh edeetion, by William Creech, that wis finally setten furth on 17t Apryle 1787 (athin ae week o this, Burns selt his copyricht tae Creech fer 100 guineas). In Edinburgh, he wis taen in as an equal by the ceety's weel kent leeterati an wis a guest at upper-cless gaitherins, qhaur he buir himsel wi unaffecktit mense. Here he met wi, an made a lastin impression on, the 16-year auld Walter Scott that later descrievit him wi great admiration:
::"His person wis strang an robust; his mainers landwart, nae clounish, a sort o mensfu plainness an simpleecity that aiblins teuk in pairt o its effect frae knawledge o his stoundin talents. His featurs is presentit in Mr. Nasmyth's pictur but tae me is gies ower the norrie that they wis dimeenshed, as if saw in perspective. I jalouse his countenance wis mair muckle nae it kythes in ony o the limns...thare wis a strang expression o cannyness in aw his lineaments; the ee alane, I dout, indicatit the makarly chairacter an temperment. It wis lairge, an o a daurk cast, an leeterally glowed whan he spak wi feelin or intrest. I ne'er saw anither sic ee in a human heid, tho I hae seen the maist kenspeckle chiels o ma time."
His stay in the ceety resultit in some life-lang freendships, amang whilk wis thaim wi Laird Glencairn an Frances Anna Dunlop, that wis whiles his sponsor, wha wi he correspondit for the lave o his life. He begoud a relationship wi the seperatit Agnes 'Nancy' McLehose, wi whit he exchynged passionate luve letters unner bynames (Burns cawed himsel 'Sylvander' an Nancy 'Clarinda'). Whan it became clear that Nancy wadna be easily wooed intae a pheesical relationship, Burns muived on tae Jenny Clow, Nancy's hoose-servand, that buir him a son, Robert Burns Clow in 1788. His relationship wi Nancy endit in 1791 wi a hintmaist meetin in Edinburgh afore she sailt tae Jamaica for whit transpired tae be a short-lived reconcilin wi her estrynged guidman. Ere she quat Scotland, he gied her the manuscript o Ae Fond Kiss, as a fareweel tae her.
In Edinburgh in the winter o 1787 he met wi James Johnson, a strauchlin muisic engraver an muisic seller, wi a luve o auld Scots sangs an a determination tae preserve thaim. Burns skared this intrest an became an enthusiastic contreebutor tae The Scots Musical Museum. The first vollum o this wis setten furth in 1787 an includit three sangs by Burns. He contributit fowerty sangs tae Vollum II, an wad end up sponsible for aboot a third o the sax hunder sangs in the hail ingaitherin as weel as makkin a conseederable editorial contreebution. The hintmaist vollum wis setten furth in 1803.
Whan he retoured tae Ayrshire on 18t Februar 1788, he resumed his relationship wi Jean Armour an teuk a lease on the ferm o Ellisland near Dumfries on 18t Mairch (settlin there on 11t Juin), but trained as an exciseman shoud fermin conteena tae pruive unsuccessfu. He wis appyntit duties in Customs an Excise in 1789, an gied up the ferm in 1791. Meanwhile, he wis aye scrievin awa at his best, an in November 1790 haed feenisht Tam O' Shanter. Aboot this time he wis offered an turnt doun an appyntment in Lunnon on the staff o the Star newspaper, an refuised tae become a canditate for a newly-creatit Chair o Agricultur in the Varsity o Edinburgh, awtho influential freends offert tae uphaud his claims. Efter giein up his ferm he flittit tae Dumfries.
It wis at this time that, bein aksed tae scrieve leerics for The Melodies of Scotland, he respondit by contreebutin ower 100 sangs. He made major contreebutions tae George Thomson's A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs for the Voice as weel as tae James Johnson's The Scots Musical Museum. Argiably his claim tae immortality chiefly rests on thir vollums that pit him in the front raing o leeric makars. Burns descrieved hou he haed tae maister the tuin or he componed the wirds:
::"Ma wey is: A conseeder the makarly sentiment, correspondent tae ma norrie o the muisical expression, syne wale ma theme, begin ae stanza, whan thon is componed -that's for ordinar the maist fykie pairt o the business- A walk oot, sit doun nou an than, leuk oot for objects in naitur aboot me that's in unison or hairmony wi the cogitations o ma fancy an wirkins o ma bosom, hummin ilka nou an than the air wi the verses I hae framed. Whan I feel ma Muse beginnin tae jaud, I retire tae the solitar ingle-side o ma study, an there pit ma effuisions doun on paper, sweengin, at intervals, on the hint-legs o ma elbae cheer, by wey o cawin furth ma ain creetical stricturs, as ma pen gaes."
Burns wrocht tae gaither an preserve auld Scots fowk sangs an aw, whiles revisin, eikin tae an adaptin thaim. Ane o the better kent o thair gaitherins is The Merry Muses of Caledonia (the title's no Burns'), an ingaitherin o clarty leerics that wis kenspeckle in the muisic haws o Scotland as late as the 20t century. Mony o Burns' maist fawmous poems is sangs wi the muisic based upo aulder tradeetional sangs, for ensaumple Auld Lang Syne is setten tae a tradeetional tuin cawed Can Ye Labour Lea", A Red, Red Rose is setten tae Major Graham an The Battle of Sherramuir is setten tae The Cameronian Rant.
Leeterar style
Burns' direct leeterar influences in the uise o Scots in poesy wis Allan Ramsay an Robert Fergusson. Burns' wark teuk tift frae a guid kennin o Clessical, Biblical an Inglis leeteratur an aw, as weel as the Scots makar tradeetion an the fowk poetry that he kent frae his bairnheid.
He wis skeily in uissin Scots an Scots Inglis, aften a mixter-maxter o the twa. Writtin in the Inglis leid or in a "licht" by-leid version o Scots gied him a readership furth o Scotland, alloued him tae chynge frae ane till anither for effect (as in his uise o Inglis for the "moralisin" pairts o Tam O' Shanter) or gin he wis needin the rhyme.
His themes includit Republicanism (he livit durin the time o the French Revolution) an Radicalism, that expressit in Scots Wha Hae, Scots paitriotism, anticlericism, cless inequalities, gender roles, commentary on the Scots Kirk o his time, Scots cultural identity, puirtith, sexuality an the guid side o popular socialisin (carousin, whisky, fowk sangs etc.). Burns an his warks wis a source o inspiration tae the pioneers o leeberalism, socialism an the darg for Scots sel-govrenment, an he is still widely respectit an aften quotit by poleetical activists the day, e'en by conservatives an estaiblishment feegurs acause syne his daith, Burns became drawn intae the fabric o Scots naitional identity. Aiblins it is this abeelity tae appeal tae aw strines o poleetical opeenion in Scotland that haes led tae him bein widely saw as the naitional makar.
He is for ordinar cawed a proto-Romantic poet, an he gied muckle tift tae William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge an Percy Bysshe Shelley. The Edinburgh literati warked tae sentimentalise Burns durin his life an efter his daith, dismissin his eddication by cawin him a "heiven-teachit pleuchman". Burns wad influence later Scots screivers, speicially Hugh MacDiarmid that fechtit tae brak doun the sentimental cult that dominatit Scots leeteratur in MacDiarmid's opeenion.
Maist kent poems
Here are the maist kent poems o Robert Burns:
* A Man's a Man for A' That
* Auld Lang Syne
* Landlady count the Lawin
* To a Mouse
* Gree grew the rashes, O
* The Banks o' Doon
Hinmaist years
As his heil begoud tae gie wey Burns stairtit tae age early an fawed intae fits o dule. His drinkin habits didna help this, an in July 21, 1796 he dee'd at Dumfries at the young eild o 37. He wis yirdit fower day efter, the samin day that his son Maxwell wis born. A memorial edeetion o his warks wis set furth tae raise siller for his guidwife an bairns, an athin a wee time efter his daith, siller cam in frae athort Scotland tae support thaim.
Robert Burns bi Ewan MacColl
The fowksangster Ewan MacColl sang a lot o sangs bi Robert Burns on a record cried Songs of Robert Burns.
See forby
* Auld Lang Syne
* Scots fowk
* Portal:Scotland
Links outwith
* Burns Birthplace Museum it National Trust for Scotland
* National Burns Collection (Scottish naitional archive o Burns-relatit portraits, manuscripts an objecks)
* futuremuseum Modren online ingaitherin o Burns eimages an artefacks
* Scots govrenment produced Burns mini site
* Robert Burns Encyclopedia: A-Z companion tae Burns life an times
* Podcasts on iTunes that haes sum o Robert Burns' greatest poems read by Tadhg McKenna.
* Robert Burns it Naitional Leebrary o Scotland
* "The Illustrated History of the Family, Friends and Contemporaries of Robert Burns" by Colin Hunter McQueen
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[Wikipedia:sco] William Wallace
Sir William Wallace (, ; Norman French: ; 23 August 1305) wis the leader o the Scots airmy agin the Inglis fur the first pairt o the Scots Weirs for Unthirldom an wis the Gairdian o Scotland frae 1297 til 1298. Wallace wis born in Elderslie, Renfrewshire an wis eddicate at some time in his airly years at the Heich Schuil o Dundee. Some soorces propones his faither wis cawed Malcolm an ithers at his faither's name wis Alan. Wallace is thocht tae hae haed twa brithers whas names wis John an Malcom.
Alang wi Andrew Moray, Wallace defeatit an Inglis airmy at the Battle o Stirlin Brig in September 1297. He was appointed Guardian of Scotland and served until his defeat at the Battle o Fawkirk in July 1298. In August 1305, Wallace was captured in Robroyston, near Glasgow, and handed over to King Edward I o Ingland, who had him hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason and crimes against English civilians. He wis begowkit syne execute by the Inglis laird King Edward I. Sir William Wallace wis kilt by raxin, drawin, an quarterin.
Efter his deeth, Wallace haes been gien a legendary status faur ayont his hameland. He is the protagonist o Blind Harry's 15th-yearhunner epic poem The Wallace an the subject o literary wirks bi Jane Porter an Sir Walter Scott, an fae the Academy Award-winning film Braveheart.
Backgrund
William Wallace wis a memmer o the lesser nobility, but no a lot is defo kent aboot his history, his faimlie or even his parentage. William's ain seal, fund on a letter sent tae the Hanse city of Lübeck in 1297, gies his faither's name as Alan Wallace. This Alan Wallace micht be the same yin listit in the 1296 Ragman Rolls as a crown tenant in Ayrshire, but thare isnae ony extrae confirmation. Ithers have thocht this Alan haudit an Ellerslie, near Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, an gin this is true, the estate coud be a possible birthplace for William; tho thare isnae a record o Wallaces' haudin the estate, in the mid 13t yearhunner. Blind Harry's late-15th-yearhunner poem offers an alternate father for William, a Sir Malcolm o Elderslie, in Renfrewshire; an haes itsel gien rise tae a possible birthplace for William an aw. Thare isnae contemporary evidence linkin him tae aither airt, awtho baith areas haed connections wi the wider Wallace faimile. Records shaw early memmers o the family as haudin estates at Riccarton, Tarbolton, Auchincruive in Kyle and Stenton in East Lothian. Thay war vassals o James Stewart, 5th High Steward o Scotland as their lands fell ben his territory. It haes been claimed that Wallace's brothers Malcolm an John are kent fae ither soorces, but thare isnae ony verifiable evidence for John’s relationship wi William.
The origins o the Wallace surname an its association wi the soothwast o Scotland are far frae certain an aw, ither nor the name bein taen frae the Auld Inglis wylisc (pronoonced "wullish"), meanin "foreigner" or "Welshman". It is possible thit aw the Wallaces in the Clyde area war medieval immigrants fraw Wales, but as the term wis uised for the Cumbric-tawkin Strathclyde kingdom o the Celtic Britons an aw, it seems juist as likely thit the surname refers tae fowk thit war seen as "Welsh" due tae thair Cumbric leid. A faimlie tradeetion states Wallace wis descendit frae the sister o Saint Patrick, thit wad reinforce the Welsh origin theory.
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See an aa
*Braveheart
References
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[Wikipedia:sco] Adam Smith
Adam Smith (bapteised 5 Juin 1723 – 17 Julie 1790) wis a Scots economist, philosopher an screiver o the Wealth of Nations an o the Theory of Moral Sentiments. Born in Kirkcaudy, he wis a muckle feegur o the Scots Enlichtment, an is kent as the "Faither o Economics" or the "Faither o Caipitalism" an aw.
Legacy
Fowk says that Smith's argumentations maks him the faither o laissez-faire, free mercat caipitalism; housomever, ithers argues this haes been ower-blawn, as Smith did uphaud leemitit govrenment regulations.
Adam Smith's heid is on the Baunk o Ingland £20 note (the first Scotsman on an Inglis baunknote) an the Clydesdale Baunk £50 note.
References
*
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[Wikipedia:sco] Tony Blair
The Richt Honourable Sir Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born on the 6t o Mey 1953 in Edinburrie), for ordinar kent as Tony Blair, wis the Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick frae 1997 tae 2007. He wis the first Prime Meenister frae the Labour Pairty tae hiv haed three consecutive terms in govrenment.
He demittit frae office as Prime Meenister on 27 Juin 2007 an haundit ower pouer tae the new leader o the Breetish Labour Pairty, Gordon Brown. On the same day, he demittit as a Member o Pairlament (for the Sedgefield consteetuency) an wis appyntit as a peace envoy tae the Middle Aest bi the Quartet o the Unitit States, Unitit Nations, European Union and Roushie.
References
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[Wikipedia:sco] 23 Juin
The 23rd o Juin is the 174t day o the year (175t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 191 days ti come.
Events
: Banff Naitional Pairk]]
: Results o the Unitit Kinrick European Union membership referendum, 2016]]
* 1314 - Stairt o the Battle o Bannockburn, sooth o Stirlin, Edward II o Ingland an Robert I o Scotland forgaithert tae battle. Robert wan an Edward flittit baith the field an Scotland.
* 1848 - Stairt o the Juin Days Uprisin in Fraunce.
* 1887 - Banff Naitional Pairk in Alberta, Canadae, is creatit.
* 1894 - The Internaitional Olympic Committee is foondit.
* 1914 - Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa captures Zacatecas.
* 1925 - Mt. Logan, Canadae's heichest peak, is first climbed.
* 1944 - Thomas Mann becomes a Unitit States citizen.
* 1961 - The Antairctic Treaty enters intae force.
* 1983 - Pape John Paul II meets wi Pols trade union leader Lech Walesa.
* 1985 - An Air Indie plane is brocht doon bi a bomb off Ireland, killin aw 329 fowk on baird.
* 1998 - Fitbaa: Scotland loses 3-0 tae Morocco at the 1998 FIFA Warld Cup group stage in its final major toornament match tae date.
* 2005 - Scots leid version o Wikipedia wis stairtit.
* 2013 - Nik Wallenda walks on a tightrope across the Grand Canyon, Arizona.
* 2016 - The Unitit Kinrick votes in a European Union membership referendum, producin the deceesion tae leave the European Union, bi a majority o 51.9% (tae 48.1%). Scotland votes bi a majority o 62% (tae 38%) tae remain.
* 2018 - Thoosands o fowk mairch in Lunnon agin Brexit on the 2nt anniversary o the referendum.
* 2018 - A bomb is detonatit at a poleetical rally o Zimbabwe's Preses Emmerson Mnangagwa in an attempt on his life.
* 2018 - 12 boys an thair assistant fitbaw coach become stuck in the Tham Luang cave in northren Thailand; they are successfully rescued ower twa weeks later.
* 2019 - Ekrem Imamoglu, the opposeetion candidate, wins the re-run o Istanbul's Mayoral election agin Binali Yildirim, the preffered candidate o Preses o Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
Births
]]
]]
*47 BC – Caesarion, Egyptian keeng (d. 30 BC)
*1456 – Margaret o Denmark, Queen o Scotland (d. 1486)
*1534 – Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (d. 1582)
*1668 – Giambattista Vico, Italian jurist, historian, an philosopher (d. 1744)
*1763 – Josephine de Beauharnais, Empress o Fraunce (d. 1814)
*1889 – Anna Akhmatova, Roushie poet (d. 1966)
*1894 – Edward VIII o the Unitit Kinrick (d. 1972)
*1904 – Willie MacFadyen, Scots fitbawer (d. 1971)
*1910 – Jean Anouilh, French dramatist (d. 1987)
*1912 – Alan Turing, Inglis mathematician an computer scientist (d. 1954)
*1925 – Oliver Smithies, Breetish-American geneticist (d. 2017)
*1937 – Martti Ahtisaari, Finnish politeecian, 10t Preses o Finland, Nobel Prize laureate
*1937 – Bobby Kennedy, Scots fitbawer
*1940 – Willie Wallace, Scots fitbawer
*1943 – Vint Cerf, American internet pioneer
*1951 – Sergei Skripal, Roushie double-agent
*1956 – Graeme Armstrong, Scots fitbawer
*1957 – Frances McDormand, American actress
*1961 – John Nicolson, Scots jurnalist an politeecian
*1963 – Colin Montgomerie, Scots gowfer
*1972 – Selma Blair, American actress
*1972 – Zinedine Zidane, French fitbawer an manager
*1975 – KT Tunstall, Scots sangster
*1976 – Patrick Vieira, French fitbawer
*1980 – Francesca Schiavone, Italian tennis player
*1983 – Richie Ramsay, Scots gowfer
*1984 – Duffy, Welsh sangster
*1994 – Marcus Fraser, Scots fitbawer
Daiths
* 79 – Vespasian, Roman emperor (b. 9)
*1795 – James Craig, Scots airchitect (b. 1739)
*1832 – Sir James Hall, 4t Baronet, Scots geologist (b. 1761)
*1836 – James Mill, Scots historian (b. 1773)
*1876 – Robert Napier, Scots ingineer (b. 1791)
*1881 – Matthias Jakob Schleiden, German botanist an academic (b. 1804)
*1891 – Wilhelm Eduard Weber, German pheesicist (b. 1804)
*1965 – Jimmy McMenemy, Scots fitbawer (b. 1880)
*1995 – Jonas Salk, American biologist an medicinar (b. 1914)
*2011 – Peter Falk, American actor (b. 1927)
*2013 – Richard Matheson, American author and screenwriter (b. 1926)
Halidays
fowk]]
* Naitional Day o Luxembourg
* Faither's Day (Nicaragua)
* We Tripantu - Ne'er's Day for the Mapuche fowk in soothren Chile (relatit tae soothren Winter solstice)
* St. John's Eve - Eve o Northren Midsummer celebrations
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[Wikipedia:sco] 26 Mairch
The 26t o Mairch is the 85t day o the year (86t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 280 days ti come.
Events
]]
* 1511 - A yirdquauk in the Balkans kills an estimatit 6,000 fowk.
* 1707 - The Acts o Union 1707 become law, makkin Ingland an Scotland unitit.
* 1812 - Caracas, Venezuela is hit bi a yirdquauk, killin 12,000 fowk.
* 1830 - The Beuk o Mormon is published in Palmyra, New York.
* 1881 - Romanie declares itself a kinrick.
* 1971 - East Pakistan (Bangladesh) declares unthirldom frae Pakistan, stairtin a war o unthirldom.
* 1979 - Israel an Egyp agree a Peace Treaty.
* 2000 - Vladimir Putin is electit Preses o Roushie.
* 2000 - Greece jyns the Schengen Area.
* 2006 - Burma's militar govrenment moves the national capital frae Rangoon tae Naypyidaw.
* 2006 - Ban o Smokin in aw public places in Scotland.
* 2015 - King Richard III o Ingland is reburied at Leicester Cathedral.
Births
]]
* 1031 - Malcolm III o Scotland (d. 1093)
* 1874 - Robert Frost, American poet (d. 1963)
* 1875 - Syngman Rhee, Preses o Sooth Korea (d. 1965)
* 1911 - Tennessee Williams, American writer an playwricht (d. 1983)
* 1925 - Pierre Boulez, French componer an muisicker (d. 2016)
* 1930 - Sandra Day O'Connor, Unitit States Supreme Coort Juistice
* 1931 - Leonard Nimoy, American actor (d. 2015)
* 1934 - Alan Arkin, American actor
* 1935 - Mahmoud Abbas, Palestinian politeecian
* 1938 - Anthony James Leggett, Inglis-American pheesicist
* 1940 - James Caan, American actor
* 1940 - Nancy Pelosi, American politeecian
* 1941 - Richard Dawkins, Inglis evolutionary biologist
* 1944 - Diana Ross, American sangster
* 1948 - Steven Tyler, American sangster an muisicker
* 1951 - Carl Wieman, American pheesicist
* 1953 - Lincoln Chafee, American politeecian
* 1960 - Jennifer Grey, American actress
* 1961 - William Hague, Inglis politeecian
* 1973 - Larry Page, co-founder o Google
* 1982 - Mikel Arteta, Spainyie fitbawer
* 1985 - Keira Knightley, Inglis actress
* 1987 - Steven Fletcher, Scots fitbawer
* 1990 - Patrick Ekeng, Cameroonian fitbawer (d. 2016)
Daiths
* 1797 - James Hutton, Scots geologist (b. 1726)
* 1827 - Ludwig van Beethoven, German componer (b. 1770)
* 1892 - Walt Whitman, American poet (b. 1819)
* 1902 - Cecil Rhodes, Breetish-born Sooth African businessman, minin magnate, an politeecian (b. 1853)
* 1923 - Sarah Bernhardt, French actress (b. 1844)
* 1945 - David Lloyd George, Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick (b. 1863)
* 1959 - Raymond Chandler, Breetish-American novelist an screenwriter (b. 1888)
* 1973 - Noel Coward, Inglis componer an playwricht (b. 1899)
* 2005 - James Callaghan, Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick (b. 1912)
* 2015 - Tomas Tranströmer, Swadish poet (b. 1931)
Halidays
* Independence Day (Bangladesh)
* Prophet Zoroaster's Birthday (Zoroastrianism)
* Day o Democracy (Mali)
* Prince Kuhio Day (Hawaii)
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[Wikipedia:sco] 1 Mey
The 1st o Mey is the 121st day o the year (122nt in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 244 days ti come.
Events
: Empire State Building]]
: New EU member states in yellae, exeestin anes in blue]]
* 1328 - Scots Weirs for Unthirldom end: Treaty o Edinburrie-Northampton – Ingland accepts Scotland as a naition in its ain richt.
* 1707 - Scotland losses its unthirldom. The Act o Union jynes Ingland an Scotland for tae mak the Kinrick o Great Breetain.
* 1776 - The Illuminati are foondit in Ingolstadt, Bavarie.
* 1785 - The Kinrick o Hawaii is creatit.
* 1840 - Introduction o the Penny Black postage stamp in the Unitit Kinrick.
* 1851 - Queen Victoria propales the stairt o the Great Exhibition.
* 1929 - A yirdquauk in Iran an Turkmenistan kills at least 5,800 fowk.
* 1930 - The dwarf planet Pluto gets its name.
* 1931 - Opening o the Empire State Building in New York Ceety.
* 1945 - The Nazi leadership confirms the daith o Adolf Hitler the previous day.
* 1960 - The Indie states o Gujarat an Maharashtra are creatit.
* 1979 - Greenland gets increasit autonomy within the Kinrick o Denmark.
* 1994 - Formula Ane racin driver Ayrton Senna is kilt in a crash at the San Marino Grand Prix.
* 1997 - Tony Blair's Labour Pairty wins the Unitit Kinrick general election.
* 2003 - Scots pairlamentary walin, 2003: Jack McConnell's Labour-Leeberal Democrat coaleetion is electit tae a seicont term.
* 2003 - A yirdquauk in Eastren Turkey kills 177 fowk.
* 2004 - Ten kintras jynt the European Union, expandin it eastwairds.
* 2009 - Swaden introduces same-sex mairage.
* 2018 - Scotland's new minimum pricin law for alcohol taks effect.
* 2019 - Naruhito becomes Emperor o Japan, efter the abdication o his faither Akihito; the kintra's Reiwa Era stairts.
Births
]]
]]
* 1769 - Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke o Wellington (d. 1852)
* 1818 - Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair, Scots scientist an politeecian (d. 1898)
* 1823 - Jemima Blackburn, Scots penter (d. 1909)
* 1852 - Calamity Jane, American Wild West performer (d. 1903)
* 1852 - Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spaingie pathologist an neuroscientist (d. 1934)
* 1890 - James Reid, Scots fitbawer (d. 1938)
* 1917 - Danielle Darrieux, French sangster an actress (d. 2017)
* 1923 - Billy Steel, Scots fitbawer (d. 1982)
* 1926 - Doug Cowie, Scots fitbawer
* 1937 - Una Stubbs, Inglis actress
* 1939 - Judy Collins, American sangster
* 1943 - Joe Walsh, Erse politeecian (d. 2014)
* 1945 - Rita Coolidge, American sangster
* 1946 - Joanna Lumley, Inglis actress
* 1947 - Jacob Bekenstein, Mexican theoretical pheesicist (d. 2015)
* 1947 - Archie Knox, Scots fitbawer
* 1950 - Danny McGrain, Scots fitbawer
* 1951 - Adam Ingram, Scots politeecian
* 1968 - Oliver Bierhoff, German fitbawer
* 1969 - Wes Anderson, American director an writer
* 1973 - Oliver Neuville, German fitbawer
* 1982 - Darijo Srna, Croatian fitbawer
* 1982 - Tommy Robredo, Spaingie tennis player
* 1987 - Leonardo Bonucci, Italian fitbawer
* 1987 - Shahar Pe'er, Israeli tennis player
Daiths
* 1555 - Pape Marcellus II (b. 1502)
* 1572 - Pape Pius V (b. 1504)
* 1873 - David Livingstone, Scots splorer an missionary (b. 1813)
* 1904 - Antonín Dvořák, Czech componer (b. 1841)
* 1909 - Princess Maria Teresa o the Twa Sicilies (b. 1867)
* 1945 - Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Propaganda meenister (b. 1897)
* 1966 - Willie Reid, Scots fitbawer (b. 1884)
* 1978 - Aram Khachaturian, Armenie componer (b. 1903)
* 1994 - Ayrton Senna, Brazilian racin driver (b. 1960)
* 2020 - Sachiko Honda, Japanese Go player (b. 1930)
Halidays
]]
* Mey Day
* Internaitional Wirkers' Day
* Beltane
* Lei Day (Hawaii)
* Constitution Day (Latvie, Marshall Islands)
* Calan Mai (Wales)
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[Wikipedia:sco] 25 Januar
The 25t o Januar is the 25t day o the year in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 340 days ti come (341 in lowp years).
Events
: Banner o Ukraine]]
]]
* 1515 - Coronation o Francis I o Fraunce.
* 1554 - The ceety o Sao Paulo in present-day Brazil is foondit.
* 1576 - The ceety o Luanda in present-day Angolae is foondit.
* 1817 - Scots newspaper The Scotsman publishes its first edeetion.
* 1915 − The U.S. transcontinental telephone service is stairtit bi Alexander Graham Bell.
* 1918 - Ukraine declares unthirldom frae Soviet Roushie.
* 1924 - The first Winter Olympic Gemmes tak place in Chamonix, Fraunce.
* 1942 - Warld War II: Thailand declares war o the Unitit Kinrick an Unitit States.
* 1971 - Himachal Pradesh became a state o Indie.
* 1990 - The Burns Nicht storm hits Wastren Europe.
* 1999 - A yirdquauk in Wastren Colombie kills 1,000 fowk.
* 2004 - The Opportunity rover lands on Mars.
* 2004 - Mikheil Saakashvili becomes Preses o Georgie.
* 2005 - A stampede at Mandhradevi temple in Maharashtra, Indie, kills 259 fowk.
* 2010 - Ethiopie Airlines Flicht 409 crashes intae the Mediterranean Sea aff Lebanon, killin 90 fowk.
* 2011 - Protests begin in Egyp against Hosni Mubarak.
* 2015 - Greek Election: The SYRIZA movement under Alexis Tsipras is electit.
* 2019 - The Brumadinho dam collapse in Brazil kills ower 200 fowk.
* 2020 - COVID-19 pandemic: Australie, Canadae an Malaysie confirm their first COVID-19 cases.
* 2021 - COVID-19 pandemic: The nummer o recordit COVID-19 cases warldwide gets tae 100,000,000.
* 2021 - US Preses Joe Biden reverses Donald Trump's ban on Transgender fowk servin in the Unitit States Militar.
Births
]]
]]
* 1477 - Anne o Brittany (d. 1514)
* 1627 - Robert Boyle, Erse scientist (d. 1691)
* 1736 - Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Italian-French mathemateecian (d. 1813)
* 1759 - Robert Burns, Scots poet (d. 1796)
* 1796 - William MacGillivray, Scots naituralist an ornithologist (d. 1852)
* 1874 - W. Somerset Maugham, Inglis playwricht, novelist an short story writer (d. 1965)
* 1880 - Francis George Scott, Scots componer (d. 1958)
* 1881 - Virginia Woolf, Inglis writer (d. 1942)
* 1915 - Ewan MacColl, Inglis sangster, sangwriter an componer (d. 1989)
* 1927 - Antonio Carlos Jobim, Brazilian sangster an componer (d. 1994)
* 1928 - Eduard Shevardnadze, Preses o Georgie (d. 2014)
* 1933 - Corazon Aquino, Preses o the Philippines (d. 2009)
* 1938 - Etta James, American sangster (d. 2012)
* 1938 - Vladimir Vysotsky, Roushie sangster-sangwriter, poet, an actor (d. 1980)
* 1942 - Eusébio, Portuguese fitbawer (d. 2014)
* 1948 - Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan, Thai businessman an politeecian
* 1950 - Jean-Marc Ayrault, umwhile Prime meenister o Fraunce
* 1963 - Fernando Haddad, Brazilian politeecian
* 1978 - Volodymyr Zelensky, Ukrainian actor, comedian an politeecian, Preses o Ukraine
* 1980 - Xavi, Spaingie fitbawer
* 1981 - Alicia Keys, American sangster
* 1982 - Noemi, Italian sangster
* 1984 - Robinho, Brazilian fitbawer
* 1987 - Maria Kirilenko, Roushie tennis player
* 1988 - Tatiana Golovin, French tennis player
* 1993 - Kevin Holt, Scots fitbawer
Daiths
* 844 - Pape Gregory IV (b. 827)
* 1559 - Keeng Christian II o Denmark (b. 1481)
* 1742 - Edmond Halley, Inglis astronomer (b. 1656)
* 1784 - Alexander Webster, Scots writer an meenister (b. 1708)
* 1852 - Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Baltic-German admiral an splorer (b. 1778)
* 1916 - Sandy McMahon, Scots fitbawer (b. 1870)
* 1932 - James Paterson, Scots penter (b. 1854)
* 1947 - Al Capone, American gangster (b. 1899)
* 1952 - Sveinn Björnsson, 1st Preses o Iceland (b. 1881)
* 1966 - Alexander Ireland, Scots boxer (b. 1901)
* 2015 - Demis Roussos, Greek sangster (b. 1946)
* 2017 - Sir John Hurt, Inglis actor (b. 1940)
* 2017 - Mary Tyler Moore, American actress (b. 1936)
Halidays
, neeps an tatties, pairt o the Burns supper]]
* Burns supper (Scotland an Scots communities)
* Dydd Santes Dwynwen (Wales)
* Naitional Polis Day (Egyp)
* Naitional Voters' Day (Indie)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 21 Julie
The 21st o Julie is the 202nt day o the year (203rd in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 163 days ti come.
Events
: Aswan Dam]]
: Vostok Station]]
: Space Shuttle Atlantis efter last landin]]
* 1298 - Battle o Fawkirk: Edward Longshanks defeats the Scots airmy o William Wallace.
* 1796 - Scots splorer Mungo Park becomes the first-kent European tae reach the Niger River.
* 1831 - Leopold I o Belgium becomes King.
* 1847 - Spain recognises the unthirldom o Bolivie.
* 1897 - Lunnon's Tate Gallery opens.
* 1938 - Bolivie loses territory tae Paraguay as a result o the Chaco War.
* 1944 - Claus von Stauffenberg an ither conspirators are executit for the failed attempt tae kill Adolf Hitler.
* 1944 - Warld War II: American troops land on Guam.
* 1969 - Neil Armstrong walks on the Muin (20 Julie in the Unitit States).
* 1970 - The Aswan Dam is completit in Egyp.
* 1972 - The Proveesional IRA detonates 22 bombs in Belfast, Northren Ireland, killin 9 fowk an injurin ower 100.
* 1983 - The warld's lowest-kent temperatur is recordit at the Soviet Union's Vostok Station in Antarcticae, at minus 89.2 degrees Celsius.
* 1994 - Tony Blair becomes leader o the Labour Pairty.
* 2007 - Harry Potter an the Daithly Hallaes, the last beuk in the Harry Potter series bi J. K. Rowling, goes on sale.
* 2008 - Ram Baran Yadav is electit the first Preses o Nepal.
* 2011 - The Space Shuttle Atlantis lands on the last mission o the Space Shuttle programme.
* 2013 - Philippe o Belgium becomes Keeng.
* 2013 - Chris Froome wins the Tour de France for the first time.
* 2020 - On the fift day o talks, European Union leaders agree tae a 150 billion-Euro recovery fund for kintras within the bloc hit hairdest bi COVID-19.
Births
]]
]]
]]
* 1414 - Pape Sixtus IV (d. 1484)
* 1515 - Philip Neri, Italian saunt (d. 1595)
* 1648 - John Graham, 1st Viscoont Dundee, Scots sodger an nobleman (d. 1689)
* 1693 - Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke o Newcastle, Prime Meenister o Great Breetain (d. 1768)
* 1732 - James Adam, Scots airchitect an furnitur designer (d. 1794)
* 1766 - Thomas Charles Hope, Scots medicinar, chemist an lecturer (d. 1844)
* 1858 - Maria Cristina o Austrick, Queen Consort o Spain (d. 1929)
* 1899 - David Broadfoot, Scots seaman (d. 1953)
* 1899 - Ernest Hemingway, American writer (d. 1961)
* 1911 - Marshall McLuhan, Canadian professor an philosopher (d. 1980)
* 1920 - Isaac Stern, Ukrainian-born violinist (d. 2001)
* 1923 - Rudolph A. Marcus, Canadian-American chemist
* 1924 - Don Knotts, American actor an comedian (d. 2006)
* 1943 - Jackie Sinclair, Scots fitbawer (d. 2010)
* 1944 - John Atta Mills, Preses o Ghana (d. 2012)
* 1948 - Beppe Grillo, Italian actor, comedian an poleetical activist
* 1948 - Yusuf Islam, Inglis sangster
* 1950 - Susan Kramer, Inglis politeecian
* 1951 - Robin Williams, American actor an comedian (d. 2014)
* 1955 - Marcelo Bielsa, Argentine fitbawer an manager
* 1957 - Stefan Löfven, Swadish politeecian, Prime meenister o Swaden
* 1968 - Brandi Chastain, American fitbawer
* 1970 - Angus MacNeil, Scots politeecian
* 1971 - Charlotte Gainsbourg, Inglis-French actress
* 1975 - Cara Dillon, Northren Erse sangster
* 1978 - Josh Hartnett, American actor
* 1978 - Gary Teale, Scots fitbawer
* 1981 - Paloma Faith, Inglis sangster an actress
* 1985 - Paul Quinn, Scots fitbawer
* 1986 - Sofiane Zermani, French rapper an actor
* 1988 - Robert Renwick, Scots soummer
* 1989 - Juno Temple, Inglis actress
* 1993 - Kieran MacDonald, Scots fitbawer
Daiths
* 1796 − Robert Burns, Scots poet (b. 1759)
* 1827 - Archibald Constable, Scots publisher, beukseller an stationer (b. 1774)
* 1924 - William Abbott Herdman, Scots marine zoologist an oceanografer (b. 1858)
* 1944 - Claus von Stauffenberg, German militar an resistance activist, tried tae kill Adolf Hitler (b. 1907)
* 1964 - John White, Scots fitbawer (b. 1937)
* 1967 - Albert Lutuli, Sooth African poleetical activist (b. 1898)
* 1998 - Alan Shepard, American astronaut (b. 1923)
* 2014 - Stewart Hillis, Scots medicinar (b. 1943)
Halidays
]]
* Naitional Day (Belgium)
* Leeberation Day (Guam)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 Juin
The 5t o Juin is the 156t day o the year (157t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 209 days ti come.
Events
: Unitit Kinrick referendum results]]
* 1224 - The Varsity o Naples is foondit.
* 1257 - Krakow receive its ceety richts.
* 1849 - Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy.
* 1915 - Denmark amends its constitution tae gie weemen the richt tae vote.
* 1941 - Warld War II: Japanese bombin o Chongqing, Cheenae.
* 1942 - Warld War II: The Unitit States declares war on Bulgarie, Romanie an Hungary.
* 1947 - George Marshall, US Secretar o State, presents the Marshall Plan for aid tae Europe.
* 1953 - Denmark amends its constitution tae allou weemen tae inherit the throne. The present queen, Margrethe II, becomes heir tae the throne.
* 1967 - The Sax-Day War in the Middle East stairts.
* 1968 - American politeecian Robert F. Kennedy is fatally shot in Californie an dies the next day.
* 1975 - The Unitit Kinrick haulds a referendum on membership o the European Economic Community. 67% support membership (58% in Scotland).
* 1976 - The Teton Dam in Idaho, Unitit States, collapses, killin 11 fowk an 13,000 cattle.
* 1984 - Prime meenister o Indie Indira Gandhi orders an attack on the Gowden Temple in Amritsar.
* 1998 - Ethiopie an Eritrea stairt a mairch war.
* 2000 - A magnitude 7.9 yirdquauk in Sumatra kills 100 fowk.
* 2006 - Serbie declares unthirldom frae the Union wi Montenegro.
Births
]]
* 1723 - Adam Smith, Scots economist (d. 1790)
* 1819 - John Couch Adams, Inglis mathemateecian an astronomer (d. 1892)
* 1868 - James Connolly, Scots-Erse republican an socialist leader (d. 1916)
* 1883 - John Maynard Keynes, Inglis economist (d. 1946)
* 1898 - Federico García Lorca, Spaingie poet, playwricht an director (d. 1936)
* 1900 - Dennis Gabor, Hungarian-Breetish pheesicst (d. 1979)
* 1942 - Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Preses o Equatorial Guinea
* 1960 - Julie Kirkbride, Inglis politeecian
* 1971 - Mark Wahlberg, American actor, producer an sangster
* 1981 - Jade Goody, Inglis telly personality (d. 2009)
* 1998 - Yulia Lipnitskaya, Roushie figure skater
Daiths
* 1910 - O. Henry, American writer (b. 1862)
* 1916 - Horatio Kitchener, Inglis general an politeecian (b. 1850)
* 2004 - Ronald Reagan, 40th Preses o the Unitit States (b. 1911)
* 2012 - Ray Bradbury, American writer (b. 1920)
Halidays
* Warld Environment Day
* Constitution Day (Denmark)
* Liberation Day (Seychelles)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 17 Julie
The 17t o Julie is the 198t day o the year (199t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 167 days ti come.
Events
: Tomb o Nicholas II o Roushie an his faimily]]
: Disneyland in Californie]]
: Olympic Stadium in Montreal]]
: Humber Brig]]
*1402 – Zhu Di, better kent bi his era name as the Yongle Emperor, assumes the throne ower the Ming Dynasty o Cheenae.
*1429 – Hunder Years' War – Charles VII o Fraunce is crouned the Keeng o Fraunce in the Reims Cathedral efter a successfu campaign bi Joan o Arc
*1453 – Battle o Castillon: The last battle o Hunder Years' War, the French unner Jean Bureau defeat the Inglis unner the Earl o Shrewsbury, who is killt in the battle in Gascony.
*1762 – Catherine II becomes tsar o Roushie upon the murther o Peter III o Roushie.
*1897 – The Klondike Gowd Rush stairts in the Yukon Territory, Northwastren Canadae.
*1918 – Tsar Nicholas II o Roushie an his immediate faimily an retainers are murthert bi Bolshevik Chekists at the Ipatiev Hoose in Yekaterinburg, Roushie.
*1936 – Spaingie Ceevil War: An Armed Forces rebellion against the recently electit leftist Popular Front govrenment o Spain stairts the ceevil war.
*1955 – The first Disneyland opens in Anaheim, Californie.
*1968 – A revolution occurs in Iraq when Abdul Rahman Arif is owerthrown an the Ba'ath Pairty is installed as the govrenin pouer in Iraq wi Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr as the new Iraqi Preses.
*1973 – King Mohammed Zahir Shah o Afghanistan is deposed bi his cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan while in Italy unnergangin ee surgery.
*1976 – The 1976 Simmer Olympics in Montreal, Canadae, stairt. 25 African kintras boycott the gemmes ower the New Zealand rugby team's tour o Sooth Africae.
*1976 – History o East Timor: East Timor is annexed, an becomes the 27t province o Indonesie.
*1979 – Nicaraguan preses General Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigns an flees tae Miami, Florida.
*1981 – Queen Elizabeth II opens the Humber Brig naur Kingston upon Hull, Ingland.
*1981 – Twa walkways at the Regency Crown Center Hottle in Kansas City, Missouri collapse, killin 114 fowk.
*1989 – Poland restores diplomatic relations wi the Vatican Ceety.
*1994 – Brazil wins the FIFA Warld Cup for a 4t time, defeatin Italy on penalties.
*1996 – A Boeing 747 plane splodes an crashes naur Long Island, New York, killin 230 fowk.
*1998 – Papua New Guinea yirdquauk: A tsunami triggered bi an unnersea yirdquauk destroys 10 veelages in Papua New Guinea killin an estimatit 3,183, leavin 2,000 mair unaccoontit for an thoosands mair homeless.
*2007 – A plane crashes at Sao Paulo airport an bursts intae flames, killin 199 fowk, incluidin 12 on the groond.
*2011 – Japan wins the FIFA Weemen's Warld Cup, defeatin the Unitit States on penalties in Germany.
*2014 – Malaysia Airlines Flicht 17 is shot doon ower Eastern Ukraine, causin the daiths o aw 298 passengers an crew on buird.
*2018 – The European Union-Japan Economic Pairtnership Agreement is signit.
*2019 – The Kivu ebola ootbreak in the Democratic Republic o the Congo is declarit a public heal emergency bi the Warld Heal Organization.
*2020 – COVID-19 pandemic: Recordit COVID-19 cases in Brazil reach 2 million; recordit cases in Indie reach 1 million.
*2020 – NHS fundraiser Captain Tom is knichtit bi Elizabeth II in a special ceremony at Windsor Castle.
Births
]]
]]
*1744 – Elbridge Gerry, Vice Preses o the Unitit States (d. 1814)
*1777 – Thomas Allan, Scots meeneralogist (d. 1833)
*1822 – Daniel Kinnear Clark, Scots railwey ingineer (d. 1896)
*1888 – Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Israeli writer (d. 1970)
*1894 – Georges Lemaitre, Belgian priest an astronomer (d. 1966)
*1899 – James Cagney, American actor (d. 1986)
*1911 – Lionel Ferbos, American trumpeter (d. 2014)
*1917 – Kenan Evren, 7t Preses o Turkey (d. 2015)
*1917 – Phyllis Diller, American actress an comedienne (d. 2012)
*1920 – Juan Antonio Samaranch, Spainyie businessman, 7t Preses o the Internaitional Olympic Committee (d. 2010)
*1927 – Prosper Ego, Dutch activist an writer (d. 2015)
*1935 – Donald Sutherland, Canadian actor
*1939 – Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader o Iran
*1944 – Carlos Alberto Torres, Brazilian fitbawer (d. 2016)
*1946 – Peter Cormack, Scots fitbawer
*1947 – Camilla, Duchess o Rothesay
*1952 – David Hasselhoff, American actor
*1954 – Angela Merkel, German politeecian, 8t Federal Chancellor o Germany
*1961 – António Costa, Portuguese politeecian, Prime meenister o Portugal
*1963 – King Letsie III o Lesotho
*1967 – Robert Thornton, Scots dairts player
*1970 – Gavin McInnes, Inglis-Canadian comedian, actor, sangster an far-richt activist
*1972 – Jaap Stam, Dutch fitbawer
*1976 – Anders Svensson, Swadish fitbawer
Daiths
*924 – Edward the Elder, King o Ingland (b. 877)
*1588 – Mimar Sinan, Ottoman airchitect an ingineer, designed the Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque an Süleymaniye Mosque (b. 1489)
*1762 – Tsar Peter III o Roushie (b. 1728)
*1790 – Adam Smith, Scots economist an philosopher (b. 1723)
*1812 – John Broadwood, Scots pianae manufacturer (b. 1732)
*1912 – Henri Poincaré, French mathematician (b. 1854)
*1918 – Alexandra Feodorovna, Tsarina o Roushie (b. 1872)
*1918 – Nicholas II o Roushie (b. 1868)
*1918 – Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich o Roushie (b. 1904)
*1918 – Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna o Roushie (b. 1901)
*1923 – W. P. Ker, Scots leeterar scholart an essayist (b. 1855)
*1948 – Joseph Westwood, Scots politeecian (b. 1884)
*1959 – Billie Holiday, American sangster (b. 1915)
*1995 – Juan Manuel Fangio, Argentine racin driver (b. 1911)
*2005 – Edward Heath, Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick (b. 1916)
*2008 – George Niven, Scots fitbawer (b. 1929)
*2009 – Walter Cronkite, American jurnalist (b. 1916)
*2013 – David White, Scots fitbawer (b. 1933)
*2015 – Jules Bianchi, French racin driver (b. 1989)
*2019 – Andrea Camilleri, Italian writer (b. 1925)
*2020 – J. I. Packer, Breetish-Canadian theologian (b. 1926)
Halidays
* Independence Day (Slovakie)
* Constitution Day (Sooth Korea)
* Warld Day for Internaitional Juistice
* Warld Emoji Day
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 23 August
The 23rd o August is the 235t day o the year (236t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 130 days bidin.
Events
: Monument tae William Wallace near Stirlin]]
: State Banner o North Rhine-Westphalie]]
: State Banner o Schleswig-Holstein]]
: The Baltic Way in Lithuanie]]
* 1305 - Scots patriot William Wallace is executit in Lunnon.
* 1328 - King Philip VI o Fraunce is crouned.
* 1821 - Mexico gains full unthirldom frae Spain.
* 1833 - Sclavery is abolished in Breetish colonies.
* 1839 - The Unitit Kinrick captures Hong Kong.
* 1866 - The Austrick-Proushie War ends wi the Treaty o Prague.
* 1873 - The Albert Brig across the River Thames in Lunnon opens.
* 1913 - A statue o the Little Marmaid (frae Hans Christian Andersen's fairytale) is put up in Copenhagen.
* 1914 - Warld War I: Japan declares war on Germany.
* 1924 - The distance atween the Yird an Mars is the smallest syne the 10t century.
* 1940 - Warld War II: German bombin o Lunnon stairts.
* 1942 - Warld War II: Stairt o the Battle o Stalingrad.
* 1943 - Warld War II: Kharkiv is liberatit.
* 1944 - Warld War II: Marseille is liberatit bi the Allies.
* 1944 - Warld War II: Romanie exits the war an switches sides frae the Axis tae the Allies.
* 1944 - A Unitit States bomber plane crashes intae a schuil in Freckleton, Ingland, killin 61 fowk.
* 1946 - Three states are creatit in post-war Germany's Breetish occupation zone: North Rhine-Westphalie, Schleswig-Holstein an the short-lived state o Hanover.
* 1950 - The Subansiri Dam Break in Indie kills 532 fowk.
* 1966 - Lunar Orbiter 1 taks the first foto o the Yird frae the Muin's orbit.
* 1973 - In Chile, Salvador Allende names Augusto Pinochet as militar chief; Pinochet's militar coup on 11 September would result in Allende's suicide.
* 1987 - Heavy rains an floods kill 100s o fowk in Bangladesh.
* 1989 - Twa million fowk jyn hands frae Tallinn, Estonie tae Vilnius, Lithuanie in the Singin Revolution.
* 1990 - It is agreed that Germany will be reunitit on 3 October.
* 1990 - Armenie declares unthirldom frae the Soviet Union.
* 1991 - Tim Berners-Lee opens the Warld Wide Web tae new users.
* 2005 - Hurricane Katrina forms.
* 2008 - Barack Obama chooses Joe Biden as his Vice Presidential Runnin Mate for the 2008 US Presidential election.
* 2010 - Nine fowk, incluidin the hostage taker, are kilt in a hostage crisis on a bus in Manila, the Philippines.
* 2018 - Sexual harrassment allegations against umwhile First Meenister o Scotland Alex Salmond are made public.
* 2020 - Polis in Kenosha, Wisconsin shuit an injure 29-year-auld African American Jacob Blake, stairtin major protests.
Births
]]
]]
* 1579 - Thomas Dempster, Scots scholart an historian (d. 1625)
* 1740 - Ivan VI o Roushie (d. 1764)
* 1754 - King Louis XVI o Fraunce (d. 1793)
* 1769 - Georges Cuvier, French naitularist an zoologist (d. 1832)
* 1839 - James Geikie, Scots geologist (d. 1915)
* 1848 - Henry Dyer, Scots ingineer (d. 1918)
* 1864 - Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime meenister o Greece (d. 1936)
* 1910 - Giuseppe Meazza, Italian fitbawer (d. 1979)
* 1912 - Gene Kelly, American actor an dancer (d. 1996)
* 1921 - Kenneth Arrow, American economist (d. 2017)
* 1930 - Michel Rocard, umwhile Prime meenister o Fraunce (d. 2016)
* 1933 - Robert Curl, American chemist
* 1933 - David White, Scots fitbawer
* 1942 - Susana Vieira, Brazilian actress
* 1946 - Alex Rae, Scots fitbawer
* 1949 - Rick Springfield, Australie muisicker, sangster an sangwriter
* 1950 - Roza Otunbayeva, umwhile Preses o Kyrgyzstan
* 1959 - Edwyn Collins, Scots sangster (Orange Juice)
* 1967 - Jim Murphy, Scots politeecian
* 1970 - River Phoenix, American actor (d. 1993)
* 1974 - Konstantin Novoselov, Roushie-Breetish pheesicist
* 1978 - Kobe Bryant, American basketbaw player (d. 2020)
* 1982 - Steven MacLean, Scots fitbawer
* 1984 - Ashley Williams, Welsh fitbawer
* 1984 - Glen Johnson, Inglis fitbawer
Daiths
* 93 - Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Gallo-Roman general (b. 40)
* 634 - Abu Bakr, 1st Caliph o Rashidun Caliphate (b. 573)
* 1305 - William Wallace, Scots patriot
* 1892 - Deodoro da Fonseca, 1st Preses o Brazil (b. 1827)
* 1926 - Rudolph Valentino, Italian-American actor (b. 1895)
* 1989 - R. D. Laing, Scots psychiatrist (b. 1927)
Halidays
* Day of Remembrance frae the Victims o Nazism an Stalinism
* Liberation Day (Romanie)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] Sunday
Sunday is the day o the week atween Setturday an Monanday, an the seicont day o the weekend in some culturs. It is thocht on as a haliday in kintras wi a Christian tradeetion, an is the day that Christians maist aften gangs tae the Kirk.
In the Gregorian calendar, nae century can stairt on a Sunday. In the Hebrew calendar, ae towmond can stairt on a Sunday. Ony month that begis wi a Sunday will hae a Friday the 13t in't.
The name Sunday
In Scots, Sunday comes fae Sunne, the Germanic sun goddess.
In the aforegane Jewish tradeetion Setturday is the sawbath. Mony leids disnae hie sindert wirds for "Setturday" an "sawbath". The Eastren Orthodox kirks maks a differ atween the sawbath (Setturday) an the Laird's day (Sunday). Roman Catholics pits sicna wee bit emphasis on that disteenction that mony amang them follaes — at least in iveryday langage — the Protestant practice o cryin Sunday the sawbath. Quakers tradeetionally cries Sunday the "First Day" eschewing the "heathen" oreegin o the name.
Poseetion athin the week
In mony kintras, includin the maist o Europe an Sooth Americae (but Brazil), Sunday is hauden tae be the hindermaist day o the week. In ithers, includin the Unitit States, it is seen as the first day, a tradeetional view that comes fae auncient Jews, Egyptians an the Haly Roman Empire. ISO 8601 defines Monanday as the first day o the week, makkin Sunday the sievent.
Common Sunday Ongauns
Sunday is thocht on as bein haly amang maist Christians an aftentimes a day o rest an for gangin tae the kirk. Houiver, fae Friday gloamin tae Setturday gloamin is whan God made it a haly day o rest, Sawbath.
In orthodox Christian families an communities some activities isna duin, e.g. wirkin, daein somethin at needs anither body tae wirk sic as buyin guids or services (includin the uiss o public transport), drivin a caur, gairdenin, giein the caur a wash, etc. Some exceptions is alloud, an thay are makkin uiss o releegious services, an, for ordinar, uisin electricity, an urgent medical maiters.
In the Unitit States, perfaisonal fitba is for ordinar played on Sunday, tho Setturday an Monanday haes some professional gemmes an aw. Varsity fitba for ordinar gaes on on Setturday, an saicontary schuil fitbaw tends tae happen on on Friday. It isna uncommon for kirk-gangin tae muive on days whan a late mornin or early efternuin gemme is anticipatit bi a local commonty.
Aside thon in the United States, mony federal govrenment biggins is steekit on Sunday. Privately awned businesses tends tae close or is open for shorter periods o the day than on ither days o the week an aw.
Mony American an Breetish telly netwerks an stations braidcasts thair poleetical interview shaws on Sunday mornins an aw.
Mony American an Breetish daily newspapers sets furth a lairger edeetion on Sundays that aften haes colour comic strips in it, a magazine, an a coupon section.
Named days
* Law Sunday, first Sunday efter Easter, kent as Whit Sunday an aw, Quasimodo Sunday, Alb Sunday, Antipascha Sunday, an Divine Mercy Sunday.
* Paum Sunday is the Sunday afore Easter.
* Passion Sunday, uisst tae denote the fift Sunday o Lent, but sin 1970 the term applees tae the follaein Sunday, kent as Paum Sunday an aw.
* Septuagesima Sunday, afore 1970, wis the thrid fae the last Sunday afore Lent.
* Stir-up Sunday, is the last Sunday afore Advent.
* Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday efter Pentecost.
* Laetare Sunday
* Gaudete Sunday
* Whitsunday
Quotes
* In the popular rhyme, "The bairn born on Sunday is fair an wice an guid an gey".
Fremmit airtins
* Whaur Sunday's name comes fae
References
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 30 November
The 30t o November is the 334t day (335t in lowp years) o the year in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 31 days bidin.
Events
: Crystal Palace on fire]]
: Banner o Barbados]]
* 1700 - Charles XII o Swaden defeats Peter I o Roushie in the Battle o Narva.
* 1731 - A yirdquauk in Beijing kills thousands o fowk.
* 1872 - Scotland an Ingland play the first fitbaa internaitional match at Hamilton Crescent, Glesga, drawin 0-0.
* 1874 - Winston Churchill, Breetish statesman, is born.
* 1878 - Australie's naitional anthem "Advance Australia Fair" is played for the first time, in Sydney.
* 1936 - Lunnon's Crystal Palace is destroyed bi fire.
* 1958 - Equatorial Africae is split intae the Republic o the Congo, Gabon, Chad an the Central African Republic.
* 1966 - Barbados gains unthirldom frae the Unitit Kinrick.
* 1982 - Michael Jackson releases his hit sang "Thriller".
* 1994 - The ship "MS Achille Lauro" catches fire aff Somalie.
* 1995 - Bill Clinton visits Northren Ireland.
* 1996 - The Stane o Scuin is installed at Edinburgh Castle on St Andra's Day, on its offeecial return tae Scotland.
* 2005 - John Sentamu becomes Airchbeeshop o York.
* 2006 - A hurricane causes a mudslide on the Mayon volcanae in the Philippines, killin 300 fowk.
* 2013 - American actor Paul Walker is kilt in a car crash, agit 40.
* 2015 - Climate chynge talks stairt in Paris.
* 2017 - Katrín Jakobsdóttir becomes Prime meenister o Iceland, leadin a three-pairty coaleetion.
* 2018 - A magnitude 7 yirdquauk hits soothren Alaska, naur Anchorage.
* 2020 - The biological mysterie o protein foldin is solvit bi Airtifeecial intelligence.
* 2021 - Barbados aims tae be a republic bi this date.
Births
]]
]]
]]
* 1466 - Andrea Doria, Genoese condottiero an admiral (d. 1560)
* 1508 - Andrea Palladio, Italian airchitect (d. 1580)
* 1667 - Jonathan Swift, Erse writer (d. 1745)
* 1699 - Christian VI o Denmark (d. 1746)
* 1719 - Princess Augusta o Saxe-Gotha (d. 1772)
* 1817 - Theodor Mommsen, German historian an writer (d. 1903)
* 1825 - William-Adolphe Bouguereau, French penter (d. 1905)
* 1835 - Mark Twain, American writer (d. 1910)
* 1874 - Sir Winston Churchill, Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick (d. 1965)
* 1874 - Lucy Maud Montgomery, Canadian writer (d. 1942)
* 1881 - Hugh Marwick, Orcadian scholar on the Norn leid (d. 1965)
* 1918 - Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., American actor (d. 2014)
* 1926 - Andrew Schally, Pols-American endocrinologist
* 1934 - Aileen Paterson, Scots writer an illustrator (d. 2018)
* 1937 - Sir Ridley Scott, Inglis film director
* 1944 - George Graham, Scots fitbawer an coach
* 1945 - Pita Paraone, New Zealand politeecian (d. 2019)
* 1947 - David Mamet, American director an writer
* 1952 - Mandy Patinkin, American actor
* 1955 - Andy Gray, Scots fitbawer
* 1955 - Billy Idol, Inglis sangster
* 1957 - Gary Lewis, Scots actor
* 1958 – Stacey Q, American musician an actress
* 1959 - Lorraine Kelly, Scots telly presenter
* 1960 - Gary Lineker, Inglis fitbawer
* 1965 - Ben Stiller, American actor
* 1976 - Paul Nuttall, Inglis politeecian
* 1977 - Steve Aoki, American DJ an muisic producer
* 1978 - Gael García Bernal, Mexican actor
* 1982 - Elisha Cuthbert, Canadian actress
* 1984 - Alan Hutton, Scots fitbawer
* 1984 - Nigel de Jong, Dutch fitbawer
* 1985 - Kaley Cuoco, American actress
* 1988 - Phillip Hughes, Australian cricketer (d. 2014)
* 1990 - Magnus Carlsen, Norse chess player
Daiths
on the isle o Barra]]
* 1016 - Edmund Airnside, Saxon King o Ingland
* 1335 - David III Strathbogie, Anglo-Scots nobleman (b. 1309)
* 1765 - George Glas, Scots seaman an merchand (b. 1725)
* 1830 - Pape Pius VIII (b. 1761)
* 1864 - William Balfour Baikie, Scots splorer, naituralist an philologist (b. 1824)
* 1900 - Oscar Wilde, Erse writer (b. 1854)
* 1917 - Ivan Laing, Scots field hockey player (b. 1885)
* 1922 - Isaac Bayley Balfour, Scots botanist (b. 1853)
* 1935 - Fernando Pessoa, Portuguese writer (b. 1888)
* 1967 - Tommy Cairns, Scots fitbawer (b. 1890)
* 1972 - Compton Mackenzie, Scots novelist, actor an poleetical activist (b. 1883)
* 2004 - Bill Brown, Scots fitbawer (b. 1931)
* 2007 - Ian Crawford, Scots fitbawer (b. 1934)
* 2007 - Evel Knievel, American stuntman an daredevil (b. 1938)
* 2013 - Paul Walker, American actor (b. 1973)
* 2018 - George H. W. Bush, 41st Preses o the Unitit States (b. 1924)
Halidays
]]
* Saunt Andra's day - Naitional Day o Scotland
* Naitional Day o Barbados
* Naitional Day o Benin
* Middle date for stairt o Advent
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 Julie
The 5t o Julie is the 186t day o the year (187t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 179 days ti come.
Events
: Banner o Venezuela]]
: Banner o Algerie]]
: Banner o Cape Verde]]
: Dolly the Sheep]]
* 1295 - Scotland's Auld Alliance wi Fraunce is creatit.
* 1811 - Venezuela declares unthirldom frae Spain.
* 1814 - Unitit States troops defeat the Breetish in the Battle o Chippewa.
* 1830 - French troops conquer Algiers.
* 1884 - Germany taks control o Togo an Cameroon.
* 1922 - The Nansen passport for emigrants an stateless fowk is introduced.
* 1943 - Warld War II: An Allied invasion fleet sets sail for Sicily.
* 1945 - The liberation o the Philippines is declared.
* 1946 - The Bikini is introduced in Fraunce.
* 1948 - The Unitit Kinrick's Naitional Heal Service is foondit.
* 1962 - Algerie becomes independent o Fraunce.
* 1970 - Air Canada Flicht 621 crashes naur Toronto, killin 108 fowk.
* 1971 - The Unitit States lowers the votin age frae 21 tae 18.
* 1975 - Cape Verde is granted unthirldom frae Portugal.
* 1975 - Arthur Ashe becomes the first black man tae win a singles title at the Wimbledon Championships.
* 1977 - A militar coup removes Zulfikar Ali Bhutto frae pouer in Pakistan.
* 1991 - Nelson Mandela becomes Preses o the African Naitional Congress.
* 1995 - Armenie adopts its constitution.
* 1996 - Dolly the Sheep, the first cloned mammal, is born in Scotland.
* 2002 - A bomb attack in Larbaa, Algerie, kills 50 fowk.
* 2009 - Roger Federer wins his record-breakin 15th men's singles teetle at the Wimbledon Championships, defeatin Andy Roddick in 5 sets.
* 2009 - A lairge Anglo-Saxon hoard is discovered in Staffordshire, Ingland.
* 2012 - The Shard, the Unitit Kinrick's tallest biggin, is inauguratit in Lunnon.
* 2015 - The Forth Brig becomes a Warld Heritage Steid.
* 2015 - The Unitit States defeat Japan 5-2 tae win the FIFA Weemen's Warld Cup in Canadae.
* 2016 - The American Juno space probe enters intae orbit aroond Jupiter.
* 2020 - COVID-19 pandemic: Indie owertaks Roushie as the kintra wi the thrid-maist recordit cases o COVID-19.
Births
]]
]]
]]
* 1321 - Joan o the Touer, Inglis-born Queen Consort o Scots (d. 1362)
* 1801 - David Farragut, American naval officer (d. 1870)
* 1802 - Pavel Nakhimov, Roushie admiral (d. 1855)
* 1810 - P. T. Barnum, American business magnate, circus presenter and politician (d. 1891)
* 1820 - William John Macquorn Rankine, Scots pheesicist, mathemateecian an ingineer (d. 1872)
* 1853 - Cecil Rhodes, Breetish-born Sooth African businessman, minin magnate, an politeecian (d. 1902)
* 1856 - Ion Keith-Falconer, Scots meesionar an Arabic scholart (d. 1887)
* 1857 - Clara Zetkin, German communist politeecian an advocate o weemen's richts (d. 1933)
* 1864 - Robert Muir, Scots medicinar an pathologist (d. 1959)
* 1886 - Willem Drees, Prime meenister o the Netherlands (d. 1988)
* 1889 - Jean Cocteau, French writer, director an penter (d. 1963)
* 1891 - John Howard Northrop, American biochemist (d. 1987)
* 1898 - Lawrence Ogilvie, Scots plant pathologist (d. 1980)
* 1904 - Ernst Mayr, German-born American evolutionary biologist (d. 2005)
* 1911 - Georges Pompidou, Preses o Fraunce (d. 1974)
* 1926 - Salvador Jorge Blanco, Preses o the Dominican Republic (d. 2010)
* 1928 - Pierre Mauroy, Prime meenister o Fraunce (d. 2013)
* 1932 - Gyula Horn, Prime meenister o Hungary (d. 2013)
* 1935 - Michael Wenning, Sooth African-born American Presbyterian meenister (d. 2011)
* 1936 - James Mirrlees, Scots economist (d. 2018)
* 1946 - Gerard 't Hooft, Dutch pheesicist
* 1956 - Horacio Cartes, umwhile Preses o Paraguay
* 1958 - Veronica Guerin, Erse jurnalist (d. 1996)
* 1958 - Avigdor Lieberman, Israeli politeecian
* 1960 - Gary Gillespie, Scots fitbawer
* 1963 - Edie Falco, American actress
* 1966 - Gianfranco Zola, Italian fitbawer an manager
* 1969 - Michael O'Neill, Northren Ireland fitbaw manager
* 1971 - Derek McInnes, Scots fitbawer an manager
* 1973 - Róisín Murphy, Erse sangster-sangwriter an record producer
* 1975 - Hernán Crespo, Argentine fitbawer
* 1979 - Amélie Mauresmo, French tennis player
* 1979 - Stiliyan Petrov, Bulgarian fitbawer
* 1982 - Philippe Gilbert, Belgian cyclist
* 1985 - Megan Rapinoe, American fitbawer
* 1989 - Dejan Lovren, Croatian fitbawer
* 1996 - Dolly the sheep, first cloned mammal (d. 2003)
Daiths
* 1826 - Stamford Raffles, foonder o Singapore (b. 1781)
* 1927 - Albrecht Kossel, German medicinar (b. 1853)
* 1966 - George de Hevesy, Hungarian chemist (b. 1885)
* 1969 - Walter Gropius, German airchitect (b. 1883)
* 1975 - Otto Skorzeny, Austrick SS afficer (b. 1908)
* 1987 - Bobby Ancell, Scots fitbawer (b. 1911)
* 2015 - Princess Dorothea o Bavarie (b. 1920)
* 2015 - Yoichiro Nambu, Japanese-American pheesicist (b. 1921)
* 2017 - John McKenzie, Scots fitbawer (b. 1925)
Halidays
]]
* Independence Day (Algerie, Cape Verde, Venezuela)
* Constitution Day (Armenie)
* Tynwald Day (Isle o Man)
|
[Wikipedia:sco] 5 August
The 5t o August is the 217t day o the year (218t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 148 days ti come.
Events
: Benz automobile]]
: Banner o Burkina Faso]]
: Andy Murray wins Olympic gowd in Lunnon]]
: The current Banner o Mauritanie]]
* 1100 - Coronation o Henry I o Ingland.
* 1305 - William Wallace that fendit Scottish frae Ingland, wis grippit by the Inglis naur Glesgae an taen tae Lunnon for tae be tried.
* 1388 - The Battle o Otterburn taks place atween Scotland an Ingland in Northumberland (on 19 August accordin tae some sources).
* 1772 - Poland is pairteetioned in a Treaty atween Proushie, Roushie an Austrick.
* 1888 - Bertha Benz, wife o Karl Benz, drives the patentit automobile frae Mannheim tae Pforzheim in Germany.
* 1914 - The first traffeck licht is installed in Cleveland, Ohio.
* 1914 - Warld War I: The Unitit Kinrick declares war on Germany.
* 1925 - The Welsh poleetical pairty Plaid Cymru is foondit, wi the aim o protectin the Welsh leid.
* 1936 - Jesse Owens wins the gowd medal in the 200-metre race at the 1936 Simmer Olympic Gemmes in Berlin.
* 1949 - A yirdquauk in Ecuador kills 6,000 fowk.
* 1960 - Burkina Faso, then Upper Volta, gains unthirldom frae Fraunce.
* 1962 - Marilyn Monroe is found dead in her hame in Los Angeles, Californie.
* 1962 - Nelson Mandela is jailed in Sooth Africae.
* 1965 - The Indo-Pakistani War o 1965 stairts.
* 1969 - The Mariner 7 space probe maks a fly-by o Maurs, at a deestance o 3,524 kilometres frae the planet.
* 1971 - The first Paceefic Islands Forum is held in Wellington, New Zealand.
* 1973 - At least 3 fowk are kilt in a shuitin at Athens Airport.
* 2003 - A car bomb splodes ootside the Marriott Hottle in Jakarta, Indonesie, killin 12 fowk.
* 2010 - 33 miners are trapped underground efter an accident near Copiapo, northren Chile. They are rescued in October.
* 2011 - The Juno space probe is launched tae the planet Jupiter.
* 2012 - Scots player Andy Murray wins the gowd medal in men's singles tennis at the 2012 Simmer Olympics in Lunnon.
* 2016 - Stairt o the 2016 Simmer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
* 2017 - A referendum results in constitutional chynges an the addin o reid stripes tae the Banner o Mauritanie.
* 2018 - The Indonesie isle o Lombok is strack bi a yirdquauk, killin ower 560 fowk.
* 2019 - The govrenment o Indie strips the Indie-admeenistert pairt o Kashmir frae its special status wi immediate effect.
* 2020 - Scotland's first local COVID-19 lockdoon is imposit in Aiberdeen efter a cluster o cases wis identifeed there.
* 2020 - Douglas Ross becomes leader o the Scots Conservative Pairty.
Births
]]
]]
* 1397 - Guillaume Du Fay, French-Flemish componer (d. 1474)
* 1668 - Philippe Charles, Duke o Anjou (d. 1671)
* 1681 - Vitus Bering, Dens cartografer an splorer (d. 1741)
* 1802 - Niels Henrik Abel, Norse mathemateecian (d. 1829)
* 1827 - Deodoro da Fonseca, 1st Preses o Brazil (d. 1892)
* 1843 - James Scott Skinner, Scots dancin master, violinist an componer (d. 1927)
* 1844 - Ilya Repin, Roushie penter (d. 1930)
* 1850 - Guy de Maupassant, French writer (d. 1893)
* 1872 - Thomas Wyllie, Scots fitbawer (d. 1943)
* 1905 - Wassily Leontief, Roushie-American economist (d. 1999)
* 1906 - John Huston, American film director (d. 1987)
* 1908 - Harold Holt, Prime Meenister o Australie (d. 1967)
* 1929 - Nathalia Timberg, Brazilian actress
* 1930 - Neil Armstrong, American pilot an astronaut (d. 2012)
* 1940 - Ally Shewan, Scots fitbawer
* 1943 - Andy Roxburgh, Scots fitbawer an coach
* 1946 - Loni Anderson, American actress
* 1952 - Louis Walsh, Erse enterteenment manager
* 1964 - Dougie Arnott, Scots fitbawer
* 1966 - James Gunn, American filmmaker
* 1968 - Marine Le Pen, French politeecian
* 1968 - Colin McRae, Scots rally driver (d. 2007)
* 1971 - Valdis Dombrovskis, umwhile Prime meenister o Latvie
* 1974 - Kajol, Indie actress
* 1979 - David Healy, Northren Erse fitbawer
* 1985 - Salomon Kalou, Ivorian fitbawer
* 1988 - Federica Pellegrini, Italian soummer
* 1997 - Yungblud (Dominic Harrison), Inglis muisicker, sangster, sangwriter an actor
Daiths
: A 2018 statue o Millicent Fawcett]]
* 882 - Louis III o Fraunce (b. 863)
* 1752 - Cosmo Gordon, 3rd Duke o Gordon, Scots peer (b. 1720)
* 1792 - Frederick North, Laird North, Prime meenister o Great Breetain (b. 1732)
* 1895 - Friedrich Engels, German philosopher (b. 1820)
* 1901 - Victoria, Princess Ryal (b. 1840)
* 1929 - Millicent Fawcett, Inglis suffragette (b. 1847)
* 1940 - Frederick Cook, American medicinar an splorer (b. 1865)
* 1957 - Heinrich Otto Wieland, German biochemist (b. 1877)
* 1962 - Marilyn Monroe, American actress (b. 1926)
* 1984 - Richard Burton, Welsh actor (b. 1925)
* 1998 - Todor Zhivkov, Bulgarie Communist leader (b. 1911)
* 2000 - Sir Alec Guinness, Inglis actor (b. 1914)
* 2014 - Dave Hereora, New Zealand politeecian (b. 1956)
* 2019 - Toni Morrison, American novelist (b. 1931)
* 2020 - Pete Hamill, American jurnalist an writer (b. 1935)
* 2020 - Blanca Rodríguez, Venezuelan socialite an First Lady (b. 1926)
Halidays
* Independence Day (Burkina Faso)
* Victory Day (Croatie)
* Internaitional Beer Day
|
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