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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism%20%28biology%29
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Biological or process structuralism is a school of biological thought that objects to an exclusively Darwinian or adaptationist explanation of natural selection such as is described in the 20th century's modern synthesis. It proposes instead that evolution is guided differently, basically by more or less physical forces which shape the development of an animal's body, and sometimes implies that these forces supersede selection altogether.
Structuralists have proposed different mechanisms that might have guided the formation of body plans. Before Darwin, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire argued that animals shared homologous parts, and that if one was enlarged, the others would be reduced in compensation. After Darwin, D'Arcy Thompson hinted at vitalism and offered geometric explanations in his classic 1917 book On Growth and Form. Adolf Seilacher suggested mechanical inflation for "pneu" structures in Ediacaran biota fossils such as Dickinsonia. Günter P. Wagner argued for developmental bias, structural constraints on embryonic development. Stuart Kauffman favoured self-organisation, the idea that complex structure emerges holistically and spontaneously from the dynamic interaction of all parts of an organism. Michael Denton argued for laws of form by which Platonic universals or "Types" are self-organised. Stephen J. Gould and Richard Lewontin proposed biological "spandrels", features created as a byproduct of the adaptation of nearby structures. Gerd B. Müller and Stuart A.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr.%20%C3%81ngel%20Gallardo%20Provincial%20Natural%20Sciences%20Museum
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The Dr. Ángel Gallardo Provincial Natural Sciences Museum (in Spanish, Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales Dr. Ángel Gallardo) is a public museum in Rosario, Argentina, specialized in biology. It was founded by Professor Pascual Maciá (a professor and zoologist) in 1945, and is currently administered by the provincial state of Santa Fe.
The museum was formerly located in the National University of Rosario Law School (a national historic monument built in 1889). On July 1, 2003, people attending a demonstration organized by labor unions launched fireworks and other pyrotechnic devices to attract attention, near the building. A fire broke out, forcing its evacuation. The fire damaged or destroyed around 50% of the facilities, including 80% of the museum (with the loss of 11,000 of its 13,000 exhibits).
The reconstruction of the museum required around 2 million pesos (US$660,000). The remaining exhibits were restored, and the seat of the museum was moved one block, to the building that houses the delegation of the provincial government. The museum was re-inaugurated on July 6, 2006, downsized, with a more modern concept including interactive displays.
References
Rosario Turismo: Museo Gallrdo
Museums in Rosario, Santa Fe
Natural history museums in Argentina
Museums established in 1945
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band%20diagram
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In solid-state physics of semiconductors, a band diagram is a diagram plotting various key electron energy levels (Fermi level and nearby energy band edges) as a function of some spatial dimension, which is often denoted x. These diagrams help to explain the operation of many kinds of semiconductor devices and to visualize how bands change with position (band bending). The bands may be coloured to distinguish level filling.
A band diagram should not be confused with a band structure plot. In both a band diagram and a band structure plot, the vertical axis corresponds to the energy of an electron. The difference is that in a band structure plot the horizontal axis represents the wave vector of an electron in an infinitely large, homogeneous material (a crystal or vacuum), whereas in a band diagram the horizontal axis represents position in space, usually passing through multiple materials.
Because a band diagram shows the changes in the band structure from place to place, the resolution of a band diagram is limited by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle: the band structure relies on momentum, which is only precisely defined for large length scales. For this reason, the band diagram can only accurately depict evolution of band structures over long length scales, and has difficulty in showing the microscopic picture of sharp, atomic scale interfaces between different materials (or between a material and vacuum). Typically, an interface must be depicted as a "black box", thoug
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin%20Andreev
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Konstantin Alekseevich Andreev (14 March 1848 – 29 October 1921) was a Russian mathematician, best known for his work on geometry, especially projective geometry. He was one of the founders of the Kharkov Mathematical Society. This society is one of the early mathematics societies in Russia and was founded in 1879.
Andreev was born in Moscow in a merchant family specialized in fur trading. When he was young, their business went into decline, and the family had to endure severe hardship. During that time, he also lost one eye in an accident that had delayed his studies – he entered gymnasium only in 1860, at the age of 12. However, he rapidly progressed, especially in mathematics, and by the age of 14 started giving private lessons to earn money for his subsistence. In 1867, Andreev enrolled to the Mathematics Department of the Moscow University. As the fourth year he wrote an essay "On the tables of mortality" which was awarded gold medal by the faculty and published in the Scientific Memoirs of the Moscow University, thereby becoming his first scientific work. Andreev graduated in 1871 but remained at the faculty and within two years obtained a Master Diploma.
Around that time, by recommendation of one of his teachers, Andreev was invited for PhD studies to the University of Kharkiv. He accepted and from January 1874 began teaching university courses there. In February 1875, he defended his PhD "On a geometric formation of planar curves" and was promoted to a full-time lec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Ruiz%20Lozano
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Francisco Ruiz Lozano (1607, Oruro, Alto Perú—1677, Mexico City) was a Peruvian soldier, astronomer, mathematician and educator.
Ruiz Lozano was born in Oruro (now in Bolivia). He studied with the Jesuits in Lima at the College of San Martín. It was here that he acquired his love of mathematics. He also studied hydrography, as a mathematical science. In 1651, he moved to Mexico City to continue his studies at the University of Mexico. In Mexico, he also learned navigation, not only in theory, but also in practice. Together with his teacher, Fray Diego Rodríguez, he observed the Comet of 1652. They reported on it in Discurso ethereológico del nuevo cometa, visto en aqueste Hemisferio Mexicano; y generalmente en todo el mundo. Este año de 1652, published that year in Mexico City.
He returned to Lima in 1655 in the party of the new viceroy, Luis Enríquez de Guzmán, conde de Alba de Liste. Enríquez de Guzmán had been viceroy of New Spain, and was now taking up his new position in Peru. He appointed Ruiz Lozano captain of Spanish infantry.
He served as the first director of the nautical school founded in 1657 in Lima, at the Hospital of Espiritu Santo, a sailors' hospital. The mission of the nautical academic was "to form men skillful in the handling of ships for the defense of the viceroyalty." He was also cosmógrafo mayor of Peru. The duties of cosmógrafo mayor included publishing almanacs and sailing instructions. He served for several years as the director of the Hospital o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyes%20Laboratory%20of%20Chemistry
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The William Albert Noyes Laboratory of Chemistry, located on the campus of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign at 505 S. Mathews Avenue in Urbana, Illinois, United States, was built in 1902 as the "New Chemical Laboratory", and was designed by Nelson Strong Spencer in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Founded in 1867, the Chemistry Department was the first department of the university to move into its own building in 1878. When the department outgrew that building, department head Arthur W. Palmer convinced the state legislature to build a new lab, with 77,884 square feet of usable space, at a cost of under $100,000.
Ten years later, when more space was needed,the east wingwith 86,396 square feet of additional spacewas built in 1915–16 at the cost of $250,000. The building then housed the largest chemistry department in the United States at the time. At various times, the buildings also housed the departments of Biochemistry, Chemical Engineering and Bacteriology, as well as the Illinois Water Survey.
In 1939 the building was dedicated in honor of the influential UI chemist William A. Noyes. It was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society in 2002, in recognition of the many contributions to the chemical sciences that have been made there over the last 100 years.
In 1930, James McLaren White's Chemistry Annex Building was completed, and connected to the Noyes Lab Building underground. It added 39,000 square feet at the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Monteith
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John Lennox Monteith DSc, FRS (3 September 1929 – 20 July 2012) was a British scientist who pioneered the application of physics to biology. He was an authority in the related fields of water management for agricultural production, soil physics, micrometeorology, transpiration, and the influence of the natural environment on field crops, horticultural crops, forestry, and animal production.
Research
His pioneering work with Howard Penman on evapotranspiration is applied worldwide as the Penman-Monteith equation. It predicts evapotranspiration and is recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization for calculating irrigation quantities. Monteith's research on the role of the environment in agriculture, the physics of crop microclimate, physiology of crop growth and yield, radiation climatology, heat balance in animals, and instrumentation for measuring physical and physiological variables in agriculture has been published in journals throughout the world.
He was President of the Royal Meteorological Society from 1978 to 1980. In his presidential address in 1980 he advised colleagues that unless they could understand how crop yields were determined by weather events, they would have little hope of predicting how crop yields would vary as a result of global warming and elevated levels.
When he retired in 1992 a conference on resource capture by crops was organised and a further conference was held in 2008. The American Society of Agronomy also organised a symposium in hi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight%20closure
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In mathematics, in the area of commutative algebra, tight closure is an operation defined on ideals in positive characteristic. It was introduced by .
Let be a commutative noetherian ring containing a field of characteristic . Hence is a prime number.
Let be an ideal of . The tight closure of , denoted by , is another ideal of containing . The ideal is defined as follows.
if and only if there exists a , where is not contained in any minimal prime ideal of , such that for all . If is reduced, then one can instead consider all .
Here is used to denote the ideal of generated by the 'th powers of elements of , called the th Frobenius power of .
An ideal is called tightly closed if . A ring in which all ideals are tightly closed is called weakly -regular (for Frobenius regular). A previous major open question in tight closure is whether the operation of tight closure commutes with localization, and so there is the additional notion of -regular, which says that all ideals of the ring are still tightly closed in localizations of the ring.
found a counterexample to the localization property of tight closure. However, there is still an open question of whether every weakly -regular ring is -regular. That is, if every ideal in a ring is tightly closed, is it true that every ideal in every localization of that ring is also tightly closed?
References
Commutative algebra
Ideals (ring theory)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annping%20Chin
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Annping Chin (; born 1950 in Taiwan) is an American historian and sinologist. She is a senior lecturer of history at Yale. Her fields of study include Confucianism, Taoism, and the Chinese intellectual tradition. Before Yale, she was on the faculty at Wesleyan University.
Chin studied mathematics at Michigan State University and received her Ph.D. in Chinese thought from Columbia University. She lives in West Haven, Connecticut, with her husband Jonathan Spence until his death in 2021. She has two children, writer Mei Chin and video game designer Yar Woo.
Chin was born in Taiwan in 1950 to a Manchu family from Liaoning. In 1962, she and her family moved to the U.S and have lived there ever since.
Publications
Chin has written or translated six books:
The Analects (Penguin Classics, 2014), a new translation and commentary on the Analects of Confucius
Confucius: A Life of Thought and Politics (Yale University Press, 2009)
The Authentic Confucius: A Life of Thought and Politics (Scribner, 2007)
Four Sisters of Hofei (Scribner, 2002), a history of China's last century through the lives of four highly educated and accomplished sisters including Chang Ch'ung-ho ()
Tai Chen on Mencius (Yale University Press, 1990), a study of eighteenth-century Chinese intellectual history
Children of China: Voices from Recent Years (Knopf, 1989), based on interviews with Chinese children living in the People's Republic of China
She also co-authored, with her husband Jonathan Spence, Chinese C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonei%20Csoka
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Antonei Benjamin Csoka is a biogerontologist at Howard University who works on the molecular biology of aging, regenerative medicine, and epigenetics.
Education
Csoka earned a bachelor's degrees at Newcastle University in Genetics. He has a master's in Molecular Pathology from University of Leicester and a PhD in Cellular and Molecular Biology from University of Debrecen.
Research career
He was a member of the consortium that identified the Lamin A gene as the cause of the accelerated aging disease Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome and participated in the first National Institutes of Health – Progeria Research Foundation workshop. He also showed that progeria is a true representation of aging with respect to cellular signaling pathways, and truly recapitulates the normal aging process at the cellular level. He currently researches the molecular etiology of aging at the level of signaling pathways.
Publications
Csoka has authored and co-authored over 40 scientific papers.
Life extension activities
Csoka is a proponent of life extension, cryonics, and transhumanism, and has been identified as one of the top twenty-three socially connected professors on Twitter. He is a scientific advisor to the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, the UK Cryonics and Cryopreservation Research Network, and the Lifeboat Foundation, a fellow of the Global Healthspan Policy Institute, and was featured in the first Immortality Institute film, Exploring Life Extension (2005) produced by Bruce Kle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax%20fire
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A wax fire is created when melted or boiling wax is doused with water. The ensuing reaction creates a large fireball or dramatically enlarges the flame of the already existing fire. Only a small amount of wax and water is needed to create a wax fire.
Chemistry behind the reaction
Following the basic rules of the fire triangle, for a reaction to take place, three ingredients are required: oxygen, fuel, and heat. In the case of wax melted down, only the top surface has access to oxygen, so the fire progresses slowly. When water is added to the wax, two things happen. Firstly, the water — being denser than wax — sinks to the bottom of the container. Secondly, as burning wax quickly reaches a temperature of well over 200 degrees C, the water instantly vapourises. When water changes from a liquid to a gas, there is more than a thousand-fold increase in volume. The water expands violently, and throws the hot wax layer above it into the air as small droplets. The wax now has a much bigger surface area exposed to oxygen so combustion takes place very quickly.
For similar reasons, water should never be used to extinguish burning grease or fat, which both behave similarly to wax. Water is ineffective at putting out other flammable liquid fires, but in most liquids (e.g. petrol), the water remains as a liquid, and spreads the fire by allowing the liquid to float and burn on top of it. Baking soda more effectively extinguishes a wax fire.
See also
Wax boiling, also known as wax burni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20Feshbach
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Herman Feshbach (February 2, 1917, in New York City – 22 December 2000, in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an American physicist. He was an Institute Professor Emeritus of physics at MIT. Feshbach is best known for Feshbach resonance and for writing, with Philip M. Morse, Methods of Theoretical Physics.
Background
Feshbach was born in New York City and graduated from the City College of New York in 1937. He was a member of the same family as Dr. Murray Feshbach, the Sovietologist and retired Georgetown University professor. He then went on to receive his Ph.D. in physics from MIT in 1942. Feshbach attended the Shelter Island Conference of 1947.
Career
Feshbach was invited to stay at MIT after he received his doctorate. He remained on the physics faculty for over fifty years. From 1967 to 1973, he was the director of MIT's Center for Theoretical Physics, and from 1973 to 1983, he was chairman of the physics department. In 1983, Feshbach was named as an institute professor, the highest faculty honor at MIT.
Activism
Feshbach was active in the nuclear disarmament movement and was a founder and first chairman of the Union of Concerned Scientists. In 1969, he participated in a protest against military research at MIT.
He became concerned about the condition of scientists behind the Iron Curtain, and worked to establish contacts between Western scientists and their Eastern Bloc counterparts. Prof. Feshbach also championed the cause of Andrei Sakharov and other Soviet refu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Rosa%20District%2C%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20de%20Mendoza
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Santa Rosa is a district of the Rodríguez de Mendoza Province, Peru. Santa Rosa District is located at an elevation of 1,640 above sea level and covers and area of 36.79 km².
Santa Rosa District, according to projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Computer science for the year 2004 a population of 741 inhabitants is projected doing 89.8% showing a high index of ruralización, whereas in urban area 11.2%
External links
Santa Rosa district official website
Districts of the Rodríguez de Mendoza Province
Districts of the Amazonas Region
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramachandra%20%28disambiguation%29
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Ramachandra is the seventh avatar of the god Vishnu in Hinduism.
Ramachandra may also refer to:
Ramachandran plot, in biochemistry, a diagram visualization of protein angles
A fictional alien space ship in Rendezvous with Rama, a book by Arthur C. Clarke
People with the name
C. Ramchandra (1918–1982), Indian music director
Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao (born 1934), an Indian chemist
Goparaju Ramachandra Rao (1902–1975), Indian social reformer, atheist, and independence activist
Kanakanahalli Ramachandra (1933–2011), Indian mathematician
Ogirala Ramachandra Rao (1905–1957), Indian music director
Vilayanur S. Ramachandran (born 1951), Indian-American neurologist
Ramachandra of Devagiri (r. c. 1271–1311), Indian king from the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty
Ramachandra Raya (1422–1422), emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty
See also
Ramchandra (disambiguation)
Rama (disambiguation)
Chandra (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Fulhame
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Elizabeth Fulhame (fl. 1794) was an early British chemist who invented the concept of catalysis and discovered photoreduction. She was described as 'the first solo woman researcher of modern chemistry'.
Although she only published one text, she describes catalysis as a process at length in her 1794 book An Essay On Combustion with a View to a New Art of Dying and Painting, wherein the Phlogistic and Antiphlogistic Hypotheses are Proved Erroneous. The book relates in painstaking detail her experiments with oxidation-reduction reactions, and the conclusions she draws regarding phlogiston theory, in which she disagrees with both the Phlogistians and Antiphlogistians.
In 1798, the book was translated into German by Augustin Gottfried Ludwig Lentin as Versuche über die Wiederherstellung der Metalle durch Wasserstoffgas. In 1810, it was published in the United States, to much critical acclaim. That same year, Fulhame was made an honorary member of the Philadelphia Chemical Society. Thomas P. Smith applauded her work, stating that "Mrs. Fulhame has now laid such bold claims to chemistry that we can no longer deny the sex the privilege of participating in this science also."
Personal life
Elizabeth Fulhame published under her married name, as Mrs. Fulhame. She was married to Thomas Fulhame, an Irish-born physician who had attended the University of Edinburgh and studied puerperal fever as a student of Andrew Duncan (1744–1828). Dr Thomas Fulhame was listed in Edinburgh directorie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinolenic%20acid
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Pinolenic acid (often misspelled as pinoleic acid) is a fatty acid contained in Siberian Pine nuts, Korean Pine nuts and the seeds of other pines (Pinus species). The highest percentage of pinolenic acid is found in Siberian pine nuts and the oil produced from them.
Chemistry and biochemistry
Pinolenic acid is formally designated as all-cis-5,9,12-18:3. Some sources also use the term columbinic acid for this substance. But columbinic acid sometimes designates an E-Z isomer (trans,cis,cis
delta-5,9,12/18:3) in the biologic literature.
Pinolenic acid is an isomer of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). GLA is an ω-6 essential fatty acid (EFA) but pinolenic acid is not. However, like the EFAs, it forms biologically active metabolites in the presence of cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase. These metabolites can partially relieve some of the symptoms of EFA deficiency.
Physiology
Recent research has shown its potential use in weight loss by curbing appetite.
Pinolenic acid causes the triggering of two hunger suppressants—cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).
Pinolenic acid may have LDL-lowering properties by enhancing hepatic LDL uptake.
References
Fatty acids
Alkenoic acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Behnken
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Robert Louis Behnken (; born July 28, 1970) is an American engineer, a former NASA astronaut, and former Chief of the Astronaut Office.
Behnken holds a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering and the rank of colonel in the U.S. Air Force, where he served before joining NASA in 2000. He flew aboard Space Shuttle missions STS-123 (2008) and STS-130 (2010) as a mission specialist, accumulating over 708 hours in space, including 55 hours of spacewalk time. He is married to fellow astronaut Megan McArthur.
Following retirement of the Space Shuttle, Behnken was Chief of the Astronaut Office from 2012 to 2015. Assigned to the SpaceX Dragon Capsule in 2018 as part of NASA's Commercial Crew Program, Behnken launched aboard the spacecraft's first crewed mission with fellow astronaut Doug Hurley on May 30, 2020, and became one of the first two astronauts launching aboard a commercial orbital spacecraft in spaceflight history. The mission, Crew Dragon Demo-2, took Behnken and Hurley to the International Space Station (ISS), where they docked and stayed aboard for 62 days. Behnken completed four spacewalks with NASA Astronaut Christopher Cassidy.
Education
Behnken attended Pattonville High School in Maryland Heights, Missouri (in St. Louis County), and went on to earn Bachelor of Science degrees in mechanical engineering and physics from Washington University in St. Louis in 1992. He then attended the California Institute of Technology, where he earned an MS degree in 1993 and a PhD in 1997,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata%20Chemicals
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Tata Chemicals Limited is an Indian multinational corporation with interests in chemicals, crop protection and specialty chemistry products. The company is headquartered in Mumbai and has operations across India, Europe, North America and Africa. Tata Chemicals is a part of the Tata Group and its shares are traded on the NSE and BSE. Tata Chemicals has a publicly listed subsidiary called Rallis India.
History and operations
Tata Chemicals has the third largest soda ash production capacity plant in India. This was the second soda ash plant built in India by Kapilram Vakil (grandson of late Indian justice Nanabhai Haridas) that started operating in the year 1944. The township Mithapur, derives its name from "Mitha" which means salt in Gujarati language.
Since 2006, Tata Chemicals has owned Brunner Mond, a United Kingdom-based chemical company with operations in Magadi (Kenya) and General Chemicals, in United States of America.
On 27 March 2008, Tata Chemicals Ltd acquired 100 per cent With all these acquisitions, combined capacity of production has increased to around 5.17 million tons of soda ash.
In April 2010, Tata Chemicals acquired 25% stake in ammonia-urea fertilizer complex in Gabon for 290 million. The first phase of the plant will have a full operational capacity of 2.2 billion tons of ammonia and 3.85 billion tons of urea per day.
In 2016, Tata Chemicals sold its urea business to Pune-based Yara India, part of the Norwegian chemical company, Yara International.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-ring
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In mathematics, a nonempty collection of sets is called a -ring (pronounced sigma-ring) if it is closed under countable union and relative complementation.
Formal definition
Let be a nonempty collection of sets. Then is a -ring if:
Closed under countable unions: if for all
Closed under relative complementation: if
Properties
These two properties imply:
whenever are elements of
This is because
Every -ring is a δ-ring but there exist δ-rings that are not -rings.
Similar concepts
If the first property is weakened to closure under finite union (that is, whenever ) but not countable union, then is a ring but not a -ring.
Uses
-rings can be used instead of -fields (-algebras) in the development of measure and integration theory, if one does not wish to require that the universal set be measurable. Every -field is also a -ring, but a -ring need not be a -field.
A -ring that is a collection of subsets of induces a -field for Define Then is a -field over the set - to check closure under countable union, recall a -ring is closed under countable intersections. In fact is the minimal -field containing since it must be contained in every -field containing
See also
References
Walter Rudin, 1976. Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd. ed. McGraw-Hill. Final chapter uses -rings in development of Lebesgue theory.
Measure theory
Families of sets
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20Society%20of%20Japan
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The Optical Society of Japan (OSJ) is professional organization of physicists conducting research in Optics. The organization was founded in 1952 as a division of the Japan Society of Applied Physics (JSAP). It has nearly 2,000 members and is the biggest division of JSAP.
The main journal of the society is Optical Review, and the membership journal is Kogaku.
External links
http://annex.jsap.or.jp/OSJ/Eng/about.html, OSJ page at the JSAP.
http://annex.jsap.or.jp/OSJ, OSJ page at the JSAP, Japanese version
Optics institutions
1952 establishments in Japan
Scientific organizations established in 1952
Scientific societies based in Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycaon
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Lycaon may refer to:
Mythology
Lycaon (Greek myth), name of mythological characters named Lycaon
Lycaon (son of Priam), son of king Priam of Troy by Laothoe
Lycaon (king of Arcadia), son of Pelasgus and Meliboea, the mythical first king of Arcadia
Lycaon, brother or son of Eurypylus of Cyrene
Biology
Lycaon (genus), a genus containing one extant species, the African wild dog
Canis lupus lycaon, the eastern wolf
Hyponephele lycaon, the dusky meadow brown butterfly
Other uses
Lycaon (band), a Japanese visual kei rock band
4792 Lykaon, an asteroid
See also
Lycurgus (disambiguation)
Lycan (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segraves%20v.%20California
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Segraves v. California was a 1981 Superior Court of California case concerning the teaching of evolutionary biology in public schools. Kelly Segraves, a parent of three schoolchildren, sued the State of California, arguing that the teaching of evolution in public schools violated the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The judge rejected this claim and found that California's anti-dogmatism policy gave sufficient accommodation to the views of Segraves.
Background
Kelly Segraves is a father of three and cofounder of the Creation-Science Research Center in San Diego. His three children, Kasey, Jason, and Kevin, attended a California public school, where part of the curriculum included the teachings of evolution. Segraves contended that the teaching of religion at his children's public school violated their freedom to practice religion, and thus, infringed upon their First Amendment rights. Segraves sued California on behalf of his three children, who were minors at the time, on January 19, 1979. Cited in Segraves's complaint is the curriculum guide "Science Framework for California Public Schools", which is said to convey the idea that "the theory of evolution is the only credible theory of the origin of [life]."
The case went to trial in 1981, putting evolution and creationism on opposite sides of another courtroom battle. In court, Segraves argued that teaching the theory of evolution in public schools was "'indoctrination' and 'c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Henderson%20%28biologist%29
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Richard Henderson (born 19 July 1945) is a British molecular biologist and biophysicist and pioneer in the field of electron microscopy of biological molecules. Henderson shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2017 with Jacques Dubochet and Joachim Frank.„Thanks to his work, we can look at individual atoms of living nature, thanks to cryo-electron microscopes we can see details without destroying samples, and for this he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry."
Education
Henderson was educated at Newcastleton primary school, Hawick High School and Boroughmuir High School. He went on to study Physics at the University of Edinburgh graduating with a BSc degree in Physics, 1st Class honours in 1966. He then commenced postgraduate study at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and obtained his PhD degree from the University of Cambridge in 1969.
Career and research
Research
Henderson worked on the structure and mechanism of chymotrypsin for his doctorate under the supervision of David Mervyn Blow at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. His interest in membrane proteins led to him working on voltage-gated sodium channels as a post-doctoral researcher at Yale University. Returning to the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in 1975, Henderson worked with Nigel Unwin to study the structure of the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin by electron microscopy. A seminal paper in Nature by Henderson and Unwin (1975) established a low resolution structural model for bacteriorhodopsin showin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant%20differential%20operator
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In mathematics and theoretical physics, an invariant differential operator is a kind of mathematical map from some objects to an object of similar type. These objects are typically functions on , functions on a manifold, vector valued functions, vector fields, or, more generally, sections of a vector bundle.
In an invariant differential operator , the term differential operator indicates that the value of the map depends only on and the derivatives of in . The word invariant indicates that the operator contains some symmetry. This means that there is a group with a group action on the functions (or other objects in question) and this action is preserved by the operator:
Usually, the action of the group has the meaning of a change of coordinates (change of observer) and the invariance means that the operator has the same expression in all admissible coordinates.
Invariance on homogeneous spaces
Let M = G/H be a homogeneous space for a Lie group G and a Lie subgroup H. Every representation gives rise to a vector bundle
Sections can be identified with
In this form the group G acts on sections via
Now let V and W be two vector bundles over M. Then a differential operator
that maps sections of V to sections of W is called invariant if
for all sections in and elements g in G. All linear invariant differential operators on homogeneous parabolic geometries, i.e. when G is semi-simple and H is a parabolic subgroup, are given dually by homomorphisms of generalized Verm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight%20space
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In mathematics, weight space may refer to:
Weight space (representation theory)
Parameter space in artificial neural networks, where the parameters are weights on graph edges.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20cleavage
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Alpha-cleavage (α-cleavage) in organic chemistry refers to the act of breaking the carbon-carbon bond adjacent to the carbon bearing a specified functional group.
Mass spectrometry
Generally this topic is discussed when covering tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation and occurs generally by the same mechanisms.
For example, of a mechanism of alpha-cleavage, an electron is knocked off an atom (usually by electron collision) to form a radical cation. Electron removal generally happens in the following order: 1) lone pair electrons, 2) pi bond electrons, 3) sigma bond electrons.
One of the lone pair electrons moves down to form a pi bond with an electron from an adjacent (alpha) bond. The other electron from the bond moves to an adjacent atom (not one adjacent to the lone pair atom) creating a radical. This creates a double bond adjacent to the lone pair atom (oxygen is a good example) and breaks/cleaves the bond from which the two electrons were removed.
In molecules containing carbonyl groups, alpha-cleavage often competes with McLafferty rearrangement.
Photochemistry
In photochemistry, it is the homolytic cleavage of a bond adjacent to a specified group.
See also
Inductive cleavage
References
Organic reactions
Tandem mass spectrometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Halberg
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Franz Halberg (July 5, 1919 – June 9, 2013 ) was a scientist and one of the founders of modern chronobiology. He first began his experiments in the 1940s and later founded the Chronobiology Laboratories at the University of Minnesota. Halberg published many papers also in the serials of the History Commission of International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. He also published in "Wege zur Wissenschaft, Pathways to Science". He was a member of many international bodies, was awarded five honorary doctorates and was a member of the Leibniz Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. In the 1950s, he introduced the word circadian, which derives from the Latin about (circa) a day (diem).
Nominations for the Nobel Prize
Halberg was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In 1988, and again in 1989, upon invitation by Professor Björn Nordenström of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, then a member of the Nobel committee, Germaine Cornelissen, close associate of Halberg, nominated Halberg for the prize, highlighting the different ingredients contributed by Franz in developing the discipline of chronobiology. Nordenström had come to the University of Minnesota to give a major lecture and accepted Halberg's invitation to come and visit his laboratory. The invitation was extended upon Nordenström's return to Sweden, at the Minneapolis airport where Halberg and Cornelissen had accompanied him to continue discussions of work of mutual interest. After N
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMCS
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AMCS may refer to:
The Australian Marine Conservation Society
The International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
pl:AMCS
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz%20Pacholczyk
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Tadeusz Pacholczyk (born 1964) is an American Roman Catholic priest, neuroscientist and writer.
Biography
Pacholczyk grew up in Tucson, Arizona to a Polish family. His father Andrzej Pacholczyk was a professor of astrophysics at the University of Arizona. He earned his doctorate in neuroscience from Yale University and did post-doctoral research at Harvard University.
In 1999, he was ordained a priest, after studying in Rome. He quickly became a church spokesman on what he calls beginning-of-life and end-of-life issues. He is a proponent of the teachings of the Catholic Church in opposition to human cloning and embryonic stem cell research. (See Declaration on the Production and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells.) He has testified before state legislatures and been quoted in the press. Pacholczyk writes a nationally-syndicated column, titled "Making Sense of Bioethics," that appears in numerous Catholic diocesan newspapers in the United States and has been reprinted in newspapers in Canada, England, Poland, and Australia. He has written on a broad range of medical ethical issues, including ethical prescription and use of opioids, use of performance-enhancing drugs in professional athletics, animal/human hybrids, artificial nutrition and hydration, conscience rights for health care providers and patients, in vitro fertilization, palliative and hospice care, and physician-assisted suicide. In July 2020, he was appointed by United States Secreta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil%20Hayden
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Basil Ewing Hayden (May 19, 1899 – January 9, 2003) was an American college basketball player and coach. A Kentucky native, he began playing the sport in the sixth grade and, after a year at Transylvania University, transferred to the University of Kentucky to study chemistry and play on the school's basketball squad. He captained the team to victory at the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association Championship and was named an All-American for his efforts – the first basketball player to earn the honor at the University of Kentucky.
After graduating in 1922 Hayden took on a number of different jobs and was called to coach the University of Kentucky's basketball team in 1926 following the departure of Ray Eklund. After a 3–13 record in his first year he was replaced with John Mauer and returned to his previous occupations. When he died in 2003, at the age of 103, he was the University of Kentucky's oldest former athlete, and his jersey is among those hung in the school's Rupp Arena.
Early life
Hayden was born in Stanford, Kentucky; his father Joseph was a grocer, and his mother Annie (née: Brown) was a tutor. He moved to Paris, Kentucky at an early age and began playing basketball in the sixth grade, which he continued upon entering Paris High School. He was drafted into the United States Army during World War I, but the conflict ended before he was shipped out. He entered Transylvania University in 1918, intending to become a minister, but switched to the University of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-ring
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In mathematics, a non-empty collection of sets is called a -ring (pronounced "") if it is closed under union, relative complementation, and countable intersection. The name "delta-ring" originates from the German word for intersection, "Durschnitt", which is meant to highlight the ring's closure under countable intersection, in contrast to a -ring which is closed under countable unions.
Definition
A family of sets is called a -ring if it has all of the following properties:
Closed under finite unions: for all
Closed under relative complementation: for all and
Closed under countable intersections: if for all
If only the first two properties are satisfied, then is a ring of sets but not a -ring. Every -ring is a -ring, but not every -ring is a -ring.
-rings can be used instead of σ-algebras in the development of measure theory if one does not wish to allow sets of infinite measure.
Examples
The family is a -ring but not a -ring because is not bounded.
See also
References
Cortzen, Allan. "Delta-Ring." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource, created by Eric W. Weisstein. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Delta-Ring.html
Measure theory
Families of sets
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Nelson
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Ann Elizabeth Nelson (April 29, 1958 – August 4, 2019) was a particle physicist and professor of physics in the Particle Theory Group at the University of Washington from 1994 until her death. Nelson received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2004, and she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011 and the National Academy of Sciences in 2012. She was a recipient of the 2018 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics, presented annually by the American Physical Society and considered one of the most prestigious prizes in physics.
Education
Born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Nelson earned her Bachelor of Science degree at Stanford University in 1980, and her Ph.D. degree at Harvard University under the supervision of Howard Georgi in 1984.
Career
After a post doctoral fellowship at the Harvard Society of Fellows from 1984-1987, Nelson became an assistant professor at Stanford University in 1987. In 1990 Nelson moved to UC San Diego, and then in 1994 moved for the final time her career to the University of Washington.
Research
Nelson and her collaborators are known for a number of theories, including:
The Nelson–Barr mechanism, a proposed solution to the strong CP problem. The theory was developed independently by Nelson and Stephen Barr in 1984. Nelson was a doctoral student at Harvard at the time.
The theory of spontaneous violation of CP (charge conjugation and parity symmetry), which may explain the origin of the asymmetry observed between matt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio%20Fontana
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Gregorio Fontana, born Giovanni Battista Lorenzo Fontana (7 December 1735 – 24 August 1803) was an Italian mathematician and a religious of the Piarist order. He was chair of mathematics at the university of Pavia succeeding Roger Joseph Boscovich. He has been credited with the introduction of polar coordinates.
His brother was the physicist Felice Fontana (1730–1805).
Works
References
Academic staff of the University of Pavia
18th-century Italian mathematicians
1735 births
1803 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Kapnek%20Schachman
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Howard Kapnek Schachman (December 5, 1918 – August 5, 2016) was a graduate school professor in the Department of Molecular & Cell Biology at the University of California, Berkeley.
Early life
Schachman was born in Philadelphia in 1918. In high school, he was interested in sociopolitical issues, inspired by his mother. He initially pursued liberal arts in college while studying to become a rabbi, before switching to chemical engineering in a university. He transferred from the University of Pennsylvania to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he graduated in 1939 with a chemical engineering degree.
Graduate studies
He received a Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1948 and joined the faculty of UC Berkeley. He signed but protested the loyalty oath required by the Regents of the University of California during McCarthyism. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1966) and the United States National Academy of Sciences (1968).
Among many other honors, he received the AAAS Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award in 2000.
The "Howard K. Schachman Public Service Award" of the ASBMB is named after him.
Teaching career
Each spring, he taught the MCB 293C course on Ethical Conduct of Research required for NIH-funded students. He died at the age of 97 on August 5, 2016.
Personal life
While at Princeton he married Ethel Lazarus.
References
External links
Home page at the Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berke
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Mohiuddin
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Ahmed Mohiuddin (Urdu: احمد محی الدین) (8 January 1923 – 4 January 1998) was a noted scientist, scholar and researcher of Pakistan.
Early life and education
Ahmed Mohiuddin was born in Hyderabad, India, where he received his early education from Hyderabad. He obtained his MSc (Biology) from Osmania University in 1945 with distinction. In 1945 he was awarded a PhD scholarship from government. He did a PhD in Zoology in 1948 from the University of London. He returned to Hyderabad in 1948 and joined Osmania University as an associate professor.
Career
Mohiuddin migrated to Pakistan in November 1948 and joined the Malaria Institute of Pakistan until 1952. From 1953 to 1960, he served for Karachi University. Later he was transferred to Sindh University, Jamshoro as chairman of the Zoology Department. In 1978, Mohiuddin joined Quaid-e-Azam University as Vice Chancellor and later became Vice Chancellor of Allama Iqbal Open University in Islamabad, Pakistan. From 1986 to 1988, he served East-West University, Chicago.
Mohiuddin was the founder of the Pakistan Zoological Society. He was awarded a fellowship from Pakistan Academy of Sciences and Royal Society of Tropical Medicine.
Mohiuddin was a highly cited biologist and zoologist in Pakistan.
Nationally and internationally, 37 of his books have been published on science and research.
Awards and recognition
Pride of Performance Award by the President of Pakistan in 1962
Death and legacy
Ahmed Mohiuddin died in Atlanta, US on 4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate%20failure
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In mechanical engineering, ultimate failure describes the breaking of a material. In general there are two types of failure: fracture and buckling. Fracture of a material occurs when either an internal or external crack elongates the width or length of the material. In ultimate failure this will result in one or more breaks in the material. Buckling occurs when compressive loads are applied to the material and instead of cracking the material bows. This is undesirable because most tools that are designed to be straight will be inadequate if curved. If the buckling continues, it will create tension on the outer side of the bend and compression on the inner side, potentially fracturing the material.
In engineering there are multiple types of failure based upon the application of the material. In many machine applications any change in the part due to yielding will result in the machine piece needing to be replaced. Although this deformation or weakening of the material is not the technical definition of ultimate failure, the piece has failed. In most technical applications, pieces are rarely allowed to reach their ultimate failure or breakage point, instead for safety factors they are removed at the first signs of significant wear.
There are two different types of fracture: brittle and ductile. Each of these types of failure occur based on the material's ductility. Brittle failure occurs with little to no plastic deformation before fracture. An example of this wou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical%20Huffman%20code
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In computer science and information theory, a canonical Huffman code is a particular type of Huffman code with unique properties which allow it to be described in a very compact manner. Rather than storing the structure of the code tree explicitly, canonical Huffman codes are ordered in such a way that it suffices to only store the lengths of the codewords, which reduces the overhead of the codebook.
Motivation
Data compressors generally work in one of two ways. Either the decompressor can infer what codebook the compressor has used from previous context, or the compressor must tell the decompressor what the codebook is. Since a canonical Huffman codebook can be stored especially efficiently, most compressors start by generating a "normal" Huffman codebook, and then convert it to canonical Huffman before using it.
In order for a symbol code scheme such as the Huffman code to be decompressed, the same model that the encoding algorithm used to compress the source data must be provided to the decoding algorithm so that it can use it to decompress the encoded data. In standard Huffman coding this model takes the form of a tree of variable-length codes, with the most frequent symbols located at the top of the structure and being represented by the fewest bits.
However, this code tree introduces two critical inefficiencies into an implementation of the coding scheme. Firstly, each node of the tree must store either references to its child nodes or the symbol that it represent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Anthony%20Granville
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William Anthony Granville (December 16, 1863 – February 4, 1943) was an American mathematician, and served as president of Gettysburg College from 1910 until 1923.
Overview
Granville began his teaching career at Bethany College, where he was an instructor of mathematics and served as the college treasurer. In 1893 he was awarded a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Yale University. For fifteen years, beginning in 1895, he was professor of mathematics at Yale, and was awarded a Ph.D. in mathematics from that institution in 1897 under James Pierpont. His dissertation was titled, "Referat on the Origin and Development of the Addition-Theorem in Elliptic Functions". He published several textbooks on mathematics that were widely used throughout the United States.
In 1910 he was elected to serve as president of Gettysburg College by a unanimous vote. During his tenure the college became an accredited institution. While at the college he also served as president of the American Federation of Lutheran Brotherhoods.
Following his resignation from Gettysburg College in 1923, he joined the Washington National Insurance Company. He died in his home as a result of a heart attack.
He was married to Ida Adelia Irvin, and had three daughters, Irene Ida Granville, Rachel Granville, and Leone Irvin Granville.
Bibliography
External links
1863 births
1943 deaths
19th-century American mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
Yale University alumni
Presidents of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Zoller
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Peter Zoller (born 16 September 1952) is a theoretical physicist from Austria. He is professor at the University of Innsbruck and works on quantum optics and quantum information and is best known for his pioneering research on quantum computing and quantum communication and for bridging quantum optics and solid state physics.
Biography
Peter Zoller studied physics at the University of Innsbruck, obtained his doctorate there in February 1977, and became a lecturer at their Institute of Theoretical Physics. For 1978/79, he was granted a Max Kade stipend to research with Peter Lambropoulos at the University of Southern California. In 1980, he stayed at the University of Waikato in Hamilton, New Zealand, as a researcher with the group around Dan Walls. In 1981, Peter Zoller handed in his book "Über die lichtstatistische Abhängigkeit resonanter Multiphoton-Prozesse" at the University of Innsbruck to qualify as a professor by receiving the "venia docendi". He spent 1981/82 and 1988 as visiting fellow at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA) of the University of Colorado, Boulder, and 1986 as guest professor at the Université de Paris-Sud 11, Orsay. In 1991, Peter Zoller was appointed Professor of Physics and JILA Fellow at JILA and at the Physics Department of the University of Colorado, Boulder. At the end of 1994, he accepted a chair at the University of Innsbruck, where he has worked ever since. From 1995 to 1999, he headed the Institute of Theoretical Physics,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20%28TV%20series%29
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Evolution is a 2001 documentary series by the American broadcaster Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and WGBH on evolutionary biology, from the producers of NOVA.
Overview
The spokespeople for the series were Jane Goodall (overall spokesperson), Kenneth R. Miller and Stephen Jay Gould (science spokespeople), Eugenie C. Scott (education spokesperson), Arthur Peacocke and Arnold Thomas (religious spokespeople). The series was narrated by the Irish actor Liam Neeson.
The series was accompanied by a book by the popular science writer Carl Zimmer Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea. An extensive website provides teaching resources for each episode's material, including "The Mating Game", further looks at Charles Darwin, and an interactive history of speciation in the invented "pollencreeper" birds.
The episode "What about God?" features discussion of the issues of evolution and creationism at Wheaton College, an Evangelical Protestant college that teaches evolution but has in the past restricted professors from taking a stance on the literal versus the allegorical interpretations of Adam and Eve in the Genesis account of creation.
Cast
Guest appearances
Susan Blackmore
David A. Burney
Sean B. Carroll
Jenny Clack
Richard Dawkins
Daniel Dennett
Robin Dunbar
Stephen Jay Gould
William McGinnis
James Moore
Simon Conway Morris
Walter Gehring
Steve Pinker
Geoffrey Miller
Michael J. Novacek
Alan Rabinowitz
Neil Shubin
Peter D. Ward
E. O. Wilson
Richard Wrangham
Episodes
"Darwin's
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre%20Kahane
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Jean-Pierre Kahane (11 December 1926 – 21 June 2017) was a French mathematician with contributions to harmonic analysis.
Career
Kahane attended the École normale supérieure and obtained the agrégation of mathematics in 1949. He then worked for the CNRS from 1949 to 1954, first as an intern and then as a research assistant. He defended his PhD in 1954; his advisor was Szolem Mandelbrojt.
He was assistant professor, then professor of mathematics in Montpellier from 1954 to 1961. Since then, he has been professor until his retirement in 1994, then professor emeritus at the Université de Paris-Sud in Orsay.
He was a Plenary Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1962 in Stockholm and an Invited Speaker at the 1986 ICM meeting in Berkeley, California. He was elected corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1982 and full member in 1998. He was president of the Société mathématique de France, the French Mathematical Society from 1971 to 1973. In 2000 Kahane received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Science and Technology at Uppsala University, Sweden
In 2002 he was elevated to the rank of commander in the order of the Légion d'Honneur. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Activism
Kahane was also known for his lifelong activism as part of the French Communist Party.
Selected publications
Lectures on mean periodic functions (Bombay, Tata Institute, 1959).
Séries de Fourier absolument convergentes, Ergebnis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxamic%20acid
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In organic chemistry, hydroxamic acids are a class of organic compounds bearing the functional group , with R and R' as organic residues. They are amides () wherein the nitrogen center has a hydroxyl () substituent. They are often used as metal chelators.
Synthesis and reactions
Hydroxamic acids are usually prepared from either esters or acid chlorides by a reaction with hydroxylamine salts. For the synthesis of benzohydroxamic acid, the overall equation is:
C6H5CO2Me + NH2OH → C6H5C(O)NHOH + MeOH
Hydroxamic acids can also be synthesized from aldehydes and N-sulfonylhydroxylamine via the Angeli-Rimini reaction.
A well-known reaction of hydroxamic acid esters is the Lossen rearrangement.
Coordination chemistry and biochemistry
The conjugate base of hydroxamic acids forms is called a hydroxamate. Deprotonation occurs at the NOH group. The resulting conjugate base presents the metal with an anionic, conjugated O,O chelating ligand. Many hydroxamic acids and many iron hydroxamates have been isolated from natural sources.
They function as ligands, usually for iron. Nature has evolved families of hydroxamic acids to function as iron-binding compounds (siderophores) in bacteria. They extract iron(III) from otherwise insoluble sources (rust, minerals, etc.). The resulting complexes are transported into the cell, where the iron is extracted and utilized metabolically.
Ligands derived from hydroxamic acid and thiohydroxamic acid also form strong complexes with le
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arf%20invariant
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In mathematics, the Arf invariant of a nonsingular quadratic form over a field of characteristic 2 was defined by Turkish mathematician when he started the systematic study of quadratic forms over arbitrary fields of characteristic 2. The Arf invariant is the substitute, in characteristic 2, for the discriminant for quadratic forms in characteristic not 2. Arf used his invariant, among others, in his endeavor to classify quadratic forms in characteristic 2.
In the special case of the 2-element field F2 the Arf invariant can be described as the element of F2 that occurs most often among the values of the form. Two nonsingular quadratic forms over F2 are isomorphic if and only if they have the same dimension and the same Arf invariant. This fact was essentially known to , even for any finite field of characteristic 2, and Arf proved it for an arbitrary perfect field.
The Arf invariant is particularly applied in geometric topology, where it is primarily used to define an invariant of -dimensional manifolds (singly even-dimensional manifolds: surfaces (2-manifolds), 6-manifolds, 10-manifolds, etc.) with certain additional structure called a framing, and thus the Arf–Kervaire invariant and the Arf invariant of a knot. The Arf invariant is analogous to the signature of a manifold, which is defined for 4k-dimensional manifolds (doubly even-dimensional); this 4-fold periodicity corresponds to the 4-fold periodicity of L-theory. The Arf invariant can also be defined more generally
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile%20de%20Donder
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Théophile Ernest de Donder (; 19 August 1872 – 11 May 1957) was a Belgian mathematician, physicist and chemist famous for his work (published in 1923) in developing correlations between the Newtonian concept of chemical affinity and the Gibbsian concept of free energy.
Education
He received his doctorate in physics and mathematics from the Université Libre de Bruxelles in 1899, for a thesis entitled Sur la Théorie des Invariants Intégraux (On the Theory of Integral Invariants).
Career
He was professor between 1911 and 1942, at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. Initially he continued the work of Henri Poincaré and Élie Cartan. From 1914 on, he was influenced by the work of Albert Einstein and was an enthusiastic proponent of the theory of relativity. He gained significant reputation in 1923, when he developed his definition of chemical affinity. He pointed out a connection between the chemical affinity and the Gibbs free energy.
He is considered the father of thermodynamics of irreversible processes. De Donder's work was later developed further by Ilya Prigogine. De Donder was an associate and friend of Albert Einstein.
He was in 1927, one of the participants of the fifth Solvay Conference on Physics, that took place at the International Solvay Institute for Physics in Belgium.
Books by De Donder
Thermodynamic Theory of Affinity: A Book of Principles. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press (1936)
The Mathematical Theory of Relativity. Cambridge, MA: MIT (1927)
Sur l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenigs%E2%80%93Knorr%20reaction
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The Koenigs–Knorr reaction in organic chemistry is the substitution reaction of a glycosyl halide with an alcohol to give a glycoside. It is one of the oldest glycosylation reactions. It is named after Wilhelm Koenigs (1851–1906), a student of von Baeyer and fellow student with Hermann Emil Fischer, and Edward Knorr, a student of Koenigs.
In its original form, Koenigs and Knorr treated acetobromoglucose with alcohols in the presence of silver carbonate. Shortly afterwards Fischer and Armstrong reported very similar findings.
In the above example, the stereochemical outcome is determined by the presence of the neighboring group at C2 that lends anchimeric assistance, resulting in the formation of a 1,2-trans stereochemical arrangement. Esters (e.g. acetyl, benzoyl, pivalyl) generally provide good anchimeric assistance, whereas ethers (e.g. benzyl, methyl etc.) do not, leading to mixtures of stereoisomers.
Mechanism
In the first step of the mechanism, the glycosyl bromide reacts with silver carbonate upon elimination of silver bromide and the silver carbonate anion to the oxocarbenium ion. From this structure a dioxolanium ring is formed, which is attacked by methanol via an mechanism at the carbonyl carbon atom. This attack leads to the inversion. After deprotonation of the intermediate oxonium, the product glycoside is formed.
The reaction can also be applied to carbohydrates with other protecting groups. In the oligosaccharide synthesis in place of the methanol other c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabrillo%20Marine%20Aquarium
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Cabrillo Marine Aquarium is an aquarium in Los Angeles at San Pedro, California. The aquarium interprets both the physical processes of oceanography and marine biology of Southern California by use of displays and educational programs for the public.
The aquarium is operated by the City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks.
The original building was a small structure that welcomed visitors until there was a move to a much larger structure designed by Frank Gehry in 1981. The 2004 expansion was designed by Barton Phelps & Associates.
History
The aquarium began in 1935 as a collection of marine specimens stored in the Cabrillo Beach Bathhouse. In 1949, John Olguin, captain of the Cabrillo Beach lifeguards, was appointed director of the museum. He popularized the aquarium by giving impromptu tours to visiting school groups as well as starting the popular evening program of viewing and learning about the bizarre grunion mating practices on the beach.
On October 21, 1981, the new $3 million, Frank Gehry–designed museum opened and the old museum closed. Throughout the 1990s, the museum experienced significant growth and in 1993 its name was changed from Cabrillo Marine Museum to the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium to highlight its living collections. It expanded its public programs sector and added an Ocean Outreach Education program, a discovery lab, and a child volunteer program named Sea Rangers. They also created a non-profit, called the Friends of the Cabrillo Marine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20air%20pollution%20dispersion
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to air pollution dispersion:
In environmental science, air pollution dispersion is the distribution of air pollution into the atmosphere. Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earth's atmosphere, causing disease, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, and the natural or built environment. Air pollution may come from anthropogenic or natural sources. Dispersion refers to what happens to the pollution during and after its introduction; understanding this may help in identifying and controlling it.
Air pollution dispersion has become the focus of environmental conservationists and governmental environmental protection agencies (local, state, province and national) of many countries (which have adopted and used much of the terminology of this field in their laws and regulations) regarding air pollution control.
Air pollution emission plumes
Air pollution emission plume – flow of pollutant in the form of vapor or smoke released into the air. Plumes are of considerable importance in the atmospheric dispersion modelling of air pollution. There are three primary types of air pollution emission plumes:
Buoyant plumes – Plumes which are lighter than air because they are at a higher temperature and lower density than the ambient air which surrounds them, or because they are at about the same temperature as the ambient
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvant%20%28magazine%29
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Kvant ( for "quantum") is a popular science magazine in physics and mathematics for school students and teachers, issued in print between 1970 and 2011. The magazine became an online-only publication in 2011. Translation of selected articles from Kvant had been published in Quantum Magazine in 1990–2001, which in turn had been translated and published in Greece in 1994–2001.
History
Kvant was started as a joint project of the USSR Academy of Sciences and USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. In Soviet time, it was published by Nauka publisher with circulation about 200,000.
The idea of the magazine was introduced by Pyotr Kapitsa. Its first chief editors were physicist Isaak Kikoin and mathematician Andrei Kolmogorov. In 1985, its editorial board had 18 Academicians and Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences and USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, 14 Doctors of Sciences and 20 Candidates of Science.
The last print issue of Kvant was published at the beginning of 2011. Then the print edition was closed making the magazine an online publication.
Availability
All published issues of Kvant were freely available online.
Translations
Quantum Magazine
Quantum Magazine was a US-based bimonthly magazine published by the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) from 1990 to 2001. Some of its articles were translations from Kvant.
Kvant Selecta
In 1999, American Mathematical Society published translation of selected articles from Kvant on algebra and mathem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20O-M268
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In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M268, also known as O1b (formerly Haplogroup O2), is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M268 is a primary subclade of haplogroup O-F265, itself a primary descendant branch of Haplogroup O-M175.
Origin
In a paper published in 2011 by a group of Chinese researchers affiliated with Fudan University, it has been suggested that China is the origin of the expansion of haplogroup O-P31 (therein called Haplogroup O2-M268).
Distribution
Haplogroup O-P31 is notable for the peculiarities of its geographical distribution. Like all clades of Haplogroup O-M175, Haplogroup O-P31 is found only among the males of modern Eastern Eurasian populations. However, Haplogroup O-P31 is generally found with high frequency only among certain populations, such as the Austroasiatic peoples of India, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia, the Nicobarese of the Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean, Koreans, and Japanese.
Besides its widespread and patchy distribution, Haplogroup O1b-P31 is also notable for the fact that it can be divided into two primary subclades that show almost completely disjunct distribution: O1b1-M1304/K18 and O1b2-M176/P49. One of these subclades, O1b1-M1304/K18 (also known as O-F2320), can be mainly divided into two subclades, O1b1a1-PK4 (formerly O2a) and O1b1a2-CTS4040 (formerly O2*(xM95,M176)). O1b1a1-PK4 is found mainly among populations of Southeast Asia and some tribal populations of India (such as the Remo, Juang, and Nicobarese), but it
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Cullimore
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Ian H. S. Cullimore is an English-born mathematician and computer scientist who has been influential in the pocket PC arena.
Biography
Cullimore has a degree in mathematics from King's College London, and a PhD in cognitive and computer science from the University of Sussex.
He was the original founder (in 1985) and main inventor of the pocket PC which became the Atari Portfolio (originally known as the "DIP Pocket PC") in 1989. DIP Research Ltd. was acquired by Phoenix Technologies in 1994.
In 1988 Cullimore was also one of the founders and Vice President of Software at Poqet Computer Corporation in Silicon Valley, where he developed the Poqet PC.
His interest in PDAs was sparked from his early times at Psion, working on the first Organiser products.
He was also the original instigator of the PC Card (formerly "PCMCIA Card") movement. This came about from his decision to use the then-emerging credit card memories in the design of the Atari Portfolio. On founding Poqet, and with major investment from Fujitsu, a decision was made to use the 68-pin JEIDA card. He successfully persuaded the board of Poqet to set up an industry standards organization, PCMCIA, to promote this as a standard.
Cullimore wrote parts of the PCMCIA driver stack for (NetWare) PalmDOS 1.0, a variant of Digital Research's DR DOS, tailored specifically at battery powered mobile PCs in 1992.
Publications
References
English computer scientists
Computer hardware researchers
Alumni of King's College Lo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hajnal
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John Hajnal FBA (born Hajnal-Kónyi, ; 26 November 1924 – 30 November 2008), was a Hungarian-British academic in the fields of mathematics and economics (statistics).
Hajnal is best known for identifying, in a landmark 1965 paper, the historical pattern of marriage of northwest Europe in which people married late and many adults remained single. The geographical boundary of this unusual marriage pattern is now known as the Hajnal line.
Biography
Hajnal was born in Darmstadt, at the time the capital of the People's State of Hesse in Weimar Germany, to a Hungarian Jewish family. In 1936 his parents left Nazi Germany, and placed him in a Quaker school in the Dutch countryside while they arranged to settle in Britain. In 1937, John was reunited with his parents in London, where he attended University College School, Hampstead.
At age 16, he entered Balliol College, Oxford. He gained a first there in economics, philosophy and politics in 1943. His skills in academic-level mathematics were mostly autodidactical.
After the war, Hajnal worked on demography for the United Nations in New York, and later for the Office of Population Research, Princeton University.
He met Berlin-born Nina Lande in New York. They were married from 1950 until her death in 2008 and had three daughters and a son.
Returning to the United Kingdom, he worked at Manchester University as a statistician from 1953. The family moved to London in 1956, when John was assured a lectureship at the London School
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal%20level
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Nominal level is the operating level at which an electronic signal processing device is designed to operate. The electronic circuits that make up such equipment are limited in the maximum signal they can handle and the low-level internally generated electronic noise they add to the signal. The difference between the internal noise and the maximum level is the device's dynamic range. The nominal level is the level that these devices were designed to operate at, for best dynamic range and adequate headroom. When a signal is chained with improper gain staging through many devices, clipping may occur or the system may operate with reduced dynamic range.
In audio, a related measurement, signal-to-noise ratio, is usually defined as the difference between the nominal level and the noise floor, leaving the headroom as the difference between nominal and maximum output. It is important to realize that the measured level is a time average, meaning that the peaks of audio signals regularly exceed the measured average level. The headroom measurement defines how far the peak levels can stray from the nominal measured level before clipping. The difference between the peaks and the average for a given signal is the crest factor.
Standards
VU meters are designed to represent the perceived loudness of a passage of music, or other audio content, measuring in volume units. Devices are designed so that the best signal quality is obtained when the meter rarely goes above nominal. The markings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally%20connected%20space
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In topology and other branches of mathematics, a topological space X is
locally connected if every point admits a neighbourhood basis consisting entirely of open, connected sets.
Background
Throughout the history of topology, connectedness and compactness have been two of the most
widely studied topological properties. Indeed, the study of these properties even among subsets of Euclidean space, and the recognition of their independence from the particular form of the Euclidean metric, played a large role in clarifying the notion of a topological property and thus a topological space. However, whereas the structure of compact subsets of Euclidean space was understood quite early on via the Heine–Borel theorem, connected subsets of (for n > 1) proved to be much more complicated. Indeed, while any compact Hausdorff space is locally compact, a connected space—and even a connected subset of the Euclidean plane—need not be locally connected (see below).
This led to a rich vein of research in the first half of the twentieth century, in which topologists studied the implications between increasingly subtle and complex variations on the notion of a locally connected space. As an example, the notion of weak local connectedness at a point and its relation to local connectedness will be considered later on in the article.
In the latter part of the twentieth century, research trends shifted to more intense study of spaces like manifolds, which are locally well understood (being lo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20exercise%20equipment
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Hydraulic exercise equipment is a form of strength training equipment based on fluid dynamics to provide motion resistance by use of hydraulic cylinders. They can be used in a number of strength training programs, and are most often found in circuit training gyms.
Hydraulic circuit training machines were first developed for The Henley Corporation in the 1970s, and are now becoming an increasingly popular form of exercise.
The fundamental principles behind these designs are based on fluid dynamics: Force that is applied at one point is transmitted to another point using an incompressible fluid known as hydraulic oil.
For circuit training applications, each piece of equipment is specifically designed for a given exercise. The effort is applied through the range of motion of the exercise acts on a lever against a piston which moves linearly within a hydraulic cylinder. The cylinder is filled with hydraulic oil which is displaced by the motion of the piston, and is allowed to flow to the opposite side of the piston through an adjustable orifice.
Resistance to the motion is determined by the amount of effort applied and the adjustment size of the orifice. This is a key feature of this design and allows the resistance to be adjusted to an individual's strength level.
See also
Cable machine
Free weight (equipment), for example dumbbells or barbells
Pneumatic exercise equipment
References
Exercise equipment
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Casson
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Andrew John Casson FRS (born 1943) is a mathematician, studying geometric topology. Casson is the Philip Schuyler Beebe Professor of Mathematics at Yale University.
Education and Career
Casson was educated at Latymer Upper School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a BA in the Mathematical Tripos in 1965. His doctoral advisor at the University of Liverpool was C. T. C. Wall, but he never completed his doctorate; instead what would have been his Ph.D. thesis became his fellowship dissertation as a research fellow at Trinity College.
Casson was Professor of Mathematics at the University of Texas at Austin between 1981 and 1986, at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1986 to 2000, and has been at Yale since 2000.
Work
Casson has worked in both high-dimensional manifold topology and 3- and 4-dimensional topology,
using both geometric and algebraic techniques. Among other discoveries, he contributed
to the disproof of the manifold Hauptvermutung, introduced the Casson invariant, a modern invariant for 3-manifolds, and Casson handles, used in Michael Freedman's proof of the 4-dimensional Poincaré conjecture.
Awards
In 1991, he was awarded the Oswald Veblen Prize in Geometry by the American Mathematical Society. In 1998, he was elected to Fellowship of the Royal Society.
References
External links
Official Home Page
The Hauptvermutung book (including Casson's 1967 Trinity College fellowship dissertation)
Proceedings of the Casson Fest (Arkansas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%20space
|
In mathematics, the term path space refers to any topological space of paths from one specified set into another. In particular, it may refer to:
The classical Wiener space of continuous paths
The Skorokhod space of càdlàg paths
For the usage in algebraic topology, see path space (algebraic topology). For Moore's path space, see path space fibration#Moore's path space.
See also: loop space, the space of loops in a topological space
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%20ideal%20ring
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In mathematics, a principal right (left) ideal ring is a ring R in which every right (left) ideal is of the form xR (Rx) for some element x of R. (The right and left ideals of this form, generated by one element, are called principal ideals.) When this is satisfied for both left and right ideals, such as the case when R is a commutative ring, R can be called a principal ideal ring, or simply principal ring.
If only the finitely generated right ideals of R are principal, then R is called a right Bézout ring. Left Bézout rings are defined similarly. These conditions are studied in domains as Bézout domains.
A commutative principal ideal ring which is also an integral domain is said to be a principal ideal domain (PID). In this article the focus is on the more general concept of a principal ideal ring which is not necessarily a domain.
General properties
If R is a principal right ideal ring, then it is certainly a right Noetherian ring, since every right ideal is finitely generated. It is also a right Bézout ring since all finitely generated right ideals are principal. Indeed, it is clear that principal right ideal rings are exactly the rings which are both right Bézout and right Noetherian.
Principal right ideal rings are closed under finite direct products. If , then each right ideal of R is of the form , where each is a right ideal of Ri. If all the Ri are principal right ideal rings, then Ai=xiRi, and then it can be seen that . Without much more effort, it can be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruedi%20Aebersold
|
Rudolf Aebersold (better known as Ruedi Aebersold born September 12, 1954 ) is a Swiss biologist, regarded as a pioneer in the fields of proteomics and systems biology. He has primarily researched techniques for measuring proteins in complex samples, in many cases via mass spectrometry. Ruedi Aebersold is a professor of Systems biology at the Institute of Molecular Systems Biology (IMSB) in ETH Zurich. He was one of the founders of the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, Washington, where he previously had a research group.
Ruedi Aebersold is known for the development and application of targeted proteomics techniques in the field of biomedical research, in order to understand the function, interaction and localization of each protein in the cell and its changes in disease states. To this end, Ruedi Abersold has made significant contributions in the development and application of targeted proteomics methods, including selected reaction monitoring and data-independent acquisition. Ruedi Aebersold is also recognized for its contributions in the development of standard formats and open source software for the analysis and storage of mass spectrometry and proteomics data, and he is one of the inventors of the Isotope-Coded Affinity Tag (ICAT) technique for quantitative proteomics, a technique that measures the relative quantities of proteins between two sample by using tags containing stable isotopes of different masses.
He is co-founder and scientific advisor of the compa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota%20and%20Jot
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In formal language theory and computer science, Iota and Jot (from Greek iota ι, Hebrew yodh י, the smallest letters in those two alphabets) are languages, extremely minimalist formal systems, designed to be even simpler than other more popular alternatives, such as the lambda calculus and SKI combinator calculus. Thus, they can also be considered minimalist computer programming languages, or Turing tarpits, esoteric programming languages designed to be as small as possible but still Turing-complete. Both systems use only two symbols and involve only two operations. Both were created by professor of linguistics Chris Barker in 2001. Zot (2002) is a successor to Iota that supports input and output.
Note that this article uses Backus-Naur form to describe syntax.
Universal iota
Chris Barker's universal iota combinator has the very simple λf.fSK structure defined here, using denotational semantics in terms of the lambda calculus,
From this, one can recover the usual SKI expressions, thus:
Because of its minimalism, it has influenced research concerning Chaitin's constant.
Iota
Iota is the LL(1) language that prefix orders trees of the aforementioned Universal iota combinator leafs, consed by function application ,
iota = "1" | "0" iota iota
so that for example denotes , whereas denotes .
Jot
Jot is the regular language consisting of all sequences of 0 and 1,
jot = "" | jot "0" | jot "1"
The semantics is given by translation to SKI expressions.
The empty string deno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1bor%20Fodor%20%28chemist%29
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Gábor Béla Fodor (December 5, 1915 – November 3, 2000) was a Hungarian-American chemist, medical research scientist, and professor of chemistry. His work in academia, which spanned six decades in Europe and later in North America, specialized in research of antidotes, painkillers, tropane alkaloids, and derivatives of vitamin C. His research helped in finding treatments for cancer, strokes, Alzheimer's disease, and other illnesses.
Early life
Gábor Fodor was born in Budapest. His father was Domokos Fodor, an ethnic Hungarian born in Transylvania, Romania. His mother was Paola Maria Bayer, a Roman Catholic of Jewish ancestry from Budapest. Gábor Fodor attended the University of Szeged, and he earned his Ph.D magna cum laude. He isolated scopolamine, during his years working at the University of Szeged. He was awarded the highest recognition of Hungary, the Kossuth Prize in 1950. He later worked at Budapest's Chinoin Laboratories. Scopolamine was a highly important compound during World War II.
Fodor succeeded twice in escaping imprisonment, and possible internment at a concentration camp due to his Jewish ancestry, during Nazi Germany's control of Hungary. He became part of the faculty of chemistry of the University of Szeged after World War II. He remained there as Provost until 1957, when he was forced to flee the country due to his participation in faculty and student rebellions during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 against the Soviet domination of Hungary.
Care
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz%20mean
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In mathematics, the Heinz mean (named after E. Heinz) of two non-negative real numbers A and B, was defined by Bhatia as:
with 0 ≤ x ≤ .
For different values of x, this Heinz mean interpolates between the arithmetic (x = 0) and geometric (x = 1/2) means such that for 0 < x < :
The Heinz means appear naturally when symmetrizing
-divergences.
It may also be defined in the same way for positive semidefinite matrices, and satisfies a similar interpolation formula.
See also
Mean
Muirhead's inequality
Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means
References
Means
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%20Warren%20Clark
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E. Warren Clark (1849–1907) was an American educator who taught thousands of young Japanese the rudiments of modern science while employed as a teacher in Japan from 1871 to 1875. Clark was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and graduated from what is now Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1869 with a degree in Chemistry and Biology. He was one of several hundred teachers hired by the Japanese government to familiarize students with the science and technology of the West. Clark first taught at a school in Shizuoka that trained students to become science teachers. He later taught
at what became Tokyo University in Tokyo, where he helped to found the chemistry department, one of the first of its kind in Japan. A devout Christian, Clark sought to introduce the Bible and Christian doctrines to his students whenever possible. After returning to the United States Clark wrote a highly informative book about Japan: Life and Adventure in Japan (New York: American Tract Society, 1878).
Clark, who later became an Episcopalian priest, visited Japan on two later occasions and worked hard to garner American support for Japan during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05). Clark was a close associate of William Elliot Griffis (1842–1928), widely regarded as the first major American Japanologist.
References
Further reading
Metraux, Daniel A., "Lay Proselytization of Christianity in Japan in the Meiji Period: The Career of E. Warren Clark." New England Social Studies Bulletin, 44:3 (1986) 40–
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP%20Bio
|
AP Bio may refer to:
A.P. Bio, an American comedy television series created by Mike O'Brien for NBC
AP Biology, an Advanced Placement biology course and exam offered by the College Board in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Mink
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Jessica Mink (formerly Douglas John Mink) is an American software developer and a data archivist at the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian. She was part of the team that discovered the rings around the planet Uranus.
Early life and career
Mink was born in Lincoln, Nebraska in 1951 and graduated from Dundee Community High School in 1969. She earned an S.B. degree (1973) and an S.M. degree (1974) in Planetary Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She worked at Cornell University from 1976 to 1979 as an astronomical software developer. It was during this time that she was part of the team that discovered the rings around Uranus. Within the team she was responsible for the data reduction software and the data analysis. After working at Cornell she moved back to MIT, where she did work that contributed to the discovery of the rings of Neptune. She has written a number of commonly used software packages for astrophysics, including WCSTools and RVSAO.
Despite not having a PhD, Mink is a member of the American Astronomical Society and the International Astronomical Union.
Personal life
Mink is an avid bicycle user. She has served as an officer and director of the Massachusetts Bicycle Coalition and has been the route planner for the Massachusetts portion of the East Coast Greenway since 1991.
Mink is a transgender woman, and she publicly came out in 2011 at the age of 60. She has since spoken out about her experiences transitioning. She was a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhex
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Polyhex can mean:
Polyhex (mathematics), a class of mathematical shapes
Polyhex (Transformers), a fictional city in the Transformers stories
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SERVO%20Magazine
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SERVO Magazine is a monthly robotics publication produced by T&L Publications. The first issue appeared in November 2003. SERVO Magazine was a primary sponsor behind the Tetsujin competition, a contest where teams were challenged to design robotic exoskeletons capable of lifting weights.
Columns
SERVO Magazine has a number of recurring columns that deal with various areas of robotics:
Mind/Iron, an editorial column with new authors virtually every month.
Twin Tweaks, a column dedicated to "hacking" robotics kits and imbuing them with new abilities.
Rubberbands and Bailing Wire, a column concerned with various electronics modifications that can be made to robots.
Lessons From The Laboratory, a column directed at a younger age group that features various projects with the LEGO Mindstorms robotics kit.
Combat Zone, a column that deals specifically with combat robotics and competitions.
Brain Matrix, a table of information on a variety of subjects, ranging from servo motors to batteries.
Ask Mr. Roboto, essentially in the form of an advice column, where readers write in with robotics projects related problems and questions.
Robytes, a short column that showcases interesting tidbits from the robotics world, ranging from new military projects to the creations of rogue tinkerers.
Menagerie, a short column where readers send in descriptions and pictures of their personal projects.
Then and Now, a column that recalls robots from the past.
Appetizer, a column at the end of the magazin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mriganka%20Sur
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Mriganka Sur (born 1953 in Fatehgarh, India) is the Newton Professor of Neuroscience and Director of the Simons Center for the Social Brain at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is also a Visiting Faculty Member in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras and N.R. Narayana Murthy Distinguished Chair in Computational Brain Research at the Centre for Computational Brain Research, IIT Madras. He was on the Life Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2010 and has been serving as Jury Chair from 2018.
Biography
Mriganka Sur did his early schooling at the St. Joseph's Collegiate School, Allahabad. He received the Bachelor of Technology degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur (IIT Kanpur) in 1974, and the Master of Science and PhD degrees in electrical engineering in 1975 and 1978, respectively, from Vanderbilt University in Nashville. After postdoctoral research at Stony Brook University, he was appointed to the faculty of Yale University School of Medicine in 1983. He joined the faculty of the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1986. He was named in 1993 Professor of Neuroscience and in 1997 head of the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. He is currently the Newton Professor of Neuroscience and Director of the Simons Center for the Social Brain at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Work
Sur is a pio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascaded%20integrator%E2%80%93comb%20filter
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In digital signal processing, a cascaded integrator–comb (CIC) is a computationally efficient class of low-pass finite impulse response (FIR) filter that chains N number of integrator and comb filter pairs (where N is the filter's order) to form a decimator or interpolator. In a decimating CIC, the input signal is first fed through N integrator stages, followed by a down-sampler, and then N comb stages. An interpolating CIC (e.g. Figure 1) has the reverse order of this architecture, but with the down-sampler replaced with a zero-stuffer (up-sampler).
Operation
CIC filters were invented by Eugene B. Hogenauer in 1979 (published in 1981), and are a class of FIR filters used in multi-rate digital signal processing.
Unlike most FIR filters, it has a down-sampler or up-sampler in the middle of the structure, which converts between the high sampling rate of used by the integrator stages and the low sampling rate of used by the comb stages.
Transfer function
At the high sampling rate of a CIC's transfer function in the z-domain is:
where:
is the decimation or interpolation ratio,
is the number of samples per stage (usually 1 but sometimes 2), and
is the order: the number of comb-integrator pairs.
The numerator comes from multiplying negative feedforward comb stages (each is simply multiplication by in the z-domain).
The denominator comes from multiplying integrator stages (each is simply multiplication by in the z-domain).
Integrator–comb is simple moving average
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salado%20Independent%20School%20District
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Salado Independent School District is a public school district based in Salado, Texas (USA). It is located in Bell County midway between Austin and Waco on Interstate 35.
In 2012, the school district was rated five stars on the Financial Allocation Study for Texas (FAST) ratings based on students' reading and mathematics achievement and district spending.
Schools
Salado High School (Grades 9–12)
Salado Middle School (Grades 6–8)
Thomas Arnold Elementary (Grades PK-5)
Administration
Superintendent: Dr. Michael Novotny
Academia
The Salado High School Academic UIL Team has won eight state championships, including the most recent state championship in 2013. The One Act Play won championships in 2010 and 2012. Salado High School won the Texas Lone Star Cup in 2008 and 2013. SISD provides over 25 career and technology courses, including horticulture, fish hatcheries, forestry, biotechnology, agriculture sciences, home economics, web mastering, and computer animation graphics.
Taxes
The tax rate for Salado ISD is currently $1.30 per $100 evaluation of property with $1.04 going to Maintenance and Operations and $.26 going to debt service.
References
External links
Salado ISD
School districts in Bell County, Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/440%20%28number%29
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440 (four hundred [and] forty) is the natural number following 439 and preceding 441.
In mathematics
440 has the factorization
440 is:
Even
The sum of the first 17 prime numbers
A harshad number
An abundant number
A happy number
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%2085%20Ways%20to%20Tie%20a%20Tie
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The 85 Ways to Tie a Tie is a book by Thomas Fink and Yong Mao about the history of the knotted neckcloth, the modern necktie, and how to tie each. It is based on two mathematics papers published by the authors in Nature and Physica A while they were research fellows at Cambridge University’s Cavendish Laboratory. The authors prove that, assuming both the tie and the wearer to be of typical size, there are exactly 85 ways of tying a necktie using the conventional method of wrapping the wide end of the tie around the narrow end. They describe each and highlight those that they determine to be historically notable or aesthetically pleasing.
It was published by Fourth Estate on November 4, 1999, and subsequently published in nine other languages.
The mathematics
The discovery of all possible ways to tie a tie depends on a mathematical formulation of the act of tying a tie. In their papers (which are technical) and book (which is for a lay audience, apart from an appendix), the authors show that necktie knots are equivalent to persistent random walks on a triangular lattice, with some constraints on how the walks begin and end. Thus enumerating tie knots of n moves is equivalent to enumerating walks of n steps. Imposing the conditions of symmetry and balance reduces the 85 knots to 13 aesthetic ones.
Knot representation
The basic idea is that tie knots can be described as a sequence of five
different possible moves, although not all moves can follow each other. These ar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems%20Biology%20Ontology
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The Systems Biology Ontology (SBO) is a set of controlled, relational vocabularies of terms commonly used in systems biology, and in particular in computational modeling.
Motivation
The rise of Systems Biology, seeking to comprehend biological processes as a whole, highlighted the need to not only develop corresponding quantitative models, but also to create standards allowing their exchange and integration. This concern drove the community to design common data formats, such as SBML and CellML. SBML is now largely accepted and used in the field. However, as important as the definition of a common syntax is, it is also necessary to make clear the semantics of models. SBO is an attempt to provide the means of annotating models with terms that indicate the intended semantics of an important subset of models in common use in computational systems biology. The development of SBO was first discussed at the 9th SBML Forum Meeting in Heidelberg Oct. 14–15, 2004. During the forum, Pedro Mendes mentioned that modellers possessed a lot of knowledge that was necessary to understand the model, and more importantly to simulate it, but this knowledge was not encoded in SBML. Nicolas Le Novère proposed to create a controlled vocabulary to store the content of Pedro Mendes' mind before he wandered out of the community. The development of the ontology was announced more officially in a message from Le Novère to Michael Hucka and Andrew Finney on October 19.
Structure
SBO is currently
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunching
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Bunching can refer to:
Bunching (mathematics), also known as Muirhead's inequality.
Bunching (animals), the practice of stealing pets for laboratories.
Bus bunching, two or more transit vehicles running together despite evenly spaced scheduling
Photon bunching, in physics, the statistical tendency for photons to arrive simultaneously at a detector
Within the Wikipedia community it can also refer to:
A term for section edit buttons showing up after images or textboxes—see Wikipedia:How to fix bunched-up edit links.
See also
Bunch (disambiguation)
Bunch (surname)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Harrison%20Minnick
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John Harrison Minnick (1877–1966) was an American educator, born at Somerset, Indiana, and educated at Indiana University, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the University of Chicago, and other universities. For several years he taught in high schools in Indiana and Illinois, and from 1911 to 1913 he was critic teacher of mathematics at Indiana University. For two years following he was instructor in mathematics at the Horace Mann School at New York City. In 1916 he became instructor of mathematics in the University of Pennsylvania and was successively assistant professor of education, professor of education, and dean of the school of education at that university. He was a member of many learned societies, wrote An Investigation of Abilities Fundamental to Geometry (1918), and developed standardized tests in geometry.
University of Pennsylvania faculty
American science writers
1877 births
1966 deaths
Indiana University faculty
Indiana University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINPACK
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MINPACK is a library of FORTRAN subroutines for the solving of systems of nonlinear equations, or the least-squares minimization of the residual of a set of linear or nonlinear equations.
MINPACK, along with other similar libraries such as LINPACK and EISPACK, originated from the Mathematics and Computer Science Division Software (MCS) of Argonne National Laboratory. Written by Jorge Moré, Burt Garbow, and Ken Hillstrom, MINPACK is free and designed to be highly portable, robust and reliable. The quality of its implementation of the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is attested by Dennis and Schnabel.
Five algorithmic paths each include a core subroutine and a driver routine. The algorithms proceed either from an analytic specification of the Jacobian matrix or directly from the problem functions. The paths include facilities for systems of equations with a banded Jacobian matrix, for least-squares problems with a large amount of data, and for checking the consistency of the Jacobian matrix with the functions.
References
J. J. Moré, B. S. Garbow, and K. E. Hillstrom, User Guide for MINPACK-1, Argonne National Laboratory Report ANL-80-74, Argonne, Ill., 1980.
J. J. Moré, D. C. Sorensen, K. E. Hillstrom, and B. S. Garbow, The MINPACK Project, in Sources and Development of Mathematical Software, W. J. Cowell, ed., Prentice-Hall, pages 88–111, 1984.
External links
Netlib download site
User Guide for MINPACK-1, Chapters 1 to 3, from J. J. Moré website
User Guide for MINPACK-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20D%C3%B3ria
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Francisco Antônio de Moraes Accioli Dória (born 1945, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a Brazilian mathematician, philosopher, and genealogist. Francisco Antônio Dória received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil, in 1968 and then got his doctorate from the Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (CBPF), advised by Leopoldo Nachbin in 1977. Dória worked for a while at the Physics Institute of UFRJ, and then left to become a Professor of the Foundations of Communications at the School of Communications, also at UFRJ. Dória held visiting positions at the University of Rochester (NY), Stanford University (CA) (here as a Senior Fulbright Scholar), and the University of São Paulo (USP). His most prolific period spawned from his collaboration with Newton da Costa, a Brazilian logician and one of the founders of paraconsistent logic, which began in 1985. He is currently Professor of Communications, Emeritus, at UFRJ and a member of the Brazilian Academy of Philosophy.
His main achievement (with Brazilian logician and philosopher Newton da Costa) is the proof that chaos theory is undecidable (published in 1991), and when properly axiomatized within classical set theory, is incomplete in the sense of Gödel. The decision problem for chaotic dynamical systems had been formulated by mathematician Morris Hirsch.
More recently da Costa and Dória introduced a formalization for the P = NP hypothesis that they called the “exotic formaliza
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Happold
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Sir Edmund "Ted" Happold (8 November 1930 – 12 January 1996) was a structural engineer and founder of Buro Happold.
Career
Happold was the son of Frank Happold, Professor of Biochemistry at Leeds University. After an unpleasant time at Leeds Grammar School, (where he had refused, as a pacifist, to join the army-sponsored Junior Training Corps), he was sent to Bootham School, York. He studied geology at the University of Leeds. His mother was a lifelong socialist. A lifelong Quaker, he registered as a conscientious objector when called to do National Service, and was directed to work as an agricultural labourer and then truck driver and dragline operator. This aroused his interest in construction, so he returned to Leeds University, where he achieved a BSc in Civil Engineering in 1957. After graduation, he spent a short time in the office of Alvar Aalto before joining Ove Arup and Partners on the recommendation of architect Basil Spence. At Ove Arup and Partners he worked with Povl Ahm, engineer for St Michael's Cathedral in Coventry. Happold studied architecture in the evenings.
In 1959 Happold moved to work with Fred Severud (a civil engineer whose work included the structural design of Madison Square Garden and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, and engineer for Eero Saarinen who died June 1990 in Miami Florida) in New York, before returning to London to work with Ove Arup and Partners in 1961. At the time Lambeth's Borough Architect Ted Hollamby was looking for a brigh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensoniq%20VFX
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The Ensoniq VFX Synth was initially released as a performance type synthesizer in 1989. It was soon followed by the release of the VFX-SD, which included some updated waveforms (drum waves), a 24-track sequencer and a floppy drive. Both models were equipped with the Ensoniq Signal Processing (ESP) chip for 24-bit effects. The VFX-SD also included two AUX outs, which allowed for a total of 4 outputs from the synth for more routing flexibility. The initial models were 21-voice polyphony, and in latter models of the VFX-SD (I/II) and the SD-1, the polyphony was 32.
There were many features that caused this synth line to be popular. Some of these were:
The sound of the synth itself.
The performance capabilities for live use.
The versatility of the sequencer (in the VFX-SD and SD-1).
Synthesis types
The VFX employed 3 types of synthesis: Transwave Wavetable Synthesis, Sample playback and Subtractive Synthesis. The Transwaves gave the VFX a unique sound as the only other instruments (at the time) using wavetable synthesis were the Waldorf Microwave and PPG Wave machines. The wavetable positions and directions of scan could be modulated in a variety of ways, giving a very animated and "alive" sound when programmed correctly. Transwaves are also the only way to get the typical resonance sound since the filters of the VFX did not have a resonance parameter. The waveforms in the original VFX and early VFX-SD synths are 16-bit resolution with a sample frequency of approximately 39
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro%20Brasileiro%20de%20Pesquisas%20F%C3%ADsicas
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The Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (, CBPF) is a physics research center in the Urca neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro sponsored by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), linked to the Ministry of Science and Technology. CBPF was founded in 1949 from a joint effort of Cesar Lattes, José Leite Lopes, and Jayme Tiomno. Throughout its existence, CBPF became an internationally renowned research institution, organizing several international meetings and hosting many renowned physicists, like Richard Feynman and J. Robert Oppenheimer. It was also the starting point of important Brazilian institutions, like the National Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IMPA), the National Laboratory for Scientific Computation (LNCC) and the National Laboratory of Synchrotron Light (LNLS). Since its creation, CBPF has been one of the most important Physics research institutions in Brazil, and its graduate program ranks among the best in the country.
See also
Maria Laura Moura Mouzinho Leite Lopes
External links
Official CBPF Homepage
Research institutes in Brazil
Physics research institutes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual%20clustering
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Conceptual clustering is a machine learning paradigm for unsupervised classification that has been defined by Ryszard S. Michalski in 1980 (Fisher 1987, Michalski 1980) and developed mainly during the 1980s. It is distinguished from ordinary data clustering by generating a concept description for each generated class. Most conceptual clustering methods are capable of generating hierarchical category structures; see Categorization for more information on hierarchy. Conceptual clustering is closely related to formal concept analysis, decision tree learning, and mixture model learning.
Conceptual clustering vs. data clustering
Conceptual clustering is obviously closely related to data clustering; however, in conceptual clustering it is not only the inherent structure of the data that drives cluster formation, but also the Description language which is available to the learner. Thus, a statistically strong grouping in the data may fail to be extracted by the learner if the prevailing concept description language is incapable of describing that particular regularity. In most implementations, the description language has been limited to feature conjunction, although in COBWEB (see "COBWEB" below), the feature language is probabilistic.
List of published algorithms
A fair number of algorithms have been proposed for conceptual clustering. Some examples are given below:
CLUSTER/2 (Michalski & Stepp 1983)
COBWEB (Fisher 1987)
CYRUS (Kolodner 1983)
GALOIS (Carpineto & Roma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave-making%20resistance
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Wave-making resistance is a form of drag that affects surface watercraft, such as boats and ships, and reflects the energy required to push the water out of the way of the hull. This energy goes into creating the wave.
Physics
For small displacement hulls, such as sailboats or rowboats, wave-making resistance is the major source of the marine vessel drag.
A salient property of water waves is dispersiveness; i.e., the greater the wavelength, the faster it moves. Waves generated by a ship are affected by her geometry and speed, and most of the energy given by the ship for making waves is transferred to water through the bow and stern parts. Simply speaking, these two wave systems, i.e., bow and stern waves, interact with each other, and the resulting waves are responsible for the resistance. If the resulting wave is large, it carries much energy away from the ship, delivering it to the shore or wherever else the wave ends up or just dissipating it in the water, and that energy must be supplied by the ship's propulsion (or momentum), so that the ship experiences it as drag. Conversely, if the resulting wave is small, the drag experienced is small.
The amount and direction (additive or subtractive) of the interference depends upon the phase difference between the bow and stern waves (which have the same wavelength and phase speed), and that is a function of the length of the ship at the waterline. For a given ship speed, the phase difference between the bow wave and stern
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir%20Davaine
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Casimir-Joseph Davaine (19 March 1812 – 14 October 1882) was a French physician known for his work in the field of microbiology. He was a native of Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, department of Nord.
In 1850, Davaine along with French pathologist Pierre François Olive Rayer, discovered a certain microorganism in the blood of diseased and dying sheep. In the diseased blood, Rayer and Davaine observed the bacillus that is known today as Bacillus anthracis, the causative bacterium of anthrax. Soon afterwards, Rayer published a description of the bacillus in a paper titled, Inoculation du sang de rate (1850).
In 1863, Davaine demonstrated that the bacillus could be directly transmitted from one animal to another. He was able to identify the causative organism, but was unaware of its true etiology. Later on, German microbiologist Robert Koch investigated the etiology of Bacillus anthracis, and discovered its ability to produce "resting spores" that could stay alive in the soil for a long period of time to serve as a future source of infection.
Casimir Davaine is also credited for pioneer work in the study of sepsis (blood poisoning).
References
Further reading
1812 births
1882 deaths
People from Nord (French department)
19th-century French physicians
French microbiologists
Deaths from sepsis
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maziar%20Ashrafian%20Bonab
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Dr Maziar Ashrafian Bonab (MD, MSc, PhD, PGCLTHE) (Persian: مازیار اشرفیان بناب) is an Iranian forensic pathologist and a medical geneticist specialising in forensic and cancer genetics (the use of the DNA markers in the investigation of crime, biological anthropology and cancer genetics) and Forensic Facial Reconstruction. Part of his groundbreaking research uses human DNA markers (mainly mtDNA and the Y chromosome markers) to identify the ancestral history of humans/human populations in both anthropological and forensic cases. His main area of research is Cancer Genetics.
Maziar was born in Tehran, Iran (September 1966). Before completing his PhD in Cambridge, he first qualified as a Medical Doctor from Tehran University of Medical Sciences (1984–1991) and worked as a Medical Practitioner in Iran. After completing a postgraduate course in Forensic Medicine at the Iranian Legal Medical Organization (1992), he worked as the head of Hormozgan Province Legal Medical Centre (Iran) for four years (1992–1996). As well as dealing with many different forensic cases and having done more than 400 autopsies, he taught forensic medicine and medical anthropology to the undergraduate and postgraduate degree programmes within the Bandar-Abbas University of Medical Sciences and Bandar-Abbas Islamic Azad University.
From 1996 to 2002, he worked as an academic member of the Iranian Archaeological Research Centre at the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran (ICHO) - and as a forensic anth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysical%20survey
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Geophysical survey is the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies. Detection and analysis of the geophysical signals forms the core of Geophysical signal processing. The magnetic and gravitational fields emanating from the Earth's interior hold essential information concerning seismic activities and the internal structure. Hence, detection and analysis of the electric and Magnetic fields is very crucial. As the Electromagnetic and gravitational waves are multi-dimensional signals, all the 1-D transformation techniques can be extended for the analysis of these signals as well. Hence this article also discusses multi-dimensional signal processing techniques.
Geophysical surveys may use a great variety of sensing instruments, and data may be collected from above or below the Earth's surface or from aerial, orbital, or marine platforms. Geophysical surveys have many applications in geology, archaeology, mineral and energy exploration, oceanography, and engineering. Geophysical surveys are used in industry as well as for academic research.
The sensing instruments such as gravimeter, gravitational wave sensor and magnetometers detect fluctuations in the gravitational and magnetic field. The data collected from a geophysical survey is analysed to draw meaningful conclusions out of that. Analysing the spectral density and the time-frequency localisation of any signal is important in applications such as oil exploration and seismography.
Types of geophysical s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariances
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Invariances is a 2001 book by American philosopher Robert Nozick, his last book before his death in 2002.
Introduction
In the introduction, Nozick assumes "orthodox quantum mechanics" and draws inferences from it about indeterminism and nonlocality. He deprecates Bohm's formulation and ignores other no-collapse theories.
Sections of the book
The book is divided into sections, each comprising several chapters, bearing the following titles.
Truth and Relativism
Nozick holds that relativism about truth is a coherent position, and he explores the possibility that it is true. A set of truths T contains relative truths if the members of T are true and there is a factor F which can vary such that the truth value of the members of T varies. The truth or falsity of the members of T is a function of F (as well as of meaning, reference, and the way the world is). For instance, variation in gender (F) might affect the truth value of statements (T) not "explicitly about" gender.
Nozick argues that the timelessness of truth is a contentful empirical claim that might turn out to be false. A deflationary tack towards putative philosophical necessities such as this timelessness of truth, attempting to convert them into empirical issues, is a salient feature of the book. He takes the topic of truth to be the topic of what "determinately holds" ("A timeless truth that floats free of determinateness is a nonscience fiction") and appeals to quantum mechanics to show that there are problems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20G.%20Callard
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Charles "Chuck" Gordon Callard (2 June 1923 – 1 May 2004) was a prominent figure in the financial community due to his innovative application of mathematics and statistics to stock analysis. Born in Lansing, Michigan, he was a Corsair fighter pilot on an aircraft carrier while serving in the United States Navy during World War II. After his military service, Callard earned his MBA at the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business in 1943. He then taught statistics at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio for several years.
Callard worked as a securities analyst in Chicago. He then held marketing and planning positions at Armour & Co. and Ball Brothers. In 1969, Callard left the corporate sector and started Callard, Madden & Associates. The insights that he developed became a bridge between academic finance and the worlds of corporate finance and asset management. Callard was the first in the inflationary 1970s to adjust standard accounting data so that they would conform with the financial concepts then being developed at the Graduate School of Business. He recognized the flaws in the traditional accounting measures and developed alternative economic measures of corporate performance. He used this approach to demonstrate that the effective corporate tax rates were much higher than the legislated rates and differed greatly among firms that otherwise appeared to be subject to the same tax rates.
One of Callard’s greatest contributions was to develop a systematic explanation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debaprasad%20Ghosh
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Acharya Debaprasad Ghosh () (15 March 1894 – 14 July 1985) was an Indian mathematician, politician, lawyer, journalist and educationist. He started his career at the age of 21 as a professor of mathematics at the Ripon College. He was actively involved in politics as the President of Bharatiya Jana Sangh from 1956 to 1965, except for the period between 1960 and 1962.
Early life
Debaprasad was born in a Bengali Hindu Kayastha family on 15 March 1894 in the village of Gava, in the district of Barisal, in eastern Bengal, now in Bangladesh. His father Kshetranath Ghosh was professor of philosophy at the Brajamohan College in Barisal. His mother Annadasundari Devi was a poet.
Debaprasad ranked first in the Entrance Examination in 1908 from Brajamohan School in Barisal. In 1910, he again ranked first in the I.A. from Brajamohan College. In spite of that he was denied scholarship as both his school and college were connected with the Swadeshi Movement. In 1912, Debaprasad stood first in B.A.(Mathematics) from City College, Kolkata and obtained the Ishan scholarship. He completed M.A. in Mathematics in the year 1914. He was also conferred with the title, " Ramanujan of modern times". His impeccable academic record says that he has never stood second ever in his life.His brother, Satyavrata Ghosh and his sister Shantisudha Ghosh were prominent Freedom Fighters. Later he was a professor of mathematics in Rangpur Carmichael college
References
External links
BJP - timeline
1894
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kek
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Kek or KEK may refer to:
Places
Kék, a village in eastern Hungary
Ekwok Airport (IATA: KEK), an airport in Ekwok, Alaska
People
Franci Kek (born 1964), Slovenian politician and actor
Matjaž Kek (born 1961), Slovenian footballer and manager
Hakka people, also known as Kek, Khek or Khek-ka
Organizations
KEK is a Japanese particle physics research organization.
Party of Greek Hunters (), a Greek political party
KF KEK, a football club based in Obilić, Kosovo
Other uses
Kek (mythology), Egyptian god
Q'eqchi' language (ISO 639-3: kek), a Mayan language
Key encryption key, a cryptographic term
"Kek", a song by singer Nil Karaibrahimgil in her album Nil Dünyası
"Kek", or "kekeke"/"ㅋㅋㅋ", a Korean onomatopoeia of laughter used similarly to "LOL"
Cult of Kek, a parody religion worshipping Pepe the Frog and the fictitious country of "Kekistan", associated with alt-right politics
See also
KEKS, a Kansas radio station
Leibniz-Keks, a German biscuit brand
Keck (disambiguation)
Religious parodies and satires
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic%20and%20geometric%20Frobenius
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In mathematics, the Frobenius endomorphism is defined in any commutative ring R that has characteristic p, where p is a prime number. Namely, the mapping φ that takes r in R to rp is a ring endomorphism of R.
The image of φ is then Rp, the subring of R consisting of p-th powers. In some important cases, for example finite fields, φ is surjective. Otherwise φ is an endomorphism but not a ring automorphism.
The terminology of geometric Frobenius arises by applying the spectrum of a ring construction to φ. This gives a mapping
φ*: Spec(Rp) → Spec(R)
of affine schemes. Even in cases where Rp = R this is not the identity, unless R is the prime field.
Mappings created by fibre product with φ*, i.e. base changes, tend in scheme theory to be called geometric Frobenius. The reason for a careful terminology is that the Frobenius automorphism in Galois groups, or defined by transport of structure, is often the inverse mapping of the geometric Frobenius. As in the case of a cyclic group in which a generator is also the inverse of a generator, there are in many situations two possible definitions of Frobenius, and without a consistent convention some problem of a minus sign may appear.
References
, p. 5
Mathematical terminology
Algebraic geometry
Algebraic number theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic%20nonce
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In cryptography, a nonce is an arbitrary number that can be used just once in a cryptographic communication. It is often a random or pseudo-random number issued in an authentication protocol to ensure that old communications cannot be reused in replay attacks. They can also be useful as initialization vectors and in cryptographic hash functions.
Definition
A nonce is an arbitrary number used only once in a cryptographic communication, in the spirit of a nonce word. They are often random or pseudo-random numbers. Many nonces also include a timestamp to ensure exact timeliness, though this requires clock synchronisation between organisations. The addition of a client nonce ("cnonce") helps to improve the security in some ways as implemented in digest access authentication. To ensure that a nonce is used only once, it should be time-variant (including a suitably fine-grained timestamp in its value), or generated with enough random bits to ensure a insignificantly low chance of repeating a previously generated value. Some authors define pseudo-randomness (or unpredictability) as a requirement for a nonce.
Nonce is a word dating back to Middle English for something only used once or temporarily (often with the construction "for the nonce"). It descends from the construction "then anes" ("the one [purpose]"). A false etymology claiming it to mean "number used once" is incorrect. In Britain the term may be avoided as "nonce" in modern British English means a paedophile.
Usage
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed%20percolation
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In statistical physics, directed percolation (DP) refers to a class of models that mimic filtering of fluids through porous materials along a given direction, due to the effect of gravity. Varying the microscopic connectivity of the pores, these models display a phase transition from a macroscopically permeable (percolating) to an impermeable (non-percolating) state. Directed percolation is also used as a simple model for epidemic spreading with a transition between survival and extinction of the disease depending on the infection rate.
More generally, the term directed percolation stands for a universality class of continuous phase transitions which are characterized by the same type of collective behavior on large scales. Directed percolation is probably the simplest universality class of transitions out of thermal equilibrium.
Lattice models
One of the simplest realizations of DP is bond directed percolation. This model is a directed variant of ordinary (isotropic) percolation and can be introduced as follows. The figure shows a tilted square lattice with bonds connecting neighboring sites. The bonds are permeable (open) with probability and impermeable (closed) otherwise. The sites and bonds may be interpreted as holes and randomly distributed channels of a porous medium.
The difference between ordinary and directed percolation is illustrated to the right. In isotropic percolation a spreading agent (e.g. water) introduced at a particular site percolates along open b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics%20and%20Human%20Biology
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Economics and Human Biology is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier since 2003. It is an interdisciplinary periodical covering research on biological economics — economics in the context of human biology and health. The current editors-in-chief are Susan Averett, Joerg Baten and Pinka Chatterji.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.184.
See also
Anthropometry
Antebellum Puzzle
Body mass index
History of anthropometry
Human height
Human body weight
References
Economics journals
Human biology journals
English-language journals
Elsevier academic journals
Quarterly journals
Personality journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision%20for%20perception%20and%20vision%20for%20action
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Vision for perception and vision for action in neuroscience literature refers to two types of visual processing in the brain: visual processing to obtain information about the features of objects such as color, size, shape (vision for perception) versus processing needed to guide movements such as catching a baseball (vision for action). An idea is currently debated that these types of processing are done by anatomically different brain networks. Ventral visual stream subserves vision for perception, whereas dorsal visual stream subserves vision for action. This idea finds support in clinical research and animal experiments.
Visual Processing in the Brain
Visual stimuli have been known to process through the brain via two streams: the dorsal stream and the ventral stream. The dorsal pathway is commonly referred to as the ‘where’ system; this allows the processing of location, distance, position, and motion. This pathway spreads from the primary visual cortex dorsally to the parietal lobe. Information then feeds into the motor cortex of the frontal lobe. The second pathway, the ventral stream, processes information relating to shape, size, objects, orientation, and text. This is commonly known as the ‘what’ system. Visual stimuli in this system process ventrally from the primary visual cortex to the medial temporal lobe. In childhood development, vision for action and vision for perception develop at different rates, supporting the hypothesis of two distinct, linear stre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi%20A.%20Kalender
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Willi A. Kalender (born 1 August 1949) is a German medical physicist and professor and former chairman of the Institute of Medical Physics of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. Kalender has produced several new technologies in the field of diagnostic radiology imaging.
Kalender is a Fellow of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) and Honorary Fellow of the British Institute of Radiology (BIR) and of the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM). Kalender was also elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (2016) for the development of spiral computed tomography methods that enable modern high-speed 3D medical imaging with X-rays.
Education
Kalender started his studies in physics and mathematics at the University of Bonn, Germany. He completed his master's and Ph.D. degree in medical physics at the University of Wisconsin in 1974 and 1979, respectively. In 1988 he completed all postdoctoral lecturing qualifications (Habilitation) at the University of Tübingen, Germany. In order to get a better grasp of the subject, he took and successfully completed all courses in the pre-clinical medicine curriculum.
Career
From 1979 to 1995 Kalender worked in the research laboratories of Siemens Medical Systems in Erlangen, Germany; he was appointed head of the Medical Physics group in 1988. In 1995 he was appointed full professor and chairman of the newly established Institute of Medical Physics at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Er
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equations%20defining%20abelian%20varieties
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In mathematics, the concept of abelian variety is the higher-dimensional generalization of the elliptic curve. The equations defining abelian varieties are a topic of study because every abelian variety is a projective variety. In dimension d ≥ 2, however, it is no longer as straightforward to discuss such equations.
There is a large classical literature on this question, which in a reformulation is, for complex algebraic geometry, a question of describing relations between theta functions. The modern geometric treatment now refers to some basic papers of David Mumford, from 1966 to 1967, which reformulated that theory in terms from abstract algebraic geometry valid over general fields.
Complete intersections
The only 'easy' cases are those for d = 1, for an elliptic curve with linear span the projective plane or projective 3-space. In the plane, every elliptic curve is given by a cubic curve. In P3, an elliptic curve can be obtained as the intersection of two quadrics.
In general abelian varieties are not complete intersections. Computer algebra techniques are now able to have some impact on the direct handling of equations for small values of d > 1.
Kummer surfaces
The interest in nineteenth century geometry in the Kummer surface came in part from the way a quartic surface represented a quotient of an abelian variety with d = 2, by the group of order 2 of automorphisms generated by x → −x on the abelian variety.
General case
Mumford defined a theta group associated
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%20district%20rail%20rationalisation%20plan%20of%20the%201960s
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The Sheffield District Rail Rationalisation Plan was a series of linked railway civil engineering projects, station and line closures and train route changes that took place in and around Sheffield, South Yorkshire. The majority of these changes took place in the 1960s and early 1970s, however the plan, by now much modified in the face of rapidly dwindling freight traffic, was not fully realised until the 1980s.
History
In the 1960s, the Sheffield area was one of the busiest areas in the country for rail traffic, in particular for freight traffic: a British Rail Board report showed that 10% of the country's rail freight emanated from the Sheffield area. The facilities that existed, however, were built by competing railway companies in the 19th century and were cramped and outmoded. In an era of central government economic planning this was seen as a constraint on Britain's economic growth; government money was made available to relieve these bottlenecks. At the same time, passenger facilities in Sheffield were to be made more convenient, representing the need for faster and more frequent trains on fewer routes stopping at fewer intermediate stations, but allowing more convenient changing between trains for the remaining local and long-distance express trains.
The Plan
The major part of the rationalisation plan involved:
The concentration of passenger services on Sheffield Midland and the closure of Sheffield Victoria.
The closure of Rotherham Central and the concentrati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT%20Department%20of%20Biology
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The MIT Department of Biology ("Course VII") is a center for research and teaching in the life sciences. Many members of the faculty hold joint appointments with other departments at MIT and with outside institutions.
Faculty members
faculty members include:
Full Professors
Tania A. Baker
David Bartel
Stephen P. Bell
Christopher Burge
Iain Cheeseman
Jianzhu Chen
Cathy Drennan
Gerald Fink
Frank Gertler
Alan Grossman
Leonard P. Guarente
H. Robert Horvitz, S.B. 1968
David Housman
Richard Hynes
Barbara Imperiali
Tyler Jacks
Rudolf Jaenisch
Chris Kaiser
Amy Keating
Monty Krieger
Eric S. Lander
Michael T. Laub
Jacqueline Lees
J. Troy Littleton
Harvey F. Lodish
David C. Page
Uttam RajBhandary
Peter Reddien
Aviv Regev
David M. Sabatini
Robert T. Sauer
Thomas Schwartz
Phillip A. Sharp
Anthony Sinskey
Hazel Sive
Frank Solomon
Lisa Steiner
Susumu Tonegawa
Matthew Vander Heiden
Graham Walker
Robert A. Weinberg, Ph.D. 1969
Michael B. Yaffe
Richard A. Young
Associate professors
Laurie Boyer
Mary Gehring
Michael Hemann
Adam C. Martin
Assistant professors
Eliezer Calo
Joseph H. Davis
Ankur Jain
Rebecca Lamason
Gene-Wei Li
Pulin Li
Sebastian Lourido
Stefani Spranger
Jing-Ke Weng
Seychelle Vos
Omer Yilmaz
Professors with primary appointments in other departments
Sallie (Penny) Chisholm
Douglas Lauffenburger
Elly Nedivi
Matthew Wilson
Professors emeriti
Martha Constantine-Paton
Malcolm Gefter
Nancy Hopkins
Jonathan King
Terry Orr-Weaver
Mary-Lou Pardue
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Gibson
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Betty Gibson (1911–2001) was a Canadian educator considered by the community to be instrumental in developing and implementing the Mathematics and Language Arts Curriculum in Manitoba. Celebrated as "an exemplary educator", the Betty Gibson School in Brandon, Manitoba was named in her honour.
Biography
Over Gibson's twenty year teaching career (1929-1949) she taught in rural Manitoba, the city of Brandon, Manitoba and South Africa. She served as Principal of Fleming School between 1949 and 1959. At the same time she worked on her Bachelor of Arts at Brandon University, which she completed in 1959. Gibson was a professor at Brandon University between 1956-1975 and served as Assistant Superintendent for the Brandon School Division briefly between 1967 and 1968. In 1981 she authored a children's book, Pride of the Golden Bear. Gibson also penned The Story of Little Quack in 1991.
Awards
Received Centennial Medal, 1967
Received J.M. Brown Award, 1974 for contributions to education in Manitoba
Inducted into Brandon University Wall of Fame on November 14, 2003
External links
Brandon University Hall of Fame
Betty Gibson School
Book Review of The Story of Little Quack
1911 births
2001 deaths
Brandon University alumni
Academic staff of Brandon University
Canadian expatriates in South Africa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagolysosome
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In biology, a phagolysosome, or endolysosome, is a cytoplasmic body formed by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome in a process that occurs during phagocytosis. Formation of phagolysosomes is essential for the intracellular destruction of microorganisms and pathogens. It takes place when the phagosome's and lysosome's membranes 'collide', at which point the lysosomal contents—including hydrolytic enzymes—are discharged into the phagosome in an explosive manner and digest the particles that the phagosome had ingested. Some products of the digestion are useful materials and are moved into the cytoplasm; others are exported by exocytosis.
Membrane fusion of the phagosome and lysosome is regulated by the Rab5 protein, a G protein that allows the exchange of material between these two organelles but prevents complete fusion of their membranes.
Function
Phagolysosomes function by reducing the pH of their internal environment, thus making them acidic. This serves as a defense mechanism against microbes and other harmful parasites and also provides a suitable medium for degradative enzyme activity.
Microbes are destroyed within phagolysosomes by a combination of oxidative and non-oxidative processes. The oxidative process, also known as respiratory burst includes the "non-mitochondrial" production of reactive oxygen species.
By lowering pH and concentrations of sources of carbon and nitrogen, phagolysomes inhibit growth of fungi. An example is the inhibition of hyphae in Ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garald%20G.%20Parker
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Garald G. Parker Sr. (1905–2000) was a hydrologist and is known as the "Father of Florida groundwater hydrology." Parker also named the principal artesian aquifer the Floridan Aquifer.
Education
Bachelor's degree with studies in Geology and Biology from Central Washington State College. Graduate School at the University of Washington.
Career
School teacher
Parker taught in the public schools for 10 years prior to graduating from college.
U.S. Geological Survey
In 1940, Parker began his career as a hydrogeologist when he made a cross-country trip to help save the water supply of Miami, Florida from saltwater intrusion. Parker developed protective measures to save well fields and also from 1940 to 1947 identified and named the Biscayne Aquifer, the Floridan Aquifer and defined the geologic structure of southern Florida. Parker was also a mentor to Marjory Stoneman Douglas on the water of the Everglades for her 1947 book, The Everglades: River of Grass. Parker also discovered the Peninsular Florida Hydrologic Divide which results in the southern portion of Florida being entirely dependent on rainfall for its freshwater.
From 1948 to 1949, Parker was assigned to the Hanford Atomic Energy Resource/Reservation in Richmond, Washington.
From 1949 to 1955, he was located in the Washington headquarters in both the Ground Water Branch and later in the general hydrology branch.
From 1956 to 1959, he led the multi-agency Delaware River Basin study.
From 1960-1965 Parker was assi
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